YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

! *J5>..?n}ic;J IfyT.Tf^IiarTM^lCSjA..

RO'MAIT MUBJO. PAIKTING-S , fomvd ^a TilCHBOROUGH .

THE

anttqutties

RICHBOROUGH, RECULVER,
LTMNE,

IN KENT.

CHARLES ROACH SMITH, F.S.A.
XLLUSTBATED BT
F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A.

LONDON :
JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 4, OLD COMPTON-STBEBT,

80B0-SQUABE. U.DCOCL,

LONDON :
RICHARDS, 100, ST. MARTIN's LANR. ,
ByzrJ05

WILLIAM HENRY ROLFE, ESQ.
OF SANDWICH,
AS A TRIBUTE OF ESTEEM FOR HIS ZEAL IN INVESTIGATING AND
PRESERVING THE ANTIQUITIES OF HIS NEIGHBOURHOOD
AND NATIVE COUNTY,
AS WELL AS FOR THE LIBERALITY WITH WHICH HE AFFORDS ACCESS
TO HIS COLLECTIONS, AND ENCOURAGES THE RESEARCHES
OF OTHERS,
THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED,
WITH THE BEST WISHES OF HIS SINCERE FRIENDS,
CHARLES ROACH SMITH,
FREDERICK W, FAIRHOLT,

London,,
July 1, 1850.

PREFACE.

The volume before the reader, althougli of no great
dimensions, has outgrown all resemblance to the original
conception. I had long regretted that coUections of local
antiquities, the most valuable perhaps of all, on account of
their being well authenticated, should, in the common
course of events, become so frequently dispersed and lost
without being even imperfectly recorded ; and having
enjoyed free access to the collections of Mr. Rolfe, with
whose interesting researches, for many years past, I have
been, to a certain degree, associated, my attention was the
more frequently directed to the contents of his museun,
and to the great benefits that would be conferred on the
scieiice of antiquity, by the publication of a catalogue
with copious illustrations and brief descriptions. It was
the expression of a feeling of this kind to my friend Mr.
Fairholtjthat secured for me his cooperation in the present

VI PllEFACE.
undertaking, which we have carried through entirely at
our own risk.
It was my first idea merely to make Mr. Rolfe's collec
tion the basis of a volume, in connexion with Richborough,
and perhaps, at the same time, to say a few words on the
remains of antiquity at other places occupying the sites of
Roman stations in the county of Kent. Among these I
had hoped to include the unique and interesting Pharos at
Dover ; but although the exterior of that structure is
exposed to the pitiless propensities of curiosity-hunterg,
its interior, within the last few years, has been blocked up
by an order from the Ordnance Department, so that its
peculiar architectural features can no longer be inspected.
The site of the castrum at Lymne at that time presented
but little apparent interest: and my object in including
it in the title of our book, was to direct attention to. its
remains, with a remote hOpe that some wealthy landowner
of the neighbourhood, or some owner of the land upon
which the Roman ruins stand, might be moved to raise the
soil, and see what lay beneath. I should probably have
waited long enough, had not Mr. James Elliott, of Dym-
church, cooperated with me, and had we not been supported
by a list of subscribers to aid in defraying the expenses of

PREFACE. Vll
the excavations, — most of whom, it may be remarked, are
altogether strangers, and in no way connected with the
county. In consequence of the incipient researches thus
made at Lymne, the publication of the volume has been
delayed beyond the intended period ; but, at the same
time, they have enabled us to give some information on
points which previously were unknown.
To several friends we are indebted for kind services in
connexion with the publication of our volume. A friend
ship with Mr. Thomas "Wright, now of several years'
standing, has placed that gentleman's diversified acquire
ments in literature and general archseology at aU times at
my command ; and on the present, as on other occasions,
I have experienced the advantage of consulting his learning
and sound judgment, united, as they are, to untiring
liberality in communicating them.
To Mr. Charles Sandys, of Canterbury, who kindly
communicated his copies and translations of some of the
early charters relating to Reculver.
To Mr. Thomas Thurston we are under obligations for
the plan of the castrum at Lymne, prepared by him ex
pressly for this work.
To the Rev. Beale Poste our thanks are also due, for

vm PEEFACE.
having placed at our disposal an unengraved plan of the
castrum, made by himself previous to the excavations, as
well as extracts from a work he is now engaged in preparing
for the press, on the military antiquities of the county of
Kent. To the Council of the British Archseological Association,
for the loan of several wood-cuts, we a,lso return our
grateful acknowledgments.

INTRODUCTION.

O famous Kent !
What county hath this isle that can compare with thee ?
That hath within thyself as much as thou canst wish ;
Thy rabbits, venison, fruits, thy sorts of fowl and fish ;
As what with strength comports, thy hay, thy corn, thy wood, —
Nor anything doth want, that anywhere is good.
Drayton's Poly-Olbion.
Few parts of England have engaged the attention of the
historian and topographer to such an extent, as the county
of Kent. Proximity to the metropolis, and facilities of
intercourse, have contributed, in connexion with the varied
attractions of nature, to secure for its towns and watering-
places a popular predilection; while contiguity to France
renders its shores the preferable continental medium
of communication with the United Kingdom, and makes
them known to visitors from almost all parts of the globe.
The fertility of the county, and its extraordinary diversity
of scenery, justify the encomium of the poet and its old
prescriptive right to the title of " the garden of England".
On higher grounds the historical inquirer regards, with
peculiar interest, the land of Kent. It was the grand
scene of the earliest recorded, and of the most important, b

X INTRODUCTION.'
events in the annals of our country, and of some of those
striking occurrences which, tainted with fable, or based
upon the suspicious foundation of popular tradition, have
left as strong an impression on the national mind as the
authenticated facts which sober history claims as her own.
It was in Kent the Roman conqueror landed his legions,
and led the way to the subjugation of the entire island,
and to its constitution as a province of the Roman empire.
When this mighty power had become overthrown, our
eyes are again directed to Kent as the field of another
invasion, which threw the fate of the province into the
hands of a very diflerent race, and introduced the germs
of most of the laws and institutions under which we live
and flourish. Here the first Anglo-Saxon kingdom was
established, and here the standard of Christianity was first
raised in Britain by Augustine. Surrounded by associa
tions such as these, who can view unmoved the shores and
fields which witnessed the transaction of events so moment
ous ? Who, save the ignorant and the apathetic, can
behold without emotion the venerable monuments from
times in which were involved the destinies of kingdoms,
empires, and ages, down to the ephemeral and subordinate
interests of the present generation moving across the
scene? Contemporary monuments illustrative of those
remote times yet remain, despite the barbarism of race
after race, through long centuries, who had as little rever
ence for the past as care for the future. The Roman
Pharos yet crowns the heights of Dover; and though
battered by the storms of ages, and exposed to the daily

INTRODUCTION. xi
depredations of the idle and thoughtless,' maintains its
ground, the finest architectural relic of the place, — a trophy
of peace and conservation amidst the deadly contrivances
of the craft of war. Three of the great Roman military
stations are preserved, majestic even in ruins, and alike
monuments of the revolutions of nations, and landmarks
of the alternate changes to which ocean and land have been
subjected :  " Sic toties versa es, Fortuna locorura.

Vidi ego, quod fuerat quondam solidissima tellus,
Esse fretum. Vidi factas ex asquore terras."^
More numerous are the humbler, but not less interesting?
remains which illustrate the more settled period of the
Roman domination, such as those of villas and farmhouses,
which are yearly brought to light by the spade or the
plough. In the neighbourhoods of the ancient towns, and
upon the downs, are found the burial-places of the Romans
and Saxons, from which have been collected valuable mate
rials in aid of the obscure and defective history of the
period immediately preceding the departure of the Romans
to the settlement of the Saxons. It is in the contemplation
of scenes and objects such as these, so pregnant with asso
ciations which direct the mind to the early history of the
land we live in, that the county of Kent owes its most
fascinating charms. The soil is classic ground, and we
' Dr. Stukeley informs us that the lead covering of the Pharos was
stripped off by order of the Ordnance Office, " under pretext of saving-
ness" !
' Ovid. Met., lib. xv, 1. 261.

xii INTRODUCTION.
look upon it with feelings akin to those which animate
us when we visit some patrimonial site and our recollec
tions are awakened at every step to some object or event
connected with our personal ancestry.
The visit of Julius Caesar— it cannot be called a con
quest — was almost confined to Kent ; and he did little
more than point out to his countrymen the fertility of
Britain, and gratify, by the invasion, his own ambition.
He left it without establishing any garrison or settlement ;
and it is very doubtful whether the tribute he imposed
upon the British princes was ever paid. The civil wars
followed, and Britain was, for a long period, overlooked
and forgotten; or if, under Augustus, Tiberius, and Cali
gula, an intercourse can be supposed, it must have been
uncertain, and the submission of the petty princes in
Britain only voluntary, and dictated, perhaps, in the vicis
situdes of warfare among themselves, as a matter of tempo
rary policy. It was Claudius who made a permanent
conquest of Britain, and retained possession; he was, as
Tacitus expresses it, the "auctor operis". It was under
this prince and his successors that the Romans maintained
military possession of the island, and, gradually extending
their conquests, reduced it to a province of the empire.
The history of Britain during the four hundred years it
remained under the Roman domination is very incomplete
and unsatisfactory; and there occur long and frequent
intervals of almost profound silence, unbroken by written
records, or by the information we sometimes glean from
coins and inscriptions. We are presented, certainly, with

INTRODUCTION. Xlll
some bold and masterly sketches by the earlier historians,
but the pictures they have drawn are not finished ; and
though they enable us here and there to discern events,
yet those details which are so essential to a correct compre
hension of causes and motives, are either altogether want
ing, or have to be elaborated from contemporary remains
often imperfect or contradictory. And yet we gather infor
mation enough from written records and from monuments,
to be assured that the period of Roman sway was one of
continued activity; and we are astonished at witnessing,
even at the present day, after fourteen hundred years have
passed away, vestiges of a people who penetrated into
every corner of the conquered country ; who subdued not
merely the warlike inhabitants, but also an uncongenial
climate, and those defences which nature had erected, — ^the
barricades of forests, swamps, morasses, and the cold and
inhospitable hilly regions of the north. We know little of
the consecutive order of events that attended this great
achievement ; and when the swords of the invaders had
cleared the way for peace, we learn little, if anything, from
historians, of the internal policy by which the victors main
tained their conquest, and, in spite of the love of liberty
which characterized the Britons, so efiectually merged the
national character into that of the Roman, that we lose
sight of the Britons almost entirely, until the final with
drawal of the Roman soldiers, about the middle of the
fifth century. When we reflect on the vigorous resistance
made by the Britons to the Romans, and the formidable
insurrections which they raised against the foreign yoke.

xiv INTRODUCTION.

we cannot but admire the perseverance with which the
conquerors of the world succeeded, against such inauspi
cious circumstances, in so effectually breaking down the
nationality of the country, and implanting their own mode
of government, their own religion and habits. The monu
ments which still remain show how completely Britain
was Romanized : their roads ramifying into almost every
corner of the country; their towns and cities traced, iii
ruin, beneath so many of those now the chief of England,
or, in other instances, buried beneath corn-fields; their
great military stations, many of whose walls are yet remain^
ing to astonish us, as they will future generations, by
their vastness and solidity ; and, moreover, their villasj
farm-houses, and cottages, whose sites the antiquary can
still identify, covering the land far and near, and demon
strating that peace and agriculture had succeeded, 'in undis
turbed dominion, to the turmoils of war. Whoever has
paid attention to the extensive remains of Roman dwelling-
houses which have been, from accidental circumstances,
brought to light in unsuspected localities throughout Eng
land, must be struck with the fact, that the country must
have been largely populated, and the land tilled to an
extent far greater than is generally supposed, during the
Roman occupation.
Kent, and the southern parts of Britain in particular,
seem to have been but little disturbed by internal commo
tion or rebellion. It is in the north and west we find the
legions permanently quartered ; the north was chiefly the
seat of war in the reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius! and

INTRODUCTION. XV
Severus ; and there have been discovered the greater part
of the monumental inscriptions which contribute so largely
to make up the amount of information we possess during
a long period of time. The entire absence, in Kent, of
inscriptions recording military transactions, or the presence
of legions or their divisions, is perhaps the most conclusive
evidence of the tranquillity of this part of Britain, when
other parts were disturbed. At a later time, however, cir
cumstances changed, and we find the great stations on the
coast of Kent, and others to the east and to the south,
garrisoned by soldiers drawn from the west and north of
Britain and from, Belgic Gaul, to defend the province
against the incursions of the Franks and Saxons.
The volume now offered to the public, will, it is hoped,
be acceptable to the general as well as to the local anti
quary and historian ; and while its pages may afibrd some
novel contributions to the materials already collected
towards the early history of our country, they may also
contribute to assist the visitor in forming a more correct
judgment on the interesting localities and their remains,
which form the subject-matter, and lead the general reader
to perceive the wholesome and elevating tendency of anti
quarian researches.

PLATES.

Frontispiece. Roman Mural Painting
PI. 1. Two Views of the Walls at Richborough
PI. 2. Views of Decuman Grate and North Wall, ditto
PI. 3. Samian Vases, etc. Richborough
PI. 4. Roman Pottery. Ditto .
PI. 5. Anglo-Saxon Ornaments. Ditto
PI. 6. Coins discovered at Richborough
Ancient Map of Reculver
Antiquities discovered at Reculver
General View of the Roman Castrum at Lymne

See p. 93
31
36 65
6687
123193
203

-283- 11,1

RICHBOROUGH.

Before we proceed to the immediate object of our book, — the
examination of the remains of antiquity which are actually extant
at Richborough, or which have been discovered there, — it will be
desirable to allude to the external evidence of the antiquity and
importance of the place, as afforded by ancient writers. The dis
trict, or coast, of Cantium, which comprised Richborough and its
port or haven, is more frequently noticed than any other part of
Britain ; and the reasons for this are obvious. It was the nearest
and best channel for the continental trade which was carried on
before the invasion of Julius Caesar, and to which he alludes in
his Commentaries ; and its proximity to Gaul and Germany caused
it to be selected as the port, in after times, for military, commer
cial, and social intercourse : and hence, by earher writers, the whole
district is spoken of as the Rutupine coast or shore. But when, in
later times, the great fortress is alluded to, the term Rutupia, or
Rutupium,\s used, — doubtless adopted from the generic appellation.
It is, perhaps, derived from the Celtic. Nennius says, Thanet was
called, by the Britons, Ruym. Batteiy quotes the opinion of the
anonymous writer of a manuscript in the Cotton library,' who con-
1 Vespasian, A v. This manuscript is still preserved in the British Museum :
it is a volume of the notes and collections of William Lambarde, the Kentish
antiquary. B

RICHBOROUGH.

ceives that " the Rutupian coast is so called, either from Rupes (a
rock), or from the Ruteri, a people of Gaul, now Boulogne". The
Ruteni, mentioned by Csesar and Phny, occupied the district now
called Le Roergue : part was in the Roman province, and part in
Celtic Gaul. As we find the Gauls, in their immigrations into
Britain, often distinguished the new settlements by the name of
their native countries, the application of the custom might be
allowed in this instance, were there a little closer analogy between
the words Ruteni and Rutupia. Malebranche, writing on the
Rutheni, observes, " all that part of the coast which lies between
Calais and Dunkirk, our seamen now call Ruthen. Add to this,
that the sea-coast of Kent was called Rutupiae, and the neighbour
ing inhabitants, Rutupi; which Ruthen, they say, means a '^rotten
shore".^ Camden derives it from the British words, Rhyd-tufeth,
or "sandy bottoms". Orosius^ and Bede call it Rutubi, or Rutubi
portus: a name apphed, by Ordericus Vitalis, to a harbour in Gaul,
in a curious story which, he says, was taken from the ancient
Roman historians ; but which is evidently one of that numerous
class of legendary fictions, in which the slightest historical truth is
pei-verted and diluted with inventions and fables. It is, however,
not without interest in connexion with the subject under considera
tion. Rutubus, Ordericus tells us, was a powerful and cruel tyrant,
and held a fortress, beheved to be impregnable, on a hill near the
Seine ; by which he kept in subjection the adjacent country, and
the vessels that navigated the neighbouring river. Csesar, hearing
1 De Morinis, lib, ii, cap. 1,
2 A meridie GaUias habet, cujus proximum litus transmeatibus civitas aperit,
quse dicitur Rhutubi portus : unde haud procul a Morinis in austro positos
Menapios Batavosque prospecta. — Lib. i, cap. ii.

RICHBOROUGH. 3
of this, hastened thither with his army, and stormed the fort,
which was called Rutubi Portus. The vestiges and ruins of this
town, he adds, are still sufficiently distinct to attract the attention
of the countrymen.' Phny mentions a Portus Rutubis in Africa.
While thus the etymology of Rutupia must remain, with many
other etymological inquiries, a fluctuating and open question, we
proceed to examine the more important historical references to
the haven and ca^strum.
Tacitus, in his Life of Agricola, states, that the Roman fleet
entered the TVutulensian^ harbour; by which, it is very evident,
he meant the Rutupine, — whether, or not, we attach any weight
to the opinion of those who suggest that the haven of Richborough
might have been so named from truta (a trout), in consequence of
the abundance of that flsh in the river which flowed into the har
bour : a conjecture so far supported by the fact, that the trout of
the Stour are, to this day, abundant, and much prized for their
size and flavour.
The poet Lucan, who was anterior to Tacitus, draws, from the
stormy Rutupine shore, a simile in his poem, the Pharsalia :
" Prima quidem surgens operum structura fefellit
Pompeium : veluti mediae qui tutus in axvis
Sicanise rabidum nescit latrare Pelorum :

1 Interea Rutubus potens ssevusque tyrannus inexpugnabile, ut putabatur,
municipium super montem juxta Sequanam servabat, per quod ciroumjacentem
provinciam, navesque per proximum flumen meantes coercebat. Quod audiens
Csesar, Uluc cum exercitu festinavit, et castellum quod EutuM Portus appella-
batur, expugnavit. Cujus oppidi specimen et ruinas solers indigena perspicue
cognoscit. — Duchesne's Hist. Norman. Script. Antiq. p. 864.
2 Bt simul classis secunda tempestate ac fama Trutulensem portum tenuit,
unde proximo latere Britanniae lecto omnis redieret. — Cap. xxxviii.

4 RICHBOROUGH.
Aut vaga cum Thetys Rutupinaque litora fervent,
Unda Caledonios faUit turbata Britannos." Pharsal. lib. vi, 1, 64.
" Nor yet, while Caesar his first labours try'd.
The warlike toil by Pompey was descry'd.
So, in mid Sicily's delightful plain.
Safe from the horrid sound, the happy swain
Dreads not loud ScyUa breaking o'er the main :
So Northern Britons never hear the roar
Of seas that break on the far Cantian shore."
Rowe.
The fearful aspect of the ocean along the Kentish coast, in the
frequently tempestuous weather of our climate, is well known; and
its disastrous consequences were, doubtless, often experienced by
the Roman mariners: as, for instance, in the sudden tempest
which destroyed upwards of forty of Csesar's ships. Lucan, a native
of Spain, had probably been an eye-witness of the turbulent
billows lashing the Rutupine shore. It may also have been the
impression formed from the first sight of the clifi's of the Kentish
coast, which suggested the association of rocks with the interesting
personification of Britain on the Roman coins.'
It is under a different, and more benign, aspect, that we find
the Rutupine coast next mentioned. It occurs in the story of the
consultation of the Roman senators, at the court of Domitian,
about a turbot. The satirist Juvenal, ridiculing the abject servility
of the patricians towards the imperial tyrant of the day, bestows
especial consideration on one Montanus, — a type of court syco
phants ; who recommended that a large dish should be purposely
made, to hold, uncut, the gigantic fish; and that, the emperor
1 See Aherman's Coins of ihe Romans relating to Britain.

RICHBOROUGH. 5
approving, a company of potters should in future attend the camp,
to provide against a similar exigency. Montanus, the poet observes,
had long been a partaker in the luxury of court living, and was an
adept in the pleasures of eating. No one, in such matters, was
more scientific. At the first taste, he could teU whether an oyster
had been bred in the Cii'csean harbour, or by the Lucrine rocks,
or was dredged up from the Rutupine sea ; and at a glance would
tell from what shore a crab came : —
 " Nulli major fuit usus edendi
Tempestate mea, Circeis nata forent an
Lucrinum ad saxum, Rv^pinove editafundo,
Ostrea, caUebat primo deprendere morsu ;
Et semel adspecti littus dicebat echini." Sai. iv, 1. 139.
An extensive oyster^fishery is carried on, at the present day, at
Whitstable, and along the hne of coast at Reculver and Margate.
In the time of the Romans, this trade, which furnished so choice
a luxury to the Roman market, was also supphed from sources
nearer Richborough ; and recent discoveries have shown alike the
literal application of the words of Juvenal, and the change that
has taken place in this district since his days. In digging in the
marshes, at the depth of from four to six feet, beds of oysters are
often brought to hght. The shells are quite perfect and hard,
precisely resembling those which have been found, in great quan
tities, in and around the castrum, where they were mixed with
fragments of pottery and bones, the refuse of the table. So late as
last year, in digging clay for bricks, on the left of the road from
Sandwich to Richborough, a stratum of these shells was found.
Phny testifies to the esteem in which the British oysters were held
at Rome. That they must have been universally used by the

RICHBOROUGH.

Romans in Britain as a common article of food, is proved by the
heaps of shells found almost on every site where the remains of
Roman buildings are discovered.
Ammianus Marcelhnus, in his history of Constantius and Juhan,
relates, that Lupicinus, who had been sent by Juhan to repel the
Picts and Scots, crossed from Boulogne to Rutupiae ; and that, in
the time of Valentinian and Valens, Theodosius entered Britain
by the same route, to expel the Saxons. These narratives are not
merely interesting as shewing the usual course taken by the
Romans in crossing the channel, they are important for the infor
mation they convey on the state of Britain at that eventful period.
The historian states, that in the tenth consulship of Constantius
and the third of Juhan, by the incursions of the Picts and Scots, —
savage nations, — ^the tranquiUity of the province was broken, the
places bordering upon the frontiers laid waste, and to past cala
mities was added the fear of imminent repetitions of the evils.
Juhan was passing the winter in Paris, distracted with conflicting
cares and inquietudes. He feared to cross the sea as Constans
had done before him, lest, by thus leaving Gaid without a ruler,
he should incite the Alemanni to piUage and war. He therefore
resolved, in order to set matters right, to send Lupicinus, at that
time marshal! of the army, — a good soldier, and skOled in stra
tegy, but at the same time, arrogant and overbearing, and fond of
show; so that people were doubtfal whether he were swayed more
by avarice or by cruelty. Lupicinus therefore proceeded on his
expedition, in the depth of winter, with the auxiliary hght-armed
troops (namely, the Heruh and Batavi, and two companies of the
Moesici), and arrived at Boulogne. There he collected a fleet ;
and, having embarked his troops, set sail with the flrst favourable

RICHBOROUGH. 7
wind, arrived at Rutupiae (a station on the opposite coast), and
marched to Londinium, that from thence he might better regu
late his movements, and with more speed make preparation for
the campaign : —
"Oonsulatu vero Constantii decies, terque Juliani, in Britanniis cum Scotorum
Pictorumque gentium ferarum excursu, rupta quiete, condicta loca limitibus
vicina vastarentur, et implicaret forinido provincias praeteritarum cladium con-
gerie fessas, hyemem agens apud Parisios Caesar, distractusque in solicitudines
varias,verebatur ire subsidio transmarinis (utretulimus antefecisse Constantem),
ne rectore vacuas reUnqueret Gallias, Alemannis ad saevitiam etiam tum incita-
tis et bella. Mittere igitur ad hsec loca ad rationes componendas Lupicinum
placuit, ea tempestate magistrum armorum, bellicosum sane, et castrensis rei
peritum, sed supercilia erigentem ut comua, et de tragico, quod aiunt, cothumo
strepentem : super quo diu ambigebatur, avarus esset potius, an crudelis. Moto
ergo velitari auxilio, Herulis scilicet et Batavis, numerisque Moesiacorum duo-
bus, adulta hyeme dux antedictus Bononiam venit ; qusesitisque navigiis, et
omni imposito milite, observato flatu secundo ventorum, ad Rutupias sitas ex
adverse defertur, petitque Lundinium : ut exinde suscepto pro rei qualitate con-
silio, festinaret ocius ad procinctum." — Lib. xx.
The same historian relates that, in the time of Valentian and
Valens, Theodosius (father of the emperor of the same name) em
barked from Boulogne, and landed at Rutupise, to quell a still
more formidable outbreak of the Picts and Scots, coupled with the
descents of the Saxons and Franks on the southem coast. These
terrible tribes, whose incursions into the fertile and rich flelds of
Britain had taught them how to estimate their own power, and
the weak government of the distracted province, had become more
and more daring and formidable. We cannot trace the footsteps
of Lupicinus and his veteran bands of the Heruli and Batavi ; but
Ammianus, in a subsequent chapter, states that Constantius, jealous
of the mihtary successes and growing renown of Julian, recalled

8 RICHBOROUGH.
the Heruh and Batavi, together with Lupicinus, who as yet was not
known for certain to have passed over into Britain; and ordered
them, together with other auxihary troops in Gaul, to march to
the East, to the Parthian war,— a measure which led to the elec
tion of Juhan as Augustus ; the German and Gauhsh soldiers
refusing to leave the still threatened scene of many triumphs, and
then- homes and families, for the inglorious and dangerous fate
that menaced them in an eastern war. Their stay, on this occa
sion, in Britain, could have been but brief; and the mode of war
fare adopted by their barbarian opponents probably prevented the
chance of a decisive engagement, and procured for the province,
as appeared by the result, only a temporary rehef.
The advent of Theodosius is thus described. When he had come
to Bononia, which is separated from the opposite coast by a narrow
channel, — where the sea is subject to transitions from violent tem
pests and tides, to the smoothest calms and safe navigation, — ^he
crossed over, and arrived at Rutupise, a safe and quiet station
opposite. When the Batavi, Heruh, Jovii, and Victores, tried and
valiant troops, who followed immediately after,"had joined him, he
then took the fleld, and marched towards Lundinium, an ancient
town, afterwards named Augusta. Having divided his army into
several companies, by different roads, he surprised the enemies'
forces laying waste the country, and laden with spoil ; and having
quickly routed those who were carrying off prisoners and cattle,
he stripped them of the spoil which the wretched tributaries had
lost. In the end, having restored it all, save a small portion dis
tributed among the wearied' soldiers, he entered Lundinium, —
plunged in difficulties, but suddenly saved, — ^with much rejoicing,
as in a kind of triumph : —

RICHBOROUGH. 9
" Cum venisset ad Bononise littus, quod a spatio controverso terrarum angus-
tiis reciproci distinguitur maris, attoUi horrendis sestibus adsueti, rursusque sine
ulla navigantium noxa in speciem complanari camporum, exinde transmeato
lentius freto defertur Rutupias, stationem ex adverse tranquillam", etc. — Lib.
xxvii. The circumstances attending the coming of the Emperor Con
stans, alluded to by Ammianus, were probably detailed at consider
able length in one of those books which unfortunately have not
descended to us; but Juhus Firmicus Maternus, in a religious
address to Constantius and Constans, celebrates the crossing of
the channel by the latter prince, in the winter season,' and con
quering the inauspicious elements. This event, which took place
A.D. 343-3, is recorded by a medallion of Constans, in brass, in
scribed, BONONIA . OCBANEN. [Bononia on the ocean.) It bears a
representation of the emperor, armed with spear and buckler,
standing upon the deck of a galley with rowers ; behind him are
two mihtary standards, and a Victory, upon the prow, holds a
wreath and palm branch ; in the water, is a figure swimming ; and
in the back-ground a hght-house or tower. The medals, on which
Constans bears the titles of Debellator Gentium Barbararum, Tri-
umphator Gentium Barbararum, and others of like significancy,
must refer to his conquests over the Francs a,nd Scots.
Richborough and the Rutupine coast are thrice alluded to by
the poet Ausonius ; who, whether we regard his easy and unla
boured style, his depth of feeling, the sweetness of his verse, or the
propriety and grace of his composition, is one of the best poets of
1 Hyeme (quod nec factum est aliquando, nec fiet) tumentes, ac s^vientes
undas calcastis oceani sub remis vestris. Incogniti jam nobis pene maris unda
contremuit, et insperatam imperatoris faciem Britannus expavit.— Z)« Errore
Profanarum Religionum, p. 464; edit. Gronovii, 1709. C

10 RICHBOROUGH.
the Lower empire, and honoured by us for the many beautiful
sketches he has left of home scenery, and of events and persons
connected with our country. Who that has sailed down the Mo
selle, has not been struck with the fidehty and force with which
the poet has pictured the wonderful attractions of the scenery and
the rural pastimes and operations of those who inhabit its banks ?
For the lapse of time has apparently but httie changed the aspect
of the country ; and the daily occupations and customs of the pea
sants are in many respects so identical, that we see them as the
poet saw them, and wonder if fifteen hundred years have indeed
passed away. Ausonius, in the Parentalia, devotes an elegy to the
memory of his uncles, Claudius Contentus and Juhus Calippio, the
former of whom, he tells us, was buried in the Rutupine land :
" Bt patruos elegeia meos remiuiscere cantu :
Contentum, tellus quem Rutupina tegit;
Magna cui et variae quaesita pecunia sortis,
Haeredis nuUo nomine tuta perit.
Raptus enim laefcis et adhuc florentibus annis.
Trans mare et ignaris fratribus oppetiit.
Julius in longam produxit fata senectam,
Afl'ectus damnis innumerabilibus ;
Qui comis, blandusque, et mensa commodus uncta,
H^redes solo nomine nos habuit.
Ambo pii, vultu similes, joca seria mixti,
jEvi fortunam non habuere parem ;
Discreti quanquam tumulis et honore jacetis, '
Comimune hoc verbi munus habete, vaJe."
And let my mournful song remember also my uncles, Contentus, interred
beneath the Rutupme ground, whose riches, gained in various mercantile pur
suits, no heir to his name inherits. He died beyond the sea, away from and
unknown to his brothers, in the very flower of life, Julius, on the contrary
departed in a ripe old age, having endured numberless misfortunes; courteous'

RICHBOROUGH. 11
afiable, and hospitable, he left us his heirs in name only. Both were pious,
similar in features, by turns grave and gay; but their lot in life was unlike.
Although disunited in your graves and obsequies, share together this last offer
ing — farewell.
Another elegy, in which Ausonius mentions the Rutupine terri
tory, is inscribed to Flavins Sanctus, husband of Pudentilla, the
sister of Sehna the wife of Ausonius :
" Qui joca laetitiamque colis, qui tristia damnas,
Nec metuis quenquam, nec metuendus agis ;
Qui nullum insidiis captas, nec lite lacessis,
Sed justam et elemens vitam agis, et sapiens ;
Tranquillos Manes, supremaque mitia sancti
Ore pio, et verbis advenerare bonis :
Militiam nuUo qui turbine sedulus egit ;
Preside laetatus quo Rutupinus ager.
Octoginta annos cujus tranquilla senectus
Nullo mutavit deteriore die.
Ergo precare favens, ut qualia tempora vitae,
Talia et ad Manes otia Sanctus agat."
You who make mirth and joy the chief object of existence; who hate sorrow,
and pass through life neither fearing nor feared ; who deceive not by cunning,
nor worry people with strife, but act justly, temperately, and wisely, — assist at
the last quiet obsequies of Sanctus, and offer to his tranquil spirit, with pious
lips, the valedictory prayer. He performed diligently the duties of a soldier,
during a time of peace ; and the Rutupine land enjoyed happiness under his
governance. At eighty years he died in a placid old age, all his days having
been alike serene and quiet. Therefore pray that the soul of Sanctus may enjoy
the same peacein the shades, as upon earth.
It is probable that Sanctus was praesidial governor of Britannia
Prima, in which the Rutupine tract of land lay, rather than com
mander of either of the garrisons at Regulbium or Rutupiae ; but
it seems evident that he resided at the latter place.
The same poet, in a series of elegies called Clara Urbes, terms

13 liiciiBououcn.
Magnus Maximus the " Rutupine robber"; from which expression,
we may infer that this " usurper", as he is usually styled, was,
duriug his command in Britain, in some way especially connected
with the Rutupine coast. At this period, as had been the case at
intervals for a long time ])i'evious, the Roman forces had been a
good deal drawn from the interior of the province, and quartered
along the great wall on the north, and in thc strong castra on the
Saxon shore. Maximus, a Spaniard by birth, had risen, by his
military skill and bravery, to high distinction in Britain. He
had shared, with Theodosius, the labour and glory of freeing Bri
tain from the Picts, Scots, Saxons, and other invaders, who had
overrun the province. Although it does not appear that he was
ever promoted, by the imperial favour, to any high civil office or
military command, it is certain he gained favour with the legions
in Britain, and also with tho provincials. The weak and volup
tuous Gratian, surrounded by flatterers who supplied the place
of earher and better counsellors, introduced foreigners into his
service, and supplanted the legitimate guards of his person by bar
barian retainers. These, and other causes, the particular charac
ter of which is unknown, led to a general revolt in the western
provinces ; and the legions in Britain invested Maximus with the
supreme command. He left Britain with a large and powerful
army, and was immediately welcomed by the legions in Gaul, and
saluted by the title of Augustus. Gratian, deserted by his troops
at the approach of Maximus, fled to Lugdunum (Lyons), where he
was treacherously delivered up to one of the generals of Maximus,
who immediately consigned him to the common fate of the con
quered great in all ages. By a compact with Theodosius, Maximus
remained master of Gaul, Britain, and Spain, for five years. His

RICHBOROUGH. 13
boundless ambition, however, tempting him to invade Italy, he
was opposed, and defeated, by Theodosius near Aquileia, in which
city he found only a brief and insecure refuge ; and there, from
the hands of the soldiers of Theodosius, he met the fate of Gratian,
and earned for Aquileia the honour of being ranked, by the muse
of Ausonius, ninth in his roll of illustrious cities :
" Non erat iste locus : merito tamen auota recenti,
Nona inter claras Aquileia cieberis urbes,
Itala ad lUyricos objecta colonia montes,
Moenibus et portu celeberrima : sed magis Ulud
Bminet, extreme quod te sub tempore legit,
Solveret exacto oui sera piacula lustro
Maximus armigeri quondam sub nomine lixEe.
Felix quae tanti spectatrix Iseti triumphi,
Punisti Ausonio Rutupinum marte latronem."
This was not your place, 0 Aquileia ; nevertheless, for the renown you have
lately gained, you shall stand ninth among illustrious cities, A Latin colony,
by the side of the lUyrian mountains, you have been renowned for your walls
and haven ; but you have now acquired greater honour since Maximus (formerly
called the armed sutler) selected you, at the close of his life, where he might
at last expiate his crimes of five years' standing, Happy are you in being the
joyous spectator of such a triumph ; you have punished the Rutupine robber by
the hand, of the Roman warrior.
We must not estimate the character and merits of Maximus from
the epithets bestowed upon him by one or two partial writers ;
but by the concurrent and collected evidence of the historians, by
which it is evident that he was a man of considerable mihtary
skill, free from many of the vices and weaknesses which degraded
most of the rulers of the Roman empire towards the period of its
decadence ; and who, but for insatiable ambition, might not have
been unworthy of prolonged sway. The term "Rutupine Robber",

14 RICHBOROUGH.
is about equivalent, as here applied, to that of "arch-pirate" be
stowed on Carausius. A soldier, who for five years ruled the fer
tile and populous provinces of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, held his
diadem by quite as good a right as many of the purpled monsters
who sat on the throne of Trajan and Aurehus. It was failure
alone which converted an Augustus into a robber, and an emperor
into a rebel. Ausonius had been the preceptor of Gratian, who
had rewarded him with the highest honours and the consulate;
and he saw in Maximus the indirect murderer of his pupil and
patron. The poet and friend may be allowed some hcence in
abusing the memory of the injurer of his affections and for
tunes. The coins of Maximus give him the title of Restitutor Reipublica
(Restorer of the Repubhc) . Upon these, he is represented stand
ing, wearing the paludamentum, and crowned with a wreath ; he
holds a labarum with a monogram of Christ, and a globe sur
mounted with a Victory : others, with concordia . avggg, allude
to the peace between himself, Valentinian the younger, and Theo
dosius ; while some, inscribed reparatio reipublicj;, exhibit him
raising a turreted female flgure (a personification of the Roman
empire) from the ground,— a design precisely similar to that on
the coin of Gratian given in the plate of Richborough coins. The
cut here inserted, has been engraved from a brass coin in my own
cabinet, for the sake of the portrait, which has
more of character hi it than is shown in most of
his coins, which resemble so much those of Gra
tian, as to make us suspect the fldelity of the
likeness. The coins of third brass, bearing on
the reverse, spes . romanorvm, and a camp gate, are also deserving

richborough. 15
of notice. This epigraph first occurs upon the coins of Maximus
and his son Victor. The entrance to the castrum alludes to the
great fortified prasidia, or castra, — such as those of Richborough,
Reculver, and Lymne, — erected along the hmits of the empire, to
repel the barbarians ; who had now good reason to know, that
walls alone, even such as Romans built, wiU not protect a country
faithless to herself, and unguarded by hearts and hands disci
plined to the service of knowledge and true freedom.
Maximus is styled, by Bede, a man of valour and probity ; Gil-
das and Nennius are less favourable to his character, and lament
his depopulating Britain, by withdrawing into Gaul the flower of
its youth, and the entire families of the soldiers, so that the pro
vince was left defenceless against its enemies, the Picts and Scots
of the north. But Geoffrey of Monmouth, under the name of
Maximianus, makes Maximus a conspicuous actor, in the singular
composition called his British History ; and, among other deeds
not mentioned in authentic history, introduces, apparently from
old ecclesiastical legends, the story of his settling a portion of the
soldiery in Armorica, hence called Britany, and the ridiculous tale
of St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins.
Ptolemy, the geographer, who hved in the first half of the second
century, under Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, makes Rutu
pise one of three towns of the Cantii ; the other two being Londi
nium and Durovernum (Canterbury), or, as it is spelt in the modern
editions of his work, Darvenum. '^vX in the Itinerary of Antoninus
Rutupise is called a port, or haven. It occurs in the second iter
(A Vallo ad Portum Ritupis), a route of 481 miles, through York,
Chester, London, and various intermediate stations, which, from
Londinium, stand thus :

richborough

NOVIOMAQO

U.P.X

VA8NIACIS

M.P, XVIII
DVEOBEIVIS
Jl.T. IX
BVHOLBVO
M,P, XVI
DVEOVEBNO
M.P, XII
AD POBTVM
EITVPIS
M.P. XII
16 Keston^ near Bromley.
SowthHeel. Rochester and Strood.
Davington, near Fomersham,.
Canterbury.
Richhorouyh.
Richard of Cirencester opens his Itinerary with a road from
Richborough to Segontium, or Caer Segont, in Wales. For the
sake of comparison with that of Antoninus, it need only be given
here as far as London :
A Rhutupi ducta est " Via Guethlinga" dicta, usque in Segontvum per m.d.
cccxxiiii, plus minus, sic :
OAKTiopoLi qwe et bteovebno . . m.p. x
1 Noviomagus is one of those stations which, coming next to large towns, and
consequently being of subordinary importance, are often difScuIt to identify
from existing remains. It is unquestionably the Neomagus of Ptolemy, which
he places to the south of London, in a direction which would favour the opinion
of Camden and Gale, that it was situated in the neighbourhood of Croydon or
Woodcote, Stukeley, foUowing Sumner, places it about Wdling or Crayford ;
Mr. Dunkin, at Dartford ; others, at or near Bromley. The distance would
countenance the last place ; and the discoveries made in 1828 by Messrs. Kempe
and Crofton Croker (see Archeeologia, vol. xxii, p. 336), are also fiivourable to this
allocation. In acceijting Bromley or Keston as the site of Noviomagus, it will be
seen, that the presumed direct road from Londinium to Rochester, leading over
Shooter's HUl, has to be regained ; and that, for some purpose, it had been
departed from on quitting Londinium. The distance to Southfleet, where so
many remains have been found, would accord with that given in the itinerary
as separating Noviomagus from Vagniacce ; and, moreover, nine mUes more, —
bringing us to Rochester, — is the distance corresponding with that between
Vagniac^ and Durobrivae. The station Durolevwm, I have ventured to place at
Davington, and thus restored it to its position in the itinerary of Antoninus, as
regards distance ; wHle other circumstances incline me to place it there, rather
than at MUton, Newmgton, or Charing, the localities to which it has been gene
rally assigned. {Archeeologia, vol. xxix, p. 22J.)
richborough.

BVROSEVO  M.P. XII .

Davington

DVKOPBOVIS  m.p. xxv .

Rochester.

Deinde transis Thamesim intrasque pro

vinciam et civitatem

LONDINIVM AVavSTAM , , . , M,P. XXVIll

London.

17

Richborough is again introduced in the fifteenth iter of Richard;
a circuitous route of much interest for the mention of stations which
do not occur in Antoninus, among which is Regulbium, Reculver :

A Londinio, per Clau

senium, in From London, through Bittern,

Londinium, usqiie, sic :

dgain to London.

CAIBBA

M,P XLIIII

Silchester.

VINDOMI ,

M p. XV

Near St. Mary Bourne

VBNTA BELOAKVM

M.P, XXI .

Winchester.

AD liAPIDBM

M.P, VI

Stoneham.^

CLAV8BNT0

M,P, IIII ,

Bittern.

POETV MASNO .

M.P. X (xv)

Portchester.

EEOirO

M.P, X (xv)

Chichester.

AD DECIMVM

M.P. X .

On the Arun.

ANDEEIDA POBTV

M.P. (XIV)

Pevensey.

AD LBMANVM

M.P. XXV .

On the Rother (?)

LEMANIAUO POBTV

M.P, X (xX)

I^rrme.

DVBBIS ¦ .

M,P, X ,

Dover.

BHVTVPIS COLONIA

M.P, X (xv)

Richborough.

EEGVIiBIO .

M,P, X .

Reculver.

OANTIOPOLI

M.P. X .

Canterbury.

1 The apparent discrepancy between the distances from Durobrivce to Londi-
nimmjVa. the two itineraries, is worthy of notice, Antoninus makes it thirty-seven ;
Richard, only twenty-seven. The difference of ten mUes must be accounted for
by the introduction of Noviorrmgus, which was, as before observed, considerably
to the west of the more direct route taken by Richard. It is one of the internal
evidences, in my opinion, of the authenticity of this writer.
2 Reasons for this appropriation wiU be found in Hatcher's Translation of
Richard of Cirencester, p. 156.
8 Bede mentions Ad Lovpidem, cap, xvi. Hist. Eccles.

18 richborouuh.

uvEOLEVO , , , M,p, XVIII (xii) Davington.
MADO

VAGNIACA .
NOVIO MAGO
lONDINIO .

M.P, XII (?) . On the Medway.^
M.P. XVIII . Southfleet.

M.P. XVIII
M.P, XV . . London.

It wiU be observed that Richard terms Rhutupia, a colony ; and
in his description of the ancient state of Britain,^ he places it among
the nine colonial cities. Moreover, under the head of Cantium, he
enumerates Dubra, Lemanus, and Regulbium, as prasidia, garri
soned by the Romans ; and, chief of all, Rhutupis, which was colo-
1 Modo has been supposed, by some, to mean Maidstone ; and recent disco
veries made by Mr. Charles, favour the supposition. The numbers are here
obviously incorrect.
2 "viiii Colonia, so. Londinium Augusta, Camalodunum Geminm Martioe,
Rhutupis  Therma3 Aquce Solis, Isca, Secunda, Deva Qetica, Glevum Caudia,
Lindum  Camboricum  Lib. i, cap. vii. It may be mentioned, that the
authenticity of Richard of Cirencester's De Situ Britannim has been questioned ;
and Bertram, who published it, has been accused of having coUected his mate
rials from the best ancient and modern authorities, and arranged the entire
work. Hatcher, in the preface to his translation, ha,s ably combated the objec
tions brought against the originality of the itinerary ; and in one of his letters
to me, dated Salisbury, November 23, 1846, he writes : " Captain JoUiffe kindly
called my attention to the Oentleman's Magazine, for the observations on Richard
of Cirencester. After all, they are only fighting with the wind. In my edition
I gave up, long ago, his description of Britain, and his chronology, except the
account of the rank held by the British towns, which was only known from
Richard ; aud has, in most particulars, been verified. But what no cavUUng can
set aside, is his Itinerary. No forger could have guessed at the existence of
Roman roads known only to our native antiquaries ; and this in more instances
than one. As for poor Bertram, the sneers at him are as unmerited as they are
ridiculous. Even Mr. Wiadmore, the librarian of Westminster, is not spared,
though his communications are probably authentic. I intended, once, to have
set this question at rest ; but that time is now gone by."

richborough. 19
nixed, and became the metropolis (of Ctmthtm), and the haven of
the Boman fleet, which commanded the north sea ; and that this
city was of such celebrity, that it gave the name of Rutupine to
the neighbouring shores. But this is evidently a mistake, into
which Richard had been led probably hy Ptolemy and Orosius, as
well as by the word coloma appended to Ruhtpia in the above
iter. We have no evidence in existing lemuns, or in recorded
discoveries, to warrant our placing RntHpim in the same "category
with Lomdimitm, CamHlodimitm. and snch places, which were dearly
towns, or cities, of great extent ; the limits of most of which can
stiU be traced, often serring as the mtmidpal boimdary down to
the present time. We have scarcely any instance of the site of a
Roman commercial town being totally deserted and effiaced. Veru-
laminm, indeed, is covered with corn-fields and pastures : bnt its
walls remaia, and the foundations of many of its pnbhc and pri
vate buildings are yet secure beneath the soil. The town of St.
Alban's was built from its ruins. Cbesterford, on the borders of
Cambridgeshire, succeeded the Eoman Tcimios,^ and was, in the
middle ages, a town of considerable importance ; even now it is a
laige villages, bearing evident vestiges of its former rank.
We nest approach the Xofitia, which is a Kst of the mihtary
and dvil appointments of the Roman empire, taken at some un
certain period, — as late, or later, than the reigns of Arcadius and
Honorii]^. It is one of the mc^ important doctiments which
have descended to us, in relation to the mihtary tenure of Britain;
and althongh it bears reference onj^ to a late, and probabhr very
hndted, period, it is not the less interesting on that accotmt ; for,
I 11nisspdt,iatIieaecfflsalEiT«. S^eJitwmalefttifBntidiAnAaela^eaiAsso-
CMfwM, vol. iv, p. 37S.

20 richborough.
as far as it extends, the information it affords is clear and decisive,
and although the author is unknown, and the precise time of its
compilation uncertain, its authenticity is undisputed. It gives us
a knowledge of the stations along the line of the great northern
waU; of those on the southem and eastern coast, called the Saxon
shore ; and of some others, as well as of the forces quartered in
them. Pancirolus, in the preface to his edition, published at Venice,
1603, says : " I am of opinion that the Notitia was written towards
the end of the reign of Theodosius the younger (a.d. 450) ; for,
under the govemor of Egypt, he mentions the ala Theodosiana
lately estabhshed. This is in his reign. He mentions, also,
the limes Saxonicus (httus Saxonicum) per Britanniam; wliich
name began to be used in the year 400, when the Saxons invaded
Britain. He makes no mention of the vicarius Illyrid, because
that country was wasted by the Hvms in the year 445, under the
same Theodosius and Valentinian the third. The veiy words men
tioned in the title, shew it was written after the year 425, when
Honorius died. Nor could it be written after the year 453, when,
according to Cassiodorus and Marcelhnus, Concordia and Aquileia
were destroyed by Attila ; because it mentions the buildings of the
one, and the treasures of the other, and the money coined there.
I therefore suppose it might be written near the end of the reign
of Theodosius the younger; and Alciatus (though I know not
where he read it) calls it Breviarium Theodosii Juniwris."
I am inclined to date the compilation of this work at some period
earher than that of Theodosius the younger. There is, throughout
its construction, much careful and comprehensive arrangement;
and the mihtary system it unfolds, evinces the diseiphne and skill

richborough. 21
that we might expect from Theodosius the Great, or the genius of
StUicho, rather than from the inglorious son of Arcadius. The
ala Theodosiana, the ala Arcadiana, each marked nuper constituta,
and the Honoriani, may have all been enrolled during the lifetime
of Theodosius ; the last two, when Arcadius and Honorius were
Caesars. But whenever the Notitia may have been written, it must
have been before the Roman troops were withdrawn from Britain,
though probably but a short time previous ; for we find them con
centrated upon the two great points of attack, — the wall to the
north, and the Saxon shore, — ^while other stations, which had in
former years been garrisoned, are not mentioned : a silence which
imphes that some urgent cause had required the withdrawal of
the troops ; and that cause is explained by their disposition on the
frontiers. Thus the second legion, sumamed Augusta, whose head
quarters were at Isca (Silurum), had been removed to Rutupia;
and only this and the sisth, regular legions, are mentioned, the
others having probably been withdrawn from the province. In
the reign of Theodosius the younger, which lasted half a century,
the Romans entirely quitted the island. It was in the beginning
of the fifth century that Constantine III was proclaimed Augustus
by the legions in Britain, and confirmed in the title by those of
Gaul. Zosimus places this occurrence in the lifetime of Arcadius,
and says that the soldiers in Britain had previously promoted,
successively, Marcus and Gratian to the imperial dignity. No
monument bearing allusion to the fleetiag government of these
emperors has come down to us ; but of Constantine we possess
coins which corroborate the scanty notices of the historians, and
prove the duration and extent of his power. Zosimus states that
the inroads of the Vandals, with the Alani and the Suevi, caused

22 richborough.
the soldiers in Britain, in self-defence, to elect emperors; that
Constantine, having expelled the barbarians, and fortified the
Rhine, placed the province of Gaul in security for some time; but
that ultimately, being in Spain with his main army, opposing
Honorius, the natives beyond the Rhine again broke into Gaid and
Britain, and compelled the inhabitants, in self-defence, to release
themselves from allegiance to the Roman empire; and, having
freed themselves from the barbarians, to form governments of
their own, expelling the Roman magistrates or officers. It is diffi
cult to beheve that, after such events as these, the compilation of
the Notitia could have taken place, or that the Romans held other
than a very precarious tenure of any part of Britain. The coins of
Honorius, Arcadius, ,and Constantine, are the last that are found
in England, in places occupied by the Roman soldiers, and on the
sites of the Roman cities and villas, unless we assign to a posterior
place the vast number of rude copies, termed minimi, which may
very probably have been struck in the interval between the aban
donment of Britain by the Romans, and the Saxon conquest.
The Notitia, as far as it relates to the district under considera
tion, stands thus :
SECTIO LII. CHAPTEE LII,
Sub dispositione viri spectabilis Comi- Under the government of the honour-
tis Littoris Saxoniei per Britanniam : able the Count of the Saxon Shore in
Britain :
Propositus num^riFortensium Otho- The commander of a detachment of
'^- Fortenses at Othona,
Prceposiius militum Tungricanorum The commander of Tungrian sol-
Duhris. diers at Dover,
Prcepositus numeri Turnacensium The commander of a detachment of
Lemannis. Tournay soldiers at Lymne.

richborough. 23
Prcepontus equitum Dalmatarum The Branodunensian commander of
Branodunensis, Branoduno. Dalmatian horse at Brancaster.
Prcepositus equitum Stablesian. Gar- The Garriannonensian commander
riannonensis, Oarriannono. of the Stablesian horse at Burgh.
Tribunus cohortis primm Vatasiorum The tribune of the first cohort of Ve-
ReguWio. tasians at Reculver,
Prcepositus legionis secundceAugustce The commander of the second legion,
Rutupis. sumamed Augusta, at Richborough.
Prcepositus numeri Abulcorum An- The commander of a detachment of
deridce. the Abulci at Pevensey,
Prcepositus numeri Eseploratorum The commander of a detachment of
portu Adurni. Exploratores at Portchester,
Of these great military stations, the only one respecting whose
site there can be much doubt, is that which stands first, — Othona.
It is supposed to have been the Ithancester of Bede, on the Pant
at St. Peter's-on-the-Wall, near BradweU-juxta-Mare ; and etymo
logy, with foundations of buildings, a rampart, and a Roman road,
countenance the supposition. But, at the same time, it must be
taken into consideration, that a Roman fortress at Felixstowe, on
the Suffolk coast, has been covered by the encroachment of the
sea ; and as it appears to have been of a character similar to others
on the Saxon shore, while we have only tradition for the submerge-
ment of a Roman station or town at BradweU, the question as to
.which was Othona cannot satisfactorily be decided, — especially as
no monument of any kind which would confirm the appropriation,
has ever been discovered at either of these places. It is also very
remarkable, that not a single inscription has ever been recorded as
found at either of the above stations, while on the sites of most of
those upon the hne of the Roman wall, such memorials have been
rather abundantly brought to light; and in many instances they
tend to identify the stations with those mentioned in the Notitia.

24 richborough.
The second legion, called Augusta, and also Britannica, which
we see was located at Rutupise in the last days of the Roman rule,
seems to have been in this province throughout the entire period
of its annexation to the empire. Tacitus tells us it came into
Britain in the time of Claudius, under the command of Vespasian.
Under Hadrian, we learn from inscriptions, it was in Cumberland
and Northumberland ; where it was also, for some time, in the
reign of Antoninus Pius, as well as in Scotland, employed in build
ing the wall. Ptolemy, at this time, places it at Caerleon,* which
was probably its head- quarters, whence it might have been occa
sionally removed to the north ; and this wiU reconcile the appa
rent contradiction of inscriptions recording its presence at widely
different places in the same reign. The inscriptions which have
been found at Caerleon, referring to soldiers serving in this legion,
or to its transactions, are numerous; and although the legion itself
is not always named, it is probable that the monuments always
allude to it, or to its auxiliaries.^
The second legion, with its cognizance, a Capricorn, is recorded
in the legionary coins of Carausius ; but neither coins nor inscrip
tions throw any hght upon its movements towards or at the period
when we may suppose the incursions of the Francs and Saxons
required its presence at Rutupiae ; and, as has been before observed,
no other mention is made of this legion, in connexion with Rutu-
1 Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter), is generally considered as a palpable mistake
made by Ptolemy. From the numerous inscriptions referring to the second
legion, which have been found at Caerleon, and from the absence of such inscrip
tions at Exeter, it seems clear he meant Isca Silurum, Caerleon.
2 B6QRomanAtaiquitiesfoundatGaerleon,hj 3.'Ei.'L&e,\iaadi(m,\8^5; Hors
ley's Britannia Romana, London, 1732 ; and Hodgson's Roman Wall aiid South
Tyndale, Newcastle, 1841.

richborough. 25
pise, than that in the Notitia. It would be wandering from the
present purpose, to trace the locations of this legion in earlier
times, or to describe the various inscriptions in relation to it;
hut there is an engraved plate of brass, figured in Buonarotti,i
which, as it refers to the second legion, apparently at a late period,
and as it seems to have been overlooked by our antiquaries, may
be here briefly described. .
This plate is circular. It bears, in a style of workmanship
which betokens a late period, a design intended to denote two of
the British legions, — the twentieth and the second. Each is repre
sented by five soldiers, armed, and bearing circular, or rather oval,
shields, standing in hne opposite to each other. The foremost
soldier of the twentieth legion carries a mihtary standard, beneath
which is inscribed, in two hues, leg. xx. v. v. ; behind which
is the figure of a wild boar, — its emblem or device. The other
group is, in like manner, described by a standard and inscription,
in three lines, leg. secvnd. avgvs., with a Capricorn. Between are
the words, avrelivs. cervianvs ; and beneath the twentieth legion,
VTERE FELIX. In thc Upper part of the circle is an eagle, standing
upon what seems to have been intended for a thunderbolt ; and in
the lower half of the area are various animals, namely, a dog
chasing a rabbit, a hound pursuing a stag, a hon, and two peacocks,
drawn in a rude and somewhat grotesque style.^ Who Aurelius
1 Osservazioni istoriche sopra alcuni medaglioni antichi. Roma, mdoxoviii.
* Dr. RigoUot, the President of the Society of Antiquaries of Picardy, who is
preparing for publication a memoir on the objects found in the burial-places of
the Teutonic peoples of the fifth and sixth century, informs me, that he notices
a close analogy between the work on this bronze plate, and the designs upon
buckles of sword-belts found, with weapons, in graves which he assigns to the
fourth century. E

26 RICHBOROUGH.
Cervianus was, or on what occasion the patera was inscribed to
him, must remain, it is to be feared, a mystery. He would appear
to have been, in some manner, connected with the two legions when
associated together. The twentieth legion, whose head-quarters
were at Deva (Chester), was often in cooperation with the second
legion at earlier periods than any to which the peculiar fabric of
this plate of brass will warrant our assigning its date ; and we
flnd no specific notice of the twentieth legion subsequent to a
period long previous to the time when the second legion is last
mentioned, during its stay at Rutupise. It is not named in the
Notitia ; but that omission does not positively prove it may not
still have been in Britain, although it is probable that it had quitted
the island before the compilation of that work.
Two ancient works in which Rutupiae occurs yet remain to be
mentioned. The flrst is the now well known treatise written in
Latin by a Gothic geographer, who appears to have flourished in
the seventh century, at Ravenna, the capital of the Gothic king
dom in Italy ; and is, from that circumstance, popularly known as
the anonymous geographer of Ravenna. This writer gives copious
lists of towns in the various counties he describes, which have evi
dently been taken from maps.* In Britain, the list of towns is
1 Mr. Wright, in a valuable paper contributed to the Congress of the British
Archaeological Association at Gloucester, observes : "Among the rather numerous
writers quoted by this anonymous geographer, are three ' philosophers of the
Goths' {Oothorum philosophi), whose names, Aithanarid, Edelwald, and Mar-
comir, at once evince the country to which they belonged. He quotes also
frequently two Romano-African geographers, Probus and Melitianus ; two Grasco-
Bgyptiaus, named Cyachoris and Blantasis, who had travelled to the south of
Egypt in search of knowledge ; two Persians, who had written a ' picture of the
universe' in Greek, and whom he names Arsatius and Aphrodisianus ; two

RICHBOROUGH. 27
very numerous, and names occur which are not found elsewhere ;
but they are evidently enumerated in a confased manner, and we
cannot safely assume the position of the places from the order in
which the names follow each other. In that part of the hst, how
ever, where Rutupiae occurs, the writer seems to have followed a
line with less interruption than usual. It runs thus :
COEINIVM DOBVNOKVM  Cirenccster.
CALBBA ATEEBATVM  Silohcster.
ANDERESio (sic)  Pevensey.
MIBA 
MVTVAUTONIS 
iBMANis ..'..., Lymne.
DVBBIS  Dover.
DVEOVBBNVM CANTIAOOBVM . , . Caihterbury.
BVTVPis  Richiorough.
DVEOBEABis .,,,,, Rochester.
LONDINI  London.
The other is a far more important work; but, unfortunately,
the greater portion of the part relatiag to Britain has perished.
It is known as Peutinger's Table, having been found in the library
of Conrad Peutinger after his death. From internal evidence, it
seems to have been made at some period between the time of
Constantine and Theodosius the Great. From the small portion
remaining of Britain, and its imperfect state, it is impossible to
know the original scheme of the table with respect to this country ;
but Lemanae, Dubrae, and Rutupiae, are marked as places of import-
Greeks, Hylas and Sardonius ; and two Romans, LalUanus and Castorius. The
last of these is the writer whose authority the geographer of Ravenna foUows
most largely. All the works of the school represented by these names are now
lost." — Transactions of the British Archoeologioal Association at its third annual
Congress, held at Gloucester, p, 27,

28 RICHBOROUGH.
ance, probably from being the chief ports or havens in connexion
with Gaul ; while Regulbium, Othona, given in the Notitia, and
Anderida, are omitted.
The scanty and vague historical notices which have been quoted
in the foregoing pages, are yet more copious than any which have
survived the wreck of ancient literature specifically illustrative of
other Romano- British locahties. It might have been expected, from
the importance of the Rutupine coast, its commercial and military
consequence, and its populousness, that these records would be
increased in value and interest, by a few, at least, of those monu
ments which the historical antiquary justly prizes as the best
guides,in the absence of written history, and as the safest annotators
to the pages of the ancient chroniclers. It was one of the common
customs of the Romans — an emanation from the national genius —
to seek to perpetuate public acts by inscriptions upon stone and
marble, the vast assistance of which in corroborating, in explain
ing, and in correcting ancient authors, is duly appreciated by
modern historians ; and the antiquaries of the present day con
sider as one of the highest objects of their researches, the discovery
and conservation of such memorials, the authenticity of which is
unquestionable; and which, though often sententious, are free from
the stlspicion of interpolations, the errors which so frequently attend
the transcriptions of scribes, and the falsiflcations engrafted for
party purposes. Inscriptions often reveal the nature, age, and object,
of buildings, when the very foundations of the edifices they com
memorated, hare been destroyed ; mihtary and civil acts; the names
of persons, places, and divinities, elsewhere neither mentioned nor
alluded to ; and thus possess a topical value of the highest charac
ter and interest.

RICHBOROUGH. 29
This series of monuments is not available to our present inqui
ries. The only one which may claim notice as possibly referring
to Rutupiae, is a dedication to the nymphs by a body of the Britons,
which, many years ago, was foimd at Amorbach. It has been
pubhshed by Gruter and others, and is given by Dr. Steiner, in
his Roman Inscriptions on the Rhine, as follows : —
NVMPHIS.
JST.BEITTON.TRIPVTIEN. SVB.CVRA. M...VLPI. MALCHI,
l> LEG. XXII,
PB.P.E.
Nymphis, numerus Brittonum Triputiensium, sub cura Marci Ulpii Malchi,
centurionis legionis xxii, Primigeniae Piae FideUs.
There is evidently an error in the speUing of the word intended
to be expressed in the third hne. Gale, in his commentaries on
the iter of Antoninus, beUeves it to be intended for Tripontium, —
a station occurring in the iter from London to Lincoln, supposed,
by Gale, to be Dowbridge ; by others, Rugby. Batteiy beheved it
related to Richborough, and that, instead of Triputien, we should
read Riputien ; and, aUowing for the transposition of letters, Rutu-
pien. Such errors are not unusual ; and are, doubtless, often to
be attributed to the carelessness or ignorance of the sculptor. It
seems much more probable that we should be warranted in think
ing this word to have reference to Rutupia rather than Tripontium,
as the latter must have been a very subordinate station, the site
of which is not even agreed upon by antiquaries ; while the recti
fication here proposed, is favoured hy the weU-known importance

30 RICHBOROUGH.
of the station and surrounding district. The inscription may there
fore be translated : Dedicated to the Nymphs by a numerus (ox body)
of Rutupine Britons, under the charge of Marcus Ulpius Malchus, cen
turion of the twenty -second legion (surnamed) Primagenia, Pia, Fide
lis. Several inscriptions are extant, in this country and in Germany,
which mention the Britons or Britones; on the Rhine, besides
that of Amorbach, there are two at Aschaffenburg, and one at
Niederbiber, aU of which speak of them in connexion with the
twenty-second legion. This legion was, for a long period, quar
tered in Gaul and Germany, and was probably almost wholly com
posed of auxihary troops. Its aUegiance to Victorinus in Gaul,
and after him, to Carausius in Britain, is commemorated by coins.
Whether the corps of Britons mentioned in these inscriptions were
all of them raised from the inhabitants of this country, is ques
tionable; it is possible some may have been the Armorican Britons
in Gaul.

31

THE CASTRUM.

The upper cut, as shown on page 33 of our volume, gives a view
looking into the remains of the castrum at Richborough, from
Stonar ; and shows its situation upon a hill or promontory, which,
in front of the fortress, rises abruptly from the marshes, but on
either side slopes gradually down to their level, the course of the
sea in former times. The chff to the left has been recently formed
by cutting away the hill, to procure materials for the Deal and
Ramsgate railway. During the excavations along the line of this
chff, a very considerable number of the antiquities to be here
after described were brought to hght, — many of them being
found in pits of various depths and diameters, which will also be
referred to.
Towards the extreme point of this cliff, on the left, were situated
the remains of a Roman house, of which a plan wiU be found further
on. In this view, the position of the village of Ash, — ^remarkable
for the Saxon antiquities discovered in its environs, — ^is indicated
by the church. The viUage of Richborough, consisting of a few
respectable farm-houses and cottages, is separated from the castle
by a field, through which a road runs from the opening in the
western wall, — the site of the chief gate, — upon the course of the
Roman road. After crossing the field, it winds shghtly to the

32 RICHBOROUGH.
right ; and, by an imperceptible descent, after leaving the village,
passes through the marshes at Ash level.
The lower cut, engraved from a sketch made and presented by
Mr. Thomas Wright, affords a side view of the south and a portion
of the north waU, from the entrance to Sandwich near the junction
of the Canterbury high-road and the path to Richborough. The
river Stour, at low-water mark, is shown in the fore-ground ; in
the distance, on the right, are iadicated the Thanes, PegweU bay,
and Ramsgate pier at the extreme point.
The road from Sandwich to Richborough divaricates at the com
mencement of the chff at the foot of the lull, and the pedestrian
can either proceed by the side of the raUway, between the chff and
the river to the left of the cottage, or cross the raUway, and ascend
the hill to the south waU, shewn in fig. 3, pi. i. The approach
is perhaps most impressive by the former route. The broken
ground, the half-buried return wall on the low land, the shapeless
masses of broken masonry detached from the north waU and
covered with ivy, the lone cottage and its neat well-stocked gar
den, — are picturesquely grouped, and contrast strongly with the
wide, flat expanse of the surrounding scenery. A shady cart-road
leads to the summit of the hill ; and the north waU of Rutupiae,
extending five hundred and sixty feet, meets the eye in all its
grandeur and magnificence ; and, although shorn of its fair pro
portions, it stUl possesses much of its primitive appearance (pi. 1,
fig. i), and is by far the best preserved portion of the structure,
being in some places nearly thirty feet high on the exterior, and
in other parts upwards of twenty. In the engraving is shown,
near the termination on the right, by a slight break in the facing,
the position of a square buttress, which has fallen. The postern

Stonar.

View of S]<»iboroiigh from the entrance to Sandwiidi on the C^iterboiy road.

RICHBOROUGH.

85

gate is also seen, tho interior of which forms fig. 1 of pi. ii ; and
of which on enlarged view, showing the exterior architectural de
tails, ia given in p. 37. Beyond the gate was another square
buttress, of which the lower portion is yet remaining, and forms
tho foreground of fig. 2, pi. ii, whicli is a view of the north waU
looking iu the opposite direction.
As the north wall is by far the best preserved, it necessaiily
demands n more minute description. Its external facing is remark
ably fresh and firm, while that of the other walls has been almost
entirely removed, except where it has been protected from the
haud of man by the accumulated earth. It is formed of regulai-
courses of squared grit and Portland stone, of unequal size, larger
towards the foundation, and decreasing towards the top. These
courses, varying from six to nine, are separated by layers of tiles ;
and a good idea of the entire arrivngement of the external facing
may bo formed from the engraving in p. 87, which shows the exte
rior of the postern gate, and part of the wall towards the west.
Internally, the facing was chiefly composed
of flints ; but, unfortunately, it has been
almost entirely destroyed. From what yet
remains, here and there, it is shown to have
been very different from that of the exte
rior. The annexed cut represents a portion
near the north-west corner. It does not
appear to have been so luiiform as that on
the exterior side, as may be exemphfied by
a remnant near the postern gate. Fig. 1, pi.
Interior tooing. 1, may slso bo referred to, in which com'ses
of flints are introduced with stone, and occasionally arranged in

oo_og_oc}oQoe>Q
90{

36 RICHBOROUGH.
what is ternled" herring-bone" work,— a constmction apparently
adopted merely for the conveni-
¦J* l" i'. _^^^^^o ence of laying the pebbles. It is
" ,. ' ¦ ' ..^ -1^-°^^'^° the opinion of some, that the in-
— ^:^=^ terior facings, and particularly
Interior facing.. tjja.t of the gate, are reparations
by the Saxons; but the grounds upon which this notion was
foimded are not at aU apparent; and a close examination wiU
prove that the entire remains are Roman, and that there are no
traces of any reparations.
To return to the facing, of the exterior : the stones are bonded,
at somewhat irregular intervals, by double rows of large fiat tiles
of well-tempered clay, and mostly of a bright red colour ; which
do not, however (except in one or two instances), extend into the
wall beyond the width of a single tile, or, at the most, a couple.
OccasionaUy curved-edge tiles are used. These also occur at the
castrum at Lymne, and, indeed, frequently in the walls of private
as weU as pubhc Roman buildingSj interspersed with flat tUes.
The first binding-course of tiles commences at three feet four
inches from the surface of the ground, and about five feet from
the bottom of the wall;, and they are repeated to the top, at
distances varying from three feet three inches, to four feet three
inches. In the waU of the post^m gate they commence nearer
the ground, and, are reheved, at the angles, by short interme
diate courses of red and yellow tiles ; which, when the castrum
was in its original condition, must have produced a pleasing con
trast and good effect. The peculiarity of the arrangement of the
tiles in this gate has never been noticed or shown; it was, indeed,
almost whoUy obscured by ivy, which was removed for the purpose

» >';^.

">^* .

' '"liii. '
¦'('' .*<
"ff'
H^
o
IIKMIIIOIIOUGII.

87

of making our sketch ; in this view is also exhibited the exact man
ner in which the two lowest bonding-courses of tiles are arranged

^,.-»-:--^::N?^.A;g|^^^^

\'.\u ninl vli'W of Hio Pi^lcni Onlo nnil piirt, of Ihe noHh wiUl.
to the right of the gAte, and the substruction of undressed flints
exposed to view by a recent removal of the earth. It may be well
hero to give a plan and elevation, in order to make known the
oonstruotion of the gate.
Fig. 1 («ee mxt page) , the plan j fig. 2, elevation of thc entrance
soon on the side v, o, as wo enter from without. The width at c
is about three feet ten inches ; but at tho turning, at a, it is in
creased to about sovcu feet eight inolies, which is tho width up to
tho interior of the castrum, «'. The floor of this entrance is formed
of solid stone-work, as shown in tho elevation, and contains a

88

RICHBOROUGH.

groove or drain, e, a, originally covered with stone ; the passage is
ten feet four inches long in one direction, and fifteen feet in the

Fig. 1,

Fig. 2.

¦ Plan and Elevation of the Postern Gate,
other ; the great wall here measiu-es ten feet eight inches in thick
ness; and the lesser, or entrance waU, six feet four inches. To under
stand more completely the arrangement of this gate, see also plate ii.
The foundation of the waUs of the castrum is formed of two
rows of boulders, laid upon, or a very little below, the stirface of
the natural soU, which is a compact pit-sand. The great body of
the wall is composed of layers of boulders, and layers of a mixture
of boulders, sand-stone, ochre-stone, blocks of chalk with pholades
embedded, and balani on their surface ; the whole cemented with
mortar formed of lime, grit, sea-sheUs, and pounded tiles. There
are also pieces of ooHte and travertine, which some of our geolo
gists have imagined were brought over from the continent.^ These
1 Mr. W. F, Ainsworth communicated the following observations to Mr.
Wright : " In the north wall, besides the customary courses of limestone, rock,

RICHBOROUGH. 39
ingredients vary in proportions in different places, apparently as
particular materials were abundant or otherwise during the pro
gress of the building. The facings of the waUs have already been
described. It was the opinion of Mr. King,' that the walls were constructed
by having the whole mass flung carelessly into a great caisson, or
frame of wood, the interior breadth of which was that of the wall,
and its depth, that of the space between the alternate rows of tUes,
while its length was sometimes more and sometimes less, just as
suited convenience ; and that the parts thus reared, one at the end
of another, on and over each row of tiles, were united together
afterwards merely by means of very small loose stones and mortar
thrown into the narrow space left at the ends between them. The
objections to this theory, are, that the separations asserted to be
flUed up with smaU loose stones, are nowhere discernible ; the dis
tances between the bands of tiles are not equal, as they probably
would have been had caissons been used ; and the materials consti
tuting the body of the walls do not appear to have been thrown in
carelessly ; but, on the contrary, are arranged with much precision,
as seen in the south wall, from which almost the entire facing has
been removed; and, towards the east side, an immense mass of
and bricks, there are other courses, — ^more particularly in one spot at the base of
the wall, — of travertine, or limestone, deposited by a spring, or running waters.
Also, on the same side, and half way up the side, masses of petrified teredo navalis.
Again, at the south side, where the wall is broken down, there is a considerable
mass of oolite, more like the Norman stone than any of our oolites. It would be
a curious question, to know whence all these materials, foreign to the locality,
came ; and to ascertain if there are any springs or rivulets depositing travertine,
or calcareous tuffa, in the neighbourhood." — Archceological AVyu/m,, p. 14.
1 Munimenta Antiqva, vol. ii, p. ?.

40

RICHBOROUGH.

the interior masonry has been extracted, so as to form a kind of
chamber, in which the regiUar arrangement of the strata of boulders
is clearly shown. In other places, where the waUs have been broken
into, the same system may not be so obvious, on account of the
difficult nature of the materials.
In the west wall, marked b in the plan, is the open space where
the chief entrance, or Decuman gate, stood. This was ascertained
by Mr. Boys, who laid open a complete pavement of stones, the
construction of which, as it appeared when examined by him,
together with the remaining fragment of the waU on one side, wUl
be understood by the annexed engraving from a sketch made at the
time. It was 5^ feet in depth; 24 feet 11 inches in length; and
21 feet 1 inch in breadth, — a space sufficient to allow ten men

Platform of stones in the western entrance, or Decuman Gate.
to march abreast; an arrangement which originaUy gave name to
this great gate of the Roman castrum. Most of the stones which
formed this pavement appear to have been used as foundations

RICHBOROUGH. 41
for the walls of the farm-houses of Richborough, and their out
buildings. The castrum was originally flanked by two square towers on the
north side, and traces of one on the west, and one on the south side,
yet remain.' At the angles of the north waU were circular towers :
the position of which wUl be seen in the plan (see p . 44) . The square
towers> projecting about eight feet, were sohd, to the extent of
nearly eight feet from the foundation, hollow in the centre, and
united to the main wall again at the top. It is probable that these
towers contained a room, with loop-holes for watchers. In the
main wall within these towers, are holes several feet in length,
which seem to have served for the insertion of timber. As in the
postern gate, the rows of tiles were increased at the angles of these
towers, as may yet be seen in the remains of that on the north
waU. It has been asserted, that these towers were erected at some
period subsequent to that of the castrum ; but a shght examination
of the masonry wiU prove they were buUt at the same time. In
the north waU, it is true, the bonding courses of tUes are not inter
rupted by the addition of the tower, — a circumstance which may
have given rise to the error ; but the lateral waUs are buUt into,
and from, the main one, in the same manner as the upper one;
and the tUes at the angle, increased in number in the main waU,
corresponded with those in the tower. Moreover, the materials,
the mortar, and the facing, are precisely simUar in both the waU
and the towers. In the interior of the tower in the west wall, c,
in the plan, the bonding courses of tiles are interrupted, as wUl be
1 Mr. Boys says there were two on the west and two on the south ; and in his
plan he indicates a round tower at the n, e. angle below the cliff.

42

RICHBOROUGH.

perceived by the cut annexed, to the extent of the tower, ahd no
extra tiles are intro
duced at the junc
tion, while the lateral
waUs are worked into
the main one, and
not built up against
it. There can be
little doubt of their
having been watch-
towers, and not de
signed merely as sup-
site of square tower in the western wall. ports to tne walls.
The remains of the circular towers which enclosed the angles of
the west wall, are not to be traced above ground ; but they were
laid open by Mr. Boys, and recently by Mr. Rolfe. The subjoined
engraving represents the lower part of that at the south-west aingle

li,\ver at Ihe aiij,^la uf the W and S.W, wall.

RICHBOROUGH. 43
(d, in the plan), from a sketch taken recently. Like the others,
it is sohd at the bottom, and was probably hoUow in the middle,
and imited to the main walls at top. It is 18 feet, 6 inches, in
diameter, and 41 feet round; the distance from the points of
junction with the waU about 15 feet; the depth below the surface
5 feet ; at the bottom is a projection of rough masonry, extending
from 6 to 13 inches beyond the foundation to which it serves as a
plinth. The foUowing plan ^vUl be found necessary to give a perfect
notion of the extent and disposition of the waUs, and of the course
of the inland chff, which supphed the place of a mural defence.
In it is also indicated a platform of masonry, which for a long time
has excited the curiosity of antiquaries, and the original pur
pose of which, notwithstanding the researches of Mr. Boys and
others, and lastly of Mr. Rolfe, is stUl undetermined. The fol
lowing is the description given, upwards of fifty years since, by
the former, one of the soundest and most accurate investigators of
his time :
" Within the area of the castle, not precisely in the centre, but
somewhat towards the north-east corner, underground, is a sohd
rectangular platform of masonry, 144-5 feet long, 104 feet wide,
and 5 feet thick. It is a composition of boulders and coarse mortar,
and the whole upper surface to the very verge is covered over with
a coat of the same sort of mortar, sis inches thick. In the middle
of this platform is the base of a superstructure in the shape of a
cross, rising somewhat above the ground, and from 4 to 5 feet above
the platform. It has been faced with square stones, some of which
remain. The shaft of the cross, running north and south, is 87
feet long and 75 feet broad ; the traverse is 33 feet in width and

44

RICHBOROUGH.

A. Postern gate.
B. Decuman gate.
c. Tower shewn in cut at page .
E , Squai'6 tower.
p. Comer of soulii wall projecting over the
brink of the cliff.

G. Return wall overthrown.
H. Site of tower in north wall.
I. Surface of the subterranean building.
K. Section of subterranean building.
L, M, N. 'Tra<^ "dge, &c. mentioned by
Mr. Boys,

RICHBOROUGH. 45
46 feet in length. A base of such sohdity could scarcely have
been intended for the support of a roof, or have formed a part of
any compound buUding."
Mr. Boys, it appears, was not aware of the existence of the most
remarkable part of this structure which remains to be described.
In 1833, a gentleman named M. Gleig, and others, made excava
tions, and discovered beneath the platform mentioned above, an
extensive subterranean building, down the side of the waU of which
they sunk a shaft to the depth of about 33 feet from the under part
of the platform, in the hope of finding an entrance at the bottom,
bnt meeting with springs, they were compeUed to abandon their
operations, without-succeeding in the object of their research. The
platform extends beyond the walls of this subterranean buUding,
on the longer side twelve, and on the shorter side ten feet. The
extent of the subterranean works on the exterior is therefore 133
feet by 94 feet. It is shewn hy the dotted line in the plan, and a
section is also given to convey a more distinct idea of its form.
Mr. Rolfe, with a view to ascertain the nature and purpose of
this extraordinary structure, made excavations which extended
from the 5th of September 1843, to the 35th of October foUowing.
He commenced at the centre of the east side, marked i in the plan,
at the edge of the platform, and proceeded under the ledge formed
by the excess of the width of the latter over the buUding below,
and at the distance of about eight feet northward of the excavations
mentioned above, reopened a kind of chamber, which at some
unknown period had been cut in the soU, extending twelve feet
from the edge of the platform to the substructure, and about five
or sis feet in width. He then worked a gaUery imder this edge,
along the whole of the east and north sides, and to the extent of

46 RICHBOROUGH.
eighty-six feet along the western side, in the expectation of finding
some traces of a side entrance into the supposed chamber or
chambers within. This gaUery was cut five and a half feet deep,
and three feet wide. Meeting, however, with nothing but uniform
and compact masonry, Mr. Rolfe discontinued the gaUery, and
attempted to make an opening in the buUding at the spot marked
1 in the plan. With much labour, in consequence of the hardness
of the masonry, the workmen made a hole, six feet wide, four feet
six inches thick, and extending inwards twelve feet ; but without
succeeding in finding any traces of a chamber.
It is not improbable, as this opening was made near the top,
that the workmen may have encountered some cross waU, or
a thick vault ; for it cannot he supposed that the buUding is a
sohd mass of masonry. As the south side, and the s.w. and s.e.
angles were not excavated, it is possible that a doorway may yet
be found. This subterranean work appears to be entirely con
structed of flints and mortar, the latter possessing almost impene
trable sohdity. No tUes were noticed, nor any of the various
materials which enter into the composition of the waUs of the
castrum. The facing is entirely composed of boulders ; that on
the east and north sides is smooth and regular, as also is the n.w.
angle ; but on the western side, the boulders are irregular and
rough. As remarkable a difference was also noticed by the work
men in the sand ; on the east and north sides it was loose, indica
ting that to some distance from the walls it had been dug out, so
as to give some room to the builders ; but on the western side the
sand was hard ; and this circumstance, and the difference in the
facing, seem to decide that the western side was first erected.
The depth of superficial earth in the angles of the eastern side

RICHBOROUGH. 47
of the cruciform foundation, upon the platform, is two feet eight
or ten inches ; beneath this, and upon the surface of the platform,
is a stratum of mortar, four or five inches thick, such as serves
usually for tessellated pavements, to which purpose this had pro
bably been applied. At each end of the platform, on the north side,
is an aperture about four inches square. Both of these penetrate
quite through the platform, and are coated with hard cement, to
which wood was still adhering. Whether these perforations were
intended for poles to support an awning, is a question, among
others, in relation to this remarkable buUding, which must, at least
for the present, remain unsolved. The popular notion, that the
cruciform foundation upon the platform is the base of a cross, need
scarcely be refated : and the opinion that it may have supported a
pharos, is equaUy untenable. There is more weight in the suppo
sition that it may have been the site of a small chapel, especially
as there is evidence of the existence of one within the castrum, at
a period not very remote. But the materials incline us to attribute
it to the Roman times, whatever may have been its use ; and on
the eastern side, towards the cliff, are, or recently were, the ves
tiges of walls certainly of medieval date, which may be considered
as the remains of a chapel ; and the adjoining spot, where the
bones of skeletons may stiU be seen, is doubtless the site bf a
burial-rplace attached.
Mr. Boys, in notes accompanying his plans, in the possession of
Mr. Rolfe, observes that " probably there was never any wall or
other building erected on this platform, excepting the cross, which
is composed of the same materials with soine squared stones in the
facings, and rises from three to four feet above the platform. In
the S.E. angle, somebody, with infinite labour, has endeavoured

48

RICHBOROUGH.

to penetrate into a supposed hoUow there, but was obhged. to
desist on account of the hardness of the mortar, after however'
getting about two feet below the surface. I dug quite below the
building, and got in about eleven feet underneath it. I found it
to be like a solid rock, impenetrable by any instrument." He
further states that the platform is covered over even to its very
edge with a coat of mortar, and strewed with fragments of marble,
some worked into mouldings, and others fiat pieces bearing nu
meral letters. None of the latter kind were found during Mr.
Rolfe's researches, but a specimen of the former was dug up on
the north side of the platform, and a considerable quantity of
broken pieces were subsequently discovered in the immediate
vicinity of the castrum during the raUway excavations. They are
all in a fine white marble ; some appear to have been portions of a

14 inches hy 21..

Width, 20 inches.
skirting or possibly a cornice. Similar fragments have also been
found towards the. bank or cliff on the north-east side of the cas
trum, together with mural paintings. The abundance of worked
marble shows that buildings of a superior description were enclosed

RICHBOROUGH. 49
within the walls of the castrum. We may imagine the pratorium
with its sacellum and offices, substantial quarters for the soldiers,
and one or two public edifices ; but it would be useless to speculate
on their arrangement in the almost total absence of available evi
dence, or from the descriptions of military camps left us by the
ancient writers on castrametation. Nothing short of a very ex
tensive and systematic excavation of the entire area would indeed
enable us to decide what foundations of buildings may yet remain
beneath the stratum of made earth, from three to four feet thick,
which is spread over this extensive circumvallation. That the
subterranean building was constructed for some extraordinary and
important purpose, is obvious from the fact, that nothing at aU
analogous to it has been discovered at any of the Roman stations
in this country, or, as far as can be ascertained, on the continent.
It would therefore appear that this extensive and pecuhar struc
ture was built for some great public object connected with the
locahty, which, as has been already shown, was the chief line of
transit to and from Britain. It may not, therefore, be unreason
able to suppose that a place of such strength and security may
have served as an arsenal for arms and other mUitary equipments ;
and it may also have been used as a receptacle for provisions for
the troops in emergencies, as weU as a temporary and occasional
storehouse for the corn, which, as we learn from Ammianus Mar
ceUinus (hb. xviu, cap. 1), was periodically transported out of
Britain to Gaul and Germany.
Leland has left us a curious account of Richborough, which,
although it does not satisfy the inquiries of antiquaries of the pre
sent day, furnishes some useful information on the place. In the
time of Henry VIII, antiquities were not studied with the aid of

50 RICHBOROUGH.
system and science, otherwise the quick perception, taste, and good
sense, of Leland, were adapted to render his valuable itinerary still
more acceptable. He says :
" Batesburgh, otherwise Richeboro, was or ever the river of Sture, did
tum his botom or old canale withyn the isle of Thanet, and by lykelyhod the
mayn se cam to the very foote of the castel. The mayn se ys now of it a myle
by reason of wose (ooze) that hath there swollen up. The site of the old town or
castel ys wonderful fair, upon an hille. The wailes the wich remayn ther yet
be in cumpase almost as much as the tower of London. They have been very
hye, thykke, stronge, and well embateled. The mater of them is flynt, mervelug
and long brykes both white and redde, after the Britons fascion. The sement was
made of se sand and smaul pible. There is a great lykelyhod that the goodly hii
abowte the castel, and especially to Sandwich ward, hath been wel inhabited.
Come groweth on the hille yn mervelus plenty, and yn going to plowgh ther
hath owt of mynde [been] found, and now is, mo antiquities of Romayne mony
than yn any place els of England. Surely reason speketh that this should be
Rutupirmm. For byside that the name sumwhat toucheth, the very nere passage
from Cales clyves or Gales was to Ratesburgh, and now is to Sandwich, the
which is about a myle of ; though now Sandwich be not celebrated bycawse of
Goodwine sandes, and the decay of the haven. Ther is a good flyte shot of fro
Ratesburgh, toward Sandwich, a great dike caste yn arownd cumpas, as it had
been for fens of menne of warre. The cumpace of the ground withyn is not
much above an acre, and that is very holo by casting up the yerth. They cawle
the place there Lytleborough. Within ye castel is a little paroche church of St.
Augustine, and an heremitage. I had antiquities of the heremite, the which is
an industrius man. Not far fro the heremitage is a cave wher men have
sowt and digged for treasure. I saw yt by candel withyn, and there were
cony's. Yt was so straite that I had no mynd to crepe far yn. In the north
side of the castel ys a hedde in the walle, now sore defaced with wether. They
cawle it Queue Bertha hedde. Nere to that place, hard hy the wal was a pot
of Romayne mony fownd,"i
The little parish church mentioned by Leland, is recorded in
the will of one Sir John Saunder, prebendary of Wingham, parson
1 Leland's Itinerary, by Hearne, vol, vii, p. 128,

luoiiiioiioiJGtr. 51
of Kymchurch, and vicar of Ash. The document is dated a.d.
1509, and runs thus : "Item, I bequeath to tlio chappel of Rich-
borougli one portuys printed, with a mass-book which was Sir
Thomas the old priest's. Item, to the use of the said chappel 30s.
to make them a new window in the body of the cliurch." The
cave near the hcrniitago was probably tho passage round the plat
form mentioned above; the workmen employed by Mr. Rolfe
described it as terminatiufi; like a rabbit's burrow. The account
which Leland gives of the quantity of Roman coins found at Rich
borough, is strikingly confirmed by the number collected during
the last twenty or thirty years, from which the catalogue given in
this volume lias been compiled.
It is not improbable that, in the time of the Romans, thc high
ground to the west and south of the castrum was, in jwrt at least,
covered with buildings, the foundations of many of which, it may
be expected, would be easily brought to Ught by trenching the
laud. "At thc distance of thirty-scvon yards," observes Mr. Boys
in an unpublished note, " from the west wiiU, when the corn is
growing, is constantly to be observed a track (l), leading from the
cart-way (b) to thc northward, towards the marshes. (See i)l!iu, p.
44.) I have dug across it, and fouud, about two feet under the
surface, a great quantity of fragments of broken vessels, some of
fine, ornamented pottery, aiul others of a coarser kind; flint,
stone, and pieces of tiles. I do not think it has the appearance of
a road, as there is nothing but mould to bind the fragments, and
the fragments are largo, and do not seem much pressed. I havc
two beautiful vessels almost complete, the fragments of which lay
so nearly together, that I have no doubt, if my workmen had been
CRxeful, I might have got the whole of them. Coming on from

53

RICHBOROUGH.

the waU towards the village, at the distance of about one hundred
and two yards, in the same road, there runs off, at right angles, a
ridge (m), about twelve paces broad, with a little hoUow in the
middle, leading southward, to the eastern side of the amphitheatre ;
and about thirty-nine yards further, is another track (n), pointing
to the western side of the amphitheatre. I have not yet dug into
either of these, but shall examine all of them carefully the ensuing
summer. In this part of this field more coins have been found,
and more fragments of materials for building are observed on the
surface of the ground, than in any other place at Richborough,
excepting the area within the waUs." It does not appear that
Mr. Boys ever put into execution his intention of examining these
localities. At the distance of about four hundred and sixty yards from the
south-west angle of the castrum, are the remains of a castrensian
amphitheatre, sections of which, with measurements, are given in
the annexed cut. Agricultural operations have much reduced its

depth, and destroyed every trace of its original arrangement. On
the south-eastern side, the foundations of a building, of some kind
would appear to be indicated by the stunted growth of the corn.
In the plain at the foot of the bank, about forty rods to the
north of the castrum, a buUding was discovered, which, Mr. Boys

RICHBOROUGH. 53
states, had the appearance of a wharf or landing-place. He de
scribes it thus : " Its surface was a little way under ground ; it
was four feet high, of a triangular form ; the sides nearly equal,
of about ten feet each, one of them paraUel with the bank, and its
opposite angle projecting towards the sea. It was a shell of brick
work, two bricks thick, filled with earth ; the two projecting sides
tied together with a brace of the same materials. Two sorts of
bricks or tiles were used in this building : one was 18 inches by
13, and 3^ inches thick; the other, 17 inches by 11, and 1^
thick." ^ The same writer also states, in evidence of the approach
of the sea, at some former time, to the foot of Richborough hiU,
that, "in digging to lay the foundation of Richborough sluice, the
workmen, after penetrating through what was once the muddy
bed of the river that runs close by, in a more contracted channel
than formerly, came to a regular sandy sea shore that had been
suddenly covered with silt, on which lay broken and entire shells,
oysters, sea-weeds, the purse of the thornback, a small shoe with
a metal fibula in it, and some smaU human bones ; aU of them,
except the last article, with the same appearance of freshness as
such things have on the shore at this day." ^
The recession of the sea from the low land between Thanet and
Walmer, probably commenced at a period much earlier than has
been commonly supposed. Roman remains, indicative of habita
tions, have been discovered in the sand-hills considerably to the
1 These tUes were all purchased by a Mr. Ebenezer Mussel, of Bethnal-green,
who employed them in paving a court-yard and part of his house there.
2 It is to be regretted Mr, Boys did not leave us a sketch of the shoe and the
fibula, as many of the medieval shoes have small circular fibulse, or buckles, for
fastening them over the instep ; and, as he does not use the term san^M, a doubt
may arise as to the period to which these remains should be referred.

54

RICHBOROUGH.

north of Sandown Castle ; and coins have been found at Stonar,
opposite to Richborough. In making the Ramsgate and Deal
raUway, in 1846, the workmen cut through the foundations of a
Roman building at the foot of the hill, situate at the point of the
termination of the chff (shown in the upper cut on p. 33), a httie
above the present level of the marshes. Railway directors do not
stop to explore Roman viUas, and this building was not exempted
from the prescribed fate of the most valuable remains of antiquity
which stand in the line of march of the genius of speculation.
The annexed cut will shew all that could be examined under the
unfavourable circum
stances in which it
was brought to light.
A and B denote the
railroad. The walls
were composed of
flints and tUes; c is
the direction of a wall
of tUes, with a foun
dation of chalk, two feet wide ; the rooms were paved with a thick
layer of concrete. The remains were all well preserved ; and had
research been instituted, or permitted, there is every reason to
suppose the result would have added considerably to our materials
iUustrative of the ancient topography of this locahty. Some very
large squared stones, taken from the foundations, are preserved in
the garden of Mr. Rolfe.
To provide a substructure for the raUroad along the low ground
in front of Richborough, excavations were made in the hill to the
south of the castrum. (See the upper cut, p. 33.) The entire surface

RICHBOROUGH. 55
of this hill, to the depth of from two to three feet, appears to be
of made earth ; and the line of demarcation between the upper
artificial stratum and the natural rock sand, is very clearly defined.
During the operations, several wells or pits, of various depths and
diameters, were laid open. They were filled with a dark rich mould,
largely impregnated with animal and vegetable matter, in which
were embedded portions of stags' horns, bones of the boar, sheep,
goat, broken pottery of various kinds, and a variety of other
remains, all more or less in an imperfect condition. It is impossi
ble to consider these pits as other than refuse-holes ; and such also
seems to have been the object of simUar works so frequently met
with in and near the sites of Roman towns and stations, — as Win
chester, Cbesterford, Springhead (near Gravesend), London, and
many other places of Roman origin. The objects of art found in
these pits are often curious and interesting. One of large size,
opened in digging the foundations for the New Royal Exchange,
contained, among accumulations of refuse matter of aU sorts,
knives, styh, and modelling tools in steel, in the most perfect pre
servation. This unusual instance of the preservation of a metal
so disposed to corrode, was owing to the exclusion of atmospheric
air by the moist, boggy soU which fiUed the pit. In dry situations,
such as that of Richborough, implements and objects in iron are
always found greatly oxydized. Some pits have been found recently
at Ewell, in Surry, an interesting account of which has been com
municated, hy Dr. H. W. Diamond, to the Society of Antiquaries ;'
1 Archeeologia, vol. xxxii, p. 451, The paper, unfortunately, is not properly
illustrated. Some of the antiquities from the Ewell wells were of the rarest
kinds, and the fictile vases presented many points of interest in relation to the
state of Romano-British art.

56 RICHBOROUGH.
and Pennant describes similar pits near Perth. Both Mr. Diamond
and Pennant consider them to have been places of sepulture ; but
none of the former gentleman's arguments in support of the pre
sumed sepulchral character of the EweU weUs, will in any way
apply either to the Richborough pits, or to any to which I have
referred. The site of the Roman burial-place attached to Rutupiae, has
not yet been ascertained. Mr. Boys states that some urns were
found, in his time, in a sandpit on the hill on the left hand of the
road leading from the castle to the village ; and the situation
is such as would be Ukely to have been chosen for this purpose.
Gough, King, and others, have imagined its site to be at Gilton,
in the parish of Ash, which is at least a mile and a half from Rich
borough. They adopted this notion from the quantity of sepul
chral remains found there, not considering that these interments
are Saxon, and not Roman. It is rather singular that King, who
quotes the Nenia of Douglas, did not perceive that one of the chief
objects of that valuable work, is to demonstrate that the remains
discovered at Gilton, which are therein so circumstantiaUy de
scribed, and so well illustrated, are neither British, Roman, nor
Roihano-British, but early Saxon. Not only are the personal
ornaments found in the graves at Ash, of a marked, distinctive
character, peculiar to the Saxon epoch, but the weapons in iron
the long swords, the spears, and the knives, are all equally to be
assigned to the early Saxon settlers, and never occur in Roman
burial-places, while the Merovingian and early Saxon coins confirm
this appropriation. The Roman coins, urns, and other objects of
Roman fabrication, sometimes found with Saxon remains, do not
prove an earlier date, but they tend to show that the Saxons

RICHBOROUGH.

57

adopted many of the Roman customs and observances after the
Roman forces were withdrawn from Britain. The influence of the
rehgious practices of the Romans upon their Saxon successors, so
strikingly exemplified in the graves of the latter, opens an inter
esting field of inquiry of no trifling historical importance, as it
rela;tes to a period in the annals of our country particularly desti
tute in authentic records.
We now proceed to describe the various remains which have
been collected by Mr. Rolfe from Richborough, and are now pre
served in his museum at Sandwich. They wiU be arranged under
the several heads of flctile vessels, glass, personal ornaments, mural
paintings, implements and utensils, animal remains, miscellaneous,
and coins. Some of these divisions will necessarily require but a
comparatively Umited description, while others demand a fuller
consideration ; and the coins, from their coUective historical im
portance and individual interest, will be as fuUy described as
possible.

The above vignette, representing a caslellum., or Roman fortified post, with its garrison, alter a
drawing in the Vatican Virgil, is from Mr. Rich's valuable Illustrated Campanion to tlie Latin
Dictionary and GreeJc Lexicon.

58

FICTILE VESSELS.

Among the most remarkable productions of ancient art may be
classed the various kinds of vases formed of clay. Upon this com
mon and abundant material in the great storehouse of nature, the
ancients lavished aU the pains which their skiU and genius could
supply to mould it into elegant shapes, and adorn, it with all kinds
of pictorial representations of objects of real life and creations of
the imagination. The manufactory of pottery with the Etruscans,,
the Greeks, and the Roman, was carried to a degree of perfection
which has not been equalled in modern times, with all the advan
tages which science has afforded. Nothing can exceed the beauty
of form and brilhancy of colour of the painted vases fi-om the
tombs of Greece and Etruria, covered with subjects of history,
tradition, and fable, as fresh as when they left the hand of the
artist, exercising, at the present day, the learning of the scholar,
gratifying the man of taste, and furnishing models for our manu
facturers. Some conception may be formed of the extent and
variety of a single series of these vases, when it is asserted, that it
would be an easy task to illustrate the Iliad and the Odyssey from
the pictures with which they are decorated. The Roman fictile
vases are not less historicaUy and artistically interesting ; while
they possess an additional charm, in being connected with, or com-

RICHBOROUGH.

59

prised among, the antiquities of our own country. In them we
recognize the prototypes of an almost infinite variety of urns,
drinking cups, dishes for the daily food, and other vessels for
common domestic uses, which stood in every cottage and villa in
Roman Britain ; many of which, it is now well known, were fabri
cated from the clay of our native land.
It is curious, in the abundant examples of this useful art which
are still daUy brought to light at our very doors, to trace the foot
steps of the Roman potters in widely-separated localities, to wit
ness the dihgence and perseverance with which they sought out
the most eligible districts, to follow their course along the banks
of rivers, in search of new beds of clay, to discover the debris
of their potteries covering many consecutive miles, and even to
examine the Idlns themselves, and, from their construction and
contents, to learn not only the modes of manufacturing, but also the
peculiar varieties of pottery which were made in them. Thus are
we enabled, at a glance, to appropriate particular classes of fictile
ware to distinct and ascertained locahties, and to decide what is of

Half.original size.

60 RICHBOROUGH.

home and what is of foreign manufacture. Eor instance, when
such as the cuts on the preceding page represent, are met with, we
refer their parentage to Northamptonshire, a quantity of similar
and analogous specimens having been discovered in that county
on the sites of potteries, whUe these pecuUar kinds are not found in
other districts where different varieties were chiefly manufactured.'
In the group below we identify another class, of equaUy marked

character, of which an immense quantity of fragments strew the
Upchurch marshes, on the banks of the Medway, the site also of
extensive potteries.
One of the chief points of distinction between the ancient and
modern flctile productions, is the superior beauty and elegance of
the former. Even the most common sorts, such as answered in
place and service to the ordinary earthenware jugs and cups of the
present day, possess a simplicity and dehcacy of outline which we
look for in vain in our own ware, or find only in direct copies from
the antique. The following cuts represent some of the plainer
sorts of pottery from Richborough, of which hundreds of varieties
were collected by Mr. Rolfe ; and which, indeed, abound wherever
the vestiges of Roman habitations are found. In these simple
1 See vol. i, p. 1, et seq, of the Journal of the British A rchcsologieal Association;
and vol, ii, p, 133, of the same work.

RlOUliOltOUOII

61

Vn^i'a ol'yoU.nv Hliiy, ,'noh U iiu'lu'S lilxli.

Blnnk onrth. l.i^lil oanli, wilh iIurK l>n>\\'n .iilimo. Y'-llow eurlli.
Ui'i.H'lii, » in. J lilimu'li'i', ¦!}, nri,i;lvi, ;1 iu, ; (l\iuiiiii-i-. :l ill, Ui'i.«lii, 7 in, ; Jiiun, ;!.

63

RICHBOROUGH.

forms, and in the various grades progressing towards styles of
higher art, of elaborate ornament and complex work, which in
such profusion are stUl met with, the eye is never offended by
bad taste, it never detects instances of positive inelegance or ugh-
ness. In similar works of Saxon art, though they are compara
tively rare, the Roman influence may be traced ; but in the Norman
and English productions, harmony of design and beauty of form
give way to a total change in conception and in workmanship, as
universaUy bad and degraded as the productions of preceding ages
were correct and tasteful. The philosophic antiquary, who, in the
meanest work of the hand of man, reads, to a certain extent, the
mind which guided it, may speculate how far the one may illus
trate the other, and, comparing the rude jugs and platters of the
middle ages with the Roman simpulum and patera, sees as great a
difference as between the sober history of Tacitus and the fables
of Geoffrey of Monmouth, or between the versification of a poetical
monk and the odes of Horace.
The next example of the fictUe ware found at Richborough, is of
a class to which the term mortaria has been assigned. They are

bason or

Mortarium of jdlow clay, U inches from spout to back; 4 inches deep.
pan-shaped, and vary in capacity from a pint to a gaUi

RICHBOROUGH. 63
Vessels of this peculiar description are met with in great abundance,
and must therefore have been in common service for domestic
purposes. They frequently present the appearance of having been
used with muUers or pestles, for triturating substances not requir
ing much force, such as the hard kind of vegetables; and, from
this circumstance, have been called mortaria, though the correct
application of the term to these vessels is questionable. They bear
marks, also, of having been used on the fire, the bottoms being
often worn away, apparently from the joint operation of fire and
the rotatory motion of a spoon or muller. They occur in clays of
various colour, the white or straw-colour being the most common,
and they are usually impressed with the maker's name on the rim.
Mr. Artis has traced the manufacture of these vessels to certain
parts of Northamptonshire. In one of the interesting communi
cations which he made to the British Archseological Association,'
he says : " On the 33nd of May (1846) I commenced excavating
in a field at Stibbington, called 'the Coney-graves', also the pro
perty of the Duke of Bedford. Here were discovered two more
potters' kilns, one for firing mixed ware, and the other a smother-
kiln^ of much larger dimensions than the two former. The variety
of pottery found in these kilns was quite astonishing. Specimens
of the broad, shaUow vessels termed ' mortaria' were obtained, dif
ferent from any I had previously seen ; one of the most remark
able of which was of a drab-pink, or fawn colour. There were
also smother-kiln mortaria, quite new, in the Durobrivian dis
trict ; also mixed and natural bodies of white stone-ware mortaria,
1 Vol. ii, p, 166.
2 This term is used by Mr. Artis to distinguish a peculiar kind of kiln, con
trived to give a blue-black or slate colour, to the pottery, by suffocating the fire

64 RICHBOROUGH.
Anglo-Samian coloured ware, a great variety of bottles of various
colours, ornamented with white shp scroUs and running devices of
various kinds", etc. The surface of the interior of these mortaria
is often studded vrith smaU siUceous stones, broken quartz, and
scoria of iron, evidently to counteract the effects of constant attri
tion. The example shown in the annexed cut is singular in the
material, which is clay kneaded with
about one-third of tile broken smaU,
and cleared from dust, and impressed
with small white siliceous stones ; it
was found in London. The potters'
names on the Richborough mortaria
are albinvs and q . valerivs . ver ani vs.
Among the fictile vessels dug up during the railway cutting before
aUuded to, may be mentioned fragments of amphora, or wine jars, a
class of vessels used chiefiy for wine in store. They are of two de
scriptions : the one globular, with short neck ; the other high and
narrow, with long neck ; both have a handle on each side of the neck,
and terminate in a point at the bottom, for fixing them in the ground,
and they vary in capacity from four to eight gallons. None of
these were found perfect, but numerous broken pieces were among
the contents of the pits in the hill to the south of the castrum.
A numerous and elegant class of earthenware vessels next de
mands our attention, and claims a more extended description and
a larger supply of iUustrations. It is known to archseologists by
the name of " Samian", — a term which, although it be of more
than questionable propriety as thus apphed, has become generaUy
of the kiln. The specimens from the Upchurch marshes, given in p. 60, were
coloured by this process.

^^
^

o
o Wo

oHW
w w
in

richborough. 65
accepted, and need not here be disturbed. It is chiefiy distin
guished from all other kinds of ancient pottery discovered in Eng
land and on the continent, by a red or coral-colour glaze, covering
uniformly the internal and external superficies ; the body of the
material being of a paler red, of compact texture, slightly porous,
and sonorous when struck. The colouring matter was imparted to
these vases by oxides of lead and iron. Three specimens of the
ornamented ware from the Richborough collection, are given in
pi. Ill, figs. 1, 3, and 3.
These Samian vessels have of late years engaged the attention of
antiquaries both in England and on the continent, and the several
points of interest they present, fully justify the pains bestowed in
researches on their history and manufacture. Next to glass, the
richly-embossed varieties, such as are exhibited in our book, must
have occupied a foremost place on the domestic board in Britain,
Gaul, Germany, and Spain ; and, hke the modem china and other
superior kinds of earthenware, were deemed, when broken, too
valuable to be thrown away ; for we often find them ingeniously
repaired with melted lead, in the form of cramps. The plain varie
ties are frequently discovered, sparingly mixed with other vases and
ums, in sepulchral deposits ; but the embossed kinds more rarely,
and seldom perfect. On the site of Roman London alone we have
collected several hundred varieties in shape and ornamentation,
and upwards of three hundred different potters' names; while
Colchester, York, Exeter, Caerleon, Cbesterford, and other places,
have furnished numerous and interesting examples, and most of
the continental museums possess a considerable number. They
have, for many year^^'l^ien dredged up by oyster-fishers, in a
locality between Whitstable and Margate, called (probably from this

66

RICHBOROUGH.

circumstance) the Pan-sand, or Pudding-pan Rock ; and theories
have been put forth to account for their being thus found. It has
been supposed by some, that a vessel laden with Samian ware may
have foundered; by others, that they suggest the notion of a
pottery having been submerged. As the sea has made extensive
inroads upon this coast, it is more than probable that the locahty
which furnishes them was formerly dry ground ; but it must be
owned neither of these theories seems altogether satisfactory. We
have certainly no authority for supposing the Samian pottery was
manufactured in Britain ; while, as before stated, we have positive
proof that many other descriptions of earthenware are of home
parentage. Moreover, recent discoveries made on the continent,
which will be presently referred to, seem to decide the question in
favom" of their importation into this country.
The designs with which these vessels are ornamented, include a

Height, 5 inches ; diameter, y inches.

H
HO

oPi

RICHBOROUGH.

67

wide range of subjects of a popular character, such as field sports,
combats of gladiators and wild beasts, deities and their emblems,
bacchantes, and scenes illustrative of ancient mythology : plants,
trees, flowers, and foliage, are represented on others, sometimes
in simple, graceful scrolls, sometimes in combination with birds

Half actual size.

and beasts, and complex ornaments. Upon these vases, in short,
wpre pictured scenes of every-day hfe, and the images of social
and religious customs and observances familiar from childhood to
the Roman in his native country. Upon the Rutupine coast, and
upon the Caledonian hiUs, such reminiscences of home, we may
well conceive, added in no slight degree to the comfort of the sol
dier's domestic life ; and while the potter's hand provided the
receptacle for his daily food, it also furnished many a theme to
revive old impressions and associations, and supplied illustrations
to the tales of home, its traditions, and its history.
Many of the figures and groups which enrich the Samian vases
are unquestionably copies of some of the great masterpieces of

68

RICHBOROUGH.

Greek and Roman art of well-known celebrity; and others, not
so easy of identification, may be supposed to represent statues or
paintings which, famous in their day, have long since perished;
such may have been the prototype of the warrior in the centre of
the vase delineated in the
annexed cut. The group of
Jupiter and Leda, on a vase
found in the Roman viUa at
HartUp, Kent,' is in treat
ment so precisely similar to
the well-known sculpture at
Rome, that no doubt can
arise as to the source of
the potter's representation ;
while we have the Farnese Hercules, the Apollo Belvidere, and the
Venus de' Medici, repeated, with more or less skill, on other vases.
The potters' names are usually
stamped, in a label, across the
bottoms of the Samian vessels,
particularly those of the saucer
and cup-shape ; on the embossed
bowls the name often occurs on
the exterior, as in fig. 3, pi. iii.
as foUow : —

Height, 5 inches ; diameter, 6 inches.

Samian. Height, 4 in. ; diameter, 6 in.
Those found at Richborough are

AESTIVI . M.

AVBICV . F.

Oi' , OALVI.

AMICI . M.

BILIOAT,

CINNAMI

ATTILLI . M.

BVCCIO,

DIVIXTI

AVITVS , F,

OP , BVBILINDI,

DEAVOI , M

1 Collectanea Antiqua, vol, ii.

ELVILLI.

KlUllBOROUGH. MASCL.

QVINTI . M.

FELICIS . 0.

MERCVSSA , M,

RBOALIS . F.

or . TELIC.

OF , NIQK.

SABIKI . M.

GBKMANI . F.

OP . PATRIOI,

SABINVS . F.

HABlLIS . P.

PIINTII , MANV,

SA'AKTI. (1)

lAKVARI.

PRIM,

OP . SEVBRI,

IVLII . MA.

OF , PRIM,

SEKILA , M,

LVSETO . FE,

PBIMVL.

SILVINI.

MALCIO.

C . IVL. PR....

OP , VITALIS

69

Most of these stamps have been found Ukewise at other places ;
and to the London Ust only the names oi Amicus, Auricus, Buccius,
Burilindus, Lugeto, and Pentius, are new.'
Many of the names occurring on the Samian pottery are obvi
ously those of Gauls and Germans, as reference to a more complete
catalogue would fully show ; and whilcj as before observed, no
traces of potters' kilns for the manufacture of this ware have
been found in England, discoveries have been made in the south
of France, and at Rheinzabern
and other localities on the Rhine,
which decide beyond doubt, that
the Romans in Gaul and in Ger
many, with their alhes in those
countries, there manufactured
the so-called Samian pottery,
and exported it to Britain. M.
Brogniart has pubUshed one of
the stamps for marking the ves
sels, a mould for the circular
frieze, and also a fragment of a
1 Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, p. 150.

70 RICHBOROUGH.
mould for vases with figures in relief, which were dug up at
Lezouz, in Auvergne, upon the site of an ancient manufactory .'
The two first are copied in the foregoing cut. This name (austri.of)
has also been found in London. The late Mr. Artis presented me
with a cast from a fragment of another mould, given him by M.
Brogniart, stamped with the name Cobnertus ; which, he stated, had
been found in France. Not only has the same name been dis
covered in London, but the type is so precisely identical, that it
must have either been cast in this mould, or in a similar one made
for this potter. M. Brogniart also mentions moulds found at
Luxembourg. Kilns have been found in the vaUey of the Bruche
(Bas-Rhine), and near them a considerable quantity of pottery,
figured, and marked vrith the names of the makers. It so closely
resembled some found at Saverne, near Strasburg, that the speci
mens from the two places were pronounced to have been cast in
the same moulds.^
M. Schweighseuser, in a communication to the Society of Anti
quaries of France, in 1840, describes at length, and gives a plan
of, a Roman potter's kiln found below the vUlage of HeUigenberg,
in the vaUey of the Bruche, about three miles from Mutzig, where,
in past times, several kUns or furnaces had been disinterred. It
was laid open during the repairing of the road to Donon and
LuneriUe. Near the furnace of the kiln was found a large quan
tity of fragments of vases, and a small lump of clay prepared for
their fabrication, but which had not been subjected to the fire.
Its colour was not of so deep a red as that of the baked vases.
Upwards of sixteen moulds for the vases, ornamented with bas-
1 Traite des Arts Ceramiques, tome i, p. 424 ; Atlas, planche, xxx.
2 Memoires de la Society des Antiquaires de France, tome v, pi. li.

.lucuflORourm. 71
reliefs, were discovered. With onc! exception, they were adapted
for casting the vessels iu one entire piece, the shrinking of the
day during desiccation sufficing to disengage the vessels from tho
moulds. The potters' names, M. Schweighrouser thinks, were
formed with moveable types, joined together in the same maimer ns
those used by bookbinders for stamping the titles of books on the
covers ; and this, ho considers, would account for the letters being
frequently reversed and misplaced, — an occurrence not so likely to
happen had tho letters been engraved upon a single piece. Many
of the moulds have inscriptions running round them : an arrange
ment which, liaviug to bo adapted to a concave surface, could not
have been cflx)cted, he conceives, but by moveable types. These cir
cular inscriptions, of which no example has been recorded as met
with in our country, are votive, and show that the moulds had served
to form vessels destined as offerings at the shrines of local divini
ties. On one we read : dao obsonio hx voto posvt {sic) paternvso.
On another : hilvano tb tisoservs I'lPAcrr ex votor; (sic.) A third
gives to Mercury the singular epithet of toorbnoe-
TANO ; and another mould has these three votive in
scriptions iilaced one above the other. The second is
repeated, with sUght variations, on several small altars
in terra cotta. Tho potters of this district were uot
merely skilful workmen, but they were likewise good
artists. Besides vases, all of which are of elegant and
graceful form, and richly adorned with well-designed
bas-reliefs, they also fabricated large bas-reUefs in
terra cottaj altars with figures iu alto-relievo j lamps of
various forms, decorated with busts of deities and other ' uuTibm-ougiif '
designs J small statues representing divinities, warriors, animals, etc.

73 RICHBOROUGH.
The potteries for the manufacture of the Samian ware seem to
have been very numerous and flourishing along the hanks of the
Rhine, particularly at Rheinzabern, the Taberna of Ausonius and
of the itinerary of Antoninus ; and at Heihgenherg. A httie to the
south of the latter place, near Andlau,a large quantity of fragments
have been foimd, described as of extraordinarily fine workman
ship. On the other bank of the Rhine, at Rigel, near Fribourg,
numerous vases have been found, as weU as at Augst; but all
these discoveries seem echpsed by those made at Mans and at
Luxembourg.^ For examples of the chief varieties, as weU as the
more remarkable Samian vessels, and for an extended disquisition
on the subject, the Journal of the British Archaological Association,
vol. iv, the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, and the Archaological Album,
may be consiUted.
We proceed to describe specimens of other classes of earthenware
found at Richborough. Fig. 5, in pi. in, represents a fragment of
a very singular vase found in the subterranean passage leading to
the north-east comer of the platform mentioned in page 43. It is
partly covered with a yeUow ritreous mass, in which are embedded
common white crystals and bits of mother-of-pearl ; beneath the
crystals is a tint of pink, to give the effect of garnets to them. Fig.
4 is a detached piece of this crust, in which the ornaments are more
regularly disposed. It reminds us of the cups set with gems {cali-
ces gemmati), often alluded to by ancient writers, and of which it
possibly may have been intended as a rude and humble imitation :
" Ipse capaces
Heliadum crustas et insequaleis beryllo
Virro tenet phialas."— Juveital, Sat. v, 1, 37,
1 Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Prance, tome xvii, p, 36,

RICHBOROUGH. 73
Plate IV exhibits fragments of vases in red clay, chiefiy orna
mented with patterns incuse. They are aU of great raiity, and
most probably of prorincial manufactm'c ; but I have never seen
a perfect specimen of either. The ornamentation of those in the
uppermost row somewhat resembles the patterns on ums of infe
rior material and work, which, from the circumstances under which
they have been found, must be appropriated to the latest Roman
period, or even to the early Saxon time. The fragment on the
left, in the lowest row, has a raised fohage ornament in white slip,
and may be classed with the simUar pottery found in the kUns in
Northamptonshire. To the class resembhng the Samian, but in clay of paler red.

^^^

c

Red earfli. Height. SJ ia, : diam. 4 in. ^* ^'¦l- Height, 3 in. ; diam. 3 J,
approaching to a yeUow, belong the vases here represented, and
also the fragment of a pan-shaped vessel, somewhat analogous to

Fragment in red efuih, 7 inches across.

74

RICHBOROUGH.

the mortaria before described. The fragment shewn in the last
preceding cut is of a thin light clay, with a dark brown glaze, and
is of uncommon occurrence, except in a broken state.
We close this division of the Richborough antiquities with the
fragments of two vessels, of brown clay, ornamented with female
heads. A specimen of a similar kind, in fine red clay, found in a
Saxon grave at Canterbury, is in Mr. Rolfe's museum ; and two
others are in my own coUection, found in a grave in the Roman
cemetery at Spltalfields, placed, one at the head, and one at the
feet, of a skeleton. Allusions to drinking-vessels thus ornamented

Each, i\ inches across.
are not uncommon in ancient writers, and especially such as bore
heads of a ludicrous or grotesque character! These vases were the
prototypes of the ill-shaped medieval vessels with uncouth and
shapeless forms, in which the whimsical and eccentric taste of the
ancients is parodied, vrithout any attempt to imitate their beautiful
designs and general good taste.

RICHBOROUGH. 75

GLASS.
The perfection to which the art of glass-making attained among
the ancients, cannot be conceived by those who have not examined
the beautiful works which have been preserved in our pubhc and
private museums and collections. Evincing, beyond most human
inventions, the industry and ingenuity of man, the fabrication of
glass is the more astonishing when we reflect on the materials
from which it is formed, and the time and skill that must have
been expended ere they were combined by art, and adapted to the
daily use of nations widely separated, by time and place, from each
other. The well-known story told by Phny, of the accidental dis
covery of glass, is, as Mr. Apsley PeUatt observes,^ supported by
the fact, that it is scarcely possible to excite a fire of sufficient
heat for metaUurgical operation, without vitrifying part of the
bricks or stones of the furnace. In the face of abundant evidence
furnished by ancient writers, and the no less abundant corrobo
rative proof supplied by existing remains, it is remarkable that the
knowledge of the ancients in glass-making should have been so
long and so generally disputed. This popular error must now be
considered as dispeUed, for we have before our eyes examples
which prove that modern science has added comparatively little
to what was practised in this useful and elegant art thousands of
years ago. Passing over, with, Ijrief reference, the paintings at
Beni-Hassan, mentioned by Sir Gardner WUkinson, representing
glass-blowers at work, we may refer to the Roman productions
which are accessible to all, — the celebrated Portland vase in the
1 Curiosities of Glass-making. London : 1849,

76

RICHBOROUGH.

British Museum, the amphora-shaped vase exhumed at Pompeii,^
the extraordinary collection in the museum of Boulogne, and to
our private museums in London, as attesting the wide range taken
by the ancients in the various manipulatory processes of the art.
Phny states that, in his time, the manufacturing of glass had
extended to Spain and Gaul ; and, from these countries were pro
bably imported most of the glass vessels, and ornaments in glass,
discovered in England. The large cinerary urns of green glass
so frequently found in Roman burial-places, and the graceful ves
sels in white and in coloured glass, excite the admiration even of
Mr. Apsley PeUatt, whose scientific attainments and good taste
sanction his judgment; and he alludes to the difficulties which
the modern glass-maker would have to surmount in executing
™any of them. Among those
iiich this gentleman spe-
fies as involving particular
1 ill in moulding, is a class
aamented with projecting
\ liars, of which several, in
een, blue, and in mixed
lours, have been found in
London and at Richborough.
A fragment from the latter
place is here shown. PiUar-moulding, Mr. PeUatt observes, is
among the greatest modern improvements in glass-making, and
was supposed to be a modern invention; but he cites these
specimens to demonstrate that it is merely a rerival of a lost
ancient art.
1 Skilfully engraved and coloured in Mr, Apsley Pellatt's work.

Glass. Half actual size.

RICHBOROUGH.

n

It is very probable that some of the specimens of ancient glass
brought from Thebes and other places in Egypt, may be of Greek
or Roman manufacture. Many of them closely resemble authen
ticated Roman examples. To determine this point, the utmost
caution is required in ascertaining and verifying the circumstances
under which they are found. The group of miniature vessels
from Richborough, exhibited in the annexed engraring, are com
posed of glass and of clay, — figs. 1 and 4 being of the former
material; fig. 1 is of a dark blue colour, with hands in white
enamel. It resembles fig. 4, pi. ii, in Mr. PeUatt's work, which
was brought from Thebes. Fig. 4 is also of dark blue. All the
objects in this group were probably children's toys.

4 inches across.

4 6
1. Dark blue glass with light blue hands across.
2. Black clay with indented ornament
3. Eed earth. 4. Dark blue glass. 5. Black earth.
All size of oiiginals.

Fig. 6.

The next example which the Richborough discoveries afford us.

78 RICHBOROUGH.
(fig. 6), is pecuUarly interesting. It is of the description of hbatory
vessels, termed by the ancients futile, and originally adapted for
the sacred ceremonies in the worship of Vesta, to preserve the holy
water from close contact with the ground, and from appUcation
to other purposes. Mr. Rich, in his Illustrated Companion to the
Latin Dictionary, gives an engraring of one of these rare vessels,
which was found at Rome. It seems identical in shape and orna
mentation with that from Richborough. In ours, the body is a
fine white glass ; the ovals which form the encirchng band are
blue. To this example may be traced the origin of the form of the
fuimel-shaped Saxon cups or tumblers, ornamented with spiral,
wavy, and zigzag threads of glass, affixed to their external surface
when in a molten state, many of which have been found in Saxon
graves in Kent.^
The annexed cut represents a blue glass bead, with white
enamel, and a button, or stud, the body of which is a dark blue ;
the central dot, red ; and the other four, Ught blue. A consider
able quantity of such studs, but chiefly in plain white and blue
glass, are found, with se
pulchral remains, on the
site of a Roman burial-
ground near Boulogne.
The beads which are dis
covered in England and on the continent, on the sites of Roman
towns and cemeteries, exhibit a very large variety in form and
1 Numerous examples of Roman glass vessels found near Boulogne are figured
in vol. I of the CoUectanea Antiqua,, while in the Journal of the British Archceo
logical As.sociation may be found engravings of several Saxon, as well as Roman
specimens found in this country.

M

RICHBOROUGH. 79
colour. The commonest kind are imperfectly vitrified and ribbed,
of a pale blue colour ; but the same type occurs in a fine dark blue
glass. Others are of compound colours, the shades of which are
exquisitely blended together, and sometimes interspersed with
streaks of opaque colours in wavy Unes, or in straight shafts ; and
some, of rarer occurrence, resemble the modern French mille-fiore
glass.

PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.
The most numerous objects in this section of the Richborough
antiquities, are fibula, or brooches j by the latter of which appel
lations, the construction and use of these ancient ornamental fast
enings of the dress wiU be easUy understood; for the modern
brooch is formed precisely upon the same principle as its arche
type, the fibula, the application of each being to secure the dress
by means of a sharp pin shifting into a catch. The fibulse were
commonly used to fasten loose drapery upon the breast or upon
the shoulder ; and were constructed of various materials, but more
commonly of bronze, silver, and gold. Those which are found
in England and in France, are chiefly in bronze, either plain or
enameUed, and afford a very great variety of patterns. Many
of these are bow-shaped, occasionally silvered, and sometimes
tastefully worked with coloured pastes ; others are in the form of
animals. Three bow-shaped fibulse are represented in the following page.
The first has had, apparently, a band of enamel, which has perished.
It is rather remarkable, that, while the circular fibula frequently

80

RICHBOROUGH.

appears as a prominent appendage to the costume, in coins, sculp
ture, and other works, no instance occurs of the other various

Bronze Fibules. Size of the originals.
forms which we meet with in such profusion ; and the same remark
may be apphed to the Saxon and Norman costume. It may be,
that the circular fibulse were better adapted for the introduction
of gems and enamel, and were, moreover, considered more elegant.
The original form of the fragment in the following cut (fig. 1), is
shewn by the perfect specimen in the possession of Mr. Crafter,
which was found in a Roman biu'ial-place near Shorne, in Kent.
A variety of this type, in sUver, was found in the course of exca
vations for the Ely and Peterborough railway.^
The fibulse represented above, are such as were commonly used
by the Romans. Persons of distinction of both sexes adorned
themselves with more costly and elegant varieties, such as we
often see on statues, and particularly on the coins and medals of
1 Archaeological Journal, vol. v, p. 219.

RICHBOROUGH.

81

the later emperors, where they conspicuously appear, set with
stones, and jewels, and pendant ornaments. In earUer times, these
rich brooches seem to have been restricted to the patrician order.

The emperor Hadrian, as Spartianus informs us, wore neither gold
on his belt, nor gems in his fibulse. PoUio mentions, among the
gifts bestowed by Valerian upon Clg,udius Gothicus, when mihtary
tribune, two sUver-gilt fibulse, and a gold fibula with a copper
pin ; and Vopiscus states that the emperor Aurehan, among other
alterations which he introduced, ordered that the common soldiers
should wear gold instead of silver fibulse, saying that gold was
more abundant in nature than sUver. The statement of the
latter historian is somewhat at variance with the inferred rarity
M

83 RICHBOROUGH.
of these ornaments in the precious metals, from the passage in
Polho, unless we may conceive that luxury in dress had obtained
a rapid prevalence in the Roman army. Fibulse, from early times,
were among the presents bestowed either for mihtary valour, or as
testimonies of private affection. Suetonius mentions, that the
presents given to Tiberius by Pompeia, were a chlamys and fibula,
and two gold buUse, which, the historian adds, were preserved and
shown at Baise.
There is a gold fibula in the British Museum, found, a few years
since, at Odiham, in Hampshire, which closely resembles the speci
men in bronze from Richborough given in fig. 3 of the preceding
cuts.' The pin of the former, which was probably of perishable
metal, is wanting ; such is often the case with the gold Saxon fibulse,
the pins of which, having been of iron, are generaUy quite consumed
by the action of atmospheric air, and the moisture of the earth.
Several fibulse of this pecuhar form have been found in England
and in France. One of the most remarkable of these is figured in
the Recueil d'Antiquites of Count Caylus, tom. i, pi. xciv, fig. viii.
It is inscribed, on one side of the bow, domine. marti. vivas, and on
the other, vtere . felix.; and was found, with skeletons and urns,
on the site of a Roman cemetery at Ani^res, on the Seine. The
cruciform shape, anid other pecuUarities of workmanship, induce
me to consider these fibulse as not earlier than the fourth or fifth
century, and to recognize in them the transition link from the
late Roman to the early Saxon cruciform bronze fibulse. Another
example, found at Kenchester near Hereford, is given, in the
1 The Odiham fibula was communicated by Mr. Birch to the Canterbury
Congress of the British Archasological Association. See Archceological Journal,
vol. ii, p. 46.

RICHBOROUGH.

83

annexed cut, to compare with ours from
Richborough. As before observed, none of the ancient
statues, coins, and illuminations, represent
the fibula otherwise than circular, — the
form of the richer varieties known to us,
whether Roman or Saxon. One only of
this class is found in the Richborough col
lection. It is worked in blue, green, and
white enamel. The art of enamelling
seems to have been quite as well under
stood by the Romans, as that of glass- Found at Kenchester.
making ; and some of the vitreous pastes used in their decorations
of ornaments, vases, and cases
for the toilette, still retain their
colour, and attest alike the
metallurgical and artistic sldll
of the manufacturers. The
celebrated enamelled vase dis
covered in the funeral mound
at Bartlow, in Essex, and mi-
Enamelled fibula, Richborough. DOr WOrks in OUr pubUc and
private museums, sufficiently prove that enameUing, in the middle
ages, was only a more extensive appUcation, or revival, of an art
which had decayed without being extinguished. In enamelhng,
as in all the medieval works of art, whatever is elegant and grace
ful in design, or skilful in workmanship, may be imitation, more
or less clever, of ancient tastes and processes. The neat, and
somewhat elegant fibula, exhibited in the following engraving

84

RICHBOROUGH.

(fig. 1), has also been enamelled in the centre of the projecting
boss, with a white vitreous paste.

Actual size.

We may here introduce a small enameUed bronze box, or
locket, perforated at the bottom, and constructed like our vinai
grettes. In fig. 3 of the above cuts, it is shewn in two riews : that
on the left hand represents the bottom ; that on the right, the
enamelled top. I possess a specimen very similar to this, which
was found in London, besides two others of oblong shape. Pen
nant,' who thinks they were designed to hold charms, has pub
lished two, one of which (of diamond shape) exhibits holes, hke
the Richborough example, in the under side; intended, as he
conceives, that the contents should transpire, and reach the object
of fascination. We learn from Macrobius, that remedies against
envy were enclosed in the bulla, which were worn suspended from
the neck ; and such may have been the use of some of the lockets
referred to. It is probable they were also used for perfumes. A
specimen, in the form of a heart, found at Reculver, wiU be found
in another dirision of this volume.
The smaU bronze fibula, shewn in the following cut, of a very
1 A Tour in Wales, vol. i, pi, ix.

RICHBOROUGH.

85

common description, is not unlike the brooch used at the present
day by the Highlanders. The principle of its con
struction is also similar to the ancient examples,
often elaborately worked and richly jewelled,
which are not unfrequently found in Ireland, but
rarely in the south of Britain.'
The figures in the annexed cut have been se
lected from a numerous collection of pins, in bone, and a sewing-

Q

needle of the same material.
The principal use of the pins,
was to fasten the dress and the
hair. The mode of their appU
cation for the latter purpose,
is explained in vol. iv, p. 47, of
the Journal of the Archaeological
Association, where an antique
female head, from a marble
group found at Apt, in France,
is placed by the side of that of
a female of the present day, —
sketched on the Rhine, — to
shew the ancient mode of fastening the plaited head with pins,
to be identical with the fashion stUl retained in Germany, and
also in Italy. Two other pins, which belong to this class, are
exhibited in the engraring on the foUovring page : the one being
in bronze, the other in bone. An immense number of bone pins
' For a descriptive account, and engravings of the principal varieties of the
ancient Irish fibula, see a paper, by Mr, Fairholt, in the volume of the Pro
ceedings of the British Archaeological Association at Gloucester.

Bone pins, etc. Half the original size.

86 RICHBOROUGH.
such as those in the last cut, are often found in Roman burial-
places ; many hundreds have been coUected from the site of the

The two upper cuts, bronze ; the two lower, bone. Half the original size.
ancient cemetery at Colchester, and a large quantity was picked
up among the sepulchral deposits found in excavating Cock-lane,
West Smithfield. Their presence in such situations may be
accounted for from the circumstance of their baring been used for
fastening the shrouds, or the dresses, in which the corpses had
been buried. The largest figure, in bone, on this cut, has apparently
belonged to the toilette ; but, as the lower extremity is broken
off, its particular purpose cannot be ascertained.
The term armilla, or bracelet, designates a class of personal orna
ments equally numerous with the foregoing, and more frequently
referred to by ancient writers. In the East, from the most remote
antiquity down to the present day, bracelets have ever been
the most conspicuous indications of wealth and rank. In Europe
the same taste prevaUed, and golden armillse are among the most
valuable antiquities which, under the modern term ''Celtic", take
precedence in date in our museums and coUections. Among the
Romans, armillse were frequently bestowed for miUtary merit ;
and, as honourable testimonials conferred for valorous achieve
ments, are often enumerated in monumental inscriptions, with
torques, phalera, and other presents. Such may have been the

^.id^^BE^.

I>rcam^&Znffrceved,'byTWFaxrho1b.T S^.

jaSTGiO-SAXOI^r PERSONAL OKN"AME"NTS,
loima at B.ICHB OROU&H .

RICHBOROUGH. 87
beautiful silver armillse found in Buckinghamshire, with coins of
Pius, Faustina, and Verus.' "Imperator te argenteis armillis donat",
is the donative expression preserved by Valerius Maximus.^ To
these more costly varieties our attention is, on the present occa
sion, merely referred, as no examples of them are included in the
Richborough coUection. The specimen exhibited in the engraring
subjoined, is one of a humbler class, and has probably belonged
to a female. It is in bronze ; the ends, as indicated in the cut.

Bracelet IVom Biohborough.
extending the one over the other, to admit of the necessary exten
sion to place it on the wrist. The elasticity of the metal remains,
and the bracelet is in perfect preservation. In the ancient Roman
burial-places in our country, bracelets are frequently found with
the cinerary urns, or on the arms of the skeletons. Some found
near Canterbury were in bronze, with terminations in the form of
the heads of snakes; and similar examples have been found at
Strood, in London, Colchester, and other places. They are also
met with, neatly cut in jet, plain and ornamented, and also in a
bituminous shale, found at Kimmeridge Bay in the Isle of Pur
beck, on the coast of Dorsetshire.
Plate V exhibits early Saxon personal ornaments found at Rich-
1 These armillaa, now in the museum of Mr. Bateman, are figured in vol. ii,
p. 353, of tho Journal of the British Archceological Association.
2 Lib. viii, cap. xiv.

88 RICHBOROUGH.
borough. They are of the highest interest, both as works of art, and
as supplying evidence which goes far to prove that the Roman btdld-
ings were not so utterly devastated and deserted, as has commonly
been imagined, by the Saxon settlers. Fig. 1 is a fibula in silver, in
the centre of which was apparently a jewel. It closely resembles
one in the possession of Sir Wilham Lawson, found near Catterick
Bridge, in Yorkshire, on the site of a Roman station.' Fig. 3, a
belt buckle in bronze; fig. 3, a buckle in bronze, inlaid with
silver ; fig. 4, the tag, a pendent end of a belt ; figs. 5 and 6, por
tions of buckles, two of which, complete, from the Saxon burial-
place at Ash, are engraved in Boys' Collections for a History of
Sandwich. The objects in this plate are figured the size of the
originals.^ The connexion between the workmanship of the latest
Roman and the earhest Saxon personal ornaments, is often so
close, that it is difficult to discriminate between the two ; but the
latter soon acquired a nationahty of character, — such as those in
our plate exhibit, — and preserved such marked characteristics,
that the antiquary is easily enabled to classify them under one
general head. But they admit also, it would seem, of sub-dirisions ;
for there may be observed, in the various collections made in
different parts of the kingdom, from burial-places (which, there is
every reason to believe, are contemporaneous), considerable varia
tions in form and ornamentation, referable to their introduction
by the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes ; who, under the general term,
1 Archseological Journal, vol. vi, p. 216.
2 In a manuscript journal in the possession of Mr. Britton, Stukeley mentions
the discovery, at Richborough, in a barrow, of " two elegant fibulas, made in
gold and glass-work, and a string of beads, evidently British". These were
clearly Saxon fibulse and beads, such as are frequently found in Kent.

RICHBOROUGH.

89

Saxons, settled in various parts of Britain. Thus Bede informs
us that the Jutes took possession of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight
and the opposite coast ; and accordingly, the works of art found
in the tumuh of Kent and of the Isle of Wight are identical in
character, and possess pecuUarities which are comparatively seldom
met with in remains discovered in other parts of the kingdom.
The introduction of the cross, as in fig. 1, and the cruciform
arrangements of the ornamental work on some of these early
fibulse, can scarcely be considered to denote that the wearers were
Christians, for they are often found associated with circumstances
which betray the unextinguished predominance of pagan practices
and ceremonies; and it is therefore much more reasonable to
believe that the works were merely imported from the continent,
where the infiuence of Christianity had affected the arts, than to
consider the cross as used or understood in any symbolical sense.'
Among personal ornaments, may be classed the intaglios, from
Richborough, represented below. The first four are Roman ; the

Glass.

Brass.

White cornelian.
' For numerous examples of the richer kinds of Saxon ornaments found in
Kent, Mr. Wright's Archaeeiogical Album, and Mr. Akerman's Archceological N

90 RICHBOROUGH.
fifth, late Roman or Saxon ; the sixth, Saxon. They have all been
eridently set in rings. A bronze ring found at Shefford, Beds.
with Roman remains, and now preserved in the museum of the
Antiquarian Society of Cambridge, is set with glass of simUar
design as fig. 5, — a cross upon an altar, and a stone, with hke
derice, was, many years since, found at Silchester. An analogy
will be recognized between fig. 6 and some of the derices on the
early Saxon coins termed sceattas.
Engraved stones are amongst the most curious and valuable
works of ancient art which have descended to our times. Fortu
nately, the indestructibility and intrinsic value of the material
have combined to preserve vast numbers, which are treasured in
public and private collections throughout the world. To a great
extent, they are also still applied to their original use in all coun
tries, as, on account of their great beauty and execution, they
surpass, in this department of art, all the efforts of modern skiU.
They include not only many designs which are met with on coins
and other monuments, — such as dirinities, sacrifices, and other
subjects connected with mythology and history, — ^but also the
portraits of great men and of private individuals, and aUusions to
.legendary history and scenes of real life, many of which are to be
found nowhere else. They partly owe their preservation to another
cause. In the earhest times, we occasionally find engraved gems
regarded as conferring upon the wearer some good gift or quahty,
or protecting him from eril ; but, in the middle ages, belief in
the supernatural agency of antique stones prevailed universaUy,
Index, may be referred to ; and also, Mr. Fairholt's coloured engraving of the
beautiful circular fibula found at Sarr, which forms the frontispiece of the
Proceedings of the Archaeological Association at Gloucester.

RICUBOKOrtiH. • 91
and iras sTstematicaUv inculcated by the monks ; who, relying on
the ignorance and superstition of the ag^ caused them to be con-
adexed as possessing sacred protective powers ; and the effi^es of
the gods and goddesses of the discarded mythologr held rank,
and were honoured eqnaUy, with the lehos of saints and martrrs.
Many of the old churdi ornaments are stiU richlr decorated with
Greek and Roman cameos and engraved gems. The celebrated
shrine of the three tings, at Cologne, is stadded with some hun
dreds, many of wMdii are of great value, and of the finest work-
man^up. l^ey were also inserted in the covers rf the dioicer
kind rfeaifymamisaiptSjrf which there are examples jemaining,
and they are £reqn«atbr fimnd in the seals rf the middle ages.
Mr. Wright, in a conmuaucation made to the Society rf Anti-
qoaries rf London, on autiqfoarian excavations and researches in
H»e middle a^esi,^ observes, that as earbr as the twelfih centniy (at
least), we meet, in ecdeaastical manuscripTs, with legnlar inven-
tHies rf ancioit geaoas looked upon as magical amulets, which
the findeis were directed to preserre, and take advantage ai, tor
the sake rf their supposed Tirtues, Mr. Wright has pnhlished one
rf these inTentKies, rf the thirteentii centuir. and he obsenres on
it : •• Tlieate is somedm^ rf what the Fremi torn ii.rmrre in the
contrast between the desca^ptions rf the ancient eagfaTings, and
the medfiefsl eimmeanitiaii rf Tiitnes attached. Thus, tiie first on
the Kst is a geoa rqaresenting Pegasus or Bellexi^Qn : this stone
was good Ibr wanxsrs, and gave them boldne^ and swiftne^ in
flight. Anoth^ bwe the figure rf Andnaneda : it had the power
rfc«nciKating tore bdiween man and woman. A gem bearing the
%nre rf Hercaks sbning a hon. ox *odier monster", was a 'angnhr

0,^ > lilOMBOKOlUUl.
dofouoo to combatants'. Tho liguro of ^ItM-oury ou a gcju, rou-
dei'ed tho possossav wiso and porsnnsiyo. Thc tiguro of .1 upitor,
with tho body of a mim and the bond of a ram, umdo tho man who
boro it bolo\od by ovorybodyj aud ho avus sure to obtain any
thing ho askod. If you tiud n stouo boaiing tho ligun> of a hare,
it will be a dofouoo against tho doyil; if you tiiul a dog nud a liou
on tho saino stone, it will bo a prosoryativo against dropsy or pesti-
lonoo. The figure of Oriou was bolioyod to givo viotoiy iu war.
If YOU find a stouo, on whioh is Porsous holding iu his right baud
a swi)rd, nud iu his loft tho tlorgou's bond, it is a prostu'vatiyo
ngidnst lightning nud touipost, and ngniust tho nssnults of dcyils.
A stone on whioh is ongrn\od a loug-bonrdod man sitting ou a
plough, with n bending iu bis nook, and four mon lying dowu, nud
holding iu his hands a fox and a vulture ; tliis, su.sponded about
tho nook, ounblos you to find tronsuros. If you find n doyo, with
a branoh of olivo iu its mouth, ongrnvod iu pyritt>s, nud mount it
iu a silver ring, nud onrry it with you, o\ory body will invito you
to be his guest, nud people will feast you unuih aiul froquoutly.
The figure of a syrou, sculptured iu a jacinth, roudorod tho bearer
inrisible. A fair bond, woll combed, with a luiudsoiuo fnco, ou-
gravod on a gcui, ga\o to tho bearer joy, royorouco, aiul honoiu*.
Such woro tho (lunlitios attached to nuoiout goms in tho supwsti-
tious boliof of the middle ages."

\VALL.PAINTINGS.
Towai'ds tho north-east oornor of Ibo cnsirum, iu tho bank
opposite (1 iu the plnu (piigo 44), yostigos of domestic buildings
mav be obsoryod at tlio dopth of from throo to four foot from tho

RICHBOROUGH. 93
upper surface. The soU is charged with the debris of rooms which
were ohriously devoted to the quietude and comforts of private
life. .tVlthough, at present, no opportunity has been afforded to
speak of their extent, or the detaUs of their arrangements, stiU
the eridences which present themselves leave no doubt as to their
original destination. Masses of mortar divulge the floorings; tiles
of a peculiar and weU-nndei'stood character, indicate hypocausts
and the modes of wai'ming the apartments ; and fragments of waU-
paintings are unequivocal proo& which cannot be misunderstood.
xVs these mural decorations have been unnoticed or unrecorded by
the former explorei*s of Richborough, and as they possess great
interest in relation to lost or decayed art, fac-similes of two speci
mens are presented in plate xi. Other fragments from this site
afforded difiei-ent patterns, such as green, red, and black stripes
on a white gi-ound.
In aU the waU-paintings which have been discovered among the
niins of Roman buildings, both in this country and on the conti
nent, an extraordinary simUarity, amoimting tdmost to identity of
workmanship, prevails. The mode of prepj^ing the substratum of
plaister which covered the walls, and upon which was laid the
coloiu-ed compositions, presents no remarkable difference. It is
composed rf Ume, sand, and small stones ; and however they may
\»ary in relative proportions, it is, in aU instances, sohd and firm.
Upon this substratum, made perfectiy smooth, was laid a very thin
coating rf fine calcareous cement ; and \ipon this was painted the
various designs. The process was evidently as striking for its sim
plicity as fm' its perfection : no laboured skUl or es^ensive prepara
tions were i-eqnired to produce, alike in thc humble cottage and in
the capacious rilla, chasteness of design, good effect, and dnrahihty

94 RICHBOROUGH.
of colour. The science of chemistry has laid open to us the nature
of the materials which the Romans used in the pictorial embellish
ments of their apartments : they are as common and accessible
now as then ; but the genius which guided the hand of the Roman
artist has vanished, and will not be lured from its retreat by the
combined efforts of royal commissions, schools of design, and the
magic spells of academical prizes and honours ; and the best of
the fostered productions of modern mural paintings will probably
prove, after all, but an abortive or ephemeral attempt to rival the
works of the ancient school. Certainly, as far as durabiUty is
concerned, nothing that has yet been accomplished by the most
skilful of modem artists, can be compared to the worst work of
the most ordinary house-painter of ancient times. Fresco and dis
temper painting are among those decayed arts of antiquity, which
science seems unable to recall into existence, unless it be to show
how difficult it is to adapt the genius of one age to the wants and
circumstances of another. If a Elaxman is created, it is but to
show that the ideal and the beautiful in sculpture are only perceived
and estimated by a few. If the gems of a Pistrucci rival the pro
ductions of the ancients, the skill of the indiridual forms the
exception, not the rule ; or if he invest our degraded coins with
the fanciful elegance and spirit of the antique, the national mind
does not appreciate the achievement, and demands trite and pro
saic realities suited to its peculiar fashion and taste. Artists of emi
nence in their departments of art, hke the workers in fresco and
distemper painting, were formerly so numerous, that they seem to
have been regarded as the necessary purveyors to a universal and
urgent taste, and their names are, in consequence, as seldom
recorded as those of the worthy individuals who cater for our
physical necessities.

RUmUOROllUU.

95

Pompeii aud llorculanoum have furnisiu\d materials for much
and valuable information ou tbo ootupositiiou of the colours used
by tho Romans ; aud Irom analysis of those ibvnid ou tho sites
of villus in England aud iu Krauco, it is certain that tho pig
ments woro nearly, if uot (]uito, tho same, 'IMui rl^ds are composed
of tho oxidos of load nud irou, of vonuilliou aud ocliros ; the yel
lows arc oohros, with aud without oxido of lead; tbo blue, oxido of
oopjior ; tho groous, coiubiuatious of oopper ; tho blacks and
browns, oliiolly oohros; tho wbito, roUuod chnlk or liiuo, or marble
finely pounded. Tho nrtistio oxcollenco of those found iu this
country can hardly bo fairly jiulgod, as they ai-o only fouud iu n
wry fraguioutary stnto ; but spooiuu^us of figures are not wanting
which possess cousidornhlo uu>rit for good drawing, aud bold and
striking ofVect : such nro, a bond of a Ihicchante, a winged head of
a Cupid or genius, aud a onpria>rn, with other frngmouts, found
in London, anu)ug tho ruins of the hotter sort of villas. Commonly,
the rooms of tho houses iu Uritalu were painted iu a grouud of
deep rod, divided into panels by borders of various colotu's, iu tlui
centre of wbioh wore dopiotod uvytbologiciil subjects, or a single
flgure, ns a Bacchante or a (^upid : nn-nl scinies were also favourites ;
or, h\ the pam^ls, were intorspersod birds, llowors, stars, and fauoi-
ful objects. Tbe nuiu^xod out shows tbo
angle of a room iu tbo Rouinn villa at
Chestei'ford, with tbo painting yet re
maining attached to the wnll. Sonu-
fri\^monts iu uiy jiossossiovi, from tho sitt^
of ft largo aud superior buUdiug near
Crosby Hall, exhibit, a kind of doooratod
trdlis-work ou a rod groiuid, in tbo divisions of which are stars,

96

RICHBOROUGH.

or flowers, in yellow, white, and dark blue colours, and a man with
a staff and what appears to be a basket. The figure of the man,
and the other parts of the pattern, were repeated over the face of
the waU, or throughout the panel, and enclosed in a dark border,
upon which is a stripe of white. ^ Others were intended to repre
sent the coloured marbles which encased the walls of the more
magnificent villas of the mother-country. To give a notion of the
general style of these paintings, as they are usually discovered in
this country, some are here introduced from the museum, at

1 This, auu oiuers reierrea lo aoove, are engraved in Mr. Wright's Archceolo
gical Album.

RICHBOROUGH. 97
Audley End, of the Hon. R. C. NeviUe. They were found among
the ruins of the Cbesterford riUa.' The colours of these paintings
(which, it must be noticed, are on a reduced scale), are indicated
by the Unes being disposed heraldically. Other fragments from
Chis rilla represent portions of the human figure : one, a foot of
a female, Ufe-size, with drapery flowing round it, bears a close
resemblance, as regards treatment, to that of a Bacchante, or
dancing nymph, in one of the tessellated pavements at Bignor.
Monsieur B. PiUon has just published an account of discoveries
made at Saint-Medard (Vendee), in which he describes, among
other objects, some interesting waU-paintings.^ One of these is
the bust of a female, holding up her hair in the right hand : the
gesture and expression of countenance would seem to indicate
that this figure had belonged to a composition of a serious, if not
tragic, kind. There are also enumerated the neck, breast, and
arm, of a young sedent female figure ; a pleasing head of a chUd,
numerous Umbs, a female foot sandeled, a large fish, and a basket
of mushrooms : others, of small dimensions, include a Cupid, with
blue vrings, carrying a yeUow vase ; the torso of a man holding
the' reins of a courser; a basket of fish, and marine horses, the
nostrUs, breast, and legs of which are rose-coloured ; there were
also tvvo or three fragments of landscape, a part of a small panther,
a vase containing an aquatic plant, two swans, and a blue sky.
Some pieces were ornamented with tritons, of a greenish hue,
bound with sea-weed. Rays and fillets, black, yeUow, green, and
red; a garland of laurel, with pendants of gold; strings of pearls,
1 See Journal of the British Archceological Association, vol. iv, p, 356.
2 Description de la ville et du tombeau d'une femme artiste Gallo-Romaine,
decouverts a Saint-Medard-des-Pres ("Vendee), 4to. 1849, o

98 RICHBOROUGH.
from which vases are suspended, — surround the pictures, and are,
at the same time, enhvened by birds of rich colours, which play
among the fohage.^

IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.
It is somewhat remarkable, that a place so long devoted to mili
tary purposes as Richborough was, should have left no traces of
weapons of warfare. It would almost seem that time had purposely
effaced every eridence of the prevalence of war and riolence, and
preserved only reUcs of peace, and the arts which administer to
the comforts and necessities of life ; and the philanthropist might
hail this extinction of the sword and spear, as & prestige and fore^
shadowing of the realization of his dreams of a state of human
happiness when such things shall be known no more, if sober fact
did not intrude to dispel the illusion. The reason why Roman
weapons are so seldom found on the sites of mUitary stations, is,
chiefiy, the perishable nature of the material, iron, of which
they were usually made in the later periods of the empire. Their
comparative rarity is also further explained by their not being
included among the objects which were interred in graves. The
Saxons, on the contrary, always buried with their dead, swords,
spears, and knives ; and to this custom alone are we indebted for
aU we know of the forms and varieties of their weapons. A very
1 Ausonius incidentally makes mention of a wall-painting at Treves,- where
still are extant so many splendid monuments of Roman art. It ornamented the
wall of the triclinium,, or dining-room, of ./Bolus, or, according to some manu
scripts, Zoilus, and represented Cupid fastened to a cross by women who had
been disappointed in their loves. The beauty of the composition, and its subject,
struck the admiring poet, and suggested the poem entitled Cupido cruci affixus.

RICHBOROUGH.

99

unusual discovery of Roman spears, javeUns, and arrow-heads,
knives, and other implements in iron, was made by Mr. Durden,
a few years since, at Hod Hill, in Dorset, under circumstances
which precluded a supposition that they could be other than
Roman.^ The subjoined cut gives representations of most of the imple
ments in iron which have been lately found at Richborough. Pig.
1 is probably a workman's tool ; fig. 3 somewhat resembles the
knives frequently sculptured on bas-reUefs ; figs. 3 and 4 appear
to have been such as were commonly used for culinary purposes ;
fig. 5 is a pair of shears, which differs in nothing from those used
at the present day.

In iron. One-foiu'th real size
AU the implements deUneated above are much oxidized, as,
it has been observed, is usuaUy the case with objects in iron. It
is difficult, indeed, to imagine such time-worn remains ever re-
1 See Journal of ihe British Archmological Association, vol. iii, p. 94.

100 RICHBOROUGH.
sembled their modern types in polished steel, and I know but of
one instance of; the perfect preservation of such implements. It
occurred a few years since, when excavations were made for the
foundations of the new Royal Exchange. In a deep pit filled
with aU sorts of refuse, well saturated with moisture, were found,
among many curious and valuable works of Roman art, knives
and styh, and artisans' tools, iu steel, some of which are perfectly
free from rast, and retain all the quahties of well-tempered steel.
Over this pit had been laid a thick stratum of gravel, by which the
atmospheric air, the chief agent in the decomposition of iron, had
been completely excluded.
On the next page are exhibited two steel-yards and three
weights, from Richborough, together vrith a more perfect speci
men from Pompeii. The principle upon which the ancient steel
yards were constructed, was the same as that by which those of
the present day are regulated. A third example, found recently
at Richborough, has the yard notched into fractional dirisions, and
is furnished vrith two hooks. At the end, where (in the specimen
from Pompeii) the chain is attached, was sometimes hung a scale.
Some of the larger Roman steel-yards, of which many are extant,
are manufactured with great skill and care, and vrith that atten
tion to ornament which characterizes most of the ancient works
of art, even when they were intended for the most common and
homely purposes, — as may be instanced, the specimen dredged up
in the port of Antium, and figured in the Recueil d'Antiquites of
Count Caylus, and others found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The
weights afforded scope for the display of the highest talent, being
frequently of the form of animals, or heads and busts of emperors,
dirinities, and nymphs, elaborately worked and ornaihented.

RICHBOROUGH.

101

Steel -yards. Half the actual size. Eichborough.

Steel-yard. Half the actual size.' Pompeii.

Steel-yard weights. Actual size.

102 RICHBOROUGH.
Besides the steel-yard, the Romans used various kinds of scales
and balances, to which modern science seems to have added no
material novelty or improvement. Even the prototype of the
balance recently invented for weighing letters sent by post, has
been recognized in a smaU portable balance, with hinges for fold
ing up, which was found on the site of a Roman rilla at HartUp,
near Sittingboume.^ In fact, in modern art we meet with Uttle
or nothing that can be pronounced perfectly new. The keys which
are usually among the remains discovered in localities of Roman
occupation, are also closely similar to the modern fashions ; and
this analogy cannot be better shewn than by referring to the testi
mony of one of the chief patentees of inventions in keys, eUcited
during an inspection of the Roman re
mains, found in London, preserved in
my private museum. He was struck by
the intricacy and diversity of pattern
displayed in the various kinds of keys ;
and was especially astonished at finding
some of his patented inventions had
been forestalled fifteen hundred years Keys in bronze. Actual size.
Since, KicMorough,
Allusion is made above to styli discovered in London, A speci
men from Richborough is represented in fig. 2 on the cut beneath,
between two Ugulse, or spoons, in bronze. It sUghtly differs, in
the form of the broad end, from the London examples. Styli
were used for writing upon waxed tablets of wood, which were
fastened together at the back, so as to form a kind of book. The
pointed end served for writing the characters upon the wax, and
' This curious instrument is engraved in vol. ii of the Collectanea Antiqua.

RICHBOROUGH. 103
the flat extremity for smoothing it again, when it was required to
efface the writing. "Sape stylum vertas", is the adrice Horace

=ait=D*t=8a=

q23D=

Half the size of the originals,
gives to the author who would wish his compositions to be read a
second time, — ^literaUy, " often turn the stylus", to correct errors ;
and we use the word style to express a manner of writing, the
derivation of which is obrious. The styli, from their size and
pointed end, could be converted, on an emergency, into a rather
formidable weapon. It was vrith his graphium, or stylus, Sueto
nius tells us, that JuUus Csesar, when beset by the conspirators,
wounded Cassius ; and, in later times, it was found necessary to
control the use of these literary implements, by legal restriction,
to their legitimate purposes ; for stabbing with the pen was not
always a metaphorical expression, but frequently a fatal reality.
The two ligula (figs. 1 and 3) appear to have been used for taking
ointments and prepared oils from the long-necked bottles.
Among the domestic utensils with which the occupiers of Rutu
pise were prorided, may be mentioned querns, or handmills, for
grinding wheat and other farinaceous grain. Unfortunately, no
complete specimen has been presewed. Some of the fragments
are in the Hertfordshire conglomerate, or pudding-stone, of which
several quern-stones have been found at Springhead near Graves-
end.^ Others are in a dark lava, and are made with much greater
' Examples of these are figured in pi, sli, vol, i, Collectanea Antiqua, and
in pi, XLix, vol. 1, of the etchings of the Antiquarian Etching Club,

104

RICHBOROUGH.

care : they are about eighteen inches in diameter, and four in
thickness at the margin. One side is cut with longitudinal grooves,
concentrating at the centre, which is hollow ; the other side is
dentated in compartments. The remains of the handles of iron
by which the stones were worked, are still perceptible. Quern-
stones, in lava, have been discovered in many places, and particu
larly in London, where some have been met vrith of large size,
which could only have been worked by horses. The mill-stones
of this description were imported into Britain from the quarries
near Andernach, on the Rhine, where still an extensive export
trade in this commodity is carried on.
In the annexed cut is exhibited what appears to be a kind of
mortar, which was found in one of the cylindrical pits mentioned
in page 55. It is in a pecuhar kind of compact mica, or mica-

slate, somewhat resembling granite in appearance ; is bowl-shaped,
and its dimensions are, 21 inches in diameter, 7^ inches deep,
outside measure, and from 1;|^ to 1^ inch thick ; on the exterior
are two handles. In the engraving, this singular utensil is shewn
placed upside down.

RICHBOROUGH. 105

ANIMAL REMAINS.

The organic remains discovered on and about the sites of Roman
residences, fiirnish materials for the investigations of the compa-
rative anatomist and naturalist, in conjunction with the antiquary,
whose pecuUar prorince is the study of the works of art : the sub
ject has hitherto but Uttle engaged the attention of either, although
it vriU he admitted to be of general interest, and worthy of further
inquiry and research, as shewing the sorts of food commonly used,
the mode of life, and character of the people. With a riew to
engage, on future occasions, the cooperation of naturaUsts, and
to direct notice to a collateral branch of archseology, as connected
with a sister science, as well as for the sake of immediate compa
rison, I here reprint, verbatim, a report by Mr. John Brown, the
geologist, which, at my suggestion, he kindly drew up, on the
animal remains found on the site of the Roman burial-place near
Colchester ; an account of which wUl also be found in the fifth
volume of the Journal of the British Archmological Association : —
" The bones, horn cores, and teeth, of the animals, found recently
with the highly interesting and numerous Roman antiquities, in
the garden at the front of the house of Mr. John Taylor, jun.,
consist of hom cores {shigs) of a short-homed ox {bos) ; molar and
cutting teeth of the horse ; the crest of the cranium of a ruminant
(the broken and decayed state of the specunen forbids a more
expUcit description) ; horns of the stag {cervus elephas) ; horn
cores of a very large goat ; three horn cores of a species of ox
termed bos longifrons; — two of the last appear to match in every
respect. These are smaUer in size, and probably were those of a
p

106 RICHBOROUGH.
female ; while the remaining one is larger, and probably belonged
to a male animal. We have a good description of this extinct
species of bos, in British Fossil Mammalia, p. 508, by Professor
Owen. It is highly interesting in a geological point of view, as
well as in other respects, to find the remains of extinct species of
mammalia associated with those remains which carry us back to
the period in which the Romans lived in Britain. In general, the
geologist, in the course of his investigations, has to content him
self with relative, not specific, data. The organic fossils of the
rocks and deposits which he studies, are so different in form from
animals of the present and bring types, that they afford him only
relative data wherewith to draw his conclusions. But when he
meets with au extinct species, — as, for instance, the bos longifrons
now before us, — in close connexion with the remains of man and
works of art, he then finds, in those remains of days long past,
specific data. Although it is true that remains of the bos longi
frons have been found in several places in this very country, in
the same bed with the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, hyaena,
and many other large quadrupeds now found Uving in tropical
countries only, and in strata much older than that in which our
present inquiry Ues, it is true also, that the bos longifrons did not
form a part of the British fauna very long after that period in
which the Romans occupied our island, and it is well known to
naturalists, that this species of ox is not in existence now in any
part of the world. It is pertinent to our subject to remark, that
this is not a solitary instance of this extinct race of ' oxen being
found in the allurial soU of Colchester, in juxtaposition with
Roman remains. Urns of graceful form, paterse, glass vessels,
and other implements of that enlightened and powerful people.

RICHBOROUGH. 107
were found, a Uttle more than twelve months ago, by Mr. James
Tabor,' by digging. in his garden near his house, in St. Mary's
parish. Here a great number of bones of the ox, sheep, goat ; horns
of stags, with jaw and teeth of that creature ; jaws, teeth, and tusks,
of wild hogs ; a left ramus and teeth of a small canine animal, —
size of a cat;, jaws and teeth of dogs, — some of them sufficiently
large, and armed with teeth so large, as to lead to the idea of their
being wolf's jaws. In the same excavation were found six beau
tiful Roman urns, iron spear-heads, coloured glass, and numerous
fragments of red pottery (Samian ware). The same excavation
produced also numerous bones of human subjects ; and these were
in a better state of preservation than the bones of the quadrupeds
found with them. The human jaws and teeth are very perfect,—-
the latter being remarkably sound, and firmly fixed in the sockets,
or alveoU. The indiriduals to whom they belonged, must have
died young. Here were also found remains of the bos longifrons,
consisting of horn cores, and the crest of the skuU, in tolerably good
preservation. Thus we find, in tracing the history of our island
from remote antiqidty ; by collecting and preserring such valuable
specimens of arts as have recently been found, in excavating within
the precincts of Colchester, in such numbers and variety: that, by
so doing, an important feature is added to the future history of the
town. And it is interesting to those fond of studying the natural
history of the locality, that, among the bones of quadrupeds do
mesticated by the Romans, and also by the present generation,
are found the remains of one species which is now extinet. These
have been found in two different places in Colchester, vrithin half-
a-mile of each other, in close contact with the specimens of art
1 See Journal, vol. ii, p. 43.

108 RICHBOROUGH.
above alluded to ; and there can exist no doubt whatever, that, if
these investigations are foUowed up, much more light will be
thrown on these relics than we at present possess, and bones and
teeth of other extinct animals will be discovered. And here it is
worthy of remark, that, whUe we are thus usefully employing our
selves, we are manifesting that archseology is more closely relative
to geology than many persons expected. And it is well known,
that the alluvial soil in and around Colchester, is literally crowded
with interesting remains of antiquity; therefore it will be well, if
all who feel interested in these exciting pursuits, which cast such
fioods of light upon the early history of their country, wUl give
all encouragement to the coUection and preservation of such valu
able and faithful witnesses of the more early days of civUization.
With regard to the species of ox first alluded to in this paper, as
found in Mr. Tabor's garden, with slightly curved hom cores, — ^if
we compare those cores with some that were found by the. hon.
R. C. Nerille, at Cbesterford, on the border of Cambridgeshire, a
few months ago, when I visited that interesting locality, — we find a
considerable variation in external form; those found in Mr. Tabor's
garden, in Colchester, it was before observed, are short and
slightly curved, while those found at Cbesterford are much longer,
and gracefully twisted, and more like the horns of the oxen of the
Alderney breed."
The bones and horns of the animals found in London, with
Roman remains, are much of the same kind as those described
above by Mr. Brown, namely of the bos longifrons, sheep, goats,
deer, and swine. At the Roman rilla at HartUp, in a deep pit,
was a large quantity of the bones of the sheep, hog, horse, and ox,
the last of which was ascertained to belong to the bos longifrons.

RICHBOROUGH. 109
A more extensive list has been sent me by Mr. P. B. PurneU, of
the animal remains found at a Roman rilla at Dursley, near
Gloucester. It contains those of the horse, stag, fox; wild boar,
hares, rabbits, mice, wild duck, chicken, goats, pigs, sheep, kids,
lambs, rooks and small birds, cat, polecat, and a smaU kind of ox.
The Rev. James Layton, of Sandwich, in a communication
kindly made to me relative to the animal remains found at Rich
borough, observes : " The major part consists of the common
bones of the ox, sheep, and roebuck, — especially the first. I have
seen one head also of the ox, with the frontal bone broken through,
as if with a pole-axe, just as by a butcher of the present day. It
may be noticed, too, that the oxen and sheep were small when
compared with ours ; and one is pleased vrith finding the account
of Tacitus, in his Germany {jpecorum fecunda, sed plerumque impro-
cera), so weU Ulustrated by the dirt-pits of Richborough. One
specimen of the stag {cenms elephas), a very fine one, has come to
my notice, — a metatarsal together with a lower jaw. But though
the bones of deer are thus scarce, pieces of the horns are frequent.
I have said pieces, — not fragments, — for they have been sawn into
various lengths preparatory to their being formed into articles of
common use. To simUar purposes the larger bones of the ox and
sheep were probably appUed, which may account for more of them
being found. One femur of a-dog about the size of a terrier, I
picked up ; but the presence of that animal was otherwise testified,
by the marks of their teeth on the bones of others."
That Britain abounded in flocks and herds, is one of those facts,
the concurrent testimony of ancient writers, by direct statement,
as well as by incidental allusion, place beyond dispute or question.
The fertility of the prorince was happily typified by Carausius, on

110 RICHBOROUGH.
his coins, under the representation of a woman milking a cow,
and the appropriate legend, " Ubertas Aug." Eumenius, a contem
porary author, specifies, among other advantages which Britain
then possessed, the vast quantity of cattle {innumerabilis multitudo) .
As might have been anticipated from the locality, oyster-shells
are found in great abundance throughout Richborough ; but they
are plentifully met with also on the sites of Roman residences in aU
parts of the kingdom. Tusks of the boar were also numerous. One
of these, shewn in the annexed cut, half the size of the original,
has pieces of ornamented bronze fastened to it, eridently to admit
of its being worn as an
ornament, or perhaps as
a trophy, for hunting
the wild boar was one
of the field sports with
which the Romans in
Britain diverted them-
Boar's tusk. Half the actual size. Richborougli. selves, as is curiously
recorded by an inscription on an altar found at Stanhope, in the
county of Durham, dedicated to the god Sylvanus by a hunter, on
account of his success in taking a boar of enormous size, which
many before him had tried in vain to take.'
The pieces of stags' horns, as Mr. Layton remarks, bear erident
marks of baring been intended for some of the common domestic
ptu-poses to which hard bone was applied; or they were pieces
rejected probably by the workmen employed in making amulets
1 The inscription is as follows : " Sylvano invicto sacrum, C. Tetius Veturius
Micianus Prmf. Aim Sebosianm ob aprum eximicB formae captum quem, multi ante-
cessores ejus proedari non potuerunt v.s.l.p." — Gough's Camden, vol. iii, p. 117.

RICHBOROUGH. Ill
and votive offerings. Two of the latter, formed from the base of
the horn, are figured in M. Baudot's report on discoveries made at
the source of the Seine.' They were among an immense quantity
of objects in bone, which had been offered at the shrine of the
goddess Sequana, for the cure of various diseases : they are neatly
worked ; and in the centre of one is cut, in rehef, the bust bf a
chUd. One of a similar kind, and in the same material, which was
found at Caerleon, is carved with a representation of the male
organs of generation. All of these have been perforated for sus
pension.
MISCELLANEOUS.
There are yet a number of articles found, at various times, at
Richborough, which cannot easily be classed under definite heads
vrithout entering too minutely into description; some, which
appear more worthy of recording,
are therefore here thrown together.
Arms and armour of the Roman
period, as before observed, are rarely
found in this country ; hut to this
class two seem to belong.
The annexed cut represents a
piece of bronze, slightly convex,
seven inches in length, and five
and a half in width, which appears
to have been a cheek-piece of a
helmet. It has, however, been con
jectured to be a shoulder-band, and has been compared with those
1 Rapport sur les DScouvertes Archiologiques faites aux sources de la Seiiie, par
M. Henri Baudot (pi, xv), Dijon and Paris, 1845.

112

RICHBOROUGH.

richly-ornamented specimens found near the river Siris, in Italy,
preserved in the British Museum. Like them, it has been furnished
vrith hinges, and is of the same dimensions : but here the resemb
lance ceases ; and although, in the numerous examples of helmets,
which ancient representations supply, we have nothing precisely
simUar, there seems a much greater analogy to the lappets, or
cheek -pieces, than to any parts of body-armour. At the lOwer
extremity is a rivet, to which, on the inside, was apparently fastened
a cord or string.
The next engraring shows, in two views, a bronze boss, or umbo,
of a circular shield or buckler, four inches in diameter.

Boss of shield, hronze.
In the fragment deUneated below, we may recognize a hand
holding a horn or drinking-cup, which
terminates in the fore part of the
figure of an animal, apparently a pan
ther. It has belonged to a statuette,
probably of Bacchus. A very similar
fragment is engraved in Caylus, pi.
xc, fig. 6, tom. iv. Some of the smaU
bronze figures occasionally found on

Bronze. Actual size.

RICHBOROUGH.

113

the sites of Roman stations, are often of good worknianship. It
is possible that, in past times; such may have been found at Rich
borough. In the Archaologia, vol. ix, p. 370, mention is made
of a bronze figure of Mercury, dug up in Richborough castle.
It was exhibited, in 1788, to the Society of Antiquaries, by Mr.
Samuel Wegge. The figure of a bag-piper, stated to have been
found here, and published by Mr. King, in his Munimenta Antiqua,
as Roman, is palpably medieval.

Bronze nails.

. Bronze nails. Actual size. Bronze boss.
The bronze naUs, representations of five varieties of which are
here giveh, are not unmteresting, as shewing the care and neat
workmanship bestowed on this coinmqn but useful unplement. Q

114

RICHBOROUGH..

Others, in iron, so exactly resemble those in use at the present;
day, from the largest size, down to the hob-naU of the sandal, that
the circumstances under which they are found alone enable us to
caU them ancient. The bronze naUs are much more uncommon,
and some of them used in decorative work were often much orna
mented. Some of the Richborough specimens are remarkable for
points and crosses in. the lower surface of the circular plate, evi--
dently intended to secTire them more effectuaUy to the wood
work. The last figure on the prerious page, represents a boss,
such as were used exclusively as ornaments, and of which simUar
examples are of rather frequent occurrence. The naU-shaped
implement below is probably some kind of workman's tool.

Bronze. Half the actual size.
The fragment shewn in the adjoining cut (fig. 1) appears to he

Bronze, Actual size.

the half of a lunette, such as was used on horse furniture ; and
fig. 2 may have been the pendent end of a belt.

EICHBOROUGH.

115

In the collection from which the foregoing iUustrations have
been selected, and which is almost daily receiring additions by
the vigilance of its owner, may possibly be some few objects of
interest which have escaped our notice, and others, such as the
specimens of coloured glass, which could not be weU understood
without the aid of coloured engravings. There are also, it may be
observed, three varieties of whetstones such as that figured on
p. 173, vol. i, of the Collectanea Antiqua, but vrithout the bronze
cases in which that and others found at Boulogne, were enclosed ;
an elegantly ornamented bronze hasp of a lock very simUar to fig. 7,
pi. XV, of Mf Baudot's Rapport, etc., before referred to; two thin
bronze sheaths or cases six inches long, each of which appears to
have been prorided with covers fixed by a hinge to each end, one
of which is stiU remaining to each ; it is very probable they were
used for paints. There are also numerous minor objects, many in
a fragmentary state, the uses of which, on this account, cannot
vrith certainty be determined.

Bronze. Half original size.

116 mCHBOROUGH.

COINS.

We are now airived at a department of the Richborough coUec
tions, in which the monuments are numerous, and of the highest
value and interest; They are eminently valuable, because there
can be no doubt as to their use and nature. They are what they
were fifteen hundred or two thousand years since ; we see them
as they were then seen, read them as they were then read. Time,
which haa destroyed temples and theatres, and equaUy swept
away, vrith unsparing . hand, the pubhc edifice and the private
dweUing, has remitted the universal fatal sentence in favour of
coins and medals, as if for the purpose of bequeathing a salutary
lesson to ambition, by teaching remote posterity, through the
vehicle of objects which, in their day, were comparatively of Uttle
extrinsic consideration, — the mere medium of daily traffic, and
the representatives of the commonest necessaries, as weU as of the
luxuries, of life. How few of the grand works of ancient art and
genius have stood uninjured by time and the stUl more destroying
hand of man ! How few of those yet extant can be conceived and
understood, as when they existed in their unmutilated perfection !
Yet coins, — the pence, halfpence, and farthings, of former times,
have passed through the dangers of ages, buried safe beneath the
ground upon which mighty cities and buUdings, which seemed
destined for eternity, have crumbled into ruins. And they come
before us in exhaustless number, with a combination of the charms
of sculpture and painting, equally rich as gems of art, and as his
torical pictures, shewing, within the smallest compass, the fuUest
riew of ancient times we possess. The difficulty is to say what.

RICHBOROUGH. 117
in art or history, is not impressed upon coins, or illustrated by
them; and they possess this great advantage over most of the
monuments of the ancient art, — they are indiriduaUy numerous : a
derice or legend, if imperfect upon one specimen, can be corrected
or restored by others. Inscriptions on stone or marble, by their
obscurity or imperfection, often leave us perplexed and in doubt s
the information recorded on coins is generally clear ahd obrious,
and the most abbreriated words are usually explainable, either by
comparison with others, on which they occur in a fuUer form, or
with the weU-understood formulse which regulated the legends
at certain times, and under pecuUar circumstances. This advan
tage which coins possess over inscriptions on stone and marble,
is not sufficiently appreciated by antiquaries, who often expend
much labour in profitless inquiries on the probable original read
ing of the latter, of which only a Une, or a few words, may
remain unobUterated ; and whoUy disregard the perfect legends and
representations on coins, respecting which there can be no doubt
or room for vague speculation and conjecture. Inscriptions are
in no way to be undervalued : they often disclose historical facts,
and help to guide to events, connected with particular localities,
nowhere dse recorded. But, passing over the great importance
of coins, as impUed in the wide range and unUmited ramifications
of the science of numismatology, they are of the greatest use to
the practical antiquary, by encouraging his researches, certifying
the ilature or the date of remains of doubtful period, or which
want decisive characteristics. When coins are found in ^aves, it
is obvious that the specimen of latest date, — especially if it be in
good preservation, — ^proves that the deposit could not have been
made antecedent to its fabrication ; and, though it does not prove

118 RICHBOROUGH.
the interment may not have been made at a considerable period
subsequent to its date, its freshness may either weigh in favour of
its baring been inhumed soon after it was in circulation, or its
worn surface may, on the other hand, suggest the conclusion that
the interment had taken place long posterior to the issue of the
coin. These eridences are too seldom attended to, even by pro
fessed antiquaries ; but their importance cannot be impressed too
strongly on the consideration of all who would render ancient
coins fully avaUable to science. On the sites of Roman cemeteries,
adjoining large towns which were founded or flourished in Roman
times, coins are frequently found in great abundance ; and atten
tion to the circumstances under which they are taken from the
earth, wiU often assist a chronological classification of the remains,
as particular coins often abound at particular spots.
The quantities of Roman coins which have come down to us
are enormous. At the present day, large hoards are continually
found in aU parts of the once vast Roman empire ; and extensive
coUections of high historical and artistic interest are constantly
.being formed from fresh discoveries. Frequently the ploughman
is surprised at seeing at his feet masses of strange money, which his
ploughshare has disturbed from their sleep of centuries ; and other
accidental circumstances. often bring to Ught hoards of hundreds
and of thousands of coins in gold, sUver, and brass. Such hoards
had unquestionably been, from various causes, intentionally depo
sited. The Saxon Chronicle, a.d. 418, states that the Romans col
lected all the hoards of gold (i.e. treasure, and coins of aU kinds as
well as gold), that were in Britain; and some they hid in the
earth, so that no man might afterwards find them, and some they
carried away with them into Gaul. It is not at all probable that

RICllBOllOUGIl. 119
on this occasion much money or treasure was buried; but the
compilers of the Cbronicle inconsiderately ascribed the deposits of
money and valuables, which, in tho Saxon times, must have been
often discovered, to this assumed cause. It is very evident that the
Roman coins were concealed in the earth at all periods, for the
earlier; or consular, denarii are still occasionally exhumed in masses,
as are also the imperial, in series restricted to certain reigns, the
latest of which gives the probable periods of time when they were
buried. The difficulty and danger attending the transmission or
carriage of large quantities of money, in troublesome times, or on
emergent occasions, must explain the concealment ; and the casu
alties of war must account, in many cases, why the hidden wealth
was not reclaimed. The vast quantities of coins which strew the
sites of Roman towns and stations, must have been simply lost by
the owners at all periods during the occupation of those places ;
and the unexhausted stores which are still found, are less surpris
ing when the superior abundance of metallic currency in ancient
times is compared with that of the modern.
Leland, whose account of Richborough has previously been
quoted in our volume, says, that time out of mind, as well as in
his own days (upwards of three hundred years since), more Roman
money had been found there than in any other place in England;
and ocular eridence seems fully to confirm the literal truth of
Leland's statement. It is computed that, within the last twenty
years, Mr. Rolfe and Mr. Reader have coUected, at least, two
thousand specimens, and many more must have passed into other
hands. If, for the sake of forming an estimate of the amount in
prerious times, a calculation be made, at the same ratio, for four
teen hundred years, we obtain a total of one hundred and forty

120 RICHBOIIOUGH.
thousand pieces found since the Romans abandoned Richborough :
a large number, but probably not exceeding the actual quantity.
The descriptive catalogue which foUows, is almost exclusively
compiled from the coins preserved in Mr. Rolfe's cabinet, which
are in fair, or, at least, in legible condition. It is rendered as
full of explanation as is deemed consistent with the space at our
disposal, in order to do justice to the interesting monuments
themselves, and their claim to a prominent place in this volume,
as well as to make the Ust of some use, for reference and compa
rison, to those who may be making, or be induced to make, similar
collections from other locaUties. The obverses of the coins it has
not been considered necessary to give, except in a few instances ;
but each series is headed with one or more examples of the style
usuaUy assumed by the various Emperors, Empresses, and Csesars,
upon the obverses of their coins.'

COINS DISCOVERED AT RICHBOROUGH.
BRITISH.

Of this highly-interesting class, only aringle specimen is here
presented to us; and that, more strictly speaking, should be termed
' The numismatic student, who, on this head, may require more ample infor
mation, is referred to Mr. Akerman's Descriptive Catalogue of rare and unedited
Roman Coins, 2 vols, 8vo,, London, 1834 ; an accessible and valuable work on
the consular as well as imperial Roman coins. The Numismatic Manual, by
the same author, may be advantageously consulted by young coUectors, to enable
them readily to identify coins in a bad or imperfect state of preservation.

RICHBOROUGH. 121
Romano-British, as it is comparatively of late date, belonging to
Bericus, who, it would appear from his coins, which have only very
recently been discovered,' and from the testunony of Dio Cassius,
was one of the tributary British princes posterior to Cunobeline.
It was this Bericus, who, Dio Cassius states, induced the emperor
Claudius to send forces to Britain, to espouse his cause against
the sons of CunobeUne, who had expelled him from the island.
The first known coin of Bericus was found, about two years since,
at Farley Heath, in Surrey. It is in gold, and reads, on the ob
verse, VERic.coM.F., and on the reverse, rex., beneath a horse.
To Mr. Akerman is due the credit of appropriating it to Bericus.
The specimen, in silver, shewn in the above cut, I detected, covered
vrith rust, among Mr. Rolfe's miscellaneous Roman coins; and
about the same time, another was discovered at Farley Heath,
which supplies two letters on the obverse, wanting on the Rich
borough specimen. Restored, the coin may be read, obverse,
(v)i!Ricv; or, verica; a sedent figure: reverse, (c)oMMi.r. ; two
cornucopias resting upon a vase ; in the centre, what is probably
intended for a caduceus. This device, an emblem of abundance
and prosperity, is purely Roman, as is the workmanship of all the
coins of the British princes at this period, and for some time pre
rious. The single cornucopia occurs on coins of the Emilia
famUy, and the same object, double, between a caduceus, resting
upon a globe, those of the Antonia family. The cornucopias and
caduceus form the tasteful design on one of the terra cotta lamps
recently discovered at Colchester. In all these instances the horns
termiuate in heads of animals.
1 It is probable, however, that the hitherto unappropriated coins reading
VIE. and viEic, may be assigned to Bericus. R

122 RICHBOROUGH.
Consular Denarii.
Antonia. no. ot
specimeDB.
Obv  vm.E.P.c. ; a galley. Rev. LEft.xii, ; the Roman eagle be
tween two military standards - - 1
This is an ancient forgery, being copper plated vrith silver. An
immense number of these plated denaru were introduced into
Britain by the Romans. They occur of other famUies, as well as
imperial. A few years since, a considerable number, packed in
tiers, were found in London. Of these, the latest were of Claudius.
Among them are several of Antony, who, we are told by Phny,
excited mutiny in his troops by adulterating the silver coinage.
But such forgeries were not restricted to any particular reign;
they appear to have been more or less common at all periods.
Denarii were also forged in lead : a consular one of this class
appears in the Richborough collection, and several of the imperial
series, found in the Thames, are preserved in my own cabinet.
Plcetoria.
Obv. A female head. Rev. PiiABTOBi 1
A consular denarius, in lead, much worn 1
Imperial Roman Coins.
Augustus,
[b,o, 27, to A,D. 14. Style : cabsae . divi . e . imp. — imp . caesae . divi . r .
AVaVSTYS. — DIVVS . AVSVSTVS , PATEB . PATRIAE.]
Reverses. Second Brass.
1. s.o. An eagle, with expanded wings, upon a globe
2. s.c. An altar ; beneath, pbovidbnt,
3. EOM , BT , AU8. An altar ; on each side a winged Victory, upon a
pedestal, extending a wreath towards each other over the altar
4, ooNSENSv , SENAT  The emperor, seated, holding an olive branch
and a globe - - - -
5,  VN , POTEST , XVI  s,c, A female figure, Seated, holding the
hasta pura and a patera

Xt?-avm^S^E7tgrca,-eA'byKW.Faxrho2Jt>.:F.SA.

COIKTS, discavarsa

RICHBOROUGH. 123
Colonial Third Brass.
Obv. OOH . PBAB . PHIL. Three mUitary standards. Rev. vie . avg.
across the field ; Victory, with a wreath and a palm branch, upon
an altar .._._. i
Denarius in lead.
Rev. IMP . CAESAE. A rostral column surmounted by a statue - 1
Total 7
M. Aqbippa.
[b.o, 9 to B,c. 13. Style : m . agrippa.]
s.o. Neptune, standing, holding a dolphin and a trident 2
TiBEBIUS.
[a.d, 14 to A.D. 37, Style : ti . caesae . avg . s . impebat. — ti.
CAESAR , divi . AVG . P . AVGVST . IMP.]
Denarius.
Rev  MAX. Jupiter seated ; (a plated coin) 1
Second Brass.
Obv. ti . CAESAE , DIVI , AVG . F . AVG . P . M . TE . TOT . XX.. . . In the
centre, s.c. Rev. salvs . avgvsta. Head of the goddess Salus 1
Total 2
Caligula.
[a.d, 37 to A,D, 41, Style : c , oaesab , avg . geemaniovs,]
Rev. VESTA ; s.c. ; the goddess Vesta, seated 2
Both these specimens are countermarked cenp.
Claudius.
[a.d. 41 to AD, 54, Style : ti . olavdivs , caesae . avg , imp , p,p,
 TI . CLAVD . OAESAB , AVG . GEEM.]
First Brass.
Rev. SPES , AVGVSTA, ; figure of Hope ; s.c. 1
Reverses. Second Brass.
1. s.c; Minerva, galeated, hurling a javelin ; on her left arm, a circu
lar buckler (fig. 1, pi. vi.) - - 9
2. CERES . AVGVSTA . S.C. J Cercs, seated - - 1
CONSTAHTIAE , AUGUSTI. ; a helmctcd figure, standing ; in his left
hand a spear - " '
Total 13
Neeo.
[a.d, 50 to A.D, 68, Style : imp . nebo . caesae.avg.germakicvs.—
IMP , NBEO , CAESAB , AUG . GEE . P.P.]

2

124 RICHBOROUGH.
Reverses. Gold.
1. PONTIF. MAX. TB,p.vii.cos.iiii.p.p,BX s.c; a mUitary figure, standing 1
2, iTPPiTEB . ovsTos ; Jupiter, sitting, holding a thunderbolt and the
hasta pura - - 1
Second Brass.
1. PONTip . MAX . TE . POT . IMP , PP.— B.C. ; a figure of ApoUo holding
the lyre and plectrum - 1
2. SECVEiTAS . AVGVSTi, — S.O. ; figure of Security, seated ; at her feet
an altar and torch - - 1
3. VICTORIA . AVGVSTI. — s,c. ; Victory, marching, with wreath and
palm branch 1
4. B.C. ; Victory carrying a globe, on which are the letters s.p.<j.b. 6
Total 11
Vespasian.
[a.d. 69 to A.D. 79. Style : caesae . vbspasiahvs. — imp . caes ,
VESPASIAN , avg . P.P.]
Reverses. SUver.
1. IVPITEB , CVSTOS, ; JupiteT, standing - 1
2, .,,EOT , HPOY . A,; an eagle 1
3, SALVS . AVG, ; a female figure, seated, holding a patera 1
Second Brass.
1, FIDES . PVBLICA, — s,c. ; a female figure, standing, holding a patera
and cornucopia 1
2. POBTVNA . AVGVBTi. — S.C. ; Fortune, standing, with rudder and cor
nucopia - 2
3, ivDAEA,CAPTA. — S.C; a female figuTO, Seated, in a dejected postuTe,
beneath a palm tree, behind which is a pile of arms (fig. 2, pL vi) 1
4, B,c, ; an eagle upon a globe 4
5. PBOVIDBNT . — s.c ; an altar 1
Total 12
TlTUS.
[a.d. 69 to A.D. 81. Style: t. caesae, imp. avg. p. — imp.t.caes.vesp.avg.J
Silver.
Rev. TE . P . VIII...COS , v,P. ; Venus leaning upon a column ; in her
right hand an apple, in her left the hasta - 1
Domitian.
[a,d, 69 to A,D. 96. Style : domitiakvs . caes . aug . p.— imp ,
CAES . DOMIT. (or DOMITIANVS) AVG , GEBM.]

RICIIBOROUGH. 125
Reverses. Silver.
1. imp . XXI . COS . XV . CENs . p.p.p, ; Pallas, armed, in the attitude of
hurling a javelin - - - - - 1
2. IMP , XXII . cos , XVII . CENS . p,p,p. ; Pallas standing upon a pedes
tal ; before her an owl - - - 1
Second Brass.
1. FIDEI , PVBLioAE, — s,c. ; a female figure, standing, holding in her
right hand ears of corn, and in her left a basket of fruit - 1
2. FOETVNA . AVGVSTI. — s 0. ; Fortune, standing, with rudder and cor
nucopia - _ . _ _ . 2
3. lovi . coNSBEVAT. — S.O. ; Jupiter standing 1
4. monbta . AVGVSTI, — S.C. ; the goddess Moneta, with scales and cor
nucopia, standing - - . . . i
5, viETVTi . AVGVSTI. — S.C, ; a female figure, standing, helmeted ; her
left foot upon a helmet ; in her left arm a parazonium, in her
right hand a spear - - - - 1
Total 8
Nerva.
[a,d, 96 to A,D. 98. Style : imp . neeva , cabs . avg . germ . p.p.]
Silver.
Rev. POBTVNA . P.B. ; a female figure, seated ; in her right hand ears
of corn, in her left the hasta pura - 1
Trajan.
[a.d. 98 to A.D. 117. Style : imp . caes . neeva . tbaian . avg .
germ , DAC . PARTH.]
Reverses Silver.
1. PARTHico . p.M.TE .p.cos.vi.P.P.s.p.Q.E.; across the field, PRo-
viD. ; a draped female figure, standing
2. cos.v.P.P.s.p.Q.R.; OPTIMO. PBiNCipi. ; atrophy; {Mr. Reader^)
3. s,p,(j.B . OPTIMO , PEINCIPI ; a captive, seated
4. One of the same type in lead Second Brass.
1 . TE.poT.cos.iiii.P.P. — s.c; Victory carrying a globe inscribed s.p.q.e.
2, TE . POT  ; s.c ; a female figure, seated r
3. s.p.Q.E , OPTIMO . PBINCIPI. — S.O. ; the emperor on horseback, riding
over a prostrate figure - -

Total

1 Where this reference occurs, it denotes the coin to be in the cabinet
E. F, S, Reader, Esq. of Sandwich,

of

126 RICHBOROUGH. Hadbian.
[a,d, 117 to A,D, 138. Style: imp.cabs.tbaiahvs.hadeianvs.avq. — ^imp.
CAES , DrVI . TEA . PAETH . P . DIVI . NEE . NEP . TBAIASVS . HADRIAN VS . AVG.]
Reverses. First Brass.
1. LiBEBTAS . PVBLICA. — S.C ; figure of Liberty, seated 1
Second Brass.
1. cos , III. — s.c. ; a female figure, standing, feeding a serpent from a
patera 1
2. MONETA . AVGVSTI, — s,c. ; the goddess Moneta, standing 1
3. PONT . MAX . TB . POT . COS . IH. — S.C. ; figure of Victory 1
Total 4
Sabisa (wife of Hadrian).
Large Brass.
Obv. SABINA . AVGVSTA . HADRIASI . AVG . P.P. ReV. TENEBI  ; S.C;
Venus, standing 1
^LIUS C^SAB.
[a,d, 136 to A,D. 138.]
Large Brass.
1 . Ohv. L . AELivs . CAESAB. ; naked head of fRlius. Rev. s.c ; a female
figure, seated, feeding a serpent rising from an altar ; below, salvs 1
Second Brass.
2. Rev. TB . POT . COS. — s.c ; female figure, standing, holding a cornu
copia - 1
Total 2
Antoninus Pius.
[a.d. 138 to A.D. 161, Style : imp . antosinvs . avg . Pivs . p.p. —
IMP . CAES . T , AEL , HADR . AKTONINVS , AVG. — ^DI WS . AN TONDSVS.]
SUver.
ife». AVEELivs. CAESAB. AVG, PII. p. COS. ; head of the young AureUus 1
Reverses. First Brass.
1, ...TB . p...; a woman holding two military standards, {Mr. Reader) 1
2. TiBBBis. — S.c. ; the Tiber personified, seated on the ground, {Mr.
Raider) 1
3. FELiciT  ; s.c; Type of Felicity, standing 1
4. GENio . SENATVS. — S.C; a figure in the toga, standing, holding a
laurel branch - - 1
Total 5

RICHBOROUGH. 127
Faustina the Eldee (wife of Antoninus Pius).
[Style : favstina . avgvsta. ; pavstina , avg , antonini , avg,]
Reverses. Silver.
1. vesta, ; Vesta, seated, holding the palladium - 1
2. AVGVSTA. ; female figure seated 1
3. Another, much rubbed from circulation - 1
Total 3
Mabcus Aurelius,
[a,d, 161 to A,D. 180. Style: aveelivs. caesae, avg, pii. f, — imp, caes,
M, AVBEL , ANTONINVS , AVG , P , M.  DIVVS . M . ANT0NINV3 . PIVS.]
Reverses. First Brass.
1. TR. POT . XIII . cos,..; S. C; figure of Hope - 1
2. PROV . DEOR , TR , p . XV , COS , III , — s , c; a female figure, standing,
holding a globe in her right hand, in her left, a cornucopia - 1
3. SALVTi . AVGVSTOR . TR . p . XVII. — s . c; a female figure, standing,
feeding a serpent entwined round an altar ; beneath, cos . iii. 1
4. C0NSECEATI0...S . c ; an eagle, bearing on its back the deceased
emperor ; in its claws, a thunderbolt 1
Total 4
Faustina the Younger (daughter of Pius and wife of M. Aurelius).
Style : favstina . avgvsta. — favstina .avgvsta . pii . avg , fil.
Silver.
Rev. FBCVND , avgvstab ; a female figure, standing, with four children 1
Large Brass,
Rev. AETERNITAS , s, 0, ; a draped female figure, standing, holding in
her extended right hand a globe surmounted by a phoenix 1
Reverses. Second Brass.
1. PELiciTAS. — S.C; type of Felicity 2
2. MATRi . magnae. — s . c; Cybcle seated between two lions 1
3. lUegible . . - i
Total 5
Lucius Vbeus.
[a.d. 161 to AD, 169, Style : imp , caesae . l ,avrel . vbevs. —
VEEVS . AVG , ABM , PABTH , MAX.]
Reverses. Silvei:
1. PEOVID , deor , te . p , II , cos . I,; a female figure, standing, holding
a globe and cornucopia {Mr. Reader) - - - 1

128 RICHBOROUGH.
2. TR.P.v . IMP , rii.oos.ii.; a figure, wearing tho Phrygian cap
and trousers, seated, with hands bound behind him j by his side,
a bow, quiver of arrows, and shield - - - 1
Total 2
LuoiLLA (wife of Lucius Verus).
Second Brass.
Ai). iVNO .REGINA.— s.o, J Juno, standing ; at her feet, a peacock - 1
Commodus,
[a.d. 166 to A D. 192, Style : l . avu . oommodvs . (iabsau. — m.
com . ANT . AVG . P . BRIT . FEL.]
Silver.
iJw. LIB . AVG . VIII p, m. TR, p . XVII. COS  ; a female figure,
standing, with tessera and cornucopia - - - - 1
Second Brass.
Rev. TR . p . V . imp. — s . 0. — ; a military figure, with trophy, marching
{Mr. Reader) - ..... i
Total 2
Severus,
[a.d, 197 to A.D. 211. Stylo : l . sept . sev . avg . imp. — imp . caes . l.
SEPT . SEV . PEUT . AVG , — SUVHRVS . AVG . PART . MAX . — SliVEllVS.
PIVS . AVG . BEIT.] First Brass,
Rev. (Aaventui. Aug.) felioissimo j the emperor, on horseback - 1
Another, illegible - ..... i
Reverses. Silver.
1. AiQviTATi.AVGO.; figure of Equity, standing {Mr. Reader) - 1
2. ANNONAti . AVQG.; a female figure, with hor right foot upon the
prow of a galley, and holding oars of corn in hor right hand j in
hor left arm, a cornucopia ..... i
3. INDVLQHNTIA.AVQO . IN . OAUTH.; Cybole, holding a thunderbolt
and the hasta, riding upon a lion . . . . i
Total 0
Julia Domna (wife of Severus).
[Style : ivlia . avqvsta. — ivlva . pia . fhlix , avq,]
Reverses. Silver.
1. pietas. AVQO.; a female figuru, sacrifiuiug at au altar - •¦ ]

RICMBOROUnil, 1.'29
2, SAKOVLt . FELioiTAS.; a fomivle figure, suckling an infant ; her loft
foot upon tho prow of a galley . - . - i
3. VESTA .MATER.; Vesta, seated ..... i
Total 3
Carao.vlla.
[a.b. 196 to A.D. 217. Stylo : antoninvs , caksar, — antoninds ,
AVOVSTVS,  M . AVUEL , ANTOSINVS , PIVS . AVQ , BltlT.]
roNTiF . TR . P . III.; a figure, stnading, holding a globe and spoar
p , M . TU , p . XV . cos , m . r . p.; a figure, standing, and holding the
hasta ; the right hand raised (J6-. Reader)
ssvERi . PII . AVG , FIL.; sacrificial instruments
Julia Mabsa.
(Sister of Julia Domna, and gi-andmothor of Elagabnlus.)
Sihrr.
Obv, IVLIA , maesa . AVG. Rer. saeovli pklioitas ; a female figure,
standing, and holding a patera and long cnduoous ; at her foot a
biiskot of fruit - - - - 1
Severus Alexander.
[aj). 221 to A.D. 235. Style : .m . avrel . Alexander , oaes. —
IMP .CM. SEV.AIiEXAND. — IMP .ALEXANDER . PIVS . AVG.]
lim>«rs«s. Sili-er.
\. FIDES . MiLiT.; fomnlo, with two standards {Mr. Reader) -
S. I.IBERALITAS , AUO ; Liberality, standing, with tessera and cornu
copia --.----
3. PONTIF , MAX , TR . p , II , COS , II , PP.; Romo, seated, in her right
hand, a figui-e of Victory ; in hor loft, a hasta -
4. p.M.TR.P.ii .cos .ii.j a figure, standing - . -
T). SALVS. rvBHOA. ; a female figure, seated, feeding a serpent
{Mr.Re<ider) - - . . -
Pint Bi\is.-<.
1, PROVIDKNTIA. Avo.; typo of l^vidence, Standing (J/>-. lieKider)
Seeond Brass.
1. PROVIDKNTIA , AVG . — S.C; a foniftle figuie, stftuding, holding oftTs
of corn over a modius ; in her left hand, a cornucopia Total
QoRBiAHUS THE Third,
[a.d a;58 to AD. -44. Stvlo : imp . i> , m . ant . oordiaxvs. —
IMP , QOR.DIANVS . PIVS , FSL . AV« ]

130 RICHBOROUGH.
Reverses. Silver.
1. DIANA . LvciFEBA,; Diana, standing, holding a torch
2, FELloiTAS.TBMPOE,; Felicity, Standing J in her right hand, a cadu
ceus ; in her left, a cornucopia - - -
3. LABTITIA . AVG , N.; a female, standing, holding a garland and staff
{Mr. Reader) - - . . . .
First Brass.
1. FBLiciT , TEMPOB, — S.C; female figure, Standing ; In her left hand,
a long caduceus, in her right, a cornucopia _ _ -
2. AETEENiTATi . AVG. — B.C.; the Suu, standing; his right hand
raised, in his left, a globe BUlon.
SAECVLi . FELICIT AS.; a figure, standing ; in his right hand, the pUum
or javelin ; in his left, a globe - - - - Total 6
Philip.
[a.d, 244 to A.D, 249, Style : imp .cm. ivl . philippvs . Ava.
 IMP . IVL , PHILIPPVS .p.p. AVG.]
Reverses. Silver.
1. ANNONA . AVG,; a female figure, standing ; in her right hand, ears
of com ; at her feet, a modius ; in her left arm, a cornucopia 1
2, BOMAE. AETEBNAE.; Romc, Seated - - 1
First Brass.
1. SECUKIT . OBBis. — s . 0. ; a female figure, Seated - 1
2, A badly preserved specimen of the lAbercditas type - 1
Total 4
Valbbianus.
[a.d, 254 to A,D. 260, Style: imp,c.p .licvalebianvs.c.f.avg,]
Reverses. Silver, or Billon.
1, FIDES , MiLiTVM,; a woman, standing ; in each hand a mUitary
standard - 1
2. SEC VEIT . PEEPET.; Security, leaning upon a column, and holding
the hasta - - - 1
Total 2
Valeeianub the Younqee.
Obv. VALEEiANVS , CABS. Rev. lovi , CBESCBNTi. ; the infant Jupiter,
upon a goat - - 1

RIOIIBOROOGU. 131
Qallienub.
[a,i>. 203 to A.i>. 268. Style : iMi>,a,P.Lio,aALLiENVB. avg. a alliidnvs .p.f.avq.ueum. J
Heverms. UiUon,
1, oiuMANicvs . MAX  ; a ti'ophy, with two oapti VOS, sitting - 1
S. vtuTVB. Avaa.; a military figure, holding a standard; in his loft
hand, a javoliu ...... i
Third Brass.
1. AUVNDANXiA . Avu.; a female figure, pouring fruit from a oomuoopia 1
2. APOLLO, oonbhu.; Apollo, standing ; hi his right hand a branch - 1
3. Ai'OLLiNi .COKS. AVG.; a griffin J in the exergue A - - 1
4, The samo ; a oentaur, holding a globe ; in the exergue r - 2
0, The same ; a oentaur, drawing a bow . . . . i
6. DiANAB .OONB.AVO.J auantelope or ibex; in the oxorguo XII - 3
7. FOUTVNA . BmDvx : Fortuna, standing, with rudder and oornuoopia 1
8. LEO  VI. p. VI, r.; a oaprioorn . . . . i
9. LiDHiio , OONS , AVO.; a panther, in the exergue b - . i
10, NEi>a'VNO,ooN8, AVO.; tt soa-horse . . . . i
U, i'iiovi»,AVG,j in thefield, II.; type of Providence - - 1
12, saIjVS , AVO, ; iu tho oxergue ws ; a femole figure, standing j in her
right hand, a serpent, whioh is feeding from a putora in her loft 1
13. viHTVs . Avy.j Iloi'culos, naked, standing j in his left hand, a globe,
his right resting upon a club ----- 1
14. viui'vs . Avoo ; a militui'y figure, standing ; a javolin in his right
hand, in his loft, a standard - ... - 1
Total 19
Salonika (wife of Gallienus).
Reverses, Billon,
1. FEOVNDITAS . AVO,; a woman, ooi-rying a shield and a oornuoopia
2. rvNo.vioTiux.; Juno, standing - . - -
3. piBTAS.Ava.; typo of Piety, standing . - -
Third Brass,
1. iVNo.itEOiNA.; Juno, standing - - - - Total 4
POSTUMUS.
[a.». 260 to A,». 267. Stylo : imp . c m , oass , lat . postvmvs.
P . P , AVG, — IMP , 0 , postvmvs , P . P . AVG,]
First Brass.
liBiw.DBVBONiiNSi,; figuro of lloroulos withiu a tempi

)Io

132 RICHBOROUGH.
Reverses. Billon.
1. FIDES , MiLiTV,; a woman, holding two military standards
2. lovi , sTATOBi.; Jupiter, standing
3. MONETA. AVG,; type of Moneta, standing
4. PAX , AVG.; Peace, standing, with the hasta pura and olive branch
5. p , M , TE , p , cos , III , pp,; a soldier, standing ; in his right hand,
a globe ; in his left, a spear
6, PEoviDENTiA. AVG.; type of Providonce
7, Two specimens, much corroded and Ulegible - - 2
Total 10
ViCTOEINUS,
[a,d, 265 to A.D. 267. Style : imp . c . pi . victobinvs .p.p. avg]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1, IHVIOTVS. ; the Sun, marching ^ 1
2. SALVS. AVG. ; Hygeia, standing, holding a patera and serpent 1
3. viETVS . AVG,; a military figure, standing - 1
4, VIETVS , AVGG,; a, y3se {unpuLUshed) ,1
5, Ten illegible - - - 10
Total 14
Marius,
[a.d, 267 ; deposed and assassinated in the same year. Style :
imp .cm, AVE , MAEIVS , P , F , AVQ,]
Third Brass.
Rev. viOTOEiA, AVG.; Victory, marching 1
Tbteicvs,
[a,d. 267 to a,d. 272, Style: imp,o, teteicvs ,p'. f, avg, — imp.
c. PBSv , teteicvs , p . f , AVO,]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. comes , AVG,; Victory, standing - . - . 2
2. HIIAEITAS , AVG. ; a woman, standing, holding a palm branch and
cornucopia - - ¦ - 2
3, SPES , PVBLICA - 1
4, Seven in bad preservation. Some of these belong to the junior
Tetricus - - . _ _ 7
Total 12
Claudius Gothicus,
[a,d, 268 to A.D, 270, Style: imp, c. olavdivs, avg, — divo.clavdicJ

RICHBOROUGH. 133
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. coNSBCEATio ; an eagle with expanded wings 1
2. Idem ; an altar - - ... 5
3. TE . p . II . cos,,. ; a female figure holding a flower - - 1
4. FIDES . EXEEOiT ; a womau holding two mUitary standards - 1
5. lovi . viCTOEi ; Jupiter standing - - - 2
6. LiBEEALiTAS , AVG,; a womau, holding in her right hand the tessera
board, in her left, a cornucopia - - - 3
7  AVG, ; the goddess Moneta, standing - - - 1
Total 14
QUINTILLUS,
[a,d, 270, Style : imp .cm, ave , cl , qvintillvs , avg,]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1, PA? . AVQ,; a female figure, marching ; in her right hand a flower
or branch, in her left, a hasta, transversely - 1
2  ; a female figure, standing 1
Total 2
AUEELIANUS,
[a,d . 270 to A.D, 275, Style : aveeliavs , avg, — imp , c . aveelianvs , avg,]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. FOETVNA . REDVX. ; Fortune, seated - - 1
2. CONCORDIA . MILITVM. ; the omperor joining hands with a female
figure ; in the exergue, s, and a star - 1
3. OEIBNS .AVG.; the Sun, standing ; in his left hand a globe, at his
feet, a captive - . - . \
4. BBSTITVTOE , OBBIS ; two figures, a male and female, standing ; the
former rests his left hand upon a spear, his right being extended
towards the female, who holds towards him a wreath ; in the
field, B ; in the exergue, xxi - 1
Total 4
Tacitus,
[a,d . 276. Style : imp , cl . tacitvs . avg. — imp . c . m . cl , tacit vs , p , f , avg,J
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. AEQVITAS , AVG,; a fema;le figure, standing, holding a cornucopia - 2
2, FIDES . MILITVM ; a female figure with two standards - 1
3. PAX . AETEENA ; Poacc, standing, and scales. This coin has been
washed with silver - - 1
4, TEMPOEVM , FELioiTAS ; a woman holding a caduceus and cornucopia 1
Total 5

134 RICHBOROUGH, Floeianus.
[a.d. 276. Style : imp . c . ploblanvs . avq,]
Third Brass.
Rev. FIDES . MILITVM ; a woman with two military standards ; in the
exergue, xxis - 1
Peobus.
[a.d. 276 to A.D. 282. Style; imp.c.pbobvs.p.f.avg. — imp.peobvs.avg.]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. MAETi . PAOiP. ; Mars, marching, holding a branch in his right
hand ; in his left, a spear and shield ; in the exergue, q . xx - 1
2. PAX . AVG. ; in the field, d ; a female figure, standing, holding .the
hasta pura and an olive branch 1
3. BOMAE . AETER, ; in the exergue, E*H ; a temple of six columns, in
wliich is a figure of Rome, seated, and crowned by Victory 3
4. EBSTiTVT .OEBis ; the emperor, standing, holding a globe and spear,
and crowned by a female figure ; in the exergue, xxi 1
5, SOLI . INVICTO ; the Sun, holding a globe and whip, in a quadriga;
in the exergue, b.f., and a thunderbolt - - - 1
• ~^
Total 7
Gaeinus,
[a,d. 282 to A,D. 285. Style : m .ave.carinvs , nob, caes. — imp.
caeinvs .e,f. avg,]
Gold.
Obv. IMP , CABINVS . p . AVG, ; bust of the emperor, laureated and lori-
catedjto the left ; the right hand holds a javelin over the shoulder,
and the left, a buckler, on which is Medusa's head. Rev. vic
toria . AVGG. ; Victory standing upon a globe, with wreath and
pahn branch (fig. 3, pi. vi) - 1
This rare and beautiful coin is in the finest state of preservation,
and, in some minute particulars, is an unpubhshed variety, both
as regards the obverse and the reverse. The victoria augustorum
refers to the successes of Carinus in Gaul, and to those of his
brother, Numerianus, in Persia. NUMEEIANUS.
[a.d. 282 to A.D. 284. Style: m.r.numerianvs, — imp.c.nume-
RIANVS , P , P . AVG,]

RICHBOROUGH. 135
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. OLBMBNTIA . TEMP. ; in the field, A; in the exergue, xxi ; two
figures, standing, holding between them a Victory . - 1
2. PEINCIPI . ivvENT, ; the emperor, standing, in a mUitary habit,
holding a spear and globe - _ - 1
Total 2
DiOCLETIANUS,
[a.d. 284 to A.D. 313. Style : imp.cdioolbtianvs. p,f,avg, —
0 , VAL . DIOCLETIANVS . P . F . AVG.]
Reverses. Silver.
1. VIETVS . MILITVM ; four soldicrs before the gate of a castrum ; be
tween them an altar (fig. 6, pi. vi) 1
Second Brass.
\. GENio . popvLi . EOMANi ; Gcnius, Standing, holding a cornucopia
and patera - _ . - 4
Third Brass.
1. OONOOEDIA .MILITVM ; the ompcror and Jupitor, Standing, between
them Victory, crowning the emperor ; in the field, A - - 1
2. Idem ; in the field, h,b. Type as the preceding 1 .
3. PAX . AVGGG. ; in the field, s.p, ; in the exergue, c ; Peace, standing 1
Total 8
The last is one of the coins bearing the name and effigies of
Diocletian, struck, in Britain, by Carausius, to imply that his
assumption of the imperial power had been recognized by Diocletian
and Maximian. Other coins of this emperor were also struck by
Carausius ; they may be detected by pecuUarities of fabric, as well
as by the three G^s in the abbreviation of the word augustorum.
Maximianus.
[a.d. 286 to A.D. 310. Style: maximianvs, nob, cabs. — imp. c. val.
MAXIMIANVS . P . F , AVG,]
Reverses. Second Brass.
1, GENIO . POPVLI . EOMANI; Genius, standing, with patera and cornu
copia ; in the field, xx * ; or B,r, ; or s.p, ; or s,a, ; or N, ; in the
exergue, p,l.c. ; or tb, ; or alb, ; or p,t,e, - 7
2, GBNio , POP . BOM,; Genius sacrificing at an altar ; in the field, ci
"; in the exergue, p,l,c. - 1

136 RICHBOROUGH.
Reverses. 3. SACRA , MONETA . AVBG . ET . CAES , NOSTR, ; in the exorguc, s,T, ; the
goddess Moneta, standing 1
Third Brass.
I, CONCORDIA, MILITVM; Jupiter and Maximian standing face to face ;
the former holds in his extended hand a figure of Victory, which
the emperor appears to be about to accept - - - 2
2, lovi , coNSBRVAT, ; Jupitor, standing 1
3. lov , ET . HEBCv . CONSER , AVGG. ; Jupitcr and Hercules standing
face to face ; between them Victory, crowning the former ; in the
field, ¥; in the exergue, XXI ' 1
4, TIRTVS,AVGG.; the emperors,as Jupiter and Hercules, joining hands 1
5. VOT . XX . H — in three lines, within a wreath - - - 1
Total 15
Caeausitts,
[a.d. 287 to A.D. 293. Style : imp . oaeavsivs .p.p. avg. — imp,
CM, CARAVSIVS , AVO, — OAEAVSIVS , BT . FEATBBS . BVI.
The coins of this emperor, and those of his successor, AUectus,
are of pecuUar interest to us. They were almost exclusively minted
in Britain, and iUustrate the history of this island during the ten
years of its separation from the Roman empire. Of this eventful
period, as far as regards Britain, no monumental inscriptions are
extant ; and the brief notices of historical writers which have come
down to us, are in the suspicious language of panegyrists and
conquerors. SUver.
1, MONETA . AVQ, ; the goddess Moneta, standing, with scales and cor
nucopia ; in the exergue, x (weight, 60 grains : fig, 4, pi, vi)
On his gold and silver coins, Carausius wears a laurel wreath ;
on the brass, a radiated diadem.
2. EOM. {renovat); Romulus and Remus suckled by a wolf; in the
exergue, exe (weight, 61 grains)
3. BOMANO , BENOVA ; a similar type ; in the exergue, bsb (weight,
51 grains) - -
The letters RSR. may possibly be explained, "Rutupis signat a," —
'' struck at Rutupise."

RICHBOROUGH. 137
The weight of the above coins shows that the last is considerably
aUoyed with baser metal; and yet it is of an average standard
with the coins of Diocletian and Maximian, while the other coins
of Carausius are above it.
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. COH.PE  ; four military standards (J/j-. .feacfer) - 1
2. COMBS . AVG. ; Victory, marching, with garland and palm branch 1
3. FIDES . MILITVM ; a woman holding two military standards 1
4. FIDES . MiLlT. ; a simUar type, but of better work ; in the field, s.p,;
in the exergue, o - - - 1
6. FOETVNA . AVG. ; Fortune, standing, with rudder and cornucopia 1
6. LABTiT . AVG. ; a woman, standing, holding a garland and the hasta 1
7. LEG . I . M.I, ? a ram ; in exergue, ml - - - 1
8, LEG . II . PAETH. ; a centaur, holding a globe and a rudder 1
9. LEG , VII . CL. ; a buU, in the exergue, ml 1
10. MAES . viCTOE ; Mars, marching, with a trophy 2
11. MBEOVEio . CON. AVQ.; Mercury, with his attributes, standing - 1
This unique and unpublished coin is in the cabinet of the
author, and was presented to him by M. de GerriUe, of Valognes,
to whom it had been given, many years preriously, by Mr. Reader
of Sandwich.
12. MONETA. AVG. ; Moncta, Standing, holding the scalcs and comucopia 4
13. PAX . AVG. ; Peace, standing, holding an olive branch in her right
hand, her left hand grasping the hasta pura ; in the field, l ; in
the exergue, ml (fig. 5, pi. vi) - - - 1
14. Same legend. A similar type, with s.c. in the field, and c in the
exergue ; or, fo . ml ; or other letters 30
15, Same legend ; Peace, standing, and holding the olive branch in
the right hand ; in the left, the hasta, held transversely ; in the
field, s.p. ; in the exergue, ml, or f.o,, ml, ; or b,e,, mlxxi ; or s,p.
MLXXI... - - - - - 10
16. pax . AVGGG. ; Peace, standing, with olive branch, and hasta trans
versely ; in the field, s.p. ; in the exergue, m.xxi - - 1
17. PEOVID .AVG.; a woman, standing, her right hand upon a wand
which touches a globe upon the ground, and holding in her left
arm a cornucopia ; in the field, b.p, ; in the exergue, o - - 2
T

138 RICHBOROUGH.
Reverses. 18. SPES . PVBLic, ; Hope, walking; in her right hand she holds a
flower, whUe her left slightly raises her garments, that they may
not impede her course - - - 1
19, ...A . AVQ. {Tutela ?); a female holding a patera over an altar ; in
her left hand the hasta 1
20. yiciorii. . avg, ; Victory, marching, holding a wreath and palm
branch - - - 1
21, VIC . AVG. ; a female figure holding a bipennis, or double axe (un
published) 1
This is eridently an early production of the mint of Carausius.
22. VIETVS . AV.G. ; a mUitary figure, standing, with spear aud shield ;
in the exergue, c 3
23. Badly preserved coins of the Fortuna, Lmtitia, and Paa;, types 21
Total 91
Allectus.
[a.d. 293 to A.D. 296. Style : imp . c . alleotvs , p , avq, — imp , c ,
ALLECTVS . P . F . in , AVG,]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1, fides , MILITVM ; a woman holding two military standards ; in the
field, s,p, 1
2, LABTITIA , AVG, ; Lsetitia, standing ; in her right hand a garland,
in her left, an in verted javelin; in the field, s,A,; intheexergue,M.L, 1
3, Same legend. A simUar type ; s.a. in the field ; in the exergue,
M.S.L, - 1
4, Same legend, A galley, with a mast, and six rowers ; in the ex
ergue, Q,c, - 3
5, MONETA. AVG, ; Moneta, standing ; in the field, s.p, ; in the exergue,
M,S,L. 1
6, PAX , AVG, ; Peace, standing ; in her right hand an olive branch,
in her left, the hasta pura, held transversely ; in the field, s.a, ;
ML, in the exergue (fig, 7, pi. vi) 6
7, PEOVID , AVG,; a female figure, standing, holding a globe in her-
right hand ; in her left, a cornucopia ; in the field, s,p. ; in the
exergue, c - 2
8. PEOVIDENTIA . AVQ. A Similar type - - - 2
9. Same legend. A female figure holding a globe in her right hand ;
in her left, the hasta pura ; in the field, s.p, ; in the exergue, c 2

RICHBOROUGH . 1 39

10. Same legend. A similar type. In the field, s.p. ; in the exergue,
CL. ; or M.L. ---...-2
11, TEMPOEVM , FBLici ; Felicity, standing, holding in her right hand a
long caduceus, which rests upon the ground ; in her left, a cornu
copia ; in the field, s,p.; in the exergue, ml, - 1
12. VIETVS, AVG, ; a galley, with mast and rowers ; in the exergue, q.c,
or Q.L. (fig. 8, pi. vi) 21
Total 43
The galleys represented upon these coins, furnish us with examples
of the ships which first obtained for Britain the sovereignty of the
sea ; and, for the space of nine years, protected the island in an
independent government. The Romans, under Constantius, effected
a landing on the southern coast, having evaded the fleet of Allectus
(stationed off the Isle of Wight), which was enveloped in a thick
fog. A land engagement reduced Britain once more to a province.
Constantius I.
[a.d. 293 to A.D. 306. Style : fl . val . constantivs . nob . cabs.
— IMP . constantivs . P . F . AVG,]
Reverses. Second Brass.
1. genio . POPVLI . EOMANI; Gonius, standing, holding in his right
hand a patera, in his left, a comucopia ; in the field, xx\; in the
exergue, ale. __---- 1
2. Same legend ; simUar type ; in the field, A and a star; in exergue,
TR. Another, with s and a star in the field ; and one without
any letter in the field or in the exergue - - 3
Total 4
Helena (wife bf Constantius and mother of Constantine).
Style : fl , ivl , hblbna . avgvsta.
Reverses Third Brass.
1. SECVEITAS . EEiPVPLiOB. (sic); A womau, standing, dressed in the
stola, and holding an olive branch ; in the exergue, p. tb., or
other letters - - - - 3
2. PAX PVBLICA ; a female figure, holding an olive branch and the
hasta ; in the exergue, trp . - - - 5
Total 8

140 RICHBOROUGH.
Theodoea (second wife of Constantius Chlorus).
[Style : fl . max . theodoea . avg.]
Reverse. Third Brass.
1. pietas . BOMANA ; a female, holding a chUd to her bosom; in the
exergue, tbp. - - 12
To this lady must be assigned the foUowing unique and
impubUshed coin (fig. 13, pi. ri.).
Obv. MXATioDOB...; head of Theodora to the right. Rev. pax.pvblica;
a female figure, with branch and hasta ; in the exergue, in. 1
Total 13
Galbeius Maximianus.
[A.D.292toA,D,311, Style: iMC, coal. val, maximianus, P. F, avg.]
Reverse. Second Brass.
GENIO , EXEEOiTvs ; Genius, standing, with a comucopia in the left
arm, and holding a patera in the right hand over an altar ; in
the field,— 'B ; in the exergue, ant, 1
Maxestius.
[a,d, 306 to 312, Style: maxentivs,kob.c — imp.maxentivs.p.p.avg,]
Reverses. Second Brass.
1. OONSEBVATORES. KART . SVAE.; a female figure, standing within a
temple of six columns ; in the exergue, p,K,r. - 1
Third Brass.
1. voT , Q , Q . MVL , X, within a wreath 1
Total 2
Romulus (son of Maxentius),
Third Brass.
Obv. DIVO. EOMVLO.NVBis. CONS,; bare head of Romulus, iJei>, abteb-
NAB , MEMOEIAE ; a mausoleum, surmounted by an eagle 1
Licinius,
[a,d. 307 to A.D. 324. Style: imp.c.val.licin.licinivs.p.f.avg.]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. GENIO , pop , EOM,; Gonius, standing, holding a patera and comu
copia; in the field, t,f,; in the exergue, pte,, orA,s,; pte,,
or T,s,; PTE.; or s,P,, pln. 10
2, lovi . CONSBEVATORI ; a figure of Jupiter, holding a Victory and
the hasta ; at his feet, an eagle and a captive ; in the field, .'J, ;
in the exergue, smna , 2
Total 12

RICHBOROUGH. 141
Licinius the Younger.
Third Brass. ,,
Oiv. LiciNivs.iVN. NOD. c; laureated head iJev. illegible 1
CONSTANTINUS.
[a.d. to 306 to A.D. 337. Style ; fl . val . oonstantinvs . nob . o. — oonstantinvs.
AVG.  IMP . oonstantinvs . P . F . AVG.  OONSTANTINVS . MAX .AVG,]
Reverses, Second Brass.
MAETI . PATRI . OONSERVATOEI; in the field, s . R ; in the exergue, pte. 1
Third Brass.
1. BEATA . TEANQViLLiTAS ; an altar, inscribed voTis . XX.; in the ex
ergue, the letters, pte., or plc, or ate., or str., or p.lon.; in the
field of the coins with plo, are the letters cr. - - - 30
2. ooMiTi , AvaG,NN ; the Sun, holding a globe and a whip ; in the
exergue, pln. - - - - 3
3. D.N. ooNSTANTiNi . MAX . AVG. rouud a Wreath enclosing vot . xx.;
in the exergue, stb., or ST., or other letters - - - 5
4. GLORIA . BXBEOiTvs J two soldiors, standing, armed with spears
and shields ; between them, two standards ; in the exergue,
SMKB,, or SMNS., or other letters - - - 10
5. lovi. CONSBEVATORI .AVOQ. N.N. ; Jupitor, standing, holding a
Victory and the hasta ; at his feet, an eagle ; in the exergue, TSe. 1
6. MAETI . PATEI . PEOPvo.; Mars, in the attitude of combating ; in
the exergue, pln. ...... 2
7. MAETI . OONSERVATOEI ; Mars, standing, armed; in the field, t . f.;
in the exergue, pte. --.... 2
8. pbovidentiae . AVQQ,; a female figure, standing, holding a labarum
in- her left hand, her right joining that of another female figure
iu a galley holding a cornucopia ; iu the exergue, b,arl. - 1
This is an exceedingly rare type ; it is described by Ban-
duri, who caUs the female on the right " a military figure."
9. pbovidentiae .AVQQ,; the gate of a castrum; in exergue, ptre. 4
10. EOMAB . ABTERHAH ; Romc, seated - -. - - 1
11. SARMATIA . DBVIOTA ; Victory, marching, with pahn branch and
trophy ; a captive on the ground ; in the exergue, ptb,, or plc 8
12. SOLI . INVIOTO ; the Sun, standing ; the right hand extended and
holding a globe in the left ; in the exergue, ptb. 1
13. SOLI . INVIOTO ¦ OOMITI ; radiated head of the Sun - - 1

142 RICHBOROUGH.

14. Same legend ; the Sun, standing ; his right hand raised, his left
holding a globe; in the field, t.f.; in the exergue, pte.; or b.s.
PTE, ; or c . 8. PABL. ; or a star and ptb, ; or t . e. and a star, and
(JAEL. ; or T . F., PLN., etc. 30
These coins are of different module.
15, s. P. Q.E.OPTIMO. PEINCIPI ; three standards; in the exergue, es. 1
16. VICTOEIAE.LAETAE.PEINC PEEP,; two wiuged Victories, holding
a wreath in which is VOT. PE,; between them, an altar; in the
exergue, stb., or pln., or tt. 10
17. The same ; simUar type. (This has been washed.) 1
18. VIETVS . EXERCiT.; a trophy between two captives 1
19. The same legend : a labarum, inscribed vot . xx., between two
captives ; in the exergue, p.lon., or pln,, etc. 5
20. The apotheosis of Constantine ; the emperor, ascending to heaven
in a quadriga ; from the clouds a hand stretched out towards
him. The obverse bears a veUed head, div . oonstantinvs , avg,c 2
Total 120
Fausta (wife of Constantine).
[Style : flav . max , favsta . avq.]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. SALVS .RBiPVBLicAB ; a voUcd female, standing, suckling two in
fants ; in the exergue, p.lon. - 1
2. Same legend ; simUar type, with STE. in the exergue. 1
Total 2
The first of these two coins, with the letters p.lon., denoting its
having been minted at Londinium, is extremely rare.
Cbispus (son of Constantine").
[a.d. 317toA.D. 326. Style: ceispvb.nobil.c — ivl.cbibpvs.nob.caes.]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. beata . TBAN(jLiTAS (sic); an altar, with a globe upon it, and in
scribed, voTis.xx,; in the field, f.b,; in the exergue, p,lon. 6
2. BEATA, TRANQViLLiT AS.; a simUar type, with sir,, etc, in the
exergue - 3
3, CAESAEVM , NOSTEORVM, round a wreath in which is, vot.x.; in the
exergue, t . t., and other letters - 8

RICHBOROUGH, 143

4. fbovidintiab.oaxss.; the gate of a castrum ; in tho exergue, str. 1
0. vibtvb . EXEHOIT.; two captives upon the ground ; between them
a labarum, inscribed, vot . xx.; in the oxorgue, pte. - - 1
Total 18
Delmatius (nephew of Constantino).
Third Brass.
1. Obv. FL . delmativb . NOB . CAES.; laureated head of Delmatius.
Rev. GLORIA . EXBRoiTVS J two soldiors, standing, with spears and
shields ; between them a standard, from the top of whioh is sus
pended a banner with x ; in the exergue, poonst - 1
CoNSTANTiNvs II (son of Constantine).
[a.d. 317 to a.d. 340. Style : oonstantinvs . oaesae. — fl. ol. oon
stantinvs . IVN . N . 0. — D . N . oonstantinvs . IVN . NOB . c]
1. DEATA . TBANQVILLITAB ; altar and globe and three stars; in the
exergue, btb., or or, and flo. - - 8
2. Same legend ; similar type ; in field, f,b.; iu exergue, p.lon. (fig.
9, pi. vi.) ... ... 2
8. Same legend ; similar type ; in field, f . a.; in exergue, p.lon. - 1
4, BEATA . TRANQLITAS (sic); in oxorgue, P.LON. - - - 4
6. oAmsABVM . NOSTEORVM. J in tho field of the coin, surrounded by a
wreath, vot.v,; in the exergue, q.v., or sis,, or other letters - 6
*6. Same legend j in the field, vol . x.; in the oxorgue, p.lon,, or ptr. 4
7. OLABITAS.BEIPVBLIOAB ; tho Sun, Standing ; his right arm raised,
and tho left holding a whip ; in the exergue, aqt. - - 1
8, Same legend ; the Sun, standing ; his right hand raised, in the
loft, a globe ; in tho field, t . f.; in tho oxorgue, atl., or ft.
and btu. - - - - - 2
0. GLORIA. BXiBOiTVS ; two soldiors, standing, armed with spears and
shields ; between them, two standards - - - - 60
There are numerous varieties of this type so common to the
Constantine family. Some have a wreath or palm branch between
the standards ; others have only one standard, or a labarum with
the monogram of Christ (fig. 18, pi. ri.), or other letters. The
exergue marks on those found at Richborough, are plc, trp., p .
CONST., etc.

144 RICHBOROUGH.

10. PBOVIDENTIAE . CABS,; gate of a castrum ; in the exergue, stb., or
P.LON., or P,C0NS, - - - 10
11, VICTORIAE , LAETAE , PEINCE . PEEP,; as On the coius with simUar
legend of his father (see p. 142).
12. VIETVS. AVGVSTI ; a mUitary figure, standing, with spear and shield 1
Total 98
Constans.
(Son of Constantine the Elder and Fausta.)
[a.d. 333 to A.D, 350. Style : PL . lvl , constans, — fl . constans .
P , P , AVG.  D . N . CONSTANS .P.P. AVG,]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1, PEL , TEMP . EBPAEATio ; a soldier leading a captive from a hut; in
the exergue, tep, ; and on another, plc - 2
2. Same legend. A military figure transfixing, with his spear, a horse
man and his horse, which have faUen to the ground ; various
letters in the exergue - 12
These are of four different sizes.
3, Same legend. A phcenix upon a funeral pUe 10
4, Same legend. A gaUey steered by a winged Victory ; upon the
gaUey, to the left, stands the emperor, holding, in his right hand,
a Victory ; in his left, a labarum, with the monogram of Christ ;
in the field, H ; in the exergue, pte. 3^
6. GLOEiA . EXEECITVS ; two military figures, with spear and shield,
standing ; between them, a military standard ; on some of the
standards upon these coins, is the monogram of Christ ; on others,
the letter M, or a star ; in the exergue, tbps., or pls., or A<i8., or
other letters 25
6. viCTOEiAB .D.D .AVGG . Q , N , N, ; two Victories standing face to
face, holding a laurel wreath in the right hand, and a palm branch
in the left ; between them, a pahn branch ; in the field of others
is the letter D, or M, or t, or a leaf, or a star; in the exergue, tbs,,
or TEP , or other letters 24
7. VIETVS . AVGG .N .N.; a, soldler, standing, with spear and shield 1
Total 77
Constantius II.
(Second son of Constantine and Fausta.)
[a,d, 323 to A,D. 361. Style: constantivs. caesae. — constantivs. nob.
C — ^D . H. constantivs .P.P. AVG.  PL , IVL , CONSTANTIVS , AVG.]

RICHBOROUGH. 145
Reverses. SUver.
1. VOTIS . xxx . MVLTis . XXXX, in four lines, within a wreath ; in the
exergue, s.con, - ¦ 2
Second Brass.
1, hoc , signo . viCTOB , BEis ; the emperor, standing, wearing the
paludamentum, and holding in his right hand a labarum in which
is the monogram of Christ ; in his left hand is a short sword ;
behind him, standing, a Victory, who is extending a wreath
towards the head of the emperor ; in the field, iii ; in the ex
ergue, *siEA. (fig. 10, pi, vi) - 2
Third Brass.
1. CONCOEDIA, MILITVM,; a mUitary figure in the paludameutum, hold
ing, in each hand, a labarum, in which is the monogram of the
word Christ ; in the exergue,-Asis. - 1
2, CONSTANTIVS . OAESAE across the field of the coin ; above, a star ;
below, PTE. The obverse bears the laureated head of Constan
tius, without inscription - - I
3. FBL . TEMP . EBPAEATIO ; a military figure, armed with shield and
spear, striking at an enemy, who is tailing from his horse ; in the
exergue, amd. 1
4. Same legend, SimUar type, with slight varieties. The exergual
letters are chiefly alea, or cslo, or cplc, 14
5, Same legend, A phoenix upon a funeral pUe 2
6. Same legend. The emperor, in a galley, habited in the paludamen
tum ; in his right hand a figure of Victory ; in his left, a labarum
with the monogram of Christ ; at the stern, a sedent Victory ; in
the exergue, pls, 6
7. Same legend. The emperor, standing, wearing the paludamentum;
in his right hand a figure of Victory, his left resting on a laba
rum with a monogram of Christ 1
8. GLOEIA , exbecitvs ; two soldiers, with standards, etc, as on the
coins of Constantine and Constans 12
Total 42
Coins of the City of Rome, struck by Constantine or his Sons.
Third Brass.
1, Obv. VEBS.ROMA; galeated head of Rome. Rev. Romulus and Remus
suckled by a wolf ; above, two stars ; or two stars divided by a
palm branch; in the exergue, p.oonst. ; oroSLc; or plc; orsLC;
or TEP, ; and tes, - - 50
U

146 RICHBOROUGH.
2. Obv, VEBS , EOMA, Rev, Victory, standing, as on the following
coins of Constantinople ------ 1
3. Obv. BOMA ; a holmotod female head. Rev. A military figure, stand
ing; in the field, the letters PR, {Tanini, tab. v, fig, 3) - 1
Total 52
Coins of Constantinople, struck by Constantine or his Sons.
Third Brass.
Obv. coNSTANTiNOPOLis J a youthful female head, wearing a laureated
helmet ; bust, in armour, and a sceptre resting on tho shoulder.
Rev. Victory holding the hasta pura and a shield ; her right foot
upon the prow of a galley ; in tho oxorgue, p . const ; or tep. and
TES.; or PLC, etc. One specimen, on tho obv. roads vebs . roma 60
Magnbntius.
[a.d. 250 to A.D. 253, Style: d , n , maqnentivs , p , f . avq. — im.
OAE , MAGNBNTIVS . AVG.]
Reverses. Second Brass.
1, SALVS , D , D , NN , AVG , ET , OAES ; monogram of Christ between tho
letters alpha and omega; in the exergue, and, - - 2
2, Samo legend. SimUar type. In the oxorgue, tes. - 1
3. FELIOITAS . BEiPVBLioB {sic) ; Magnoutius, standing, wearing the pa^
ludamentum ; in his right hand a Victory, in his left, a labarum,
with the monogram of Christ ; in the field, a ; in the exergue, tbs. 6
4. OLOEIA . ROMANORVM ; the emperor, on horseback, thrusting his
spear at an enemy on his knee ; beneath, a shield and broken
javelin ; in the exergue, tbs. - - 3
5, VICTORIAE, DD,NN, AVG. BT. CABS.; two Victorios holding a wToath,
in which is voT , v . mvlt , x ; in the exergue, tes,, or trp, - 7
6, Same legend. Similar, type. In this coin the wreath is affixed to
the trunk of a tree - - 1
Total 20
Deoehtius,
[a.d. 351 to A.D. 363. Style,: ¦d.n.dboentivs. nob, caes.]
Reverses, Third Brass.
1. SALVS . DD . NN . AVG , ET , CABS, ; tho mouogram of Christ between
the letters alpha and omega - .... 2
2. VICTORIAE. DD.NN, AVG, BT. CABS,; two Victories holding a wroath,
in which is vot , v , mvlt. ;' above, the monogram of Christ - 2
Total 4

RlCIIBOROUOll, 147
JOLIANUS II.
\.\.V). 365 to A.D, 363. Style ; fl , cl , ivlianvs .p.p. avq. — dn .
IM. . OL , IVLIANVS P.P. AVG,]
Reverses, Silver.
1. VOT , X . MVLT , XX. withiu a wreath ; iu the oxorguo, p.lvg, 1
2. VOT , X , MVLT , XX. withiu a wroatli, in tho upper part of whioh is
an eagle in a circle ; iu tho oxergue, const, - - - 2
Second Bt-ms.
1. SEOVRITAS.REIPVB.; a buU, with two stars ; iu the oxorgue, asiso. 1
Third Bnm.
1. SPES . UEiPYBLicE {sic) ; tho ompoi-or, standing, holding a globe in
his right hand, hia loft resting upon a spear with the barb down-
wiu-ds i in tho exergue, rslc - - . - i
2, VOT . X , MULT . XX. in a wreath - - - 2
Total 7
Helena (wife of Julian).
Obv. PL , ivt , HELENA . AVO. Ritv. PAX . PVBLICA ; Poaco, Standing,
holding tho hasta pura j in tho exergue, trp. - - - 1
JOVIANUS.
[a.d. 363 to A D. 364. Style : » . n . iovianvs .p.p. avg ]
, Sifivr.
Rev. VOT , V . Mvi.T . X. in a wreath ; in the e.xorgu6, ant. 1
Valkntinianus.
[a.d. 364 to AJB. 376. Style : d , n . valentinianvs .p.p. avg.]
Rtverses. Sileer.
1. BKSTiTVTOR , RKIP. ; tho omperor, standins;, holding a globe sur
mounted by a Victory aud a labarum with the monogram of
Christ ; in tho oxei'suo, r.LVG. - - - . i
Third Brass.
1. GLORIA . UOMAKORVM ; tlio eiupevor, in a military habit, with his
right hiuid upon the head of a captive on his knees with bauds
bound behind him ; in his loft hand a labarum with the mono
gram of Christ ; iu the field, of . iii ; in the exergue, lvgsp., or
P.CON, - - - - 8
2. RKPARATio . HBiPVB. ; the oiuperor, holding in his left hivnd a globe
surmounted by a Viodory, extending his right hivnd to a kneeling
femnlo figuro with turroted head ; in the field of tbe coin, s ; in
tho exoi'guo, i.vop, - - . 1

148 RICHBOROUGH.
3, SECVEITAS , EEIPTBLICAE ; Victoiy, with wreath and pahn branch,
marching to the left ; in the field, of . iii,, or es , p, ; in the ex
ergue, p . CON., or PBiuA., or sma(js , or Tsiscz. (fig. 11, pi. vi.) 10
Total 20
VaIiENS.
[A.D. 364 to A.D. 378. Style : d . n , talbks . p . f .avg.]
Reverses. ' Gold.
1. BBSTITVTOE . BEIPVBLICAE ; in the exergue, ant . B.; the emi)eror,
standing, holding in one hand a globe surmounted by a Victory;
in the other the standard of the cross {Mr. Reader) 1
SUver.
1. EESTITVTOE . BEIP.; as the preceding ; in the exergue, b.lvg. 1
2. VEBS . BOMA; Rome, seated ; in the exergue, tbps. 2
Third Brass.
1. GLOEIA . EOMANOBVM ; type as that of the same l^end on the coins
of Valentinian ; in the exergue, lvgp., or p,coN., or BSisc ; in the
field of some, op . ii., or E. 5
2. SECVEITAS . BEIPVBLICAE ; type as on those of Valentinian ; in the
exergue, asecvsda., or lvgp., or p.con., or smaq., or smbt,, or
B.siBC; in the field of some, op . i. - 20
Total 29
Gbatiasus.
[a.d, 375 to a.d. 383. Style: gbatiahvs.avg. caes. — d.n.gka-
TlANVB . P . F . AVG. — J> . N . GEATIANVS . AVGG , AVG.]
Reverses. SUver.
1. VEBS . BOMA.; Rome, seated ; in the exergue, tbps, - 1
SecoTid Brass.
1. bepabatio . EBiPVB.; in the exergue, s . con.; the emi)eror, wearing
the paludamentum, raising, with his right hand, a female figure
wearing a turreted crown, and holding, in his left, a Victory
upon a globe (fig. 12, pL vi.) - - 3
Third Brass.
1. GLOEIA , NOVI , SAECVLI ; Gratian, standing, laureated, and wearing
the paludamentum ; in his right hand a labarum, with the
monogram of Christ ; his left hand resting upon a shield ; in the
exergue, TCON.; in one instance, op,iii. in the field - - 8
2, GLORIA . BOMANOEVM ; in the exergue, const., or lvg.p , or asisca.,
or BSiscv,, or tbp,; in the field, p . c, or op . ll., or <ik., or sp, - 16

RICHBOROUGH. 149
Reverses. 3. SECVEITAS . EEIPUBLICAE ; Victory, marching to the left with
wreath and palm branch ; in the field, op,i., or of.i.s,, or of.se.,
or h.rs., or v. A.; in the exergue, p.con., or hsisc, or smvii. - 14
4. viRTVs , romanorvm ; a female figure, galeated, sitting in a chair;
in her right hand a globe ; hor left holding a spear ; in the ex
ergue, p . CON. - - - 1
5. VOT . XV . MVLT . XX. in a wreath - .4
Total 47
Theodosius.
[a.d, 379 to A.D, 395, Style : d ,n , thbodosivs , p. p . avq.]
Reverses. Third Brass.
1. CONCORDIA .AVGGG.; a female figure, turreted, sitting ; inherright
hand a spear ; in her left a globe ; her right foot upon the prow
of a vessel - - - 1
2. GLORIA . EOMANOBVM ; the omperor, clad in the paludamentum,
holding a globe, and a labarum with monogram of Christ 1
3. SALVS . BEIPVBLICAE ; Victory, marching to the left ; upon her
shoulder a trophy; her left hand upon the head of a captive ; in
the field, the monogram of Christ 3
4. VICTOEIA.AVGQG.; Victory, standing, with wreath and palm branch ;
in the exergue, scon. - - - - 3
5. Same legend ; two Victories, standing, face to face, holding
wreaths - - 2
6. VIETVS . EXEECITVS ; a military figure, with his foot upon a captive;
in his right hand a labarum ; in his left a globe - - 1
7. VOT . X . MVLT . XX. in a wreath - - 2
Total 13
Magnus Maximus.
[a,d. 383 to A,D, 388, Style : dn . mag . maximvs , p , f . avg,]
Reverse. Third Brass.
1. SPES , EOMANOBVM; the gate of a castrum surmounted by a star ;
in the exergue, smte,, or con,, or es,, or et, (fig, 14, pi. vi.) 4
ViCTOE (son of Maximus).
[a.d. 3S3 to A.D. 388. Style : d . n . fl . victoe .p.p. avg.]
Third Brass.
1. Rev. SPES . romanorvm ; the gate of a castrum ; in the exergue,
various letters, illegible - 3

150 RICHBOROUGH. Eugenius,
[a,d, 392 to A J), 395, Style : d , n , evgenivs. p.f.avg.]
Third Brass.
Rev. VIOTOEIA ,AyGQQ,; Victory, with wreath and palm branch, march
ing to the left, {Unique, and unpublished; fig, 15, pi, vi,) 1
Aecadius,
[a.d, 383 to A,D. 408, Style: d.n,aecadivs. p.f.avg,]
Reverses. Gold.
1, VIOTOEIA , AVGGG, ; in the field, m,d, ; in the exergue, conob. ; the
emperor, in a mUitary dress, standing; in his right hand he
holds a labarum ; in his left, a figure of Victory upon a globe ;
his left foot upon a prostrate figure 1
Silver MedaUion.
1. VOT . X , MVLT , XX, Within a wreath ; in the exergue, mdps, {um,-
piMished ; fig, 17, pi, vi) 1
Second Brass.
1. VIETVS , EXBECITVS ; type, as that of the gold 1
Third Brass.
1, SALVS , EBiPVBLiCAE ; Victory, with garland, dragging a captive;
in the field, the monogram of Christ 2
.2, VIOTOEIA, AVGGG.; Victory, standing, with Wreath and palm branch ;
in the exergue, te., or lvg.p., or con. 22
Total 27
HONOEIUS.
[a.d. -393 to A.D, 423. Style : d , n . honobivs , p , f . avg,]
Reverses. Gold.
1. VIOTOEIA , AVGGG, ; iu the field, e,v, ; in the exergue, oomob, ; the
emperor, standing, holding a labarum, and globe surmounted by
a Victory ; his foot upon a captive {Mr. Reader) 1
SUver.
1, VIETVS , BOMANOEVM ; a female figure, helmeted, holding an image
of Victory and a spear, seated on a coat of maU ; in the exergue,
TBPS, - - 1
Third Brass.
1, VICTORIA AVGGG. ; Victory, standing, with wreath and palm branch ;
in the exergue, lvgp, - - 4
Total 6

RICHBOROUGH.

151

CONSTANTINUS III.
[a.d, 407, Style : d . n , constantinvb , p , p , avo. — fl . cl .
OONSTANTINVS . AVG.]
SUver.
Rev. VIOTOEIA, AAAAVQQGG,; in the oxorguo, SMLD. ; a helmed female,
seated, holding a globe surmounted by a Victory and the hasta,
(fig. 16, pi. vi). - 1
Minimi,, or very small coins in brass, which, from their barbarous
execution, or imperfect design, can only be considered as imita
tions, of a late date, of the commoner kinds of third brass coins.
Examples of these are shown in figs. 19, 20, and 21, pi. vi - 200

SUMMARY OF COINS FOUND AT RICHBOROUGH.

British

1

CoTTlTTloduS

2

Consular -

3

Severus

5

Augustus

7

Julia Domna

3

Agrippa

1

CaracaUa

3

Tiberius

2

Julia Msssa

1

Caligula

2

Severus Alexander

7

Claudius

13

Gordianus Pius

6

Nero

11

Philip

4

Vespasian

12

Valerianus

2

Titus

1

Valerianus, Junior

1

Domitian

8

Gallienus

19

Nerva

1

Salonina

4

Trajan

7

Ppstumus

10

Hadrian

4

Victorinus

- 14

Sabina

1

Marius

1

Mlius

2

Tetricus -

12

Antoninus Pius

5

Claudius Gothicus

14

Faustina the Elder

3

QuintUlus

2

Marcus Aurelius

4

Aurelianus

4

Faustina the Younger

5

Tacitus

5

Lucius Verus

2

Florianus

]

Lucilla -

1

Probus -

7

152

RICHBOROUGH.

Carinus -

1

Constantius II -

42

Numerianus

2

Urbs Roma

52

Diocletianus

8

Constantinopolis

60

Maximianus

16

Magnentius

20

Carausius

- 91

Decentius

4

AUectus -

43

Julianus II

7

Constantius I -

4

Helena -

1

Helena

8

Jovianus -

1

Theodora

13

Valentinianus

20

Gal. Maximianus

1

Valens

- 29

Maxentius

2

Gratianus

47

Romulus

1

Theodosius

13

Licinius

12

Magnus Maximus

4

Licinius, Junior

1

Victor -

3

Constantine the Great

- 120

Eugenius

1

Fausta

2

Arcadius

27

Crispus

18

Honorius

6

Delmatius

1

Constantine III

1

Constantine II

98

Minimi

200

Constans

77

Total

1279

As before observed, the above list is, with a few exceptions, compUed from
coins in the possession of Mr. Rolfe. Mr. Reader also possesses about six
hundred ; of which, the best preserved, or most remarkable, are here inserted,
the others being chiefly of the class termed "Minimi". Mr, Reader calculates
that, in past years, he has given away, at least, as many as he now possesses.

The class of monuments described in the preceding pages, can
not but be regarded with a high degree of interest. They extend
over a period of upwards of four hundred years, — from the first
arrival of the Romans in Britain, to their final departure. The
coins of most of the earher emperors are comparatively scarce; but
toward the latter end of the third century, when Carausius wrested
the prorince from Diocletian and Marimian,they suddenly increase
in number ; and those of the ten years during which the island

RICHBOROUGH. 153
maintained its independence, far exceed those of any other reign,
although the coins of many of the subsequent emperors are very
numerous. This may probably be ascribed to a local cause. Carau
sius, it is well known, commanded the Roman fleet which was
stationed in the channel to guard the coasts of Britain and Gaul
from the incursions of the Franks and Saxons, who had already
begun to be troublesome. Carausius subdued the pirates, but
was himself subsequently accused of allowing them to carry off
booty, which he intercepted before they reached their own har
bours, and appropriated to his own use, instead of sending it to
the treasury at Rome. Maximian baring given orders for the
degradation of his accused admiral, the latter, anticipating the
worst, sailed with the fleet to Britain, of which, by the aid of the
legions there stationed, and one or more quartered in Gaul, he
obtained complete possession. There can be little doubt that the
Rutupine coast was the scene of many important events, which,
unrecorded by the pen of history, must be presumed to have
occurred dming the dismemberment of the province from the
Roman empire. The fleet which aided Carausius in his successfal
adventure, probably had its chief quarters at Rutupise, — a station,
above aU others, important for communicating with Gaul and
Germany. The unusual number of coins of this emperor, and
of his successor, Allectus, which appear in our Richborough list,
shew certainly that the place was weU occupied during their
reigns. The denarii of Carausius, marked rsr., as has been before
observed, were probably struck at Rutupise ; there seems to be no
other feasible interpretation of these letters ; and this mode of
explaining them is perfectly consistent with numismatic formula,
as weU as with local circumstances. The gold and silver coins of

154 RICHBOROUGH.
Carausius bear, usually, in the exergue, the letters ml., or rsr.,
denoting, as is suggested, Londinium and Rutupise as the places
of minting, and where, probably, Carausius himself mostly resided.
The number of coins of Carausius and AUectus, found at Rich.,
borough, is the more striking, when it is considered that they
are by no means generaUy common, and that the silver are of the
highest rarity. On the contrary, coins of the Constantine family
are found everywhere in profusion ; but numerous as they occur
at Richborough, they bear a very inferior proportion to those of
the two Romano-British emperors, when the length of reigns is
compared. Our coins preserve an almost uninterrupted and a faithful index
of the Roman domination in Britain ; and do not, perhaps, whoUy
cease, to throw a hght on the state of the hherated province when
left to its own resources for government. Constantine III (of
whom a single denarius concludes the Richborough Ust) was, we
are told by Zosimus, the last of three who were raised to the rank
oi Augustus by the soldiers of Honorius in Britain; that is to say,
by the legionaries and the auxiliary troops, enumerated in the
Notitia as quartered in the fortresses on the Saxon shore and on
the line of the northern wall. Of Marcus and Gratian, the first
and second of these usurpers, little is known beyond their names ;
and neither coins nor inscriptions have been discovered, to confirm
or Ulustrate the brief historical notice which records their equally
sudden rise and downfal. Constantine III was more fortunate,
and better fitted to maintain the dignity of the post to which he
had been unexpectedly raised. For four years Britain, Gaul, and
Spain, submitted to his rule ; and, although these prorinces were
once more regained by the imperial arms, their allegiance to Hono-

RICHBOROUGH. 155
rius was but little more than nominal ; for at this time Italy was
invaded by Alaric, and Spain and Gaul were soon afterwards con
quered and occupied by the Vandals, the Goths, and the Franks.
Britain, at this calamitous epoch, would appear to have endured
a transient respite, from the period of the final withdrawal of the
Roman garrisons to the coming of the Saxons ; but history is
entirely silent as to the actual state of the country, or is so mixed
with fabulous and contradictory stories, as to be, at the best, but
an uncertain guide. It is unknown whether the descendants of the
former British princes were acknowledged as rulers ; or whether
the great towns, whose popidation must have been composed, to a
considerable extent, of Romans and Romano-Britains, supported
themselves in separate independencies by the strength of their
own laws and institutions. Such may probably have been the
case, but the direct and positive eridence is wanting. The testi
mony of coins, which heretofore served as a commentary on the
narrative of the historian, ceases with the text it iUustrated ; and
nothing can be more significant of the state of Britain after the
days of Honorius, than the absence of intelligible coins. But these
guides, even at a time when history faUs, and all is obscure and
doubtful, do not desert us : those which were preriously so unerr
ing and lucid, are followed by others, Uke the times in which they
were struck, barbarous and rude. They are the pieces called mi
nimi;^ so named on account of their small size, all of them being
1 Since the foregoing catalogue was compiled, Mr. Rolfe has forwarded seventy-
four coins, which had been found at some particular period in past ages, and, by
accident had been overlooked. They are as foUow : Antonia, 1 ; Claudius, 2 ;
Vespasian, 1 ; Domitian, 2 ; Hadrian, 1 ; Valerian, 1 ; Tetricus, 1 ; Claudius
Gothicus, 1; Maximian, 1 ; Carausius, 3; Allectus, 2; Constantine family, 29;

156 RICHBOROUGH.
under the usual dimensions of the third brass, and many exceed
ingly minute. They are Roman in character, and have obvi-
pusly been copied from the most common types of the third brass;
but their wretched execution and design forbid the possibiUty of
appropriating them to any chiefs or princes, or of supposing that
the artists who fabricated them had intended they should convey
any historical meaning. An immense number of them also shew
that the pellets of metal used, were not large enough to cover
the flans of the dies, — consequently, only portions of the entire
design usually appear. These numerous little coins may possibly
be ascribed to unknown princes or rulers of Britain, after the
departure of the Romans, and before the estabUshment of the
Saxons ; whUe their barbaric execution negatives the notion that,
in this interval, any one of the supposed potentates could have
gained perrnanent power ; for the history of civilization scarcely
furnishes an instance of the assumption of regal authority, with
out its manifestation in the coinage.
The next great historical epoch of Britain, the exact commence
ment of which is of disputed date, is indicated by a very differ
ent series of coins, — partly modeUed on the Roman system, but
possessing striking pecuUarities, which even a superficial observer
Magnentius, 1; Valentinian, 2; Valens, 10; Gratian, 2; Theodorius, 1; Magnus
Maximus, 2; Honorius, 2; Minimi, 10. — 74. It wUl suffice to observe, that the
whole of these are in brass, and chiefly of the third size ; two only require special
notice. The first of these is a third brass of Hadrian : Rev. p,m.tb.p,cos,; a
prow of a gaUey ; s,c. The second, a third brass of Magnus Maximus, which
appears to be unedited : Rev, Victoria. avgq.; Maximus standing; in his left
hand a globe, surmounted by a Victory extending a wreath towards his head ;
his right hand is joined to that of a male figure wearing a radiated crown, kneel
ing ; in the exergue, lvg.s.

RICHBOROUGH.

157

wUl not hesitate to recognize. The Roman minimi are aU iu
brass ; the earliest Saxon coins, caUed sceattas, are aU in sUver,
The annexed cut represents two which have
been foimd at Richborough. The upper
bears, on one side, a copy of the very com
mon reverse of the third brass coins de
scribed in the preceding list under the head
of Urbs Roma — that of Romulus and Remus
suckled by the wolf; and on the reverse, a
bird, holding in its claws branches of fruit, — a derice also probably
adopted from some Roman design. The other exhibits a crowned
head, with letters which cannot be combined to admit of meaning ;
and on the reverse is a square, surmounted hy a cross, and enclos
ing letters. This design may have been suggested by the altar
on the coins of the Constantine fanuly, inscribed vox., etc. ; the
letters, thoogh weU formed, seem equally the result of caprice or
fancy.^ The other Saxon coins found at Richborough, are as follows :
Opt A.
King of Mercia, aj). 757 to aj). 796.
Obe. -foFFA . KEX . M, in three lines. Rer. eoba. in two lines, with au orna
mental division.^ Abthilhsabd.
Archbishop of Canterbury, A J>. 790 to A.D. S03.
Oil?. tABiHiLHSABD . ABCKP. in three lines. Ree. -foppA . rex. in two lines.
Bebhtdlf.
King of Merda, aj). 839 to a j>. 852.
Obv. ¦hsKBTHVLF . BEX. ; a ruddj formed head with a diadem. Ret. f eaxa .
mo.; in the centre, the letter a and a cross.^

1 Other sceattas will be found in the plate of Becdlver antiquities.
' Fig. 8, pL xxni, vol. 1, CoReaanea Aidiqua. ' Ibid. fig. 10, pi. xsiii.

158 RICHBOROUGH. EraELBED II.
A.D. 978 to A.D. 1016.
A clipped coin of the type engraved in Hawkins' Silver Coins of England, fig.
206, pi. XVI.
The above are pennies (sUver); the two foUowing are smaU brass
coins known hy the term stycas. Ethelbed.
King of Northumberland, a.d. 840 to a.d. 848.
1, Obv. 1"etheiiEbd.bex; in the centre, a cross. Rev. +eanbbd; five peUats.
2. Obv. The same. Rev. fobdbed.
These coins are of some importance in regard to the question
of the fate of Richborough during the Saxon period, furnishing
presumptive eridence that some of the Roman buUdings there
were held in occupation as dwellings, probably for some centuries.
The contiguity of Kent to G^ul, so favourable to constant inter
course, is distinctly referred to by Juhus Csesar, as the cause of
the superior civilization of its inhabitants to the rest of Britain :
they more resembled the Gauls. During the four hundred years
that Britain was held by the Romans, we witness the introduction
of people of nations a httie further remote, who were graduaUy
occupying more prominent places in the history of our country.
Prom early times, they are mentioned as supplying auxiUaries to
the Roman legions serring in this island; and, throughout the four
centuries of dependence, the provincial army appears to have been
largely composed of these German alhes, and a constant commu
nication was going on between the two provinces. Towards the
decline of the Roman empire, the Franks and Saxons, near neigh
bours to those German states in aUiance with the Romans, made
constant predatory incursions on the eastern and southern parts of
the prorince ; and it was chiefly by their aid that Carausius, him
self a Batarian, effected the temporary separation of the prorince

RICHBOROUGH. 159
from the empire. The Rutupine coast presented the most eligible
points of descent ; and when in the fifth century, history resumes
the broken record, it is here the Saxons come again upon the stage
as inrited friends, and here it is they receive lands. Their pos
session of Thanet and the eastern part of Kent, appears never to
have been much contested by th^ Britons; and the Saxons seem
to have rapidly estabUshed a permanent kingdom, the reUgion of
which was exclusively pagan, for upwards of a century, while the
conquest of the other parts of Britain was being effected by sepa
rate and distinct German tribes. Canterbury, as before, remained
the capital of Kent ; Rochester was, soon after the conversion of
Ethelbert, made a bishop's see; and, as the Roman fortress of
Reculver became the site of an important ecclesiastical establish
ment, it is not Ukely the Roman buildings there were destroyed ;
and, in the absence of eridence to the contrary, it seems only
reasonable to believe that the Roman fortifications at Richborough
were quietly ceded, together with the surrounding country, to the
first Saxon settlers, and that their possession was never seriously
disturbed. Considerable information has of late years been ob
tained on the state of Kent during the first ages of its occupa
tion by the Saxons, from discoveries made in the burial-places
scattered over the county, and particularly in the eastern districts.
They are all pagan in character ; and the objects found in them
are not only frequently of Roman origin, but they shew, in many
instances, that Roman habits and customs had been adopted and
associated with those of the new inhabitants, to an extent which
must considerably modify our assent to the popular belief that the
Saxon invasion either exterminated the Roman monuments, or the
influence of Roman civilization.

160 RICHBOROUGH.
Tradition has assigned Bichbprough as the place where Augus
tine landed, a.d. 597. Bede merely states that he disembarked
in the isle of Thanet, but enters into some curious details con
cerning his reception by Ethelbert, king of Kent, who, he states,
baring supplied Augustine and his foUowers with all necessaries,
ordered them to remain where {hey landed, and, after a few days,
came in person and received them in the open air, beheririg, in
accordance vrith the superstitions of his countrymen, that vrithin
a house, they might circumvent and impose on him by means of
magic. Thome, a monk of Canterbury, states, that the place of
Augustine's landing was Richborough ; and he gravely tells us, that
the missionary, on leaving the ship, trod upon a stone, which re
tained the print of his foot as though it had been clay : this stone,
he adds, was there preserved in a chapel dedicated to the said
saint; and yearly, on the anniversary of its deposit, crowds of
people flocked thither to pray and to recover health.^ This state
ment by Thorne, who lived in the fourteenth century, though
of no historical worth, is of value in reference to the antiquity of
I Igitur Gregorius quinto ordinationis suse anno, scilicet anno quingentessimo
xcvj, assumpsit beatum Augustinum monasterii sui quod ipse infra urbem
construxerat tunc prsspositum, ut quondam Petrus Barnabam vel PatJum, in
opus dominicum ; et misit cum eo alios quamplures monaohos ac verbi Dei
ministros quasi numero xl, genti Anglorum fidem prsedicare catholicam, Appli-
cuemnt vero in insula C^anet^ in loco qui dicitur Kelesinurgfj, ubi patre Augus
tine de navi descendente, supra quandam petram a casu stetit, et pedem ejus
eidem quasi Iuto impressit. Cuius rei gratia idem lapis assumitur et intra
capellam de eodem Sancto ibidem fundatam honorifice coUocatur, sed et singulis
annis die suec depositionis ob devotionem et spem recuperandse sanitatis sit con-
cursus populorum dicentium, "Adorabimus in loco ubi steterunt pedes ejus." —
Chronica GuUl, Thorne, in Roger Twysden's Decern Scriptores ; Lond, 1652 ;
coU, 1758-9,

RICHBOROUGH. 161
the chapel mentioned by Leland ; while the general popular belief
in the sanctity of the place, and its associations, — the periodical
visits paid by the sick, and by the devotional, to the chapel of
Augustine and to the holy stone, — ^if they are not received as
proofs of his landing at Richborough, may at all events be ad
mitted as a tradition, founded on a general knowledge that the
Rutupine coast, and partictdarly Richborough itself, were, in the
sixth century, and later stUl, the principal points of debarkation
from Gaul.

THE AMPHITHEATRE.
In page 52 a plan has been given of what was supposed to have
been an amphitheatre; and it is there remarked that, from the
stunted growth of the corn, foundations of buildings were con
jectured to exist beneath the ground. During the autumn of the
past year (1849), whUe on a risit, with Mr. Fairholt, to Mr. Rolfe,
it was resolved to test the cause of the appearances preriously
noted ; and the consent of Mr. Solly, the tenant of the property,
being readily granted, excavations were determined on.
At this season, the field, prepared for winter fallow, presented
no indications whatever of subterranean architectural remains, nor
did any difference of colour in the soU lead to the supposition that
there might be vestiges of a buUding buried beneath the surface.
However, a small fragment of Roman mortar was at length de
tected on the surface, and the labourers being directed to dig
beneath the spot, came to a wall at the depth of about one foot,
which subsequent excavations demonstrated to be the core of the
T

162

RICHBOROUGH.

external wall of an amphitheatre, forming an ellipse, of which the
longer diameter measures 200 feet, and the shorter, 166 feet, from

Roman Amphitheatre at Kichborough, discovered October 19, 1849.
outside to outside, as shown by the plan,^ forwarded by Mr. Rolfe,
together vrith the following report :
"The circumference of the waU measures, on the outside, 556
feet ; it is generally three feet six inches in width, and built with
flint faced with chalk quarried from the north side of PegweU
Bay. The foundation is deeper by from two to three feet on the
inside than on the outside, and at the bottom a course of large
flints lay on a bed of chalk, as is observed beneath the walls of the
castle. TUes, seldom found whole, measuring ten inches square,
are built in double rows at the angles formed by the entrances,
and here and there tabular grey sandstone is substituted for tUes.
1 The plan and measurements were made by Mr. Coleman, a neighbouring
land-surveyor.

RICHBOROUGH. 163
These were found about four feet from the bottom. The interior
of the wall is coated with coarse mortar, at some places two inches
in thickness; and where the interior of the wall was laid bare,
a pavement of mortar two inches thick, extending towards the
centre of the area about fifteen feet, was brought to riew ; also an
incUned plane, formed of the same material mixed vrith clay,
reaching eight feet from the base of the waU, from which it rose
to the top, about seven feet in height. No remains or indications
of seats haring existed, were anywhere discovered. In the centre
bf the area, the native soil is reached at the depth of only three
feet eight inches ; at the ends of the largest diameter, seven feet.
" There are three entrances, from the north, south, and west.
At the north there are two side walls remaining, nine feet apart,
the intermediate space haring been covered with a hard pavement
North enti-anoe.

AA, the boundary or main wall; be, the entrance walls ; cc, a portion of th.e pavement
covering tlie two walls and intermediate space.
of flint and rubble, forming a passage, on an incUned plane, into
the interior, with that described above. These walls, standing at
right angles with the main one, are nine feet in length from the
inner corner of the main wall to the outer end, and three and a
half in width. The one on the west side of this entrance (the most
perfect) indicates an arch having surmounted it, formed by the

164

RICHBOROUGH.

Interior of the wall at the northern side
of the north entrance.

concrete floor of the passage ; its outer end projects at the top
about two feet beyond the base, giring the masonry a cuneiform
appearance. Near the inner angle
of the waU, on the west side, are
two gate-stops, two feet apart, op
posite to which the main waU pro
jects three feet, learing a space of
six feet for the gate.
" The entrance from the south
has but one wall remaining, seven
feet long, and where it unites with
the main wall, two feet in width ;
at the outer end, only one foot four inches, wher & there is a gate-
stop. In the interior, opposite to this entrance, a large heap of
flint stone was found lying against the wall, which was faced with
coarse mortar two inches in thickness.
" The west entrance, at the opposite end of the long diameter
of the oval, has also but one
waU remaining ; its height,
at the outer end, is five feet
eight inches, and its length,
six feet and a half. It is
built, on an inclined plane,
down to the main waU, ,
which is five feet from the
entrance wall towards the
south, where it terminates ;
and no masonry is found,
but a hard floor of pebble and clay, which is seven feet below the

AAan inclined plane of mortar, measuring 8^ feet at
its base ; b, a pavement of hard mortar, or cement,
2 inches thick, extending inwards 15 feet.

RICHBOROUGH. 165
surface of the soil, and extends to the opposite end of the main
wall. This floor occupies a space of fifteen feet. The wall gradu
aUy increases in height from this point, till it reaches the upper
surface within a foot. On the ruined wall of the western entrance,
a skeleton was found, lying on its left side, the legs drawn up,
and the wrists crossing each other. The place had evidently been
hollowed out for its reception : most of the bones of the hands
and feet were wanting; but where the right hand had been, a
brass coin of Constans was found.
" The coins found among the ruins, are confined to the period
extending from the time of GalUenus to that of Arcadius, with the
exception of one of earUer date, — a denarius of Domitian. Many
bones of a small sort of ox were found in the foundation^, also iron
nails, and two fragments of glass vessels, one bearing the pillar
pattern. "The centre of the amphitheatre, I may observe, bears south,
16° west from the south-west angle of the castle, at the distance of
about four hundred and sixty yards. No spot in the neighbour
hood, better adapted for the purpose, could have been selected.
The proximity of a mount commanding a deUghtful riew in every
direction, including the sister fortress, Regulbium, the whole of
the south side of the isle of Thanet, the ocean, and even the white
cliffs of Gaul between Calais and Boulogne, together with the
estuary extending several miles in the direction of Durovernum, —
nattu-ally led to its being selected." >
The coins discovered during the excavations, are as follows :
Domitian, 1 ; GalUenus, 2 ; Salonina, 2 ; Tetricus, 3 ; Claudius
Gothicus, 1 ; Tacitus, 1 ; Carausius, 7 ; AUectus, 3 ; Constantine,
1 ; Constantine Junior, 4 ; Urbs Roma, 1 ; Constans, 2 ; Valens,

166 RICHBOROUGH.
1; Magnus Maximus, 1; Arcadius, 3; Minimi and illegible, 10, —
amounting to forty-three in number. It may be inferred from
them, that the building, whatever may have been the period of its
erection, was used to the latest daj^s of Roman ascendancy. The
interment of the body, with which was deposited a coin of Con
stans, must be referred to some subsequent time before the old cus
tom of burying coins with the dead was entirely superseded. The
building had probably been partiaUy levelled, and the remaining
portions of the walls covered over either intentionally, or by those
natural causes which combine, in certain situations, to accumulate
the earth upon the deserted sites of buildings; and the place,
from its desolateness, may have suggested the notion of security
to those who deposited the body. To a similar feeling may be
ascribed the interment of bodies within the walls of ruined Roman
villas, and similar places, where skeletons are occasionally dis
covered, as within the foundations of the building adjoining the
rilla at Ickletoh, where the skeletons of several children were ex
humed. The absence of any vestiges of seats, and of other arrangements,
in the interior of the Richborough amphitheatre, is partly to be
accounted for in the fact, that at some very remote period, the
materials had been pulled down and carried away; the facing
stones had also been removed, and, indeed, most of the materials
which could have been considered as valuable for building pur
poses. The adjacent town of Sandwich, which rapidly rose into
importance under the Saxons, seems to suggest the destination of
the abstracted remains ; it is, moreover, not improbable that some
of the fittings-up might have been of wood. This is the first walled
amphitheatre that has been brought to light in England ; and the

RICHBOROUGH. 167
researches which, under the personal guidance of Mr. RoUe, have
so successfully terminated, wUl, it is trusted, create a desire in
indiriduals who may command the means, to institute an exami
nation of analogous works in other parts of the country, with a
riew to decide their mode of construction. The amphitheatres at
SUchester and at Dorchester are of much greater extent, and appa
rently have never been subjected to the process of excavation, so
that it is impossible to say that considerable architectural remains
may not be concealed beneath the ground. The area of the former
is stated to measure fifty yards by forty; that of the latter, seventy-
three yards by forty-six. There is another at Caerleon, popularly
caUed Arthur's Round Table, a somewhat shaUow, oval carity, the
measurement of which Donovan' gives as two hundred and twenty
feet by one hundred and ninety ; the depth, sixteen feet. This
would appear to indicate the site of one of the theatres aUuded to
by Giraldus Cambrensis, as in part standing in his time, — towards
the close of the twelfth century : "et loca theatralia muris egregiis
partim adhuc extantibus, omnia claicsa "; and although not a trace of
waUs is risible at the present day, it is not unlikely their founda
tions may be yet preserved beneath many feet of earth. There
are supposed to be others in England, but they are not so well
authenticated as those mentioned above. It is most probable that
most of the Roman towns were weU prorided with places of pubhc
amusements ; but it is only those who have practicaUy sought to
ascertain what time has spared, to whom the existence of such
architectural remains as are occasionaUy to be found, is not a
matter of astonishment. At Old Verulam, the walls of a large
theatre for dramatic representations, of the dimensions of that of
1 Excursions through South Wales, vol. i, p. 113.

168

RICHBOROUGH.

Drury Lane, were a short time since partiaUy laid open in an
arable field, which, time out of mind, had borne its annual crop ;
and there, many feet above the vast and deep area in which thou
sands of human beings, through several generations, had periodi-
caUy assembled, the unsuspecting countryman, for centuries, had
yearly toiled at seed-time and at harvest, httie dreaming that be
neath his feet lay so striking an exempUfication of the great truth,
that the hfe of the present is the death of the past. It is curious
to contemplate how effectuaUy, in the unmolested course of ages,
nature continues to entomb the deserted and ruined works of art.
In this country, as before observed, none of the Roman amphi
theatres, vrith the exception of our Richborough specimen, have
been examined. The Prussian government, more sensible than

Amphitheatre at Treves.
our own of the value of ancient national monuments, has, within
the last few years, excavated the amphitheatre at Treves, which.

RICHBOROUGH. 169
although of much greater magnitude and importance, presents
several points of comparison. The principle of construction of
these buildings was the same in aU grades ; and we may place at
the one end of the scale the amphitheatre at Richborough, and at
the other, the stupendous Coliseum of Rome ; the traditional pro
phecy attached to which, is, that it wiU stand as long as Rome
stands, and that Rome wUl endure so long as the world shaU last.
Midway between these may be placed the amphitheatre of Treves,
the capital of Belgic Gatd ; some particulars of which may not be
unacceptable on the present occasion."
Wyttenbach gives the dimensions of the arena of this amphi
theatre, as 219^ feet long, and 155 feet wide. It has two principal
entrances, one to the north, the other to the south. The passage
of the former is 1 93 feet, the breadth, 18 feet ; the size of the latter
cannot be so accurately determined : for 114 feet its sides are
paraUel, of the uniform width of about 17 feet; they then widen
onward for about 90 feet. These entrances have been flanked
with semicircular towers, and the passages were vaulted with mas
sive blocks of freestone. Considerable portions of the interior
architecture are also preserved, together with lateral entrances for
the conductors of the spectacle, the ammals, and combatants; but
only a very few of the seats for the spectators have been discovered.
The arena is paved with slate, and prorided with a shaUow trench
cut in the stone, forming a watercouse, which runs beneath the
southern entrance and the adjoining high-road, and flows into a
vaUey from beneath an arch in the highest state of preservation.
^ The expenses attending the excavation of the amphitheatre at Richborough,
were kindly defrayed by Mr. Rolfe, Mr, Hudson Gurney, Lord Mahon, Lord
Albert Denison, and Mr. Joseph Mayer. Z

170 RICHBOROUGH.
Among the monuments found in excavating the interior of the
amphitheatre, were dedicatory inscriptions to the genius of the
Arenarii of Treves, and to Jupiter and Juno, for the health of the
emperor Trajan, erected by a centurion of the sixth legion.
The passion of the Romans for the sports and amusements of
the amphitheatre, led them to sanction even the sacriflce of human
life in the most wanton and cold-blooded manner ; and history
has recorded the arena of Treves as the scene of some of the most
barbarous cruelties of Constantine, who there, caused two captive
Frankish princes to be torn to pieces by wild beasts ; and, on ano
ther occasion, devoted so large a number of prisoners to a similar
fate, that, the historian states, the very beasts became ejdiausted
and tired.* But retributive justice brought a fearful day of reckon
ing ; and the condition of Treves in the fifth century (in the space
of forty years four times besieged and pillaged), as described by
Salrianus, is rendered more appalling by the mixture of misery
and debasing pleasure.
"And is it true then, ye men of Treves," exclaims Salrianus,^
" that you are longing for the games of the circus ? All ruined
and desolate as is your condition, — your houses plundered, the
blood of your citizens flowing in the streets, the scaffolds standing
before you stained with their gore, — ^is it possible that such should
be your wish ? I had considered your long series of disasters a
sufficient calamity ; but it is a far more heavy one, that you can
have a thought of the kind. Moral degradation is degradation
1 Puberes, qui in manus venerunt, quorum nec perfidia erat apta mUitiaj, nec
ferocia servituti, ad posnas spectaculo dati, sasvientes bestias multitudine sua
fatigarunt. — Eumenii Paneg. Constantino Aug, cap. xii.
- De Gubernat, Dei, 1, vi.

RICHBOROUGH.

171

indeed ! Deprived of right feeling and of reason, man is no better
than the brutes that perish. Your petition to your princes, for
sooth, is for a theatre and a circus ; but, while you proffer such
petitions, cast your eyes, I implore you, upon the condition of
your townsmen and your city. Treves herself is a prey to the
flames : whatever they possessed, is lost to her inhabitants. So
sad is their condition, that it were difficult to pronounce whether
the lot of the departed, or that of the surrivors, is most to be
pitied. Death, under such circumstances, ceases to be an evU : it
is but a termination of misery. And can you ask for games ?
Where is it you would have them exhibited? On graves, and
among ashes ; in the midst of blood and mangled corpses ? Every
where desolation lords it without control; every street presents
the aspect of a city taken by storm ; every house is saddened vrith
the graves of captives, every face vrith the image of death. Thrice
has the hand of the avenger been raised, and failed of producing
amendment ; you inrite it to descend yet a fourth time on your
heads, and overwhelm you with irretrievable calamity."*
The prediction of Salrianus was verified in his own Ufetime, and
1 Prom Mr. Dawson Turner's Stranger's Guide to the Roman Antiquities of
the City of Treves, from the German of Wyttenbach ; Svo, London, 1839, To
Mr. H. G, Bohn, of York-street, we are indebted for the loan of the cut on page
168, and for the vignette below, which form two of the Ulustrations of this
excellent guide.

South entrance to the amphitheatre at Treves restored.

172 RICHBOROUGH.
the fourth visitation of the conquering Franks sealed alike the
fate of Roman Treves, her circus, and her amphitheatre.
Of all the vestiges of ancient amphitheatres which are yet
standing, or of which plans and riews have been preserved, those
of Tintiniac, figured in Montt&ucon' sAntiquite Expliquee, tom. in,
p. 2, more closely resemble the remains of that of Richborough.
The engraring in Montfaucon shews an elliptical wall, vrith a
single entrance, the measurements of the area being 200 feet by
150. The ruins are called les Arenes de Tintiniac.

RECULYER.

Reculver, from Brooke Hill,

RECULVER.

JIegulbium:, the name by which th6 Roman station on the north
western coast of Kent was designated, is not mentioned by Ptolemy
pr by the geographer of Ravenna ; neither is it to be found in the
Itinerary of Antoninus, or in the Peutingerian Table. It occurs
only in those portions of the itinerary of Richard of Cirencester,
. and of the Notitia, which have been extracted for the foregoing
part of our volume. In consequence, it has been inferred that, at
the periods when the former works were compiled, Regulbium did
not exist, and that this castrum was therefore constructed towards
the decline of the Roman power in Britain.
The absence, however, of this station in the undisputedly authen-

176 RECULVER.
tic itineraries, wiU throw no light on its date. These maps, or hsts
of places, arranged for specific pubhc purposes, were never intended
to include all towns and stations. The geographical position of
Regulbium in relation to Rutupise, would of itself shew why it
may have been omitted in certain routes arranged for the more
expeditious conveyance of dispatches, the transmission of troops,
or for other purposes. It is considerably out of the direct line of
road to Canterbury and London ; and must, in the time of the
Romans, have been, at certain seasons, somewhat difficult of access.
A Uttle careful examination of the ancient itineraries will shew
how the marches and journeys were arranged from point to point,
avoiding digressions and lateral and winding directions, such as
the road from Rutupise to Durovernum and Londinium via Regul
bium, would have been.
St. Ambrose, who lived in the time of Theodosius and Gratian,
has a passage in his writings which may be here not inaptly
quoted : " A soldier who sets out on his march, does not arrange
for himself the order of his route, nor take short ways, as more
agreeable to himself, lest he desert the standards ; but he receives
an itinerary from his general, and attends to that : he marches in
the order which is directed, walks with his arms, and, keeping in
the right way, properly continues his journey, that at the end
thereof he may find all necessaries ready prepared for him. If he
takes another road, he does not get his aUowance of provisions, he
finds no resting-place ;^ for the general orders all these things for
those who foUow his orders, and turn neither to the right nor left
1 They were termed mansiones, and in the itinerary from Bourdeaux to Jeru
salem are mentioned in order, with the mutationes, where relays of horses were
kept.

RECULVER. 1 It
from the prescribed way. Nor does he fail in his duty who fol
lows his general ; for he walks moderately, because the general
does not consider his own pleasure, but what can be performed by
all ; and for that reason he appoints stated quarters ; the army
marches three days, and rests on the fourth ; cities are selected
that abound in water and prorisions, in which they may rest three
or four days, or longer if necessary ; and thus the journey is com
pleted vrithout fatigue."^
This passage, which is so Ulustrative of the itinera, and of the
daUy marches and regulations of the troops, whUe it is here adduced
to shew why Regulbium may not have been included in the Itine
rary of Antoninus, and in the Peutingerian Table, may be, at the
same time, considered as rather weighing against the authenticity
of the work of Richard of Cirencester, by those who beUeve it to
be altogether apocryphal, and a modern compilation ; and by
such it would be suggested, that the fabricator had found Regul
bium in the Notitia, and had thrown this station into the fif
teenth iter of Richard, to make it more comprehensive and
' Miles, qui ingreditur iter, viandi ordinem non ipse disponet sibi, nec pro
suo arbitrio viam carpit, nec voluptuaria captat compendia, ne recedat a signis ;
sod itinerarium ab imperatore accipit, et custodit illud ; prsescripto incedit
ordine, cum armis suis ambulat, rectaque via conficit iter, ut inveniat commea-
tuum sibi parata subsidia. Si alio ambulaverit itinere, annonam non accipit,
mansionem paratam non invenit ; quia imperator his jubet hsec prseparari omnia
qui sequuntur, nec dextera, nec sinistra a prsescripto itinere declinant. Meri-
toque non deficit, qui imperatorem sequitur suum ; moderate enim ambulat, quia
imperator non quod sibi utile, sed quod omnibus possibile considerat ; ideo et
stativas ordinat ; triduo ambulat exercitus, quarto requiescit die, Eliguntur
civitates in quibus triduum, quatriduum, et plures interponantur dies, si aquis
abundant, commerciis frequentantur : et ita sine labore conficitur \tet,—Serm,
V, in Psalm, ex viii. A A

178 RECULVER.
plausible. But it may be urged, on the other hand, that, if a forger
had extracted, for this purpose, one station from the Notitia, it is
not likely he would have passed by Othona, Gariannonum, and
Branodunum, which occur vrith Regulbium in the list of castra on
the Saxon shore, but would have inserted one or more of them in
some other iter ; yet these three places are not mentioned by
Richard. Without digressing to discuss the question of the authen
ticity of this work, it may be remarked, that the apparent discre
pancy between it and other compositions of similar character, may
be explained by the difference in the plan on which they are con
structed ; and this is partictdarly apparent in the arrangement of
the iter in which Regulbium is inserted, which, it will be perceived
(see page 17), takes in all the stations from Londinium to Clau-
sentum (Bittern, near Southampton), and all those on the coast,
from Portus Magnus (Portchester) to Regulbium, and from thence
on to Londinium, whence it commenced. The object. of it seems
to have been, to comprise, for general purposes, a list of all the
chief stations in this long and circuitous route.
In the total absence of inscriptions, as well as of historical evi
dence that can possibly be brought to bear directly upon the
question, the precise period when; the castrum of Regulbium was
erected, as well as others on the Saxon shore, must remain a mat
ter of conjecture. That they were, however, of comparatively late
origin, may be inferred from the information which has been
handed down to us, in a broken form, on the military transactions
of the Romans in Britain. The southern part of the prorince
appears to have enjoyed uninterrupted tranquillity from the time
of Claudius to a late period. This was partly secured by the policy
which left the native British princes possession of territories, and

RECULVER. 179
that shew of independence which reconciled the petty chiefs to
become the instruments of the Romans in obtaining more effectu
ally the tribute from their subjects ; and partly by the influence
of commercial intercourse, and the introduction of the comforts
and luxuries of a superior civilization. The seat of war was
removed from the south to the north. The wars in Britain carried
on by Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Commodus, and Severus, were
confined to the north ; and the total absence of permanent mili
tary estabhshments in the southern part of the provinces, is the
best proof that can be adduced of its freedom from any serious
disturbance and apprehension of internal rebelhon or foreign inva
sion. In such times, fortresses on the eastern and southern coasts
could not possibly be needed, and we must seek their origin in
some cause analogous to that which dictated the necessity for the
great miUtary fortifications in the north.
In the latter half of the third century, the great and sudden blow
which was given to the imperial power by the boldness and ability
of Carausius, is brought before us vrith circumstances which direct
our attention to occurrences that foreshadow alarms from a new
quarter, and Britain was now subjected to invasions by sea. During
the usurpation of Carausius and AUectus, large bodies of Franks
and Saxons had been introduced and mixed with the Romano-
British population ; and though the coming of Constantius freed
the prorince of these formidable intruders, the relief was but
temporary, and we often find them at subsequent intervals,
making descents on the British coast, and contesting with rigour
the Roman arms in Gaul. It seems, therefore, that probably not
long after the recovery of Britain from Allectus, the line of coast
called the Saxon shore was fortified with the castra enumerated

180 RECULVER.
in the Notitia ; but at what particular period, tbe vague historical
narratives which bear on the history of Britain, furnish no means
of determining. When Theodosius (under Valentinian and Valens)
expelled the Picts, Scots, and Saxons, from Britain, he is stated to
have rebuilt the cities and garrison towns, and strengthened the
castra and limifes with watches and pratentura.^
In the reign of the same princes, a short time after, Ammianus
MarceUinus relates, the Saxons again invaded the Roman terri
tories, and were, by stratagem, utterly destroyed. The historian
does not state where this descent was made, whether in Gaul, or
in Britain; but, in a subsequent chapter, the event is referred to
in a manner which would indicate a connexion, at least, vrith the
latter prorince.
Throughout the reign of Valentinian there is continual mention
made of building fortresses along the Rhine, and on the Umits of
the western prorinces exposed to hostile invasion, which, coupled
with the direct accounts of the operations in Britain against the
Saxons, may suggest this as the period at which Regulbium and
the other castra on the maritime tract were built. But this suppo
sition would scarcely give half a century for the accumulation of
the remains which are found within them, betokening, from com
parative observations, much longer occupation. The discovery of
one inscription, such as those found at Clausentum,^ would do
more towards throwing a hght on the date of the stations on the
Saxon shore, than all the information we can coUect from written
history; and that monuments which bear the required records,
1 Igstaurabat urbes et prsesidiaria, ut diximus, castra, limites que vigillis
tuebatur et prsetenturis. — Amm. Marcel, lib. xxviii, cap. iii.
" See the volume of Proceedings of the Second Congress of the Archseological
Association, held at Winchester.

RECULVER. 181
may yet lie buried in or about the ruins of these extensive stations,
is a belief that may at least be safely indulged, and possibly, at no
remote period, be realized.
When the Notitia was compiled, or at least that portion of it
relating to Britain, Regulbium was garrisoned by the first cohort
of the VetasU, under the command of a tribune. The Vetasu, or
Betasii, were a people of that part of Belgic Gaul, now caUed
Brabant. They are mentioned by Pliny along with the Nerrii,
Tungri, Sunuci, Frisiabones, and others ; and by Tacitus, in con
junction with the Tungri and Nervii, as cooperating with the
Roman army in Germany, on the occasion of the rebelhon of the
Batavi and Treveri, under CiriUs,' in the reign of Vespasian.
CiriUs seeing his power increased by an aUiance with the people
of Colonia, resolved on gaining to his side the neighbouring states.
The Sunicians had already submitted to him, and he had formed the
youth which were capable of bearing arms into regular cohorts.^
To oppose him, Claudius Labeo advanced at the head of a body of
Betasii, Tungrii, and Nerrii, raised by sudden leries ; but the
whole of these alhes after awhile went over to the standard of
CivUis. Cluverius* remarks, that the Tungri and Betasi of Tacitus
1 In this memorable rebellion, the veteran Batavian cohorts, which had pre
viously served in Britain as auxiliaries, and were then quartered at Magon-
tiacum (Metz), joined their countrymen.
2 " Occupatis Sunicis, Claudius Labeo Betasiorum Tungrorumque et Nervio-
rum tumultuaria manu restitit, fretus loco, quia pontem Mosce fluminis antece-
perat," {Hist, iv, c. lxvi.) From which it would appear, Cluverius observes,
that we may locate the Sunici at Luxemburg ; the Betasi at Juliacum ; the
Frisiaboni at Limburg. He adds, there is at the present day a village in
Brabant, on the left bank of the Geta, situated between the towns of Halen and
Scene, called Beets, in which name, he thinks, is a trace of the ancient Betasii.
^ Germ. Antiq. lib. ii, cap. xxi.

182 RECULVER.
are the same as the Eburoiies ahd Atuatici of Csesar: and as
Csesar unites the Eburones, Atuatici, and Nervu, so Tacitus speaks
of the Tungri, Betasii, aud the same Nerrii.
The BetasU are mentioned in two rescripts of Trajan and
Hadrian, by which it appears, that in the reigns of these emperors,
among numerous auxiliary soldiers, the first cohort was then serv
ing in Britain. These rescripts are in favour of certain veterans
who, haring served their fuU time, were discharged, and received
the privUeges of Roman citizens, and the right of marrying vrith
the wives they then had, or (if any of them were single) with whom
they might afterwards intermarry. The first of these decrees,
that of Trajan, enumerates four ala and ten cohorts ; the second,
six ala and twenty-four cohorts; among these allies, associated
with the BetasU, are the Sunuci or Sunici, the Nervu, and the
Tungri, before mentioned, with other bodies, chiefly from Spain,
Gaul, and Belgic Gaul.' The monumental inscriptions which
mention the BetasU are, one found at Elenfoot (the Virosidum of
the Notitia, stations on the hue of the waU), in Cumberland,^
erected to Mars Militaris, by the first cohort, commanded by
Julius Tutor ; and two on the Rhine, the one found at Mayence,
the other at Kattwyk.* The different ways in which this name is
1 These rescripts, or military diplomas, are engraved on brass plates. One
was found at Malpas, in Cheshire ; the other at Stanington, in Yorkshire,
There is a third, which was found at Sydenham, in Kent, It is of Trajan, and
gives the names of two alee and ten cohorts, among which are the Tungri, Nervii,
the Prisiani, and a name of which the termination only remains, probably
included the Betasii. Two of these rescripts are preserved in the British
Museum. 2 Horsley's Britannia Romana, p. 281,
3 Steiner's Codex Incript, Rom. Rheni, Nos, 491 and 965,

RECULVER. 183
spelt is remarkable. Tacitus writes it Betasii or BethasU ; Pliny,
Betasi ; in the rescripts, and on the Cumberland inscription, it is
Baetasii ; in that of Mayence, it is Betaesii; in that of Kattwyk,
the first four letters only are given, Baet; in the Notitia, it is
Vetasii. The inscriptions which have been found along the line
of the wall, as well as in other parts of this country, recording the
presence of foreign auxihary troops, are very numerous. They
enumerate, besides those just referred to, bodies leried from
various parts of Germany, Gaul, and Spain ; and, to a much less
extent, from Dalmatia, Pannonia, and Thrace. Many of these
may be recognized as, in earUer times, opposing, vrith obstinate
bravery, the invaders of their native land; after awhile they appear
on the scene as the comrades of their former enemies, helping
them to reduce to serritude neighbouring states and countries ; or
occasionaUy making a like effort to throw off the foreign yoke,
opposed, perhaps, in turn by the very tribes and states they had
contributed to bring under the Roman rule. It was only by the
means of these auxihary troops that the Romans were enabled to
hold in possession such an immense extent of prorincial territory,
and to Romanize so effectually the conquered countries. With
the blood of the prorinces, remarks Tacitus, the prorinces are
subdued ; but the history of the human race at all periods pre
sents a very similar picture of aggressive riolence, and the drama
of war is the great popular spectacle, which seems not amenable
to the laws of reason and justice, nor to the fate of other barba
rous customs of past times.
The Roman provinces, however, do not appear to have suffered
any very severe or prolonged hardships, beyond such as must
necessarily always arise, in a transition from a state of half-savage

184 RECULVER.
Uberty to civUized subjugation. On the contrary, such a vast
acquisition of territory could never have been maintained by force
and oppression. To the loss of liberty of one kind, succeeded
pririleges and a certain degree of freedom, which the maxims of
a government assimilated to that of Italy secured, with all the
advantages which arise from superior cirihzation, and the intro
duction of arts, commerce, and manufactures. Under the name
of alUes, the various states furnished troops, which were trained
in the Roman diseiphne, and iucorporated in the legions; and
their fidelity was ensured by honours and distinctions whUe on
duty, and by certain rights and an allowance of land, at the
expiration of the usual period of mUitary serrice. The auxUiary
cohorts, eridently as a precautionary measure against insurrection,
were sent to serve at a considerable distance from their native
country; and nowhere is this fact so fully established, as by
inscriptions discovered in various places, which reveal a systematic
interchange of auxihary soldiers among the provinces. The Notitia
presents a comprehensive aud complete ^ew of the distribution of
the Roman miUtary estabhshment ; and shews, at the same time,
that a large proportion of it consisted of auxiUaries.
The mUitary tactics of the Romans had undergone such a
change, that it is impossible to estimate the numerical amount of
the troops designated in the Notitia as legions, cohorts, and alse,
from the number of soldiers these bodies were knovm respectively
to contain in the earUer and more flourishing days of the empire.
The organization of the Roman army in the time of Constantine,
was arranged on principles very different from those on which its
construction was based in the time of Julius ; and, in the fourth
century, disastrous circumstances must have rendered more lax

RECULVER. 185
the old standard which regulated the miUtary appointments, and
the severe discipUne which characterized the soldiers under the
earUer emperors. Thus there are one cohort and six numeri of foot
soldiers, in the castra on the Saxon shore ; the term numerus, in
later times, appears to have been used to designate a cohort, and
in the fourth century, it is probable the distinction between them
was not great. Ammianus' speaks of Valentinian appointing
Fraomarius, king of the Bucinobantes, tribune over a numerus of
the Alamanni in Britain. The cohort at Regulbium 9annot be
estimated at more than 300 or 400 men; whUe the legion at
Rutupise could not weU have exceeded 1,200 or 1,500. Panci-
roUus calculates the forces under the count of the Saxon shore as
2,400 ; namely^ the legion, 1,000 ; the five numeri and one cohort,
1,200 (200 each) ; and the cavalry 200.
Under the head of Richborough, reference has been made to the
account of the Saxon shore in the Notitia^ and some reasons were
assigned for placing the date of the compilation of that work at a
period somewhat earUer than has been usually proposed, or than
what would indeed seem warranted by its title. The term Littus
Saxonicum, naturaUy suggests inquiry, why this part of the coast
of Britain was thus denominated ? On the one hand, it has been
usuaUy considered to denote that portion of the coast more par
ticularly exposed to the descents of the Saxons ; and there can be
but little doubt that the strong miUtary force which in the latter
^ In Macriani locum Bucinobantibus, quse contra Mogontiacum' gens est
Alamanna, regem Fraomarium ordinavit ; quem pauUo postea, quoniam recens
excursus eundem penitus vastaverat pagum, in Britannos translatum potestate
tribuni, Alamannorum prsefecerat numero, multitudine viribusque ea tempestate
florenti. — Lib. xxix, cap. iv. B B

186 RECULVER.
half of the fourth century was drawn from other parts of Britain, and
stationed in the nine garrisons, under the government of a comes, or
count, with a ciril and mUitary establishment, was designed to pro
tect this part of the province from the invasions of the Saxons, in
the same manner as the other auxUiary soldiers were quartered in
the castra on the northern waU, to repel the Picts and Scots. The
entire Roman forces then in Britain, were concentrated on these
two important points. On the other hand, the designation of Littus
Saxonicum is accounted for, on the supposition that on this part
of the British coast Saxons had already settled and occupied cer
tain districts under the Roman jurisdiction. The same term is
apphed in the Notitia to a part of the Armorican coast, and also
to a portion of the Belgic region.
It must, however, be borne in mind, that among the early.
German allies, who were so long in Britain with the Roman sol
diers, the Saxons are not mentioned ; nor do they constitute any
part of the mihtary establishment of the prorince, as enumerated
in the Notitia.^ In the reign of Valentinian (A.n. 370), whUe
invading the neighbouring territories, under the Roman govern
ment, they incurred a severe check, and their army was utterly
destroyed. In the early part of the reign of Honorius, they are
repeatedly mentioned by Claudian, as subdued by Stilicho ; and
Britain is represented as no longer fearing their approach.^ They
1 It may also be noted, that Saxons are mentioned, in the same Notitia,
among the auxiliary troops ia the east. They were probably hostages, or
prisoners, captured by Theodosius. Constantius received some captive Pranks
from Julian, and enrolled them among his domestic guards.
^ Inde Caledonio velata Britannia monstro,
Ferro picta genas, cujus vesti^a verrit
Cterulus, oceanique sestum mentitur amictus :

RECULVER. 187
appear, in short, upon the page of history at this epoch, when the
term Littus Saxonicum is used and the region it distinguishes is
fortified, as fierce and dangerous foes ; and we find no eridence,
either in written history, or in monumental inscriptions, from
which a settlement, such as might justify the appUcation of the
term " Saxon shore", might be inferred. Neither in prerious times
do any events connected vrith this nation seem to suggest any
acqmsition of lands in Britain, such as might explain the origin of
the appellation. To descend much later : towards the middle of
the fifth century, when Bede and the Saxon Chronicle tell us the
Saxons had land ceded to them in Kent, we could understand
why these possessions might be caUed the Saxon shore ; but, as
before observed, the arrangements of the Notitia ohriously refer
to a far anterior time, and if it were completed, as we have it, at
or after the middle of the fifth century, then the references to the
Saxon shore must be additions, made long subsequent to the
drawing up of the work itself, a supposition not very reasonable.
In A.D. 367, on the arrival of Theodosius, there seem to have
been precisely the same defences on the sea-coast, as are so
specially described in the Notitia; but instead of Comes littoris
Saxoniei, it was Comes mm%timi tractus, and the comes^ then in
Me quoque vicinis pereuntem gentibus, inquit,
Muni vit StUichon, totam quum Scotus lernen
Movit, et infesto spumavit remige Tethys.
Illius effectum curis, ne tela timerem
Scotica; ne Pictum tremerem, ne litore toto
Prospicerem dubiis venturum Saxona ven tis.
In Prim. Cons. Stilich. lib. ii, 1, 247.
1 Jfectaridius. At this time the Batavi and Heruli are marched against the
Saxons. See p, 8, ante. Shortly after, we read (a.d. 370):— Brupit Augustis

188 RECULVER.
charge of the sea-coasts had been slain by the Saxons and Pranks,
before the arrival of Theodosius; and, receiving these terms as
synonymous, we may conclude that these garrisoned fortresses of
the Saxon shore, or sea-coast, were maintained for the purpose for
which they are indicated by the Notitia, up to the time of the final
vrithdrawal of the Romans from Britain.
Reculver, at the present day, presents a very different aspect to
Richborough. The vestiges of the walls of the castrum want that
solemn grandeur and impressive majesty of loneUness which dis
tinguish the more perfect remains of its ancient ally. The capri
cious sea, which has deserted its old boundaries at Richborough,
and left dry the estuary which formerly separated Thanet from
the mainland, has swallowed up one half of the site of Regulbium,
and annihilated as much of its walls. The encroachments of gene
rations of vUlagers, and of a once fiourishing monastic estabhsh
ment, have aided the waves in dismanthng the place of architectural
characteristics, and of its more prominent and striking features of
antiquity ; and the thousands of voyagers who daUy pass the site,
and see a dark mass of cottages, and the two spires of a desecrated
church, situated upon a chff shghtly elevated above the land on
either side, see only a picturesque spot, adding to the natural
beauties of the Kentish coast a pleasing diversity of scenery ; and
they pass on upon their watery way. If one, more curious than
his companions, is tempted to ask the history of the desolated
church with its towers and spires, he may probably be told that
ter Coss. Saxonum multitudo : et oceani difficultatibus permeatis, Romanum
limitem gradu petebat intento, ssepe nostrorum funeribus pasta : cujus erup-
tionis primse procellam Nannenus sustinuit comes, regionibus iisdem adpositus,
dux diuturno bellorum labore compertus. — Amm. Marcel, lib. xxviii, cap. v.

RECULVER. 189
these steeples are called "the two sisters", and hear one of those
legends which popular ignorance everywhere so readily invents,
to account for the origin of objects which appear mysterious or
remarkable. He little knows, nor perhaps cares to know, the events
and revolutions which that little spot of land has witnessed, in
times, to him, of unsuspected antiquity. The more adventurous
risitors of adjoining watering-places, who are attracted thither in
the ordinary routine of sight-seeing, are satisfied with the interest
attached to all places which present a diversity of impressions ;
and Reculver is one which must gratify, on a summer's day, aU
save the most unimpassioned and listless observer. The difficulty
(not insurmountable) of access ; the church in ruins ; the half
obliterated gravestones, marking where "the rude forefathers of
the hamlet sleep"; the bleached bones, which strew the beach, of
the nameless ejected tenants of graves undermined by the waters ;
the broken framework of human bodies, projecting from the black
unctuous cliff; a few fishermen's cottages, and a httie inn, desig
nated (not by the Herald's College) the " Ethelbert's Arms", pre
sent themes for reflection, and objects to gratify the general risitor,
though he may return home without having been accompanied by
a guide to the Roman antiquities of Reculver.
The vUlage of Reculver is situated about three miles from
Heme Bay, nine from Canterbury, and ten from Margate. From
Canterbury and from Sandwich, it can now be reached as far as
Grove Ferry by railway, and from thence across the fields ; but the
distance is considerable, the road cu-cuitous, and in the winter
months, untU the high-road leading to Brooke is gained, almost
impassable. Across the marshes from St. Nicholas-at-Wade it
is stiU more inaccessible, except during the summer months. As,

190

RECULVER.

indeed, it is seldom risited by land except by way of Heme
Bay. The cut given at page 175 has been engraved from a
dravring made at Brooke Hill, whence the full extent of the
south wall pf the castrum is seen ; and the accumulation of earth
in the interior is clearly perceived, by comparison vrith the level
of the exterior ground. Northmouth, the ancient northern mouth
of the estuary, is to the right; and the rillage of Reculver is con
cealed on the left by the rising ground. The cut below is a nearer
view, taken from the Canterbury road. The waU to the left, to
the extent of ten or twelve rods, is whoUy destroyed, or concealed
by the soil ; the western angle is close to the right of the inn in
the foreground.

Reculver— land side.

The original state and extent of the castrum, as before observed,
is with difficulty to be ascertained from existing remains. The
south wall, shewn in the engravings, and the east, are yet stand
ing, in broken and dilapidated condition; the north waU is

RECULVER. 191
entirely destroyed by the sea; the west is partly leveUed, but a
considerable portion is preserved, being concealed by the out-houses
of the um. From measurements made hy Mr. Boys, in 1781, when
some rods of the north waU and the north-east angle remamed,
the castrum, when entire, appears to have occupied eight acres,
one rood, one pole, of ground ; and the area withm the walls mea
sured seven acres, two roods, and twenty-six poles.
The walls are destitute of any traces of towers, which it may be
supposed never existed, or some remains of foundations would stiU
indicate their position. Neither does there appear to have been
more than one entrance, which was in the centre of the west waU,
opposite the church. Unhke Richborough, the castrum was waUed
completely on the four sides, an arrangement which the nature of
the site rendered unavoidable. The thickness of the w^ls, when
perfect with the frudngs, must have been from eleven to twelve
feet. Facing-stones are- at the present day only to be found in
certsun parts of the exterior of the east waU. Whether they remain
in the interior, caimot be easUy ascertained, from the great accu
mulation of earth, which has risen to the level of the top of the
walls, which on the exterior are about twelve feet in height.
The waUs are chiefly buUt of flints and pebbles, coUected pro
bably from the beach, intermixed with layers of septaria,' which
1 Mr. Brown, whose remarks on ancient remains are printed under the head
of Richborough, has very kindly forwarded to us some observatioiis on the
septaria. "These stones," he observes, "were formed in the London day.
They occur in that deposit at intervals, and in horizontal rows or layers, like
the flints in the chalk formation. They are composed of aigiUo-calcareous
matter, aggregated by means of chemical affinity, and afterwards concreted into
tolerably hard stone. The greater portion of the clifi& on the Essex coast, and
in the Isle of Sheppy, is composed of London clay ; and the action of the sea.

192 RECULVER.
also enters largely into the masonry of the walls of Colchester, but
is not noticed in those of Richborough. The foundation is a thick
stratum of round pebbles ; and from what is yet visible in the end
of the east waU projecting over the cUff, a thick moulding of con
crete, or plaister, seems to have been carried round in the interior
bottom of the waU. The chief pecuUarity of the masonry is the
absence of tUes, which in that of Richborough, of Lymne, and
other places, form such a very conspicuous feature; and also the
absence of pounded tUe in the mortar. It has been supposed that
bonding courses of tiles may have formed part of the original con
stmction; hut the remains are yet sufficient to controvert that
opinion. In the south of England it is extremely rare to meet
vrith an instance of the absence of bonding tUes in the walls of
Roman towns and stations; in the great northern wall and in
its castella the reverse is a general rule. In other respects, the
castrum at Reculver, as far as the mutUated remains of the walls
admit of comparison, does not deriate from the general system
which regulated the constmction of such works.
In Leland's time, Reculver stood " wythin a quarter of a myle,
or a httie more, of the se syde." The gradual progress of the sea
is shewn hy a survey made about one hundred and fifty years sub
sequent, which is now in the possession of Mr. Robert CoUard, of
by crumbling down the cliffi, has liberated the septaria, and thereby afforded
good building materials. The coast all round the Isle of Sheppy is noted for
supplying septaria to the manufactories of Parker's cement ; and dredging for
these stones daily off Harwich and Walton has been practised for many years,
affording employment for from sixty to seventy fishing smacks all the year
round. These stones not only form one of the chief materials of the Roman
walls of Colchester, and of the castle, but they have also been extensively nsed
for the waUs of numerous village churches of the district."

RECULVER. 193
Brooke,' who has permitted the accompanying fac-simUe to be
made for our volume ; it is the more acceptable, as the plan is
1 This mteresting document is entitled, « A Mapp, and description of a farme
wtt 12 parcells of land there belonging, lying in the parish of Reculver, in
ye county of Kent, being owned by Mr. Gideon Despaigno (and by his order
measured and herein described) ; being now in ye tenure or occupation of
Robert Wellbe. Measured and mapt by Thomas HUl, sworne surveyor, 1685."
The map is described as shewing also the persons' names whose land bound
thereunto. A considerable portion of the map is occupied by plain marsh-land
and fields, an ornamental border enclosing the title, and a long historical
description, which is given below. No portion of any interest has been omitted
in our engraving, if we except a part of the western boundary, at the distance
of a hundred and fifty-five rods from the church tower, where appears " a place
anciently for a barber of ships, called now the Old Pen", and which runs inland
from the cliff in a diagonal direction westward, for forty-six rods in length, but
not more than forty-eight rods distance from the cliff at its extremest inland point.
The historical description, above alluded to, is as follows : — " Neer the church
of Reculver was once an ancient towne (but now demolished, except a small
village of houses yet standing). Anciently, there was a Mint, or coynage for
Roman money, being then under that empire ; for in the days of Severus,
emperor of Rome (being 1480 years since), buUt here a castle, whioh he
fortified against the Britains, the foundation yet to be scene about the church
(like the figure on this plott, about 10 acres of land), neer a mile distance then
from the sea, only a large river (called Wantsume, but now Marshland) which
passed neer the east side of this castle at k, so winding it selfe about by the
castle of Richborrow, so opening into the sea where Sandwich since is built.
And 382 yeers after, Ethelbert, the fifth king of Kent, made this castle his
palace for him and his successors ; and 213 years after that, Eadbert, another
king of Kent, built here a colledge, and dedicated it to the Virgene Mary, And
Ano, Dom, 792, Egbert, a king likewise of the said county, built in this parish
a Monastorie of ye order of St, Benedict ; and short time after, another king
(Eadrice by name) gave it to Christ Church, of Canterbury, to w"^ it yet
continues. " This parish is in the liberty of St. Austine ; but the Manner, the Archbishop
of Canterbury claimeth there," etc. 0 C

194 RECULVER.
unpublished, and probably unknown, except to its owner. The
original appears to have been prepared with care, and may be reUed
on, as giring an accurate riew of the relative position of the vUlage,
the church and other buildings within the castrum, the walls of
which are represented as entire. About a century later, when Mr.
Boys pubUshed a plan of the church and castrum,^ the north wall
of the latter had lately been overthrown by a faU of the chff. Mr.
Freeman^ states, that in 1805, the church-yard was entire, sur
rounded with its waUs (see the plan) ; and between the church waU
and the chff was a highway broad enough to admit of carriages.
"In 1809," he adds, "the distance from the north angle of the
tower to the edge of the cliff is reduced to five yards only." Our
map exhibits the ancient chapel and other buildings mentioned by
Leland, and of which riews are given, unfortunately without archi
tectural details, in the Bibliotheca Topographica ; the rillage was
then of considerable extent, but now at least half of it has shared
the fate of the northern part of the castrum. If the " quarter of a
mile or httie more" of Leland be estimated by his usual mode of
reckoning distances, Reculver may be considered as half a mile
from the sea when he made his survey. The foUovring is Leland's
account of Reculver : —
Reculver, ii, myles and more be water, and a mile dim. by land, beyownd
Heron, ys fro Cantorbury v, goode myles, and stondeth withyn a quarter of a
1 Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol, i, 1780-90. This valuable work,
now become rare, contains several communications on Reculver ; of which the
deeds and charters relating to its history in the middle ages form the most
useful portion. The views of the church, being taken from different points,
give a perfect notion of the state of the place towards the end of the last century.
2 Author of Regulbium, a poem, with an historical and descriptive account
of the Roman Station at Reculver, 12mo. 1810.

RECULVER. 195
myle, or little more, of tho se syde. The towne, at this tyme, is but village
lyke. Sumtyme, wher as the paroche chyrch is now, was a fayre and a greate
abbaye, and Brightwald, archbishop of Cant, was of that bowse. The old
building of the chirch of the abbay remaynoth, having ii. goodly spu-ing
steples. Yn the enteryng of the quyer ys one of the fayrest, and the most
auncyent erosse that ever I saw, a ix. footes, as I ges, yn highte. It standeth
lyke a fayr columne. The base greate stone ys not wrought. The second
stone, being rownd, hath curiusly wrought and paynted the images of Christ,
Peter, Paule, John and James, as I remember. Christ sayeth, ego sum Alpha &
ID, Peter sayith, Tu es Christus filius dei vivi. The saying of the other iii.
wher painted majuscvlis Uteris Ro., but now obliterated. The second stone is
of the Passion. The iii, conteineth the xii. Apostles. The iiii, hath the image
of Christ hanging, and fastenened with iiii, nayles, and subpedibus sustentaculum.
The hiest part of the pyUer hath the figure of a erosse. In the chirch is a very
auncient Boke of the Bvangelyes in majusculis Uteris Ro., and yn the hordes
therof ys a christal stone, thus inscribed : olavdia. atepiccvs. Yn the north
side of the chirch is the figure of a bishop paynted under an arch. In digging
abowte the chyrch-yard they find old bokels of girdels and rings. The hole
precinct of the monastery appereth by the old walle ; and the vicarage was made
of mines of tho monastery, Ther is a neglect chapel, owt of the chyrch-yard,
wher sum say was a paroch chirch or the abbay was suppressed and given to the
bishop of Cant. Ther hath bene much Romain mony fownd abowt Reculver.^
The church of Reculver has been so frequently and so well
described, that, were the subject not foreign to the purpose of our
volume, it would be unnecessary to repeat what has been written
of it in well known and accessible works. But a very remarkable
portion was brought to light, during the demolition of the edifice,
which, up to the present time, has apparently remained unrecorded,
except by the drawings and notes of the late Mr. Joseph Gaudy,
A.R.A., in the possession of Mr. C. J. Richardson, who has very
kindly placed them at our disposal. These records will prove
most acceptable to our readers ; while, at the same time, they add
1 Itinerary, vol. vii, p, 136,

196

RECULVER.

to the regret that is felt by aU refiecting and right-minded per
sons, that a building, possessing such claims on the national
protection, and on the sympathy of those who were peculiarly
constituted its defenders and guardians, should have been con
signed to destruction, in a manner ahke disgraceful to the pro
jectors of the selfish and heartless job, and to the legislature of
the day, which passively tolerated such Vandalism.

Plan of Reculver Church,

The ground-plan, given above, shews the church in its perfect
state. It consisted of a nave, a chancel, and north and south aisles,
with two square towers, which are yet standing. The nave was sepa
rated from the side-aisles by four square pUlars on each side, sup
porting pointed arches, the pillars being 3 feet 10 inches, by 2 feet
9 inches. The chancel was separated from the nave, by one large
and two smaller semicircular arches. It is in these arches, and
their columns, including portions of the side-walls, represented
with a dark shade in the plan, that I would direct attention.
The annexed cut represents an elevation, shewing the architec-

RECULVER.

197

tectural pecuUarities of the columns, the arches, and the walls.
The arches were turned with Roman tiles, and the waUs banded

Roman Architecture, forming part of Reculver Church, now destroyed.
Height of Column, 17 feet ; height of Arch, 22 feet
with three courses of the same, the upper and lower, in each wall,
consisting of four rows, the centre of five ; the waUs are described as
of rough stone. Unfortunately, the mortar, an important eridence
in determining pure Roman masonry, is not described ; but there
is every other requisite for referring this remarkable portion of the
church to the Roman epoch. A question may at once be antici
pated, as to the probabiUty of this more ancient part of the church
being constructed by the Saxons, m,ore Romano. But we possess
no remains of Saxon architecture, so perfectly copied after the
Roman style as these would be, could they be considered as the
work of Saxon masons, under the guidance of the ecclesiastics, at a
period when specimens of Roman buUdings existed as types and

198

RECULVER.

models. There is a neatness and finish in the masonry, which is
wanting in the instances of Saxon work vrith which we are famUiar;
the courses of tiles are remarkably regu
lar, and, from a dravring by Bartlett,
pubhshed by Virtue, they are represented
as being carried along the side waU,
marked dark in the plan, with the same
regularity. The columns, also, harmoniz
ing vrith the arches and walls, present
features which must, I submit, decide the
appropriation of the work to the Roman
period. An en
larged -view of one
of the columns is
given in the an-
. „ , „^ ^ . „_ , nexed cut, in which
Column supporting Chancel Arches in Reculver Church, A is the plan
of the Column, the dotted lines shewing the plan of the Cap, those neCuhariticS
marking them as Roman are more clearly shewn.
The capital,^ the cable-pattern mouldings, and
the increased diameter of the bottom of the
shaft of the columns, appear to admit of no
objection to the early epoch to which I assign
them. For comparison of the pecuUar cha
racter of the capitals of the columns, a portion
of an architectural ornament on a Roman sar
cophagus, in the coUection at Ince BlundeU, is
here given.
1 Mr. Charles BaUy suggests that the capital may possibly have been intended
for bronze foliated ornaments of the Corinthian order.

\

"""-?

^ #

h

M

' 11

t

¦teJBJMi"

'"''lilll^HII

1

1 1 FOOT.

Ince Blundell.

RECULVER. 199
It is altogether hopeless to be able to ascertain what the Roman
, edifice was, the remains of which formed part of the church of
Reculver; neither can it be determined when the other parts of
the original buUding were destroyed. It may have been perfect
when the Saxons occupied Reculver, and by them may have been
devoted to the purposes of a church ; which, probably, suffered
during the invasions of the Danes, or by the accidents of time, and
it may have undergone restorations and alterations at various
periods ; untU in the nineteenth century, haring surrived so many
ricissitudes, it was wantonly destroyed. That it was a pubhc
structure, haring some claims to architectural beauty, must be
inferred from the portion under consideration; probably it was
either a basiUca or a temple, which, we know, served as models for
the early Enghsh churches and often for the churches themselves.
Down to the seventh century, the Roman temples, as weU as the
statues of the gods and goddesses, remained unaffected by the
progress of Christianity: and when the success of Augustine
warranted Pope Gregory in securing the advantages gained, he
instructed the missionaries, who were aiding Augustine in Britain,
not to destroy the temples, but to adapt them to the use of the
new reUgion. " When, therefore. Almighty God," he writes to
Mellitus, " shaU bring you to the most reverend bishop Augustine,
our brother, teU him what I have, upon mature dehberation on
the affair of the English, determined upon; namely, that the
temples of the idols in that nation ought not to be destroyed; but
let the idols that are in them be destroyed; let holy water be
made and sprinkled in the said temples ; let altars be erected, and
reUcs placed. For if those temples are well buUt, it is reqiusite
that they be converted from the worship of derils to the service of

200 RECULVER.
the true God ; that the nation, seeing that their temples are not
destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and knowing and
adoring the true God, may the more familiarly resort to the places
to which they have been accustomed. And because they have
been used to slaughter many oxen in the sacrifice to derils, some
solemnity must be exchanged for them on this account ; as that
on the day of the dedication, or the natirities of the holy martyrs
whose reUcs are there deposited, they may buUd themselves huts
of the boughs of trees, about those churches which have been
turned to that use from temples, and celebrate the solemnity vrith
rehgious feasting, and no more offer beasts to the devU, but kiU
cattle to the praise of God in their eating, and return thanks to
the giver of all things for their sustenance."^
This church possessed then especial claims for preservation.
The Roman architecture gave it a distinctive feature of remote
antiquity, of which it would be difficult to find another example
in this country. It stood as a monument of the downfall of pa
ganism and the triumph of Christianity ; upwards of a thousand
years our forefathers had preserved, endowed, and repaired it, and
generation after generation had called it theirs, and vrithin its waUs
had ratified the obhgations of social Ufe ; they had died, and were
buried about it. Tradition hallowed it as the burial-place of Ethel
bert, who received and protected Augustine. Monuments of the
ancestors of rich and infiuential famiUes, whose near relatives also
lay there interred, stood vrithin and around its waUs. The church, at
the commencement of the present century, though it had been
neglected and was dilapidated, might have been easily repaired ;
but the gentry and clergy abandoned it to jobbers and speculators,
1 Bede's Eccles. Hist. lib. i, chap. xxx.

RECULVER. 201
who seized upon the venerable pUe, tore it to pieces and dirided
the spoil ; and old people, who remember the circumstances, tell
tow the bells fell to the share of one, the lead to another, recount
the prices at which the materials were sold, and relate how, ere
long, the curse of heaven feU on all the destroyers of the church;
that nothing prospered with them, and that, at last, they and their
families came to misery and ruin.^
The ancient remains which have been discovered at Reculver,
were as abundant and interesting as those which have been col
lected from Richborough ; but, save a weU-written and learned
discourse in Latin, by Batteiy,^ no record has been preserved of
them, and with a few exceptions, which will presently be referred
to, the objects themselves have passed away from the locality,
never to be identified, and rendered useless in relation to its his
tory. Many have doubtless perished, and many may yet he
among those numerous collections of antiquities in our private
and public museums, the local origin of which has long since been
forgotten. Batteiy, while rector of Adisham, was to Reculver,
what Mr. Rolfe is to Richborough, the tutelary genius loci. The
zealous labours of such persons are but httie appreciated by the
world, and their example is seldom followed ; and those who are
best adapted by circumstances to observe and collect facts which
Ulustrate ancient local history, are usually the least qualified, by
^ The reader, who may be inclined to go into the repulsive details of this
heartless destruction of the church, should consult the Gentleman's Magazine
.for the years 1808-10 ; among other illustrations he will there find a view of
the vicarage-house converted into a gin and beer shop and christened " The
Hoy"! 2 Aniiquitates Rutupinm, 8vo,, Oxon, 1711. A second edition, in small 4to.,
was published in 1745 ; and an abridged translation, in 8vo., in 1774. D D

202 RECULVER.
taste or by education, to understand and apply them ; the wants
and enjoyments of the present, and the worldly hopes of the
future, constitute the business of Ufe, and the past is regarded only
as a dry and obsolete book, whose pages of vrisdom, to the busy
actors in the present scene, are duU and unprofitable. Battely's
dissertation, the result of a few years' patient and zealous inquiry
and observation, is a striking exception to this general indifr
ference to the history of the past. It was in 1708 this earnest
toiler in a nook of the field of antiquity died- Had his place been
supplied by a succession of kindred minds, it may be calculated,
from what he gathered, how much might have been preserved for
the history of Regulbium. Multiply this instance by parallel
cases, and by the fate of hundreds of places in our country the
antiquities of which have never found a chronicler, and a shght
notion may be formed of the extent of the positive loss and destruc
tion of our ancient national monuments. But regrets and censures
will not lighten our present task, nor resuscitate materials for its
more satisfactory accomplishment; so, with hope for the future,
and thankfulness for the Uttle that is left, we proceed to give a
notice of the information which has been preserved by Battely's
labours. Mention is made of a small building, constructed almost entirely
of Roman tUes. It was probably the chapel-house, shewn in our
map. Though considered as Roman work, Batteiy proves it was
not necessarily so because Roman tiles were used ; but was pro
bably medieval, built with materials from some Roman buUding.
At this time the sea was making rapid inroads, and acres of land
were being washed away, to the injury of the proprietor, and to
the disclosure of foundations. of buildings, tiles, coins, vases, etc.;

XtrofmbSiBngTtxvaA iyF.W.IburTt^lX^J^.S.A^.

JUSTTIQUITIES, discovered at RECXJITsTEH-.

RECULVER. 203
which being separated, by the force of the waves, from the earth,
were picked up by the rillagers on the ebbing of the tide. On
one occasion, from the foundering of the cliff, extensive substruc
tures of a building were laid open ; they were the furnace and
other parts of a hypocaust, composed of tiles ; the remains, also,
of a tesseUated pavement were for a short time visible, but were
soon broken up by the tide, or embedded in the sand of the shore.
From the same cause several cisterns were also discovered,
varying from ten to twelve feet square, and the same in depth ;
they were formed of posts driven deep into the ground, the sides
being closed up with oaken planks, two inches thick ; the bottom
was of the stiffest clay, well trodden down, to prevent percolation
of the water ; — ^in short, they were not unlike our tan-pits. These
cisterns, Batteiy supposes, were reservoirs for rain-water, which
the brackish nature of the spring-water of the neighboiu"hood
rendered necessary. That they were of Roman origin, he con
siders is proved by the coins, pottery, and a strigU, which were
found in them.
This strigil, which, vrith other antiquities found at Reculver, is
preserved in the Ubrary of Trinity College, Cambridge, is repre
sented by fig. 12, pi. VII. It is in bronze, and consists of a handle
covered with shght protuberances, to prevent its slipping in the
hand, and a curved hollow blade. Its entire length is thirteen
inches. The strigU was employed by the Greeks and Romans in
scraping off the moisture which exuded from the skin during
gymnastic exercises and the impurities loosened by the bath ; the
hollow channels being well adapted for this purpose. The scraper,
used at the present day for remoring the perspiration from the
coats of horses, is very analogous in principle to the strigil of the

204 RECULVER.
ancients. The Reculver specimen, which differs somewhat in
form from other extant examples, is well illustrated by a passage
of Apuleius,' which describes the instrument as haring one end
straight, that it might be held in the hand, and the other end
curved and hollow, through which the perspiration might flow.
An enigma of the poet Symposius,'' conveys an equally clear
notion of a strigil, which forms the solution of the riddle : —
" Bubida, curva, capax, alienia humida guttis,
Luminibus falsis auri mentita colorem,
Dedita sudori, modico succumbo labori."
The colour of the strigil, counterfeiting gold, is a characteristic of
the bronze of the ancients ; and the metal could be kept bright
by the oil, moisture, and constant cleaning. When ancient coins,
or other objects in mixed metal, are taken from the beds of rivers,
or boggy and moist earth, they often resemble gold. The coun
tryman who found this strigil, was deceived by its colour, and
thought he had secured a golden prize ; while a weU-known anti
quary of the day, who was rather prone to apply almost everything
to confirm a favourite theory, thought the strigil to be the golden
sickle, with which the Druids used to cut misletoe !
The strigil is frequently mentioned by ancient authors, with
allusions to its form and use ; as Persius :^ —
" I puer, et strigiles Crispini ad balnea defer,"
Juvenal :¦* — " Et sonat unctis strigilibus" —
1 "Honestam strigileculam, recta fastigiatione clausulse, flexa tubulatione
ligulsa, ut et ipsa in manu capulo moraretur, et sudor ex ea rivulo laberetur," —
Floridorum, lib. ii.
2 ^nigmat. ixxxvi, Poet* Latini Minores, tom. vi, p. 561.
s Satyr, v., 1. 126, * Sat. in, 1, 263,

RECULVER. 205
and Martial,^ with reference to a place where in his days they
were fabricated : —
" Pergamus has misit, curve distringCre ferro :
Non tam saepe teret lintea fuUo tibi."
The strigils found at Pompeii are different in shape from the
Reculver example, particularly in the handles, which are open, to
admit the hand. In the sepulchre of the Great Hill, at Bartlow,
in Essex, among other objects, were an iron folding chair, resem
bling a camp stool, and two bronze strigils, described^ as elegantly
curved, with a smaU opening in each handle ; they are more
analogous to our specimen than to any of the foreign examples
which have come under my notice.
The term strigil was also applied to a surgical instrument,
probably on account of its being hoUow, like the bath-scraper.
Celsus^ and Pliny^ direct certain medicinal preparations to be
warmed^ and dropped in the ear by means of a strigil.
Fig. 13, on our plate, repriesents a kind of spoon, which was
termed cochleare ; the two-fold use of which, for picking cockles
from their shells vrith the pointed extremity, and for taking out
the meat of eggs with the concave end, will be weU understood by
the epigram of Martial :^ —
" Sum cochleis habilis, sed nec minus utilis ovis,
Numquid scis potius cur cochleare vocer ?"
The original is in sUver, and is rather more than six inches in
length. It is called by JuUus Pollux® " a digger of cockles"; and
the shape of the spoon found at Reculver, leaves no doubt of its
being an example of this pecuUar class.
' Epigram, lib, xiv, 51, ^ Archseol. vol. xxvi, p. 300. ' In Re Medica, vi, 7,
" Nat, Hist, xxv, 66, ' Lib, xiv, 121, " Onomast, vi, 12,

206 RECULVER.
Connected with understanding the form and shape of the
cochleare, is a curious passage in Phny, which is additionally
interesting, as shevring the antiquity of a superstitious notion,
stiU prevalent in our own country, introduced doubtlessly by the
Romans. In speaking of the precautions with which incantations
vitere avoided, he states,^ that, to avoid eril influences, the sheUs,
as soon as the eggs were swaUowed, were broken or perforated
vrith spoons; that is, with the pointed ends. The Rev. James
Layton informs me that, at the present day, it is a very general
custom among the East-AngUan rustics, to thrust the spoon
through the bottom of the sheU, after the egg is eaten, in order,
as they say, that the vritches may not have them to sail in.^ This
popular belief is alluded to in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of
Women Pleased: —
" The devil should think of purchasing that egg-shell,
To victual out a witch for the Burmoothes."
Fig. 11 is the bronze handle of a clasp-knife, of which two
were found at Reculver ; in one, a portion of the steel blade yet
remained in the shaft. It is ornamented vrith the design of a
dog, of the greyhound species, catching a hare. In iUustration of
^ "Defigi quidem diris deprecationibus nemo non metuit; hue pertinet
ovorum, ut exsorbuerit quisque, oalices, cochlearumque, protinus frangi, aut
eosdem cochlearibus perforari." — Nat. Hist. lib. xxviii.
2 Brand, in his Popular Antiquities, remarks, that " Sir Thomas Browne teUs
us, that the intent of this was, to prevelit witchcraft ; for lest witches should
draw or prick their names therein, and veneficiously mischief their persons, they
broke the shell, as Dalecampius has observed." Delrio, in his Disquisit. Magicoe,
lib. vi, c, 2, sect, 1, qusest. 1, has the following passage on this subject ; 'Bt si
ova comederint, eorum testas, non nisi ter cultro perfossas in catinum projiciunt,
timentes neglectum veneficiis nocendi occasionem prsebere.' " — Halliwell's edit,
vol. iii, p. 19, H, G. Bohn.

RECULVER.

207

this favourite design of the Romans, so commonly found on their
drinking-cups and other fictUe vessels, Batteiy has not inaptly
quoted Eunodius,' who thus describes the design on the ring of
Firmina ; — " ImmobUis stantem fugitat lepus arte
Molossum";
and Nemesianus,* who speaks of the superiority of the British
hunting-dogs, and of their being exported to Rome : —
"  divisa Britannia mittit
Veloces, nostrique orbis venatibus aptos."
The annexed cut shews a similar clasp-knife, with the remains
of the steel blade. It
was found at Had-
stock, in Essex, and is
now in the private
museum of antiquities
of the Hon. R. C. Ne
viUe, at Audley End.
Fig. 14 is the bronze enameUed pendant alluded to in p. 84. It
is hoUow, for the purpose of enclosing perfumes or amulets ; and
from its being somewhat in the shape of a heart, and haring also
a heart-shaped figure embossed on it, Batteiy considered it a bulla,
such as those which Macrobius^ states were given to youths of dis
tinction, to be worn upon the breast, in the form of a heart, in order
^ Epigr. xcviii. ^ In Cynegeticon, 1, 124,
' " Nonnulli credunt ingenuis pueris attributum ut cordis figuram in bulla
ante pectus annecterent ; quam inspicientes ita demum se homines cogitarent,
si corde pr^starent. Bulla gestamen erat triumphantium, quam in triumpho
prse se gerebant, inclusis intra eam remediis quse crederent adversus invidiam
Talentissima." — Saturnal, lib. i, cap, vi.

208 RECULVER.
that, viewing them, they might think themselves men, if their hearts
were rightly disposed. The same author also says, that the bulla
was worn by conquerors, with remedies or charms against envy
enclosed in it. What these amulets were, Batteiy observes, he can
not conjecture, unless they were small figures of Harpocrates, with
the fore-finger placed upon the lip, such as Were found (at Reculver)
at the same place with the bulla ; and he refers to a representation
in Kircher,^ described as a little casket, in the form of a heart, in
the middle of which is placed a naked infant Harpocrates, with
his finger on his lips, as enjoining silence. The association of
Harpocrates with the bulla, as noticed by Batteiy, would appear
to be elucidated by a humorous story told by Macrobius, in his
chapter on the use and origin of the pratexta, from which the
extracts relating to the bulla are taken. In early times, he states,
it was a custom with the senators, to take with them into the
senate-house their sons, after they had received the honourable
distinction of the pretexta and the golden bulla,^ While any
important business, which required postponement from day to
day, was under discussion, it was decreed that perfect silence
respecting it should be maintained out of doors. The mother of
a certain boy, named Papirius, who had been with his father to
the senate-house, being of an inquisitive disposition, asked the
youth what had taken place during the meeting. The boy excused
himself from telUng her, by saying that he was bound to be silent
on the subject. This answer made the woman more intent upon
' Cited by Cuper, Harpocrates, p, 158.
" These ornaments, when worn by the higher orders, were usually of gold.
Thus Pacatus accuses Maximus of stripping his female prisoners of their rings
and ornaments, and the children of the bullce from their necks, — Paneg. c, xxvi.

RECULVER. 209
knowing it. The secresy of the matter, and the silence of the boy,
excited her to question him more closely and urgently ; when,
rather than betray his trust, he adroitly and wittily derised a false
hood. They were debating in the senate then, he said, whether it
would be better, and conduce more to the good of the republic, if
each man be aUowed two wives, or if each woman be aUowed two
husbands. When the mother heard this, she hastenedj full of
agitation, to give information to all her married female friends
of the measure which was contemplated; and, on the following
day the doors of the senate-house were surrounded by ladies, weep
ing, and praying that it might please the senate that one woman
should have two husbands, rather than one husband two vrives.
The senators, when they arrived, wondered at the behariour of the
women, and were shocked at a display which spoke little for the
modesty of the sex. Papirius, however^ soon allayed the general
apprehension, for he openly stated in the senate-house, how his
mother had importuned him to tell what he had heard, and how he
had deceived her : he told aU. The conscript fathers applauded the
fidelity and ingenuity of the boy, and passed a law that, for the
future, boys should not be aUowed to enter the senate-house, with
the exception of Papirius ; on whom, moreover, they conferred the
honour of the surname of Pratextatus, for the discretion he had
shown at the period of assuming the pratexta, in keeping sUence,
and in speaking only at the proper time.
The connexion of this story vrith the custom of wearing the
bulla, the representation on the bulla, figured by Kircher, of Har
pocrates the god of silence,' and the fact, as stated by Batteiy,
1 The fingers placed upon the mouth, intimated that the mysteries of religion
and philosophy should not be divulged to the profane. E E

310 RECULVER.
that small images of this divinity were found at Reculver with the
bulla, confirm the supposition that these figures were worn round
the neck as amulets, probably to endow the wearers with prudence
and circumspection.
The gold coin (fig. 1) is of Magnentius.^ It is introduced here,
not for any particular numismatic interest, hut on account of its
having been mounted for wearing as an ornament. The gold loop
is affixed to it for the insertion of a string for suspending the coin
from the neck. Roman gold coins are frequently found thus con
verted, into personal decorations. Sometimes they are enclosed
in a border of elegant fiUgree-work; coins of later times, and
those of the Lower Empire, are more frequently mounted as this
specimen. It is coins such as these that are alluded to in a passage of Pom-
ponius the civiUan, when he says : " the reversion of ancient gold
and sUver coins worn as jewels, may be derised."^ The Saxons
followed the Roman custom, and mounted the gold coins either in
a border of filigree and garnets, or coloured glass.* They chiefly
used, for this purpose, the coing of the Lower Empire, and those
of the Merovingian princes ;: and numerous examples of them,
mounted like the coin of Magnentius, have been found in the
Saxon burial-places in Kejit. Six of them, together with a looped
1 Rev., VICTORIA . AVQ . LIB . ROMAKOR.; Victory, and a woman standing, sup
porting a trophy ; in the exergue, TB.
^ Numismatum aureorum et argenteorum veterum, quibus pro gemmis uti
solent, usumfructum legari posse. — Lib. xxviii, De Usufructu.
3 Soe the Bacton jewel, which is a coin of Mauricius (a.b, 582 to A.D. 602), set
in a framework very similar in manufacture and materials to the Saxon fibulse
found in Kent. It has been figured, by Mr. Seth W. Stevenson, iu the Numis
matic Chronicle, vol, ix, p, 2,

RECULVER. 211
Roman intaglio, and a gold circular ornament set with glass, were
dug up, a few years since, in the yard of St. Martin's church, near
Canterbury, the site of which was preoccupied by a Roman build
ing (probably a small temple), which was presented by Ethelbert
to his queen. Bertha, and her Frankish bishop, Luidhard.'
The other Reculver antiquities mentioned by Batteiy, are : a
bracelet of gold set with sapphires, fibulse, buckles, pins, tweezers,
bodkins, sewing and weaving needles, rings furnished with keys
and set with intaglios, the bronze ornaments of chests, belts,
bridles, and harness, portions of armour, a statuette of Mars and
other figures in bronze, fishhooks, coins, and pottery. The quan
tity of implements and utensUs found from time to time at Recul
ver, may be conjectured from the fact, that a brazier melted above
thirty pounds' weight, which had been collected in a few years.
The pottery was identical in character with that described in the
former part of our volume, as the description given by. Batteiy
proves. Some ofthe vases were ornamented with rine leaves: on one
were chUdren playing ; on another, Cupid whipping and taming a
lion ; others were embossed vrith hare hunts ; charioteers driving
cars vrith four horses ; lions' heads, with mouths open and perfor
ated; games, and various other designs. The potters' names were :
MARSi.M.; RRiMiTivi.; C.C.F.; and one ending with the letters taci.
The coins figured by Batteiy^ are British, Roman, and Saxon.
Of the British he gives five specimens, in electrum. The first of
these resembles fig. 36, plate ii, Ruding, except that, above the
horse, are letters placed thus, ^^^ " ; and on the reverse, is the
^ These coins are engraved in plates xxii and lv, vol. i, of the CoUectanea
Antiqva, " Antiquitates Rutupinse, tab. vi, edit. 1754.

212 RECULVER.
letter l. Of the same class is fig. 1, and probably others in the
plate of unpubhshed British coins found in Sussex, in the Numis'
matic Chronicle, vol. U : the second is similar to fig. 3, pi. iv, Rud
ing), obv., OVN. beneath a horse ; rev., camv., the letters dirided by
an ear of corn : the third has on the obv., a horse, and the letters
TASC; rev., a pearled ornamentation, crosswise, in the angles of
which is TASCi. : the fourth, obv., a horse ; above, a circle and
pellats ; below, a star ; rev., plain : the fifth has been reversed by
the artist, who has imagined and engraved a figure standing. This
coin is one of a class unknown untU recently, when several were
found at Wonersh, near Grantly, in Surry.'
The Roman coins referred to by Batteiy, are the base denarii of
Severus, Julia Domna, CaracaUa, Geta, and Elagabalus, and several
of the small brass of Carausius ; he also mentions, that consular
denarii had been found at Reculver, and coins of almost all the
emperors, from Julius Csesar to Honorius; but gives no cata
logue or description, with the exception of two of the denarii of
Severus, and eight of the small brass of Carausius, which are
engraved. Those of Carausius, being the most interesting, may
here be described :
1. Rev. coNSERVAT. {aug.); Neptune seated ; in his right hand an anchor ; in
his left, a trident reversed.
This coin was misunderstood by Batteiy ; the specimen he has
given from Spanheim, in illustration, is double struck, and has
thus misled that writer into very wild conjectures.
2, Rev. LEO . II... ; a centaur holding a globe and a rudder.
3, PAX , AvasG.; in the field, sp,; in the exergue, mlxxi; Peace, standing,
4 and 5, as No, 3, the obverses being of Diocletian and Maximian,
6, PEOVID . AVQGQ,; in the field, ss.; in the exergue, c; Providence standing.
' See Num. Chron, vol. ix, p. 92, fig, 5 ; and CoUect. Antiq. vol, i, pi. lvi, fig, 7,

RECULVER. 213
7. TEMPORVM . FELIOITAS ; type of Felicity standing.
8. VIRTVS. AVG.; Mars marching, with spear and trophy.
Fig. 15, in gold, appears to have been part of an ear-ring or
necklace ; it was presented to me by Dr. H. W. Diamond, F.S.A.
Fig. 16 is an intaglio in glass, which was picked up, a few years
since, on the beach opposite Reculver, and is now in the possession
of Mr. Edward Chard. It represents Mercury seated, holding in
his right hand a purse, and in his left a caduceus ; at his feet is a
cock. The supposed virtues of ancient engraved gems, and the
directions given, in the middle ages, to the finders, have been pre
riously mentioned (page 90) . As Mercury was one of the most
popular deities, his statues were exceedingly ahimdant, and his
effigies and symbols were among the most favourite subjects for
the gems and amulets both of the pagans and also of the gnostics,
who blended many of the pagan mysteries with the Christian
tenets. In the inventory preserved in the Harleian collection of
manuscripts, and pubUshed by Mr. Wright, the marks and rirtues
of a stone bearing the image of Mercury are thus specified : "Est
et alius lapis in quo habetur Mercurius, habens alas in dextra (sic),
et in sinistra manu virgam serpente involutam : qui hunc habuerat
tantum abundabit sapientia atque gratia ut nemo sibi resistere possit.
Gratus erit Deo, et omni populo, et perpetua gaudebit sanitate." And
in' the French Lapidaire : "La pierre de la pianette Mercure est une
ymage que a esles es pies ; et en la senestre main une verge et ung
serpent et est enveloppe entour elle, fait habonder sapience et donne
joie, sante, et grace." '
Fig. 17, a bronze casket-key, made for wearing as a finger-ring.
Pig. 18 is a fragment of a Saxon fibula, in gilt bronze, originaUy
i ArchEeologia, vol. xxx, p, 449-465.-

214 RECULVER.
of circular shape, and fastened at the back with an iron pin ; it
has been set with coloured stones or glass. It belongs to a class
of ornaments of great interest to the antiquary, as being remark
able for peculiarities which seem almost to restrict them to the
early Kentish Saxons. Batteiy speaks of the fibulse found in. his
time at Reculver, as being almost innumerable; some of these, he
observes, were constructed with much artistic skill and good work
manship; they were either enameled, or had been set with precious
stones. In my observations on the Saxon coins found at Richborough,
I alluded to their importance as supplying, to a certain extent,
historical and topographical information, and I remarked on the
peculiarities they present to the numismatist. The earliest of the
Saxon coins, of which two examples are given in page 157, are those
to which attention is redirected in connexion with others figured in
our plate (figs. 2 to 7), which have been selected from twenty-one
specimens pubhshed by Batteiy, and from a few preserved in the
collection of Dr. Faussett of Heppington, where they are marked
as haring been procured from Reculver. Figs. 8, 9, and 10, from
Batteiy, are gold coins struck by the Merovingian princes, the
first race of the kings of France after Gaul was subdued by the
Franks under Cloris. The first of these (fig. 8) is of Cloris him
self. The obverse reads : tcHLODOVivs ; the inscription on the
reverse is the name of a moneyer, tiTADENDVS ? Fig. 9: obv. tPALA-
ciOLOi, Palaiseau ; rev. domoiceno ? These coins have been faith
fully copied from Battely's plate, even to the palpable error in the
first letter of the word Chlodovius, which is explained by the fact,
that, at the period when they were published, this class of coins
was but little understood. Batteiy does not attempt even to

RECULVER. 215
note the Saxon pieces, or to distinguish between them and the
Frankish coins, but considered them all as coins of the ancient
GaiUish kings ; and, comparatively a short time since, both the
early Saxon and the Meroringian coins were looked upon with dis
dain, and scarcely considered worthy of admission into the cabinets
of numismatists. They were rejected as barbarous, and supposed
to be beyond the hope of heing read and explained. By this
unwise and fatal prescription, numerous valuable monuments have
been consigned to the melting-pot before better directed observa
tion and science had taught that these miscalled " unintelligible"
coins were, in fact, historical records, susceptible of being under
stood, and, at least as regards those of France, indiriduaUy
described. We have not yet been so successful with the Saxon
sceattas ; but our materials are still scanty, and it is probable that
the day is not far distant when some of them wiU be read, and aU
will be better classified and comprehended. Until the last few
years, it was considered by our most judicious numismatists, that
no gold coins were minted by the Saxons ; yet recent discoveries
have brought to Ught unsuspected proofs that, in the seventh
century, gold money was struck at London and at Canterbury.
Monsieur De Longperier has discovered a gold triens, which bears
on the obverse a diademed head, evsebii . monita. {Eusebius Mone-
tarius); and, on the reverse, tDOROVERNis . civitas; in the centre,
a cross. ^ And still more recently, Mr. Akerman has published^
several, which, there is every reason to beUeve, were struck in this
, country, including one marked londvni. These pieces bear a
general resemblance to figS; 8 and 9 of our plate, while they differ
in details. Like most of the French trientes, they are not ihscribed
^ Numismatic Journal, vol. ii, p. 232. ' ^ Numismatic Chron. vol. vi, p. 1 71.

216 RECULVER.
with the name of the reigning prince, but with that of a moneyer,
and the place of mintage; unlike their French contemporaries,
some of these presumed Saxon pieces have runes, which are occa
sionally found on the Saxon silver coins ; and the specimen struck
at London bears a full-faced bust, such as often appears on the
sceattas, but seldom on the gold Meroringian coins; while other
peculiarities, which the practised eye can easily detect, but which
it would be difficult to explain without the aid of numerous cuts,
will, there is every reason to believe, soon compel us to admit into
our recognized ancient national currency, a series of coins of which,
a very few years ago, not one specimen was known to exist.
Fig. 10 is a gold coin of the sixth or seventh century, the design
on the reverse of which affords a curious instance of the 'degradai-
tion of the art of engraving coins in the course of about a century
and a half, and the perversion of types by ignorant artists. It
would be impossible to explain the meaning of the objects on the
reverse of this coin without the key which imitation supplies. The
symbohst might see mystic signs, under the veil of which lie con
cealed from the profane some great truths in philosophy or in
theology; but the practical, matter-of-fact antiquary, who has
observed, in a hundred instances, how one age copies another, and
how ignorance distorts meaning into confusion, will perceive only
an abortive effort to copy a very common design on the coins of
Arcadius, Honorius, and others of that period, — ^riz., that of two
human figures seated in a chair, and a Victory standing behind
them. In our coins, the heads of the imperial figures, and that of
the Victory, have become metamorphosed into the heads or skulls
of beasts ; the bodies have almost vanished ; but the nimbi round
the heads (very secondary objects in the original design) become

RECULVER. 317
of the first importance in the copy, and almost fiU the field of the
coin. The universal proneness in artists to imitate, and the gross
blunders made by those who were mere copyists, and bad ones
too, of any design which may have struck their fancy, vrithout the
sUghtest feeling of propriety in adaptation, are facts which should
never be lost sight of by the archseologist, as they wiU often solve
many anomaUes and incongruities inexplicable by any other pro
cess of reasoning.
The examples of the sceattas given in our plate, wUl be sufficient
to convey to the general reader a notion of the money of the early
Saxon settlers, but not sufficient to give the historical inquirer a
fuU comprehension of the extent and variety of this class of
ancient -monuments. Obscure and perplexing, hke aU that relates
to the dark period in which they were produced, these little coins
are, notvrithstanding, not whoUy so barbarous and rude as to be
unacceptable to the historian. UnUke the numismatic volume
which illustrates so clearly consecutive events in the Roman
epoch, they neither furnish direct chronological information, nor
give us the names of those under whose rule they were issued ;
and they seem to afford no certain clue to the exact time when
they first made their appearance. But stiU they are the tangible
and unquestionable works of generations of our ancestors, who
stand first in the page of English history; and if the eridence
they yield be scanty, it is honest, and uncorrupted by fable or
tradition ; no panegyrist has falsified it, no Geoffrey of Monmouth
has had power to engraft upon it his own inventions, and substi
tute errors for truth.
I have observed that it is doubtful at what precise time the
sceattas were first struck. They vary very considerably in work-
E F

218 RECULVER.
manship, as weU as in type. One, in my own cabinet, found in
London, bears a weU-executed head, not unlike that of the third
Constantine (one of whose coins has been figured in pi. vi), whUe
its weight closely accords with that of the sUver coins of that
usurper, and with those of his time ; neither does the weight of
the generality of the sceattas differ much from that of the late
Roman coins, which formed part of the great monetary circulating
medium of the fifth century — ^the earUest possible date that could
be suggested for any of the Saxon coins. The fact of this accord
ance in weight, shews that the Saxon settlers in Kent (for it is to
them the origin of these coins must be attributed), must soon
have felt the necessity of adopting, not only a monetary currency,
which in their native country they had not yet introduced, but of
estabhshing it upon the Roman system. It is most probable that
Roman artists were employed, such as could have been easUy
found, if not in Britatu, certainly in Gaul, where, in the sixth and
seventh centuries, we find among the names of the moneyers,
those of Romans and Romanized Gauls, almost as numerous as
those of Franks.^ It is probable that the designs upon the sceattas
may serve to assist their classification. In the dragons, snakes,
and monstrous animals, may be traced the infiuence of the myths
of their native land. Sceattas" are mentioned in the laws of Ethel-
1 An alphabetical list of the moneyers has been published by Monsieur E.
Cartier, in the Revue Numismatique, annee 1840. Many of the names are very
analogous, and some are identical, with those of the Romano-Gaulish potters.
(See p. 69, ante.)
^ The sceat or scoet, and the seyUing, appear to have been the names of the
money in circulation among the Saxons, and the Teutonic nations in general, in
pagan times. In Beowulf, in allusion to the general attribute of Teutonic
kings, that of giving treasure to their subordinate chieftains, it is said of a
celebrated sword (1, 3366): —

RECULVER. 219
bert ; and one,' which bears affinity to others yet unappropriated,
bears an inscription, which has been read as Ethelbert rex. After
the coming of Augustine, others must be dated ; though it is very
doubtful if the crosses upon them are to be interpreted as signifying
the estabUshment of Christianity. The gold coins before referred
to, seem less equivocal in that point of riew ; and the specimen
from the Canterbury mint may reasonably be referred to, from its
similitude to the Frankish coins, as an immediate result of the
advent of Augustine ; while others, which seem copied from the
coins of Constantine Pogonatus (a.d. 668 to a.d. 685), still exhibit,
on the reverse, fantastic animals, without any symbol peculiarly
indicative of Christianity.
Fig. 6 of our plate is one of those sceattas which, on account of
the cross and the bird (supposed the emblematic dove), has been
considered of later date than some others ; but little reUance,

on ge-weald ge-hwearf it came into the power of
worold-cyninga the best
bsem sselestan of powerful kings
be ssem tweonum, between the two seas,
•Sara iSe on Scedenigge of those who in Scedenig
sceattas dselde. distributed sceattas (treasure).
In another passage of the same poem (1. 753), the word for presents is gif~
sceattas. No doubt the chief circulation was in the smaller coin, or sceattas ;
hence it was used as the general term for money, as we often use the word
pence. It was thus used throughout the whole Anglo-Saxon period, of which
many instances might be given. In the translation of the Psalms, the Latin
pretivm meum is rendered by sceat min. To pay your sceat, or, as we might say,
to pay your penny, was to settle your reckoning ; and, singular enough, the
pure Saxon phrase has been preserved in the language of country ale-houses,
where every customer is expected to pay his shot. Shot is the modern form
that the word sceat would take, if retained in the language,
1 Ruding, pi, 3.

220 RECULVER.
however, can be placed on such representations, at a period when
Christianity had not yet rooted out the old pagan practices. Coins
of this identical type have been found in a Saxon grave on Breach
Down,' under circumstances which leave no doubt as to their haring
been buried under the influence of the same feelings and motives
which induced the Romans to deposit money vrith their dead.
In taking a retrospective glance at the coins of Richborough
and Reculver, who wUl not be struck at the picture they present
of the early periods of the history of our country ? They are the
liring witnesses of mighty facts, upon which hung the destinies of
the world ; the chroniclers of her fate, when imperial Rome gave
laws to the circuit of the known globe, and when she sank beneath
the weight of her own vast and licentious power ; when from her
ruins sprang into life kingdoms and empires, whose founders for
ages had in vain disputed her proud supremacy. They show us
Rome in her strength and glory, and Rome in her decadence,
humiliation, and fall. In them we see tokens of the coming of
the Franks and the Saxons, — not as heretofore, when we read of
them only as pirates and wUd marauders, but as conquerors, the
lords and masters of Gaul and Britain, constructing the basis of
the kingdoms of France and England, and laying the foundations
of the laws and institutions under which we live and hold our
rights and liberties. Factum abiit, monumenta manent.
From the numerous early Saxon coins, and other remains of the
same period, as well as from the Roman architecture, which has
been here shewn to have been still standing as part of the church
at the commencement of the present century, the Roman castrum
and its buUdings appear to have passed quietly and peaceably into
the possession of the Saxons ; and Regulbium, by a slight muta-
1 They have all been figured in pi, vi vol, i, of the Collectanea- Antiqua,

RECULVER. 221
tion of its name into Raculf and Raculf-ceastre, remained a place
of considerable unportance dovm to a late period of Saxon England.
The Saxon Chronicle mentions that, in 669, king Ecbyrht gave
Raculf to Bassa, a mass-priest, to bmld a minster upon.
A.D. 679, Hlothari, kmg of Kent, granted land at Westney, in
the Isle of Thanet, and twelve houses at Stury, to abbot Bercuald
and his monastery. The charter is dated at Reculver, which is
termed " civitas".^
a.d. 747. There is extant, of this date, a charter of Eadberht,
king of Kent, granting to the church at Raculfe, and to Deneheah
and his monks, the toU and customs of one vessel at the port and
town of Fordwich.^
A.D. 747, circa. A grant by Eardvmlf, king of Kent, of land in
Berhamstede, to the abbot Eadberht and his monks, liring in loco
qui dicitur Raculf.
A.D. 784. A grant by Ealhmund, king of Kent, of a piece of
land caUed Scildwic, to abbot Westrede and his monks, liring in
loco qui dicitur Raculf cestre.
A.D. 811. Charter of archbishop Wulfred, giring lands in Eos-
terege (Eastry) to Reacolvensa ecclesia.
A.D. 825. Another charter of archbishop Wulfred, restoring-to
the monasteries aet sw&mynstre "] at Raculfo, the possessions of
which they had been deprived during the riolence of the times.^
* "Actum in civitate Racuulf in mense Maio in d, septima. — t Signum
manus Hlothari regis donatoris."
2 " Vectigal et tributum unius navis in portu ac villa quse dicitur Porduuic,"
This charter is marked by Mr. Kemble as of doubtful authenticity.
^ The chaiter contains a history of the transaction. It was made at the
synod of Cloveshou, and is signed by abbot Cwoenthrith, king Beornuulf, and
sixty-two persons besides.

222 RECULVER.
A.D. 949. Grant by king Eadred of monasterium Raculfense cum
tota villa to the church of Canterbury.
This charter is of considerable local interest, for appended to it
is an enumeration of the lauds in the immediate neighbourhood
of Reculver, and their boundaries, the names of which in many
instances can be identified by their modem appeUations. It is
also of general historical importance, and particularly remarkable
as being drawn up and written by Dunstan, then abbot of Glas
tonbury. By the kindness of our friend Mr. Charles Sandys, I
am enabled to give a faithful transcript of this valuable document,
taken from the original, in the archives of the Dean and Chapter
of Canterbury; and an English translation, which he has also
supplied.

Charter of Eadred, granting the monastery of Reculver to
Christ Church, Canterbury.
Mufcar ic(tc|t(P'ujao|wntpi|c)ti5tt|' mfc^
TiUTnanaj' luc6Troft]:fimiX»viltof Pli^alj^
[belubit] nunc mqua pmij-ps quap ppohxiopij- uicae j-cabuj- becipic
nunc pebuj- mijpanfcibuj- pmcacifcep q"]-i necejjapiuf inlicifc. Infcea
efciam ftipa inpepni pupphcia tamq*m leuia efc tpanf ifcopia fuSjepifc
quatinuj- mij-epopum copba in cupibifcaSe laj-ciuiaque enepinfc. bjj--

RECULVER. 228
j'oluat. j-ecumque cabeafca ab fcapcapa bucafc ; Seb jxi uipi ppajo
]'pu bej'Cialej- pcojnoj'oentej' inj-ibiaj- jcufco bonae uoluntatij- copo-
nafci quicquib inj-emefcippj- teppenii j-entiunf mbefinent' atque
nauitep opibuj- j-cij' exhaupiuc unbe bij-j-copiafcij- copa Xpo Ihu
mepifcir putilantej- jimiUima Titanei puljopij' luce pj-entent'; De
quopum pconio tuba j-cae j-cpiptupae pebohanj- mtep aha tej-ti-
monia ppenriuj- intellijenba ripij- hsec jemina aupibup pej-ultanbo
ppubis. Beati quopum uej-timenta alba j-unt in conj-pectu bni ;
ec alibi luj-ti fuljebunt jioufc j-ol in jiejno pafcpip eopum l>uiu]-
epjo bommioi oonj-peotu]- et patepni amope pejni ppuf uj- unbe nobij-
uictuj* pej-tat j'lne bubio ceptuj" be quo uictu bn^ bixifc beatuj- qui
manbuoabifc panem in pejno Di [G50 Gabpeb pex biuina jpacia
fcotiu]-] SSlbionij" monapchu]" et ppimicepmj-. Xpo peji meo in
thpono pejni pennif ppetuahfcep jubthpomzato : e concej-j-ij- mibi
ab eobem labihum j,a,xiy pepum [accepti tipocmu quapfco mei tep-
pej-tpij' pejni] anno ad templii fuo mcomphenj'ibih bebioatutn
Nini. in upbe Dopobepnia. ODONG 3!pchiepij-copo metpopoli-
tanam cathebpam pfibente, et pejni celej-tij- j-up apua bpittannica
clauej- ppoptante, monaj'fc'ium paculpenj-e birbenij" fenij-que ej-ti-
matum capfatif. infcepiu]\ extepiuj-que [cum] omnibuj' ab hoc pebuj'
pite ptinentibuj". j-iue htopum. j-iue campopum. ajpopum pal-
tuumue. j-icut infepiuj- teppifcopia pmuljantup. humiUime atque
beuotijyime j'lncepo copbe inppetuum luj- [quambiu] xpianitaj"
uijeat p meij- abluenbij" excejjibuj" inbetepmmabihtep impenbo ;
81 quif autem % abpt tipannica ppetuf potej-tate. pejalif sepij-
copalip. j'lue homo ahcuiuj- bijnitatij- hoc becpetum a bo mihi
conlatu[m] inj;pin3epe tempfcauepit: j-iue huiuj-cse bonatiomp a
ppata secclej-ia uel papj-um pebij- pejpejauepit, ni ppmj- hoo inopme
I'celuj- poenitenbo betepj-epit. pe j-acpilefjii] culpam [incuppij-j-e

224 RECULVER.
efc a biio] Ihii Xpo inppefcuum fine ullo f ubfcpacfcionif pepocilafcu.
bampnafcupum pfenfciafc.
[l>aec enim f injpaphal anno bominicse incapnafcionif. dccccxlix.
opfchoboxop[um fcpipfca effc unajnimo confenfu uipopum quopum
in]:epiu]- nina hfcepapia q^uahfcafce bip tinjui uibht'.
[Gjo 6]abpeb pex biuina ppofcejenfce jpacia Slbionif pummam
pfibenf ajise cpucif hanc capfcula[m njofcamine pffcpinxi.>J<
G50 Obo apchiepifc mefcpopohfcana pfibeuf jubepnamina hoc
bonum pejia concef j-um mumpcenfcia f ijno cpucij" pixi. »J«
G30 pulfffcan apchiepifc mefcpopohci, bonopip papfcijio Ebopa-
cenfi ciuifcafce fuppulfcuf huio lapjifcafci cpucem affcpip]'i.»J«
Gjo yGIpheah epifc uumfcanienpf secclepae. hoc bonum fi^no
cpucif conf ipmaui. >J<
630 ./Gfcehel^ap cpibienenfif aecclepae pful hanc lappfcafcem
coppobopaui. >J<
G50 ./Glfpic epifc huiuf bonafcionip conffcipulafcop pijnum cpucij'
bepinxi.>J« G30 Pulffije epifc huiuf lapjiflui munepif bomini fijno j'alubpi
abnofcaui.*^ G30 Theobpeb epifc pbijam hanc mpenpone patfcibuh conf ip-
mafcu abbibi.tj*
G^Oi/Glfpeb epifc hoc Do inffcijanfce bonii cpucif Xpi conpfci-
pulafcu mumui.1^
G30 Beophfcpje epifc huiufcse bonafcionif coppobopafcionem
confculi.>Ji G30 Coenuualb epifc conj-enfuoi abibui.i^
G50 Cynef ije epij-c unanimifcafc' pbui. >J<
650 uulphehn epifc pepmifpone pfubi.>J<
630 Gabhelm abbaj- beuofcuj" in hoc pffcifci.»J<

RECULVER. 225
636 Oj'ulp bux conpenp es humilifc' ajjfcifci.»J«
G50 Gabmunb bux libenp conpilio abepam.»J<
Gjo yGfcbelftan bux ppomto ammo conj-enp.tji
G30 Gabjipu peji]- jenefcpix ppati ammo hanc ppatam letabunbo
in Xpo lapjifcionem ob optabilem pemunepafcione concep-am j'ljni
coppobopafcione palufcipepi humiUime conpjnauLiJi
650 Dunptan inbijiiuf abbap peje Gabpebo impante hanc
bomino meo haepebitapianfi kapfculam [bicfcifcanbo compof ui et ppo-
ppiif bijifcopura apfciculif pp cpipp].
•I" l>if inquam hmifcibus hee fcellupis papfcicula cipcujipapi
uibefcup. jGjiep fc. on HOP'S healpe. ^ on pepSan op yp mja [ ] spa
popiS besanbe tfS nop'SmuJ^an p p6 nop'Smu^an fco CDacanbpoce Jjonan
fco aepnepeje. Op aepnepeje to Ganplaebe mu'San op Ganplasbe
mu'San on CDeapepleotesmu'San op CDeapepleotesmu^an epfc on
Gauplebmu'San. 'Sonne on east healpe fco mylenpleotep mu'San oS
Su'Sfcun Of Su^fcune anblanj bpoces fco hse'Semaepinje 'Son on Su'S-
healpe op hae'Semsepinje to ftoccti op pfcoccii anblanj pfcpaefce tfS
fc^e] ISjuffcinep meapce ppom pee JSjupfcinep meapce o^ bpoc
anblanj bpoces oS pfcanbpycje pa's ppo ftanbpycje oiS pip ehnje
to Cpiffcep cipicean jemeape [ppom Cpif tap cipican jemeape] o^
ealben heje on pep fc healp op healben heje fco peaxu. ^on pep fc ppom
peaxu to celban fco Cinjepmaepe ppom cinjefjemaepe o^ [jafca]
jehsejje. pep "Se peap b. J^anan on yfinja ho 3 f pantenp ae ]?onne sienban
G G

226 RECULVER.
peopep fulunj binnan 'Sea aep lanbes 'Se jebypeb mnfco Eaculpe on
cenefc. an. f ulunj :) an laef on papuiSe jebypeb infco Kaculpe. 'Sonne
If eallef 'Sssf lanbes xxv fulunja. j an f ulunj on Cefolul] pnjfcune
f u'S be pealba Jjape cipican fco bofce.
The preceding copy of this interesting Charter is taken from
the original in the archives at Canterbury, where it is marked on
the back as "Raclf, 1. Rex Eadred^ dedit monast'iii de Raculf ad
eccUa Xpi. Ses Odo. R. 61." Another original is preserved
in the British Museum, MS. {Cotton, Aug. U, art. 57); and, as the
Saxon description of the boundaries has some considerable varia
tion, I have thought it adrisable to give it here entire.^
./Gpef fc on HOP'S healpe se'Selpep'Sef lonbe fpa pop be'Sf anbe o]?
nop^ mu|?an ppom Hop's mqj7an fco macan bpoce ^onne fco aepne
peje op »pne peje fco eanplaebe muj^an op eanplsebe mu]>an on
meapc pleofcep mu]7aH op meapc pleofcep mu];an epfc on eanplaebe
mu'San 'Sonne on eaffc healf e fco mylen pleofcef mu'San oS Su'Sfcun
op fii'Sfcune andlanj bpocep fco hae^e maepinje 'Sonne on pu^ healpe
op hae'Se maepinje fco ffcoccum. op pfcoccum anblonj pfcpaefce o'S pee
ajuf fcinej- meapc pp5 see aujuffcinef meapc. o'S bpoc anblanj bpocep
oS ffcan bpycje puS ppom ptan bpycje o'S pipelmje fco cpiptep
cipican jemaepe ppo cpiffcep cipican jemtepe o'S ealben heje on
pejfc healpe ealban heje fco peaxum. ^onhe pepfc ppom peaxii fco
celban fco cinjep jemaepe ppom cmjef jemaepe o'S jafca jehaejje.
'Sonne penban peopep ppulunj binnan ea 'Saep lonbef J»e jebype^
mnfco paculpe. On fcaenefcfc. peopep ppulunj onb an l»f on papu'Se
jebype'S mnfco paculpe. ^onne if eallef j^aef lanbef xxv. f pul'ja ^ an
fpulunj on ceolnlpnj fcune f u'S be pealba J»sepe cipican fco boce.
1 The words between brackets in the foregoing Charter are supplied from this
manuscript, the Canterbury manuscript being much obliterated in parts.

RECULVEE. 227

TRANSLATION.
>J< PoKASMcrcH as the Deceiver, by his fraudulent juggling, beguiles human
souls by many wicked delusions ; sometimes, I say, he deceives by delusive pro
mises of a long course of a prosperous life ; sometimes, as if he were a particular
friend, he persoveringly allures with the transitory things of this world. In the
meantime, he represents even the infernal torments of Hell as if they were light
and transitory, to tho end he may destroy the hearts of miserable men plunged
in concupiscence and lust, and may drag them with him to the darkest caverns
of Hell. But holy men, by a Divine Spirit forewarned of those abominable
snares, and armed with the Shield of Faith, incessantly and strenuously root
out, by spiritual works, whatever earthly things they perceive in themselves,
that they may be presented before Christ Jesus shining like the light of the Sun
in their manifest merits. Of whose praise the resounding trumpet of the Holy
Gospel (among other testimonies more readily understood) hath uttered these
words, echoing in both our ears : " Blessed are they whose garments are white
in the sight of the Lord." And again : " The righteous shall shine as the Sun
in the kingdom of their Father." Of this Divine Presence, therefore, and also
of food (that our food may remain certain without any doubt) our Lord and
Father, fiUed with the love of the kingdom, hath said ; " Blessed is he that shall
eat bread in the kingdom of God." I Eadred, King, by Divine Grace, Monarch
of all Albion, and Steward to Christ my King (eternally sitting upon the Throne
of the everlasting kingdom) even for the wealth of the perishable things granted
to mo by Him, in the fourth year of my first calling to my earthly kingdom,
most humbly and devoutly, with a sincere heart for the absolution of my sins,
for ever grant in perpetuity, as long as Christianity shall flourish, to his Temple,

228 RECULVER.
dedicated to the incomprehensible God, in the city of Canterbury (Odo the
Archbishop presiding in the metropolitan chair, and bearing throughout Britain
the keys of the Heavenly Kingdom), the Monastery of Reculver, with twenty-five
carucates of land (by estimation) within and without, with all things thereto
lawfully belonging, whether land lying on the sea-shore, meadows, arable-land,
or woodland, as the same territories are hereunder specified. And ii any man
(which God forbid), puffed up with tyrannical authority, whether King, Bishop,
or of any other dignity, shall attempt to infringe this grant (by God bestowed
upon me), or shall appropriate a single foot of this donation from the aforesaid
Church, unless he shall first expiate by repentance this enormous crime, he
shall incur the guilt of sacrilege, and shall be damned for ever by our Lord
Jesus Christ, without any hope of Redemption.
This grant is written in the year of our Lord's Incarnation dccccxlix, with
the unanimous consent of the Faithful, whose names and quality are below set
forth. A I Eadred, King, by the protection of the Divine Gh:ace, chief ruler of
Albion, have confirmed this Charter with the sign of the holy Cross.
iU I Odo, Archbishop, presiding with metropolitan jurisdiction, this Gift,
by royal munificence granted, have established with the sign of the Cross.
1X4 I Wvlfstan, Archbishop, elevated to the rank of metropolitical honour in
the city of York, have to this Bounty affixed the Cross.
1X4 I Aelfhean, Bishop of the Church of Winchester, have confirmed this
Grant with the sign of the Cross.
iU I Aethelgar [Prsesul] of the Church of Crediton, have corroborated this
Grant. A I Aelfric, Bishop [Constipulator'] of this Grant, have made the sign of
the Cross.

1 There is no English word to express this, which alludes to an ancient
custom, known at this day as ' Livery of Seisin' (or delivery of possession).
"Veteres quando sibi aliquid promittebant, stipulam tenentes frangebant,
quam iteruir) jungentes et metientes, sponsionem agnoscebant. Vel qu&d stipule

RECULVER. 229
^ I Wulsige, Bishop, this bountiful Grant have marked with the sign of
Salvation. »{( I Theodred, Bishop, this liberal Gift have confirmed with the addition of
the Cross.
^ I Adfred, Bishop, at the instigation of God, have strengthened this Gift
[constipulatu] with the sign of the Cross of Christ.
1^ I Berhtsige, Bishop, have corroborated this Gift.
t^ I Coenwald, Bishop, have added my consent.
>J< I Cynesige, Bishop, have afforded my assent.
»J« I Wishelm, Bishop, have approved.
«^ I Eadhelm, Abbat, have hereto devoutly attended.
^ I Osulf, Duke, have consented, and humbly assisted.
»f» I Edmund, Duke, have cheerfully advised.
»J* I Athelstan, Duke, have consented with a willing mind.
|J« I Eadgive, mother of the aforesaid King, with a mind rejoicing in Christ,
have humbly signed this before-mentioned Gift, granted in the hope of Redemp
tion, with the corroboration of the sign of Salvation.
?J« I Dunstan, unworthy Abbat, at the command of Eadred the King, have
composed this Charter of Inheritance, my Lord the King dictating, and have
written it throughout with my own hand.
By these Limits, I say, this parcel of Land is seen to be bounded : —
" First, On the North side and on the Western from Yfing .... so on by the
shore to North-mouth, from North-mouth to Macan-brook, thence to the Old
Way, from the Old Way to Eanflsede-mouth, from Eanflasde-mouth to Meare
fleotes-mouth, from Mearefleotes-mouth again to Eanflsede-mouth. Then, on
the East side, to Mylenfleotes-mouth to South Town, from South Town along
the Brook to Hsethmseringe. Then, on the South side from Hsethemwringe

porrectS,, tanquam signo ad poUicenduni adducerent, quam stipulam accipere,
erat argumentum assentientis, sell. qu6d contractibus agrariis stipula ista agrum
integrum reprsesentaret."

230 RECULVER.
to Stoke, from Stoke dong the street to St. Augustine's Mark, from St.
Augustine's Mark to the Brook, along the Brook to Stone Bridge, South from
Stoiie Bridge to Wifling to Christ Church Mark, from Christ Church Mark to
the Old Hedge. On the West side, from the Old Hedge to Feaxum, then West
from Peaxum to Celdan to King's JVleare, from King's Meare to the Gate of the
Hedge, Westward, thence to Yfing Hoo and Swantensea. There are four Sulings
within the Water of the Land, which belong to Reculver. In Thanet one
Suling and one Pasture on the Shore belong to Reculver. There is in all of
these Lands xxv Sulings, and one Suling in Ceolulfing Town South, by the
Wood, assigned to the reparation of the-Church."

LYMNE.

h1

LYMNE.

The Roman castrum at Lymne, commonly called Stutfall, or Stud-
fall Castle, is situated in a part of the county of Kent, which,
lying out of leading thoroughfares, is comparatively but little
known. The facilities of access to the neighbourhood of Reculver
and Richborough have given a more popular interest to those
ancient sites, while the secluded position of Lymne has contri
buted to render the extensive remains, which identify its place in
the ancient geography of this country, almost unknown except to
the professed topographer and antiquary. Nowhere are the changes
which a combination of circumstances has wrought, in diverting
lines of traffic and intercourse, more striking than in this now
comparatively forsaken district. During the Roman domination
the Portus Lemanis was one of the great keys to Britain, sharing,
with Rutupiae and Dubris, in commercial importance as the
medium of communication with Gaul. The port or haven was con
nected by roads with the military stations on the sea coast to the
east and west, and also with London, by a direct road through
Canterbury, securing for it the most expeditious communication
with the capital of the province. The fourth iter of Antoninus,
which points direct from Londinium to the Portus Lemanis, reveals
the character and importance of this ocean fortress ; its eligibUity,
HH

234 LYMNE.
at certain seasons, for narigation, and the various purposes of
commerce and warfare ; its lone aspect at the present day, its iso
lation from highway and byeway, impressively remind us of those
great epochs in the history of our country, from which we must
gather the explanation of the contrast. Nothing is more calcu
lated to direct the mind to take a full and sound reriew of the
revolutions to which, in early times, the land we Uve in was
subjected, than the contemplation of monuments of this descrip
tion. Who that has not walked a day's walk upon a Roman road,
— ^for instance, on the Stone Street, as it is called, leading from
Canterbury to Lymne, — can form any notion of the mode by which
rapid communication through extensive prorinces was efi"ected aud
maintained? Who that has not actually examined the remains of
the walled towns and military fortresses of the Romans, can under
stand their admirable system of castrametation, by which their
conquests were so long secured? These are among the primary
branches of archseological research to which attention is naturaUy
suggested in entering upon a description of the vestiges of such a
place as the Portus Lemanis.
The historical sources from which we glean the shght notices
which enable us to identify the immediMe neighbourhood of
Studfall Castle as the Portus Lemanis, are, Ptolemy the geo
grapher ; the Itineraries of Antoninus and Richard of Cirencester;
the Notitia; the geographer of Ravenna; aiid the Peutingerian
Tables. Ptolemy, in his list of places in the territories of the Cantu,.
mentions x«"'oc \ifiriv, which, whether we join with Camden, Bur
ton, and Somner, in thinking that the epithet x^-ivoq forms no part
of the ancient name, or accept it as applied to distinguish the

LYMNE. 235
haven as a port, in or about the time of Ptolemy, adopted by the
Romans in the sense of novus partus,— must refer to the locality
lying below the present rillage of Lymne, and immediately adja
cent to the Roman castrum popularly known as StutfaU Castle,
which may have been adopted by the Romans at some period sub
sequent to then- appropriation of other ports on the Cantian coast.'
It is a question, however, whether the word may not have been
\ilj.yv, a marshy, fenny district, or lake, more strikingly expressive
of the characteristic features of the low land ; but as it now stands
in Ptolemy, the xo'^oe is clearly intended to distinguish this port
from the yntyos Xi^irjr, now Portchester.
In the Itinerary of Antoninus (the fourth route) Lymne is thus
mentioned ;

A LONDINIO AD

POR-

From London to the haven

TVM lEMANlS

M,P,LXVIII,

at Lymne, 68 miles.

[a londinio

Froni London,]
DVBOBBIVIS
M,P,XXVII,
Rochester.
dvrovekno
M,P,XXV,
Canterbury.
AD POETVM LEMANIS.
M.P,XVI,
Lymne.
The road leading from Durovernum is still well defined for ten or
twelve miles, and is known as Stone Street. It runs in a straight
and direct hne from Canterbury towards Lymne ; but at the foot
of the hiU, from whose summit it points towards Lymne, it breaks
suddenly off, but its course may still be traced, almost up to the
site ofthe ancient port.
In the fifteenth iter of Richard of Cirencester (given in page 17),
Lymne is approached from the west by way of Regnum (Chichester)
and Anderida (Pevensey) . The station, or resting place, next to
Pevensey is written ad Lemanum, at the distance from the haven
236 LYMNE.
of Anderida of twenty-five miles, and to the haven of Lymne, or, as
written, the Lemanian Port, ten miles.
There has been, at various times, no little discussion as to where
the river Lymne ran, and some writers have considered that it
once flowed westward up to the foot of the present Lymne, empty
ing itself there into the sea, but that, from natural causes, its bed
has been filled up and its course diverted. It is needless to quote
a variety of opinions merely to refute them, when a solution to
the apparent difficulty appears to arise out of the simple coUa
tion of the ancient texts with existing facts. The river Lymne of
Richard of Cirencester is eridently the Limine of the Saxon Chro
nicle,^ there described as in east Kent, at the end of the great wood
called Andredes Weald, and more explicitly located by its being
connected with Appledore.^ Somner ' identifies this river with the
Rother, but errs in placing the Roman Portus Lemanis at Romney,
where the Rother, it appears, once emptied itself into the sea. This
explicit mention of the river Lemanis and of the port Lemanis, the
1 A,D, 893. — " This year went the large army (the Danes), that we before spoke
about, back from the eastern district westward to Boulogne, and there were
shipped ; so that they transported themselves over at one time, with their horses
withal. And they came up with 250 ships into the mouth of the Limne, which is
in Bast Kent, at the end of the vast wood that we call Andred. This wood is in
length, east and west, 120 miles or longer, and 30 mUes broad. The river that
we before spoke about lieth out of the weald. On this river they towed up their
ships as far as the weald, four miles from the mouth outwards ; and there de
stroyed a fort within the fen, whereon sat a few churls, and which was hastily
wrought." ^ A.D. 894, — " Hasten was there with his gang, who before were stationed at
Milton, and also the main army had come thither (to Bamfleet), that sat before
in the mouth of the Limne at Appledore," — In^ra,nCs Translation, London, 1823.
' Roman Ports and Forts in Kent, p, 43,

LYMNE. 237
one ten miles distant from the other, is important, and particu
larly so in connexion with the mention of the river Limne, in the
Saxon Chronicle, its association with Appledore, and its identity
vrith the Rother. The river is also mentioned in charters of the
eighth and ninth centuries, and is clearly to be recognized by the
names of neighbouring places which are still preserved, as the
Lemanis of the itinerary of Richard.^ The reference to Lymne in
the Notitia has already been given under the head of Richborough
(p. 22) . Tornacum, or Turnacum, from whence was drawn the numerus
of soldiers which, in the latter Roman times, garrisoned the Portus
Lemanis, was a town of Belgic Gaul, now well known as Tournay.
The geographer of Ravenna mentions both the station Lemanis
and the river Lemana. In the fragment of the Peutingerian Table
relating to Britain, Lemanis, Dubris, and Rutupise, are preserved,
on the line of the sea-coast in their proper position, and marked.
as places of importance. The compilation of the Ravenna list may
be referred to some period not later than the seventh century.
It is perhaps worthy of note, in relation to the river Lemana
which occurs in that work, that the river which follows on the hst
is Rovia, which Horsley interprets as the Rother, a more modem
term for the Lemana or Lemanis, but which does not occur either
in the Saxon Chronicle or in the Saxon charters, in all of which
the river Limene alone is spoken of.
The foUowing are extracts from charters relating to this river,
and to lAmingae or Liminae, which, it would seem, must be con
sidered as implying, in a general signification, the district from
the present Lymne to the river Limene.
July, 700 or 715. Wihtred, king of Kent, gave lands to the
south of the river called Limenaea, to the chm-ch at Lymne, basi-

238 LYMNE.'
lica beata Maria genetricis Dei, qua sita est iri loco qui dicitur

ie.
July 11,. 724.- Ethelbert, king of Kent, gave land circa flumen
Limenaee, quam dudum possiderant qui in Leccaham pro tempore
habitabant, and in loco qui dicitur Hammespot, to the holy abbess
Milthretha and her nuns. It does not say of what religious house.
Mr. -Kemble marks this as of doubtful authenticity.
Feb. 20,732. Ethelbert, king of Kent, gave to the abbot Dun
(it does not say of what house), terrula quadam, id est quarta pars
aratri unius, fuxtalAminaee sali coquendo accommoda.- He gives
also an annual allowance of wood ad coquendum sal, .and- adds, item
dedi ei centum jugera ejusdem ruris in loco qui dicitur Sandtun.
Termini vero terri illius hac sunt, ab oriente, terra regis ; ab austro^
fluvius qui dicitur Limenaee ; ab occidente et in septentrione, Hudan-
fleot. 740. Ethelberht, king of Kent, gave : "Capturam piscium quod
est in ostio fluminis cujjis nomen est Liminaea, et partem agri in
qua situm est oratorium Sancti Martini, cum aedibus piscatorum,
et extra eam quartam partem aratri circa eundem locum et alteram
partem.- juris mei ad pascendum cl. jumentorum juxta marisco qui
dicitur Biscopes-uuic usque ad silbam qui appeUatur Ripp, et ad
terminos Suthsaxonise, sicut olim habuit Romanus presbyter, — ^to
the church at Lymne, ad ecclesiam beatissimi bfrginis Maria quod
est in Liminlaeae-. This transaction took place at Liminlaee.
832. ¦ A will of Werhard, the presbyter, by which he gives all
his lands^ etc., in Kent to Christ's Church, Canterbury; among
them are : "Unum jugum quod jacet.in austrah parte Limene, et
ab incolis nominatur Lambaham, pertinet autem ad-Burnan, et
reddit xl. -pensas casei et agnos et lanam absque caseo, aliud

LYMNE. 239
•jugum apud Northuuda, et reddere debet cxx. mensuras quas Angli
dicunt amires de sale, marascos omnes in austraU parte Limene et
in aquilone cum prsefatis terris devote reddo."
833. King Ecgberht confirmed the gift of Ethelbert in 732.
It is described as : "Aliquantulam partem terrse juris mei, id est
centum quinquaginta jugera, libenter donans impendo ad secclesiam
beatae genitricis Dei et Domini nostri Jesu Christi et Dunne abbati
suisque sociis in loco qui dicitur Sandtun, et in eodem loco saU
coquenda juxta Limenae, et in silva ubi dicitur Andred, centum
viginti plaustra ad coquendum sal." (i. e. 120 loads of wood to
burn) . The Umits are in the former grant.^
Some ofthe locahties mentioned in these grants can be identified.
In that of Ethelberht, a.d. 740, the places seem to indicate Romney,
as the Limew-mouth, the Ripe, Bishopswick, St. Martin's Oratory,
and the fishermen's cottages; whUe research into ancient docu
ments would doubtless lead to the appropriation of others. The
investigation would be of considerable local interest; but I can
scarcely conceive that any result arising from such research would
disturb the conclusion which seems unavoidable, from the itinerary
of Richard of Cirencester, which places the river Lemanis ten
miles to the west of the port, and the statements in the Saxon
Chronicle.? Before proceeding to give the result of our recent researches on
1 These references are taken from Mr. Kemble's valuable work, the Codex
Diphmaticus JEvi Saxoniei.
2 Mr. Holloway, in his History of Romney Marsh, considers that the river
Limen had two mouths, the one between Romney and Lyd, the other at West
Hythe, near the castrum at Lymne. Others are of the same opinion. Mr. James
Elliott, the engineer of the Dymchurch sea-wall, doubts the existence of any
river running eastward and emptying itself at Lymne or West Hythe.

240 LYMNE.
the site of the castrum, it may not be uninteresting to cite some of
the a.ccounts of it in bye-gone times. Leland, the earliest writer,
states as follows : —
" Lymne HUle, or Lyme, was sumtyme a famose haven, and good for shyppes
that myght cum to the foote of the hille. The place is yet cawled Shypwey and
old haven. Farther at this day the lord of the v portes kepeth his principal
cowrt a lytle by est fro LymmehU. Ther remayneth at this day the ruines of a
stronge fortresse of the Britons hangging on the hii, and cummyng down to the
very fote. The cumpase of the fortresse semeth to be a x acres, and be lykelyhod
yt had sum walle beside that strecchid up to the very top of the hUle, wher
now ys the paroch chirche, and the arohidiacons bowse of Cantorbury. The old
waUes of oi the made of Britons brikes, very large and great flynt, set togyther
almost indissolubely with mortars made of smaule pybble. The wailes be very
thikke, and yn the west end of the castel appereth the base of an old towre,
Abowt this castel, yn tyme of mind, were fownd antiquities of mony of the
Romaynes, Ther as the chirch is now, was sumtyme withowt fayle an abbay.
The graves yet appere yn the chirch, and of the lodging of the abbay be now
converted ynto the arohidiacons bowse, the wich ys made lyke a castelet
embatelyd, Ther went fro Lymme to Cantorbury a streate fayr paved, therof at
this daye yt is cawled Stony Streat. Yt is the straytest that ever I sawe, and
toward Cantorbury ward the pavement continually appereth a iiij or v myles.
Ther cummeth at this day through Lymme castel a little rylle, and other prety
waters resort to the places abowt Lymmehil, but where the ryver Limene should
be I can not tel, except yt should be that that cummeth above Appledor  iii
..myles of, and that of cowrs ys now chaunged, and renneth a nerer way ynto
the se by the encresing of Romney Marsch that was sumtyme al se."^
Dr. Stukeley, to whom, with aU his errors, we are indebted for
a vast amount of useful antiquarian information collected from
personal observation, risited Lymne in 1722. "As soon as I came
to Limne church," he remarks, " looking from the brow of the
' Sic.
" Leland's Itinera]^, by Hearne, vol. vii, p, 132; 8vo., 2nd edition, Oxford, 1744,

LYMNE. 241
hiU to the subjacent marshes, I descried the tattered Roman walls,
situate on this southern decUne, almost at the bottom. This fine
remnant of Roman work, and which was the garrison of the Tur-
nacensian band, hangs as it were upon the side of the hill ; for it
is pretty steep in descent : the walls include about twelve acres of
ground, in form somewhat squarish, without any ditch ; a pretty
brook, arising from the rock west of the church, runs for soine
space on the east side of the wall, then passes through it, and so
along its lowermost edge by the farm-house at bottom. The com
position of the waU is simUar to that of Richborough ; but instead
of hewn stone, and regular courses, as there, the interval between
the three layers of Roman brick is made of rag-stone : the brick,
too, is of the same whitish kind, but remarkably thin. I suppose
the clay shrank much in burning. This interval of stone is fom'
feet of Roman standard : the walls are twelve foot thick, and have
some round holes at equal spaces, that run quite through, as we
observed at Sorbiodunum and Verolanium ; perhaps to let the air
in for drying the WaU, being of so great a thickness. Here are
several of the circular or rather eUiptic buttments, as thick as the
wall, Uke those at the castle of Garionenum, near Yarmouth in
Norfolk. It is a piece of masonry, I must own, unaccountable to
me : they are like round towers or bastions, but solid ; and somd
scarce join to the walls at the sides, but go quite through to the
inside. The circuit of this wall is manifest enough on three sides^
but that southward is levelled to the ground : everywhere else,
where not standing, it lies sideways, flat, close by^ or in pro
digious parcels; or where standing, cracked through the whole
solid thickness, as if Time was in a merry humour, and ruined it
in sport : but I believe it is the eflFect of design and much labour,
1 1

242 LYMNE.
as I said of Richborough : probably the Saxons or Danes thus
dismantled it, to render it useless against their incursions. Where
this wall is standing, it is ten foot high or more, made with excel
lent cement : on the eastern side is such another gate, formed by
the return of the wall, as at the place last mentioned. George
Hunt, an old man, Uring in the farm-house, told me he has found
coins here : he says, once the sea-bank broke, and his house, with
all the adjacent marches, was floated : for the level of the ocean
is higher than this place ; but it has fenced itself out by raising
the ground continuaUy near the shore, as it does in other like
marshes.'" The above extracts are more curious perhaps than valuable,
except as shewing that, in the times of Leland and of Stukeley,
the castrum presented much the same appearance as at the pre
sent day, before the accumulated soil was excavated and the
buried walls laid open to their base.
The situation of the castrum is one of singular interest. It is
on the lower part of a large tract of ground, of considerable acch-
rity, which separates the Romney marshes from the mainland,
and forms a strong contrast, in its irregular and wild character,
with the flat and monotonous district intervening between it and
the sea. Looking upwards from the level land in front of the
castrum, from which the view in our plate was sketched, portions
of the walls are seen, irregular and disconnected, bounded on the
right by a hanging wood, and a winding road called the Shipway,
leading by the httie riUage of West Hythe ; on the left, by a long
range of broken sloping pasture ground; and in front, by an
inland cliff, crowned by the church of Lymne, and a castellated
1 Itinerarium Curiosum, p. 132.

LYMNE. 243
mansion, situated upon the very verge of the chff. The scene is
one of great picturesque beauty. Apart from the antiquarian
interest attached to the spot, the natural attractions are varied
and impressive; but these are heightened by the wildness and
vastness of the ruins of the waUs of the fortress, and the feeUngs
of surprise at finding them in a place apparently so unsuitable for
such a structure. Viewed from the high ground at Lymne, the
castrum is stUl more undefinable ; the upper or northern parts of
the walls are discerned in huge masses, surrounded by underwood
and trees, aflFording no possible indications of the original arrange
ment of the ground-plan. The area is uneven, and intersected
by hedges ; so that from no one point can a fair notion be formed
of the Une of circumvaUation. Erom the marshes at a distance,
the entire remains can be best discerned in one riew ; and it is
necessary, indeed, from the pecuUarities of the site, that the ruins
be seen from the marshes, a mile or so distant, to form a proper
idea of the position of the castrum, and its relation to the haven
in former times. From the high ground at the rillage of Lymne,
the spectator can gain a solution to the causes which, through a
long course of years, have contributed to change the face of the
locaUty, and invest it with new features. The Romney marshes
have long engaged the attention of the geologist and of the anti
quary in various parts of this wide extent. In some places the
recession of the sea, in comparatively modern times, has left large
tracts of sandy, sterile land, not yet covered with herbage, and
contrasting with the rich alluvial soU which renders this extensive
level so valuable to the grazier and agriculturist. The complete
diversion of the ancient bed of the river Limene into a new chan
nel, the alteration of the courses of other rivers and streams to

244. LYMNE.
the west, and the disappearance, of the haven called the Portus,
Lemanis, are among the revolutions to which this district has
been subjected. The last of these is the subject which falls more
especially within our present inqinry, and should be discussed
where, indeed, it is obvious such questions can only be properly
solved, on the spot itself. That the haven existed in the time of
the Romans cannot be doubted ; historical records prove it. The^
construction of the fortress itself, strongly, fortified towards the
land sides, but open, as at Richborough, towards the sea; the
accordance of distance in the ancient Itineraries ; and the Roman.
road yet traceable, — combine to leave no room for conjecture as to
the locality. As to the remaining eridence to complete the explana
tion, it appears at hand, and seems to be equally conclusive and
satisfactory. From the elevation immediately above the castrum,
the naked eye may yet trace out, as upon a map, the demarcation
of the bay or estuary which, at no very remote time, occupied, as,
far as Hythe to the east, what is now dry land. It is clearly to,
be distinguished as land newly regained from the sea ; the sea-
sand .is almost superficial, and is as distinctly to be recognized
from a distance as it may be demonstrated by, close inspection.
The level ground, almost up to the foot of the castrum, is in fact
almost entirely sea-sand; but to the west the soil is aUurial, and
could not possibly have been subjected to the action of the ocean.
Here then was an estuary at no very distant period of time, — the
Portus Lemanis. There would be, at the present day, Mr. EUiott
states, at least seven feet depth of water at the foot of the castrum,
at high tides, were the great sea-waU, which is maintained at
much labour and expense, broken down.
As just observed, the eye alone is a guide to the limits of the

LYMNE. 245
estuary. In travelling over the marshes from West Hythe towards
Dymchurch, a marked difi'erence is soon perceived in the character
of the soil ; the sand ceases, and rich pastures and meadows stretch
out for at least twenty miles towards Rye and FairUght CUff.
This land is of old formation. In the time of the Romans, and
during the existence of the Portus Lemanis, it appears to have
been, at least in certain parts, well populated. To Mr. EUiott we
are indebted for the record of some important discoveries made at
Dymchurch, which throw an unexpected Ught on the state of that
district in ancient times, and prove that the sea has gained upon
the land at least half-a-mile during the last flfteen hundred years.
About six years since, the encroachments of the sea towards the
west of Dymchurch haring rendered it necessary to alter the direc
tion of the sea-waU, Mr. Elliott, who was employed in the super
intendence of the work, directed a new Une to be formed inland,
at a, distance of about one hundred and fifty yards from the old
barrier. For the purpose of constructing the earthworks, a large.
quantity of soil was taken from the adjoining meadows. In the„
course of these operations, at about two feet, from the surface,
extensive layers of fragmentary pottery were laid open, mixed with
scoriae, portions of querns or handmiUs, whetstones, broken tiles,
animal bones, and a, few coins. Subsequent excavations havei
proved that these strata of broken pottery extend westward from.
Dymchurch, at least a mile, parallel with the sea-wall, and to a
considerable distance inland. They occur at intervals, and present
the appearance of having been formed by filling up with the refuse
of the kilns the cuttings made to procure clay for manufacturing
pottery. The beds of these ancient trenches are to be traced from
high to low-water mark, thus proving that a certain extent of

246 LYMNE.
land, which, fifteen hundred years since, was inhabited, is now
submerged ; and indicating that the sea-boundary of this coast, at
the period to which these remains point, was probably at least
half-a-mile seaward beyond its bounds at the present day.
The site and character of the layers of broken pottery are analo
gous to those at Upchurch. At the latter place, however, the sea
has partially inundated the marshes, and thus exposed the remains
in greater abundance; whUe at Dymchurch, the more riolent
action of the open sea and the beach, have swept away, or covered
over, the greater part of the beds of the trenches, so that they can
only be recognized by the shifting of the beach at particular
seasons. Another important fact is disclosed in connexion vrith
the state of this district in the time of the Romans, and indicative
of its occupation probably throughout the period of their settle
ment in Britain. At various spots sepulchral interments have
been discovered; and even at the present low- water mark Mr.
EUiott has recently taken up an urn fiUed with calcined human
bones.' Until the recent excavations it was very difficult to form even an
approximate notion of the original form of the castrum at Lymne.
The upper or northern waU, which is the best preserved, stands at a
considerable distance, about fifty yards, from the lateral ones, which
appeared in places as being double. This space of fifty yards is open,
1 An account of Mr. Elliott's first discoveries is published in Mr. Dunkin's
Report of the Proceedings of the British ArcKoeological Association, at the fi/rst
General Meeting hdd at CanterbU/ry in 1844. In Holloway's History of Romney
Marsh (London, 1849), a work containing much useful information, the disco
veries made at Dymchurch have not been noticed. They would, at least, modify
the opinion the author has expressed as to the geneifal state of the marsh in the
time of the Romans,

LYMNE.

247

and free from ruins, except immediately beneath the northern wall,
where there is an accumulation of fallen, broken masonry, partly
covered with brushwood, and two lines of wall formed from the
north wall, which, to the extent of twenty yards, has faUen inwards,
and, by the shock, has again broken and precipitated the upper
part eight yards further into the area, so as to form a second inner
line, giring, at first riew, the appearance of two inner walls.
The side walls then take an irregular diagonal direction, east
and west. The eastern line of waU, with the exception of a frag
ment of about twenty yards in length, has been so shattered that
its original course could not be determined ; it was buried amidst
high mounds of ruins, beyond which is a dell, in which, for the
space of seventy yards, almost all traces were lost. Below, they
are again apparent for about sixty yards, but towards the marsh
they suddenly cease, and on the south side are nowhere to be
recognized. The western line is better preserved, and about sixty
yards of it are yet standing. At the southem extremity of this
fragment stands the tower mentioned by Leland and Stukeley. It

External view of a tower on the western side.

248

LYMNE.

is shown, in its present condition, in the preceding Cut. It measures
about ten feet in height and forty-five feet in circumference. The
curtain-wall, indicated on the left of the cut, is now slightly sepa
rated from the toWer, which has pressed inwards, and, by its own
weight, has become detsiched. This has been made apparent by
laying open the foundation, where the fracture at the base is
clearly risible. In other instances the towers stiU remain as buUt,
united tO the curtain- waU, and corresponding with it in the courses
of tiles, as well as in the layers of facing stones; in some the
plaistering of the mortar at the angle remains quite perfect, toge
ther vrith the mark of the trowel. The subjoined engraving repre
sents the base of the tower towards the eastern extremity of the
northern wall recently excavated. Here the height is twenty-three
feet, and the wall itself is about fourteen feet thick.

Eastern tower in the north wall,

From the tower on the western side, described above, the wall
has fallen outwards to a distance of twelve yards from the inner
line, appearing as a ridge, or external earth work, being almost

LYMNE.

249

covered with herbage. The opposite wall, on the west, has also
fallen outwards : ha both cases aU traces of the remains of the
waUs on their original sites were lost. The spade and pickaxe
alone brought them once more
to Ught, showing from three to
sis lines of the lowest facing
stones, in then- proper place,
firm and undisturbed; whUe
the enormous superstructure,
entirely separated, forms the
ridge just spoken of. The man
ner in which these waUs have
fallen outwards and become
covered vrith soU, wiU be better
comprehended from the an
nexed engraving, which repre- Postem entrance on the west.
sents a postern gateway on the western side. Several of these
narrow gateways have been discovered. They appear
to have resembled those represented on the coins
of the Constantine famUy, a specimen of which is
here given for comparison.
It wUl be at once seen that no human agency
could have thus overturned walls of such strength and extent. The
cause is explained by the peculiar character of the ground. The
long bank of the sand-stone hiUs, which, for several mUes, faces the
marshes (the site of the estuary), is, in the lower part of its slope,
covered to a considerable depth with a clayey porous soU, through
which, in some places, the rock shews itself. The understratum
of this ground abounds in springs, some of which find ready egress,
X K

250 LYMNE.
but others, which he deeper, vent themselves vrith greater difficulty.
This extensive tract has thus been, and still is, subject to landshps.
One of a very remarkable kind, not far to the west of the castrum,
took place in 1728, and is recorded in the Philosophical Transac
tions.^ A large piece of land sank, during one iiight, forty feet,
and the movement was so gradual and imperceptible as not to
disturb the inmates of a farm-house situate upon it, which remained
firm and upright. A subsidence of a simUar kind, at some unknown
period, has doubtless been the main cause of the downfaU of the
castrum, and wiU explain satisfactorily what can, in no other way,
be accounted for. The hand of man, through many centuries,
has, as far as its puny efforts could effect, helped to complete the
destructive operations of nature, by carrying off for buUding mate
rials the most accessible portions of the superficial fragments, and
particularly by denuding the walls of the facing stones.
The effect of the movement of this large tract of land would be
to produce a result such as we contemplate, now that we have laid
open the soU, as far as practicable, round the greater portion of
the castrum. The immense weight of the waUs and towers has
influenced their faU, according to variations in the character of the
soU : in one place they have broken and fallen in different direc
tions ; in another they have been, as it were, rooted up, so that
what was once perpendicular is now perfectly flat ; on the eastern
side, in particular, the walls : are, to use a homely expression,
"doubled up", and in one spot they have sunk, in severed frag
ments, into an abyss. The riew on the foUowing page Ulustrates
one of these pecuharities. In the foreground the external side of
the waU is shown, as partly uncovered, lying horizontaUy, the waU
^ Vol. XXXV, p. 551.

LYMNE.

251

haring faUen inwards ; beyond is a tower, incUning in the same
direction, whUe a fragment appears to have preserved its position,
and to indicate, possibly, a narrow entrance. This tower measures

View on the eastern side.

fifty-five feet in circumference, and exhibits three courses of
bonding tUes, between each of which are nine rows of facing-
stones. Immediately below this tower the ground slopes rather
abruptly to a hoUow, where the hne of wall was traced with the
greatest difficulty, the workmen being compeUed, for a consider
able distance, to descend to the depth of ten feet.
I have before remarked, that several postern entrances are
among the discoveries made by our excavations. They are from
five to six feet in width, and were probably ten feet in height, and
arched. The masonry of these entrances varies but slightly from
that of the waUs ; the chief, if not the only point of variation.

252

LYMNE.

being the introduction of large stones at the comers ; the tUes are
not introduced in larger number at the angles, as at Richborough,
whUe in one in the eastern waU the bonding courses have only
one tUe instead of two.
The chief entrance, or Decuman gate, is on the eastern side,
about the centre of the castrum. Of this there were no indications
whatever above ground ; it was only brought to Ught by perso
veringly foUovring out the hne of the waU under the obstruction
of dislocated masses of masonry, caused by the sinking of the
ground above and below. The riew annexed exhibits the appear
ance this gateway, on being uncovered, presented from the exte-

Decmnan gate, eastern side.
rior. The lower tower is nearly in its original place, as is the
curtam wall on its left, although the former has sUghtly faUen
inwards and torn up the portion of the platform which it covered.

LYMNE. 253
The base of the corresponding tower, on the right of the entrance,
upon which the figure of a man is represented as seated, as well
as the broken wall close to it, are out of position, haring been
thrust several feet downwards, thus partially closing up the gate
way, and rendering, at first, the plan extremely ambiguous and
confused. Extended excavations in the interior have, however,
enabled us to detect the original arrangement, and to restore the
ground-plan. The gateway was built, as that of Richborough (see
page 40), upon a platform of several tiers of large hewn stones,
but of greater extent; the superstructure, as vrill be perceived,
is very different, there being at Richborough no signs of towers,
the gateway haring probably consisted of a large arch, vrith one or
two of narrow compass for foot passengers. The entire platform,
which extends inwards further than is shown in the above cut,
has sunk in different directions, giving the foundations a curved
incUnation right and left. In its present condition it appears as
if the gate had been approached by steps ; but this appearance
has, perhaps, been caused by the convulsion it has undergone, as
the stones seem marked with the wheels of carriages, which could
eridently not have entered by steps. The stones forming the
platform and the sides of this gate are of large dimensions, varying
from two to upwards of four feet in length, and from one foot to
three in depth, some few being computed to weigh a ton each.
Many of them have grooves which have been filled vrith lead and
iron fastenings ; and one, on which a wooden gate had turned,
has a carity at one of the angles, which was fiUed with a large
mass of lead. It is to be noted, however, that many of the stones
vrith grooves^ appear to have been used in some other building;
and among the foundations have been found sculptured blocks.

254 LYMNE.
which had probably belonged, at a period earUer than that of the
date of the gateway, to the fa9ade of some edifice. The more
ponderous of these are prorided with lewis holes, made precisely
as those of the machine so caUed of the present day. It is a popu
lar notion among engineers, that the machine called Lewis or Leuis
was invented by Louis XIV of France, and that from him it takes
its name. We find it was well kuown to the ancients, and was
also in use in the middle ages ; and it is not likely that so useful
an invention would have been forgotten.
It has hitherto been vain to attempt to trace the Roman road of
the itinerary of Antoninus, in the broken ground of the immediate
ricinity of the castrum. The discovery of this principal entrance
facing the east, would lead us to look for it as branching from the
direction of the present road leading from the Shipway to West
Hythe.^ Facing the entrance in the western wall, opposite to the
Decuman gate, runs a straight ridge of land westward, which may
1 The following extract from a letter I have received from Mr. Thurston of
Ashford, who has professionally surveyed this part of the country, bears on the
question : " The Stone Street leads direct from the castle at Canterbury to the
parish of Lymne ; but in reaching New Inn Green, near Westenhanger, it appears
to diverge to the west, to Stutfall Castle. It is remarkable, that if the straight
line were continued from New Inn Green, it would point to the Shipway Cross,
and continue down the present roadway which descends the hill to West Hythe.
Now this is the only place along the hiU where a roadway could possibly descend
it in a straight line, and I believe was naturally selected as the road to the ships
or port, and therefore called the Shipway. There is one remarkable peculiarity
in the Stone Street road, namely, that it forms a boundary to almost every parish
along its course, thus evincing its existence before these parishes were distin
guished from each other ; and though, in some places, the more used and beaten
track has taken another and nearly parallel course, the old line is still indicated
by a narrow track, unmistakable from its perfect straightness in the true direc
tion."

LYMNE. 255
possibly be the Une of the ancient road to the Ad Lemanum of
Richard of Cirencester and to Anderida.
In comparing the castrum at Lymne with those of Richborough
and Reculver, some architectural pecuharities will be noticed in
the fomer. It is not, like those, built upon a foundation of peb
bles, but, on the contrary, is constructed upon the surface of the
ground, with a set-off course of facing-stones at the base, both in
the interior and exterior. It is faced vrith squared stones, both
inside and outside, and also with courses of tiles, which are conti
nued round the towers, the rows of facing-stones between the
layers of tiles being usually nine in number ; in the western tower
(page 247) they amount to twelve ; in other places they are only
eight. The tiles are of various kinds, and seem to have been
applied in different parts of the building arbitrarily, or probably
as supplies of particular sorts were at hand for immediate use.
They vary in length from seven to seventeen inches. In the
towers the shortest are used, as being better adapted for circular
masonry. The curve-edged tUes abound in the western wall, where
they are found placed one above the other, as weU as interspersed
with the flat tiles, and laid in various ways ; the flat and curve-
edged tiles are indicated in the cut on page 247, the latter inverted.
In the eastern wall are some pale yellow or straw-coloured tUes :
a variety of this kind, twelve inches square, contains an admixture
of pounded red tUes. None of these are inscribed.
The internal mass of the walls and towers is composed chiefly of
the hard, compact, stone of the neighbourhood, in rough pieces, as
quarried; the facing-stones being uniformly of the same material.
At Richborough and Reculver, where such stone was not at hand,
other materials, as has been shown, were employed. The mortar

256 LYMNE.
is composed of hme, sand, and pebbles, or sea-beach; but the
facing-stones throughout are cemented with a much finer mortar,
in which pounded tile is introduced. The mortar, from its firm
and cohesive character, forms one of the most striking features of
Roman masonry, and furnishes a test for recognizing Roman
buildings when other characteristics are wanting. This pecuUarity
is a result of the care bestowed on making the mortar, and the
uniform system adopted in compounding it, — as we find in the
directions given by Vitrurius, who tells us how to select the sand,
and proportion it to the pounded tile and lime, and describes the
manner in which the ingredients were mixed ; and however they
may vary in relative quantities, the composition is almost always of
impenetrable solidity. To the predominance of the lime over the
sand, this characteristic of the Roman mortar is to be ascribed,
while the reverse is to be noted in the Saxon, Norman, and
EngUsh mortars, which renders them soft and friable, and easily
to be distinguished from the Roman. The superiority of the Roman
tUes over those of subsequent times is as remarkable as that of the
mortar. Vitrurius lays down rules not only for the choice of clay,
but also for properly tempering it ; and he directs that it should
be dug and exposed to the air from two to five years before it be
manufactured. In the north-eastern fragment of the wall, which has preserved
its perpendicular position, are some circular perforations, about
three inches in diameter. They are plaistered, and, in one instance
at least, go entirely through the wall. It has been supposed they
were designed to conduct water to the interior of the castrum, and
the present course of a stream running close by perhaps favours
that notion. It seems, however, much more satisfactory to con-

LYMNE. 257
sider them merely as holes formed by sticks or poles used in
building the wall; and the plaistering, the effect of the moist
mortar setthng round the TTOod. Similar perforations may be
noticed in the walls of Old Verulam and of other places of Roman
origin. In the casteUum near Caernarvon, King^ states, are three
parallel Unes of holes, not three inches in diameter, plastered
within, which pass through the whole thickness of the wall, whilst
there are also simUar holes in the end of the wall, seeming to run
through it lengthwise. He observes that they are too small for
loopholes, and too numerous, and considers them as cavities left
by the smaU stakes which braced the sides of temporary wooden
frames. The stream of water alluded to probably altered its course
when the great land-shp took place. In the north wall, almost
close to the bottom, is an aperture about a foot square, and paved
vrith tiles. It appears to have been a watercourse, and was pro
bably the ancient channel of this stream.
The excavations hitherto made have been restricted to the line
of the waUs, vrith a riew to restore the ground-plan, and to ascer
tain pecuUarities of architecture, and the sites of towers and
entrances. The area remains to be explored, if circumstances admit.
Here we shall expect to find the vestiges of public buUdings and
monuments, and other objects calculated to throw hght on the
-local history of the castrum and port, or on events in the general
history of Britain; and this hope may be entertained with a surer
prospect of realization, from the circumstance that the ground
appears never to have been disturbed since the remote period of
the catastrophe which overturned and. buried the walls. A few
objects have, however, been dug up during the progress of the
works, which are worthy of being described. Among these are
^ Munimenta Antiqua, vol, ii, p, 65,
LL

258

LYMNE.

inscriptions on fragments of tUes,four of which are here shewn. The
uppermost is indistinct, but it appears to read clsbk; the more per
fect of the others is clbe, and the remainder are eridently the same.
Such inscriptions usually refer to the legions, or their divisions,
permanently established at the localities where they are found,
and by which the tUes were made. At Caerleon, the headquarters,
for a considerable time, of the second legion, tiles are found
stamped leg. ii. avg., at Chester, where the twentieth legion was

fragments of four inscribed tiles from Lymne,
quartered, the tile-mark is leg.xx.v.v. ; and at York, the sixth
legion is similarly indicated. On the continent the locations of the
legions and cohorts have been more fully identified, and their
movements traced by their stamped tiles. The inscriptions found at
Lymne do not admit, like those just mentioned, and many others,
of unquestionable interpretation; nor are we assisted in offering
an explanation of them by any historical information concerning
the troops stationed here. It is clear they cannot refer to the
body of the Tumacenses mentioned in the Notitia ; and although
the second legion, sometime at Richborough, was also termed
Britannica, I am not aware of its being so named in any inscrip-

LYMNE.

259

tion ; and a cohort is almost invariably, both on tiles and on stones,
expressed by the letters coh. ; thus they cannot be satisfactorily
attributed to a cohort of this or any other legion. A stamp of the
same formula occurs on a tile from the foundation of a Roman
buUding discovered, in 1778, at Dover ^ (see cut annexed), so that
it may be inferred the manufac
turers were either contemporane
ously, or at different times, at
both of these places. Had other
inscriptions warranted it, I should
more confidently suggest the pro--
bability of the cl.br. meaning
Classiarii, or Classici, Britannici,
— British troops trained for sea
warfare. As it is, the suggested
explication of these abbreviated
words may be entertained in con
nexion with maritime locahties, such as the Portus Lemanis and
Dubris. On a sepulchral monument preserved in the museum of
Boulogne, the dedicator is styled te.cl.be., signifying either Tri
bunus Classis Britannica, or Tribunus Classiariorum Britannicorum.^
1 Archseologia, vol, v, p, 325,
2 The inscription, here printed for the first time, of which the first part is
fragmentary, is as follows ; —
GBAEC 
TIAB . P , nil , VI,,,,
AN . Ill . M . I . D , XVI .
P , GBABOIVS . TBETI
NVS . PATEB . TR . CL . BB .
P.O.
The Notitia mentions a tribune of the first cohort of the Adia Classica stationed
at Tunnocdum, which Horseley considers to have been on the site of Bowness ;
Hodgson, Tynemouth ; and among the cohorts on service in Britain in the time

Tile from a Homan building at Dover,

260

LYMNE.

The analogy between the last two words and those upon the Lymne
tiles, will be obrious ; but at the same time, a more complete in
scription, to decide the true meaning of the latter, is desirable.
Upwards of seventy coins have been dug up on the hne of the
foundations of the walls. With a single exception they are of a
late period. CalUng for no particular remarks with respect tb
rarity of reverse, and being such as might have been looked for in
breaking ground in such an auspicious spot, a numerical list is all
that, for present purposes, is requisite. With the exception of the
coin of Pius, which is in first brass, and a denarius of Valens, they
are all of the third or smaU brass.

Antoninus Pius

Specimens

Gallienus -

1

Victorinus

2

The Tetrici

7

Claudius Gothicus

6

Probus

]

Maximian

1

Carausius -

Specimens, - 11

Allectus

2

Licinius

1

The Constantine faniily

- 37

Valens

1

Gratian

1

Total

731

Towards the lower end of the eastern waU in the interior, was
also dug up a penny of Eadgar : obv., »J<badgae . hex .angl.; rev.,
>J<BVEHSTAN . MO . HT., which is Worthy of note, particularly in con
nection with two iron prick spurs (one of which is figured below).

Spur ; length, 4 inches. Key ; length, 4i inches,
of Trajan (as appears by the rescript found at Sydenham), was the Coh. Clasd-
ana c,n,
1 With the exception of a gold coin of Valentinian, no record is to be found
of any coins, or, indeed, of antiquities discovered at or near the castrum.

LYMNE. 261
as countenancing the opinion that these castra were, at least in
part, occupied for a considerable time after their abandonment by
the Romans. To the Saxon, or to the Norman period, the iron
key may also be probably referred.
The objects of Roman manufacture hitherto found, may be
dismissed in a few words. They consist chiefly of fragments of
pottery of various kinds,— one only bearing a maker's stamp,
PAVLii ; broken querns in Andernach lava and in native granite ;
a cusp of a spear in bronze ; a bow-shaped flbula ; and a bracelet.

Bronze ligula; half original size.
also in bronze ; a Ugula in the same metal ; and a large circular
piece of bituminous schale, commonly known as " Kimmeridge
coal," perforated and pohshed. To this scanty catalogue of the
objects of ancient art, may b'e added two carpenters' chisels in
iron, precisely Uke. those in use at the present day ; one of which
is shewn in the annexed
cut; and misshapen pieces

of oxidized iron, which, from Length, lo inches.
the situations in which they were found, had probably formed
fastenings to gates. Iron nails were also found in abundance,
many of which are remarkable for their size and length,
The word Stutfall, Studfall, or Stadfall, seems to signify, as
Baxter observes,' a faUen place. There is a Studfall or Stud-
forth at Aldborough and at Ambleforth, in Yorkshire,— both
ancient circular earthworks ; " a locality in Northamptonshire,
forming, at the time of the compUation of Domesday Book, a
1 Glos. Antiq, Brit, in Lemanis.

262 LYMNE,
hundred CaHed Stodfald and Stotfald, the most precipitous portion
of the western, and facing the north of the hundred of Rowell,
and marking the boundary of Northampton from Leicestershire.
The character of the ground is similar in appearance, when
riewed from the north, to the locality of Lymne and Stutfall
Castle. Here it would seem to designate a broken descent of
land ; and again, in Studland Bay, the sea filling up a space of
ground similar to what it must have done at Lymne, and the chff
or high ground forming the boundary.'" We have no record to
assist us in determining when the great landslip took place. The
coins of Eadgar, and the spears found at a considerable depth,
seem to suggest that the locahty, if not permanently tenanted,
was resorted to so late as the tenth century. Mr. Thurston, who
has just surveyed and planned the ruins, thinks that the shp may
have taken place before the Conquest, since Lanfranc btult the
upper castle and church with the facing-stones of the Roman
fortress. He remarks, that the portions covered by the soil pre
serve their facing-stones, which they would not have done had
they remained above ground, in the original position, when the
walls were placed under contribution by Lanfranc. This remark
particularly apphes to the fallen wall on the eastern side, indicated
in the cut in page 251, and also to the large and valuable stones
forming the platform of the Decuman gate, which could only have
escaped the hands of the spoilers from being covered and con
cealed by the ground.
Roman remains are not authenticated as haring been frequently
found in the vicinity of the castrum. The site of the Roman
1 Extract of a letter from Mr. E, Pretty of Northampton,

LYMNE.

263

burial-place has never yet been discovered, and it is quite impos
sible to say on which side it may be situated. In digging some
deep drains in Mr. Burch's field at Court-at-Street, great quan
tities of broken Roman tUes were found ; among them were some
perfect specimens, fifteen inches square, and one flue-tile. They
indicated the site of a Roman building; but no examination of
the ground was made."
In the immediate neighbourhood of the castrum, Saxon remains
have been frequently discovered. In the spring of the present
year a Saxon burial-place was cut through by men digging stone
on the brow of a hUl on Marwood Farm, at Court-at-Street.
Many skeletons were dug up, but no one had recorded the
particulars of the discovery, which, like many others, has passed
away without producing any benefit to antiquarian science. At
the quarry on the edge of the hUl at Bellevue, many years since,
Saxon interments were brought to light. They consisted of the
remains of skeletons, spear
heads, a short sword fifteen
inches in length, and an
umbo of a shield, in iron ;
a glass vessel, an earthen
vase, and ornaments. The
vase and glass cup are
shown on the annexed cut.
The former, in dark clay, is
8^ inches in height, and is
marked with an indented,
wavy pattern ; the latter is
1 Communicated by the Eev. Beale Poste.

264

LYMNE.

2^ inches high, and is of a thickish green-coloured glass. The
ornaments have belonged to belts ; they are in bronze, and are
here shewn, — that on the right having been gilt. These inter
esting objects may be referred to the sixth or seventh century.'
The ornaments, in pattern and workmanship, closely resemble
those found a few years since in the graves at Bel-Air, near

Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, in Switzerland.^ The Rev. Beale Poste
informs me, that "a mile to the westward of the castrum, in
the fields called Willis' Fields, on a farm named Bellevue, are
several intrenchments and high banks, towards the sea. The
farm of Cold Harbour lies three-quarters of a mile n.n.w. of this
locality; and Belerica, or Court-at-Street, a mile n.n.w., where are
remains of a castle." Leland may be further quoted for informa
tion on this subject : " Billirica is abowte a myle fro Lymme
HUle, and at this day is a membre of Lymme paroche. How-
beyt ther is a chaple for the bowses ther that now remayne, and
this is the chaple communely cawUed Our Lady of Court-up-Streate,
wher the nunne of Cantorbiry wrought al her fals miracles. Hard
by this chapel apere the old mines of a castelet, whereby it may
' They are in the possession of Mr. W. Hills, curator of the Chichester Museum.
^ Published by the .Society of Antiquaries of Zurich, 1841.

LYMNE. 265
be thowtho that the place and the towne ther was cawled Bellirica,
as who should say yn latyno Bellocastrum, and that the new name
of Court-up-Streate began by reason of the place or court that the
lord of the soylo kept there. The commune voyce is ther, that
tho town hath been large, and they shoe now theyr signa prato-
riana, that is to say a home garnished with brasse, and a mace.
But the likelyhod ys that they longed to Lymme, sumtyme a
notable town and haven."'
From this short digressipn, I return to the castrum to describe
a plan of the walls, which Mr. Thurston has very kindly prepared
expressly for our volume.
BESOIUPTION Of THE PLAN OP THE CASTEUM.
A. The farm-house, of which a view is given in the plate, page
283. B. Position of a tower and passage.
0. A passage, fifteen feet in width, faced, and in all respects
resembling the other postern entrances, except, that towards the
exterior was a large mass of broken tile, charcoal, and earth, which
bore the appearance of haring been subjected to fire ; some of the
tiles were placed one upon another, as though they had formed
portions of hypocaust piUars.
D. The postern entrance shewn in the cut on page 249.
E. A tower, into which runs a passage, five feet in width, of
rather remarkable construction. It is arched, and appears to have
formed a small room, probably for the vigiles or sentinels. The
ceiling of this apartment was covered with planks of wood laid
across, the marks of which ai-e clearly to be seen by the mortar,
.' Hearno's Leland, vol, vii. M M

266

LYMNE.

T.THUBS10H.*!'

rLA>" OF THE CASfTRITM AT LYMNE.

LYMNE. 267
which appears in broad strips, indicating tho regular arrangement
of the planks. The extent of this room has not been yet ascer
tained, owing to the great difficulty of working beneath the fallen
tower. E. The tower engraved on page 247. As stated in the descrip
tion, it has faUen forwards, towards the interior ; and thus, at first
view, it appears to have been perfectly circular, whUe, in point of
fact, it was originally hke the others.
a. A tower, faUen outwards. Here there is an accumulation of
earth, above the base of the tower and wall, from eight to ten feet,
H and I. Towers in their original position, i, the tower shewn
on page 248. The wall to the left of ri, and that to the right of i,
terminate abruptly. From this Une, it is conjectured, the entire
lower part of the castrum was separated by the landslip.
K. WaU, with circular perforations, described on page 256.
L. Wall and tower, shewn and described on page 251.
M. Decuman gate. See page 252.
N. Tower, and entrance five feet in width,
aa. Indications of buildings j b. a well ; c. the wall fallen in
wards, and again separated by the fall.
Such is the new information, which, up to the present moment,
I am enabled to communicate with respect to the discoveries at
Lymne ; but I confidently hope that, within a short period, the
excavations now carrying on there, if sufficiently encouraged hy
the public, will make us more fully acquainted with one of the
largest and most interesting stations of the Romans in this island,
and will probably throw an entirely new light on the public and"
domestic condition and habits of the Romano-British population.

268 LYMNE.
I cannot conclude without expressing my opinion of the obliga
tions under which historical science lays to the liberahty of those
by whose permission the researches just alluded to have been
carried on : they are, the Rev. Edwin Biron, the Rector of Lymne :
Thomas Mount, Esq., of Saltwood; and Mr. Post, of Stutfall.

THE END.

lICUAItDS, ruiNThlt, ICC, ST. HARTIII'B tAMl

INDEX.

.ffilius Caesar, coins of, 126
Agrippa, coins of, 123
Alamanni in Britain, 185
Allectus, corns of, 138, 260
Ambrose, St., his description of the
marchings of soldiers, 176-8
Ammianus MarceUinus, his account
of the expedition of Theodosius to
Britain, 6, 180
Amphitheatre at Bichhorough, 51, 161
et seq. ; at Treves, 168 ; at Tintini
ac, 172
Animal remains found at Eichborough,
105-9 ; at Colchester, 106-8 ; at
Cbesterford, 108 ; at Hartlip, 108 ;
at Dursley, 109
Antoninus, itinerary of, 16, 235
Antoninus Pius, coins of, 126
Arcadius, coins of, 150
Armour, fragment of, 111
Ash, near Sandtvich, Saxon burial-
place at, 56
Augustine, tradition respecting, 160
Augustus, coins of, 122
AureUan, coins of, 133
Ausonius, his allusions to Rutupise and
the Rutupine coast, 9, 14
Balance, portable Roman, 102
Batavi, associated with the Heruli
and Moesici under Theodosius in
Britain, 6
Batteiy, Ms "Antiquitates Rutupinse",
31, 201

Bel-Air in Switzerland, ancient per
sonal ornaments, &c., found at, 264
BeUe Vue, near Lymne, Saxon remains
discovered at, 263-4
Belerica, near Lymne, 264
Betasii, or Vetasii, at Regulbium, 181-3
Boar, tusk of, mounted in bronze, 110
Bone, votive offerings in. 111
Boss of box in bronze, ll3
Boulogne, inscription preserved in the
Museum at, 259
Bracelet in bronze, 87
Britannia, personification of, on the
Roman coins, 4
British coins, 121, 211-12
Caernarvon, casteUum at, 257
Caligula, coins of, 123
Cantium, its notice by ancient histo
rians, 1
CaracaUa, coins of, 129
Carausius, coins of, 136-8 ; probable
reason for their predominance at
Richborough, 153 ; found at Recul
ver, 212 ; at Lymne, 260
Carinus, gold coin of, 134
Chapel at Richborough, mentioned by
Thorne, 160
Charters, Saxon, relating to Reculver,
221 ; to Lymne, 237-9
Cbesterford, the Roman Icianos, 19 ;
animal remains found at, 108
Cisterns, wooden, found at Reculver,
203

270

INDEX.

Classiarii, British, inscriptions on tiles
presumed to refer to, 259
Claudian's allusion to the Saxons, 187
Claudius, coins of, 123
Claudius Gothicus, coins of, 133
Clausentum, inscriptions found on the
site of, 180
Cochleare, description of, 205
Coins, general remarks on, 116 etseq.;
the great number found at Richbo
rough, 119 ; description of, found at
Richborough, 120 et seq.; summary
of, 151-2; additional, 155, 165-6;
Saxon, 157-8, 214 et seq. ; gold-looped,
210 ; found at Reculver, 211 et seq. ;
Merovingian, 214 ; found at Lymne,
260 ; gold triens struck at Canter
bury,- 215
Consular denarii, 122
Colchester, animal remains found at,
105-8
Cold Harbour, near Lymne, 264
Comes Littoris Saxoniei, 187
Commodus, coins of, 128
Constans, his visit to Britain, 9 ; his
coins, 144
Constantine I, coins of, 141-2 ; Constan
tine II, 143-4 ; Constantine III, 151
Constantinopolis, coins inscribed, 146
Constantius I, coins of, 139 ; Constan
tius II, 144-5
Court-at-Street, near Lymne, Saxon
remains discovered at, 263
Crispus, coins of, 142-3
Decentius, coins of, 146
Decuman gate at Richborough, 40 ; at
Lymne, 252
Delmatius, coin of, 143
Diocletian, coins of, 135
Domitian, coins of, 124
Durolevum, the Roman station of, 16
Dursley, county Glou., animal remains
found at, 109
Dymchurch, discovery of Roman re
mains at, 245
Eadred, grant by, of the monastery of
Reculver to the church of Canter
bury, 222

Eggs, superstitions connected with
eating of, 206 *
EUiott, Mr. James, his discovery of
Roman remains at Dymchurch, 245
Ennodius, description of a design on a
ring, 207
Eugenius, coin of, 150
Excavations at Lymne, their result, 246
Fausta, coins of, 142
Faustina the Elder, coins of, 127;
Faustina the Younger, 127
Fibulse, Roman, 80 ; inscriptions on,
82 ; enamelled, 83 ; Saxon, 213
Fictile vessels, 58 et seq., 211
Florianus, coin of, 134
Pranks, incursions of, 7 ; in Britain in
the time of Carausius, 179
Futile, a glass vessel so called, 77
Galerius Maximianus, coins of, 150
Gallienus, coins of, 131
Gordianus Pius, coins ofj^30
Gratian, coins of, 148-9-^^
Glass, Roman, 76 et seq. ; beads, 78
Hadrian, coins of, 126
Hand-mill stones, 103-4
Harpocrates, figures of, 208
Hartlip, animal remains found at, 108
Hatcher, the translator of Richard of
Cirencester, 18
Helena, coins of, 139 ; Helena, wife of
Julian, coin of, 147
Honorius, coins of, 150
Ickleton, Roman wall paintings disco
vered at, 96
Implements, Roman, 98, 261
Ince Blimdell, sarcophagus at, 198
Inscriptions, their value, 28 ; one re
lating to the twentieth and second
legions, 26 ; at Amorbach, 29 ; on
pottery, 68-71 ; on tiles found at
Lymne and Dover, 257-9
Intaglios, Roman and Saxon, 89 ; medi
eval superstitions relating to, 90, 213
Jovianus, coin of, 147

INDEX.

271

Julia Domna, coins of, 128
Julia MsBsa, coin of, 129
Julianus II, coin of, 147
Juvenal, his mention of the Rutupine
sea, 4
Keys, Roman, 102 ; ring-key, 213
Knives, Roman, 206-7
'Legion, the second Augustan, stationed
at Rutupise, 24
Leland, his account of Richborough, 50 ;
Reculver, 194 ; Lymne, 240
Lewis holes, Roman, 253
Licinius, coins of, 140 ; Licinius, jun.,
coin of, 141
Ligulse, 103
Littus Saxonicum, the meaning of, 185-8
Locket, enamelled Roman, 84
Londinium, mentioned by Ammianus
MarceUinus, 7
London, Roman implements, in steel,
found in, 106
Lucan us, Rutupina litora of, 4
Lucilla, coin of, 128
Lucius Verus, coins of, 127-8
Lymne, the Portus Lemanis, 233 ; the
river Lymne, 236 ; Saxon charters
relating to, 237-9 ; Leland's account
of, 240; Stuieley's notes on, 240;
description ofthe castrum, 242 etseq.
Macrobius, his account of tbe bulla,
207 ; origin of the proetexta, 208
Magnentius, coins of, 146 ; gold-looped
coin, 210
Magnus Maximus, termed by Ausonius
the Rutupine robber, 12 ; his coins,
14, 149
Marble, fragments of sculptured, 48
Marcus Aurelius, coins of, 127
Marius, coin of, 132
Maximian, coins of, 135-6
Mercury, figureof,ona glass intaglio,2 1 3
Miscellaneous antiquities found at
Richborough, 111 ; at Reculver, 211
Mortaria, the fictile vessels so called,
62 ; mortarium in granite, 104
Mortar, Roman, its peculiarities, 255

NaUs in bronze, varieties of, 113 ; in
iron, 261
Nemesianus, his notice of British
hunting dogs, 207
Nero, corns of, 124
Nerva, coins of, 125
Notitia the, its date considered, 20 ;
its stations on the Saxon shore, 22 :
181 et seq., 237
Noviomagus, the Roman station of, 16
Numerianus, coins of, 135
Othona, the Roman station, 23
Ornaments, personal, 79 et seq.
Oysters, beds of, discovered near Rich
borough, 5
Pan-sand, or Pudding-pan rock, Ro
man pottery found at, 66
Philip, coins of, 130
Pins, bone, 85 ; hair-pins, 86
PostUtous, coins of, 131-2
Pottors' kilns, Roman, found in North
amptonshire, 63 ; on the Rhine, 70
Pottery, ' Samian', 64 et seq. ; various
• kinds of, 72
Probus, coins of, 134
Ptolemy, the geographer, 15 ; 234
QuintUlus, coins of, 133
Ravenna, the Gebgrapher of, 26, 234
Reculver, description of, 176 et seq. ;
present state of, 188 ; the castrum, at,
190 : church, 196 ; destruction of,
200 ; Battely's account of, 202 ;
Saxon Charters relating to, 221 ;
grant by Eadred of the Monastery at,
to the Church of Canterbury, 222
et seq.
Regulbium, its mention in ancient
itineraries, 178 ; cohort of the Bar-
tasii stationed at, 180
Rescripts or mUitary diplomas, 182
Richard of Cirencester, 16, 18, 236, 254
Richborough, the castrum, 31 ; its an
cient and present state, 32 et seq. ;
plan of, 44 ; excavations at, 45 ;
architectural details, 35 ; Roman

272

INDEX.

building at, discovered in cutting tbe
railway, 54 ; wells or pits at, 65 ;
amphitheatre at, 51, 161, et seq.
Romulus, coin of, 140
Rutubus, — Rutubi Portus, mentioned
by Ordericus Vitalis, 2
Rutupise, the district of, 1
Sabina, coin of, 126
Salonina, coins of, 131
Samian, the pottery so termed, 64 et
seq. ; potters' names inscribed upon,
68 ; kilns for making the vases found
on the Rhme, 70, 72
Sandhills, near Deal, Roman remains
found at, 50
Saxons, incursions of, 7, 186
Saxon coins, 157-8 ; 214 et seq.
Saxon Shore, meaning of, 186-8
Sceattas, 216 et seq. ; designs upon 218;
sceat and scyUing, 218
Severus, coins of, 128
Severus, Alexander, coins of, 129
Statuette, with drinking cup, fragment
of, 112
Steel-yards found at Richborough and
at Pompeii, 100
Stone Street, the Roman road from
Canterbury to Lymne, 235, 264
Strigil, found at Reculver, 203-5
StutfaU Castle at Lymne, 233 ; sig
nification of the word StutfaU, 261
Styli iu steel, found in London, 100 ;
found at Richborough, 103
Survey of Reculver in 1685, 193

Symposius' description of a strigU, 204
Tacitus, his reference to Rutupia, 3
Tacitus, the Emperor, coins of, 133
Temples Roman, in Britain, 199
Terra-cotta, statuette, 71
Tetricus, coins of, 132, 260
Theodora, coins of, 140
Theodosius, coins of, 149
Thurston, Mr, T,, his note on the Stone
Street, 264
Tiberius, coins of, 123
Tiles, Roman, at Richborough, 36, et
seq. ; at Lymne, 265 ; inscribed, 258
Tintiniac, amphitheatre at, 172
Titus, coin of, 124
Treves, amphitheatre of, 168
Trajan, coins of, 126
Triens gold, struck at Canterbury, 215
Trutulensis Portus of Tacitus, 3
Valens, coins of, 148
Valentinian, coin of, 147-8
Valeriani, the, coins of, 130
Vespasian, coins of, 124
Victor, coins of, 149
Victorinus, coins of, 132
Umbo of shield, 112
Upchurch Marshes, Roman pottery
found there, 60
TJrbs Roma, coins inscribed, 145-6
Wall paintings, Roman, 92, 98
Weights, Roman, 100

Errata.
Page 7. For "Valentian", read " Valentinian".
— 207. For " Eunodius", read " Ennodius".

SUBSCRIBERS.

Edward Acton, Esq., ftrundisburgh, Suffolk
Henry Adams, Esq., Portsea
Charles Ainslie, Esq,, 13, Park-street, West
minster
Philip Barrington Ainslie, Esq,, F.S,A,B.,
Chertsey, Surrey
WiUiam Francis Ainsworth, Esq., Thames
Villa, Hammersmith
Arthur Ashpitel, Esq., P.S.A,, 5, Crown-
court, Old Broad-street
George Atherley, Esq,, Southampton
George Austin, Esq., Precincts, Canterbury
John Yong« Akerman, Esq., Sec. Soe, Ant.
Lond,, Somerset House
Professor Joseph Arneth, Director of the
Imperial and Royal Ambras Museum of
Antiquities, etc, Vienna

Francis Joseph Baigent, Esq,, Winchester
Charles Baily, Esq,, F,S,A,, 6racechurch-st,
John Barrow, Esq^ F,R,S,,F,S,A., Admiralty
The Rev, 0, J, Burton, Vicar of Lydd, Kent
Thomas Barton, Esq,, Threxton House, Wat-
ton, Norfolk
Thomas Bateman, Esq,, Yolgrave House,
Bakewell, Derbyshire

John Beaumont, Esq., 2, Highbury-place
Mr. WUliam Beer, Canterbury
Captain Henry BeU, Chalfont Lodge, Chel
tenham
John BeU, Esq., Gateshead
Matthew Bell, Esq., late High Sheriff of
Kent, Bourne Park, Canterbury
The Rev. J. W, Bellamy, Sellindge Vicarage,
Ashford, Kent
The Rev, WUliam Bennett, M.A,, Precincts,
Canterbury
William B, Bensley, Esq,, St, Stephen's-st.
Norwich
John Brodribb Bergne, Esq,, F.S,A,, Foreign
Ofiice, Downing-street
Thomas Fairfax Best, Esq,, 23, Westbourne-
terrace, Hyde-park {deceased)
Edward Ladd Betts, Esq,, 29, Tavistock-st,
Michael Bland, Esq,, F,R,S., F,S.A., m,
Cambridge-terrace, Hyde-park
WUliam Bland, Esq., Hartlip Place, Sit-
tingbourne, Kent
Matthew Holbeche Bloxam, Esq., Rugby
The .Rev. Edward George Boys, River, Dover
John Boys, Esq., Margate
John Brent, Jun. Esq., Canterbury
John Gawler Bridge, Esq., Piddletrenthide,
Dorset

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Charles Bridger, Esq., F.S.A., 3, Keppel-
street, RusseU-square
William Bridger, Esq., Hants (2 copies)
WilUam Bridger, Esq., Eastry Court, Kent
William Henry Brockett, Esq., Gateshead
WUliam Henry Brooke, Esq., Hastings
Thomas Brown, Esq., Paternoster-row
The Rev. John CoUingwood Bruce, M.A,,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
John Bruce, Esq., Treas, Soe, Ant, Lond,
6, Upper Gloucester-street, Dorset-square
James Silk Buckingham, Esq,, 21, WeUing-
ton-road, St, John's-wood
Alexander Horace Burkitt, Esq,, F,S,A,,
Clapham-rise
The Earl of Burlington, Holkar, MUnthorpe

Mrs, William Chaffers, Watling-street, City
Patrick Chalmers, Esq,, F,S,A,, Auldbar,
Brechin
Thomas Charles, Esq,, ChUUngton-house,
Maidstone, Kent
James Clarke, Esq,, Easton, Woodbridge,
Suffolk
Joseph Clarke, Esq,, the Roos,Saffron Walden
John Cobb, Esq,, New Lodge, Hawkhurst,
KenJ;
WilUam Wise Cobb, Esq., Bredgar House,
Kent
William Laurence Coles, Esq., Greenwich,
Kent
William Thomas CoUings, Esq., B.A., Trinity
College, Cambridge
The Rev. Henry Combs, B.D., FeUow of St.
John's CoUege, Oxford
William Addison Combs, Esq., 63, Ebury-
street, Pimlico
Robert Cook, Esq,, 30, CoUiergate, York
Bolton Corney, Esq,, M.R.S.L,, Barnes-ter
race, Surrey

George Richard Comer, Esq,, F,S. A., Eltham,
Kent
Charles Calvert Corner, Esq., Dean-street,
Southwark
Charles H. CornwaU, Esq., 20, St. Swithin's-
lane, City
George Oowburn, Esq., 15, Lincoln's-inn-
fields
William Crafter, Esq., Parrock - street,
Gravesend
Thos, Crofton Croker, Esq,, F,S.A., M,R,I,A.
3, Gloucester-road, Old Brompton
The Rev. Thomas CromweU, Ph.D., F.S.A,,
3, Newland- villas, Canonbury-park
Francis Crossley, Esq., 8, Old Montague-
street, Whitechapel
James Dodsley Cuff, Esq., F.S.A., New-park,
Clapham
Joseph Curt, Esq., Lisle-street, Leicester-sq.

The Earl of Darnley, Cobham Hall, Kent
The Rev. George Henry Dashwood, F.S.A.,
Stowe Bardolph, Downham Market, Nor
folk
Robert Davies, Esq., F.S.A., York
Arthur Davis, Esq., Deptford
The Rev. J. Bathurst Deane, M.A., F.S.A.,
Finsbury-oircus
James Dearden, Esq., F,S,A,, The Orchard,
Rochdale
Monsieur DeGerville, Hon,F.S.A,, Valognes,
Normandy
WiUiam Devaynes, Esq., Updown House,
Margate
Hugh Welch Diamond, Esq,, M.D , F,S,A.,
Wandsworth
Alfred John Dunkin, Esq,, Dartford, Kent
Joseph Durham, Esq,, 26, Alfred-place,
Bedford-square
Henry Durden, Esq,, Blandford, Dorset

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

3

Monsieur Lecointre-Dupont, Hon, F.S.A.,
Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries
de rOuest, Poitiers

Mr. WUliam Edwards, 62, Red- Cross-street,
Barbican, City
James EUiott, Esq., Dymchurch, Kent
W. P. Elsted, Esq., Dover (2 copies)
Richard Emmerson, Esq , Sandwich
WUliam Emng, Esq,, i209, West George-
street, Glasgow
John Evans, Esq,, Nash MUls, Hemel
Hempstead
Thomas Eveleigb, Esq., 7, HoUand Grove,
VassaU-road, Kennington

Thomas Faulkner, Esq., Chester
WUliam Manning Fellowes, Esq., Ormesby,
Great Yarmouth
WUUam PenneU, Esq., Wakefield, York
shire
Benjamin Ferrey, Esq., 1, Trinity-place,
Charing-cross
Roger S, Herman Fisher, Esq,, 16, James-
street, Buckingham Gate
Robert Fitch, Esq., F.G.S., Norwich
The Rev. Henry George FothergUl, Rector
of Belstone, Oakhampton, Devonshire
John Fradgly, Esq,, Bank of England
Thomas Anthony Freeman, Esq,, Minster,
Thanet (2 copies)
Miss Frond, the Black Friars, Canterbury

The Rev. T. Garrett, Vicarage, Martock,
Somerset
Francis Gibson, Esq., Saffron Walden
George Stacey Gibson, Esq., Saffron Walden

Wyatt George Gibson, Esq,, Saffron Walden
John Godfrey, Esq,, Brook-street-house,
Ash, Kent
William Henry Gomonde, Esq,, 26, Pro
menade, Cheltenham
Montague Gossett, Esq., F.R.CS,, 40, Broad-
street-buUdings, City
Nathaniel Gould, Esq,, F,S,A,, Tavistock-sq,
W. Pettit Griffith, Esq., F,S,A,, 9, St, John's-
square, ClerkenweU
Daniel Gurney, Esq,, P.S, A,, North Runcton,
Norfolk
Hudson Gurney, Esq,, F,R,S,, F,S,A,,
M.R,S,L,, Keswick-hall, Norwich

The Very Rev, Archdeacon Hale, Master of
the Charterhouse, Clerkenwell
Charles HaU,Esq., Anstey, Blandford, Dorset
Henry HaUam, Esq., V,P,S.A,, D,C.L.,
P,R,S,, P,G,S,, etc, 24, WUton-crescent,
Knightsbridge
James Orchard HaUiwell, Esq,, F,R,S.,
F.S.A., Avenue Lodge, Brixton (2 copies)
John Hampden, Esq., Leamington Priors
John Harris, Esq., Beech-street, Barbican
Alexander Hart, Esq,, Dorking, Surry
Henry Wise Harvey, Esq., Hernden, Eastry,
Kent
Captain John Harvey, R,N., „ „
George Harvey, Esq,, R,S,A,, 18, Archibald-
place, Edinburgh
WiUiam Harvey, Esq,, 3, Cliffe, Lewes
Mr, T. Harwood, 6, Warner-pl, Hackney-rd,
The Lord Hastings, F,S.A., Melton Consta
ble, Norfolk
Walter Hawkins, Esq., F,S,A,, 5, Leonard-
place, Kensington
The Rev. Professor Henslow, Hitcham,
Hadleigh, Suffolk
The Rev. Dr. Hessey, Head Master of
Merchant Taylor' School

LIST OF SUBSCEIBERS.

The Rev. John HUton, Sarre Court, Margate
Francis Hobler, Esq., Canonbury-square,
Islington
Richard HoUier, Esq., F,S,A,, Maize HUl,
Greenwich
George Hooper, Esq , Cottington Court, Deal
W, A, H, Hows, .Esq. 99, Kingsland-road
The Rev, Arthur Hussey, Rottingdean
The Rev, Henry John Hutchessoii, M,A,,
Canterbury
John Huxtable, Esq,, South-viUa, Albion-
road, Stoke Newington

The Rev, James Ingram, D,D,, F,S,A,, Pre
sident of Trinity College, Oxford

The Lady Keith Jackson, Beach House,
Lower Walmer, Kent
The Rev, Stephen Jackson, M.A,, Ipswich
William Jacobs, Esq,, Stamps and Taxes,
Somerset House
The Rev, Henry Jenkins, Rector of Stan-
way, Colchester
Charles Moore Jessop, Esq,, King's College
The Rev, Thomas Jessop, D,D,, Green Ham-
merton, York
Llewellynn Jewitt, Esq,, Public Library,
Plymouth
John JoUiffe, Esq,, Surgeon R,N,, H,M,S.
Geyser
Lieutenant Joseph Henry JoUiffe, R,M,,
H,M.S. Cambrian
James Cove Jones, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. Num.
Soo, Lond,, 2, Harcourt-buildings, Temple
John Jones, Esq,, 6, Regent-street

Gilbert John Karney, Esq,, Walmer, Kent

Edwin Keet, Esq,, Gloucester-terrace, Ken
sington
James Henry Kent, Esq,, Stanton, Bury St.
Edmund's
John MitcheU Kemble, Esq., M.A,, F,C,P,S,,
Northend, Fulham
Miss Kenrick, Stone House, Canterbury
0, Aston Key, Esq,, St, Helen's-place, City
{deceased)
David King, Esq., M D., Eltham, Kent
Mr, Jesse King, Appleford, Abingdon, Berks.

Henry Lake, Esq,, 10, New-sq, Lincoln's-inn
The Rev, Lambert B, Larking, M,A,, Ryarsh
Vicarage, Maidstone
Edward Law, Esq,, Oak Hall, Bast Ham,
Essex
Sir WUliam Lawson, Bart., F,S,A,, Brough
Hall, Catterick
The Rev. James Layton, M.A., Sandwich
Colonel WUliam Martin Leake, F.R.S.,
M.R,S,L, etc., 50, Queen Ann-street,
Cavendish-square
Mrs, W, Martin Leake, „ „
John Lee, Esq., LL.D., P.R.S,, F.S,A, etc.,
HartweU House, Aylesbury
John Edward Lee, Esq., the Priory, Caer
leon, Monmouthshire
Monsieur Lejoindre, Sandwich
W, Popham Lethbridge, Esq,, Greenwich
Hospital
The Rer, Thomas Taylor Lewis, MA,,
Bridstow, Ross
John Lindsay, Esq., Maryville, Blackrock,
Cork
The Rev. Maurice Hedd Lloyd, Goodnestone
next Wingham, Kent
Mr, W. Alford Lloyd, 66, St. John's- square,
Clerkenwell
The London Institution, Finsbury-oircus

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS,

The Lord Londesborough, K,C,H,, P.S.A.,
Ileden, Canterbury
Henry Lawes Long, Esq., Tunbridge WeUs
Thomas Lett, Esq., F.S.A., 43, Bow-lane
Edwin Lowe, Esq., 24, Old Bond-street
Harry Lupton, Esq., Thame, Oxfordshire
Frederick C. Lukis, Esq., the Grange, St.
Peter's, Guernsey
WUliam Lynch, Esq., Walton

H, B, Mackeson, Esq,, P,G,S,, Hythe, Kent
W. C. Maclean, Esq., Woodbridge, Suffolk
Samuel J. Mackie, Esq. Folkestone, Kent
WiUiam Thomas MackreU, Esq., 25, Abing-
don-street, Westminster
Mrs. Steuart Macnaughten, Bittern Manor,
Southampton
James Heywood Markland, Esq., D,C,L,,
F.R.S,, F,S.A,, Bath
Gideon Algernon Mantell, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S.
V.P.G.S., etc., 19, Chester-square, Pimlico
The Viscount Mahon, President of the So
ciety of Antiquaries of London, M.P,,
D.CL,, F,R,S,, Chevening Place, Kent
Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P,,
Leeds Castle, Kent
The Rev. W, H, Massie, St. Mary's-on-the
HiU, Chester
Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., Lord-street,
Liverpool (2 copies)
Duncan McArthur, Bsq.,M.D.,F.L.S,, Lower
Walmer, Kent
George Milner, Esq,, F.S,A,, HuU
Keith Milnes, Esq,, 36, South Audley-street
John Moore, Esq., West Coker, Yeovil,
Somerset
Major J, A, Moore, F,R,S,, F.S A , 19, Port
land-place
' Mrs, Moncrieff, Pitcaithly-house, Bridge of
Eam, Perth

Thomas C, Neale, Esq,, Springfield, Essex
George Neame, Esq., Canterbury
The Rev, G. M. Nelson, Bodicote Grange,
Banbury, Oxon,
The Hon, Richard Cornwallis NevUle, F.S.A.
Audley End, Essex (4 copies)
The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
William Newton, Esq., 66, Chancery-lane
Benjamin Nightingale, Esq, Clare Cottage,
Priory-road, Wandsworth-road
Henry Norris, Esq., South Petherton, Somer
setshire
George Ward Norman, Esq., Bromley, Kent

John Lane Oldham, Esq., F.G.S., Audley
End, Essex
The Hon, Colonel M, E, Onslow, Wood-
bridge-house, GuUdford
George Ormerod,Esq,, D,C,L,, F.R,S,,F,S.A.,
Sedbury-park, Chepstow

The Rev. John PapiUon, T.S.A., Lexden
Rectory, Colchester
The Rev. Charles Parkin, Vicar of Lenhain,
Kent
Edward Peacock, Jun., Esq., Bottesford
Moors, Messingham, Kirton Lindsey
Richard Philip Pease, Esq., Oaten-hUl,
Canterbury
WUliam Peckover, Esq., F.S.A., Wisbech
The Rev. Henry Pemble, M.A., Rector of
St. Peter's, Sandwich
John Penn, Esq., Lewisham, Kent
The Rev. Edward Penny, Great Mongeham
Rectory, Deal
Richard Percival, Esq., F.S.A., Highbury-
park

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Frederick Perkins, Esq., F.S.A., Chipstead
Place, Kent
Thomas Joseph Pettigrew, Esq., F.R.S.,
F.S,A,, 8, SaviUe-row
WUliam Phelps, Esq,, 18,. Montague-place,
RusseU-square
The Rev, F, C. Plumtre, D.D,, Master of
University CoUege, Oxford
The Rev, Beale Poste, B,C,L,, Bydews-place,
Maidstone
Edward Pretty, Esq., Northampton
Edward Bedford Price, Esq,, 29, Cow Cross-
street, West Smithfield
The Rev. Canon Prower, Purton, Swindon,
WUts
Alfred Pryer, Esq., HoUingbourne, Kent
Thomas Pryer, Esq., P.S.A., ArtUlery-place,
Finsbury-square
John Purdue, Esq., 14, Hemingford-terrace,
Islington
Theodosius Purland, Esq., Mortimer-street,
Cavendish-square
James Puttock, Esq., Shaftesbury-street,
New-north-road, Hoxton

Edward Francis Stratton Reader, Esq.,
Sandwich
Mr. J. Rigden, Queen's-arms Library, Dover
(2 copies)
William Roots, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., Surbiton,
Kingston-upon-Thames (3 copies)
Henry WUliam Rolfe, Esq., 3, Punderson-
place, Bethnal-green-road
William Henry Rolfe, Esq., Sandwich (6
copies)
George Rolfe, Esq,, Gravesend
J, D, Rolt, Esq,, 39, Broomfield, Evelyn-
street, Deptford
W, J. Duff Roper, Esq., Vane House, Hamp
stead
W. B. Rose, Esq., March, Cambridge

WUliam Roy, Esq., St. Mary Axe, City
Charles Rooke, Esq,, M.D., Scarborough

Edward Gibbon SaUsbury, Esq., Rose-bank
Cottage, Fincbley-road, St. John's Wood
Frederick Salmon, Esq., P.S.A., M.R,S,L,,
18, Lower Berkeley-street
The Sandwich Book Society, Sandwich
Charles Sandys, Esq., F.S.A., Canterbury
(2 copies).
W, Devonshire SauU, Esq,, P,S,A,, F.G.S.,
Aldersgate-street, London
Major Edmund Sheppard, Fulham
William Shipp, Esq,, Blandford, Dorset
William Taylor Peter Shortt, Esq,, Hea-
vitree, Exeter
James Silburn, Esq,, Pocklington, Yorkshire
Captain Henry Smith, R,M,, 33, Wish-street,
Southsea, Portsmouth (2 copies)
Mr, John Russell Smith, Publisher, 4, Old
Compton-street (26 copies)
WiUiam James Smith, Esq,, F,S,A,, White
hall-yard (2 copies)
Mrs, Smith, Landguard, Isle of Wight
Miss Smith, Niton, Isle of Wight
John Smith, Esq,, Blackpan, Isle of Wight
Captain W, H. Smyth, R,N,, K,S,F,, D,C.L,,
Dir, Soe, Ant. Lond., Cheyne- walk, Chelsea
Clement Taylor Smythe, Esq,, Maidstone
Captain J. Disney Smythe, Maidstone
Edward Solly, Esq,, F,R,S,, P,S,A,, 16, Tavi-
stock-square
Samuel Reynolds Solly, Esq,, M,A,, F.R.S,,
F,S,A., Serge-hill, King's Langley, Herts
The Lord Sondes, Elmham Hall, East Dere
ham (2 copies)
The Lord Southampton, Wittlebury, Tow
cester
Thomas Hayward Southby, Esq., F,S.A.,
Carswell House, Farringdon
Charles Spence, Esq., Devonport

LIST OP SUBSCRIBERS.

John St. Barbe, jun., Esq., Stoke Newington
Edward Stock, Esq., Poplar
The Rev. Joshua Stratton, M.A., Sub-Libra
rian of the Cathedral Library, Canterbury

J. S, G, Talbot, Esq,, Tunbridge
Arthur Taylor, Esq,, F,S,A,, Coleman- street,
City
WUliam John Thorns, Esq,, F.S.A,, Holy-
well-street, Westminster
Counsellor Thomson, Hon. F.S.A., Copen
hagen
John Thurnam, Esq., M.D,, York
Thomas Thurston, Esq,, Ashford, Kent
John Tissiman, Esq,, Scarborough
The Rev, J, Montgomery Traheme, M,A,,
P.R,S,, P,S,A,, Coedriglan, Cardiff
The Honourable Trinity Corporation
Dawson Turner, Esq., P.R.S., F.S.A., Great
Yarmouth
Colonel Sir J. M. Tylden, Milsted, Sitting-
bourne, Kent

The Rev. WUUam VaUance, M, A,, Maidstone
Henry Vint, Esq,, P,S.A., St. Mary's Lodge,
Colchester

Joshua Walker, jun,, Esq,, 2, Park-place
Gardens
John Green WaUer, Esq,, 22, Charlotte-
street, Fitzroy-square
Qharles Wame, Esq,, Milboume St. An
drew's, Blandford, Dorset
Albert Way, Esq., M.A,, F.S.A., 26, Suffolk-
street, PaU MaU East
WiUiam Webb, Esq,, 6, Lansdowne-road,
Clapham-road

The Rev, Charies WeUbeloved, York
John Whichcord, jun., Esq., F.S.A., Maid
stone
William Whincopp, Esq, Woodbridge,
SuffoU£
Alfred White, Esq., 19, Tyndale-place,
IsUngton (2 copies)
Humphrey Wickham, Esq,, Strood, Kent
John Alfred Wigan, Esq,, Clare House, East
Mailing, Kent
J, G. De WUde, Esq., Northampton
James John WUkinson, Esq., Barrister-at-
law, Stoke Newington
The Rev. John J. WUkinson, Erith, Kent
Benjamin Williams, Esq., F.S.A,, Hilling-
don, Middlesex
Charles Winn, Esq,, Nostel Priory, Wake
field, Yorkshire
John Windele, Esq,, Blair's Castle, Cork
Richard Windle, Esq., Bank of England
John Wood, Esq,, Woodbridge, Suffolk
John Wood, Esq,, 22, Watling-street
Professor J, J, A, Worsaae, Hon, F,S,A,,
Royal Inspector of the Ancient National
Monuments of Denmark, Copenhagen
The Rev. Frederick Wrench, Rector of
Stowting, Hythe, Kent
George N. Wright, Esq., 60, Pall MaU
Thomas Wright, Esq,, M,A,, F,S,A,, Mem
ber of the Institute of France, 24, Sydney-
street, Brompton
The Rev, Thomas William Wrighte, late Sec.
Soe. Ant. Lond., Boughton Blean, Kent

James Yates, Esq., M,A,, F,R,L, and G.S.,
Lauderdale House, Highgate
Richard Yates, Esq., F.S.A,, Beddington,
Surry
William Yewd, Esq., 30, East-street, Red
Lion-square

I