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YALEUNWERSmr LIBRARY

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Queen Eleanor Memorial,
WALTHAM GROSS,
[Erected A.D. 1291-2]
WITH

"|c #lir£ youM ^iDBitncs loafelmf, 31.1. 1260,"
AND OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST
IN
BY
WILLIAM WINTERS, F. R. HiST. Soc,
Author of "Select Passages in the Life of King Haiold," &c.

"Point still the spot to hallowed memory dear,
Where rested on its solemn way the bier
Ehat bore the bones of Edward's Eleanor."

Published by the Adthor,
CHURCHYARD, WALTHAM ABBEY, ESSEX,
1885.
^-  s-^i

THB3
Queen Eleanor Memorial,
WALTHAM CROSS,
[Erected A.D. 1291-2]
WITH OP
''|c mtt IFflttw ^itranma loafelme, ^.5B. 1260,"
AND OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST
IN

WILLIAM WINTERS, F. R. HiST Soc,
Author of " Select Passages in the Life of King Harold," &c.

'* Point still the spot to hallowed memory dear,
Where rested on its solemn way the bier
That bore the bones of Edward's Eleanor." iI

Published by the Author,
CHURCHYARD, WALTHAM ABBEY, ESSEX,
1885.
U  - - .-.  ^  .^?.

o o nsr T E IT T s.
PAGE.
Preface .. .. ,, .. .. .. ..7
The Surroundings of Waltham Cross . . . . . . . . 9
Ye Oulde Eoure Swannes Hostlerie . . . . . . . . 14
The death of Queen Eleanor . . . . . . . . . . 22
Edward and Eleanor at Waltham Palace . . . . . . . . 29
The death of Edward I. . . . . . . . . . . 30
Queen Eleanor Cross, Waltham . . . . , . . , . . 33
Artists employed in the Erection of the Cross . . . . . . 41
The Cross since the Reformation . . . . . . . . . . 46
Engravings of the Cross . . . . . . . . . . 48
Architectural details of the Cross . . . . . . . . . . 54
Accounts of the Executors of Eleanor .. ... .. 57
Eestoration of the Cross . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Architect's Eeport (1885) . . . . . . . . 62
Scenes at Crosses in the Middle Ages ... .. .. ..66
Edward's grief for Eleanor (poetry) . . . . . . . . 70
Extracts from Household Expenses of Edward I. . . . . . . 72

FEl f A©1,

JHE ELEANOR CROSS OF WALTHAM is one of the
few remaining national monuments of interest worthy of
T Royal patronage, not, however, from any religious point
of view, but from its pure historic value. For nearly six
centuries it has resisted with noble defiance the ever devouring
elements of time, and the wanton hands of the spoiler ; and
notwithstanding certain casual accidents by which it has at various
times more or less suffered, consequent on the public position it
has so long occupied, it still speaks with silent eloquence the
virtuous worth of one of England's best Queens, and of the high
appreciation in which her memory was held by her bereaved
husband, Edward the First, "who was the greatest of his name
and the first of English Kings after Harold who had an English
name and an EngHsh heart."
This Cross is by far the most beautiful of the three existing
Royal monuments, and yet, before its restoration, the mo.st
dilapidated. The restorers of the Cross, therefore (under the
able supervision of the architect, Mr. C. E. Ponting, of
Lockeridge, Marlborough), must gain for themselves the thanks
and applause of all lovers of antiquity. In association with
this great undertaking stands prominently the name of Sir
Henry Bruce Metjx, Bart., of Theobald's Park, whose princely
gift towards the completion of the work cannot be equalled.
E. T. DoxAT, Esq., J.P., of Wood Green, Cheshunt, treasurer of
¦ the restoration fund ; and the joint secretaries, Mr. J. Ttdeman
and Mr. W. Hammond, together with the Executive Committee,
claim honourable mention for their united efforts in promoting the

PREFACE.
interest of the scheme, which was commenced on May 27th,
1885, mainly by the efforts of Mr. J. Ttdeman. Also on the list
ot supporters of the Restoration of the Cross appear the names
of the Bishop of St. Albans, Thomas Leigh Claughton, D.D.,
Lord Randolph Churohill, M.P., Lord Aberdare, the Lord
Mayor, M.P„ Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Sir Henry Selwin-
lBBETS0N,Bart., M.P., and Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart., J.P.
In the compilation of this brief history of the Eleanor Cenotaph
of Waltham, the following works have been carefully consulted,
viz.:— "Vetusta Monumenta" (IIL), "Archologia" (XXIX.),
"Itinerarium Curiosum" (Dr. Stukeley), "Devon's Exchequer,"
"Add. MSS. 24, 505, 32349," "Cott. MSS.," " Galba, E. III.,'
"Memorials of Queen Eleanor" (J. Abel), "Manners and House
hold Expenses of Edward I. and Queen Eleanor,'' " Gentleman's
Magazine,'' " Strickland's Lives of the Queens," " Graphic Illus
trator" (E. W. Brayley), "Eleanor Crosses" (J. E. Bailey),
"Journal Arch. Assoc." (XIX.), (Rev. C. H. Hartshorn, M.A),
"Ancient Stone Crosses of England" (Rimmer), "Memorials of
London in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Centuries" (H. T. Riley,
M.A.), "Campagna of London" (1791), "Lysons Environs of
London" (IV.), " L. Chorlton Road Lectures," "Anecdotes of
Painting" (Horace Walpole) ; also various local histories and
registers. This work, although baldly written, and that at great
intervals, has been attended with considerable labour, and may
eventually be found useful as a collection of materials for a
larger history of this ancient work of art.
W. WINTERS.
Churchyard, Waltham Abbey,
December 1st, 1885.

THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL,

THE SURROUNDINGS OF WALTHAM CROSS.
The Eleanor Cross or cenotaph of Waltham stands in
the parish of Cheshunt,* in the County of Herts. This
monument, it is necessary to notice, did not originate the
name of the town a mile eastward, i.e., Waltham Holy
Cross. The old North Road from London (hy the side
of which stands the Cross) runs through the centre of the
parish, which is bounded at some distance on the east by the
River Lea, and on the west by the New River. Near the
Cross is the Great Eastern Railway Station, formerly called
" Waltham," now " Waltham Cross," and the Hotels
approximating the Cross are the Four Swans, the Great
Eastern (or Falcon), and the Queen Eleanor. Cheshunt has
long been celebrated for its famous Rose Nurseries. Near
the Eleanor Cross are Mr William Paul's nurseries, univer
sally known for the cultivation of excellent roses. The Old
Nurseries at Cheshunt Street, belonging to Mr George Paul,
* Cheshunt is variously spelt, and writers are not agreed as to its-
derivation. Some determine it to have come from an admixture of Eoman
and Saxon element, i.e., " Castrum " and " Sunt." Neweourt says that
Cheshunt is derived from " Chestin Casicmetum of Chestnut Trees, which
should seem in old time to have abounded in this place; for that most
of the ancient houses in this Vill were built of wood." Cheshunt is called,
in early documents, Cestrehunt, from Castrum, importing that a Eoman
Castle may at one time have stood in the locality. In Queen Eleanor's
time it was called " Cestrehunte," and in 1368 it was known as
" Chesthunte.''

10 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
are also very productive of roses. Mr W. Eumsey is a
great rose grower, and his gardens are a short distance
from the Cross.
Places of worship are not so plentiful in Cheshunt as in
some places of equal population. Not far from the Eleanor
Cross is Trinity Church, Rev. H. S. Davies, vicar ; lower
down the road, on the same side of the way, is Crossbrook
Congregational Chapel, Rev. D. Davies, B.A., pastor. The
Parish Church of Cheshunt is situated in the more rural part
of the parish, out of the high road. Rev. H. J. Day, vicar.
This church was erected temp Hen. VL, by Nicholas Dixon,
an ex-baron of the Exchequer, and rector of the parish. St.
James' Church is situated at Cheshunt Common. The
Cemetery (the gift of General Osborne, in 1854,) is near
Bury Green. Opposite the parish church is the Countess of
Huntingdon's College and Chapel, established in 1768 ;
president. Rev. H. R. Reynolds, D.D. Pengelly House is
a domestic structure of importance, and which was once the
residence of Richard Cromwell. The Dewhurst School was
founded in Cheshunt 18th of Charles I., which monarch was
a frequent visitor at Theobalds, the former residence of Lord
Burleigh, of whom a later rhymester sang —
" Here he lives in state aud bounty,
Lord of Burleigh, fair and free ;
Not a lord of all the county
Is so great a lord as he."
Hugh Fitz William writes to the Countess of Shrewsbury
of Sir William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, of Cheshunt, dated
September 21, 1571, viz. : " Thei say the Queue wil be at my
Lorde of Burlyes howse beside Waltam on Sonday nexte
wheare my Lord of Oxford shall marry Mrs Anne Sicelle
his doughter." * " Cheshunt Great House " continues to
afford interest to visitors, and is situated within sight
of the church. Some distance beyond this house is an old
tree known as " Goffs Oak " of considerable antiquity,
dating back to the Norman Conquest. At Cheshunt Street
is " The Round House," presented by Queen Elizabeth in
* Hunter's Hist. Hallamshire, p. 111.

WALTHAM CROSS. 11
1588 to Admiral Effingham, the hero of the Spanish
Armada. There is also Hatton House. The Cheshunt
Nunnery, founded in the 12th century, has long since dis
appeared. At Turner's HUl ten aged females find a com
fortable home in the Almshouses, established by King
James I.
It was more than two centuries before the death of Queen
Eleanor that the Doomsday survey of Cheshunt was taken,
and when Earl Alan claimed the manor. At his death, in
1089, Niger possessed it, from whom it descended to his
relative Stephen, and afterwards to the Crown. In the 13th
century the manor fell to the lot of the Bishop of Carlisle,
and in 1241 Peter, duke of Savoy, uncle to Queen Eleanor,
received it per favour of Henry III. A great riot occurred
in 1245 respecting marsh rights, between Simon Abbot of
Waltham and the inhabitants of Cheshimt, headed by Peter
duke of Savoy. On April 19th, 1484, a renewal of this
sad riot took place between Waltham and Cheshunt, similar
to what had occurred in 1245, respecting an old grievance,
namely, the right of turning into the marshes (Grette werdej,
iu which affray the men of Waltham Cross shared a part, viz.,
Rob. Kelsell, yeoman. Will. Greves, yeoman, Thomas Bothe,
butcher, Rob. Harryson, smith, Roger Empson, cowper,
John Rampton, hosyer. Rich. Deford, taylor, Thom.
Preston, husbandman. The Abbot of Waltham, Thomas
Edwards and Rob. Wade of Hatfield are named in the list.
The manor of Cheshunt was afterwards presented by Edward
I. to John de Dreux duke of Brittany and earl of Richmond,
who died in 1285. Arthur duke of Richmond then claimed
it, and was lord of Cheshunt during the erection of the
Eleanor Cross in 1291-2. Through his male descendants
the manor passed until it reached the hands of Henry
Fitzroy earl of Richmond and Somerset, in the reign of
Henry VIII. Edward VI. granted the lordship to Sir
John Gates, but this he soon forfeited on his imprison
ment for high treason, when Queen Mary gave it to her
favourite Sir John Huddlestone, from whom it passed to Mr.

12 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
Cock, of Broxbourne, and was afterwards owned by Lord
Monson, who transferred it to the Prescott family, in whose
right it stiU continues to be held. Sir George Rendlesham
Prescott, Lord of the Manor of Cheshunt, formerly resided
at Theobalds Park.
Sir Henry Bruce Meux, Bart., now resides at the
princely seat, Theobalds Park, which is as historic as
it is beautiful. Theobalds has been visited by kings, queens,
and princes, and by noblemen of the highest rank. Theo
balds is familiar in the history of Queen Elizabeth, James I.,
Charles I., Charles IL, and the Cromwells, not omitting the
great evangelical hymnologist Dr. Isaac Watts. The palace
of Theobalds has long since been destroyed. Sir G. W.
Prescott erected a large mansion some distance from the site
of the old palace, and which was much improved by Sir
Henry Meux, Bart., father of the present baronet.
When Mr. S. Beazley, architect and dramatist, designed a
new staircase for Sir Henry Meux's mansion, he affected to
drop the " x " in pronouncing Sir Henry's name, making it
sound as if it were " Muse " or " Mews," and when done he
styled it in jest a Gradus ad Parnassum, the latter being the
fabled seal of the " Heavenly Nine." Lord William
Lennox wrote the following "jeu d'esjjrit" on the name —
" There's Meux's entire — called Mews the swells among,
Though Mieux is better in a foreign tongue ;
Taut Mieux why change the sounds? nay 'tis no myth,
Tayleur was Taylor once, and Smythe was Smith." *
Sir Henry Bruce Meux, Bart., of Theobald's Park, eldest
son of Sir Henry Meux and Lady Louisa Caroline eldest
daughter of Ernest 3rd Marquis of Ailesbury, was born
November 21, 1856. He descended from Sir John Meux,
Bart., of 1641, whose title became extinct in 1705, and from
Thomas Meux of London, citizen and mercer, who descended
in the sixth generation from William Meux of Kingston.
Sir Henry Meux of Theobald's Park, grandfather of the
present Baronet, was the second son of Richard Meux of
London, brewer, and Mary, daughter of Henry Brougham,
created Baronet September 30, 1831. He was borii 1770
* Vide " Greater London," vol. i. 384.

WALTHAM CROSS. 13
and died April 7, 1841, having married, November 1814,
EHzabeth Mary, daughter of Thomas Smith, Esq.; she
died September 18, 1851, leaving one son and three daughters,
viz., Sir Henry, father of the present Baronet,t C) EHzabeth
Mary, died June 14, 1880, having married October 10, 1839,
to her cousin, Richard only son of Serjeant Arabin of High
Beech, Waltham Abbey; he died September 6, 1865.
(^)Marianna Frances, died March 11th, 1875, having married
AprO. 2nd, 1839, to Sir WilHam Bowyer Smijth, Bart., of
Hill Hall. (') Emma Martha, married January 23, 1853,
to Arthur de Vere, Viscount Maiden, eldest son of 6th Earl
of Essex ; he died March 10th, 1879.
t Sir Henry Bruce Meux, Bart., bears arms, viz.. Paly of six or and
azure, on a chief gules three crosses patfie or. Crest, Two wings inverted and
endorsed, argent conjoined by a cord, tasselled or.

14 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL

"YE OULDE FOURE SWANNES HOSTLERIE,
A.D. 1260."
In the days of Edward the First there were but few
houses in Cheshunt, and possibly the only house of any note
then existing at Waltham Cross was, what is supposed to
have been the Manor House, long since known as the Four
Swans Hotel, the sign of which hangs from a beam across
the road, and is lettered in imitation of medieval style —
«? ¥e ©ul5« dFouxe Staanncs fgostlerle, a.lB. J 360."
During the period of the erection of the Eleanor Cross,
A,D. 1291-2, Arthur duke of Brittany and earl of Richmond
was lord of the manor of Cheshunt, and resided in the
Manor House. He doubtless entertained the noble but
sorrowful foUowers of the royal corpse. It is certain, how
ever, that the principal house in the parish at a very early
period was Theobalds Palace. The antique style of the
above sign inscription with date (1260) is notour sole authority
for beHeving this Hotel to be of respectable antiquity. No
doubt it has undergone considerable change since its erection;
but its large chimneys and the quantity of chesnut timber
with which much of it is built confirms the fact that it is
very old. An early writer observes that " the resort
of travellers rendering more houses of entertainment
necessary near this spot, the cross has been almost taken into
the end of the second Inn, erected contiguous to it, whereby
much of its beauty is concealed and its ornaments damaged."
Dr. W. Stukeley remarks that an ancient chapel stood on
the site of the Four Swans Inn, and which belonged to the
earl of Richmond, lord of the manor of Cheshunt. Salmon
conjectures that it was the manor house of the duke of Rich
mond that formerly occupied the site of the Hotel, because as
he says " of the antiquity of that building and its neighbour-

W^ALTHAM CROSS. 15
hood to the cross erected in honor of Queen Eleanor. For we
may suppose the body rested and the company entertained at
the most considerable place in the town."* The manor house
is described by Lj son as being situated at Waltham Cross
and built of timber and Flemish wall, and in good repair in
1796. t Early in the reign of Queen EHzabeth a poem was
composed by W. VallansJ " wherein is comprehended the
original and increase of the River Lee commonly called
Ware river." The poem contains the " Tale of two
Swannes" and which represents the excursion of two Swans
along the Lea from Hertford to London, when
" * * * They chauust to see
The stately Crosse of Elnor, Henries [Edward] wife."
Dr. Gawin, bishop of Dunkeld, in Perthshire § was staying
on the Christmas eve of 1521, at Waltham Cross, from
which place he writes Cardinal Wolsey to obtain for him a
speedy interview with the king ; he was probably a guest at
the Swans Inn, then held under Henry Fitzroy duke of
Richmond and Somerset || The early Parish Registers of
Cheshunt and Waltham Abbey record the names of persons
once resident at the Four Swans Inn, viz. On the 19th
October, 1570, " A woman svant [died] at Swane at
Waltham [Cross]." Buried in Cheshunt Churchyard.
Forty-two years later the following entry occurs in the
Registers of Waltham Holy Cross, viz. — " Julii 1612,
Margret the daughter of Edmond skarlett of Chesthunt
was buried 26th daye, dwelling at the Signe of ye Swan in
Waltha Cross." These entries prove that the Four Swans
Hotel was well-known in the days of Queen EHzabeth and
James the First, and no doubt served as a place of refresh
ment to O'rare Ben Jonson and other poets and great men of
the period as they wended their way to the palace of King
• Salmon's Hist., Herts, p. 10.
t Environs, vol. iv. p. 50.
J Leland's Itinerary (Hearne) vol. v. p. 8.
§ Dunkeld Cathedral has been a mere ruin. The choir of it now serves
for the Parish Church.
II State Papers, 13 Hen. viii., vol. iii. pt. 2. p. 809.

16 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
James at Theobalds. The Registers of Cheshunt give the
following entries of persons buried from Waltham Cross,
viz.:—" 1559, John ffletcher the elder of Waltham Cross
buried June 30th." " 1559, Father Sparage of Waltham
Cross, buried November 10th." " 1562 a child of Edmonton
dying at Waltham Cross, buried September 12th." An
evidence of longevity is recorded in the Cheshunt Registers,
namely — "1602, Old mother Smith alias Cooper from
Waltham Cross being 102 years of age and more ; buried
September 27." This old lady must have witnessed many
great sights at the Cross when royalty frequented the locaHty,
she having lived in the reigns of Henry VII., Henry VIII.,
Edward VL, Mary I., and Elizabeth, and died only a few
months before King James came to the throne. In the
reign of Charles I. the plague raged at the Cross, and which
is mentioned by Daniel Defoe.* The Register states,
" 1645, a strange woman [died] of the plague from Waltham
Cross, buried 20th May." On the 25th day of May was
buried " A child of the plague of Waltham Cross." In
1666, when the plague was at its height, five died in
Cheshunt in July, and nine in August. In the reign of
James I., a " new market " was about to be established
weekly at Waltham Cross, when the inhabitants of Hertford
petitioned the King (in 1623) to prevent the same being held
on Saturday as it might prove injurious to Hertford market !
vide letter by request of " The Prince " from Sir Francis
Cottington to Atty. Gen. Coventry, dated from Theobalds,
March 2, 1623. f Cheshunt had a market in the time of
Edward III. In the State Papers temp. Henry VIII.,
James I., and Charles II. , are given some interesting notices
of the Post Office at Waltham Cross. On July 27, 1512,
Thomas Fisher, postmaster, of Waltham, writes to Sir W.
Cecil, of Cheshunt, stating the delay of the Post in getting
out of London not being able to procure horses. He also
details his journey from Waltham to Stamford, and the ill
* History of the Great Plague iu 1665, p. 304.
t State Papers, p. 489.

WALTHAM CROSS. 17
conduct of the postmaster at Royston, the dreadful weather,
roads, &c.t Letter to Sec. Conway, dated Waltham Cross,
March 8, 1622, viz.: Right Honourable may it please yo^^ hon.
to send yo^ special warrant to myself and my fellow
postes the 21st of ffebruary last past 1622 for the p'viding
of horses for his maties present service for packetts and
postes the wch doth fearr us day and night, unless wee maii
have help out of the country abought us. The coppie of woli
warrant wee have but that will not serve to give conttent,
wee y<i bonnes warrent hath bin wilfully refused by ou^ hie
ounstable who dwelleth within half a myle of oui^ Stagge.
So fy sutch men maohing default male goe free in thir
speciaU service. The Packetts and Postes coming so thick I
shall not be able to speed them away w*'^ that expedicion
woJi I desier, wherfore I besetch y"^ honner for better service
yt would be pleased to give y^ warrart for my discharge
Tyoh -^yiii nghte the better conttent to 0^^ Justices & others to
home it may eonsern. Thus craving y^ honners favorable
consideration herin I cease praieing to God to bless
j^ and yours. Tour honners poor Servant and post
at Waltham, John Cooke, Waltham Cross this VIII
of March, 1622.* In June 1660, Jane Haughton,
widow, of the Post Office. Waltham, writes " To the King's
most Excellent ma*ye petitioning the King to allow her, with
her son John, to fill the place of her late husband Roger
Haughton, who had faithfully discharged the office of Post
master of Waltham for twenty-three years.J
In addition to the Four Swans Inn, there was a house
close by called " The Bell," viz., 1638, August 31st, was let
on Lease to John SouthwarthJ of a messuage called The
Bell, in Waltham Cross, Cheshunt, and of other lands,
these being parcel of the possession of Robert, late Earl of
Salisbury exchanged with King James, for 21 years, at a
t State Papers
* State Papers, Domestic, James I., 1623.
X State Papers, Domestic, Charles II., 1660.
^ Thomas Southworth was Vicar of Cheshunt from 1613 to 1624.

18 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
rent of £83 3s. lOd. and fine of £281 4s.J The Old Work
house for the parish of Cheshunt was situated at Waltham
Cross. Lyson says § that " Waltham Cross is the site of a
manor caUied Dacies alias Crossbrooks, which, so far as I
have been able to trace it, has belonged to the same person
as that of Theobalds. It is, nevertheless, a separate manor,
as may be seen by referring to the Survey (in the Augu-
mentation Office) made of each in 1650. The manor is des
cribed as being intermingled with that of Cheshunt in all
parts of the parish." The same writer moreover states that,
" The Survey of Theobald's manor describes an ancient
Spital at Waltham Cross, consisting of four rooms below and
three above appropriated for poor lame impotent people. It
is still (1796) used for the same purpose (being occupied by
four poor widows) and is held under the Manor of Theo
balds, to which it pays a small quit rent.* Salmon notes
" A piece of land at Waltham Cross, of £3 per ann., in
occupation of Mr Hall,|| belonging to the Spital- House,
pays 13s. 4d. quit rent, and 200 faggots to the poor of the
Spital House. The rest given to the poor at Christmas."t
Mrs. Francis Leeson bequeathed a part of £400 to the
Spital House for ever, as also one guinea for preaching a
sermon on the 11th of June, the anniversary of the burial of
her late uncle, Mr. Samuel Brookland ; also a half-guinea to
the Clerk, and 2s. 6d. to the Sexton. This Spital House
was standing very early, as we find by a few entries in the
Parish Registers of Cheshunt, viz., " 1560 a boy of the
spitle-howse, buried March 27th," also, " 1 589, a poore
woman from the Spital at Waltham sent from Broxbourne,
buried December 11th." It is stated that the Spital House
was rebuilt in 1830. A short time ago, during the progress
% State Papers, Domestic, Charles I., 1638.
§ Lyson's Environs of London, 1796.
* Lyson's Environs of London, vol. iv., p. 50.
||Mr. Stephen Hall, of Waltham Cross, possessed an old stone cross sup
posed to have belonged to the Eleanor Monument, and which was once the
property of Mr. W. B. Clarke, Architect.
t Hist. Herts., p. xii.

WALTHAM CROSS. l9
of some alterations which were being made in the Pour
Swans, a few miscellaneous articles of antiquity were found,
including a number of old coins, and fragments of oak carv
ings, which determine the house to be very old. Behind a
shelf was also found a manuscript in shorthand, probably
sermon notes, bearing date " 1668." The Four Swans Inn
is rendered famous by the historian Joseph Strutt, who wrote
in the latter part of the last century a serio-comic poem
called " The Bumpkin's disaster ; or the journey to London
of Ploughshare and Clodpoll, including the fabulous history
of Waltham Cross," and which was published in 1808. The
tale represents two farmers who lived at Tewin, four miles
from Hertford, making a journey by road to London, when
they descant freely on the things of interest they meet with,
and nothing is more attractive to them than the Eleanor
Cross, at Waltham. The heroes —
" Agreed their journey with the break of day
To undertake : Lest unforeseen delay
Should intervene their notions, I'll attend.
By Waltham Cross they pass and there my friend,
We'll meet. TiU then, farewell."
They then jog away with the full intention of reaching
the refreshment house at Waltham Cross (not " Holy
Cross,") hence —
" Prepared and waiting, Clodpoll found his friend.
Without delay the heroes both ascend,
Nor stopped they tUl to Waltham Holy Cross
They came ; aud baited there themselves and horse."
Having had luncheon at the Four Swans, they leisurely
leave the Inn to view the Eleanor monument, which appears
to have been in a ruinous condition, and thus they converse
on the subject —
" The ruined monument which stood hard by,
Of Edward's love, escaped not Clodpoll's eye,
' Ploughshare.' he cried, ' what thing is this I see.
So fairly carved with ladies two or three,
Within their windows standing ? ' ' Can my friend
Be ignorant,' said Ploughshare, ' to what end
< This goodly structure, Wiltham Cross by name,
Was built, and wherefore dedicate to fame ?
Though still existing as it now appears,

20 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
There has it stood perchance a thousand years, —
Let us ascend our cart, and deeds of old.
As we jog on, I will to thee unfold.'
Without delay, their journey to pursue,
They mounted both, and bade their host adieu."
Ploughshare then dilated on the Hfe of Queen Eleanor,
and the ditty closes with the annexed couplet expressive of
Edward's love —
" In honour of his Queen he built a Cross
Like that we saw, — a token of his loss."
This poem is not inferior to the punning lines of Tom Hood
which he wrote on the Eleanor Cross —
" A royal game at fox and goose.
To play for such a loss ;
Wherever she put down her orts
There he — set up a cross,"
Tom Hood was a frequent guest at the house of James
Wright, Esq., Powder Mill Lane, Waltham Abbey. The
Four Swans Inn being a well-known posting house in the
days when the stage coaches travelled on the Great North
Road to and from London, many of the wits of that quiet
age made use of it as a halting place, Charles Lamb being
among the number. In the October of 1843 her Majesty
the Queen and the Prince Consort stopped to inspect the
Cross on their way from London to Cambridge, when the
surroundings of the Eleanor Cross, the Four Swans, and the
Falcon (now the " Great Eastern ") were gaily decorated
with flags and the roads lined with people. Those coaching
days are passed away, and the swifter mode of travelHng has
induced many persons to visit the Cross, which is only five
minutes' walk from the railway station. Waltham Abbey
is one mile from the Eleanor Monument.
In addition to the fine old Abbey of Waltham, the Royal
Gunpowder Factory in the centre of the town wiU be found
interesting to visitors, as will also the Royal Small Arms
Factory, Enfield Lock, which is a mile and a half distant
from Waltham Abbey. By the explosion of gunpowder at
the above Royal Factory, on April 13th, 1843 (when seven
men were killed), windows were broken for miles round, and

WALTHAM CROSS. 21
the Pour Swans Inn did not escape damage. The Govern
ment paid Mr. D. W. Sanders, the landlord of the Inn,
£2 lis. lOd. for window sashes and glass broken. Mr.
D. W. Sanders moreover claimed 10s. 6d. "for Rummers "
broken on the occasion. On this sad occurrence Trinity
Chapel, Waltham Cross, suffered much, but not equal to
the Abbey Church of Waltham and many other contiguous
buildings. No explosion equal to that has since occurred,
and it is to be hoped never will again.

22 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL

QUEEN ELEANOR, HER DEATH AT HERDBT,
AND FUNERAL MARCH TO WESTMINSTER.
" Time-mouldering crosses, gemmed with imagery,
Of costliest work and Gothic tracery ;
Point still the spots, to hallowed memory dear,
Where rested on its solemn way the bier
That bore the bones of Edward's Eleanor,
To mix with Eoyal dust at Westminster."— y^« Mirror.
The Queen Eleanor monument at Waltham Cross* is one
of three existing memorial crosses erected by King Edward
the First in affectionate remembrance of his chere reyne
(dear queen) Alianore or " Eleanor the Faithful."
The generous and right royal spirit of Eleanor has justly
won for her the felicitous epithet of " Queen of Good
Memory." She was the only child and heiress of Ferdinand
IIL, of Castile and Joanna, Countess of Ponthien. On
August 5th, 1254, when very young, she married at Burgos,
in Spain, Prince Edward, eldest son of Henry III., and
Eleanora of Provence, himself being only fifteen years of
age. From the love she had to her youthful and English-
hearted Edward, she fearlessly braved all dangers, following
him to the Holy Land ; and when strongly urged not to
hazard her life in the Crusade she sweetly replied in answer,
" The way to Heaven is as near from Palestine as from
England," and, moreover, she said " Nothing should part
asunder whom God had joined." Tradition states that when
in the East, Eleanor saved her husband's life at the risk of
her own by sucking the poison from a wound caused by the
dagger of an assassin. " So sovereign a medicine (says an
old writer) is a woman's tongue anointed with the virtue of
* The title of " Holy Cross " connected with Waltham Abbey, as before
stated, did not originate from the Eleanor Cross, but from a monkish legend
current in the days of Harold, founder of the Abbey, or College of Waltham,
two hundred and thirty years before the death of Queen Eleanor.

WALTHAM CROSS. 23
loving affection." On the return of the happy pair to
England, in 1272, they were crowned together at West
minster. Edward was again soon called from home to
complete the conquest of Wales, and which he at length
achieved. He afterwards heard of the melancholy death of
the young Scottish Queen, and was speedily asked by the
people of Scotland to come over and settle the dispute
respecting the succession to the throne, as the rival candidates
had also referred to his arbitration ; the king accordingly
set out for the journey unaccompanied as heretofore by his
illustrious consort. Eleanor, however, very soon ventured
on her way to join him and to share in the supposed dangers
of his expedition. But Divine Providence had ordered other
wise ; her journey was cut short. On arriving at the mansion
of Sir Richard de Weston, at Harby, or Hardby, in Notting
hamshire, she was taken ill of a fever, and died on the 28th
of November, 1290,* in the 47th year of her age.f The
serious effect which this sad event had on the mind of the
bereaved monarch, as he was not with her at her death, is
pathetically told in the rude lines of Piers Langtoft, a
contemporary poet —
" His solace all was reft, sith she was from him gone
On fell things he thought, and waxed heavy as lead,
For sadness him o'ermastered, since Eleanor was dead."
On the day of the Queen's death we find a payment of one
mark to Henry of MontpelHer for syrup and other medicines
purchased at Lincoln for the Queen's use. During her last
illness she was attended by Magister Leoimrdus fisicus Begince,
i.e., Master Leopard or Leopardi, the Queen's physician,
to whom she bequeathed the sum of 20 marks and a silver
cup worth 12 marks and a half. The body of the Queen
was as quickly as possible removed from Hardby to Lincoln
and there embalmed ; and on December 2nd her bowels were
deposited in a copper casket and interred in the Lady
* The Queen died on the 4th Kalends of December, which would be the
28th of November. Fide Eymer's Foedera.
t Some say the Queen died at Grantham, which is founded on the erroi
oJ Wikes.

24 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
Chapel of Lincoln Cathedral. The monks of Blackfriars,
London, craved her heart, and on the 12th of the same month
they received it, and it was buried there, a chapel having
been constructed for its reception.*
The funeral procession attending the remains of Queen
Eleanor was such as England never before witnessed, and in
which the King was personally present, and which must have
set out very soon after the embalment of the Queen's remains.
The cortege started, we are told, from Lincoln on the morn
ing of the 4th of December, and instead of taking the most
direct route to London they took a very circuitous one, in
order to pass through a more frequented part of the country
where the Queen was well known. It was also a part of the
plan to take some of the great reHgious houses by the way,
and to have suitable places at which to rest, hence the
deviation from the direct Hne from Stoney Stratford to
Dunstable, to take in Wobum, St. Albans, and
Waltham. The ordinary route in those times of bad and
dangerous travelHng was from Stamford by Walmesford to
Huntingdon, and from thence by Royston, Puckeridge, and
Cheshunt.f The main reason for coming to Cheshunt was
to halt for a night at the monastery of Waltham, where in
after years the body of King Edward rested for fifteen weeks.
Edward and Eleanor had often visited the Abbey of
Waltham on their way to the north. As the solemn proces
sion wended its way, the King tested certain writs at various
halting places, by which we are enabled to determine how
long it was before it reached its destination. Writs were
tested by the King at Lincoln on December 2nd and 3rd.
On the 5th they were tested at Casterton,J which is on the
road from Grantham to Stamford ; on the 9th at Northamp
ton ; on the 13th at St. Albans. The King withdrew from
the procession at St. Albans, and came through Bamet to
London. The procession arrived at Waltham Cross, where
* Tide Eolls of Parliament ; also Wardrobe Book, 18 Ed. I.
t Archcelogia, Vol. xxix. (by Eev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A.)
+ Casterton Castle was part of the Queen's dower.

WALTHAM CROSS. 25
it was met by the Augustine monks and conducted to the
Royal Abbey, and there rested the night. On the foUowing
day, December 14th, it started for London, where the
mournful King met it, accompanied by the whole nobiHty
(says Walsingham), prelates, and other dignified clergy.
The entombment took place in Westminster on the 17th of
the same month.
No doubt the Abbots of Waltham were equaUy
favoured with their Dunstable brethren. The early annaHst
of the latter town says : " Her body passed through our town
and rested one night; two precious cloths to wit — bandekyns
were given unto us. Of wax we had eighty pounds and
more ; and when the body of the Queen was departing from
Dunstable, the bier rested in the centre of the Market-place
until the King's chancellor and the great men then and there
present had marked a fitting place where they might after
wards erect, at the royal expense, a cross of wonderful size,
our prior being then present* and sprinkling holy water."
Various statements are made by both early and modem
writers as to the number of resting places and crosses.
According to some, whose authority has not been fuUy
estabHshed, there were originaUy as many as fifteen Eleanor
Crosses. Gough recognises the foUowing places where
Crosses were erected to the memory of Queen Eleanor,
viz., at Herdby, Lincoln, Newark, Leicester, Geddington,
Northampton, Stony-Stratford, Dunstable, St. Albans,
Waltham, Cheapside, and Charing by Westminster. Lincoln,
Stamford, and Grantham disappeared during the civil wars.
The work of destruction is attributed to the soldiers of the
Earl of Manchester. Grantham and Stamford were stages,
as also Woburn. Mr Howgrave says : " There was a Queen's
Cross at Stamford, and the Hke is affirmed of Grantham, and
that it stood in the open place in the London Road ; and I
saw a stone carved with foHage work and said to be part of
it. If so, Newark and Leicester must have been left out,
and they travelled with the Queen's corpse by way of Oundle
* John Abel, Memorials of Queen Eleanor, p. 3.

26 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
to Geddington from Stamford." Camden, who doubtless
had seen them, inserts Grantham and Stamford. It being
conjectured that the fact of Waltham Abbey being an
ancient and royal foundation obtained it the honour of
lodging the royal body, which must certainly have been
carried aU the distance between St. Albans and Waltham out
of the way.* Some persons are wont to include the
" Tottenham High Cross " in the Hst of Eleanor Crosses,
but no mention is made of it in the executors' accounts of
Queen Eleanor ; yet that is no reason why it should not
have been erected to her memory after 1294, the same
as that of Geddington. The distance from Waltham Abbey,
where the body rested, to Tottenham High Cross would
warrant such a supposition.
Queen Eleanor's executors have recorded the names of the
architects and statuaries engaged in the erection of the
crosses, viz., Lincoln Cross was the work of Richard of
Stowe, mason (cementarius) ; those of Northampton, Stoney
Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, and St. Albans were buUt by
John BeUo or Battle ; Waltham by Roger de Crundale, in
conjunction with Dymenge de Legeri or de Reyns and
Alexander Abington ; Cheapside by Michael of Canterbury,
and Charing by Richard de Crundale, who died before it was
finished, when the works were carried on by Roger de
Crundale, one of the builders of Waltham Cross. § Singular
to say, Geddington Cross is not mentioned in the court roUs
of Edward I., which shows that it was buUt some time after
1294, as before observed.! The burial of the remains of
Eleanor took place at Westminster on December 17th, 1290;
the solemn service was performed with great ceremony by
Bishop Sutton of Lincoln,^ who had probably accompanied
the cortege to Westnunster. Wikes says that the Arch-
* Vetusta Monumenta, Vol. iii.
§ Manners and Household Expenses 13th to 15th Cents.
t The Cott. MSS. Galba E. iii. fol. 14 contains a MS. entitled Compotus
Garerobe .Slienorse Eeginse vxoris Edwardi Piimi.
J " Bp. Sutton in Ed 1st time : he dyed in his pulpit preaching." See
Topog Excursions, 1634.

WALTHAM CROSS. 27
bishop was engaged in a quarrel with the Abbot of West
minster at the time, and that is the reason why Sutton per
formed the service. Over her grave was raised a fine altar
tomb of grey Petworth marble, designed in a style exactly
corresponding with the rich crosses which Edward erected to
her memory. The top of the tomb is covered with a plate
of gilt copper, on which lies a statue of Eleanor, which is
also of copper and most richly gilt. She was buried at the
feet of Henry III. Each side of the tomb is divided by
small buttresses into six compartments in the pointed style,
having angular pediments ornamented by crochets and finials,
with shields sculptured as pendant from oak and vine branches,
within shaUow trefoil -headed recesses. The now almost
obHterated epitaph in Norman French runs thus —
" gict Biai gUlCTrtoc f«Ma ^ejjne &b (iBngleiecB fetttwte tti lletj
<!Et>ewar&, git le ^eij Se«vi e fijUe al lleij ioe ffiapagne e fflou-
tctaoe i>e pantiff Ixel alxne ite If ©few pixv &a piie c*ji piecci,
^tnen." Viz., "Here lies Eleanor, sometime Queen of England,
wife to King Edward, son of Henry, daughter of the King of
Spain and Countess of Ponthieu, on whose soul God in His pity
have mercy. Amen."
Before the Reformation, some Latin verses were hung on
the tablet near the tomb, which were thus translated —
" Queen Eleanor is here interred,
A royal virtuous dame,
Sister unto the Spanish King,
Of ancient blood and fame ;
King Edward's wife — first of that name,
And Prince of Wales by right,
Whose father, Henry, just the Third,
Was sure an English Wight," &a.
The statue of the Queen is very admirably executed ; but
the thick adhesive coating of dust that covers the whole
renders the gilding only partially visible. The benign
aspect of virtuous composure which the figure exhibits, is of
the most elevated cast, and even its very attitude is indicative
of a chaste and pious dignity.* The statue shows the Queen
to have been in the prime of life. Her hair is flowing in
true Spanish fashion, and her drapery is most graceful. This
* Brayley's Graphic Illustrator, p. 233.

28 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
e&gy is the work of Master William Torel (or Torelli), a
London goldsmith, who flourished in the reign of Edward I.
Some writers have associated the name of Pietro Cavalini, a
Roman sculptor, with the work, but without sufficient
authority. Torel also made the effigies at Lincoln and at
Blackfriars. William Torel is supposed to have been an
Italian, "and," says a writer, " it is not impossible that he may
have been identical with Master WilHam, f the Florentine
painter, who was occupied by Henry III. towards the latter
end of his reign, and that he was pupil of Nicolo, of Pisano,
who died in 1264."* The e&gy of Eleanor was greatly
admired by Flaxman, who affirms that it was executed by a
Scholar of Pisano's school. The metal, we are told, for the
Queen's image was bought of William Sprot and John de
Ware, to whom £50 and afterwards 50 marks were paid for
it. Flemish coin was brought to supply the gold for gilding.
The quantity was 476 florins, which were bought at different
times at 2s 6d each. Sixty-eight florins more were bought
apparently for the same purpose. J The sum paid to William
Torel for the effigies of Eleanor and Edward was £113 6s 8d,
estimated at £1,700 of our present currency. There was
left for distribution at Westminster, in which no doubt
Waltham had a share, the sum of 23s 4d weekly in alms, for
the soul of Queen Eleanor, ana for the souls of Richard II.
and Ann his wife,§ besides two tapers to be burnino-, and
which were burning in the time of Fabian, the historian,
circa 1480.
t Walpole concludes that William of Florence aud William the Monk of
Westminster were the same person.
* Many entries occur in the EoU of Ed. I. relating to certain payments
made to W. Torel for making effigies of the King and Queen, viz.  Imago,
Magistro Willielmo Torel, pro factura imaginum Eegis et Eeginte, xij, marc.
J Manners and Household Expenses, p. 190.
§ She was Ann of Bohemia, who taught the English ladies to ride side
saddle. By this lady becoming the wife of Eichard II. the works of
Wycliffe were introduced to the Bohemians. Vide Fuller's Aiel Uedivivus
vol L, 25. '

WALTHAM CROSS. 2&

EDWARD THE FIRST AND ELEANOR AT
WALTHAM PALACE.
The Abbey of Waltham was familiar to Edward and
Eleanor as it had been to other kings and queens for
upwards of two centuries before ; its situation being an easy
and pleasant ride from the city of London. Waltham was
not only noted for its royal palace, but was also regarded as
a hunting seat from the time of Tovi le Prude in the days of
Hardicanute. Edward and his beloved Queen spent one of
their Easter hoHdays at Waltham Palace. This was most
likely the Easter of 1290, the last year of the Queen's life,
when, as the story goes, the King sought quietude from the
protracted wars with Scotland, and perhaps from a long hunt
in the Royal Forest at Waltham, which was customary at
Easter. At this season of the year the singular practice of
" heaving "* was observed in high famiHes ; and we are told
that seven of the Queen's ladies unceremoniously invaded
the royal chamber, which was close to the Abbey, and
seizing hold of their majestic master proceeded to " heave
him " in his chair, till he was glad to pay a fine of fourteen
pounds, two pounds for each lady, to enjoy his peaceful
release. Shortly after, the King saw one of the Queen's
laundresses, named "Matilda of Waltham," in the court-yard
while the hounds were coupling and the gallant hunters
mounted for Easter hunt. The King, being in a merry mood,
wagered that MatUda could not ride with them on a fleet
hunter. She accepted the challenge, mounted the fast steed,
and rode with such success, that the King was fain to redeem
his good horse for forty shillings, f
Edward was probably at Waltham on the morning
of December 14th, when the body of the Queen, which
* Wardrobe Book 18, Ed. I., fol. 47, b.
t Ibid. See Brand's Pop. Antique, vol. I., 181.

30 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
had rested the night in the Abbey, was about to be removed
to Westminster. On the 22nd of the same month
the King was at Enfield. The itinerary of the King,
Edward I.f shows him to have been at Waltham on the
following days, i.e., October 10th, 1289; September 13th,
1294; February Sth, 1298; February 23rd, 24th, 2.3th,
1303; and February 24th, 25th, 1305. At the death of
Queen Eleanor the temporalities of the Abbey of Waltham
were in the possession of Robert de Elintone, who was
instituted to office as Abbot in 1290. In 1294 his name
occurs again as Abbot, aud his death is recorded to have
occurred in 1301.*

DEATH OF EDWARD I. HIS REMAINS REST
AT WALTHAM ABBEY FIFTEEN WEEKS.
In the middle ages Waltham Abbey was regarded as one
of the most noted Abbeys for many miles round, and as the
abbots of this house had had the honour of receiving the
body of Queen Eleanor and lodging it for a few hours
within the sacred precincts of the Abbey in the December of
1290, they were also more than equally favoured in having
the charge of the remains of King Edward the First for
fifteen weeks before their final interment took place at
Westminster. Edward I., who had survived his beloved
Eleanor seventeen years, died at Burgh-on-the-Sands,
Carlisle, on his march to Scotland, where he had followed his
t Add. MSS. 24, 505.
* Harl. MSS. 7520.

WALTHAM CROSS. 31
army in the pursuit of the Scotch under Robert Bruce, July
7, 1307, aged 70, having reigned 35 years. Before his
decease, he enjoined the earls of Pembroke, Northumberland
and other of his nobles to inform his son that it was his
dying command "that his heart should be carried to the
Holy Land, attended by 140 knights, who should have
thirty-two thousand pounds of silver for their maintenance
whilst thus employed, and that his corpse should remain
unburied, and be carried in the van of the army till Scotland
was reduced to obedience."* Little regard was paid to these
commands, for the council ordered the Bishop of Chester, his
treasurer, assisted by the king's household, to convey the
royal corpse to the Abbey of Waltham, where it arrived amidst
great funeral pomp, attended by many of the principal
nobility, with Peter, Cardinal of Spain, who went to meet it,
and numbers of the clergy, who assisted at the celebration
of the masses in the churches wherever it rested. The body,
as already stated, remained at Waltham Abbey fifteen weeks,
during which time six religious men were chosen weekly from
the neighbouring monasteries to attend it night and day, and
none were permitted to depart without special licence till the
royal remains were removed to Westminster Abbey, where
they were interred on the 28th of October, 1307, in Edward
the Confessor's Chapel.* An entry occurs in Devon's "Issues
of the Exchequer " in confirmation of the above statement.
" To Luke de Wodeford of the order of preaching Friars and
Robert de Cotingham executors of Edward I. [Date 1 Ed.
IL] To the same on the 15*11 day of November, 10 marks
paid to WilHam de Horseden, by his own hands, for
his stipend and labour whilst remaining at Waltham
with the body of the deceased King ; by command of the
Treasurer." His remains were buried beneath an altar tomb
consisting of five blocks of grey marble upon a freestone
basement. At one time this marble was painted. On the
* The king, says one writer, requested his son to boil his bones before
hey were carried into Scotland. (See Stanley's Memorials.)
t Walsingham's Hist. Bng.

32 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
north side are the words, "Scotorum Malleus" and "Pactum
serva." The first is rendered " the hammer of the Scots,"
and the second " keep truth." Tn the year 1774 the tomb
of Edward I. was opened; the covering stone was found
quite loose and uncemented ; within was a Purbeck marble
coffin. The king's body was wrapped in a large waxed
cerecloth, the head covered with a face-cloth of crimson
sarsenet. Beneath this were the royal robes, a tunic of red
silk damask with gold tissue work, and a mantle of crimson
velvet ; a piece of rich cloth of gold laid loosely over them.
In the right hand was a sceptre, in the left a rod surmounted
by a dove and oak leaves in white and green enamel ; a gilt
crown upon his head. The corpse was found almost entire,
the innermost covering another waxed cloth fitting closely to
the face and limbs ; the length of the body was six feet two
inches. The tomb was made secure by order of the dean
and chapter of the Abbey.* Weever says, " This king had
long legges, surnamed hee was Longshankes. Robert of
Gloucester quaintly sang of him thus —
" (Siixvavi' i\je fwtrot re0tt»jii tJjan ttrulty,
®)je son ije waa of ^in0 Qarrtr 5
®e conctUEtreSr tlja« all gcMIanb,
Stnl" ioUe gfrlonl* iwto Jjtja JjottlJ,
^ttb waa rdUtjir tjjttt i»jw (SLonanevox.
gltte ^eaimtixiaixe Ije Ijatr t)»j bwcijiwa
^^^H tjeve \je tregnijb iiijn0."
t Arohaologia, Vol. III.

WALTHAM CROSS. 33

QUEEN ELEANOR CROSS, WALTHAM.
It is now more than fifty years since the Memorial Cross
at Waltham was restored by Mr. W. B. Clarke, an able
architect, and a native of the locality, who devoted his time
and talent to the great work gratuitously. In the summer
of 1832, a meeting was held at which Col. Moody, of the
Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, presided, and
a subscription was at once commenced to raise a fund for the
restoration of the Cross, as it was then in a most ruinous
condition. This act was a very timely and commendable
one, as it was the desire of Mr. Clarke, with a committee of
local subscribers, to render the antique structure in exact
conformity to the original work. This seems the more feas
ible, as Mr Clarke professes to have completed his project
according as the Cross appeared at the close of the 13th
century, from an original drawing. Many portions of this
Cross had suffered defacement from wanton hands, as also
from tlte ravages of time ; and several fragments of the
original work had in Mr Clarke's day quite disappeared
but which may be yet found somewhere in the neighbourhood,
and eventually replaced near their original positions. How
ever, the sculptural details of the mutilated cross were
sufficiently obvious to the architect to be restored, without
the entire annihilation of the original design. The crowning
finial is stated to have been lost for ages, until discovered by
the late architect, Mr. Clarke, and from which relic Mr.
Clarke fashioned the cross that surmounted the work of his
restoration, and of which finial ornament the public
at the time did not fully approve. This interesting
piece of stone sculpture work is at present (1885) possessed
by Mr. J. Tydeman for exhibition, through the kind
ness of its owner, Mrs Hall. It formerly belonged to the

34 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
late Mr Clarke, who held it until his death, and since
then it has been carefully preserved by Mrs. Hall, who was
for many years in the employ of Mr. Clarke, who at his
death charged her not to finally part with it on any account.
F. Clarke, Esq., of Charmouth, Dorsetshire, late resident of
Waltham Cross, and brother to the architect, states that the
cross was found by his brother on the premises of the late
Mr John Arnold, farmer, of Cheshunt (now Mr James
Thirgood), and had been used for many years as a
piece of pavement at the door of the scullery of his house.
The cross was broken and otherwise defaced, and the reason
why Mr W. B. Clarke did not replace it on the Eleanor
monument was because be found it to be too small and bald
for tbe finial of the new spire ; the old shaft having been
more plain and tapering, not square as shown in some of the
old plates, but octagonal, two of the sides, east and west,
being wider than the others, and fluted at the corners ; con
sequently the old finial which fitted a shaft of that description
would be quite unsuitable for the larger and modern
crocketed shaft of Mr Clarke's construction. The old cross
is supposed to have been removed from its place when an
attempt was made at tne close of the last century to remove
the entire structure into Theobalds Park, by the then owner
of the Park, and Lord of the Manor, Sir G. W. Prescott. But
there is one thing very singular in the matter, namely, if this
finial cross existed in its original position until removed by
Mr Prescott in 1795, how is it that aU the earlier engravings
of the monument show the structure as being without a
crowning finial ? It has been suggested, and this is quite
feasible, that the said reli(3 formerly belonged to the royal
chapel at Theobalds or some other kindred building. That
the Eleanor monument when first completed was surmounted
by a cross of some kind is evident from the original account
of its erection in 1291-2, and from its being mentioned as a
" crux " and the " crucis de Waltham." Moreover, the original
terminal cross was of Caen stone, and the one discovered
at Theobalds Farm is of Kentish ragg, which fully deter-

WALTHAM CROSS. 35
mines the question. It has been considered by professional
artists that the finial cross having disappeared, the completion
of that part of the monument was left mainly to the
imagination of the architect ; and, as before observed, in not
one of the old prints of the ancient pile does the top finish
with a cross, and it is not clearly shown by those plates
whether the original central shaft was square, hexagonal,
or octagonal, as the older drawings give one pattern and the
modern ones another. A writer of more than a half
a century ago says, " I have strong suspicions, from the
undecorated character of the supporting plinth, and of the
portion of the shaft which remains (before Mr. Clarke's
restoration) that the structure at Waltham was terminated
by a plain cross approaching the form of the cross patee in
the upper limb and transverse portion. One of similar form
appears on a curious ancient seal of the Abbey Church of
Waltham.* The cross on this seal was, from the legend of
the Holy Cross, the subject of much idolatrous superstition
during the middle ages.f A plain cross was worn as a badge
by Pilgrims in the 12th and 13th centuries, as they travelled,
in their zeal and blindness, to worship at the shrine of
Harold in the eastern choir of the Abbey of Waltham. An
early poet, in his "Booke intituled the fantasie of Idolatry,"
records the route of the English Pilgrims of the middle ages
thus — " To Leymster, to Eyngstone,
To Yorke, to Donynton,
To Eedying, to the ohyld of grace ;
To Wynsore, to Waltam,
To Ely, to Caultam ;
Bare foted and bare legged a pace."§
Some time since a stone mould was discovered in Coleman
Street, City, of the 12th century date, and which was used for
the making of Pilgrims' badges. On the margin of the mould
appeared the following legend— Signvm Sancte Crucis de
Waltham. In 1595 Sir Edward Denny, of Waltham, had
* Gent's Mag., vol. 102, pt. 2, p 108.
t See Ogbourn's Hist. Essex.
§ Foxe'a Ch. Hist., vol. v., pt. ii., p. 405. ,

36 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
a London residence in Coleman Street, which may account
for the mould being found there. Whatever shape the
original capital of the Eleanor monument at Waltham Cross
may have been, the person who supplied it in 1291-2 was
Roberto de Corf, an English sculptor, and one of many
employed by King Edward the First in the erection of
crosses to the memory of his beloved consort. Some interest
ing details respecting Waltham Cross will be found iu the
annexed letter by F. Clarke, Esq., formerly a solicitor of
Bedford Row, and brother of the late architect, W. B. Clarke,
Esq. Speaking of the restoration of the Eleanor Cross at
Waltham, by his brother, Mr. F. Clarke says " There was a
book printed, I think, by some one at the time that gave
some account of the restoration to which Sir Abraham Hume
was a liberal subscriber, giving, I think, £100.* This book,
which only consisted of five or six leaves, was about a foot
square. " The old broken shaft does not exist ; we had it once.
You are quite correct in supposing it was plain. It was
made from Sussex marble, of a dark colour, and composed
entirely of petrified shells. . . . The shaft was not in
its section square, but longer one way than the other. It
was fluted at the corners and was gradually tapered. I have
no doubt that it had been polished. The piece of the cross
in Hall's garden was the original cross on the top of the
original structure, and the present cross is an exact copy of
it I believe. The history of this piece of the cross
is this. Sir George William Prescott, the owner of Theobalds,
wished to remove the cross and set it up in Theobalds Park,
but on commencing the work of taking it down, he found it
would be too expensive and gave up the undertaking. The
cross itself was taken to John Arnold's who lived in the
Park Farm, and there it was used as a part of the pavement
at the back door of the scullery of the house in the centre of
* F. Clark, Esq., states in another letter that the above sum was given
to the eminent sculptor, Eichard John Wyatt (probably Sir Eichard West-
macott, E.A.), for restoring one of the statues of the Cross.

WALTHAM CROSS. 37
the pavement. It was at the back door leading into what is
now and was then the stack yard of the farm. When there
it consisted of two pieces, as there was a crack across one of
the arms off which arm a small piece was broken. My
brother got the cross taken up in order to assist him in
making his drawing and having the new cross correctly made
in stone. The smaller piece has been lost. When my
brother carried up the Hnes of the old tapering shaft until
the top of the shaft would fit, the old cross he did not think
looked tall enough, and also looked bald. He therefore
substituted the present pinnacle with the crocketed instead.
I think the present pinnacle is shaped as the original, with
the addition of the crockets and about a foot added to the
height. " I had a contest with him about it, I said it ought to have
been a complete restoration. In my opinion it is too tall by
a foot, and gives an air of weakness to the pinnacle. The
comer of the Falcon Inn nearly touched the cross at that time,
and my father got the owner of it to allow the corner to be
pulled down and the present red brick end next to the cross
to be built. Into this end all the remains of carving that was
not totally decayed, and my brother thought worth preserv
ing were built as you may see now into the wall of the
house. These are all that could be preserved. Everything
of the carving in my brother's restoration was remarkably
well done except the lions' heads, which were beyond the
mason's skill.* The lions' heads of the mason's looked like
bears' heads ; one of the original ones still remains, I believe
in the wall of the corner of the Falcon Inn, let into the
¦brickwork. I know of no other pieces of the cross than
those I have mentioned above.
" I have a sepia drawing made by a Mr King, a pupil
¦of Baily the sculptor, as it was before the restoration, and
my brother, at least, his widow, who Hves in Germany, has a
drawing made by him as the Cross originally was, and
• This person was ambitious of doing the whole of the masonry, and
which Mr Clarke allowed him to do. He however failed in the carving of
ihe lions' heads, but the frieze work he executed well.

38 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
coloured by George Lewis, the artist. In fact, the painting
was almost all George Lewis's; but the drawing part, I think,
was my brother's, or copied from the sketch of Lewis.
When I sold my house at Waltham Cross, I left in what is
called the loft of the house, a large architectural drawing, in
fact, the working drawing for the restoration. It is, I should
think, eight or even ten feet high and mounted on a frame
that doubles in two with hinges. If you should get this,
please observe that there is an error in the drawing of one or
two of the larger pinnacles, which my brother pointed out to
me. In fact, he made a mistake in making the drawing,
and did not think it necessary to correct it for his working
purposes in the restoration. I have also a drawing in pencil
on a piece of boxwood which my brother made, intending to
have it engraved. It is of the Cross as it was supposed to
have been originally. The Cross had, as perhaps you know,
eight steps, and the lowest one was fluted at the edge. The
figures are popularly supposed to be representations of
Queen Eleanor. This, I think, is a mistake. I have often
seen crosses abroad with the three figures holding in their
hands the same symbols. It is true, the face of which Wyatt
restored, is very like the face of the Queen on a tomb in
Westminster Abbey.* You will find, if it has not been
taken away, on the top of the Cross let into the stone,
either a sixpence or a shilling, and over this is a penny piece,
set in compo.f I had until lately a cast of the pedestal on
which the figure, looking west, stood, which my brother had
made. Of course you know that nearly the whole of the
lower story is, with slight exception, as it was originally.
Also except the cornice and carving to that story. It was
only the two upper stories that were restored. My brother
did say that the stone of the lower story was from Caen, in
* Mr. F. Clarke states in a communication to the writer, that the
statue restored by Wyatt was that of the "Virgin, and not of Queen
Eleanor." This occurred shortly after Mr. Clarke's restoration. The effigies
of the Queen appear to have been restored by Sir E. Westmacott.
t Several guineas are said to have been run in with lead iu the upper
part of the spire.

WALTHAM CROSS. 39
Normandy, and that the architect was an ItaHan."*
Sir Richard Westmacott, R. A. , professor of sculpture, and the
successor of Flaxman at the Academy, restored the head and
hands of the statue occupying the western niche, which had
been much injured. Sir Abraham Hume, Bart., it is said,
having an interest in the restoration, prevailed upon her
Majesty, Queen Adelaide, to defray the cost of restoring the
effigies of the Queen by Sir R. Westmacott. This artist
stated at the final meeting at the Falcon Inn that " two out
of the three statues in the Waltham Cross were in a fair
state of preservation, and required but little to be done to
them ; but the other, which occupied the western niche, has
been much injured, and its head has bgen destroyed." The
able sculptor said he had taken this statue to his study, in
London, where he intended to work out the drapery and make
new hands and head with the most scrupulous regard to the
original. Being of Caen stone he should send to Normandy
for pieces to match, and he hoped to be able to replace the
statue in its new niche, but old site, with all its original
expression and truth {Vide Lit. Oaz., 1834). At the con
clusion of the restoration nearly £600 had been obtained by
general subscription.
The entire amount expended in the restoration of the
Cross by Mr Clarke was about £1,200, f which was a very
large sum considering the architect's time was given, and
that little or no road improvements were made. Mr Clarke,
however, entirely rebuilt the two upper stories with the
tracery work, but not with the best of stone. The lower
divisions were new faced where necessary and surrounded
by iron rails. The guns outside the rails were the gift
of Mr Batho, of Cheshunt, and were fixed as symbols of
protection. When these guns were being put down, a
foreign coin was dropped into one of them by a Royal Navy
midshipman who was visiting the neighbourhood. On May
* For this letter I am obligingly indebted to the Author, F. Clarke, Esq.
as also to Mr. J. Tydeman, of the Four Swans Hotel.
t Vide " The Builder," November, 1869.

40 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
17th, 1834, a festival was held at the " Falcon Inn,"
adjoining the Cross, to commemorate the completion of the
restoration of this early and beautiful specimen of medieval
art, when about fifty persons of the neighbourhood met,
beside Sir Abraham Hume, Bart., Viscount Afford, Hon.
Mr Oust, Col. Osborne, Mr Russell, Mr Maybe w, Mr Crawter,
Mr Bosanquet, and several members of the London
Antiquarian Society, William Harrison, Esq., barrister, in
the chair. Mr Howard, host of the Falcon Inn, in
attendance. Sir Abraham Hume, Bart., resided at the time at
Wormleybury, and was related by marriage to Viscount
Alford (John Cust), better known as Earl Brownlow. John
Oust, LL.D. F.R.S., &c.. Viscount Alford, was born in 1779,
and married first, 1810, second daughter of Sir Abraham
Hume, Bart., great granddaughter, maternally of Henry
Grey, Duke of Kent, she died in l6J4 ; second marriage in
181 « to the daughter of George Fludyer, Esq., of Rutland
shire, she died in 1824 ; third marriage in 1838 to the
eldest daughter of the 2nd Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, born
in 1791, and for many years a lady of the bed-chamber
to Queen Adelaide.* The earl was lord-lieutenant, and
ciistos rotulorum of the county of Lincoln, and was patron
of eleven livings. The first Lord Brownlow (John Cust),
was elevated to the peerage in consideration of the public
services of his father. Sir John Cust, Bart., as Speaker of the
House of Commons, from 1761 to 1770. t
* This accounts for the help rendered by Adelaide (through Sir Abraham
Hume), in the restoration of Queen Eleanor's efSgies on the Cross.
t Sir Abraham Hume's name occurs on a tomb at the east end of
Waltham Abbey Church (exterior). See " Our Parish Eeeisters," etc., bv
W. Winters, p. 170. ''

WALTHAM CROSS. 41

THE ARTISTS EMPLOYED BY EDWARD I. IN
THE ERECTION OF THE ELEANOR CROSS.
The original cost of £95 for the erection of Waltham
Cross, is more than was paid for those at a greater distance
from London, showing that it was richer in its details. It
was begun in 1291, and the last payment for labour in
connection with it was in Michaelmas term, 1292. The
Northampton Cross and the Geddington Cross, with that of
Waltham, are the only Eleanor Memorial Crosses existing.
Waltham Cross resembles the one at Northampton for
splendour of ornamentation, but exceeds it in style and
general workmanship.
The design and execution of the Eleanor Cross of
Waltham, as also those of Geddington and Northampton,
have been attributed to the great Roman sculptor, Pietro
Cavalini ; this statement, however, hangs upon very slender
authority. Vertue and Walpole are strong in their con
jectures that Pietro OavaHni was the designer of the Eleanor
Crosses, but his name does not occur on the list of artists
connected with the erection of the Eleanor monument at
Waltham. Cavalini is said to have been the architect of
the shrine of Edward the Confessor, which is questionable,
as that work has been attributed to Abbot Ware, not the
Ware who sold the metal for Torel's work. " Vasari's
silence on CavaHni's journey to England (says Walpole)
ought, however, to be no objection ; he not only wrote some
hundred years after the time, but confounds his own account
so strangely as to make Peter Cavalini scholar of Giotto,
who was twenty years younger." Walpole also remarks
that Edward I. and Eleanor, returning from the Holy Land,
were conducted by the King of Sicily to Rome, to visit
Gregory X. who had been Edward's companion in the holy

42 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
war. An artful pope would certainly have been glad to
furnish a young King with artists who would encourage
. him in raising shrines and temples, The old paintings
round the chapel of Edward the Confessor, Vertue
ascribes to Cavalini. Walpole, moreover, says " I have
some suspicion that a son of Peter Cavalini is the
person called Peter le Orfever, mentioned in the pre
cept of Edward II. He is there entitled of Stanford,
and brought an action against certain persons for assault
and battery. As one of Queen Eleanor's crosses was erected
there, it is not improbable that a son of Cavalini might
marry and settle in the town." Cavalini was a distinguished
artist and flourished in Edward the First and Edward the
Second's time. He is noted for his mosaic work in the
porch of St. Peter's, at Rome. Some of his mosaics are to
be seen in the basilica of San Paolo, and several of his
frescoes still exist at Orvieto, Florence, and Assisi.
It is difficult after all to suppose that Cavalini designed
the Eleanor Crosses, when according to good authority he
was not born until 1279, nine years after the completion
of Edward the Confessor's shrine, and was therefore
about eleven years old when Queen Eleanor died. The
editor of the published accounts of Eleanor* states that
" England was not entirely destitute of artists in the 13th
century. All writers on the subject concur in attributing
the work of the Eleanor Crosses to an Italian, although so
far as the crosses are concerned we beUeve it would be
impossible to point out any one contemporary architectural
erection in Italy bearing the slightest tesemblanoe to their
style. Walpole, whose utter darkness on the subject of
EngHsh medieval art was reHeved only by the glimmering
light of Vertue's collections, supposes the crosses to have
been built after tbe designs of Pietro Cavalini." Gough
thought the same artist executed the work of Edward the
Confessor's shrine, Henry the Third's tomb, and the
Eleanor Crosses, but he rejected their attribution to
* Vide Manners and Household Expenses, Ed, I.

WALTHAM CROSS. 43
Cavalini.* Gough gives the credit of designing the Eleanor
Crosses to William Torel, whose name occurs many times
in the royal accounts.
The Eleanor Crosses are in the decorated style, and were
the work of an able architect, whoever he might be. These
crosses agree in the same general features and details
with the nave of York, commenced in 1291 ; the
chapter house of Wells, built in 1292-1302, Archbishop
Peckham at Canterbury, Edmund Crouchback at West
minster, with numerous others, f All the statues of Eleanor
on Waltham Cross, Hke the one in Westminster Abbey, are
remarkable for their elegant proportions, and their forms
and expressions lead one to suppose that she was a model
of feminine beauty, as she was a pattern of conjugal fidelity
and affection. Such a rare union of qualities and endow
ments was sufficient to inspire the deep attachment
manifested by her royal spouse, nor do we wonder at the
mild but powerful influence which the sweet tempered
Eleanor evidently possessed over the ambitious spirit of the
King. It was not till that influence was removed, and death
had deprived him of the interceding voice so often raised
on behalf of the offender, that those cruelties were enacted
in Scotland, which left the darkest stain on the character of
Edward.J These statues of Eleanor were first modelled in
wax. Theie is an item in Edward's accounts for bringing
7261bs. of wax from the house of WilHam Torel. Four
hundred weight three quarters and three pounds of the same
material were purchased for the modelling of the images
over the portion of the Queen's remains at Lincoln and her
heart at Blackfriars. The materials of the Eleanor Cross at
Waltham were Caen stone, Sussex and Purbeck marbles.
The effigies were made of the former, and the decorated
parts of the monument were worked in London and then
sent to Waltham. The three figures of Eleanor, which
* Manners and Household Expenses, p. Ixxviii.
" t Arohffiologioal Journal, vol. ii., 140.
} Sat. Mag., vol, xxi., p. 14.

44 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
adorn her monument at Waltham, bear general resemblance
to the effigies of Torel, from which they were probably
copied in wax, and carved from by one or more of the three
following persons, viz.: — Alexander of Abingdon, Dymenge
de Legerie, and WilHam of Ireland, the latter of whom did
some portions of the Crosses of Lincoln and Northampton.
Evidently William Torel, as before stated, must have had a
great deal to do with the effigies of Eleanor and Edward,
as he received large sums of money for work in con
nection therewith. Alexander de Abingdon and Roger de
Crundal were Englishmen, as also Robert de Corfe, but
Dymenge de Legeri was probably a Frenchman, whose name
is variously given — Dymenge Legeri, Dymengo de Legery,
Dymengo de Leger, Dymenge de Reyns, and Dominic of
Leger or Rheims. The large sum of £6.250 was
expended on Queen Eleanor's account, and chiefly in
the erections of monumental crosses. Geddington Cross
appears to be the last of the crosses erected. Richard
of Stowe was paid £60 (estimated at £900 of our
money) for building Lincoln Cross. Wilhebnus Imaginator,
i.e., William of Ireland, sculptor, received £6 3s. 4d. for
making the four beautiful effigies of the Queen for the
Northampton Cross ; and John de Bello, or de la Battaile,
viz., John Battle, of Sussex, received £134 for his labour in
connection with Northampton Cross, which proves it to have
been originally a most elaborately worked structure ; " but
Northampton Cross alone remains of the crosses John Battle
built, to testify to the genius of him who might justly be put
in the company of WilHam of Wykeham." John Battle
received £63 16s 4d for the erection of Stony-Stratford, and
about £60 each for Woburn Cross, Dunstable Cross, and St.
Albans Cross. Stony-Stratford Cross was demolished during
the civil war of 1646, as was also Woburn, which latter
cross Dr. Stukeley considered a beautiful one. Dunstable
Cross was destroyed by the soldiers of the Earl of Essex in
1643, and the site of it is not now known for certain. The
Cross at St. Albans, which stood in the centre of the town,

WALTHAM CROSS. 45
disappeared in 1701, when the foolish inhabitants of that day
had it taken down, " not considering that such kind of
antiquities invito many curious travellers to come thither."
The Cross at Cheapside, which stood between Friday Street
and Bread Street, was erected by Master Michael, of
Canterbury, architect and builder, for which he obtained a
large sum, more than £4,000 of our present money, and
which work stood till May 2nd, 1643. Charing Cross, which
had a greater connection with Waltham Cross than either of
tbe other Crosses, was the most costly of all the Eleanor
Crosses. It stood in the present Trafalgar Square, where the
equestrian statue of Charles I. stands. At the period of the
erection of this Cross, Charing (or as it is called in the Roll,
Charring, La Charrynge, Cherryngge) was only a village.
Stowe called this Cross a " fair piece of work." The cost of
Charing Cross, and which was paid to the Crundale brothers,
was £650, exclusive of materials. This Cross fell and was
carted away in 1647. The present Charing Cross, designed
by E. M. Barry, Esq., was erected in 1865 at a cost of
£1,800, which amount did not cover the outlay.

46 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL

THE ELEANOR CROSS SINCE THE
REFORMATION.
It is almost marvellous that so much of the original
structure should have remained to us as there is to-day,
considering the many storms it has weathered for nearly six
centuries, and the base treatment it has undergone from
ruthless hands during that period. Since the dissolution of
the Abbey of Wnltham, in 1540, the Memorial Cross has
seriously suffered from the great traffic on the main road to
and from London ; and from its proximity to the great
City. Cheapside Cross was destroyed by soldiers, under the
command of Sir Robert Harlow, which event is thus quaintly
recorded: — "At ye fall of ye tope crosse drommes beat,
trumpets blew, and multitudes of capes wayre throwne in ye
ayre, and a great shout of people with ioy." Charing Cross
was defaced at the same time, and a few years later entirely
demolished. A ballad of the period was written, entitled,
" The Downfall of Charing Cross." Something similar was
doubtless attempted at Waltham Cross in the early part of
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, as a ballad was then composed
on the Cross by some local poet, and published in 1564-5,
and which was entered at Stationers' Hall. The following
is an extract from the Transcript of Stationers' Registers,
by Edward Arber, viz., " Receaved of William Pekerynge
for his lycense for prynting of a ballett intituled fflffilaltijatH
(BtO&Qt, iiijd- " The author's name has not come down to
to us, William Pekerynge was merely the publisher of the
poem, probably a black letter broad-sheet full of " dolefuUe
newes." It is evident that considerable respect for the
memory of Eleanor must have been shown by the inhabitants
of Enfield, Waltham, and Cheshunt, during the turbulent
days of the civil wars, as the Cross suffered but Httle during

WALTHAM CROSS. 47
that period, compared with the two London Crosses, and
those at a greater distance. In all probability the monument
sustained some little injury, as also the Lady Chapel, of
Waltham, from the hands of Cromwell's iconoclasts when on
their march through Waltham, in 1642, and when they
appear to have entered the Abbey and mutilated three of the
service books, viz., "The service books was torn by the
souldiers.'' Fortunately the Parish Registers were
preserved from their wanton grasp.
Before the work of restoration by Mr Clarke, nothing of
importance had been done to the Cross for at least eighty
years, when, in 1757, the noble Society of Antiquaries
interposed in the matter. Dr. Stukeley, the learned
secretary of the Society, then wrote John, second Lord
Monson, lord of the manor of Cheshunt, stating that the
posts being removed from the base of the Cross by the
Commissioners of Turnpikes, prayed his lordship, in the
name of the Society, to buUd brickwork around the founda
tion of the Cross and set up posts against it. With this
request of the Society Lord Monson was pleased to comply,
and received their thanks, with an engraving of the Cross.*
John Lord Monson, lord of the manor of Cheshunt, was
the second baronet, bom July 23, 1727, and died July 20,
1774. He married 23rd Jime, 1752, Theodosia, daughter
of John Maddison, of Lincolnshire. She died 20th
February, 1821, having had two daughters and five sons.
Lord Monson, of Cheshunt, was a descendant of Sir Thomas
Monson, M.P. for Great Grimsby, in 1585-9, M.A., of Oxon,
Master of the Armoury and Master Falconer to James I.,
created baronet 29th June, 1611, buried at South Calton,
May 29th, 1641. The title of Falconer, borne by Lord
Monson, may have given rise to the name of the " Falcon
Inn," Waltham Cross, as his lordship no doubt frequented
Theobalds, the palace of his royal master, and which
eventuaUy became the property of his descendants. The
base of the Cross, according to Dr. Stukeley, was originally
* Vetusta Monumenta, Vol. iii., fol. 13.

48 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
surrounded by ten steps, which had probably been taken
away either on account of the large space occupied by them
on the roadside, as the traffic must have considerably
increased since the erection of the Cross, or in consequence
of the old " watercourse " running near it in an eastward
direction. Dr. Stukeley's drawing only shows six steps.
The Society in 1720 paid for several posts being fixed near
the Cross to protect it from injury by vehicles. These
posts were put down by a Mr. Robinson, and the Cross
received some sHght repairs at the same time. This is
evidently the first reparation of the Cross recorded since its
erection.

THE ELEANOR CROSS AS SEEN IN
ENGRAVINGS. 1718—1832.
The engravings of the Cross taken at various periods
since the beginning of the past century show the neglected
and abused state of the structure for more than a hundred
years prior to Mr. Clarke's restoration. The earliest
engraving the writer has as yet found was made in 1718,
and of which he possesses a copy. This print exhibits the
Cross as being in a most ruinous condition. The base of the
structure is represented as being entirely exposed and
without steps, and the open-work of the upper story mu<^
mutUated. On each side of the engraving is a tablet
bearing an inscription. The right hand one contains the
foUowing quotation from the historian Walsingham, i.e.,

WALTHAM CROSS. 49
" Waltham Cross, here represented to ye N.E., was one of
ye Crosses erected by K. Edw: 1st about ye year 1291, in
memory of his Consort Queen Eleanor da^ of Ferdind. 3d.
K. of OastUe & Leon whose arms are cut on the lower part
of this Cross as are those of ye Countess of Pontine her
Mother & also of England," &c. On the left hand is a
corresponding tablet, on which are the foUowing words : —
Ne hoc veri magnificum conjugalis anioris Monumentum
funditus corruat figuram ejus delineari JEri insculpi Et rerum
antiquarum Studiosis Bicari voluit J. B. Arm : 1720. The
height of the Cross given on the plate from the base to the
top of the spire is 40 feet ; from the ground to the pinnacles
of the second story 28 feet ; to the tabernacle 20 feet ; and
to the extreme height of the first story 15 feet. At the
foot of the plate is given Petrus Tillemans, Antwerp,
deHneavit 1718. J. Harris, sculp. This plate is rare, and
was sold " among MUlan's " in 1781. Peter Tillemans, a
Dutch painter, who flourished temp George I., was bom at
Antwerp. He was the son of a diamond cutter, and made
himself a painter, though he studied under very indifferent
masters. In 1708 he was brought to England with his
brother-in-law CasteUs, by one Turner, a dealer in pictures,
and employed by him in copying Bourgognon and other
masters, in which he succeeded admirably, particularly
Teniers, of whom he preserved aU the freedom and spirit.
TiUemans had the honour of instructing Lord Byron, who
did great credit to his master, as may be seen by several of
his lordship's drawings of his beautiful seat at Newstead
Abbey. Hia patrons were the Duke of Devonshire and
Lord Byron. He resided at Richmond, but died at Norton,
in Suffolk, in the house of Dr. Macro, December 5, 1734,
aged 50, and was buried in Stow-Langtoft Church.*
About the year 1720 Dr. Stukeley presented the Society
of Antiquaries with a drawing of the cross ; and a few
months later on he exhibited before the same Society a new
engraving of the Cross by Vertue, and which forms plate
• Walpole's Anecdotes of Painters and Engravers, p. 333.

50 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
vu. of the first volume of the Vetusta Monumenta. This
plate, though considered superior to the prints in Dr.
Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum and to that prefixed to John
Farmer's History of Waltham Abbey, is by no means equal
to that given in volume iu. of the Society's work. A copy
of this engraving by Vertue was sold for £5 in 1721.* In
the Manuscript Department of the British Museumf is
preserved a beautiful collection of prints of Waltham Cross
and of the antiquities of Hertfordshire. This volume can
only be seen at present in the Students'-room by special
appHcation to the chief Hbrarian. The writer has examined
this work, and taken extracts from it. TiUemans's plate of
the Cross is in it, as also Dr. Stukeley's; at the foot of the
latter is — crucem elegantissimam Walthamim in memoriam
AleonorcB Begina ah Edvardo I., extructam, injuria
temi)orum vindi cavit et pristino nitori restituit Societas
Antiquoria Londoninensis, A" 1721. W, Stukeley delin.
The plate in Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum was taken July
11th, 1721, and is similar (though smaUer) to TiUemans's. It
shows a portion of six steps, as though in course of con
struction. The finial of the Cross in this drawing is not
unlike a smaU cross at WiUughby-on-the-Wold given by
the same author. On the bottom of Stukeley's plate is " J.
Harris, sculp." John Abel, in his " Memorials of Queen
Eleanor," has a large photograph of TiUemans's picture, as
also one taken from Waltham Cross in 1864, with others of
Geddington, Northampton, and Charing. The last named
Cross is from an old print. Dr. W. Stukeley is chiefly known
for his antiquarian knowledge. He was bom in 1678, and
died in 1765. For many years Mr. Stukeley practised as a
a physician, and afterwards entered holy orders. He
was the author of several papers in the Vetusta Monu
menta, also of an account of Stonehenge and Abury;
and Itinerarium Curiosum, or the antiquities of Great
Britain. A beautiful drawing in the Museum coUection
• Nichols' Lit. Anecdotes, Vol. ii. 247.
t Add. MSS. 32349.

WALTHAM CROSS. 51
(in bright red) shows the cross as it appeared in 1733.
Two of the statues of the Queen are much exposed, and the
entire structure greatly dilapidated. The author's name
does not appear on this picture. In 1735 an engraving of
the cross was pubHshed by John Farmer, and adorns as
frontispiece his History of Waltham Abbey. This plate is
weU executed, and is no doubt a copy of Dr. Stukeley's.
The plate is dedicated to W. Shaw, Esq., of Cheshunt Great
House. Farmer adds Tottenham Cross to the Hst of Eleanor
Crosses. There were two plates, rather poorly executed,
pubHshed October 10th, 1787, by Hirst, of the Strand.
They represent the Cross to be very close to the " Falcon
Inn," with the sign across the road, at the bottom of which
is the name of the host, " Sibley." One of the plates
shows the maU coach as just arrived from London, and
the other the maU starting for London. In Essex's
coUection of manuscript sketches is given the ground plan
of the Cross.* The statues of the Queen are weU rendered
in an engraving by J. Carter, drawn in 1788. The cele
brated English artist, James Basire, engraver to the Society
of Antiquaries and to the Royal Society, produced a
splendid engraving of the Cross, and which was published
in the Vetusta, April 25, 1791. Basire also engraved the
beautiful window which adorned the Abbey Church of
Waltham before the Reformation, and which is now in St.
Margaret's Church, Westminster. This plate is also in the
same work. An exceUent engraving of the Eleanor monu
ment (18 by 13) was pubHshed on December, 1st, 1791,
by J. C. Barrow, of 59, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn
Fields, drawn by T. R. Underwood, and engraved by G. J.
Parkyns, of Nottingham. This plate shows the upper
story of the Cross to be in bad condition. In this plate
also is represented a beam across the road, in the centre
of which swings the sign of the " Falcon," surmounted by
a large bunch of grapes, with " Sibley " underneath. By
the side of this sign is a long narrow board with " Post
* Add. MSS. 6769, p. 277,

52 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
Chaise " upon it. The Cross was sHghtly repaired in 1795,
after the damage done to it in trying to remove it to Theo
bald's Park. At this period Sir George WiUiam Prescott, lord
of the manor of Cheshunt, and the local authorities were for
removing the entire structure into Theobalds Park, but
owing to the ruinous condition of portions of the masonry,
the foolish project was fortunately abandoned, and as Mr.
Abel says, " The Cross was suffered to remain on the spot
where it could retain its pristine interest ; for it is by no
means impossible to conceive what a reconstruction might in
those days have impHed had it been found practicable to
effect it." Sir George William Prescott, Bart., the son of
Mr. George Prescott, of Theobalds Park, M.P., was bom
November 17th, 1748 ; created baronet December 9th,
1794 ; married Sarah, daughter of Beeston Long, Esq., of
Carshalton, and sister of Sir Charles Lord Farnborough ;
she died 18th July, 1817, having had two sons and one
daughter. Sir George Rendlesham Prescott, the fifth
baronet, is the present representative of the family, and lord
of the manor of Cheshunt. He resides at Isenhurst,
Sussex, and has a seat at Stroud Park, Kent. It has been
stated that the Government interposed and prevented this
removal of the Cross. By certain investigations made in
1796, the Cross was found to be in very bad condition ; also
the " Falcon Inn," as previously pointed out by Dr.
Stukeley, tended to disfigure one of the effigies of the
Queen, which indignity has been felt by many who regard
the memory of Eleanor and her monument as a work of art.
The more objectionable part of the old " Falcon Inn," near the
Cross, was removed by the father of Mr. Clarke, the architect,
and the red brick buUding (which is much too near the
ancient pUe) erected in its place, and the fragments of
original masonry inserted in the wall. But, although the
building may have been too near the Cross, it may possibly
have shielded it much from the weather for very many years
past. Attempts at various times have been made to pur
chase the adjoining property to prevent the hiding and

WALTHAM CROSS. 53
injuring of the Cross, but without avail, because of the
property either b ein g in Chancery or not for sale. At one time
the British Archaeological Association interceded in the
matter, and the obstacle was eventually obviated by Sir H.
Bruce Meux, Bart., who purchased the whole of the
premises with a view of making the necessary improvements.
In December, 1800, a small plate of the Cross was pubHshed
by J. Sewell, of Cornhill. At this period the local authorities
fastened a guide board to the lower story of the Cross, with
a hand pointing " To Waltham Abbey." This rude
directory does not appear in the engraving by Qreig,
published in 1803, but it is seen in Clutterbuck's History,
issued eighteen years later. In the same year (1803) an
engraving of the Cross, by the hand of G. Arnold, illustrated
the "Beauties of England and Wales." W. Ellis, an artist,
of Cheshunt, painted in sepia a beautiful portrait of the
Cross, and which was pubHshed September 4th, 1804.
Another view, by the same author, shows the directory " To
Waltham Abbey" on the Cross, and a row of ancient houses
opposite the Falcon, with gable fronts overhanging the lower
rooms. E. Blore produced an exceUent drawing of the
Cross, from a sketch by W. Alexander, in 1821 (engraved
by H. Le Keux), and which appears in Clutterbuck's
History of Hertfordshire (Vol. IL, 78). A large and
exquisitely finished drawing of the Cross was made by the
architect (Mr. W. B. Clarke), showing the geometrical
elevation of the structure, and which was published August
1st, 1831, by Priestly and Weale, High Holborn. A smaUer
drawing, showing the geometrical elevation as above, was
afterwards engraved by E. TurreU, and published. This
engraving shows the bottom fluted step inserted by Mr.
W. B. Clarke. F. Clarke, Esq., informs the writer that this
picture has not the error in it that the larger drawing has.
An engraving of the Cross, by J. Swaine, was made in 1832 ,
showing the restoration. Mr. Clarke also published a small
view of the Cross, as it is supposed to have appeared at the
close of the 13th century, "from an original drawing."

54 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
The tower of Waltham Church, however, unfortunately,
appears in the distance, which tower, of course, was not
erected untU 1558. This picture of the Cross and Mr.
Clarke's restoration are identical. In 1861 Charles Baily,
Esq., exhibited before the Archaeological Society a drawing
of Waltham Cross, by Paul Sandby, as it appeared previous
to its restoration. The engravings produced of the Cross
since 1834 are much too numerous to mention here.

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OP THE ELEANOR
CROSS.
The architecture of Waltham Cross is considered richer,
and its sculpture more beautiful, than either of the crosses
of Northampton or Geddington. This is no doubt owing to
its being near London, as the Eleanor Crosses in the metro-
poHs — which were under the constant eye of the king —
were more elegant than those a long distance off. The
ornamental details of this Cross, Hke those of the Lady
Chapel of Waltham of a Httle later date, owe much of their
sharpness and preservation in the present day to the hardness
of the stone in which they have been executed. The form
of the structure is hexagonal, and, separate from the base
ment steps, consists of three stories or compartments,
decreasing progressively at each stage. Each division is
finished by an embattled frieze or cornice, and at every
angle is a graduated buttress enriched with foHated crockets
and finials. Within the paneUed tracery of the lower

WALTHAM CROSS. 55
story are the shields of England, Castile and Leon, and
Ponthieu (or Poicton).* These shields are suspended by
their guiges or straps, from knots of foHage, and resemble
in style those in the nave of Westminster Abbey com
memorating the benefactors to the building. The second
division is even yet more elegant, both from its rich
pyramidical assemblage of open pointed arches and
soulptuxed finials, and from the graceful statues of the
Queen which enrich its open divisions. The three elegant
figures of the Queen have suffered by the weather. The
upper story is beautified with panelled tracery and
pediments in assimilation to the lower parts, and the
whole forms, even to-day, a splendid structure, and one
of the finest examples of the science and genuine taste
of our ancestors.* Those who are said to have attempted
in drawings to restore the effigies of the Queen have erred
in altering their attitude and in placing a sceptre and a
mundus in the hands of the Queen, for the orb, as a
mark of sovereignty, can only belong to Queens regnant, f
The figures of the Queen on this cross are identical with
those used on the seals of the period. In the left hand
of the Queen is generally seen the cordon of the mantle
which is drawn over the shoulders, and in her right hand
is the sceptre which she holds with ease and gracefulness.
The figures of the Queen are well represented by
C. A. Stothard in his " Monumental Effigies of Grcesd,
Britain," and on the seal engraved in Sandford's
Genealogical History of England, as also on the seal
of Queen Isabella, Queen Eleanor's daughter-in-law.
Miss Strickland observes that "the robes worn by the
court of Eleanora of Castile were graceful; the close
* The arms of Castile and Leon, quarterly, gules, a castle or, and argent
a lion rampant purpure, were used by Queen Eleanor's father, Ferdinand
ni., as King of Castile and Leon, and are considered to be the first instance
of two coats being borne quarterly in one shield. The arms of the earldom
of Ponthieu were or, three bendlets azure within a bordure gules.
} Brayley's Graphic Illustrator, p. 406.
t Gent's Mag.,.vol. 102, pt. 2, p. 107.

56 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
undergown or kirtle was made high in the neck, with
tight sleeves and a train, over which an elegant robe
with full fur sleeves was worn. The ugly gorget, in
imitation of the helmet of the knights, executed an
white cambric or lawn, out of which was cut a visor
for the face to peep through, deformed the head-tire
of some of the ladies of her court, and is to be seen
on the e&gy (otherwise most elegant) of AverHne
Countess of Lancaster, her sister-in-law. But Eleanora
had a better taste in dress; no gorget hides her
beautiful throat and fine shoulders, but her ringlets
flow on each side of her face and fall on her neck
from under the regal diadem. The ladies of Spain
are celebrated for the beauty of their hair, and we
see by her statues that Eleanora did not conceal her
tresses. The elegance and simplicity of the dress adopted
by this lovely Queen might form a model of female
costume in any era." *
* Vide Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 1, p. 449.

WALTHAM CROSS. 57

ACCOUNTS OF THB EXECUTORS OP QUEEN
ELEANOR RELATING TO WALTHAM CROSS,
A.D. 1291-2.
These accounts relate to the erection of Waltham Cross,
and are coHeoted from " Manners and Household
Expenses of England in the 13th and 16th Centuries,"
Liberafiones facte per executores DomincB Aliaiiorce consortis
Edwardi regis Anglice primi. * This original Roll contains
accounts of other Eleanor Crosses than what are here
inserted, and which are equally interesting. This RoU of
Accounts was taken into France by the Countess of
Leicester, where it remained for more than five hundred
years. At length it was brought to England and purchased
in 1>-!31 by the Trustees of the British Museum.
Expenses.. — Item, cuidam garcioni diferenti litteras Domini
Regis Roger de Walecotef et MoysiJ de Waltham, § pro
compote executorum Reginse reddendo, xviij-ii-
Crux. — Item, Dymenge de Reyns || et Rogero de Crundale^
in partem solutionis pro factura Cruois de Wautham, x.H.
Expensce. — Item, eidem, die Mercurii proxima ante festum
"Add. MSS. 8877, edited by J. H. Turner, 4o, 1841, Eoxburgh Club.
Priuted for private circulation only, and hence very scarce. This work also
contains the Household Expenses of Sir John Howard from 1462 to 1470.
See British Museum Copy fPress-mark), Ac. 8104/51 ; presented by Beriah
Botfleld, Esq., of Norton Hall, late president of the Archaeological Association.
fEoger of Walecote appears to have been one of Eleanor's bailiffs.
Vide Eoll, Ed. I.
J Probably a Jew. A family of this name resided in Waltham, Circa,
1189. § Waltham is occasionally given as Wautham in the Eoll.
II Eeims ; probably he was a Frenchman. Some persons take him to have
been an Italian.
IT An Jinglishman. His brother, Eichard de Crundale, mentioned in the same
Accounts, as engaged in the erection of Cherryngge (Charing) Cross, died before
it was finished ; and the completion of it was entrusted toEoger de Crundale,
circa 1293. This of course took place after the erection of Vr'altham Cross.

58 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
Sancti Gregorii, pro cariagio de petra de Cam,* de
Londonia usque Wautham, xl.s-
Expenses. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, pro petra
ad Crucem de Wautham carianda de Kam, xl.s-
Expensce. — Item, Henrico Mauger, in partem solutionis
pro petra de Kam, ad Crucem de Wautham, c.s-
Crux. — Item, Rogero de Crundale et Dymenge Legeri,
pro factura Cruois de Waltham, x.H.
Cherringe. — Item, Henrico Mauger, in partem solutionis
pro xxxij. petris de Cam, pro imaginibus Reginse, ad
Cruces de Charrynge et Wautham, x.li.
Expcmai.- -Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, pro petra
empta et carienda ad Crucem de Wautham, iiij.li.
Crxix. — Item, Rogero de Crundale et Dymyngo de
Legeri, in partem solutionis, pro factura Cruois de Wautham,
XV. li.
Expensce. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, cimen-
tario,t pro petra empta, et carienda ad Crucem de
Wautham, xl.s-
Crux. — Item, Rogero de Crundale et Dymengo de
Legery, pro factura Crucis de Wautham, xx. marc. %
Crux. — Item, Roberto de Corf, || in partem solutionis
pro iij. flecchiis, iij. capitibus et iij. agnis, de marmore,
ad Crucis de Lyncolnia, Norhamtona et Wautham, v. marc.
Crux. — Item, Rogero de Crundale et Dymynge de
* Cam is frequently spelt Kam in the Eoll, and means Caen in Normandy.
t Cementarius means that Master Eichard de Crundale was an architect
and builder.
J A mark was a silver coin anciently valued at 30s. In later times it was
estimated at 13s. 4d. " Thirty of these pence (says Camden) as Alfric
Archbishop of Canterbury in his Saxon Grammar notes, made a maneus,
which some think to be all one with a marke, for that manca and mancusa is
translated in ancient books by marca." Vide Remains, p. 200, Money.
glttJj bflcnjElie frf Ijijnt ikevxippe an ifonhxeii tljouaanir nictrc
©o ¦tven'tie wtrllj io tlje ®oltr Sotti".
 EoBEET OP Gloucbstek, p. 393.
II Eobert de Corf, an English artist, was the last person who supplied
the virgis. eapitihus. et anulis to Waltham Cross, " a head, and ring." These
are terms now difficult to understand. Vide C. H. Hartshorn, M.A., on the
Eleanor Cross at Northampton.

WALTHAM CROSS. 59
Legery, in partem solutionis pro factura Cruois de
Wautham, xj.li. xiij.s. iiij.d.
Crux. — Item, Dymengo de Leger, in partem solutionis
pro factura Crucis de Wautham, in vigiHa Sancti
Bartholomei, § x.H.
Crux. — Item, Alexandre le Imagineur* et Dymengo
de Leger, operariis Crucis de Wautham, de dono, ij.s-
Crux. — Item, Dymengo de Leger, pro factura Cruois de
Wautham, eodem die, v. marc.
ROTULUS SECUNDUS. t
Crux. — Item, Dymenge de Legeri, pro factura Cruois
de Wautham, x. marc.
Crux. — Item, Dymenge de Legery, pro factura Cruois
de Wautham, iu crastino Sancti Edwardi, c.s-
Crux. — Item, Roberto de Corfe, per manus Willielmi
Le BlundJ fratris sui, in partem solutionis pro iij. virgis,
iij. anulis, et uj. capitibus pro Crucibus de Wautham,
Norhamtona et Lincolnia, vij. marc.
Crux. — Item, Dymenge de Legeri, pro factura Crucis
de Wautham, c.s-
Crux. — Item, Dymerge de Legeri, in perpactionem
iuj.^^- et xv.li., pro factura Crucis de Wautham, c.s-

THE RESTORATION OF THE ELEANOR CROSS.
The present restoration of the Eleanor Cross has been
considerably promoted by the muniflcent gift of Sir Henry
Bruce Meux, Bait, (president of the restoration committee)
of the land required for the widening of the road near the
Falcon side of the Cross, and for which the committee are
§ This would be August 23rd, 1291.
* Alexander of Abingdon carved the efSgies of Eleanor for the Cross at
Waltham, assisted by Dymengo de Leger.
t The Parchment Eoll is divided into sections ; this is part the second.
X Brother William Blund or Blount is mentioned in another part of the
Eoll in connection with Charing Cross.

60 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
exceedingly grateful. In fact, had it not been for the noble
Baronet's generosity and personal encouragement, the
undertaking, in all probabUity, would not have been
commenced. The committee are also obHgingly indebted
to E. T. Doxat, Esq., J.P., treasurer, for his interest and
help ; as also to Mr J. Tydeman, who has been from the
first of the movement very energetic and untiring in his
efforts to promote the project at issue, assisted by his joint
secretary, Mr WilHam Hammond. On August 10th, 1885,
the secretaries received the foUowing note from Sir H. B.
Meux, Bart. : —
" Dear Sir, — I shall be most happy to give the piece of land
required for the widening of the roadway by the Falcon Inn, on
condition that a sufficient sum is raised for the preservation of
the Eleanor Cross, and that the work be entrusted to Mr.
Ponting, if his plans are approved by the committee. — Yours
truly (signed), H. B. Meux.— 41, Park Lane, W."
It is pleasing to state that her Most Gracious Majesty the
Queen has shown her sympathy with the restoration of the
Eleanor Monument of Waltham, and has sent a donation,
through Sir Henry Ponsonby, of £25, to Mr. J. Tydeman,
secretary of the fund. This amount may not appear large
considering the Cross of Waltham stands so near to the
Metropolis, and that the alike sum had been presented by
her Majesty to the people of Northampton towards the
restoration of their Cross.
A writer in the " Leisure Hour " for May, 1885, refers to
the cross erected at Northampton as having of late years
fallen into a sadly ruinous state. " The members of the
Northa.mptonshire Architectural Society," says the writer,
" have interested themselves in the matter, and according to
the ' Morning Post ' of December last, her Majesty the
Queen, through Sir Henry Ponsonby, has intimated to Mr.
R. G. Scriven, of Castle Ashley, her intention to subscribe
£25 to the fund for the restoration of Queen Eleanor Cross,
a monument of much historical interest and value on the
London road near Northampton."

WALTHAM CROSS. 61
The Committee, estabHshed on May 27th, 1885, consists
of the foUowing gentlemen : —
President—Sk Henry Bruce Meux, Bart. Vice-Presidents
and Committee— The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop of St.
Albans, the Eight Hon. Lord Eandolph Churchill, M.P., the
Eight Hon. Lord Aberdare, the Eight Hon. the Lord Mayor,
M.P., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., F.E.S., LL.D.,
Sir Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, Bart., M.P., Sir Thomas Fowell
Buxton. Bart., J.P., Eev. H. J. Day, M.A. (Vicar of Cheshunt),
Abel Smith, Esq., M.P., T. F. Halsey, Esq., M.P., E. T. Doxat,
Esq., J. P., Eev. F. H. Johnston, B.A. (Waltham Abl)ey), Eev.
H. S. Davies, M.A. (Waltham Cross), Eev. J. 0. Jackson, Eev.
E. Bronsgeest, J. ParneU, Esq., J. P., E. B. Colvin, Esq., J. P.,
H. C. B. Bowles, Esq., J.P., Captain Fort, J.P., E. G. Joyce,
Esq., J.P., IST. Evans, Esq., J.P., Captain W. E. A. Cole, Clement
Upperton, Esq., James Warren, Esq., William Paul, Esq., F.L.S.,
George Batters, Esq., George Shaw, Esq., 8. Litchfield, Esq.,
Professor W. A. Todhunter, M.A., John Crawter, Esq., W.
Winters, F.E.H.S. (Waltham Abbey), Edward Loftus Brook,
Esq., F.S.A. (Hon. Secretary of the British Arohesological Associa
tion), W. J. Bruty, Esq., L. Morgan, Esq., G. H. Barnett, Esq.
(Imperial Bank), Dr. E. W. B. Garlike, Dr. W. S. Mavor, Dr.
Eussell, A. Dunham, Esq., W. P. Greenall, Hubert Gough, Esq.,
Howard Eamney, Esq., W. B. Eumsey, Esq., Eobuct Darby,
Esq., E. Carter, Esq., Eobert Isaac Finnemore, Esq., J.P.,
F.E.G.S., F.Z.S., F.S.S., &c., Thomas Blashill, Esq, F.S.A.,
A. Villiers Palmer, Esq., H. Walklate, T. A. Hewitt, J. E.
Provost, W. Hammond, J. Tydeman. F. Sanders, J. Crawter,
jun., J. Dorman, E. Woollard, W. Pollard, W. Barber, Edward
Eobinson, Harold 0. Jackson, Mr. Burton, E. Stokes, W. A.
Eogers, A. Jeapes, W. Colyer, John Dewey, J. E. J\Iurphy, T.
Porter, and H. Gomm. Treasurer— K T. Doxat, Esq., J. P.,
Wood Green Park, Cheshunt, N. Bankers — The Imperial
Banking Company, Limited, 6, Lothbury, London, E.C. Joint
Secretaries — W. Hammond, J. Tydeman.

62 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL

REPORT OF MR. C. E. PONTING, ARCHITECT,*
RELATING TO THE PRESENT RESTORATION
OF THE ELEANOR CROSS, (1885).
Mr. Ponting says : —
" The Cross has apparently suffered less from the hand of Time
than from neglect and injudicious repair. An old print shows it
to have fallen into a sad state of ruin at the commencement of the
present century, but judging from the present condition of the
original portions, I think this result had been brought about by
encroachments and other wilful injury, rather than by decay of
the stone, which is of excellent quality. The ' restoration ' in
1833 was therefore necessarily an extensive one, and involved the
re-construction of the two upper stages, but it appears to have
been carried out without a sufiicient regard for the old work;
many parts of the greatest value were removed and set aside to
make way for new, but the old thus displaced has happily
outUved the modern ; several pieces of the cornice of the lower
stage, and one complete side of the upper stage, as well as several
terminals, have been built into the wall of the adjacent house, and
are, on the whole, in a good state of preservation. I was
informed that there are other fragments of the old stone in other
parts of the town, and doubtless a diligent search would discover
a great deal that is capable of being re-placed. I conclude that
there was no remnant left at the period I refer to of the Cross
proper which originally surmounted the third stage, for I consider
that the form of the present spire-like termination is based on
* Mr. C. E. Ponting, of Lockeridge, Marlborough, Co. Wilts, who has
recently been engaged to inspect and report on the Eleanor Cross, is
architect and Diocesan surveyor. If sufiicient funds are raised to
admit of a complete restoration (not to the annihilation of any of the old
work) of the Cross, and the entire management of affairs be entrusted to
Mr. Ponting, we have full reason to believe the restoration will be a mos
conservative and satisfactory one, which will do honour to himself, and fo
which the present public and posterity will be thankful.

WALTHAM CROSS. 63
insufficient authority, and that the original Cross must have had a
vertical hexagonal stem, with deeply weathered base (of which it
is, I thuik, possible some mark may yet be found) and enriched
cap, partaking more of the character of the still existing (though
broken) stem of the sister cross at Northampton. Since 1833
other parts have been lost, and there are now missing four entire
pinnacles and several of the finials ; in some instances the delicate
tracery of the tabernacles over the figures of Queen Eleanor is
broken. Beyond these and some minor items of decayed or
broken stone in labels, etc., the old work is, however, so far as I
could judge without more minute inspection, in a sound condition.
But much of the new stone has succumbed to the action of the
weather, and its condition is calculated to injure the old by
admitting wet and frost to the interior to an extent increasing as
time goes on.f
" I cannot too strongly express my sense of the importance of
and necessity for the greatest care in dealing with this gem of
medieval art, to which irrevocable damage might be caused by
careless or unsympathetic treatment. The old stonework should
be preserved as far as possible, without actual loss to the design,
intact, and any renewals should be confined to those parts which
have totally disappeared, or which it is necessary to reinstate to
preserve to future ages the original design. All the sound old
fragments which can be found should be restored to their
ascertained previous positions, and the new work which displaced
them removed ; such other of the new stone as may be unsound
or out of harmony with the spirit of the old work should be
repaired or renewed with faithful regard to this leading principle
The joints throughout should be well examined, and any
interstices fiUed by pouring in thin cement and pointing. All
these operations will require the most tender handling, and on no
account should any scratching of the surface be permitted.
" In 1757, the original steps having been taken away (doubtless
to make way for the encroachments which had grown up around
the Cross), the base was, as shown in an old illustration, formed
of brickwork, built up vertically under the lower stage of
t A scaffold has since been erected to admit of a more thorough
examination of the stone, and that of 1833 has been found to be more
decayed than was at first supposed.

64 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
stonework, and followuig its outline without any projection.
The four existing steps are therefore modern. What was the
original number is at present somewhat a matter for conjecture ;
it is possible, however, that upon removing the ground, some
trace of the lower steps might be found which would set the point
beyond doubt.J Dr. Stukeley stated in 1757 that there were
formerly ten steps, although a drawing of his, bearing date 1721,
only shows six. I am informed, however, that an old watercourse
runs under the middle of the road leading towards the station,
and this might have occasioned a fall of the surface around the
Cross which would admit of ten steps, although the level of the
approaching ground and of the present roadway would appear to
make six or seven the more probable number. (The Eleanor
Crosses at Geddington and Northampton, which have been less
interfered with than this, have seven steps to each, in addition to
the plinth course.) The present steps require to be rejointed and re
set, and I find on taking measurements that it would be practicable,
by re-adjustment of them, to add two to their number, thus
making six, without encroaching upon the present width of the
street. I noticed that quite recent injury has been done by
persons cutting letters on the shields, and it is of great
importance that a substantial railing of suitable character should
take the place of the existing imperfect guard that this mischief
may be arrested.
" It is obvious that any estimate of cost made upon a
preliminary inspection, and without a closer examination of the
stonework, must be regarded as more or less approximate ; but
so far as I can at present form an opinion, I put the cost of
executing with proper care the work I have above indicated at
£750. X Since the issue of this report excavations have been made which have
resulted in the discovery, in situ, of what Mr. Ponting has pronounced to be
the base of the bench forming the lower step, and the position of this would
indicate the number of steps above this to have been six. Mr. Ponting
states in a letter to the author, dated October 22nd, 18S5, " I do not know
whether you saw the trenches which Mr. Tydeman had excavated at the
foot of the steps recently. I inspected these on the 15th iust., when I was
most interested to find, in situ, apparently a moulded plinth, with a course
of stone covered with a layer of tiles, which in my opinion formed the base
of a bench or seat from which the original flight of steps arose."

WALTHAM CROSS. 65
" That part of your scheme which contemplates the opening
out of the Cross I consider very desirable of attainment. The
corner of the house known as the Falcon Inn must have
formerly come into almost absolute contact with it, and although
the more serious damage resulting from this was averted, I
believe at the time of the restoration in 1833, by cutting off the
angle, the close proximity of it still involves some risk to the
Gross from falling tiles or from workmen engaged in cleaning or
repairs to the house. The cellar under, moreover, was not
reduced with the superstructure, but still maintains its square
form, and the angle of it extends beyond the line formerly
occupied by the steps. Whatever may be the degree of
importance attached to the danger and want of fitness in this
state of things, the question of appearance comes in here to an
extent which can hardly, I think, be exaggerated, for the beauty
of proportion in this Cross is quite lost owing to its cramped
and confined positions, and one of the principal figures can
only be properly seen from an upper window of the house,
whilst the cross is hidden from all points of view until the
observer nearly approaches it.
" Mr Tydeman produced a plan showing the positions of the
Cross and the house, and having a blue line marked upon it
indicating the extent of the proposed widening of the road.
If this were carried into efi'ect, all the objections I have referred
to would be removed, and the Cross would occupy a well
isolated and central position which would admit of its being
properly seen on all sides. Great care would be necessary in
taking down the part of the house, not to injure the Cross.
The new roadway on the south side of the latter would be of
very nearly the same width as that now on the north, viz.,
35ft. Sin. from the centre of the Cross to the wall on the south,
as against 36it. 2in. on the north, and it would afford ample
space for the passage of traffic on aU sides after allowing for the
suggested number of steps.
" In conclusion, I would remark that the work of repair
and preservation of this valuable monument of the faith and
skill of our forefathers, cannot but be a labour of love to those
engaged in it."

66 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL

SCENES AT CROSSES IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
At the Eleanor Crosses, and at certain other Crosses
erected for religious worship, scenes of superstition, revelry,
and often punishment were frequently displayed in early
times, and especially in and near London on great State
and Civic occasions. For instance, on the news reaching
London in 1312 that Isabel, consort of King Edward
II. , had given birth to her son and heir (afterwards
Edward III.), the conduit in Cheapside was made to run
with nothing but wine, " for all those who chose to drink
there," and at the Cross,* close to the Church of St.
Michael's, in West Cheap, there was a pavilion extended in
the middle of the street, in which was set a tun of wine for
all passers by to drink of who might wish for any. A
similar thing was done in Waltham on the 3rd of May, 1060,
when the Abbey Church was consecrated. Tubs of sack
(either Canary or Spanish wine) were then set in the corners
of the town for people to abuse themselves with if they
chose. These scenes not unfrequently ended in riot.
" Let me rejoice in sprightly sack, that can
Create a brain even in an empty pan.''
Around the Eleanor Cross of Waltham were often displayed
signs of festivity in the middle ages, and especially when
kings and queens passed by on their way to Scotland.
There was an ancient stone cross at Wormleybury, to
which the monks of Waltham in very early days paid an
annual visit. An old county historian says " there was a
Cross erected where the three ways meet at the West End
of Wormley. The Abbot of Waltham, lord of the manor,
was annuaUy wont to send thither some of his canons,
who, on the 3rd of May and 14th of September, walked
in solemn procession with the parishioners, singing a Htany.
* This Cross erected temp Henry III. was early known as the " Earl of
Gloucester's Cross," and afterwards as the " Brokyncros," and was
destroyed in 1390.

WALTHAM CROSS. 67
This place retains the name of Holy Cross. This seems to
be a kind of processioning to keep their lands, that joined
to the Kingdom of Mercia, distinct from the lands of the
Abbey of St. Alban's which were in that kingdom, and
were contiguous to Wormley." * In the ancient chronicles
of the City of London is preserved an account of the death
of Godfrey de Belstede, of Cheshunt (Cestrehunt), " near
London," who, riding out of the " village, mounted on a
hackney," was maltreated on the road by a company of
carters. His friend and companion, Richard le Lacir, also
of Cheshunt, " hardly escaped with his Hfe." The said
Godfrey of Cheshunt died in the house of John de SaUe, in
the parish of St. Michael le Quern, Farringdon Within. This
sad affray is supposed to have occurred somewhere between
Waltham Cross and London, August 14, 1278. This was,
of course, twelve years before the erection of the Eleanor
Cross. Fishing nets, called " unlawful nets," found in the
possession of John Jacobs, in 1329, were condemned by the
Mayor and Aldermen of London, to be burnt at the " Cross
in Chepe." Certain "Stations" near the Cross were let
annually for the sum of 13s. 4d. each, i.e., " Be it
remembered that the Stations about the High Cross of
Chepe, in London, were let by John Phelipot, mayor," in
1379. The Stationers' Company, of Paternoster Row,
originated from these " Stations " round the Cross. Several
of such Crosses were situated in the " Chepe." Of these
Stations and Crosses Lydgate, a 15th century poet, sang in
his ballad of " Lackpenny " —
" Then to the Chepe I gan me drawn,
Where much people, I saw for to stand ;
One offered me velvet, silk, and lawn ;
Another he taketh me by the hand.
Here is Paris thread, the finest in the land ;
I never was used to such things indeed.
And, wanting money, I might not speed."
In 1368 John Goffe, of Cheshunt, charcoal burner, conveyed
twelve sacks of charcoal to London ; these were found to be
* Salmon's Hist. Herts, p. 14.

68 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
deficient by two quarters, " And for the falsities so found in
their sacks, were put upon the pillory, and the same sacks
burnt beneath the piUory aforesaid." Goff is stUl a familiar
name in Cheshunt, and was known in the time of the
Norman Conquest, when " Goffs Oak " was planted. Sir
Walter, of Cheshunt, knight, was a witness with others in
the City of London,* to the punishment of the pillory of
certain persons, for forging a deed of entail. These persons
were made to stand in the pillory " for two hours of the
day " with the said deeds hung by a string from their necks.
Johan Walter, charcoal burner, of Cheshunt, was convicted
and put in the pillory for one hour, " and his sakkis brunt
(burnt) under hym."t In an old print Cheapside
Cross appears surmounted by a large finial Cross,
which is represented as being pulled down by the
soldiers under Robert Harlow. A dialogue was then
published between the Cross in Chepe and Charing
* 41 Ed. III., 1867.
t Memorials of London and London Life iu the middle ages, from
the " Early Archives of the City of London," by H. T. Biley, M.A.
In these Memorials appear under date November 11, 1312, an acknowledg
ment by John de Lung, butcher, of Loudon, of a debt of £16, to Thomas
de Ware, canon and kitchener, of Waltham Holy Cross. Hugh, of
Waltham, common clerk of the City of London, September 18th, 1314, was
authorised by King Edward the Second to write letters patent in favour of
the Black Friars (preaching Friars) of London. A lease was drawn up
October 12, 1318, between Hugh, of Waltham, clerk, and John atte Stouples,
fishmonger, of a bakehouse, situate opposite the Pillery. at Cornhulle,
f Cornhill). This is considered to have been the Bakehouse belonging to the
Bishop of London, formerly the superior lord of the Soke. This same
Hugh, of Waltham, was instructed by the city authorities to draw up a deed,
July 13, 1331, respecting the deposit of a box, in the safe keeping of Henry
de Seccheford Chamberlain by Eichard and William de la Pole, Sir John
de Pulteney, mayor. In these memorials is the following item recorded by
the said Hugh, of Waltham, viz , £10 19s. 6d. paid to Sir Simon de
Swanlond, "late mayor," for expenses incurred at the coronation of Lady
Philippa, the Consort of Edward the Third. During the reign ot Edward
II. Boyal visits were often made to Waltham Abbey, and when the Eleanor
Cross formed new attractions to the King, who passed it on his way
to Waltham as follows :— 1308, September 28, 29, 30, October 1, 2 ; 1309,
May 1, July 11 ; 1310, January 29, 30, 31, February 1, 2, 3 ; 1816, May 20 ;
1317, October 15 ; 1320, June 7 ; 1326, August 7.

WALTHAM CROSS. 69
Cross; here is a specimen :—" CAea/i Cress: I'm so
crossed I fear my utter destruction is at hand. — Charing
Cross : Sister of Cheap, Crosses are incident to us all,
and our children. But what's the greatest cross that
hath befaUen you? — Cheap Cross: Nay, sister; if my
cross were fallen I should live at more heart's ease
than I do. — Charing Cross : I believe it is the cross
upon your head that hath brought you into this trouble,
is it not? " These disputes ended in the final destruction
of Cheap Cross. A curious tract was then published,
viz., " The Downfall of Dagon ; or The Taking Down
of Cheapside Crosse; wherein is contained these
principles : — 1, The Crosse Sioke at Heart. 2, His
Death and Funerall. 3, His Will, Legacies, Inventory,
and Epitaph. 4, Why it was removed. 5, The Money
it will bring. 6, Noteworthy, that it was cast down on
that day when it was first invented and set up." The
"Midsummer Marching Watch" at Cheapside was a
grand display in the middle ages as recorded by
Stowe, who says, "Besides the standing watches all
in bright harness in every ward and street in the City and
suburbs. The whole way ordered for this marching watch
extended to 3,200 taylor's yards of assize. For furniture
whereof, with lights, there were appointed 700 cressets, 5U0
of them being found by the Companies, the 200 by the
Chamber of London. Besides the which lights, every
constable in London, in number more than 240, had his
cresset; the charge of every cresset was in light 2s. 4d., and
every cresset had two men to hold it, another to bear the bag
with light, and to serve it," etc. The Cross in West Chepe or
Cheapside — beneath the shade of which the old
stationers sold their wares, and defaulters suffered
the pUlory — stood, as before stated, between Friday Street
and Bread Street, and was a very elaborate and soHd
monument. " The erection of crosses by Edward the First
in memory of his beloved Eleanor was," says Rimmer in
his Ancient Stone Crosses of England, "no new idea on

70 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
the part of the King. It was only an extension of the
lich-gate system, for every corpse always rested under a
' lich,' of which there are many left in every county in
England." Lioh is from the Saxon lie or lice, a dead body.
From the same origin comes liche-iuake, used by Chaucer
for the vigils or watches held over deceased persons.
Hence also Lichfield, which is interpreted by the poet
Drayton thus —
•¦ A thousand other saints whom Amphibal had taught.
Flying the Pagan foe, their lives that strictly sought.
Were slain where Lichfield is, whose name doth rightly sound,
There of those Christians slain, dead-field, or burying ground."
Waltham has its lich-gate still at the south-east end of
the Churchyard, adjoining which the writer has long Hved
and his ancestors before him.

"EDWARD THB FIRST'S GRIEF FOR
QUEEN ELEANOR."
" The following lines from the pen of an anonymous
author, are worthy of a niche in this work :* —
" The English powers were in array.
The borders of the kingdom won ; t
When settling o'er the conqueror's way.
The shadow of dark death came on.
It did not thin his bannered host —
It took the one he loved the most. J
* Per favour of Joseph Chalk, Esq., Organist of Waltham Abbey Church.
t The English were defeated by the Scotch and expelled from Scotland in
the battle of Sterling, 1297 ; but Edward I. gained a victory over them the
year following, at Falkirk, July 22, 1298.
X The latest date on which we find any mention of the King and Queen
as being together is when they were at Northampton in the month of
August, 1290, on which occasion a messenger was paid for carrying their
joint letters to Clare Earl of Gloucester, vide " Journal of the Archseological
Association" (Vol. xix., 226), by Eev. C. H. Hartshorn, M.A.

AVALTHAM CROSS. 71
" A moment's space he turned aside
From his fixed spirit's steady aim ;
And slowly followed her who died,
Till to grey Westminster they came ;
And wheresoe'er they set her down.
He fondly reared a cross of stone.
" They rested nigh Northampton's bowers.
They rested nigh old Waltham's shade,
Aud when they drew to London's towers.
One more sad halting place they made —
Who knows not where King Charles's horse,
Hath looked so long o'er Charing Cross ? *
" They laid her in the Minster shade
Who should attend his march no more ;
And when the burial rites were paid,
The hour of saddening honours o'er.
King Edward from the shrine set forth
And joined his army in the north.
" Chronicled in a stirring page
Euler of spirits stern and rude —
Blest by a father's shielded age !
Branded by death of Wallace good,t
But little time could grief and he
In outward show keep company.
" Yet went no lone thoughts wandering back
Away from shrine and monument.
To early memory's distant track.
When in that shadowing eastern tent,
The gentle girl of haughty Spain
Could make the assassin's dagger vain?
' No dream of that Sicilian shore X
Crossing the blue sea citron-isled.
Where he had stood with Eleanor
To watch beside their dying child ; ||
Or from Carnarvon's tower'd heights
Shown their young lord to Cambria's knights.
* Charing, by Westminster, was a separate village near London, in King
Edward the First's time.
t After the Accession of Edward the First to the throne of England, he
was almost continually at war with the Scotch, until the execution in
London of their brave leader, William Wallace, in 1304.
X In the early days of Edward he fought much in' the defence of his
religious opinions, in the Holy Land and in Sicily.
II Probably their first-born son John, born 1265, died in 1272, aged 7 years.
Henry (second son), Beatrice, Blanche and Berengaria all died young.

THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
' The peasant passes by the way
And looks up to yon graven crest ;
The pedlar woman worn and grey
Sits down upon its step to rest ;
But never thinks 'twas reared up for
The love of good Queen Eleanor.
' For earthly loves do all pass by
And little trace of sorrow leave ;
The country lad goes whistling nigh
Where heavy hearts once stopped to grieve ;
And who, but for the bedesman's lore.
Now knows the name of Eleanor?
' Yet it is written, — sure and deep, —
In one Book undiscerned of men ;
And guarded well, its leaves shall keep
Their trust until the hour when
The wakening trumpets' solemn breath
Shall steal upon the ear of death."

EXTRACTS FROM THB HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES
OF EDWARD THE FIRST.*
The valuable Roll in its entirety, and from which the
following extracts are taken, contains accounts of only nine
Crosses erected by Edward in honour of his departed
consort, viz.: — Waltham, Lincoln, Charing, Cheapside,
Dunstable, Northampton, St. Albans, Stony - Stratford,
and Wobum. The extracts here given are not exactly
in order as they stand on the Roll, but are selected from
various parts of it.
Crux. — Item, Eicardo de Stowe, cinientario,t pro Cruce apud
Lincolniam, facienda, preecepto Domini, — xx.li.
¦» Add. MSS. 8877. A printed copy of this MS. (Press-mark, 93) is pre
served in the Grenville Library, British Museum. No one appears to have
ventured to produce a full translation of this interesting document.
t Eichard of Stowe was architect and builder, of the Eleanor Cross, at
Lincoln.

WALTHAM CROSS. 73
Charring. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale,* ad opera de
Charynge, et pro tumulo Eeginae, — c.s.
Eleniosina. — Item, fratribus Prsedicatoribus de Leycestria et
Dunstaple, de legato Reginae, per fratrem Thomam Wetatewonge
— x.li.
Cherringge. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, cimentario,
pro operihus Reginae faciendis, die Lunee proxima post festum
Sancti Edwardi Regis.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, die Lunse
proxima post festum Omnium Sanctorum, f pro operihus de
Charynge, — c.s.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale die Sancti
Martini ad opera tumuU Reginse et Charrynge, — c.s.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro R. de Crundale, die Lunse proxima
ante festum Sancti Eadmundi Regis, pro operihus Reginte, — x.li.
Cherringe. — Item, Henrico Mauger, per manus Thoms Wether-
warde, pro fretto unius navis de petra de Caam, (Caen, in
Normandy), — vj. marc.
Expenses. — Item, Galfrido Le Chapman, pro petra de tumulo
Reginae portanda in pcclesiam Westmonasterii,! — x.s.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, cimentario,
ad opera de Charrynge, die Sabhati proxima post festum Sancti
Nicholai,§ — vij.H.
Crux. — Item, Johanni de BeUo,|| pro se [et] sociis suis, pro Cruce
Norhamtonae facienda, — xx.li.
Operationes. — Item, Roberto lilio Henrici, burgensi Northam-
tona, ad opera pavimenti ibidem, per manus WiUielmi Tedmar,
die Martis proximo post festum Ominium Sanctorum, — xx.li.
* Master Eichard Crundale. the architect and builder engaged in the
erection of Charing Cross, appears to have been a very active man, as his
name so frequently occurs in the Eoll.
t All Saints, or All Hallows. Saxon haligan, i.e., to keep holy.
X This relates to the tomb of Queen Eleanor, in Westminster Abbey.
Master William Torel designed and cast the effigy of the Queen for the tomb ;
and William Sprot and John of Ware (co. Herts.), furnished the metal. The
artistic paintings were made by Master Walter, of Durham, some of which
still remain on the Ambulatory side of the tomb ; and Thomas de Hokyn-
tone did all the woodwork of the tomb.
ij Sunday following December 6th. 1291.
II John of Battle, probably of Battle Abbey, Sussex. A place renowned in
the history of King Harold and the Norman Conquest.

74 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
Charringe.— Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, pro operihus
at Cherringe, — x.li.
(^rux. — Item, Ricardo de Stowe, in partem solutionis pro factura
Crucis Linoolniee, pro Eegina, — xx.li.
Qriix. — Item, Michaeli de Cantuaria, cimentario,* in partem
solutionis de Cruce de Chepe (the Cross in West Cheap, London,)
facienda, — l.H.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, ad opera de
Cherrynge, — x.li.
Cherringe. — Item, Willielmo Canon, de Corf, pro marmore ad
Crucem de Cherrynge, — vij.li. xix»-
Expensae. — Item, Henrico filio Eoberti, de Norhamptona, per
manus Eoberti de Middeltone, pro pavimento ibidem faciendo, —
XL. marc.
EmendsB. — Item, Adse de Norhamtona, pro omnimodis demandis
et exactionibus, quas habuit erga Reginam, remittendis, — c.s.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, pro operihus
de La Charrynge, die Sabbati proxima post festum Sancti Petri in
Cathedra, — x.li.
Crux. — Item, Johanni de Bello, in partem solutionis pro Crucibus
de Norhamtona et Saneto Albano, — xl. marc.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, die Lunse
proxima post festum Sancti Matthise Apostoli, pro operihus de
Charrynge, — iiij.li. vj.s. vj.d.
Cherringe. — Item, eidem Magistro Eicardo vj'"- die Martii, pro
petra empta ad pavimentum de Charrynge, — xxxvj.s. ix^^-
Expensa3. — Item, eidem die Merourii proxima ante festum
Sancti Gregorii, pro cariagio de petra de Cam (Caen), de Londonia
usque Wautham, — xl.s.
Expense. — Item, Eoberto de Colebroke,t pro quadam domo
apud Charrynge facienda, in qua opera de Cruce ibidem fieri
debent, — lxxvj.s. viij d.
Cherringe. — Item, Pro marmore apud Sanctum Paulum Lon-
donise J empto, et misso apud Cherrynge, pro Cruce, — x.li.
Operationes. — ^Item, Eoberto filio Henrici, de Norhamtona, pro
pavimento ibidem faciendo, — xx. marc.
* Michael of Canterbury, architect and builder of Cheapside Cross.
t Probably of Colebroke, Co. Devon.
t Old St. Paul's, London.

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A FAMOUS BOOK FOR BOYS!
BOY LIFE,
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Early Struggles of Great Men,
Full of interesting Anecdotes,
BY
W. WINTERS, F.R. Hist. Soc.

Published ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row,
OR, W. WIiNTERS, Church Yard, Waltham Abbey.

WALTHAM CROSS. 75
Cherringe.— Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
Crucis et pavimenti apud Cherrynge, — xj.li. x.d.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
de Cherrynge et petra ibidem, — l.s. ix.d.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
de Charrynge, in vigilia Paschas, — xiij.li. xv.d.
Cherringe. — Item, eidem Magistro Eicardo, pro operihus de
Charryinge, die Dominica in Quindena Paschae, — ix.li.
Operationes. — Item, Roberto filio Henrici, de Norhamtona, pro
pavimento ibidem, pro anima Eeginse, faciendo, — xx.li.
Crux. — Item, Johanni de Bello et Symoni de Pabeham, cimen-
tariis, pro Crucibus de Norhamtona * et Saneto Albano faciendis,
— xxx.li.f Crux. — Item, Eicardo de Stowe, cimentario, pro Cruce de
Lincolnia faCienda, — xx.li.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
Crucis de Charrynge, — viij.li. xix.s. ix.d.
Crux. — Item, Magistro Michaeli de Cantuaria, in partem
solutionis, pro factura Crucis de Chepe,— xxx.li.
Cherringe. — Item, Eadulpho de Cycestria,J in partem solutionis
pro petra empta ad Crucem de Charrynge, — x.li.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro de Ricardo de Crundale, pro i.
navata marmoris empta ad eandem Crucem, — iiij.li. vj.s. viij.d.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
Crucis de La Charrynge, — vj.li. xij.s. ix.d.
Cherringe. — Item, Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus Crucis de
La Charrynge et pro petra empta ad eandem, — x. . .
Crux. — Item, Johanni de Bello, pro factura Crucis de
Norhamtona, — xx.li.
Imagio. — Item, Magistro Willielmo Torel, § pro factor imaginum
Eegis et Eeginae, — x. marc.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crondale, pro operihus
Crucis de La Charrynge, in vigili4 Sancti Johannis Baptistse, —
xxj.li. vj.s. ij.d.
* This Cross is without a capital, as Waltham Cross was before 1833.
t Symoni de Pabeham appears to be only an occasional associate with
Battle, as in the present case.
X Probably the Queen's Treasurer.
§ William Torel, of London, goldsmith, who cast the eflSgies of King
Edward and Queen Eleanor.

76 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
Cherringe. — Item, Eadulpho de Cycestria, in partem solutionis
pro petra empta ad Crucem de La Charrynge, — x.li.
Crux. — Item, Johanni de Bello, in partem solutionis pro factura
Crucium de Norhamtona et Saneto Albano, — XL. marc.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
Crucis de La Charrynge, — xij.li. x.s.
Crux. — Item, Magistro Michaeli de Cantuaria, in partem
solutionis pro factura Crucis de Chepe, — xx.li.
Imago. — Item, Magistro Willielmo Torel, pro iactura imaginum
Eegis et Eeginse, — xij. marc.
Crux. — Item, Eicardo de Stowe, cimentario, in partem solutionis
pro factura Crucis Lyncolniae, — xx.h.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro de Crundale, eodem die, in partem
solutionis pro factura Crucis de La Charrynge, — XL.li.
Crux. — Item, Willielmo de Hihernia,t in partem solutionis, xxv.
marc, pro quinque imaginibus faciendis ad Crucem de Norham
tona, et alibi, — v. marc.
Cherringe. — Item, Eadulpho de Cicestria, pro petra de marmore,
ad Crucem de Charringe, — xl.s.
Cherringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
de La Charrynge, in vigilia Nativitatis Beatse Mariae, — x.li.
Cherringe. — Item, Eadulpho de Cycestria, pro petra de marmore
ad Crucem de La Charrynge, — xl.s.
Cherringe. — Item, Eoberto Le Blount et Roberto Peny quar-
reriis de Corfe, pro marmore ad Crucem de Charringe, — c.s.

ROTULUS SECUNDUS.
Crux. — Inde liberaverunt Johanni de Bello, pro factura Cru
cium de Norhamtona et Saneto Albano, — xxx.li.
Crux. — Item, Eicardo de Sto-we, pro factura Crucis LincolnisB,
— XX. marc,
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
Crucis de La Charrynge, — xxvij.li.
Ciux. — Item, Magistro Michaeli de Cantuaria, in partem solu
tionis, pro factura Crucis de Chepe, — xx.li.
Charringe. — Item, Eadulpho de Cycestria, per manus Elense
uxoris ejusdem, pro marmore ad Crucem de La Charringe, — xl.s.
t William of Ireland, an artist, named sometimes Willielmo Imaginatori.

WALTHAM CROSS. 77
Charringe. — Item, Johanni de Corfe, pro marmore ah eodem
empto ad Crucem de La Charrynge, — c.s.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, in partem
solutionis pro factura Crucis de La Charrynge, — xxiij.li.
Crux. — Item, Johanni de Bello, per manus Johannis Le Hunte,
in partem solutionis, pro factura Crucium Norhamtonae, Dunstaple
et Stradforde (Stoney-Stratford), — x.li.
Charringe. — Item, Willielmo Canun, per manus Johannis Blik',
pro marmore empto eodem ad Crucem de La Charringe, — -xl.s.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro operihus
Crucis de La Charrynge, — xv.li.
Charringe. — Item, Eadulpho de Cycestria pro ccc.xv. pedibus et
di. de asshelers de marmore, ad Crucem de La Charring emptis,— -
vij.li. iiij.s.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, pro factura
Crucis de La Charring, — xxv.li.
Cantaria. — Item, Domino P. de Wyleby, Decano Lincolniae,* in
deposito pro canteria apud Herdeby,t pro anima Reginae facienda,
— c. marc.
Crux. — Item, Eicardo de Stowe, pro factura Crucis Lincolniae,
— X. marc.
Crux.— Item, Willielmo Imaginatori, J in partem solutionis,
xxv.li., pro factura imaginum ad Crucem de Norhamtona, virgae,
capitis et anidi, — x. marc.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Ricardo de Crundale, pro factura
Crucis de Charringe, — x.li.
Crux. — Item, Willielmo de Hibernia imaginatori, in partem
solutionis, xxij. marc, pro factura virgae, capitis et anuli Crucis
Lincolniae, et cariagio ejusdem, — v. marc.
Crux. — Item, Magistro Michaeli de Cantuaria, in partem solu
tionis, ad opera Crucis de Chepe, — xx.li.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, cimentario,
ad opera Crucis de Charringe, — xx.li.
Crux. — Item, Johanni de La BataUle, cimentario, in partem
* Dean of Lincoln.
t 'Where the Queen died.
X The same with William of Ireland, who carved the four figures of the
Queen for the Northampton Cross, which cost £6 3s 4d ; made after
William Torel's design.

78 THE QUEEN ELEANOR MEMORIAL
solutionis, pro factura Crucium de Saneto Albano, Woburne,
Dunstaple, Stonistratford et Northamtona,* — XL.li.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, in partem
solutionis, pro factura Crucis de La Charringe,— xx.li.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Eicardo de Crundale, pro i.
navata petrae de marmore, ad Crucem de La Charrynge, —
iiij.Li. vij.s. viij.d.
Charringe. — Item, Magistro Willielmo Torel, in partem solu
tionis, pro factura imaginis Eeginae, — xl.s.
Charringe. — Item, Eoberto Le Blund de Corf, pro petra de
marmore empta ad Crucem de La Charrynge, — c.s.
Charringe. — Item, Henrico Mauger de Cadamo, pro petra de
Cadamo, pro imaginibus ad Crucem de La Charrynge faciendis, —
V. marc.
Crux. — Item, Magistro Willielmo de Hibernia, in partem solu
tionis xxij. marc [pro] virga, capite, et anulo Crucis Lincolniae, —
V. marc.
Tumba. — Item, Dymenge de Legeri et Alexandro Imaginatori,
in partem solutionis, pro tumulo de marmore supra viscera Eeginae,
apud Lyncolniam, faciendo, — viij.li. vj.s. viij.d.
Crux. — Item, Magistro Willielmo de Hibernia, in partem solu
tionis, xxv.li., pro factura imaginum, virgae, capitis et anuH
Crucis Norhamptonffi. — -v. marc.
* John of Battle erected St. Albans Cross, Woburn Cross, Dunstable
Cross, Stoney-Stratford Cross, and Northampton Cross during the period
of three years (1291-1294), when he received several sums of money from
the Eoyal funds for the carrying on of his work. He sometimes had an
associate working in his company.

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