-¦ ¦ ^..'^.. '.¦ -¦.¦T-.;-^ <\. ~ f. i^A. M* sy^iicmBim _^^- n mii^|j^« « • E«G LI S H- MtsirQRy isJi 'YiiL]E«>¥]MII¥El^Sflir¥«' COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL SERIES. A SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTOEY OB HISTOEICAL NOTE-BOOK. FOE THE USE OF PUPIL-TEACHERS, STUDENTS IN TRAINING AND OTHER COLLEGES, CANDIDATES FOR OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS, &0. COMPILED BT HERBERT W^LLS, Head Master of the Halliwell Road Wes. School, Boltoa Author of the Prize Essay, " Our Foreign Possessions; Why should we retain them?" " Synopsis of Scottish History." LONDON BLACKIE & SON, Limited, 50 OLD BAILEY, E.G. GLASGO'Vr AND DUBLIN J??5j > -.i..^ V C/15 c( PREFACE. This little work is intended to supply what has long been one of the wants of the methodical student of history. It has been the endeavour of the compiler to present in synoptic and tabular form, so that they may most readily impress themselves on the memory, the main facts of English his tory — those data on which any sound knowledge of the subject must be based — whether relating to the internal or the external history of the country, to the history of the English constitution, of English literature, or of the colonial empire of England. This Synopsis is far from being in tended to induce a system of "cramming," for in no case can history be said to be studied if condensed notes only are committed to memory. A good text-book should form the basis, and when part of a reign or period has been thoroughly mastered in detail, the Synopsis should be used, and the facts, dates, &c., committed to memory. Kemembering the French proverb, " II n'y a si bon cheval qui ne bronche," the compiler will be glad to receive and acknowledge any corrections or recommendations with which any person using the book may favour him. A list of works con sulted in the compilation of this note-book is given on the next page, any of which may be used with profit, as they contain the necessary detail to render the use of the Synopsis a valuable aid to ."itudy. H. W. LIST OF WOflKS CONSULTED. Sanderson's " History of the British Empire " (Blackie & Son, Limited.) Girling's "Outlines of the History of England " „ "The Comprehensive History of England," 4 vols. „ Stubbs's " Constitutional History of England," 3 vols. (Clarendon Press). Stnbbs's "Select Charters, &c." Hallam's " Constitutional History of England." Hume's (with Smollett's continuation), Lingard's, and Knight's Histories ol England. Green's " History ot the English People," and " Short History of the English People " (Macmillan). Macaulay's " History of England." Blackstone's "Commentaries." CONTENTS. Introduction, 7 Sovereigns op England, in periods, - 8 Dynasties, &c., ... - 10 Genealogical Tables op the Koyal Lines, - - - 10 The Rival Claims of Baliol and Bruce, - - - - 15 The Rival Claims of Edward III. and Philip of Valois, - - 15 Descent of the Houses of York and Lancaster from Edward III., 15 Claims of Henry VII. and the Earl of 'Warwick to English Crown, 16 The Descent of Lady Jane Grey from Henry VII., - - - 16 The Descent of James I. from Henry VII., - - 17 The Descent of George I. from House of Stuart, - 17 The Sovereigns of England in Rhyme, - - 17 Cheonologioal Aeeangement op the Peinoipal Historical Events, in periods and under reigns, - - - - - 18 Peinoipal Waes op England, and Chiep Battles, in periods, - 39 Principal Naval Engagements of England, ... 61 Principal Treaties in English History, chronologically arranged, 53 Principal Laws and Legal Enactments, chronologically arranged, 58 Liteeary Men op Geeat Beitain and Ireland, in periods, - - 72 Glossaey op Histoeioal and Law Teems, - - - - 92 British Colonies and Dependencies, arranged geographically, - 124 Appendix : Tribes of Ancient Britain, - - - 135 Roman Towns, Roman Streets, - Roman Remains, Saxon Remains, - - - Extract from Domesday Book, Charter of City of London, 135136136137 137 138 VI CONTENTS. Page Grant of Land by William the Conqueror, - - 138 The Crusades, - - - - - 138 Conditions of the Marriage of Mary I., • - 140 Warning Letter sent to Lord Monteagle, - - 140 Prime Ministers and Chancellors of Exchequer, ' 140, 141 Alphabetical Index, - - - - 142 SYNOPSIS ENGLISH HISTOEY. The earliest mention of the British Isles under this name is found in the works of the Greek writer Aristotle, about 3.'50 b.c, though earlier than this the Cassiterides/ or islands from which the Phoeni cians brought tin, were known to the Greeks. The oldest name of the island of Britain or Great Britain was Albion, Ireland being called lerne, the modern Srin. Csesar (55 B.C.) calls the two islands Britannia and lerne; in later times Britannia was applied to the southern portion of the island, Caledonia to the northern. The Greeks probably learned of the existence of Britain from the Phoeni cians, who traded to Cornwall for tin as early it is believed as 1000 B.C. What Aristotle says of the British Isles is to the following effect ; " Beyond the Pillars of Hercules the ocean flows round the earth. In this ocean, however, are two islands, and those very large, called Bretannic, Albion and lerue, which are larger than those before-mentioned, and lie beyond the Kelti." The origin of the name Britain is quite uncertain. The original name Albion is by some connected with the Latin albus, white, the appellation being explained by the white cliffs of the south-eastern coast ; others con nect it with the Celtic alb or alp, a height or mountain, so that in this view it would mean land of mountains. The names England, Scotland, and Ireland are comparatively modem. The first means the land of the Angles or English, and was bestowed on the country by our Teutonic ancestors, who came over from the Continent and colonized it, driving back or reducing to entire submission the Britons. Scotland was so called from the Scots or Celtic inhabitants of Ireland, a band of whom crossed over and settled in the country about the beginning of the sixth century, their descendants finally gaining the ascendency over the Picts. Ireland is the land of Eire or Eri, the Gaelic or native Irish name. The name Wales was ori ginally a plural noun meaning strangers, being the Anglo-Saxon wealas, plural of wealh, a stranger. The Welsh call themselves Cymri. SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. Name. Dates. Claim. Cause op Death. Place op Death. Egbert,Ethelwolf, Ethelbald,Ethelbert, EtheLred,Alfred,.. Edward I,, Athelstan, Edmund I., Edred, .. Edwy, . . Edgar, . . Edward II., Ethelredll.,Edmund H., Canute, Harold I,, Hardioanute, Edward (Con.), Harold n., .. ¦William I., 'William n., Henry I. ,^ Stephen, Henry II,, Biohard I>, John, . . SAELY SAXON PERIOD. 827 836 836 867 857 860 .. 860 866 866 871 871 901 901 926 925 941 941 946 946 955 955 959 969 975 975 978 978 1017 1017 Conquest, Marriage, and Eight Son, Son, Brother, Brother, Brother, Son Son, Brother Brother, Nephew, Brother, Son, Half-brother, Son Natural, Natural Natural, Natural, 'Wounded in battle. Natural, NaturaL Natural, Murdered, Natural, (Either grief or by sword) 1 (uncertain), .. .. J Natural, Murdered, Natural, Assassinated, 1013 1 Eew weeks. 1017 1036 1036 1039 1039 1041 \ Conquest, DANISH PBEIOD. Natural, Son,Son,Half-brother, Natural, Natural,Natural, Merton (Surrey) Farringdon (Berks). Farringdon.Gloucester. Pucklechuroh (Gloucester). Frome.Gloucester.Corfe Castle (Dorset). London. Oxford. Gainsborough.Shaftsbury.Oxford.At a marriage festival in Lambeth. LATHE SAXON PERIOD. 1041 I 1066 I Son of Ethelred, . . . . I Natural, 1066 . . I Son ot Earl Godwin, . . . . ] Killed in battle. 1066 1087 1087 1100 1100 1135 1135 1164 Conquest, Son (heir by will of William I.), Brother (usurped) Nephew (usurped) NORMAN PERIOD. Injury whilst riding Shot by an arrow whilst hunting, Eating too greedily of lampreys. Natural, 1154 11891199 118911991216 I Grandson of Henry I., Son, I Brother, PLANTAGENET (Proper). Natural (Fever), Shot by a bowman. Poisoned, or excess of eating, . I Hastings. Burning of Mantes. New Forest. St. Denis, Normandy. Dover. I Chinon (France). Siege of Chaluz. I Newark. Henry m 1216 1272 Edward I,, .. 1272 1307 Edward n 1307 1327 Edward III,, .. 1327 1377 Richard n., 1377 1399 Henry rV., .. 1399 1413 Henry V 1413 1422 Henry ¦71,, .. 1422 1461 Edward IV., .. 1461 1483 Edward 'V., 1483 Kichard III 1483 1485 Henry Vn„ .. 1486 1509 Henry 'Vnl., . . 1609 1547 Edward ¦VI., .. 1647 1663 Mary I., 1663 1668 Elizabeth, 1568 1603 James I., 1603 1626 Charles I., 1625 1649 Commonwealth, 1649 1660 Charles n., .. 1660 1686 James II 1685 1689 ¦William ni.,.. 1 Maiyll., f 1689 1702 1694 Anne, 1702 1714 George I., 1714 1727 George II 1727 1760 George ni., . 1760 1811 Regency of Prince) ofWales, .. ) 1811 1820 George iV., 1820 1830 ¦WiUiam IV., .. 1830 1837 ¦Victoria, 1837 Son,Son, Son, Son,Grandson, Natural, Natural,Murdered,Natural,Murdered, Son of John of Gaunt, Son, Son, HOUSE OF LANCASTER. (Premature, resulting from) \ early fast Ufe, . . . . y Natural, Murdered HOUSE OP YORK. Son of Richard of York, . . I Worn out by debauchery. Son, I Murdered, Uncle I Slain in battle. Conquest,*Son,Son,Half-sister,Half-sister, Son of Mary Queen ot Scots Son, TUDOR PERIOD. Natural (Gout, etc.), Natural Natural Consumption), Natural (Dropsy), Natural (Grief), . . STUART PBEIOD. Natural (Ague and Gout), Beheaded, Westminster.Burgh on Sands near Carlisle. Berkley Keep. Shene (near Richmond). Pontefract Castle. Westminster.'Vinoennes.Tower of London. I 'Westminster.Tower of London. I Bosworth Field. Richmond. Westminster.Greenwich. 'Westminster.Richmond. Oliver and Richard Cromwell, Protectors, Son of Charles I., .. .. Natural (Apoplexy), Brother, Natural, Nephew Fell from his horse, Daughter, Natural (Small-pox), Daughter ot James IL, . . Natural (Apoplexy), GUELPH OE HANOVER PERIOD. Theobalds (Herts) 'WhitehaU. Grandson of James I., Son, Grandson. Son ot George IIL, Brother, .. Niece Natural (Apoplexy), Natural (Heart disease), Natural, Natural,Fall from a horse, 'WhitehaU. St. Germains in 1701. Kensington. Kensington.Kensington. Near Osnabruck, Hanover. Kensington. Windsor. Windsor. Windsor. ' Great-great-grandson ot John of Gaunt. 10 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. DYNASTIES, ETC. (1) Roman Period. From 43 B.C. to 410 A.D., lasted 367 years. (2) Early Saxon Period. From 827 to 1017, lasted 190 years. 15 Kings. (3) Danish Period. From 1017 to 1041, lasted 24 years. 3 Kings. (4) Later Saxon Period. From 1041 to 1066, lasted 25 years. 2 Kings. (5) Norman Period. From 1066 to 1164, lasted 88 years. 4 Kings. (6) House of Plantagenet. From 1164 to 1399, lasted 245 years. 8 Kings. (7) House of Lancaster. From 1399 to 1461, lasted 62 years. 3 Kings. (8) House of York. From 1461 to 1485, lasted 24 years. 3 Kings. (9) House of Tudor. From 1485 to 1603, lasted 118 years. 3 Kings and 2 Queens. (10) House of Stuart. From 1603 to 1714, lasted 111 years. 4 Kings, 1 King and Queen, and 1 Queen. (11) House of Brunswick, From 1714 to present time, lasted 168 years. 5 Kings and 1 Queen. GENEALOGICAL TABLES. ANGLO-SAXON LINE, Egbert.* Ethelwolf. ! I i i I Ethelbald. Ethelbert Ethelred I. Alfred. I I Edward I. the Elder, I I i 1 Athelstan. Edmund I. Edred. I i i Edwy. Edgar. I I I Edward II., the Martyr. Ethelred II., the Unready. I I I Edmund II., Ironside. Edward the Confessor. I Edwakd the Outlaw. I Edgar the Athelins. Margaket (m. Malcolm of Scotland). Matilda (m. HemyL). m. = married, d . = died. • The direct descent is shown by the thick line and hold type. GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 11 DANISH LINE. Sweyn. Canute. I Sweyn (King of Norway). Harold I. I Hard loan ute. Harold II. GiTA (m. E. Godwin). Baitha (m. Edward the Confessor). NOBMAN LINE. RoLl', or KOLLO, the Sea-Kiug. 'WILLIAM. Richard I. I RIOHAKD II. Emma (m. Btheb-ed IL). RICHARD III. Robert. WllLLiM (Killed at Alost). Robert the DevU. William the Conqueror (m. Matilda of Flanders). I I I I RICHARD. William II. Henry I. Adela (Rufus). (ra. Matilda of Scotland), (m. Earl of Blois). I Stephen. I I Eustace. "William. Connecting the NOBMAN and PLANTAGENET LINES. "William (drowned). Henry I. (In. Matilda of Scotland). I Maud (m. Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of J^ou). Henry II. (Fir9l of the Plantagenets). synopsis of ENGLISH HISTORY. PLANTAGENET LINE. I Henry. I Edward (the Black Prince). Richard II. Henry I. Maud (m. Geoffrey Plantagenet). Henry II. I Richard I. Geoffrey. Henry III. I Edward I. I Edward II. I Edward III. I Lionel (Dulce of Clarence). Philippa (m. Earl of March). I Roger Mortimer (Earl of March). I Anne Mortimer (m. Earl of Camhridge). I Richard, Duke of York. ! John. I John of Gaunt (by Blanche of Lancaster). Henry IV. I Henry V. I Henry VI. Edmund (Duke of York). Richard (Earl of Cambridge) (m. Anne Mortimer), I Richard (Duke of York). Edward IV. I I Richard III Edward V. Richard, Duke of York. Elizabeth (m. Hemy VIL). Connecting the PLANTAGENETS and the XTTSOBS. Edward III. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (third son), by Catherine Swynford (third wife). John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset. I John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. I Catherine, widow of Henry Y., married Owen Tudor I Margaret Beaufort married Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond. i Henry VII. (formerly Earl of Richmond). HOUSE OF TUDOB. Henry VII. I Margaret (m. James IV. of Scotland). Jambs 'V. Mary Queen of Scots. James VI. of Scotland and I. of England. Arthur (died 1602). Henry VI I Edward VI., eon of Jane Seymouk. 1 I Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aiagon. Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Mary. f 1. Louis xii. of France; '"ts. Charles Brandon (Duke of Suffolk). FRANCES (Countess of Dorset). Ladt Jane Grey. HOUSE OF STUABT, James I L Henry (died young). Charles I. Charles II. James I Mary (m. William of Orange). William III. Elizabeth (m. Frederick, Elector-Palatine and King of Bohemia). 0mHi o>^ Three others. Mary II. (wife of William IIL). Anne. JAMES , (the Pretender) (m. Clementina Sobieski). RUPERT and Maurice (famous as Generals in the Civil War). I Charles-Edward (the Young Pretender) (died 1788). I Henry-Bbnediot (Cardinal of York. Died 1807). The last of the Stuarts. Sophia (youngest daughter) (m. the Elector of HanoTer). George-Louis (afterwards George I.). HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK, George I. I George Sophia- Dorothea (Queen of Prussia) (mother of Frederick the Great). Frederick (Prince of Wales) (died 1751). William (Duke of Cumberland). Six others. George III. I Seven other cliildren. I George IV. Frederick (Duke of York) (died 1827). Charlotte (Queen of 'Wurtemberg) (died 1828). Charlotte (Princess of Wales) (died 1817). 1 William IV. Charlotte (Elizabeth). Edward (Duke ot Kent). Victoria. Ernest (Duke of Cumberland) (King of Hanover). I adolphus (Duke ol Cambridge). I George. I I I George. Augusta. Mary. 'Victoria-Adelaide, Princess Imperial of Germany. Albert-Edward, Prince of 'Wales. i i i I I I Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, Pr. of Hesse Duke of Princess of Marchioness Duke of Duke of (died 1878). Edinburgh. Schleswig-Holstein. of Lome. Connaught. Albany. ?3 O «1 Beatrice. GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 15 Table showing the Bival Claims of Baliol and Bruce to the Crown of Scotland. Margaret. I Dbvergoil. I John Baliol (king 1292-96). I Edward Baliol. David, Earl of Huntingdon (younger brother of William the Lion). I Isabel. I Robert Bruce. Robert Bruce. Robert Bruce (king 1306-29). Table showing the Bival Claims of Edward III. and Philip of Valois to the Crown of France. Philip 111. (the Bold). Philip I'V. Charles of 'Valois. Louis X. Phimp Y. Charles I'V. Isabella Philip VI. I (the Long). (the Fair). (m. Edward II. of England), (of Valois) Jane. Edward III. ) (of England). Charles (King of Navarre). Table showing the Descent of the Bival Houses (York and Lancaster) from Edward III. York. — White Rose. Edward III. Lionel (third son). I Philippa (m. Ed. Mortimer, Earl of March). Roger. I Anne (m. Richard, Earl of Cambridge). Richard, Duke of York. ! Edward IV, I Edward V. Richard III. Lancaster. — Red. Edward III. I John of Gaunt (fourth son) (m. Blanche of Lancaster). Henry, Duke of Hereford, afterwards Henry IV. Henry V. I Henry VI. 16 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Table showing the Claims of Henry VII. and the Earl of Warwick to the English Crown. Henry "VII. descended from: — LANCASTER. Edward III. John of Gaunt (fourth son) (m. (3) Catherine Swynford). John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset I John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. I MARGARET (m. Edmund Tudor, son of Owen Tudor by Catherine, widow of Henry V.) Henry VII, (m. Elizabeth of York). Earl op 'War'wick descended fro]1I: — YOEK. Edward III. 1 Edmund, Duke of York (fifth son). I Richard, Earl ot Cambridge (m. Anne Mortimer). I Richard, Duke of York. I Edward IV. George, Duke of Clarence Richard IIL j (m. Isabella Neville, daughter of Eaj"! of ! I I Warwick (king-maker). EDWARD EDWARD V. RICHARD, I (died 1486). Duke of York Edward, Earl of Warwick (Murdered in Tower, 1483.) ' (executed 1499; direct heir to crown) Table showing the Descent of Lady Jane Grey from Henry VII. Henry VII. Mary (m. CHiarles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk). Frances (m. Marguis of Dorset, afterwards Duke of Suffolk) Lady Jane Grey (m. Lord Guildford Dudley). (182) GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 17 Showing the Descent of James I. from Henry VII. Henry VII. I Margaret (eldest daughter) (m. 1st, James IV. of Scotland. 2d, Douglas, Earl of Angus). by 1st I by_2d. I I JAMES V. (by Mary ot Guise) Margaret Douglas (second wife). (m. Earl of Lennox, Regent of Scotland). I I Mary, Queen of Scots Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (m. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, (m. Mary. Queen of Scots), second husband). I I I James VI. of Scotland and I. of England. Showing the Descent of George I. from the House of Stuart James I. I Elizabeth (m. Frederick, King of Bohemia). L i i PRINCE Rupert. Prince Maurice. Sophia (m. Ernest, Elector of Hanorer). George i. THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND IN RHYME. First 'William the Norman, then 'William his son, Henry, Stephen, and Henry, then Richard and John ; Next Henry the third, Edwards one, two, and three. And again after Richard three Henrys we see ; Two Edwards, third Richard (if rightly I guess). Two Henrys, sixth Edward, Queens Mary and Bess ; Then Jamie the Soot, nnd Charles whom they slow, And then followed Cromwell, another Charles too ; Next James called the second ascended the throne, Then 'WiUiam and Mary together came on, Till Anne, Georges four, fourth 'William all past. We received (Jueen 'Victoria — may she long be the last. (182) ^ CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS. EOMAN PBEIOD. 55 B.C. Julius Caesar, the celebrated Eoman general and ruler, landed near Dover with 12,000 men and made a stay of about seventeen days. 54 B.C. Caesar again returned with 32,000 foot and 2000 horse soldiers, and after defeating Cassivelaunus imposed a tribute on the Britons. 43 A. D. After about a hundred years absence the Romans again returned to take possession of Britain. Aulus Plantius, with Vespasian and Titus as lieutenants, defeated Caraotacus and subdued the southern portion of the island. 51. Battle of Caer Garadoc, in which Caractacus was defeated by Ostorius Scapula. Caractacus sent a prisoner to Rome. 61. Suetonius Faulinus captured Anglesea, and defeated Boadicea, queen of the loeni. 78. Julius Agricola became governor of Britain and continued so till 85. His fleet sailed round the island. 81. Agricola built a chain of forts from the Porth to the Clyde to prevent the ravages of the Caledonians. 121. Hadrian, to protect the southern part of the island from the ravages of the northern barbarians, caused a wall to be built from the mouth of the Tyne to the Solway Pirth. 139. Antoninus Pins, after quelling a revolt ot the Caledonians, built a wall on the site of Agrioola's chain of forts. 211. The 'Wall of Severus, or more properly the renovated and strengthened wall of Hadrian, was the work of the Emperor Severus. 286. Carausius, throwing off his allegiance to Rome, became sovereign of England. 294. Carausius slain by AUectus, who ruled Britain three years. 296. AUectus killed. Britain again annexed to Rome. 304. St. Alban put to death, the first British martyr. 306. The Emperor Constantius died at York. 410. The Bomans retired from Britain, as the incursions of the Goths and other northern European tribes rendered it necessary to gather the Roman soldiers to protect Rome; PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 19 During the Roman period the country was divided into the six following provinces: — I. Britannia Prima, including the country south of the Thames and the Bristol Channel. II. Britannia Secunda, including "Wales and the country west of the rivers Dee and Severn. III. riavia Caesariensis, the country inclosed by the Thames, Severn, Humber, and the German Ocean. IV. Maxima Caesariensis, extending from the Humber to the "Wall of Severus. V. "Valentia, the country between the walls of Severus and Antoninus. VI. 'Vespasiana or Caledonia, the tracts north of Antonine's "Wall. BAELY SAXON PBEIOD. 449. 'Vortigern, the British ruler, invited Hengist and Horsa, leaders of a band o£ Jutes, to assist in driving back the Picts and Scots. After assisting the Britons against tlieir enemies the sea pirates seized on Kent, and inviting other .Tutes to Britain gradually became rulers ot the south and east. Large numbers of Angles and Saxons also came over in following years. 449 to 586. Establishment of seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. I. Kent; founded by Hengist 457. II. Sussex, including Sussex and Surrey ; founded by EUa 490. III. "Wessez, including all the counties west of Sussex and south of the Thames, with the exception of Devon and Cornwall ; founded by Cerdic 519. IV. Essex, including Essex and Middlesex ; founded by Ercenwin 527. V. Northumhria, the land north of the Humber, extending to the Perth ; founded by Ida 547. VI. East Anglia, including Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge; founded by Uffa 575. VII. Mercia, including the Midland Counties, east of the Severn, north of the Thames, and south of the Humber ; founded by Cridda 586. 597. Introduction of Christianity into Kent by Augustine and forty monks sent by Pope Gregory. 600. Ethelbert, King of Kent, issued the earliest code of laws extant. 789. The Danes began their ravages. 800. Egbert, who had been a refugee for some time at the court of Charle magne, became King of Wessex. He successively subdued the kingdoms of Kent, Essex, and Mercia. 827. Supremacy of "Wessex established. 835. Defeat of the Danes, who were assisted by the Britons of Cornwall, at Heugaton Hill, 20 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH BISTORT. 836. Egbert died, leaving his throne to Ethelwolf. During this reign the Danes frequently landed at some unprotected spot on the coast, and after taking what booty they could secure, retired on the approach of a superior force. They reached as far as London and Canterbury twice and plundered these towns. 851. The Danes completely routed at Ackley, in Surrey. 856. Death of Ethelwolf. Accession of his brother Ethelbald. This king married Judith, his stepmother, but seeing the disfavour this union caused amongst his subjects, he, by the advice of Swithen, Bishop of Winchester, obtained a divorce. 860. Death of Ethelbald. Accession of his brother Ethelbert. During this reign the Danes were very troublesome. They settled in Kent, and money was given them to purchase peace. 866. Death of Ethelbert. Accession of his brother Ethelred. During this reign the incursions of the Danes became more formidable than ever. The country was ravaged far and wide, particularly in the Pen country of Lincoln. Battles were fought at Beading, Ash- down, Basing, and Merton, in which the Saxons were defeated. 870. The Danes put Edmund, King of East Anglia, to death for refusing to renounce Christianity. 871. Death of Ethelred. Accession of his brother Alfred. Defeat of the Danes at Wilton. 878. The Danes, regardless of a treaty just entered upon, took Chipping- ham. Alfred, deserted by his followers, concealed himself in the cottage of a cowherd in the Isle of Athelney. He was, however, roused to activity by hearing of a decisive victory by the men of Devon over Hubba, a Danish chief, and gathering his followers round him he marched to meet the enemy, whom he defeated at Ethaudune. The Treaty of "Wedmore was then signed. 893. Invasion of Hastings, a Danish chief. 894. The Danes defeated both by sea and land. The Danes did not trouble England during the remaining years of Alfred's reign. 901. Death of Alfred. Accession of his son Edward, called the elder. Edward, with the aid of his sister Elfrida, suhdued the Danes, and also caused the princes of "Wales, Cambria, and Strathclyde, and the King of Scotland to make peace with him. 924. Death of Edward. Accession of his son Athelstan. This king is said to have caused a copy of the Anglo-Saxon Bible to be plrced in every church. 926. Annexation of Northumhria, on the death of Sihtric, brother-in-law to Athelstan. 937. The Scots, under Constantine their king, formed a league with the Danes for the invasion of England. Athelstan met and defeated them with great slaughter at the Battlfe of Brunanhurgh in Lin colnshire. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 21 941. Death ot Athelstan. Accession of his brother Edmund. In the early part of this reign Anlaf returned to this country, and, after a short struggle, compelled the king to cede Northumbria to him. Anlaf, however, died in 944, and Northumbria was reannexed. 946. Edmund, whilst sitting at supper at Pucklechuroh, Gloucestershire, was assassinated by Leolf, whom he had banished for robbery six years before. 946. Edwy and Edgar, sons of Edmund, being but infants, were passed over for the time and Edred, brother of Edmund, was proclaimed king. The chief event in this reign was an insurrection in the north. The Northumbrians elevated Eric, a Norwegian pirate, to be their king. They were, however, subdued, and Northumbria became an earldom. 955. Death of Edred. Accession of his nephew, Edwy, son of Edmund. 956. Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, having quarrelled with Edwy about Elgiva, the queen, was banished. 959. Death of Edwy. Accession of his brother Edgar. 960. Return ot Dunstan, whom Edgar made Archbishop of Canterbury. Edgar imposed a tax on the Welsh of 300 wolves' heads a year. 973. Eight kings, having done homage to Edgar, rowed him on the Dee. 975. Death of Edgar. Accession of his son Edward. 978. Edward II. slain at Corte Castle by order of Elfrida his stepmother. Accession of his brother Ethelred II, 991. The Danes, led by Sweyn, ravaged England. They withdraw on re ceiving large sums of money called Sane-geld. 1002. Massacre of St. Brice's Day, thousands of Danes murdered. 1008. Ship money first instituted. 1013. The Danes, under Sweyn, invaded and conquered England. Ethelred fled to Norway. 1014. Death of Sweyn. Return of Ethelred. Canute, son of Sweyn, pro claimed king by the Danes. 1016. Death of Ethelred. Accession of his son Edmund Ironside. There being now two kings — Canute and Edmund — a contest for the throne commenced which ended in the country being divided, Canute having Northumbria and Mercia, and Edmund the rest of England. Edmund dying Canute became king of the whole. DANISH PBEIOD. 1017. Canute married Emma, widow of Ethelred. 1028. ITorway conquered by Canute. He was thus King of England, Den mark, Norway, and Sweden. 1031. Scotland invaded by Canute. Malcolm II. compelled to do homage. 1036. Death ot Canute. Accession of his son Harold. 1039. Death of Harold. Accession of his brother Haidicanute. 1041. Death of Hardicanute. 22 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. LATBE SAXON PBEIOD. 1041. Saxon line restored. Edward the Confessor became king. 1051. Godwin, Earl of Kent, banished. WiUiam, Duke of Normandy, visited England. Repeal of the Dane-geld. 1052. Return of Godwin, and reaccession to power. 1053. Godwin died and was succeeded by his son Harold. 1055. Tostig, son of Godwin, made governor of Northumbria. 1065. Tostig expelled from Northumbria tor oppression. 1066. Death of Edward. Harold, son of Earl Godwin, was elected king. His brother Tostig and Harold Hardrada, King ot Norway, invaded England. They were met and defeated at Stamford Bridge, near York. A short time after "William, Duke of Normandy, landed in England to claim the throne, on the pretext that Edward had bequeathed it to him. Harold met him at Hastings, but was defeated and slain. NOEMAN PBEIOD. 1066. William I. ascended the throne as conqueror. He visited Normandy in state. During his absence his new subjects were goaded to revolt by the cruelty of Pitz-Osbem and Bishop Odo. 1068. William defeated the rebel force at Exeter, and in the following year (1069) defeated Edwin and Morcar at York. 1071. Hereward, the Saxon, who had built a fort in the Isle ot Ely, was, through treachery, defeated by William. This completed the con quest ot England. 1072. WiUiam, by invading Scotland, compelled Malcolm to become a vassal of the English crown. 1075. Insurrection of Roger Pitz-Osbern and others speedily quelled. It was planned at the marriage of Pitz-Osbern's sister at Norwich, hence sometimes caUed the " Bridal of Norwich." 1079. Revolt of William's son Robert. Unhorses his father before the Castle of Gerberoi, which leads to a reconciliation. 1087. William injured by the plunging of his horse at the burning of Mantes, the consequence being his death. .". William enacted very severe forest laws, and caused the great survey of the country recorded in Domesday Book to be instituted (1084). He also introduced the curfew bell. William II. (Rufus), 1087 to 1100. 1 088. Plot of Bishop Odo and the Earl of Kent to set Robert on the throne. 1090. William invaded Normandy. 1091. Malcolm III. ot Scotland invaded England but was repulsed. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 23 1096. Bobert joined the first crusade, and mortgaged Normandy to William tor five years for the sum ot 10,000 merks (a merk = 13s. id.). 1099. Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. 1100. William killed in the New Porest whilst hunting. Henry I. (Beauclerc), MOO to 1135. 1100. Henry usurped the crown of England which should have been his brother Robert's. 1101. Return of Robert from Palestine. He gave up his claim to the crown ot England for a yearly sum i f 3000 merks. 1106. Henry invaded Normandy and took his brother prisoner at Tenche- brai. Robert was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle tor twenty-eight years, where his eyes were cruelly put out. Normandy was then annexed to England. 1120. William, only son ot Henry, drowned at sea. 1135. Henry died from eating too freely of lampreys, and lett his throne to his daughter Matilda, but his nephew Stephen usurped it. Stephen (Earl of Blois), 1135 to 1154. 1138. David, King of Scotland, invaded England on behalf of his niece Matilda. He was met and defeated by Stephen at the Battle of the Standard near Northallerton. 1139. Robert, Earl of Gloucester, invaded England in support of the claims of MatUda. 1141. Battle of Lincoln, in which Stephen was taken prisoner. He was shortly afterwards exchanged for Gloucester, who had been taken prisoner when retreating from Winchester. 1153. By the treaty of Winchester Henry, son of Matilda, was to succeed Stephen. HOUSE OF PLANTAGBNET. Henry II., 1154 to 1189. 1154. In addition to England Henry ruled over more than half of Prance ; he held Anjou, Touraine, Normandy, Maine, and had acquired Poitou and Aquitaine by marriage with Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis VII. 1162. Thomas Becket appointed Archbishop ot Canterbury. 1164. Constitutions of Clarendon passed. 1170. Murder ot Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. 1171. Ireland invaded and annexed to England. 1173. The sons of Henry, assisted by the Prench king, revolted against him. 1174. William the Lion of Scotland taken prisoner at Alnwick. He was released on declaring his kingdom a fief to the English throne. 24 SYNOPSIS or English history. 1176. Six Circuits of Justice fixed and three judges appointed to each. 1187. Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin. 1188. War between Henry and his son Richard, the latter assisted by Philip Augustus of Prance. 1189. A peace unfavourable to England concluded between Henry and Philip ot Prance. Death of Henry, hastened by grief at his sons' conduct. .". During this reign London became the capital ot England ; Win chester having been laid in ruins by the civil wars ot the preceding reign. Richard I. (Cceur de Lion), 1189 to 1199. 1189. Massacre of Jews in London, York, Lincoln, and many other towns. 1190. Bichard joined the third crusade. He met Philip of France on the Plains of Vezelai. 1191. Richard captured the town of Acre. 1192. After taking several important towns Richard concluded a truce with Saladin and departed tor England. He was taken prisoner whilst passing through Austria. 1194. Richard, after being imprisoned fourteen months, was released on paying 100,000 crowns as ransom. War in this and following years with Prance. 1196. Insurrection under William Pitz-Osbert. 1198. Philip of Prance defeated at Gisors by Richard. 1199. Death of Richard at Castle of Chaluz, from mortification caused by unskilful extraction of an arrow. John (Lackland), 1199 to 1216. 1202. Prince Arthur, the real heir to the throne, was murdered by John at Rouen. 1203. John was declared to have forfeited all his Prench possessions, viz., Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Poitou, Normandy, and Aquitaine. 1204. Philip II. conquered Normandy, and by the end of the following year the whole ot the English possessions in Prance, with the excep tion of Aquitaine, was in the hands ot the Prench. 1206. Invasion ot Prance. A two years' truce agreed upon. 1207. The pope appointed Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. John nominated John de Gray. This led to a quarrel between John and the pope. 1208-14. England under an interdict. 1209. John excommunicated. 1210. He invaded Ireland and caused twenty chieftains to do homage. In the foUowing year John invaded Wales and dictated terms ot sub mission to Llewellyn. principal EVENTS. 25 1212. John deposed by the pope, submits and receives the crown as the pope's vassal. 1215. Magna Charta signed. 1216. War ot John against the barons. Louis, dauphin ot France, invaded England at the request of the barons. Death of John. Henry III. (Winchester), 1216 to 1272. 1216. Henry was only nine years of age when he succeeded his father; the Earl ot Pembroke was appointed Regent. Reissue of Magna Charta. 1217. Louis defeated at Lincoln, the barons haying deserted him. Charter of Forests. 1219. Hubert de Burgh and Peter de Roches succeed to the power of Pem broke. 1224. Peter de Roches retired from office. War begun with Prance. 1232. De Burgh removed from the Regency and succeeded by his rival De Roches. 1242. Henry defeated in Prance by Louis IX. at Taillebourg. 1258. The Mad Parliament met at Oxford and appointed a committee ot twenty-four to reform the state, with Simon de Montfort as presi dent. Provisions of Oxford. 1264. Henry taken prisoner by Simon de Montfort at the battle of Lewes, Treaty caUed Mise of Lewes. 1265. The first Bepresentative Parliament met summoned by Simon de Montfort. 1265. De Montfort kiUed, and Henry set free by his son Edward at the battle of Evesham. Close of the Barons' Wars. 1270. Prince Edward sailed for the Holy Land. a Edward I. (Longshanks), 1272 to 1307. -^ ^ 1274. Return of Edward from the Holy Land. 1279. Statute of Mortmain passed. 1282. Conquest of Wales. Llewellyn killed in the vaUey of the Wye. 1284. Prince Edward born at Carnarvon. 1291. Edward made arbitrator between the competitors for the Scottish throne and decides in favour ot John Baliol. 1294. War with Prance. 1296. War 'with Scotland. Great victory over the Soots at Dunbar. BaUol submitted and was sent to the Tower. 1297. Sir WiUiam Wallace completely defeated the English near Stirling. 1298. Battle of Falkirk, in which the Scots, under WaUace, were totally routed. 1303. Battle of Roslin ; the Scots claimed the victory. 1304. Stirling Castle taken. Conquest of Scotland completed. 1305. Wallace executed as a traitor. 26 synopsis op English history. 1306. Bobert Bruce assumed the crown of Scotland. He was defeated at Methven and fled to the Western Isles. 1307. Bruce defeated the English at the battle of Loudon Hill. Edward, intending to punish the Scots, hurried northward, but his intention was frustrated by death. Edward II. (Carnarvon), 1307 to 1327. 1308. Edward compeUed to banish his favourite, Piers Gaveston. 1310. A parliament, meeting at Winchester, appointed a committee called Ordainers, to regulate the affairs of state. 1312. The order of Knights Templars suppressed. Gaveston executed on Blacklow HiU near Warwick. 1314. Invasion of Scotland. Defeat of the English at Bannockbum. Establishment ot Scottish Independence. 1322. Earl of Lancaster, at the head of the barons, defeated at Borough- bridge and executed at Pontefract. 1326. The two Spensers, favourites of the king, beheaded. 1327. Edward deposed by parliament, supported by the queen and Roger Mortimer. He was shortly afterwards murdered in Berkeley Castle. Edward 111. (Windsor), 1327 to 1377. 1327. Edward, being only fourteen years of age, a council of Regency, with Mortimer and Isabella at the head, was appointed. 1328. The Independence of Scotland recognized. ) 1330. Edward assumed supreme power. Mortimer was executed for trea son and the queen sent to prison. 1333. Battle ot Halidon Hill. Edward BaUol restored to the Scotch throne. 1339. Edward invaded Prance to claim the throne. 1340. Victory over the Prench fleet at Slujs. J346 The .English, under Edward the Black Prince, gained a glorious victory over the Prench at Cressy, David II. of Scotland defeated and taken prisoner by Queen Philippa at Nevil's Cross. 1347. Calais taken by the English after a siege ot eleven months. \ 1349. The Black Plague broke out in England; 50,000 persons are said to have died in London alone through it. 1351. Statutes of Treason and Provisors passed.] .1356, BaUI^jofPoitiers. King John taken prisoner. 1360. Treaty of Bretigny. Edward gave up all claim to the Prench throne. 1367. The Black Prince, assisting Don Pedro of Castile, won a decisive victory at Navaretta over the Spanish and Prench. 1376. Death of Edward the Black Prince. .¦. The Lords and Commons first sat in different chambers. J PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 27 Richard II. (Bordeaux), 1377 to 1399. 1377. Richard, only surviving son ot the Black Prince, succeeds at the age of eleven. 1379. A poll tax levied on all persons over 15 years of age. 1381. Wat Tyler's rebellion against the poU tax. 1384. Death ot John Wyoliffe. 1385. Bichard invaded Scotland and burnt Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Perth, and Dundee. 1388. The Wonderful Parliament assembled. Battle of Chevy Chase at Otterboume. 1392. Statute of Praemunire passed. 1397. The king causes his uncle the Duke of Gloucester to be murdered. 1399. Richard dethroned by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. HOUSE OF LANCASTEE. Henry IV. (Bolingbroke), 1399 to 1413. 1400. Richard II. dies (probably murdered) in Pontefract Castle. 1401. Statute passed tor burning heretics. William Sawtree was the first martyr. Welsh rebel under Owen Glendower. 1402. Sir Edmund Mortimer defeated by the Welsh near Knyghton in Radnorshire. The Scots invading England were defeated at Nesbit Moor and again by the Percies at Homildon Hill. 1403. Bebellion of the Percies in conjunction with Glendower. Battle of Shrewsbury, in which Hotspur (Harry Percy) was killed. 1405. Rebellion of the Earl of Northumberland. Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed. 1408. The Earl of Northumberland defeated and slain at Brambam Moor. Henry V. (Monmouth), 1413 to 1422. 1413. Sir John Oldcastle, a Lollard, was condemned as a heretic. 1414. He heads an abortive rising, which causes the execution ot many Lollards. He himself escaped to Wales, but was afterwards cap tured and burnt (1417). 1415. Henry invaded Prance. He laid siege to and captured Harfleur, and won the glorious victory of Agincourt, the loss on the Prench side being 10,000 kiUed against 1600 on the English. 1417. Henry returns to Prance, and takes many towns. 1419. Capture of Rouen. 1420. Treaty of Troyes signed. Henry proclaimed as Regent of Prance, and married to Catherine, daughter of the king. 1421. Catherine crowned at Westminster. Defeat ot the English at Beauj£ 28 SYNOPSIS op ENGLISH HISTORY. by the French and a body of Soots. Henry returns to Prance, and dies the following year near Paris. Henry VI. (Windsor), 1422 to 1461. 1422. Henry was only nine months old when his father died. The Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester were made Regents. 1424. The French defeated by Bedford at Verneuil. 1428. Siege of Orleans. Cannon were first used at this siege. 1429. Battle of Herrings. Siege of Orleans raised through the instru mentality of Joan of Arc. Charles crowned at Rheims. 1430. Joan ot Arc captured at Compifegne, and in the following year burnt at Rouen for sorcery and witchcraft. 1435. Treaty of Arras. Death of Bedford. 1436. Paris recovered by Charles VII. 1445. Maine and Anjou restored to Ren^ the father of Henry's bride. 1449. Normandy conquered by the French. 1450. Jack Cade's rebellion. 1451. Guienne taken by the French. 1453. By this year Calais was the sole remnant of our former vast French 1455. The "Wars of the Boses" commence. (The battles were St. Alban's, Blore Heath, Northampton, Wakefield, Mortimer's Cross, St. Al ban's (second). See Wars ot England, pages 41 and 42.) 1461. Henry deposed by Edward, Duke ot York, who was now himseU crowned. HOUSE OF YOEK. Edward IV., 1461 to 1483. 1461. Continuation of the Wars of the Roses. (The battles are those of Towton, Hedgley Moor, Bamet, Tewkesbury.) 1470. Battle between Lord Berkeley and Lord Lisle at Nibley Green in Gloucestershire. This is the last instance of a battle between the retainers of noblemen in England. 1471. Death of Henry VI. 1474. Printing introduced by Caxton. 1475. Edward invaded France to claim the throne. Bought off by the Treaty of Pecquigny. 1478. Clarence, brother of the king, condemned on the charge ot high treason and put to death. Edward V., 1483, reigned less than three months. 1483. Bichard, Duke of Gloucester, was made protector, the king being but twelve years old. He caused Edward to be deposed and, with his brother, murdered in the Tower. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 29 Richard III. (Orookback), 1483 to 1485. 1483. Conspiracy in favour of Henry, Earl of Richmond. The Duke of Buckingham captured and beheaded. 1485. Henry Earl of Bichmond invaded England. He met and defeated Richard at the battle of Bosworth. Richard perished in the battle, which was the last fought between the rival roses. TUDOE PEEIOD. Henry VII. (Richmond), 1485 to 1509. 1 486. The rival houses of York and Lancaster joined by the marriage of Henry with Elizabeth of York. The Star Chamber Court revived. 1487. Lambert Simnel proclaimed as Edward VI. He and his supporters having landed in England were defeated at Stoke, near Newark. 1492. Perkin Warbeck, a second impostor, appeared, and a rebellion in his favour commenced. He was captured in 1497i and executed in 1499. 1492. America discovered by Columbus. 1496. James I'V". of Scotland invaded England in favour ot Warbeck. 1497. Insurrection in ComwaU against the taxes levied for a Scotch war. 1499. Perkin Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick executed for high treason. 1501. Arthur, eldest son of Henry, married to Catharine of Arragon. 1503. James IV., King of Scotland, married Margaret, daughter of the king. Henry VIII., 1509 to 1547. 1510. Execution ot Dudley and Empson, the instruments of Henry VII.'s extortion. 1512. War with France. The Prench fleet destroyed near Brest by Sir Edward Howard. 1513. Battle of Spurs. Prench defeated. James IV. of Scotland invaded England ; he was defeated and slain at Flodden Field. 1514. Peace concluded with Prance and Scotland. 1515. Wolsey made Cardinal by the Pope, and Chancellor by Henry. He was appointed papal legate 1518. 1520. The grand tournament caUed " The Field of the Cloth of Gold" held. 1521. Henry received the title of Fidei Defensor from the Pope. 1527-33. Trial for a divorce by Henry from Catharine of Arragon. 1529. Fall of Wolsey, who next year died in Leicester Abbey. 1532. Commencement of the Beformation in England. 1533. Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. 1534. The Pope's authority in England abolished. Act of Supremacy. 1535. Cromwell appointed Vicar-general. 1536. Suppression ot lesser monasteries. Riots in York and Lancashire called the Pilgrimage of Grace, caused by the change in religion. Incorporation of Wales. 1539. Statute of Six Articles. Remaining monasteries suppressed. 30 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 1540. CromweU executed tor high treason. 1541. Henry declared King of Ireland. 1542. War with Scotland. The Scots defeated at Solwjky Moss. 1543. War with France. Boulogne captured. 1544. Succession to the throne altered. 1546. Peace concluded with France and Scotland. 1547. The Earl of Surrey executed. His father the Duke of Norfolk lay in prison awaiting execution when Henry died. Edward VI., 1547 to 1553. 1547. The Earl ot Hertford, who was soon created Duke of Somerset, was appointed Protector. The Scots defeated at Pinkie. The " Statute ot Six Articles " repealed. 1548. Mary Queen of Scots removed to Prance on the understanding that she should marry the Dauphin. 1549. Act of Uniformity passed. The rebellion of Ket, a tanner, quelled by the Earl of Oxford. Somerset deposed and sent to the Tower. 1550. Release ot Somerset and re-admission to the council. Peace con cluded with France and Scotland. 1552. Somerset executed on a charge ot intending to imprison the Duke of Northumberland (Earl ot Warwick). 1553. Edward by the desire of Northumberland appointed Lady Jane Grey (wife of Northumberland's son, Lord Guildford Dudley) heir to the throne. Mary I., 1553 to 1558. 1553. Proclamation ot Lady Jane Grey as queen. Mary, however, gather ing round her a strong party, caused Northumberland to be executed, and Lady Jane Grey, her husband, and Cranmer, to be imprisoned on a cliarge of high treason. 1554. Sir Thomas Wyatt executed tor plotting to place Elizabeth on the throne. Lady Jane Grey and her husband executed. Marriage of Mary to Philip, heir to the Spanish throne. 1555. England again brought under Rome. The Marian persecution, in which nearly 300 men, women, and children were burnt. Amongst these were Bishops Hooper, Latimer, and Ridley. 1557. War with France at the instigation ot Philip. Battle of St. Quentin. 1558. Calais taken from the English by the Duke ot Guise. Grief and death ot Mary. Elizabeth, 1558 to 1603. 1558. Sir WiUiam Cecil (afterwards Lord Burleigh) chosen by the queen as her chief adviser. 1559. The Protestant religion re-established. Acts of "Uniformity and Supremacy passed, PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 31 1563. Ratification of the " Thirty-nine Articles." 1665. Mary Queen of Scots married her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. 1566. Darnley becoming jealous of David Rizzio, private secretary to Mary, helped to murder him. 1568. Mary Queen ot Scots, on her party being defeated by the confederated lords, escaped to England, where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth. 1572. Massacre of French Protestants on St. Bartholomew's day. The Duke ot Norfolk executed for high treason. 1583. Establishment of the High Commission Court. 1585. Elizabeth sent military aid to the Netherlands. 1586. Babington and other conspirators executed for plotting to assassinate Elizabeth and liberate Mary Queen of Scots. 1587. Execution ot Mary Queen ot Scots. 1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 1594. Irish rebellion under O'Neil, Earl of Tyrone, not queUed till 1602. 1596. Cadiz captured by the Earl of Essex and Lord Howard. 1600. The East Indian Company established. 1601. Execution of the Earl ot Essex. First Poor Law passed. STUAET PBEIOD. James I. (James VI. of Scotland), 1603 to 1625. 1603. Scotland united to England. The Main Plot and the Bye Plot formed against the king. Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower for aUeged participation in the former. 1605. Gunpowder Plot, aiming at the restoration of Roman Catholicism. 1607. First settlement of English in North America (Virginia). 1611. Present edition of Bible published. Settlement of English in Ulster. Title ot baronet instituted. 1616. Baleigh released from the Tower. He saUed tor America in search ot a gold mine, but was unsuccessful. On his return James, to please the court of Spain, caused him to be beheaded on the old charge of conspiracy (1618). 1620. The " Pilgrim Fathers" emigrated to New England because ot the religious intolerance. 1621. Francis Lord Bacon tried and convicted tor bribery. 1623. Prince Charles and Buckingham go to Spain in disguise, to see the infanta, to whom Charles was engaged to be married. Charles I., 1625 to 1649. 1625. Charles' first parliament, granting him tonnage and poundage tor one year only, was soon dissolved. 1626. His second parliament impeached the Duke of Buckingham. 1628. The third parliament drew up and obtained the king's assent to the famous " Petition of Right." Buckingham aasassinated. 32 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 1629. Several ijiembers ot parUament sent to prison, where one of them, Sir John Eliot, died. 1632. Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Lord Strafford, appointed Viceroy ot Ireland, where he introduced a rigorous government. 1634. Ship money imposed on maritime towns. It was extended to inland towns in the following year. 1637. John Hampden refused to pay ship money. 1638. The Scots drew up a " Beligious Covenant," and declare against episcopacy and the use of a liturgy. 1639. Pacification of Berwick, between England and Scotland. 1640. Charles summoned his fourth parliament, but being met with a request tor a redress of grievances he soon dissolved it. Then was summoned the fifth, caUed the "Long Parliament." 1641. Trial and execution ot Strafford for treason. Abolition of Courts ot High Commission and Star Chamber. Catholic insurrection in Ire land. Remonstrance drawn up by the English parliament recounting the king's arbitrary acts. 1642. Charles tried to arrest the five members Of parliament — Pym, Hamp den, Haselrig, HolUs, and Strode, whom he charged with high treason. Civil War commenced (for battles see Wars of England, page 43.) ^ 1645. Execution of Archbishop Laud for treason. Self-denying Ordinance X. passed. 1646. Charles surrendered himself to the Scots who gave him up to the English. 1648. The king dethroned by the parliament. Royalists defeated in Wales, and Scotch Royalists at Preston. 1649. By what was known as " Pride's Purge," most of the Presbyterian r members were excluded from attending parliament. The remainder, X called the Rump Parliament, tried Charles for treason against his people, found him guilty, and sentenced him to death. The Commonwealth, 1649 to 1660. 1649. Charles II. proclaimed king in Scotland. House of Lords and Monarchy abolished, 1649-50. Subjugation of Ireland. 1650. Defeat and execution of Montrose. CromweU defeated the Scots under Leslie at Dunbar. 1651. Charles crowned at Scone. He marched at the head ot an army into England, but was met and defeated by Cromwell at Worcester. End ot the Civil War. 1653. Dutch Naval War. Blake defeated Van Tromp off Portland and destroyed eleven ships. Cromwell declared Lord Protectoi: of the Commonwealth, PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 33 1654. Incorporation of Scotland with England. Peace concluded with Holland. 1655. Capture of Jamaica, ever since a British possession. 1657. Cromwell refused to accept the crown of England. 1658. Death of Cromwell. Richard, his son, succeeded to the Protectorate; he, however, being unfitted for the office, resigned in five months. 1659-60. Year of anarchy. 1660. Declaration from Breda sent by Charles. The Bestoration, Charles II., 1660 to 1685. 1661. Corporation Act passed. Conference between bishops of the Estab lished Church and leading Presbyterian divines at Savoy. 1662. Act of Uniformity passed. Charles sold Dunkirk to the French. 1664. Conventicle Act passed. Dutch war begins. New York surrendered to the English. 1665. Five Mile Act passed. Great Plague of London. Defeat ot the Dutch off Lowestoft by an English fleet under the Duke of York. 1666. Great Fire of London. 1667. Treaty of Breda between England, Prance, HoUand, and Denmark. 1668. Triple Alliance between England, HoUandj and Sweden against France (Louis XIV.). 1 670. Secret Treaty ot Dover between Charles and Louis. 1672. Declaration of Indulgence to Catholics and Nonconformists. New Dutch war. 1673. Test Act passed. The Duke of York resigned his position as Lord High Admiral. 1674. Peace concluded with HoUand. 1677. Repeal of the statute for burning heretics. 1678. Titus Oates's pretended Popish plot. 1679. Habeas Corpus Act passed. Scotch Covenanters defeated At Both- well Bridge. Meal Tub Plot. 1683. Bye House Plot in favour of Monmouth. 1685. Death of the king after a stroke of apoplexy. James II., 1685 to 1688. 1685. Bebellions of Argyle and Monmouth, both were defeated and after wards executed. Jeffrey opened what was caUed the "Bloody Assize" in the western counties to punish Monmouth's supporters. 1686. Court of High Commission revived. Papal nuncio openly received. 1688. Declaration of Indulgence published by James. Seven bishops having refused to read this declaration were imprisoned, and tried for publishing a malicious libel. They were acquitted to the great joy ot the people. Bevolution. James deposed, and WiUiam Prince of Orange invited (182) C 34 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. to invade England. William landed, and James fled to France. A convention parliament was called by WUliam, which, in 1689, declared the throne vacant and offered it to William and Mary. William III., 1688 to 1702. Mary II., 1688 to 1694. 1689. James II. supported in Scotland and in Ireland. Defeat of WiUiam's troops at Killiecrankie. Siege of Londonderry by James. Bill of Bights and Toleration Act passed. 1690. Battle of the Boyne. English and Dutch fleets defeated by the Prench off Beachy Head. 1691. Non-jurors deprived of their livings. End of the war in Ireland. 1692. Massacre of Glencoe. Naval victory of La Hogue. 1693. Defeat of WUliam at Landen or Neerwinden, in his war against Louis XIV. 1694. Parliaments made triennial. 1695. Capitulation of the Prench at the siege of Namur. 1697. Treaty of Byswick between England, Prance, Spain, HoUand, and Germany. 1701. Act of Settlement passed. Death of James II. .'. During this reign the National Debt was founded. Cabinet Ministers were first appointed, and the Bank of England incorporated. Anne, 1702 to 1714. 1702. War of the Spanish Succession, England (with the great Marl borough as commander), HoUand, and Germany arrayed against Prance and Spain. Destruction ot French and Spanish ships by English in Vigo Bay. (See page 44.) 1704. Sir George Rooke captured Gibraltar. Battle of Blenheim. Scotch Act of Security passed. 1705. Barcelona taken by the Earl of Peterborough. 1706. The French defeated by Marlborough at the battle of Eamilies. 1707. Act of Union between England and Scotland passed. English de feated at Almanza in Spain. 1708. Defeat of the French at Oudenarde, and again in the foUowing year at Malplaquet. 1710. Trial of Dr. Sacheverell. The English victorious at Almenara and Saragossa. 1713. Treaty of Utrecht; end of the war ot the Spanish Succession. HOUSE OF HANOVEE. George I., 1714 to 1727. 1715. Defeat of Scotch rebels at Sherii&nuir and Preston. Biot Act 1716. Septennial Parliament Bill passed. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 35 1717. Triple Alliance between England, Prance, and Holland. 1718. Sir George Byng defeated the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro. Quadruple Alliance between England, France, Germany and Hol land. 1720. South Sea Scheme. 1723. Jacobite plot against the king, for complicity in which Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, was banished for life. 1727. Gibraltar successfully withstood a Spanish siege ot four months duration. George II., 1727 to 1760. 1733. Walpole introduced his Excise BiU, but meeting with violent oppo sition the biU was soon withdrawn. 1736. Porteous Riots. 1739. War with Spain. Admiral Vernon captured Porto Bello, on the Isthmus of Darien. 1741. Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia, the possession of the Empress Maria Theresa, whom England was by treaty engaged to support. 1742. England aided the empress against Prussia, and Prance allied her self with Prussia. 1743. George defeated the Prench at Dettingen, the last occasion on which an English sovereign personally led his troops to battle. 1745. Battle ot Fontenoy, the English defeated by the French. The '46 Bebellion in Scotland in favour of the Pretender. Defeat ot the Royalists at Prestonpans. 1746. The king's troops again defeated at Falkirk by the rebels, who were completely defeated at CuUoden. 1748. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle between Prance, Spain, Holland and England. 1752. Alteration ot calendar, new style or Gregorian adopted. 1754. War with the French on account of encroachments in America. 1756. Seven Years' War — England and Prussia against France and Austria. The French capture Minorca. Admiral Byng shot in the follow ing year for aUowing this capture. Capture of Calcutta by Surajah Dowlah, who shut 146 persons up in what was caUed the " Black Hole of Calcutta." 1757. Becapture of Calcutta. Bobert Clive gained the battle of Plassey. This laid the foundation of our " Great Indian Empire." 1758. The English took Fort Louis and the Isle of Goree in Africa, and Cape Breton and Prince Edward's Isle in America, from the French. 1759. Defeat of the French at Minden in Prussia. General Wolfe took Quebec. 1760. Surrender of Montreal and complete conquest of Canada. 36 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. George III., 1760 to 1820. 1761. Pondicherry, Dominica, and BeUe Isle captured. 1762. War declared against Spain. Martinique and Granada captured. 1763. Treaty of Paris signed between England, France, and Spain. End ot " Seven Years' War." John Wilkes sent to the Tower. 1765. Stamp Act passed — repealed in foUowing year. 1767. Taxes on tea, glass, and paper, levied on the American colonists. 1769. Letters of "Junius" appeared, in the Public Advertiser. 1773. The Americans threw several cargoes ot taxed tea into the harbour at Boston. 1775. American War commenced. The colonists defeated at Bunker's Hill. 1776. American Independence declared. The colonists again defeated at Brooklyn. 1777. Surrender of Burgoyne's troops to the colonists at Saratoga. 1778. War with France for recognizing the independence of America. Pondicherry taken by the English. 1779. Spain declared war against Britain and blockaded Gibraltar. 1780. Spaniards defeated by Rodney off Cape St. Vincent. Gordon riots in London. 1781. Surrender of a British force under Lord Cornwallis to General Washington at Yorktown. 1782. The English Parliament recognized the independence of America. Minorca taken by the Spaniards. 1783. Treaty of "Versailles between England, Prance, Spain, and America. 1787. Impeachment of Warren Hastings. 1789. French Bevolution. Louis XVI. and Maria Antoinette guUlotined in 1793. 1794. Prance declared war against England. The West Indian Islands taken from the Prench. Lord Howe victorious over French fleet. 1795. The Cape of Good Hope and Dutch East Indies taken by the EngUsh. 1796. Spain declared war against England. 1797. Defeat ot Prench and Spanish fleets off St. Vincent by Sir John Jervis, and of Dutch and French off Camperdown by Admiral Duncan. 1798. Bebellion in Ireland. Battle of the Nile, in which the Prench fleet was nearly annihilated by Nelson. 1799, Napoleon faUed to capture Acre, being repulsed by Sir Sidney Smith. Napoleon made First Consul. 1800. Malta taken from the French. 1801. Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Defeat of th& French at Alex andria (Aboukir), and the Danish fleet at Copenhagen. 1802. Treaty of Amiens between England, France, Spain, and HoUand. 1803, Renewal ot the French war. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 37 1804. Napoleon became Emperor of the French. 1805. Battle of Trafalgar; Nelson killed. 1807. Bombardment of Copenhagen and surrender ot the Danish fleet. 1808. Peninsular War commenced (see page 46). 1809. Walcheren Expedition. 1811. Prince George made Regent. 1812. Storming of Badajoz and victory of Salamanca by Wellington. War declared by the United States against England. Moscow burnt by the Russians. 1813. Battles of Vittoria and Pyrenees, in which the French were forced out of the peninsula by Wellington. 1814. Abdication of Napoleon. Treaty of Paris between England, Russia. Prussia, and France signed. British capture Washington. Ameri can war ends at close of the year. 1815. Beturn of Napoleon. The Prussians defeated at Ligny by the French. WeUington repulsed the French at Quatre Bras and de feated them at the battle of Waterloo. 1816. Bombardment of Algiers. George IV., 1820 to 1830. 1820. The Cato Street conspiracy discovered. 1823."First Burmese War. 1827. The Turkish and Egyptian fleets defeated by Admiral Codrington at Navarino. 1828. Test and Corporation Acts repealed. 1829. Catholic Emancipation Bill passed. William IV., 1830 to 1837. 1830. Second French Bevolution. Accession of Louis Philippe. First railway opened in England — between Liverpool and Manchester. 1831. Reform riots in Bristol and other towns. 1832. Beform Bill passed. •? 1833. Abolition of Slavery in the West Indies. 1834. New Poor Law passed. 1835. Municipal Reform Act. Victoria, 1837. 1837. Hanover separated from England, as its crown could not be worn by a female sovereign. 1838. Chartist agitation commenced. V' 1839. First Afghan War. 1840. Penny postage established. First Chinese War (see page 47). Marriage of the queen. 38 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 1843. Soinde War. Sir Charles Napier defeated the Ameers at Meeanee and Hyderabad. Bebecca Biots in Wales. 1844. Trial and conviction of Daniel O'ConneU. 1845-49. Sikh War. 1846. Bepeal of the Corn Laws. Potato famine in Ireland. V 1848. Third Bevolution in France. Louis Napoleon became President of the French Republic, and tour years later. Emperor of the French. 1849. Annexation of the Punjaub. 1851. Great Industrial Exhibition of London. 1852. Second Burmese War. 1854. Crimean War. England and France assisting Turkey against Russia. The Russians defeated at the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkermann. 1855. Many Russian ships destroyed at Kertch. Sebastopol taken. 1856. Peace concluded with Bussia by treaty of Paris. Annexation of Dude. Second Chinese War. 1857. Indian Mutiny. Capture of Delhi and massacre of English at Cawn- pore by the rebels. Sir Colin Campbell relieved Lucknow. 1858. Abolition of the East Indian Company. Jews admitted into Parlia ment. 1859. Volunteer movement inaugurated. Third Chinese War. 1861-65. Civil war in America. 1862. Cotton Famine in Lancashire. Second Great Exhibition. 1864. The Ionian Islands handed over to Greece. 1867. New Beform Bill passed for England; for Scotland and Ireland the foUowing year. 1868. War with Abyssinia. 1869. Irish Church BUI passed. 1870. First Irish Land and English Education Acts passed. 1872. Ballot Act passed. 1874. War with the King of Ashantee. Public Worship Act passed. 1877-78. War between Russia and Turkey. The Turks defeated. 1878. Conference of European powers at Berlin to settle the Russo-Turkish difficulty. Second Afghan War. In August, 1880, the EngUsh, having placed Abdurrahman Khan on the throne, withdrew from Cabul. 1878-79. Zulu War. Cetewayo captured. 1880. War in the Transvaal. The Boers regained their independence. 1881. Death ot the Earl of Beaconsfleld. Second Irish Land Act passed. 1882. Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish, the Chief Secretary, and Mr. Burke, the Under Secretary for Ireland, in Phcenix Park, Dublin. 1882. War in Egypt. Bombardment of forts at Alexandria. Arabi, the rebel, defeated and taken prisoner. Cetewayo released ; brought to England and then restored as King of the Zulus. PRINCIPAL WARS. 39 PRINCIPAL WARS OF ENGLAND AND CHIEF BATTLES. EOMAN PERIOD. Date. N"AME OF Battle. Between KESULT. A.D. 61 Caer Garadoc Komans and Britons. The Britons under Caractacus (Shrops). were defeated. Caractacus being betrayed by his step mother, the queen of the Brigantes, was sent a prisoner to Eome. 61 (Site of battle not Boadicea, queen of tlie Eoman victory; the loss of the known). loeni, and Suetonius. British was estimated by Tacitus at 80,000. 84 Ardoch Sloor (?). Galgacus and Agricola. The Britons defeated with a loss of 10,000. SAXON PEEIOD. Date. Kame op Battle. Between Result. 456 633828833851871878937 10661066 Aylesford. Heathfleld.EUandune. Hengston HiU. Ockley (Surrey). Melton. £thandun@.Brunanburgh. Hastings. "Vortigern, and Hengist and Horsa. Edwin, King of Northum bria, and Penda, King of Mercia. Egbert, King of "Wessex, and Boernwulf, King of Mercia. Egbert, and the Danes joined by the Britons of Cornwall. Ethelwolf and the Danes Ethelred and the Danes. Alfred and Gothrun. Athelstan and a combined force of Soots, Welsh, Britons, and Danes, under Anlaf. Harold II. andtheKingof N orway, assisted by Tos tig, brother of Harold. Harold II., and WilUam, Duke of Normandy. Jutes victorious. Edwin defeated and slain. The Mercians defeated with great slaughter. Great victory by Egbert. The Danes fled in disorder to their ships. The Danes completely defeated and routed. No great advantage gained by either side, though the Danes retained possession of the field. Complete victory gained by Alfred. The Treaty of "Wed- more signed. Decisive defeat of the allies, who left on the field five sea- kings, seven earls, and many thousand warriors. This vic tory secured peace during the remaining years of the reign of Athelstan. Harold victorious. The king of Norway and Tostig slain. The English worn out by the recent battle at Stamford Bridge sustained a complete overthrow, Harold and two of his brothers being slam. This battle ended the Saxon dynasty in England. 40 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. NOEMAN PEEIOD. DA!1!E. Name of Battle. Between Result. 1079 Gerberoi (siege). "WiUiam I. and his son. William and his sonmet outside Robert. (their helmets concealing their identity) and Robert unhorsed his father. This led to a reconciliation. 1106 Tenchebrai. Henry I. and Robert, his Robert lost his coronet and free brother. dom. He was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle, and on attempt ing to escape his eyes were crueUy put out. Edgar Athel- ing, the last of the Saxon line, who had joined Robert, was also taken prisoner, but on account of weak intellect was soon set at liberty. 1138 Standard. Stephen and David of The Scotch defeated, leavmg Scotland. more than 12,000 slain. H41 Lincoln I. Stephen and Maud, widow Stephen was defeated and taken of Henry I. prisoner. Hewasfetteredand castinto thedungeons of Bris tol Castle, where he lay tUl he was exchanged for Robert, ' Barl of Gloucester. PLANTAGENET PEEIOD. Date. 1217 Name of Battle. Between RESULT. Lincoln 11. Henry IIL and Louis of Louis completely defeated. A France. French fleet with supplies for Louis was captured off Dover. 1264 Lewes. Henry III. and the Earl Henry defeated and taken pris of Leicester oner. Prince Edward gave himself up the next day. 1266 lEvesham. Prince Edward and Lei Leicester defeated and Henrylll. cester. set free. End of Barons' "War. 1296 Dunbar. England & Scotland. (War The English under the Earl of by Edward I. for sub Surrey routed the Scots, who jugation of Scotland.) had over 10,000 slain. 1298 Falkirk. Edward I. and "Wallace. Wallace defeated. 1303 Roslin. England and Scotland. The English defeated. 1307 Loudon HiU. Earl of Pembroke and Robert Bruce. Edward II. and Bruce. The English again defeated. 1314 Bannockbum. The English defeated with a loss of 30,000 men. The in dependence of Scotland was secured by this battle. 1333 Halidon HiU. Edward III. and Douglas, Defeat of the Scots with great Regent of Scotland. slaughter. Baliol placed on the throne of Scotland. 1346 Cressy. Edward Ill.andPhiUpVI. Great victory gained by the Eng of France. lish, over 30,000 French slain. 1346 Nevil'a Cross. PhiUppa, wife of Edward The Scots defeated. King David III., and David IL of taken prisoner. Scotland. 1366 Poitiers. Edward the Black Prince "With au army one-seventh that and John II. of France. of the enemy Edward won a glorious victory. King John and his son were taken priso ners. The treaty of Bretigny, signed 1360, settled for a time the French quarrel PRINCIPAL WARS. 41 LANCASTEIAN PEEIOD. DATE. Name of Battle. BETWEEN Result. 1402 Homildon HiU. Lord Percy and the Earl of Douglas. The Scots suffered a severe de feat Douglas and other noblemen taken prisoners. 1403 Shrewsbury. Henry I"V". & Lord Percy. After a long and bloody battle, in which Hotspur was slain and Douglas taken prisoner, the day was decided in favour of Henry. 1416 Agincourt Henry "V". and the Con stable of France. The English with the odds of six to one against them won a glorious victory. The Con stable, and many of the chief nobles, and 8000 knights and esquires, were amongst the slain. The English loss was only 1600. 1424 "Verneuil. Duke of Bedford and the Earls of Douglas and Buchan. The French signally defeated. Douglas and Buctian slain. 1429 Herrings. Sur John Fastolf and the Count of Clermont. This battle, fought during the siege of Orleans, resulted in the defeat of the French. WAES OF THE ROSES. Date. 1455 Name OF Battle. 1460 1461 St. A11)aii's I. Blorebeath. Northampton, "Wakefield Green, Uortimer's Cross. St. Alhan's II. Lancastrian Leader. Yorkist Leader. HENRY VI. Henry VI. Lord Audley. Duke of Bucking ham. Duke of Somerset. Earl of Salisbury. Earl of Salisbury. Barl of Warwick. Duke of York. Earl of Pembroke. Duke of York (Edward IV., 1461), Queen Margaret. Earl of Warwick. Result. Defeat of the Lancas trians. Henry VI. taken prisoner. Defeat of the Lancas trians. Lord Audley and over 2000 of his followers slain. Lancastrians again de feated. Henry VI. again fell into the hands of the York ists. l:he Yorkists defeated^ with a loss of over 2000 followers. The Duke of York was slain and the Earl of Salisbury beheaded. The Lancastrians de feated with a loss of 4000 men. The Yorkists defeated. The king, who was found iji a tent on the battlefield, was restored. 42 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Wars of the Eoses — Continued. DATE. Name OF Battle. Lanoastrlan Leader. YoKKiST Leader. Result. ED"WARD IV. (Duke of York). Towton, 1464146414711471 Hedgley Moor, Hexham. Bamet. Tewkesbury, I486 Bosworth. Duke of Somerset Sir Ralph Percy. Duke of Somerset. Earl of "Warwick. Duke of Somerset. Edward IV. Lord Montague (brother of the Eai-1 of "War wick). Lord Montague. Edward I"V. Edward IV. RICHARD IIL Earlof Richmond. Richard III. The Lancastrians were defeated, and left 20,000 dead on the field. Henry VI. fled to Scotland. The Lancastrians de- ¦ feated. Sir R, Percy slain. The Lancastrians de feated. Somerset beheaded. The Lancastrians were defeated. Warwick and several mem bers of his famUy slain. The Lancastrians de feated. Somerset and Prince Edward were put to deatlL Queen Margaret was confined in the Tower for five years, when she was ran- somedby the French king. The Yorkists defeated. Richard slain, and Richmond declared king as Henry VII. TUDOE PEEIODJ' Date. Name OF Battle. Between Result. 1513 16131647 Guinegate (Spurs). Flodden.Pinkie. Henry VIII. and Louis XII. of France. Henry VIII. and James IV. of Scotlandasallyof Louis XII. Duke of Somerset (as Protector of England) and the Regent Ar- ran of Scot land. The French, though greatly superior in numbers, on being charged by the Eng lish mounted archers were seized with a panic and fied. The English, under the Earl of Surrey, inflicted a severe defeat on the Soots. James IV. and many nobles, with 10,000 Scotch soldiers, were slain. The EngUsh, though the Scots suffered a severe defeat, gained no advantage. Many Scottish nobles, though in favour of the match, were displeased with the attempt to force the marriage of Ed ward VI. and the young queen of Scot land. PRINCIPAL WARS. 43 STUART PERIOD.— Civil War. Date. Name OF Battle. eoyalist Leaser. Parliamen tarian Leader. Result. 1643 1643 1643 1646 £dgehiU. Wakefield. Ghalgrove Field. Newbury I. Karston Sloor. Newbury II. Naseby. Dunbar. Worcester, CHARLES I. Charles I. Earl of Essex. Gen. Goring. Prince Rupert. Charles I. Prince Rupert. Charles I. Charles L Earl of Essex. John Hampden. Earl of Essex. Earl of Leven. Earl of Man chester. Sir Thos. Fairfax and Gen. Crom weU. THE COMMONWEALTH. Gen. Leslie (in be- Gen. Cromwell. half of Charles IL). Charles II. Gen. Cromwell. Indecisive, though the advantage was slight ly in favour of the king. Defeat of the royalists. Royalists victorious. Hampden mortally wounded. Royalists defeated. The Earls of Sunder land and Carnarvon and Lord Faulkland killed. Royalists defeated. This victory was at tributable to th^ valour of the Iron sides of Cromwell, who swept all before them. This action, which was' indecisive.closedthe year's campaign, the king returned to his winter quarters at Oxford. The Royalists defeat ed. This battle prac tically decided the war. The Scots were de feated and left 3000 slain and 10,000 prisoners. The Royalists* defeat ed, about 3000 slain. Cromwell called this victory his " Crown ing Mercy." V ^ Ebvolution Civil War. Date. Name OP Battle. OKANGE Leader. jacobite Leader. Result. WILLIAlVt III. 1689 Londonderry Rev. Geo. Walker James II. This siege lasted over (siege). andMajor Baker. three months, and was raised by Gen. Kirke. 1689 Killiecrankie. Gen. Mackay. Viscount Dundee. Mackay defeated and Dundee slain. 1689 Boyne. ¦William III. James II. Defeat of the Jaco bites. James, losing hope, fled to Dublin and thence to France. 44 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. WAE OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION: England with her alUes, Germany, Holland, and afterwards Portugal and Savoy, against the combined forces of France and Spain. England entered on the war partly be cause Louis XIV. had recognized the son of James II. as lawful sovereign of Eng land ; partly because Louis had set his grandson on the throne of Spain, and was aiming at the preponderating influence in European affairs. DATE. NAME Leaders on LEADERS ON Result. OP Battle. English side. French side. 1704 Gibraltar Sir George Rooke Don Diego de The British, aided by (siege). and Sir Cloud- esley Shovel. Salinas. a small body of Hes sian troops, landed and carried the fort ress by storm in a few days in spite of a heavy fire. 1704 Blenheim. Duke of Marl Marshals Tallard Decisive victory by the borough and and Marsin. allied forces. The Prince Eugene. enemy's loss estima ted at 40,000, that of the alUes 11,000. 1706 Ramilles. Duke of Marl borough. Marshal Villeroy and the Elector of Bavaria. The allies again vic torious. The loss of the allies was be tween 3000 and 4000, whilst the enemy's loss was 13,000. 1707 Ahnanza. Lord Galway. I)uke of Berwick. Defeat of the English and their allies. 1708 Oudenarde. Duke of Marl Dukes of Ven- Complete defeat of the borough and ddme and Bur French, who lost Prince Eugene. gundy. 16,000 men. 1709 Ualplaquet. Duke of Marl borough and Prince Eugene. Marshal Villars. After a long battle, in which the allies lost 20,000 men, the ene my were defeated. 1710 Almenara. Gen. Stanhope. King Philip. AUiesgained avictory. 1710 Saragossa. Gen. Stanhope. Kmg Philip. The alUes again vic torious; but Stan hope had afterwards to surrender to the Duke of Vendfime at Brihuega. GUELPH PEEIOD. Kbbellions. Date. Name OF Battle. royalist Leader. Jacobite Leader. Result. 1716174517461746 Sheriffmuir (rebellion cal led "the '15"). Preston Pans (rebellion cal led " the '46 "). Falkirk. Gulloden. Duke of Argyle. Sir John Oope. General Hawley. Duke of Cumber land. Earl of Mar. PrinceCharles,theYoung Pretender. Prince Charles. Prince Charles. The rebels checked but not defeated. The Royalists com pletely defeated. The Royalists again defeated. Complete defeat of the rebels. Charles es caped to France. PRINCIPAL WARS. 45 AMEEICAN WAE OF INDEPENDENCE. Date. NAME OE Battle. Bnslish Leaders. american Leaders. Result. 1775 1777 1781 Bunker's Hill. Saratoga. Yorkto-wn (siege). General Howe. Gen. Burgoyne. Lord Cornwallis. Doctor Warren. General Gates. Gen. Washington. British victory. Surrender of Bur goyne's troops to the Colonists. Capitulation of the British after a siege ot three weeks. BATTLES WITH MODEEN FEANCE, Exclusive of the Peninsular War. Date. Name OE Battle. ENGLISH Leaders. French Leaders. Result. 1743 Dettingen. Earl of Stair and George II. Marshal de No- ailles. The French defeated. 1745 Fontenoy. Duke of Cumber land. Marshal de Saxe. The English with their allies, the Dutch, defeated. 1767 Plassey (Bengal). Colonel Clive. Surajah Dowlah. This battle, though on a small scale, laid the foundation of our great Indian Empire. 1759 Mmden (Seven Years' War). Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick and Lord Geo. Sackville. Duke de Broglie. The allies, English and Prussians, gained a complete victory over the French, who left 30 pieces of artillery on the field. 1759 Quebec. General Wolfe. Marquis de Mont calm. The French defeated. Wolfe and Montcalm both killed. 1793 Duke of York. Generals Souham and Hoche. The EngUsh aban doned the siege, leaving their artil lery and ammuni tion. 1799 Acre (siege). Sir Sidney Smith. Bonaparte. After investing the town for two m onths Napoleon withdrew. 1801 Alexandria (siege). Sir Ralph Aber- crombie. General Meuou. Defeat of the French. Abercrombie mor tally wounded. 1815 Quatre Bras. Duke of Welling- Marshal Ney. English victorious. 1815 Waterloo. Duke of Welling ton. Bonaparte. Napoleon completely defeated. 46 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. PENINSULAE WAE. Date. Name of battle. ENGLISH Leaders. French Leaders. RESULT. 1809 Corunna. Sir John Moore. Marshal Soult The French defeated. Moore mortally wounded. 1809 Talavera. Sir Arthur Wel- lesley (after wards Duke of WelUngton). Marshal Victor & King Joseph. The Spanish troops did not take a very active part in this battle, which result ed in a severe defeat of the French. 1812 Badajoz (siege). Wellington. Gen. Philippon. After a siege of twenty days the alhes earned the town by storm. A large quantity of stores fell into the hands of the victors. 18121813 Salamanca. Vittoria. Wellington. Wellington. Marshal Mar- mont. King Joseph and Marshal Jour- dan. The French defeated, leavmg 7000 killed and about 7000 prisoners. The French retreated in confusion , leaving their stores in the hands of the allies. 1813 San Sebastian (siege). Sir Thos. Graham. General Rey. Though the English suffered consider able loss the town was carried bystorm BI JEMESE WAES. Date. Name of English Burmese RESULT. Battle. Leaders. Leaders. First War. 1824 Rangoon. Sir Archibald Maha Capture of Rangoon and the forts at the Campbell. Bandoola. mouth ofthe Irrawaddy by the English. 1826 Donabew. Sir A. Camp Maha Bandoola killed. The Burmese evacu bell. Bandoola. ated the town during the night after a week's siege. 1826 Fagham. Sir A. Camp- Ta-ya-soo- The Burmese anny defeated by the Eng beU. zang. lish. Atreatywassignedbywhichthe coasts of Tenasserim and the district of Aracan were given up to England. Second War. 1852 Martaban Gen. Godwin. The Governor of Rangoon, having ill- (siege). treated several British subjects, and refusing compensation, an army was sent to Burmah. Martaban soon fell. 1852 Rangoon (siege). Pegu Gen. Godwin. Stormed by the English. 1852 Gen. Godwin. The Burmese compelled to abandon the (siege). city. The province of Pegu was an nexed to the British dominions by proclamation. PRINCIPAL WAES. 47 FIEST AFGHAN WAE. Date. Name op Battle. English Leaders. Afghan Leaders. Result. 1839184118421842 1842 Ghuznee (siege), Cabul (siege). Ghuznee (siege). Jellalabad. Tezeen. Sir John Keane. General Shelton. Colonel Palmer. Sir Robert Sale. General Pollock. Hyder Khan. AbdooUah Khan. Akbar Khan. Akbar Khan. The fortress taken by assault by the British. Defeat of the British. The Afghans recaptured the cit adel. General Nott, however, shortly afterwards obtained possession again. Decisive victory over the Af ghans by the British troops. The English gained a complete victory. The fortiflcations of Cabul were destroyed and the British then withdrew from Afghanistan. CHINESE WAES. 1840: First War. — This war was caused by the Chinese engaging in acts of hostility on the pretext of objecting to the opium trade. The Chinese authorities seized and destroyed £2,000,000 worth of this drug belonging to English merchants. Sir Hugh Gough defeated the Chinese in several engagements, and the emperor, seeing resistance was hopeless, consented to a treaty stipulating that (1) the losses should be made good, (2) that Canton, Amoy, Foochoo, Ningpo, and Shanghai should be thrown open to British trade, and (3) that Hong Kong should be ceded to Britain. 1856: Second War. — Caused by the maltreatment of British subjects and the refusal of reparation by the Chinese. Canton was captured in 1857. A treaty was signed giving increased facilities for trade and opening five new ports (treaty of Tien Tsin). I860: Third War. — The Chinese failed to observe the treaty of Tien Tsin, and the English and French forces, having taken possession of Tien Tsin, marched to Pekin, where the "Convention of Pekin" was signed. The Chinese agreed to pay a large war indemnity, throw open the port of Tien Tsin, and cede Couloon to the British. SCINDE WAE. Date. Name OF Battle. EnglishLeaders. SCINDE LEADERS. Result. 18431843 Ueanee. Hyderabad. Sir Chas. Napier. Sir Chas. Napier. Ameers of Scinde. Shere Mahom- med. The English army, 2500 strong, met and defeated the enemy's force of 30,000. The English, though met by an army four times their strength, gained a complete victory. 48 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. SIKH WAE. Date. Name of Battle. ENGLISH Leaders. SIKH Leaders. Result. 1845 Moodkee. Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Lai Singh. English victory. Sir Robert Sale mortal Hardinge. \ ly wounded. 1846 Ferozeahah. Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Hardinge. Lai Singh. After a severe struggle the Sikhs were driven over the Sut- lej leaving many killed and wounded. 1846 Aliwal. Sir Henry Smith. English victory. 1846 Sobraon. Sir Hugh Gough. Decisive victory by the English. 1848 Mooltan (siege). General Whish. Moolraj. After a siege of about five months' dura tion the citadel sur rendered. 1849 Chillianwallah. Lord Gough (Sir Hugh). Shere Singh. A sanguinary but in decisive victory. 1849 Goojerat Lord Gough. Chuttur Singh and Shere Singh. The enemy totally routed with a loss of 8000 men. The English loss was 800. CEIMEAN WAE. 18641854 1864 1854-5 Name of Battle. (bombardment of). Bomarsund (bombardment). Alma. Balaclava. Inkermann. Sebastopol (aiege). English Leaders. Admiral Dundas and Admiral Hame- lin (French). Sit Charles Na pier and Gen eral D'Hilliers (French). Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Ar- naud (French). Lord Rs^lan. Lord Raglan ana Gen. Bosquet (French). Lord Raglan, suc ceeded by Gene ral Simpson, and Marshal St. Ar- naud, succeed ed by Generals Canrobert and P^lissier. Russian Leaders. Prince Men- schikoff. Gen. Lipran- di. Prince Men- schikoffand Gen. Lip- randi. Prince Men- schikoff, supersededby Prince Gortcha-koff. Result. This town was bombarded in revenge for the insult offered by the Russians by firing on a flag of truce. After a bombardment of three days the Russians surrendered with a garri son of 2000 men. Theallies(English,French, and Turks) completely victorious. The Russians defeated. The celebrated "Charge of the Light Brigade" occurred during this battle. The Russians, though far greater in numbers, de feated with a loss of 15,000 men. The Russians carried on a determined and skilful resistance, and the town was not taken till it had been bombarded six times. Raglan and St. Arnaud died. PRINCIPAL WARS. 49 INDIAN MUTINY. 1857 1857 1857 18571857 1858 Name op Battle, &o. Delhi (siege). Oawnpore. Lucknow (siege). Agra. Cawnpore. Lucknow (siege), Jhansi (siege). Gwalior. EN81ISH Leaders. Gen. Austin (died), Sir Henry Bar- nard(died),Gen.Reed(resigned),Gen. Wilson. Sir Hugh Wheel- Sir Henry Law rence, succeed ed by Major Banks and Col onel Inglis. Colonel Greathed. Sir Colin Camp bell. Sir Colin Camp bell. Sir Hugh Rose. insuegent Leaders. Nana Sahib. The Ranee Jhansi. The Ranee ¦Thansi. Result. The insurgents, though they fought with determined bravery, were defeated, and the city taken. The English surren dered and were nearly all murdered. Gen. Wheeler died before the surren der. The English were relieved by Have- lock, and later by Sir Colin Camp bell. Rebels defeated. Decisive victory by the English. The English stormed and secured all the strong defences of the town. The town taken by storm by the English after a siege of a fortnight's duration. The rebels defeated and their leader slain. LATEE WAES. 1867-8: Abyssinian War. King Theodore, offended at the conduct of the British consul, seized and imprisoned Captain Cameron and the resident British missionaries. As he refused to set them free, an expedition was sent out under Sir Robert Napier (Lord Napier of Magdala). The Abyssinians retired on the approach of the English troops, and the prisoners were sent into the British camp. Magdala was then stormed, and it was found that Theodore had shot him self. The loss of the British was only twenty wounded, of whom two after wards died. 1874: Ashantee War, The Ashantees interfered with the commerce of neighbouring tribes under British protection, and Sir (xamet Wolseley was sent at the head of an expedition to settle matters. The British troops displayed great courage and fortitude under their skilful general and were entirely successful. Coo- (182) J> 50 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. massie, the capital, was taken and destroyed, and the king compeUed to accept the terms of peace imposed upon him. 1878: Afghan War. This war was begun because it was believed that Russian influence was becoming too great with the Ameer Shere Ali, and partly in order to obtain a better frontier on the side of India. After a satisfactory arrangement had been secured by the Peace of Gandamuk, Sir Louis Cavagnari, who remained as English resident, was murdered at Cabul, and the war was renewed. After a British force had been defeated at Maiwand, Sir Frederick Roberts made a forced march from Cabul to Candahar, and gained a brilliant victory over Ayoub Khan. In August, 1880, the English placed Abdurrahman Khan on the throne, and withdrew from Cabul. 1878-79: Zulu War. Cetewayo, the king of the Zulu tribes on the frontier of Natal, having refused to disarm and disband his army, war was declared. At Isandula more than 1000 British troops were surprised by the Zulus and slaughtered. At XJlundi, however, Cetewayo was completely defeated, being afterwards captured. Prince Louis Napoleon was killed in a reconnaissance during this war. Egyptian War, 1882. Owing to the unsatisfactory state of the Egyptian finances, a joint control was established in 1878 between Great Britain and France mainly in the interests of the foreign bondholders. Many of the subordinate as well as higher posts in the Financial Department were filled by Europeans to the exclusion of the natives. This caused much dissatisfaction among the Egyptians. This feeling was taken advantage of by the military to force upon the Khedive a ministry of their own choice ; and it was thought that a military despotism was contemplated, and that Arabi, the chief military officer, was aiming at the chief power. The massacre of Europeans at Alexandria, June, 1882, brought matters to a culmination. A panic ensued amongst the remaining European resi dents, and the Khedive, with the ostensible object of restoring confidence by his presence, left Cairo for Alexandria. This flight of the Khedive from the capital was regarded as a surrender of the city to the rebels. The English fleet and many vessels belonging to other European powers had been lying off Alexandria for some time. After the massacre the remaining European residents were advised by their consuls to take refuge on board these vessels. Large numbers availed themselves of this privilege. The Egyptians under Arabi being engaged in strengthening their forts, the English admiral. Sir Beauchamp Seymour, who was in command, sent word that unless the works were immediately stopped he should at once open fire upon them. Assurances were given that the works should cease forthwith. During the night, when the electric light was flashed upon them. PRINCIPAL NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS. 51 it was found that the rebels were prosecuting their work of strengthening the forts. The admiral then notifled that in twenty-four hours he should open fire upon them. The cannonade commenced at 8 a.m. and continued until 4 p.m., when the enemy's guns were completely silenced. A flag of truce was hoisted from the enemy's forts, and, on ascertaining the cause, it was discovered that the forts were abandoned and the city in flames. England now sent out a force for the purpose of settling matters in Egypt, and to protect the Suez Canal. In August Sir Garnet Wolseley landed and took the supreme command. It was found that the enemy had had time to strongly entrench themselves some few miles from Alex andria. The English troops got under weigh, and sailing into the Suez Canal, took possession of Ismailia. Using this as their base of operations, they advanced upon Tel-el-Kebir, where Arabi had entrenched himself to oppose the English advance upon Cairo. This strong position was stormed, September 16, 1882. Arabi was taken prisoner, Cairo occupied, and the Khedive restored, Arabi being afterwards sentenced to banishment. PRINCIPAL NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS OF ENGLAND. DATE. NAME. English and allies: Leaders. opposing Leaders. 1 RESULT. 1 1340 Sluys. Edward III. Hugh Quieret (French). The French fleet anni hilated in the har bour of Sluys. This action cost the French a loss of 30,000 men. An ar mistice was agreed 1 upon, and Edward 1 returned to Eng land. 1612 Brest Sir Edward How Admiral Primau- After a terrible en ard. get (French). counter the French were defeated. 1688 Spanish Ar Lord Howard Duke of Medina Only 53 shattered mada. and Admirals Drake, Haw kins, and Fro- bisher. Sidonia. hulks out of 132 large ships reached Spain, the remain der being either destroyed by the British fieet or by the stoi-m that raged. 1652 Dover. Admiral Blake. Admiral Van Tromp. This war was caused by the reluctance of the Dutch States to enter into alliance with the Common wealth, and by mu 1 tual jealousy. In 1 the engagement off Dover the English gained a slight ad vantage. 52 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Principal Naval Engagements of England — Continited. DATE NAME. English and Allies : Leaders Opposing Leaders. Result. 1652 Plymouth. Sir George Ays- cue. Admirals De Ruy- ter and De Witt. Indecisive. 1652 Downs. Admiral Blake. Admiral Van Tromp. The EngUsh defeated. 1653 Portland. Admirals Blake Admiral Van Decisive victory gained and Deane. Tromp. by the British. -The Dutch lost 11 men- of-war and 30 mer chantmen. 1663 Texel. Gen. Monk. Admiral Van Tromp. The English defeated the Dutch, who lost 30 ships. Van Tromp kiUed. 1692 La Hogue. Admiral Russel. Count of Tour- ville (French). Complete defeat of the French. The treaty of Eyswiok termin ated this war. 1704 Gibraltar. Sir George Rooke Don Diego de Sal The Spanish governor and the Prince inas (Spanish). capitulated after a of Hesse. siege of a few days. 1718 Passaro. Sir George Byng. Don Antonio de Castaneta (Spanish). The Spanish fleet al most destroyed. 1794 Brest. Lord Howe. Admiral Villaret Joyeuse (Prench). After a long and fierce fight the French gave way. 1797 St Vincent. Sir John Jervis. Don Joseph de Cordova (Span The English, though unequally matched. \ ish). gained a decisive victory. 1797 Camperdown. Admij-al Duncan. Admiral De Win ter (Dutch). Defeat of the Dutch. 1798 Nile. Sir nkratio Nel Admiral Bru^ys The French fleet near son. (French). ly destroyed, and more than 6000 men killed. 1801 Copenhagen. Sir Hyde Parker Commodore 01- The Danish fleet de and Lord Nel fert Fischer stroyed and the son. (Danish), Danes detachedfrom the league against England. 1806 Trafalgar. Lord Nelson. Admirals Ville- neuve (French) and Gravina (Spanish). The combined fleets of France and Spain almost annihilated About 20,000 taken prisoners. Nelson killed. 1827 Navarino. Sir Edward Cod rington (Eng lish), Admiral De Rigny (French), and Admiral Hey- den (Russian). Ibrahim Pasha. The whole of the Turk ish navy destroyed. Greece was foi-med into an independent kingdom, with Otho, a Bavarian prince, as king (1832). PRINCIPAL TREATIES. 53 PRINCIPAL TREATIES IN ENGLISH HISTOEY. Wedmore (878). — Between Alfred and Gothrun. The chief terms were: — 1. Alfred was to rule over Wessex, Sussex, Kent, and Mercia. 2. Gothrun with another Danish prince to rule the remaining part of England. 3. Gothrun and his followers should become Christians. Winchester (1154). — Between Stephen and Prince Henry, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet. The chief condition was : — That Henry should be acknowledged as heir to the throne of England, and William, only son of Stephen, was to inherit the earldom of Boulogne and the private domains of his father. Falaise (1174). — Between Henry II. and William the Lion of Scotland : — By this William, being a prisoner, was not released till he acknowledged his kingdom a fief and himself a vassal of the English crown. Westminster (1259). — Between Henry III. and Louis IX, of France. Chief terms : — — .^^ 1. Henry gave up his claim to the lands lost during the reign of John (Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Poitou). 2. Louis ceded to Henry — lamousin, Perigord, Querci, the town of Calais, &e. 3. Henry, as Duke of Guienne and a peer of France, promised to do homage to the French king. Montreuil (1303). — Between Edward I. and Philip IV. of France. Chief terms ; — 1. Edward recovered the province of Guienne, of which he had been deprived by the French king. 2. Edward, Prince of Wales, was to marry Isabella, daughter of the French king. Bretigny (1360).— Between Edward III. and King John of France. Chief terms : — 1. Edward renounced his pretentions to the crown of France and his claim to the family possessions of Ncgmandy, Anjou, Touraine, and Maine. 2. He was to retain the fuU sovereignty of Poitou, Guienne^ Gasconjr, the Limousin, the town oXQaJais, &c. 3. A ransom of 3,000,000 golden crowns was to be paid for King John during the next six years. Troyes (1420). — Between Henry V. of England and Charles VI. of France. Chief terms : — 1. Henry was to receive the French Princess Catherine in marriage. 2. He should rule as Regent during the life of Charles. 54 synopsis of English history. 3. He should succeed to the throne of France on the death of Louis. 4. He was to re-unite Normandy to the French throne when he be came king. 5. He was to respect the rights and customs of the French people. Fecquigney (1475). — Between Edward IV. and Louis XI. of France. Chief terms : — 1. Louis should pay 75,000 crowns at once, and an annuity of 50,000 crowns during the life of Edward. 2. A seven years' truce should exist between the two countries. 3. The Dauphin should marry Elizabeth, Edward's eldest daughter. , ^^ Estaples (1492).— Between Henry VII. and Charles VIII. of France i-^^"^ A public treaty established peace and alliance between England and France. By a private treaty Charles was to pay Henry the sum of £149,000 on condition that Henry withdrew his army from France. Magnus Intercursus (1496). — Between England and Flanders. Henry VII., in order to drive Perkin Warbeck from the Netherlands, removed the cloth-market from Antwerp to Calais, and banished the Flemish merchants from England. This act put a stop to the Flemish trade. A commercial treaty was then agreed upon, by which Warbeck was expelled from Flanders and the trade between the two countries was established on a firmer footing. Mains Intercursus (1506) was a commercial treaty entered into by Eng land and France in the reign of Henry VII. Cateau Camhr^sis (1559). — Between Elizabeth, Henry II. of France, and Philip II. of Spain. Chief terms : — 1. France was to retain Boulogne and Calais. 2. Calais was to be restored to the English at the end of eight years, failing this France was to pay a sum of 500,000 crowns to England. 3. The payment of the fine did not cancel the obligation of the French ultimately to restore Calais. 4. France and Spain were to restore most of the conquests made during the war. Berwick (1639). — Charles I. in order to enforce his religious opinions on the Scots led an army northward. When he arrived at Berwick, seeing the many difficulties surrounding him, he entered into negotiations with the Scottish leaders. The Pacification of Ber wick was then entered upon stipulating that : — 1. The Scotch army should be disbanded. 2. The authority of the king should be acknowledged. 3. An assembly of divines should be summoned to settle the matters in dispute. PRINCIPAL TREATIES. ^5 Broda (1667). — Between England, France, Holland, and Denmark. Chief terms : — '1. England should retain possession of her conquests, Albany and New York. 2. Antigua and Montserrat should be restored to England. 3. France should receive Nova Scotia. Bipon (1667). — Charles called a council of peers at York, and laid before them the petition which the Scots had forwarded to him. This council recommended the calling of a Parliament and a consulta tion with the Scots so as to come to an amicable understanding. Charles acquiesced in their suggestion, and a committee of lords met eight commissioners appointed by the Covenanters. It was agreed that the negotiations should be transferred to London. In the meantime the Scots were to abstain from all acts of hostility on condition of receiving a weekly payment of £5600 till the differences between them and the king were adjusted, when they were to disband. The subsequent action of the English Parlia ment rendered the continuation of negotiations unnecessary. Triple Alliance (1668). — Between England, Holland, and Sweden against France : The object of this treaty was to preserve the balance of power, i.e. to prevent the French king acquiring by conquest a power that would be dangerous to the welfare of the other European states. Dover, secret treaty of (1670). — Between Charles II. and Louis XIV. of France. Chief terms : — 1. Charles should openly declare himself a Catholic. 2. He should fight for Louis against the Dutch. 3. He should support the Bourbon claim to the throne of Spain. 4. Louis bound himself to find the money required and an army to quell the English if they rebelled. Ryswiok (1697). — Between England, Holland, Spain, and Germany. Chief terms : — 1. William, Prince of Orange, be acknowledged as King of England. 2. Strasburg be annexed to France. 3. Holland, as a return for restoring Pondicherry to France, should receive from that country all the places taken from her by France during the war. 4. France should restore to Spain all its conquests in Catalonia and the Netherlands. 5. France and Great Britain mutually restored all conquests made during the war. 6. France bound herself not to favour tlie claims of James II. to the English throne. 56 SYNOPSIS of ENGLISH HISTORY. Utrecht (1713).— Between Great Britain, France, Prussia, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and Savoy. Chief terms : — 1. Louis XIV. should recognize the sovereignty of the Brunswick line. 2. He should cease to aid the Pretender. 3. He should dismantle the batteries of Dunkirk. 4. The English should retain Gibraltar, Minorca, Nova Scotia, New foundland, and Hudson's Bay. 5. The crowns of France and Spain should never be united. 6. England alone (by what was called the Assiento with Spain) should supply the Spanish American colonies with slaves for thirty years. Quadruple Alliance (1718). — Between Great Britain, France, Germany, and Holland : — This treaty was entered into in order to compel Philip of Spain to respect the terms of the treaty of Utrecht. Admiral Byng de stroyed the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro, and Philip, seeing that resistance was hopeless, sought peace with the four allies. The Triple Alliance (the second of this name), between Britain, France, and Holland, was concluded the preceding year for a similar object. Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). — Between Great Britain, France, and Holland. Chief terms : — 1 . A general restitution of all conquests between the three countries should be made. 2. The King of Prussia should retain Silesia. 3. Maria Theresa should be secured in her hereditary dominions. 4. The Protestant succession in England should be guaranteed. 5. The Pretender should be driven from France. 6. The Assiento Treaty (included in that of Utrecht) should be revived for four years. Paris I. (1763). — Between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal. Chief terms : — 1. England should retain Tobago, Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Cape Breton, the coasts and islands of the gulf and river of St. Lawrence, and all Canada. 2. The islands of Martinique, Guadaloupe, Mariegalante, and St. Lucia in the West Indies, and Goree in Africa, should be restored to France. 3. France should share in the fishery of Newfoundland, and occupy the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. 4. The river Mississippi should be the boundary between British and French America. 5. France was to restore Minorca to England and receive Belleisle in return. 6. Spain should receive Cuba from England, but concede the right to cut logwood in Honduras to the British. 7. England should acquire Senegal in Africa. PRINCIPAL TREATIES. 57 Versailles (1783). — Between Great Britain, America, France, and Spain. Chief terms : — 1. The independence of the United States should be acknowledged. 2. The right to participate in the Newfoundland fishery should be conceded to the Americans. 3. A boundary line between the States and British America was agreed upon. 4. The Eiver Mississippi should be thrown open to England and America. 5. England should restore the islands of St. Pierre, Miquelon, St. Lucia, Tobago, Goree, the factories on the Senegal, and the French possessions in Bengal and Pondicherry, to France. 6. England should cede Minorca and the Floridas to Spain. 7. France should hand over the islands of Grenada, St. Vincent, Dominica, St. Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat to England. 8. Spain should cede the islands of Providence and Bahama to Eng land. 9. England should retain the right of cutting logwood in the Bay of Honduras. 10. All conquests made from one another by England and Holland should be mutually restored. Amiens (1802). — Between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Holland. Chief terms : — 1. England should restore to France and her allies all conquests made by her during the war, except Trinidad and Ceylon. 2. France should recognize the independence of the Ionian Isles. 3. Malta should be given up to the Knights of St. John. 4. Egypt should be restored to the Ottoman Empire. 5. France should give up Naples and the Papal States. Paris II. (1814). — Between France and the Allies (England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia). Chief terms : — 1. The limits of France should be as in 1792 with some slight additions. 2. Holland should be under the House of Orange, and be extended (Belgium being added). 3. Germany and Italy should consist of independent states, and Switzerland should be acknowledged as independent. 4. The Maltese Islands should be restored to England. 5. England should restore to France all the colonies taken since 1792, with the exception of Tobago, St. Lucia, and the Isle of France. 6. France should have the right of fishing off Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 7. France should cede part of the Isle of St. Domingo to Spain. 8. Sweden should give up Guadaloupe to France. 9. Portugal should give up French Guiana to France. 58 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Paris III. (1815). — Between the allies and France it was now stipulated that : — 1. The limits of France should be reduced to the same as in 1790. 2. She should pay to the allied powers a war indemnity. 3. An allied army of occupation should be maintained in her frontier forts for five years at the French expense. 4. France should restore all works of art taken from the invaded countries. China (1840). — Between Great Britain and China. Chief terms: — 1. England should be indemnified for the expenses of the war, and the English merchants for the destruction of their property. 2. The ports of Amoy, Ningpo, Foo-choo, and Shanghai, in addition to Canton, should be thrown open to foreign trade. 3. Hong Kong should be ceded to England. (See also Chinese wars, page 47.) Berlin (1878). — A congress of the European powers, called on the sugges tion of the English government, met at Berlin and made the Treaty of Berlin, settling the affairs" of Turkey. By this treaty: — 1. Koumania, Servia, and Montenegro were made independent. 2. Bulgaria was made a free tributary state. 3. Eastern Eoumelia received a share of self-government and a Chris tian governor. 4. Greece was promised an extension of territory. 5. Bussia recovered the part of Bessarabia lost in 1856, and received Batflm, Ardahan, and Kars. PEINOIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. Charter of Liberties (1100).— Henry I., on usurping the crown of England, which belonged by right to his brother Bobert, published a charter of liberties promising to do away with many grievances. His intention, in doing this, was to please and conciliate the people. and gain them to his cause. The chief changes promised were :-=- -- 1. The abolition of Curfew Bell and Danegeld. 2. The Saxon portion ot his subjects should be governed by the laws in force dui-ing the reign of Edward the Confessor. 3. The barons should be relieved of part of the obligations exacted from them by the Feudal System. 4. The citizens of London had the following privileges granted to them; (a) The right of justice; (5) Trial by oath; and (c) Freedom from taxes on their trades. Constitutions of Clarendon (1164).— The chief provisions were that :— 1. Clergymen accused of crime against the laws should be tried in Vi the civil courts. -^ >. )N )/ rniKClPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 59 2. The king should be the final judge in ecclesiastical and spiritual appeals. 3. Clergymen holding lands of the crown should do homage for them, and contribute to the public burdens. 4. No ecclesiastical person should quit the country without the king's consent. 5. The revenues of vacant archbishoprics, bishoprics, and abbeys, should be paid to the king, and persons must not be elected to such dignities without the king's assent. 6. The king's tenants, in capite, should sue and be sued before the King's ju(%es. 7. It should be unlawful for prelates to excommunicate any one with out the royal permission. 8. The sons of viUeins might not be ordained without the consent of the lord of the land upon which they were born. Assize of Arms (1181). — By this act, which was framed for the protection of the country in times of war, every knight was compelled to provide himself with suitable arms — a shield, lance, and coat-of- maili, and every burgess to have a lance and an iron helmet. Assize of Forest (1184). — During the reign of Henry II. no person living in or near one of the king's forests was allowed to carry bows and arrows, or keep dogs unless specially permitted to do so. If a priest were found hunting in any of these forests he was liable to be called before a forest court composed of the nobles of the neighbourhood in which the forest was situated. Special justices were appointed to meet and report on the state of the forests. Magna Charta (1215). — The chief provisions were that : — 1. No freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, outlawed, or dispos sessed of land except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the laws of the land. 2. Taxes were not to be levied without the consent of the National Council. 3. The Court of Common Pleas should be stationary, and not follow the king's person. 4. The king should not sell, delay, nor deny justice to anyone. 5. Foreign merchants should be allowed to reside in or depart from England at pleasure. 6. The standard of all weights and measures should be the same throughout the kingdom. 7. The charters of London and other cities be confirmed. This document has been confirmed by Act of Parliament thirty-two times. 60 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Charter of Forests (1217).— When Henry IIL subscribed Magna Charta in a revised form the laws relating to forests and other game lands were issued as a separate law. This law provided that : — 1. The land taken in to form part of a royal forest, since the accession of John, should be thrown open, and outlawries for offences against the forest laws incurred within that period were reversed. 2. Twelve knights were to be chosen in each county court to inquire into forest abuses. 3. Capital punishment for deer slaying should be abolished ; the crime being punishable by fine or imprisonment. At the expiration of the term of confinement, which was a year and a day, sureties for his future good conduct were to be provided by the offender or he was banished the realm. Provisions of Oxford (1258) provided that : — 1. Four knights should come to Parliament to represent the free holders of every county. 2. Sheriffs should be elected annually by vote. 3. Accounts of the public money should be given every year. 4. Parliament should meet three times a year, viz., in February, June, and October. Mise of Lewes (1264). — After the battle of Lewes when Henry was taken prisoner, a treaty called the Mise of Lewes was drawn up. The provisions, however, were not carried out. They were that : — 1. Edward, son of Henry III., and Henry, son of the King of the Romans, should become hostages for their respective fathers. 2. The prisoners taken should be mutually set free without any ransom being exacted. 3. All matters in dispute should be settled at the next Parliament, or, if not then amicably arranged, should be referred to arbitrators appointed by three prelates and three nobles of France. Dictum of Kenilworth (1266), sometimes called the Award of Kenilworth, was an agreement entered into between the king and the barons. Its chief conditions were that : — 1. The rebels should be pardoned, and possession of their forfeited estates might be gained by the payment of a sum of money to the actual occupants, varying in amount from one to seven years' purchase. 2. The liberties of the church should be respected, and the terms of Magna Charta obeyed by the king. Assize of Bread and Ale (1266). — This remarkable act was passed in the latter part of the reign of Henry III., and regulated the price and quality of bread and ale. Offenders against this law were punished by being put in the pillory or on the ducking-stool. Dealers in flesh or fish were also made liable to punishment if any of their stores were unwholesome. ^ PRINCIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 61 Statute of Mortmain (1279). — This statute was passed in the reign of Edward I. to check the growing power of the church. By this act no lands could be granted to the church without the king's license. \^ The clergy soon found a plan to evade the law, and the practice ^ was not finally suppressed till the reign of Richard III., when the third Statute of Mortmain was passed. Confirmatio Chartarum (1298). — Notwithstanding that the Magna Charta prohibited the levying of arbitrary exactions by the king ; Edward I. laid heavy impositions on articles of commerce, on wool in par- ticulr r. The Commons, however, compelled him to renounce any right of taxing the nation without its consent as given through the Parliament. The above was called the Confirmation of the Charters. Amongst the provisions of this act were that : — 1. The Charters of Liberties and Forests should be confirmed. 2. Copies of these charters should be sent to chief magistrates in the realm. 3. Copies should also be kept in cathedral churches and publicly read twice a year. 4. Any judgment contrary to these charters should be declared null and void. 5. No aids or taxes should be levied except with the common consent of the realm expressed through Parliament. Lords Ordainers (1310) was a committee of twenty-one nobles (eight earls, seven bishops, and six barons) appointed to manage the king's (Edward II.) household, and to reform the government. They enacted that : — 1. The king should not make war nor leave the kingdom without the consent of the nobles. 2. The regent, during his absence, should be chosen by ParUament. 3. Officers of state should be appointed with the advice and consent of Parliament. Statutes of Labourers (1349, 1351). — The first enacted that all able-bodied men and women must work, and settled that labourers and crafts men were to receive the same wages as the average of some recent years. The second act set forth a fixed scale of wages both for labourers and other workmen, and further limited the sphere of labour for these men to their own locality, with the exception of the men of Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Craven, and the border districts of Scotland and Wales. Statute of Treason (1351). — This important act limited treason to the following offences : — 1. Plotting against the life of the king, queen, or heir-apparent, within the boundaries of his realm. 2. Levying war against the king. 62 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 3. Aiding the king's enemies within the realm. 4. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Lord Chancellor. I 5. Murdering any of the king's greater officers in the discharge of their duty. Statute of Provisors (1353). — This act, being levelled at the authority of the pope, provided that : — 1. No person, ecclesiastical or layman, should alienate the proceeds of a benefice. 2. The pope had no authority to remove an English bishop from his see, under the pretext of translating him to a diocese in partibus infidelium. 3. No person should procure a nomination to a benefice from Rome. Statute of Kilkenny (1367). — This act made the marriage of an English subject with a native of Ireland treason, and punished all who adopted the names, dress, or language of the Irish with imprison ment and loss of estates or other property. Statute of Praemunire (1392). — This statute forbade the purchasing at Rome or elsewhere of excommunications, bulls, or other instru ments. Persons so offending should forfeit their lands and goods to the king, and they themselves were to be attached by their bodies to answer to the king and his council for their offence. It also made null and void John's submission to the pope — that sub mission being without the concurrence of Parliament. .--^ Statute of Drogheda or Poyning's Law (1495).— When Perkin Warbeck was driven from Flanders in consequence of the treaty, he sailed to Ireland and attempted to raise a revolt in Cork. Owing to the firm rule instituted by Sir Edward Poyning, the lord-deputy, Warbeck was unsuccessful and was compelled to turn his steps to Scotland. The act known as Poyning's Law enacted that : — 1. All former English laws should have force in Ireland. 2. No bill should be submitted to the Irish Parliament unless it had first received the assent of the English Parliament. 3. Previous to the holding of the Irish Parliament the consent of the English sovereign should be obtained. Beformation Acts. — The chief parliamentary decrees passed during the reign of Henry VIII. relating to the change of religion are as follows : — 1. Henry VIII. declared head of the church in 1531. 2. Payment of "First Fruits " to the pope abolished, 1532. 3. The Parliament of 1633 forbade appeals to the pope. 4. In 1564 Henry was declared "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England." PRINCIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 63 Act of Six Articles (1539— repealed in 1547), called also the "Bloody Statute " on account of the persecution which followed their being made law, declared that on pain of death all persons should be lieve : — 1. In Transubstantiation — or that the real body of Christ is present in the Lord's Supper. 2. Priests or professed nuns should not marry. 3. Communion in one kind only is necessary. 4. Vows of chastity should be kept. 5. Private masses should be retained. 6. Auricular confession is necessarj'. Petition of Bight (1628). — This was a petition declaring that the people of England had certain rights secured them by ancient statute, that these had recently been infringed, and praying for a redress of grievances. 1. Persons refusing to advance money to the king, unless required to do so by act of Parliament, should not be imprisoned, questioned, or otherwise molested, for their refusal. 2. Persons should not be imprisoned, outlawed, or in any way punished except by the established law of the land, and that it was con trary to the statutes of the realm for the king to commit any one to prison without a specific charge being made against him. 3. Soldiers should not be billeted in private houses against the will of the owners, as had recently been done. 4. That commissions for trying offenders by martial law should no longer be in force, and some persons had wrongfully been put to death under martial law, while notorious offenders had been allowed to escape. To the above provisions Charles commanded to be added "The king willeth that right be done according to the laws of the land and customs of the realm, and that the statute be put in due execution ; that his subjects may have no cause to complain of any wrong or oppression contrary to their just rights and liberties, to the preser vation whereof he holds himself as well obliged as of his preroga tive." National Covenant (1638). — A covenant signed by the Scotch, declaring that they would oppose the revival of Catholicism and religious innova tions in Scotland. It was followed in 1643 by the Solemn League and Covenant, by which Presbyterian ism was to become the reli gion of England as well as Scotland. Instrument of Government (1653). — By this document Cromwell was created Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scot land, and Ireland. Amongst the forty-two articles the following are the chief. That ; — 64 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. 1. The supreme power should be vested in a protector and the Parlia ment. 2. The protector should be advised by a council of not more than twenty-one nor less than thirteen. 3. All writs should be issued in his name. 4. War should be declared and peace concluded by him and his council. 5. Parliament should be summoned in every third year, and should sit at least five months. 6. Laws passed by the Parliament should receive the assent of the protector; but if he withheld his consent, after the lapse of twenty days were to become law without his signature. Declaration from Breda (by Charles IL, 1660) promised that: — 1. A general pardon should be granted to all persons — save those who should afterwards be excepted by Parliament — who should return to their obedience within forty days. 2. All differences about the grants, sales, and purchases of disputed estates should be settled in Parliament. 3. Parliament should deal with the question of arrears in the army. 4. No man should be disquieted for differences in religion that did not disturb the peace of the kingdom. The so-called Clarendon Code includes the following four acts, passed during the administration and by the advice of the Earl of Clarendon : — I. Corporation Act (1661), enacting that all members of Corporations should : — 1. Renounce the Solemn League and Covenant. 2. Declare that it is unlawful, under any circumstances, to take up arms against the sovereign. 3. Take the sacrament according to the rites of the Church of England, within at least one year of their election. II. Act of Uniformity (1662). — This act provided that : — 1. All ministers, schoolmasters, and others should publicly declare their assent and consent to the articles and canons of the estab lished church. 2. AU ministers should be ordained by the bishops, and use the Book of Common Prayer. III. Conventicle Act (1664) declared : — That any person present at a religious meeting not held according to the rules of the established church should be imprisoned for a term of three months for the first offence,, six months for the second, and seven years for the third. ' PRINCIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 65 IV. Five Mile Act (1665) enacted :— That all ministers should take the oath of passive obedience, and swear not to attempt any alteration in church or state. Those who refused compliance were declared incapable of teaching in schools, and prevented from coming within fiv^ miles of any cor porate town except when travelling. Coventry Act (1671). — This act rendered it felony to maliciously disfigure a person. It was occasioned by a cruel outrage committed upon Sir John Coventry. During a debate in Parliament he had sneered at the profligacy of Charles II. He was afterwards way laid by a gang of ruffians, under the direction of the Duke of Monmouth, who slit his nose. Test Act (1673). — This act, though directed chiefly against the Catholics, really affected all Nonconformists. It provided that all persons who held public appointments — civil or military — should : — 1. Take the oath of Supremacy; 2. Take an oath against Transubstantiation ; and 3. Publicly receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the established church. By this law all Catholics were excluded from office — the Duke of York, an avowed Catholic, resigned his post as Lord High Admiral Habeas Corpus Act (1679). — This act declared that : — 1. All persons, except those charged with treason or felony, could demand from one of the judges a writ of Habeas Corpus, directing the jailer to bring them before him so that the legality of their detention might be tested. 2. All persons charged with treason or felony must be tried at the next sessions after commitment or else admitted to bail ; and if not tried at the second sessions after commitment must be discharged. 3. No person could be recommitted for the same offence. 4. No person was to be sent as a prisoner to Scotland, Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, or any place beyond the seas within or without the king's dominions. 5. Heavy penalties be imposed on all those who violate the provisions of this act. Declaration of Indulgence (1687-88). — This act granted full toleration to Presbyterians, Quakers, and Roman Catholics to worship in their own way in houses or chapels. It also suspended the penal laws against the Catholics. James II. ordered this declaration to be read in all the churches on two stated days. The clergy in general refused to comply with the illegal command, and the Primate Sancroft, with six bishops (Lloyd, of St. Asaph ; Ken, of Bath and Wells; Turner, of Ely; Lake, of Chichester 5 White, of Peter- (182) E 66 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. borough ; and Trelawny, of Bristol), drew up a petition protesting against the " Indulgence." They were committed to the Tower, but after a week's imprisonment were liberated on bail. Toleration Act (1689). — This act exempted dissenters from the penalties of the existing statutes on religion, and enabled their ministers to conduct public worship on making certain subscriptions and declarations. Meeting-houses were to be registered and protected by law. The only religious bodies excluded from the benefit of this act were"^ i the Catholics and such sects as denied the doctrine of the Trinity. J Bill of Eights (1689). — This bill or declaration was handed to William^aiid Mary when the crown of England was tendered to them fofmally. \ It declared that : — 1. It is illegal to suspend laws without the consent of Parliament. 2. The pretended power of dispensing with laws, as it had been exer cised of late, is illegal. / 3. The commission for creating the late court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes is illegal. / 4. It is illegal to levy taxes without the consent of Parliament. 6. Subjects have a right to petition the king. 6. It is illegal to maintain a standing army, in times of peace, witli out the consent of Parliament. 7. Protestant subjects may carry arms for their defence. 8. Election of members of Parliament ought to be free. 9. Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament ought not to be ques- \ tioned out of Parliament. i 10. Excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines im posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 11. Juries ought to be impartially selected. 12. Grants of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal. 13. For the redress of grievances Parliament ought to be held fre quently. This bill also settled the succession to the throne on the Princess Anne in default of children of Mary, and declared that no Roman Catho lic or person married to a Roman Catholic could occupy the English throne. / — BiU of Abjuration (1690). — Early in the reign of William III. a bill was introduced into Parliament enacting that every person holding any office — civil, military, or ecclesiastical — should, under pain of de privation, solemnly abjure the exiled king (James IL) and take an oath of fidelity to the constitution as then established. Failing to do this they were to be put in prison and kept there till they were willing to take the oath. This bill, after being fully discussed, was withdrawn. PRINCIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 67 Bond of Association (1698). — This document was drawn up in consequence of the plot to assassinate William IIL and to restore James II. to the throne of England. It declared that : — 1. William III. was the rightful sovereign. 2. If he were assassinated, those whose names were appended to the declaration would avenge his death. All the members of both Houses of Parliament — with the exception of fifteen peers and ninety -two commoners — and a great proportion of the male population signed this agreement. Act of Settlement (1701). — By this act Anne was to succeed William ; and if she died without issue, the heirs of William were to succeed ; in failure of these the Electress Sophia — the next in succession — who held the Protestant faith, was to become sovereign. The following clauses were inserted, which were to take effect from the accession of the new line : — 1. The sovereign must join in communion with the Church of England. 2. The nation shall not be obliged to go to war for the defence of any dominions not belonging to the English crown. 3. No English sovereign shall leave the country without the consent of Parliament (this provision was repealed during the reign of George I.). 4. All important matters of state are to be transacted in the Privy- council, and all resolutions adopted, signed by such of the Privy- council as shall advise and consent to the same. 5. No foreigner shall hold any office or place of profit under the crown. 6. No person holding any office or place of profit under the crown, or receiving a pension therefrom, shall be capable of sitting in the House of Commons. 7. Judges shall hold office during good behaviour, but they may be removed on address of both Houses of Parliament. 8. No pardon granted by the crown shall be pleadable to an impeach ment by the Commons. — -^ Act of Union of England and Scotland (1707). — This act included twenty- five articles, of which the chief were that : — 1. On the first of May, 1707, and for ever after, the kingdoms of England and Scotland should be united into one kingdom, under the name of Great Britain. 2. The succession of the United Kingdom should remain to the Princess Sophia and her heirs, being Protestants. 3. Both nations should have full freedom of trade, and should enjoy equal rights and privileges, except where otherwise agreed. 4. Scotland should retain the Presbyterian Church, her own Municipal Laws, and her own Courts of Justice. 5, The United Kingdom should be governed by one Parliament. 68 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 6. Sixteen peers and forty-five commoners should represent Scotland in Parliament. 7. The regulations relating to trade, customs, and excise should be the same in both countries, and that Scotland should pay one fortieth of the land-tax paid by England. 8. All British ports and colonies should be open to Scottish traders. Biot Act (1716). — This act was passed in consequence of the tumults and riots that took place on the accession of George I. It is still in force, and provides, that if any persons to the number of twelve or more, meet for the purpose of disturbing the peace, and a magis trate or other officer reads an order commanding them to disperse, all who remain after that order shall be guilty of felony. Peerage Bill (1719). — By this bill it was desired to limit the royal pre rogative of creating peers. It provided that the number of peers should not be increased beyond six more than the existing number. No new peers were to be elected, excepting in the case of royal princes, unless an old peerage had become extinct. Scotland was to have twenty-five hereditary peers instead of sixteen elective. The bill was rejected in the Commons by a large majority (267 against, 177 for the bill). Act of Union with Ireland (1800). — This act stipulated that : — 1. From Jan. 1st, 1801, the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ire land should be united into one kingdom, and called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 2. There shall be one Parliament for the United Kingdoms. 3. The people of Ireland should be represented by thirty-two peers and a hundred commoners. 4. The twenty-eight temporal lords should be elected for life, the spiritual lords sit by rotation of Sessions, and the commoners be elected for each Parliament. 5. The same commercial privileges should obtain in both kingdoms. 6. Ireland should pay two-seventeenths towards the national ex penditure. , 7. The churches of England and Ireland should be united in one Pro testant Episcopal Church. 8. The laws and courts of each kingdom should remain unaltered except by act of Parliament. Begenoy Acts. 1. In 1811, owing to the insanity of George IIL, the Parliament in vested Prince George with regal power, restricting his prerogative of granting peerages, pensions, &c. 2. In 1830 a Regency Bill was introduced, making arrangements in case the throne became vacant whilst the Princess Victoria was under age. PRINCIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 69 3. In 1840 another Regency Bill was passed, appointing Prince Albert as regent in case of the queen's death before the next lineal descendant came of age. The Six Laws (1819), passed shortly after the dispersion by military force of the Manchester Reformers, were : — 1. For the more speedy execution of justice. 2. To prevent unauthorized military training. - p t. ' [^ 3. To punish profane and seditious libels. U' 4. For seizing arms. 5. For repressing libels. 6. To prevent seditious meetings and assemblies. Bepeal of Test and Corporation Acts (1828). — The bill for the repeal of these statutes, which had been passed in the reign of Charles IL, was introduced by Lord John Russell, and carried, after consider able opposition. Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829). — By this act all penal laws against the Catholics were repealed. The Catholics were placed on the same political footing as the Protestants. A different form of oath was substituted for that of Supremacy, and there were no offices from which Catholics were excluded, with the exception of the Lord Chancellorship and the Lord Lieutenantship of Ireland. As a. security the franchise in Ireland was raised from forty shillings to ten pounds. First Beform Bill (1832). — Whilst not increasing the total number of members of Parliament, this bill redistributed them in such a way that a fairer representation of the country was ensured. Its chief provisions were : — 1. To disfranchise places unduly represented (by this, fifty-six parlia mentary boroughs having populations under 2000 were disfran chised; and thirty with populations under 4000 returning two members were now allowed only one). 2. To enfranchise important places, such as, Birmingham, Leeds, Man chester, Sheffield, etc., hitherto unrepresented — and to increase the number of boroughs. (Of the 143 vacancies occasioned fifty-five were given to thickly populated counties and the remainder to forty-three newly created boroughs). 3. The franchise was extended to all tenants of lands paying a rental of £60 a year, and in towns to £10 householders. The time of election was reduced from fifteen to two days in coun ties, and in all cities and boroughs to one day. Poor Law Bill (1834). — The rate levied to support the poor had risen as high as £7,000,000 a year, and much of this sum was expended on the support of strong men and women who were too idle to 70 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. work. This act was passed to remedy this evil. The chief pro visions were that : — 1. Outdoor relief should be reduced. 2. Small parishes should form themselves into unions and have one common poorhouse. 3. These Local Boards be placed under the superintendence of the government. Melbourne Administration. The chief measures of this cabinet were : — I. The Municipal Corporation Act (1836), which secured to the people of corporate towns the right to elect councillors who elected the magistrates from among themselves; and provided that non-cor porate towns might be incorporated by petition to the privy -council. II. The Tithes Commutation Act (1836), by which tithes were ordered to be paid in money — the sum payable to be estimated on the average price of com during the preceding seven years. III. The Marriage Act (1836) made it lawful to marry otherwise than according to the ceremony of the Church of England. IV. The Begistration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages Act (1836) rendered it imperative, on pain of fine, to register births, deaths, and marriages within a certain time. Fenny Postage (1840). — This law, reducing the postage of a letter within the realm from one shilling to a penny, was passed in 1839, and became law in 1840. Its originator. Sir Rowland Hill, spent most of his time advocating the reduced system. Bepeal of Corn Laws (1846). — The high duty payable on foreign com — which, in the mistaken notion that it was to the interest of the farmers to keep up the price of corn at home — had been imposed, was reduced to a shilling a quarter. India Bill (1868). — At the end of the Indian mutiny a bill was passed by the English Parliament for the future government of India. The chief terms of this bill were that : — 1 . The government of India should be transferred from the East India Company to the queen. 2. The control should be vested in a secretary of state and a council of eighteen, half of whom should be chosen by the crown. Second Beform Bill (1867).— The Reform Bill of 1832 had been found un satisfactory by drawing a hard-and-fast line at householders paying a rent of £10. The new bill conferred the franchise on: — 1. Householders paying poor-rates. 2. "Lodgers occupying rooms with a rental of £10 a year or more. 3. In counties to persons having a freehold valued at £5 yearly, or occupying lands or tenements rated at £12 a year. It provided also for a redistribution of seats, by which boroughs with PRINCIPAL LAWS AND LEGAL ENACTMENTS. 71 a population of less than 5000 were disfranchised and joined to their respective counties; all boroughs with a population of from 5000 to 10,000 were allowed one member only. The seats thus gained were conferred upon places of importance which had risen since the passing of the First Reform Act. Similar acts for Ireland and Scotland were passed the following year, Scotland receiving seven additional members. Irish Church Act (1869).— The Act of Union (1800) provided, " That the churches of England and Ireland should be united into one Pro testant Episcopal Church," but as most of the Irish people were Roman Catholics, many took exception to the continuance of a Protestant established church. Mr. Gladstone accordingly got an act passed for its disestablishment and disendowment. The Elementary Education Act (1870) contained provisions to the effect that : — 1. School Boards should be formed in districts where sufficient school accommodation did not exist. 2. These were empowered to erect and maintain schools out of a rate levied for that purpose. 3. The Boards could make attendance at school compulsory on children between the ages of five and thirteen. 4. The School Boards were left free to teach religion or not in their schools; but no catechism or dogma was to be taught. 5. In all schools — voluntary and Board — parents were to have the right of withdrawing their children from the religious instruction. First Irish Land Bill (1870).— By this act :— 1. Landlords, on ejecting a tenant, were to pay him a certain sum of money as compensation. 2. Tenants could claim for improvements effected by them. 3. The poor-rate was to be paid in certain proportions by both the landlord and tenant. Ballot Act (1872). — The operation of this bill was restricted to eight years in order that the results of the experiment might be fairly tested; but it has been continued. It provides that : — 1. A system of secret voting by ballot should be established, vote. being recorded by means of voting-papers. 2. The public nomination of candidates is abolished, the nomination being now by written papers. Boyal Marriage Act (1872). — This law prohibits the marriage of any of the royal family before the age of twenty-five, without the consent of the ruling sovereign. After having attained the stipulated age, a notice of twelve months' duration must be given, and if not petitioned against by both Houses of Parliament, the marriage may be completed. 72 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Public Worship Act (1874) was passed by a Conservative government, under the Earl of Beaconsfield (then Mr. Disraeli), for the better administration of the Public Worship Law, and restricting the holders of benefices in the Established Church of England as to the manner of conducting service. Second Irish Land Act (1881). — This act granted to Irish agricultural tenants the three advantages known as fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale of their interest in their holdings. Parties dissatisfied with their rents may have them judicially fixed at what is deemed the reasonable sum by a Court of Land Commissioners. LITERARY MEN. I.— ANGLO-SAXON PEEIOD. Name and Dates. Class of Wkitek. PEKSONAL Notes. Education. Chief Wokks. Gaedmon, Poet. The most ancient Religious poetry on died about English poet ; the Creation, and 680. lived at the monastery of Whitby. other portions of Scripture history. BedeorBeda, Historian, Called -The Ven In the mon History of the Church 673-736. theologi erable, 'born in asteries of of the Angles (Latin), an and the bishopric of Wearmouth 731; Chronicle from poet Durham, passed and Jarrow, the Creation ; a his life in the and received translation of St monastery of instruction John's Gospel, &c. Jarrow. Wrote from John 1 chiefly in Latin. of Beverley. Alfred, Translator. Surnamed 'The Translated .^sop's 849-901. Great," King of England. He founded a school at Oxford. Fables, the Psalms, Bede's History, and other works, into the Anglo-Saxon tongue. Alcuinus General. The teacher and Monastery of Wrote many works on (Flaccus Al- friend of Char York. theology. A large binus), lemagne; made number of letters 736-804. abbot of Tours in 796. Wrote in Latin. written by him were published by Fro- ben in 1777, in 2 vols. folio. Plegmund, Historian. Archbishop of Commenced the An died 923. Canterbury. glo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of the princi pal historical events up to the time of Alfred ; afterwards continued to the year 1164. This work was copied from re cords kept in various monasteries and com piled by several monks. Aelfric, Theologian, Archbishop of Homilies; Anglo-Sax 950-1006 (?). grammarian, and translator. Canterbury. on and Latin Gram mar, &c. LITERARY MEN. 73 II.— NOEMAN PEEIOD. Name and Dates. CLASS OF Wkitek. Personal Notes. Education. CHIEF Wokks. Geoftey of Historian. Born at Mon His chief work, Monmouth, mouth and ' Chronioon sive His- died about raised to the see toria Britonum,' be 1168. ofStAsaphs,he, however,retiredfrom his bishop ric to the mon astery of Abing don. Wrote in Latin. ing full of legend ary tales, is of very little value histori cally. William of Historian. A Benedictine Monastery of * Gesta Regum Anglo- Mahnesbuxy, monk of Malmes- Malmesbury. rum,' a general his died about bury, and libra tory of England, from 1143. rian to the monks. Wrote in Latin. 449 to 1126; a contin uation of the above to 1142 called 'His- toriae Novellae;' biographies of Dun stan, St Patrick, and 1 St. Wulstan. III.— PLANTAGENET PEEIOD. Name and Dates. CLASS OF Wkitek. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Layamon, Poet A priest of Arley The 'Brut (History) of 1160-1210. Regis, Worces tershire. England,' a rhyming chronicle. Geoftey Poet Called the 'Fa The Univer 'Canterbury Tales' Chaucer, ther of English sities of Ox (1384-1390), a poeti 1328 (more Poetry;' friend ford and cal work comprising probably of JohnofGaunt; Cambridge. a series of stories 1340) to held several supposed to be told 1400. diplomatic and other appoint ments. Trav elled on the Continent. Bur ied in Westmin ster Abbey. by a party of pil grims; 'Legends of Good Women;' 'The Flower and the Leaf;' 'The Court of Love;' ' The House of Fame,' &c. Sir John de Travels. Travelled in Ori Wrote an account of Mandeville, ental countries thirty-four years 1300-1372. in 1327-1360. Died at Liege. May be consi dered the first writer of Eng lish prose. spent in visiting the Holy Land, Egypt, India, &c. Williamlong- Poet. A secular priest Oriel College Supposed to be the land, 1332- who espoused (Oxon.). author of 'Piers 1400. the doctrines of Wicklitle. Plowman' (1362), a curious poem con taining severe re flections on the clergy. 74 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Plantagenet Period — Continued. NAME AND Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. EDUCATION. Chief Works. John Wiok- Theology. The morning star Oxford, at His life work was the lifPe, 1324- of the Reforma tended the translation of the 1384. tion, professor lectures of Bible from the Latin of divinity at Bradwar- Vulgate mto the Baliol College dine at Mer English language (Oxon.), he took ton College. (1380). Wrote also an active part tracts and sermons. m the contest between the mendicant or ders and the university, and between the crown and the James I., Poet. papacy. King of Scot Wrote 'The King's 1394^1437. land, son of Robert III. When on his way to school in France his vessel was taken by an English war ship, and he was impri soned for eight een years, dur ing which time he was carefully educated. Quhair' (or book), a poem of about 1400 lines written in praise of lady Jane Beau fort, whom he after wards married. John Lyd- Poet Was a Benedic Oxford Uni 'The Story ot Thebes;' gate, 1373- tine monk of versity. 'The Falls ofPrinces;' 1460. Bury St. Ed munds. He tra velled in France and Italy, and on his return founded a school of poetry. 'The Destruction of Troy.' Sir John For- Law. An eminent judge Studied at 'De laudibus Legum tescue (flour and writer on Lincoln's Anglise,' and 'Abso ished about the law, became Inn. lute and Limited 1460). lord chief-jus tice of Ireland and principal councillor in the court of Henry VL The first English Monarchy.' William Cax Translator Translations from the ton, 1412- and gen printer. Served French, and a few 1491. eral wri his time as a direct from the Latin, ter. mercer, went and settled at Bruges, where he learned the art of printing, probably from Colard Mansion. Returning to England he set up his press at others being original compositions. The first hook issued in England by Caxton was probably 'The Game and Playe of the Chesse," 1474 ; the next ' The Dictes and Sayings of Phil osophers,' 1477. Westminster. LITERARY MEN. 75 TUDOE PEEIOD. Name and Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. EDUCATION. CHIEP Works. Sir Thomas Philosophi Lord High-chan Oxford Uni ' Utopia'Cno place'),one Uore, 1480- cal and cellor, the first versity. of his earliest works. 1535. controver layman ap - in which he pictures sial. pointed to this office; beheaded by Henry VIII. for denying the king's suprem acy in the church. a fanciful scheme of perfect government, first written in Latin ; 'History of Edward V. and his Brother and Richard HI.' (1513). William Tyn- Translator Oneoftheearliest Oxford Uni Translated the New dale, 1477- and theo English reform versity. Testament (printed 1636. logian. ers, was obliged to leave his uni versity on ac count of having imbibed the doc trines ofLuther. He was impris oned at Ant werp, and after two years' con finement was strangled and burned for her at Antwerp in 1626), and the Five Books of Moses (1530); wrote 'The Wicked Mam mon,' and 'The True Obedience of a Chris tian.' Thomas Cran Theologi esy. By suggesting to Jesus College, He furthered the in mer, 1489- cal. Henry VIIL the Cambridge. terests of the Refor 1666. propriety of re ferring the di vorce to the judgmentof the universities he became a fav ourite with the king. He was made Archbish op of Canter bury. During the reign of Mary, was de prived of office, and buined at the stake. mation by framing the ' Liturgy,' the ' Book of Twelve Ho milies,' the 'Articles ot Religion,' &c. Richard Hook Theologi An eminent Corpus Christi A controversy between er, 1563- cal. Church of Eng College, Ox Hooker and the puri 1600. land divine, ap pointed Master of the Temple in 1585, from 1591 a quiet country rector. ford. tan Walter Travers is said to have caused the publication of Hooker's great work 'The Laws of Eccle siastical Polity,' the first four books of which appeared in 1593. His sermons on 'Justification by Faith,' and on the ' Perpetuity of Faith in God's Elect,' are considered the best defences of the doc trines they discuss. 76 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Tudor Period — Continued. NAME AND Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Wokks. John Foxe, Biographi Expelled from his Oxford Uni Foxe was the author of 1517-1687. cal and college in the versity. many controversial theologi reign of Henry and other works, but cal. VIII. for adopt ing the Protes tant doctrines; reinstated in his fellowship, and received a pre- bendal stall in the cathedral of Salisbury in the reign of Eliza beth. the only one now read is his 'Acts and Monu ments of the Church ' ( 1663 ), commonly known as 'Foxe's Book of Martyrs,' which gives a 'his tory of the troubles wrought and prac tised by Romish pre lates, specially in this realm of England.' Sir Philip Sid Poet and Ranks as one of Oxford and 'A Defence of Poesy' ney, 1564- romance the most accom Cambridge (1681); 'Sonnets and 1586. writer. plished states men and writers of his age. He became a fav ourite of Queen Elizabeth, and took part in the campaign of 1586 against the Spaniards, dur ing which he was slain near Zutphen. Universities. Poems; ' and the cele brated pastoral ro mance of 'Arcadia' (1680). Edmund Spen Poet. He was appointed Pembroke 'The Shepherds' Calen ser, 1652- secretary to the College, dar" (1579), a rustic 1699. viceroy of Ire land, and re ceived the grant of the estate of Kilcolman (co. Cork), where he lived till the re bellion of Ty rone forced him to return to England. Cambridge. poem containing a pastoral for each month of the year; 'The Faerie Queene' (1686 and later years, left incomplete), an allegorical poem written in a stanza of nine lines — called the Spenserian— for which he received a pension ot £50 a year; 'The Tears of the Muses ; ' • Mother Hubbard's Tale," a political satire, &c. Sir Walter Historian. Eminent as a sol Oriel College, 'The History of the Raleigh, dier, sailor, dis Oxford. World' (1614) (writ 1562-1618. coverer, author, and courtier Established the colony ot Vir ginia. Executed for treason. ten during a confine ment ot thirteen years), a work which is still much admired, giving a history of the world from the earliest times to near the beginning of the Christian era. He also wrote political and other pieces. LITERARY MEN. 77 TuDOR Period — Continued. Name and dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Christopher Dramatic Son of a shoe King's School, Dramas of 'Tambur- Marlowe, poet. maker; lived a Canterbury ; laine the Great;' 1664-1593. wild life; Bennet Col ' Doctor Faustus ; ' stabbed in a lege, Cam ' Jew of Malta; ' 'Ed tavern brawl. bridge. ward II.' The greatest dramatist be fore Shakspere. The prince of dra WilUam Shak- Dramatic Free Gram He wrote thirty-seven spere, 1664- poet. matists, an actor mar School, plays between 1591 1616. and theatre pro- prietor,amassed a considerable fortune, and bought property at Stratford-on- Avon his native town. Pew par ticulars regard ing his lite are known with cer tainty. Stratford. and 1614, also son nets and other poems ; particularly ' Venus and Adonis,' and •The Rape ot Lu- crece.' The names of his plays are too well known to require mention here. STUAET PEEIOD. Name and Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chiep Wokks. Francis Bacon Philosophi Rose into favour Trinity Col His chief works are his (Baron Veru- cal and through the in lege, Cam 'Essays' (fifty-eight 1am), 1561- scientific. terest of the bridge. in number, 1626), or 1626. Earl of Essex, and, during the reign of James I., passed through all the highest legal offices till, m 1618, he be came lord-chan cellor. He was tried before the House of Lords (1621)forreceiv-ing bribes, re moved from the woolsack with disgrace, and exiled from the court 'Councils, Civil and Moral;' 'Novum Or- ganum' (1620); 'De Augmentis Scientia- rum;' 'Wisdom ot the Ancients ; ' ' His tory of Henry VII;' and 'New Atlantis, a philosophical ro mance.' IHchael Dray Poet Passed an un Oxford Uni ' Shepherd's Garland ;' ton, 1563- eventful life. versity. ' Barons' Wars ; ' 1631. Patronized by the Countess ot Bedford, the Barl of Dorset, and others. 'England's Heroical Epistles ; ' ' Polyol- bion,' a poetical de scription ot Britain; and 'Nymphidia,' a pleasing fairy tale in verse. 78 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Stuart Period — Continued. Name and Dates. Class op Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Ben Jonson, 1573-1637. Dramatist and poet. Robert Her- rick, 1591- 1674. Jeremy Tay lor, 1613- 1667. John Slilton, 1608-1674. Lyrical poet. Theologi cal. Poet. Son of a clergy man; a friend of Shakspere; for short periods a bricklayer, sol dier, and actor; latterly poet- laureate. Buried in Westminster Abbey with the epitaph ' O rare Ben Jonson I ' Generally rank ed next to Shak spere. Vicar of Dean Prior, in Devon shire — expelled by Cromwell, reinstated at the Restoration. Favourite of ArchbishopLaud; Vicar of Upping ham ; attached himself to Roy alist side; taught a school In Wales; at Re storation made Bishop of Down and Connor, Dromore also being added ; and chancellor of Dublin Uni versity. The greatest epic poet of modern ages. Son of a London scriven er, travelled in France and Italy, in 1649 appointed Lat in secretary to the council of state, and later on secretary to Cromwell, re ceived amnesty at the Restora tion. From the end of 1652 he was quite blind. Westminster School and CambridgeUniversity. St. John's College and Trinity Hall, Cambi'idge. Caius Col lege, Cam bridge,where he took his de gree ; ob tained a fellowship at Oxford. St. Paul's School.Lon- don ; Christ's College,Cambridge. The plays : * Every Man in His Hu mour' (1596) ; ' Every Man Out of His Hu mour; ' ' The Alchem ist ;' ' Se janus ; ' * Cyn thia's Revels ; ' ' Poet aster;' 'Volpone, or the Fox;' 'Epicene, or the Silent Wo man;' 'Catiline;' and various lyrical and descriptive poems. Noble Numbers,' or Pious Pieces- (1647) ; ' Hesperides ' (1648), a collection of poems, aome of them reli gious and moral, others verymuch the reverse. ¦ Discourse of the Liberty of Prophesy ing' [that IS expound ing] (1647): 'Holy Living' (1650) ; ' Holy i Dying' (1651); 'Life: of Christ;' 'Course of Sermons for the Year ; ' * Ductor Dub- itantium, or the Rule of Conscience. ' His finest work, 'Para dise Lost,' an epic, in twelve books, on the Fall, was written in blindness and pover ty (1658-1685; pub lished 1667); 'Para dise Regained;' 'Sam- sou Agonistes,'a dra ma ; 'Lycidas,' mono dy on the death of a friend; *L' Allegro' and ' II Penseroso,' short descriptive poems; 'Comus,' a mask; Latin and Ita lian poems in prose ; ' Areopagitica/ a Speech for the Li berty of Unlicensed Printing ; Ac. LITERARY MEN. Stuart Period — Continued. 79 Name and Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Samuel But ler, 1612- 1680. John Bunyan. 1628-1688. Humorous, Theologi cal. Richard Bax ter, 1615- 1691. John Dryden, 1631-1700. Theologi cal. Poet and dramatist. Son of a farmer ; the poet of the Royalist party (Milton being known as the poet of the Roundheads).Facts of his life not well known; died in poverty in London. Generally sup posed to have been the son of a tinker; in 1646 he served as a soldier in the parliamentaryarmy; became a Baptist preach er; and was im prisoned for 12 years in Bed ford jail. Fin ally had a meet ing-house at Bedford. An eminent Non conformist preacher and a most prolific writer, gave up his living on the Act of Unifor mity being pass ed. Poet-laureate and historio grapher from 1670-1688, with a pension of £300 a year. Passed over to the Roman Ca tholic faith in 1686, in order, it is said, to re tain his pension. Buried in West minster Abbey. Free School, Worcester. He received but a scanty education. Received a meagre ed ucation in the village school of Elstow. Free School of Wroxe- ter. Westminster School and Trinity Col lege, Cam bridge. 'Hudibras' (1663), a mock heroic poem in short couplets, was intended to throw ridicule on the Pres byterian and Inde pendent parties ; prose ' Characters ' and other pieces. The ' Pilgrim's Pro gress ' (1678), an alle gory describing the life and triumph of a Christian under the figure of a journey; 'The Holy War,' a more ingenious and elaborate allegory than the 'Progress,' tj-pifying the fall of man and his redemp tion through Christ ; ' Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners;' many other religious works and contro versial tracts. ' Saint's Everlasting Rest ; ' ' Dying Thoughts;' 'Call to the Unconverted ; ' and his views on reli gion contained in ' Methodus Theolo- giae' and 'Catholic Theology.' Wrote 26 plays, the most popular of which were 'The In dian Queen;' 'The Indian Emperor ; ' and the ' Conquest of Granada. ' At the Restoration he wrote 'Astrsea Redux,' a poem to commemor ate that event; 'An nus Mirabilis,' a poem on the plague and fire of 1665-6; 'Absalom and Achito- phel* (1681), a political satire; 'Hind and the Panther' (1687), an allegorical poem in favour of the Roman Church; 'Alexander's Feast' or 'Ode to St. Cecilia; ' ' Fables,' &c. 80 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Stuart Period — Continued. Name and Dates. Cl,AS.1 OF Whiter. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. John Locke, Mental sci One of our great Westminster 'Essay on the Hu- 1632-1704. ence and est mental phil School and %ian Understanding ' politics. osophers; stud Christ (1699) ; ' Treatises on ied medicine ; Church Col- Civil Government;' held several lege.Oxford. 'Letters on Tolera government ap tion;' 'Thoughts on pointments; in the Education of 1695 made se Children;' and 'The cretary to the Reasonableness of Board of Trade; Christianity.' resided for sev eral years in France and Hol land. Locke stands at the head of what is called the Sen sational or Ex periential School in Eng land. Science. The most distin Grrantham 'Philosophise Natura- Newton, guished natural Grammar lis PrJncipia Mathe- 1642-1727. philosopher, ma School; Tri matica' (1687), in La thematician, and nity College, tin; ' Treatise on Op astronomer of Cambridge. tics' (1704); 'Obser modern times, vations on the Pro discoverer of phecies of Daniel and the laws of gra the Apocalypse ;' 'An vitation ; M.P. Historical Account of for Camb. Univ.; two notable Corrup President of the tions of Scripture;' Royal Society; 'The Chronology of warden of the Ancient Kingdoms mint; knighted Amended.' by Queen Anne. LITERARY MEN. 81 BRUNSWICK PEEIOD. GEORGE I. NAME AND Dates. CLASS OF Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Daniel Defoe, Novelist. The father of Eng Educated tor He wrote between 200 1661-1731. lish novel wri the Dissent and 300 books and ters ; became ing minis- pamphlets. The chief successively a try. of his fictions is ' Ro hosier, brick and binson Crusoe' (1719), tile maker, wool written at the age of len merchant. sixty. Others are : and political 'Captain Singleton,' pamphleteer. 'Moll Flanders,' 'Co lonel Jack,' Memoirs of a Cavalier,' and ' Journal of the Plague.' 'Tale of a Tub '(1704), Jonathan Satirical Bom in Dublin of At a school Swift,1667- and poli English parent in Kilkenny, a satire ridiculing the 1745. tical wri age, lived with aiid then at Catholics and Presby ter, in Sir W. Temple ; Trinity Col terians, and in favour poetry & and after receiv lege, Dub of the EnglishChurch ; prose. ing several Irish lin ; took and 'Gulliver's Tra livings, was degi'ee of vels' (1726), profess made Dean of M.A. at Ox ing to narrate a series St. Patrick's, ford. of extraordinary ad DubUn,inl713; ventures, but really died insane. satirizing the insti tutions of civilized countries and the faults of mankind; satirical and humor ous pieces in verse. Joseph Addi Essayist Travelled in Italy Received the Essays contributed to son, 1672- and poet. for two years ; rudiments the Taller, Specta 1719. subsequently in schools tor, and Guardian. under-secretary at Salisbury Other works: 'The of state, secre and Lich Campaign,' a poem tary to Lord- field, from celebrating the bat lieutenant of whence he tle of Blenheim; a Ireland, mem went to 'Letter from Italy,' ber of parlia Charter in verse; 'Cato,' a ment, and final house, and tragedy; 'Rosalind,' ly secretary of finally to an opera. state ; retired Queen's Col with a pension lege, Oxford. of £1500. Alexander Poet, did The chief poet of Private ' Pastorals," written at Pope, 1688- actic, de the French arti schools and the age of sixteen; 1744. scriptive. ficial school; be Roman Ca 'Essay on Criticism' and sa gan to write at tholic tu (1711); 'Rape of the tirical. the age of twelve, imitating Wal ler, Spenser, and Dryden ; lived the latter half of his life in his celebrated villa at Twickenham. tors. Lock '(1712); 'Wind sor Forest' (1713); 'Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard'(1717); 'Es say on Man,' an ethi cal poem (1731-1735); 'Dunciad,' a satire (1728); 'Imitations of Horace,' and transla tions of the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' of Ho mer into English verse. (182) 82 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Brunswick Period — Continued. GEORGE II. Name and Dates. CLASS OF Writer. PERSONAL NOTES. Education. Chiep Works. James Thom Poet and Among the chief Jedburgh Chief poems : ' The son, 1700- drama of the natural Grammar Seasons' (1728), 'Cas 1748. tist. school of poets. School and tle of Indolence' as opposed to the Edinburgh (1748), the former a descriptive and did artificial school University. represented by actic poem in blank Pope, &c.; son verse, the latter an of a Scotch cler allegorical poem in gyman ; born the Spenserian stan near Kelso; went za. Chief dramas : tolondon(1720); 'Sophonisba' (1730); received a pen 'Edward and Eleo- sion from' gov nora' (1739); 'The ernment and Masque of Alfred,' held a sinecure containing the na office; was thus tional song ' Rule enabled to live Britannia' (1740); a life of lettered 'Tancred and Sigis- ease. munda' (1745). The plays are now never acted and seldom read. Edward Poet and Son of an English Winchester Chief poems : ' The Young, drama clergyman ; made School and Universal Passion,' a 1684-1765. tist aroyal chaplain Oxford Uni powerful satire on (1728); rector of Welwyu (1730). versity. the love of fame (1725-1728); 'Night Thoughts,' a didactic poem full of striking passages (1742-1746). Principal drama, ' Re venge,' a tragedy. which still keeps the stage (1721). 'Pamela' (1740); 'Cla Samuel Rich NoveUst Son of a Derby Village ardson, shire joiner ; school. rissa Harlowe ' (1748); 1689-1761. prosperous prin ter in London; skilful deline ator of female characters. ' Sir Charles Grandi- son'(1763). Henry Field Novelist Son of a general. First sent to 'Joseph Andrews,' his ing, 1707- and play and connected Eton and first novel (1742), to some extent a bur 1764. writer. with the nobil then to the ity; studied law University lesque on Richard i and became a of Leyden. son's 'Pamela;' 'The barrister; wrote History of Jonathan plays for a liv Wild' (1743); 'Tom ing; appointed Jones' (1749), one of one of the jus the best of English tices for Middle novels; and 'Amelia' sex and West (1751). minster, and was anenergeticma- gistrate.- His novels are full of wit and hu mour, amusing scenes and cha racters. LITERARY MEN. 83 Brunswick Period (George II.) — Continued. NAME AND Dates. CLASS OF Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Tobias George Novelist, A Scotchman; was Educated at Amongst his principal Smollett, poet, and apprenticed to Dumbarton works are: 'Advice,' 1721-1771. miscel a medical prac School and a satire ; ' Ode to In laneous titioner in Glas Glasgow dependence;' 'Roder writer gow; served sev- eral years in the navy as surgeon's mate ; after wards practised medicine in Lon don, but finally adopted litera ture as a profes sion. Died at Leghorn. University. ick Random' (1748), 'Peregi-uie Pickle,' ' U'erdinandCountFa- thom,' and 'Humph rey Clinker,' novels ; and a complete ' His tory of England.' Laurence NoveUst Son of an army Sent to school His chief writings are. Sterne, lieutenant, born at Halifax; 'Tristram Shandy' 1713-1768. in Ireland; be obtained the (1759-1762), and 'Sen came a clergy degree of timental Journey' man, and was M.A. at Je (1765), works of fic presented by his sus College, tion characterized by uncle with a liv Cambridge, humour, pathos, and ing at Sutton, in 1740. whimsicality. He to which were also left a number of shortly added a sermons and letters. prebendatYork; healsoobtained the rectory of Stillington, and the curacy of Coxwold, all in the county of York. He passed most of his life in the country. but died in Lon don. Thomas Gray, Poet. Travelled on the Educated at Gray's poems are few. 1716-1771. Continent with Eton and but they are amongst Horace Wal PeterHouse, the most refined and pole; fixed his Cambridge. polished in the Eng residence at lish tongue, and in Cambridge; be clude ' An Elegy,' came professor written in a country of modern his churchyard (1761); tory at Cam 'On a Distant Pros bridge, where he pect of Eton College ; passed a quiet 'To Adversity;' 'On and studious Spring;' and 'The life. Bard.' David Htune, Historian Born at Edin Edinburgh 'History of England' 1711-1776. and phi burgh ; accom University. (1754-1762); 'Treat losopher. panied General St. Clair (as se cretary) to the courts of Vienna and Turin ; be came under-se- cretai*y of state ise on Human Na ture;' ' Moral, Politi cal, and Literary Essays,' and ' The Natural History of Religion.' in 1767. 84 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Brunswick Period (George II.) — Continued. Name and Dates. Class of Writer. PERSONAL Notes. Education. Chief Works. Oliver Gold Poet, dra Son of a poor Educated 'The Traveller' (1764) smith, 1728- matist. Irish clergyman; at Dublin, and'TheDesertedVil- 1774. essayist. travelled, in a Edinburgh, lage' (1770), poems; and nov semi-vagrant and Leyden 'She Stoops to Con elist way, through the Netherlands,Germany, Italy, and France ; af terwards became successively a chemist's assist ant, an usher, a doctor, and a literary hack. Son of a booksel Universities. quer' (1773) and 'The Good-natured Man,' comedies ; and the idyllic romance of 'The Vicar of Wake field' (1766), which is considered a model of classical purity and sweetness. Samuel John Lexicogra Completed His celebrated 'Dic son, 1709- pher, es ler at Lichfield; his educa- tionary of the Eng 1784. sayist. was for a time tionatPem- lish Language' was and poet. an usher; open broke Col compiled between ed an academy lege, Oxford. 1747 and 1755. He (1736); estab also wrote ' Essays' in lished himself the Rambler; 'Rasae- as an author In las,'a tale (1759); 'The London (1737); Lives of the Poets' Geo. III. granted (1780), and the satires himapensionof of 'London'and'The £300 a year in Vanity of Human 1762. Wishes.' GEORGE III. & IV. Adam Smith, Political The founder of Educated first He spent ten years 1723-1790. economist the school of the at Kirkcaldy (1766-1776) writing and moral Science of Poli school, then his ' Inquiry into the philoso tical Economy; at the Uni Nature and Causes of pher. lecturer of rhe- ' versities of the Wealth of Na toric and belles- Glasgow tions,' which has as lettres at Edin- and Oxford. its main principle. burgh(1747);pro- labour, not money. fessoroflogicat nor land, as the real Glasgow (1751); source of wealth. He and commis also wrote ' The Theo sioner of cus ry of Moral Senti toms for Scot ments' (1769). land. Robert Bums, Poet. The great nation Parish and Chief works, so far as 1759-1796. al poet of Scot private length is concerned. land; sou of a cot schools. 'Tam 0' Shanter;' ter; born near Ayrshire. ' Address to the Deil;' Ayr; a farmer 'The Jolly Beggars;' and excise ' Cotter's Saturday man ; early no Night;' 'The Moun ted amongst his tain Daisy,' &c., to neighbours for gether with numer his verses and ous exquisite songs. social qualities. LITERARY MEN. 85 Brunswick Period (George III. & IV.) — Continued, Name and Dates. Class of Writer. Personal JCfoTES. Education. Chief WoRKa. Edmund Buike, 1730-1797. Essayist and politician, "William Cow per, 1731- 1800. Poet. Kichard Brinsley Sheridan,1751-1816. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834. Dramatist. Poet. Son of a Dublin so licitor; studied law and wrote for the booksel lers in London ; entered parlia ment (1765), where he prov ed himself one of its greatest orators and most scientific statesmen. Son of an English rector and royal chaplain ; stud ied law in the Middle Temple, London; but as he was subject frequently to deep gloom and melancholy, which occasion ally developed into insanity, he lived a recluse life, sustained by the atten tions and sympa thy of many de voted friends. Distinguished as a statesman, wit, and dramatist; entered parlia ment as member for Westmin ster ; attained great celebrity as an orator, es pecially during the trial of War ren Hastings. A poet of the Lake school; he enlisted in the Dragoons, and being bought off, became a Uni tarian minister for a short time, when he return ed to Trinitari- anism; was often liable to fits of depression and indulged in opi um-eating. Studied at the Academy of the Society of Friends atBallitore,and com pleted his education at Trinity Col- lege,Dublin. Educated at Westmin ster School. Educated at Harrow,and became a student at the Inner Temple ;but was not cal led to the bar. Christ's Hos pital ; Jesus College,Cambridge;and G6t- tingen Uni versity. 'Inquiry into the Ori gin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beauti ful;' 'Eeflections on the French Revolu tion ' (1790); • Letters to a Noble Earl;" The State of the Nation; ' and 'The Present Dis contents. ' His poems chiefly di dactic and mildly satirical ; departed, perhaps, even more than those of Thom son, from the artifici ality which had pre viously prevailed. In addition to translat ing Homer, he wrote 'The Task' (1785), the best of all his poems; 'Tirocinium;' 'Table Talk;' 'The Progress of Error;' ' Hope and Charity ; ' and the humorous ballad of 'John Gilpin.' His works are rich in character,in humour, and vivacity, and in clude 'The Rivals;' 'St. Patrick's Day;' 'The Duenna;' and the ' School for Scan dal' The first and last, among the most brilliant English com edies, are still stage favourites. 'The Ancient Mariner' a798); 'Christabel' (1816);'Genevieve,'an exquisite love poem ; several noble and passionate odes; 'Re morse,' a tragedy ; Lectures on Shak spere, many meta physical and theolo gical essays, and a translation of Schil ler's 'Wallenstein.' 86 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Brunswick Period (George III. & IV.)— Continued. Name and Dates. Class of Wkitek. PEKSONAL Notes. Education. Chief Works. Thomas Camp Poet Sonof amerchant University of ' Pleasures of Hope ' bell, 1777- in Glasgow, Glasgow, (1799), published in 1814. where the poet where he his 22d year; 'Ger- was bom; was distinguish tiTide of Wyoming' occupied some ed himself (1809); a number of time as a pri by his trans minor poems, includ vate tutor in lations from ing ballads, stii-ring. Edinburgh ; the Greek patriotic, and war travelled on the poets. songs, &c., such as Continent and 'The Last Man,' 'The then married Rainbow,' 'Lochiel's and settled in Warning,' 'Hohen- London. linden,' 'Ye Mariners of England,' 'Battle of the Baltic,' Ac. Robert Poet, bio Studied but never Educated fii-st Author of about 100 Southey, grapher. practised law ; at Westmin volumes. The chief 1774-1843. and mis .was remarkable ster School, of which are his cellaneous in his youth for from which poems — ' Thalaba ' writei-. radicalism, and he was ex (1801), 'Madoc '(1805), in his age for pelled for 'Curse of Kenama' royalism; trav writing an (1810), ' Joan of Arc,' elled in France article and ' Mary the Maid and Spain; lived against Hog of the Inn ; ' and his the quiet life of ging, and prose works — ' Life a scholar and then at Ba of Nelson' (1813), man of letters liol College, 'History of Brazil,' in the English Oxford. ' ThePeninsularWar;' Lake District and lives of Wesley, for many years ; Bunyan, and Cowper. Poet - laureate (1813-1843). Sir Walter Novelist Son of a Scottish High School He made his d^but as Scott, 1771- and poet lawyer ; spent and the Uni an author in his 1832. the greater por versity of ' Minstrelsy of the tion of his youth Edinburgh. Scottish Border;' his in reading old next work was 'Lay plays.romances, of the Last Minstrel ' travels, and (1805); followed by 1 marvellous ad his poems, 'Marmi- ventures ; be on,' 'Lady of the came a lawyer; Lake,' and ' The Lord lived at Abbots- of the Isles;' and the ford on the ' Waverley Novels ' Tweed ; made (1814-31), amongst sub - sheriff of which are 'Waverley,' Selkirkshire, ' Guy Mannering,' ; and appointed 'The Antiquary,' one of the prin 'Rob Roy,' 'Heai-tof I cipal clerks of Midlothian,' 'Old the Courtof Ses Mortality, ' 'Ivanhoe,' sion ; spent the 'Kenilworth,' 'Quen last yeai-s of his tin Durward,' &c. literary activ ity in fighting against pecuni ary misfortune. LITERARY MEN. 87 Brunswick Period (George HI. & W .)— Continued. Name and Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. Lord Byron, 178&-1824. William Wordsworth, 1770-1850. Percy By sshe Shelley, 1792-1822. Poet The most popular poet of his age; his years of early manhood were stormy and ir regular ; mar ried unhappily; spent the later part of his life in Italy and Greece, where he died, assisting the Greeks in their struggle for freedom. Son of a law- agent; born at Cockermouth ; travelled on the Continent; received lat terly the ap pointment of distributor of stamps, which enabled him to devote himself to poetry. He fixed his abode in the lake dis- trictofEngland, where he had for neighbours Southey and Coleridge, the other more noted bards of what ha? been hence called the Lake SchooL Poet-laureate (1843-1850). Son of an Eng lish baronet ; after his expul sion from col lege for atheis tical views, lived a some what unsettled life until he went to Italy with his second wife (Mary God win) ; drowned in the Mediter ranean. Grammar School, Ab erdeen, Har row, and Cambridge University. St. John's College,Cambridge. Eton School and the Uni versity of Oxford. His poems are charac terized by fire, pa thos, and brilliancy of colouring. His chief works are a satirical reply to a review of his first work,' Hours of Idleness,' called 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ; ' ' Childe Harold's Pil grimage' (1812-1818) ; 'The Giaour;' 'The Corsair; ' ' Don Juan; ' 'Siege of Corinth;' ' Prisoner of Chillon ; ' and his dramas ' Man fred,' 'Cain,' and 'Sardanapalus.' His chief works are: •TheExcursion'(1814). considered to be his best poem ; ' The White Doe of Kyl- stone;' 'The Wag goner ;' 'Vernal Ode ;' 'Intimations of Im mortality ; ' ' Lines on Tin tern Abbey,' and numerous fine son nets. His first work, au athe istical poem called ' Queen Mab ' (1810), wasfoUowedby'Alas-tor, or the Spirit of Solitude' (1816); 'Pro metheus Unbound' (1821), a classic drama; 'Adonais,' an elegy on the death of Keats; 'The Cenci,' a tragedy; and odes to the ' Sensitive Plant' and the 'Sky lark.' SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTOfeY. Brunswick Period (George III. & IV.) — Continued. NAME AHD Dates. Class of Wkiteb. PBKSONAL Notes. Education. CHIEF Works. Charles Poet and For 30 years clerk Educated at His chief works are a Lamb, 1775- essayist. in the India Christ's Hos number of 'Essays' 1836. House. pital. signed Elia, publish ed in various period icals ; ' Rosamond Gray,' a tale; 'John Woodville,'a tragedy; 'Album Verses.' Felicia Doro Poetess. An amiable and 'The Forest Sanctuary,' thea Hemans, accomplished (1826) ; 'Vespers of Pa 1793-1835. lady; daughter of a Liverpool merchant ; took to writing verses before she was in her teens ; married young and unfortun ately; sepiirated from her hus band and brought up her family by her lermo;' 'Records of Women;' 'Songs of the Affections;' and 'National Lyrics and Songs for Music,' are amongst her best works. Thomas Poet. pen. Ireland's national Dublm Uni ' Lalla Rookh,' an Moore, 1779- poet; born in versity. oriental romance con 1862. Dublin ; after completing his university ca reer, studied law at the Middle Temple, London ; soon became noted for his sprightly and satirical verses ; was ap pointed to a sinecure office under govern ment, which turned out un fortunately for taining four poems— (' The Veiled Pro phet of Khorassan,' 'The Fire Worship pers,' 'Paradise and the Peri," and 'The Light of the Harem ') (1817); 'The Loves of the Angels;' 'Irish Melodies," abook con taining about 120 lyr ics of great beauty; ' Odes and Epistles ; ' 'The Fudge Family in Paris ; ' and ' Fables of the Holy Alliance.' 1 him ; devoted most of his after life to society and the i muses. LITERARY MEN. 89 Brunswick Period — Continued. WILLIAM IV. AND VICTORIA. Name and Dates. Henry Hal lam, 1778- 1859. Sir David Brewster, 1781-1868. Lord Uacau- lay (Thomas Babington),1800-1859. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Historian and critic. Scientific. Historian, essayist,and poet. Lord Lytton (Sir Edward Bulwer),1805-1872. Novelist, poet, and dramatist. One of our most distinguished historians and critics; one of the first contri butors to the Edinburgh Re view; called to the bar ; held a post in the civil service. A man of great learn ing, and eminent for fairness and moderation. Eminently fam ous for his dis coveries in op tics. Perhaps the most popular of our modern histori ans ; called to the bar in 1826; entered parlia ment in 1830 as member for Calne; raised to the upper house (1857) on ac count of his services to lit erature. Son of a British general ; trav elled on the Continent in his college vaca tions ; entered parliament in 1831 ; created a baronet in 1838; raised to the House of Lords 1866. EDUCATION. Educated at Eton and the Univer sity of Ox ford. Edinburgh University. Trinity Col lege, Cam bridge. Trinity Col lege, Cam bridge. Chief Works. •A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages ' (1818) ; 'Constitutional His tory of England, from Henry VII. to George II.' (1827), since ac knowledged as the standard work of its kind; and 'Introduc tion to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Cen turies ' (1837-1838). Editor of the 'Edin burgh Encyclopedia' (1808-1830); 'Treatise on Optics' (1831); ' Letters on Natural Magic;' 'Life of New ton;' 'More Worlds than One ' (1854), &c. 'History of England' (1848-1855), giving the reign of James II. and part of William III. , with a sketch of earlier history. He contributed numer ous 'Essays' to the Edinburgh Review and other periodi cals, and also wrote ' Lays of Ancient Home' (1842), based on incidents in Ro man history; and the historical ballads of 'Ivry' and 'The Ar mada.' Chief novels: 'Pelham' (1828); 'Eugene Aram' (1831); 'Last Days of Pompeii ' (1834); 'Rienzi;' 'My Novel,' ifec. ; princi pal dramas : ' Riche lieu;' 'Money;" Lady of Lyons.' He also wrote several satires in prose and verse on j political, social, and / literary subjects, in- 1 eluding ' The New Timon ; ' the poetical romance 'King Ar^ thur/ &c. 90 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Brunswick Period (William IV. and Yktoria)— Continued. Name and Dates. Thomas Car- lyle, 1795- 1881. CLASS OP Writer. Historian and essay ist. William makepeace Thackeray, 1811-1868. Novelist. Charles Dick ens, 1812- 1870. Novelist. PEKSONAL Notes. SonofaDumfries- shire farmer ; commenced don- tributing to the JEnGyclopoedia Britannica(lSlS); married (1825), and retired to Craigenputtock (1828); settled at Chelsea (1834). Son of an official in tbe East In dia Company's service; bom at Calcutta; came to England in 1817; travelled in France, Ger many, and Italy; studied for a time as an ar tist in Paris aud Rome ; was called to the bar by the Middle Temple, but eventually devoted himseU to literature. Son of a clerk in the navy pay- office ; born in Portsea; wrought while quite a child in a black ing manufac tory ; was for a short time an attorney's clerk; at nineteen be came a parlia mentary report er for the Jtfom- ing Chronicle ; in 1836 gave up reporting.trust-ing henceforth to literature as a profession. Education. Edinburgh University. Educated at Charterhouse and Cam bridge Uni versity. Private schools. Chief Works. ' Sartor Eesartus ' (1833); 'Heroes and HeroWorship'(I840); ' The French Revolu tion' (1837); 'Oliver CromweU; His Let ters and Speeches' (1845) ; ' Life of Fred erick the Great ; ' Essays connected with German and French literature, and other subjects; a translation of Goe the's ' Wilhelm Meis- ter'sApprenticeship,'&c. His first attempts were tales, essays, sketches (in many cases illus trated by his own pencil), reviews, and poems, contributed to various periodi cals. His first great novel was ' Vanity Fair' (1847), some what cynical in tone; followed in 1849 by ' The Histoiy of Pen- dennis,' au attempt to describe the gen tleman of the present age; 'Esmond '(1852), a story dealing with the Queen Anne age; ' The Newoomes ' (1865), a tale descrip tive of modern so ciety. 'Sketches by Boz,' hu morous descriptions of Loudon life (1836); his chief novels are, 'The Pickwick Pa pers' (1837); 'Nicho las Nickleby' (1838- 39); ' Martin Chuzzle- wif (1843-44); 'Dom- bey and Son' (1848); 'David Copperfield' (1850); ' Tale of Two Cities' (1869); 'Our Mutual Friend '(1865), LITERARY MEN. 91 Brunswick Period (Wil^-iam IV. and Yictori a)— Continued. Name and Dates. Class of Writer. Personal Notes. Education. Chief Works. . John Stuart I Mill, 1806- 1873. Mental science,logic, and political economy. Charles Sar- win, 1809- 1882. Naturalist. Son of James Mill, the histo rian of British India, and in the East India Company's civil service; entered that Company's service (1823), in which he was employed for thirty-five years; member of par liament from 1865 to 1868. Died at Avignon in France. Bom at Shrews bury, where his father practised as a physician; accompanied in the capacity of naturalist the expedition of H.M.S. Beagle round the world (1831-36); spent the rest of his life devoted to scientific study at Down in Kent. Received his education from his father, sub sequently in France. Edinburgh and Cam bridge Uni versities. * System of Logic ' (1843); * Principles of Political Economy ' (1848); 'On Liberty' (1859); 'Utilitarian ism' (1862); 'Repre sentative Govern ment '(1861), &c. In these works he advo cates a philosophy founded solely on ex perience, a moral code founded on util ity, and a political system which aims at the highest good of the greatest num ber. Origin of Species ' (1859), a work in which he expounded the great theory of evolution, the law of , natural selection or the survival of the fittest ; ' Domestic Animals and Culti vated Plants' (1862); ' Descent of Man and Variation in Rela tion to Sex' (1871); ' The Power of Move- mentinPlants'(1880); 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould ' (1881), &c. 92 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH BISTORT. GLOSSARY. Ahhorrers was the name given to the court party about 1680, who abhorred the interference of the parliament with the authority of the king (Charles II.). Addled Parliament. — The term given to a parliament which met in 1614, and, refusing to acknowledge the extravagant notions of James I., was dissolved before it had passed a single biU. For seven years the king ruled without a parliament (1614-1621), when want of money com pelled him to summon one. Addressers or Petitioners, were the opposite party to the Ahhorrers. They insisted by petition on the regular meeting of parliament, and declared against the so-called " divine right of the king." Adjutators or Agitators (the former is more correct, meaning assistants or helpers) were officers appointed by the parliamentary army in 1647 to see to its interests and to take part in the councils of the army. Two of these were chosen to represent each company, and such was their power that Cromwell was obliged to repress their seditious tendencies. When holding a review some misunderstanding arose, whereon he ordered the arrest of the ringleaders, caused one to be shot in sight of his followers, and thus restored discipline. Aids were originally contributions granted by a tenant to his lord in times of distress ; but gradually they came to be regarded as matters of right and not of discretion. Aids were granted for three principal objects : (1) to ransom the person of the lord when taken prisoner; (2) to make his eldest son a knight ; and (3) to provide a suitable marriage portion for his eldest daughter. The exacting of aids was restricted by Magna Charta. Albion, — The most ancient name on record of the island of Great Britain. As to its origin see p. 7. Alderman, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Ealdorman (see Ealdormbn). In modern times aldermen are persons invested with certain powers in municipal corporations. Aldermen are elected by the council from its own number for six years, and stand next in rank to the mayor. Allodial Tenure is the absolute right of property in land independent of any burden of homage or fidelity to a superior. Almoner, — An office anciently allotted to a dignified clergyman, who gave the first dish from the royal table to the poor, or an alms in money. By an ancient canon all bishops were required to keep almoners, who distributed one-tenth of the entire revenue of each monastery. GLOSSARY. 93 Amercement, Amerciament, in law a pecuniary penalty or punishment assessed at the mercy of the court ; thus differing from a fine, which is directed and fixed by a statute. Angles, one of the tribes from North Germany, who, after 449 A.D., invaded and settled in Britain ; afterwards uniting with the Saxons, Jutes, and Danes to form one nation. The origin of the name is unknown. They called themselves Angle, Engle, whence England. Anglo-Saxons. — The nation formed by the union of the Angles and Saxons, after they settled in Britain. They were the forefathers of the main portion of the present inhabitants of England, and their language ex hibits English in its earliest form. Annates — called also first-fruits — was the first year's income of a bishop's see or an incumbent's charge, payable to the pope. The parliament of Henry VIII. vested English annates and tenths in the crown. Anti-Corn-Law league. — This league, which originated in Manchester with Kichard Cobden as a leading spirit, had for its aim the repeal of the import duties on foreign com. As a result of the agitation, the corn -laws were repealed in 1846 and the league dissolved, reserving to itself the power to revive if protection should again be resorted to. Appropriations — property taken from the church — were instituted during the reign of the Conqueror. The parochial clergy, who at this time were chiefly Anglo-Saxons, were impoverished by the bishops and higher clergy (Normans generally) to enrich the monasteries held by the Conqueror's friends and adherents. The vicar, after paying the heavy tithes and dues, had only such a competency as the bishop or superior thought fit to allow. When the monasteries were suppressed in 1536 lay appropriations commenced. Assiento. — That part of the Treaty of Utrecht which stipulated that Eng land should have the monopoly of supplying slaves to Spanish America. In 1750 the Spanish government granted certain commercial advan tages and paid a sum of £100,000 to England on condition that the monopoly should be given up. Assizes. — A high court of justice in England held twice a year in every county. Atheling was the title given to the eldest son of the old English (Anglo- Saxon) kings ; a prince of the royal family. Attainder, Bill of, is a special act of parliament declaring a person guilty of some offence, generally of high treason, without any conviction in the regular course of judicial proceedings, and inflicting on him the punishment of death, and forfeiture of property to the crown. Attaint, a writ of, was anciently a mode of inquiring whether a jury had given a false verdict. Aula Begis, — Same as Curia Begis. A- 94 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Bailiff, — A subordinate officer to whom authority or jurisdiction is dele gated by the sheriff to coUeot tines, summon juries, execute writs, and attend the judges at the assizes. Banns. — In feudal law banns were a solemn proclamation of any kind; hence arose the present custom of asking banns, or giving notice before marriage, instituted in the English Church about 1200. Baron — (French, from 0. Ger. bar, a man, supposed to be connected with verb to hear) — is a title or rank of nobility next in degree to a viscount. Benefit of Clergy. — A privilege first legally established in 1274, by which the clergy were wholly or partially exempted from the jurisdiction of the lay tribunals, leaving them to be dealt with by their bishop. It extended only to the case of felony ; and though it was intended to apply only to the clergy or those in orders, it was latterly extended to every one who could read, though a layman could only claim it once. The trials of such privileged persons in the ecclesiastical courts were often a mere farce, offenders escaping in opposition to the most crimin ating evidence. It was not until 1827 that the privilege was finally abolished. Benevolence. — A species of forced loan levied by the kings in violation of Magna Charta. The abolition of benevolences was made an article in the Petition of Eights. Bill. — A measure prepared for presentation to parliament. The process by which a bill becomes an act of parliament is as follows : — When the required notice of motion has been given and seconded, permission is then granted to bring in the bill. It is then read for the first time, but no vote is taken. A second day is then fixed for the reading of the bill, by which time it is printed and circulated. A debate and vote follows, and if the biU be favourably received the house forms itself into a committee to discuss the details. The bill is then read a third time, and if accepted is sent for confirmation to the House of Lords. Bloody Assizes, held by Jeffreys in the west of England during 1685, after the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth in the battle of Sedgmoor. Up wards of 300 persons were executed after short trials, very many were whipped, imprisoned, and fined, and nearly 1000 were sent as slaves to the American plantations. Bocland (that is bookland). — The name in early times for land the posses sion of which was secured by charter. It was also called charter land, and was severed from the folcland and converted into a private estate of perpetual inheritance by a simple deed under certain rents and free services. Among the conditions involved in a grant of this kind were: (1) military service, (2) the repair of bridges, and (3) the repair of royal fortresses. This term corresponds to our freehold. GLOSSARY. 9,5 Bretwalda. — In Anglo-Saxon times a name given to such kings as from time to time had a certain undefined power or ascendency over the other rulers. Bridal of Norwich (1075).— WhUst WiUiam L was at Maine queUing a revolt, a Norman plot which was first broached at a marriage in the city of Norwich, came to a head. The rebels were defeated by Lan- frano the regent, and every insurgent taken prisoner lost his right foot as a punishment. Britain, Lat. Britannia. — The origin of this name is uncertain. See p. 7. Buffetiers. — A name now given to the yeomen of the Queen's Guard. In the reign of Henry VII. this name was applied to a class of men whose duty was to wait at table on state occasions. Burgess, an inhabitant of a borough or walled town, a freeman or citizen of a borough, or a representative of a borough in parliament. Bye Plot (1603). — Sometimes called the "surprising treason." This plot (so called as being subordinate to the Main Plot) is said to have origin ated with some Koman Catholics, its supposed object being to seize James I. and compel him to change his policy. Cabal (French cabalc, an intriguing faction). — During the reign of Charles II. a name applied to a certain ministry not only because this word correctly expressed the character of the ministry, but also because by a singular coincidence the word was spelled by the initial letters of the ministers' names. The names of these ministers were Clifford, Arling ton, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. The Cabal lasted 1667- 1674. Cabinet. — A committee of the ministers of state in whom the executive power is practically vested. Every cabinet includes the first lord of the treasury (prime minister), the lord chancellor, the lord president of the council, the chancellor of the exchequer, and the five secretaries of state, usually supplemented with from two to eight other ministerial functionaries. See Privy-council. Catholic Association (1828). — A vast union of Catholics to obtain the redress of certain grievances which they laboured under. The repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts was the result of this agitation. Funds for carrying on the confederation were raised by a tax on the Irish people called the Catholic Eent. Catholic League (1566). — A league entered into during the reign of Queen Elizabeth by the pope, the King of France, and Duke of Guise for the purpose of uprooting the reformed faith in France. Mary, Queen of Scots, was induced to sign this bond. In 1572 the massacre of St. Bartholomew's day occurred as a culmination to this league. Cato Street Conspiracy. — A conspiracy formed at the commencement of the reign of George IV. (1820) to murder the cabinet ministers when assem- 96 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. bled at dinner, and then to take advantage of the general confusion to raise a wide-spread insurrection, aud so called from the plotters meeting in a hayloft in Cato Street, London. The conspirators were a number of ignorant reckless characters, headed by an old military officer named Arthur Thistlewood. He was betrayed by one of his associates, and was tried and executed along with four of his accomplices. Cavaliers were the partisans of Charles I. who received this name from their gallant bearing and skill in horsemanship. Ceorl. — A freeman of lower rank among the Anglo-Saxons, as opposed to an eorl or man of rank. The term included cultivators of the soU, traders, and artisans. A ceorl might claim the title of Thane (1) if he made three voyages in a vessel of his own loaded with his own mer chandise, or (2) by acquiring possession of five hides of land upon which he had a church and residence. Chancery, Court of, gained its name from being presided over by the chan cellor, and originated in the reign of Richard II. The precise func tions of this court were not clearly defined till the reign of Edward I. It deals with the estates of deceased persons, disputes regarding the property of minors, cases relating to partnerships, or to charitable or other trusts, and various other matters. It now forms a division of the High Court of Justice. Chartism. — During the early part of the reign of Victoria a class of men called Chartists — from the " People's Charter " of six clauses men tioned below — came very prominently before the public. They were not satisfied with the Reform Bill of 1832, and demanded six sweep ing changes in the Constitution: — 1. Universal Suffrage — that every man should have a vote. 2. Annual Parliaments. 3. Vote by ballot. 4. The division of the country into Electoral Districts. 5. That members of parliament should be paid. 6. That the property qualification tor members of parliament be abolished — every man whether au owner of property or not to be eligible for a seat in parliament. The leader of this party, John Frost, an ex-magistrate, in order to enforce their demands made au unsuccessful attack on Newport. Frost and two others were sentenced to death, but were reprieved and trans ported for life. Chivalry. — (From French chevalerie, knighthood, from cheval, a horse, knights being usually mounted on horses.) As a knight the king was on a level with the poorest gentleman, and passed through -the same training, serving as a page, then as an esquire, and then, after having won his spurs, took the vows of knighthood. GLOSSARY. 97 Cinque Ports. — Dover, Hastings, Eomney, Hythe, and Sandwich, to which were afterwards added Eye and Winchelsea, were towns on the coast of England fortified in 1077 to guard against invasion. The above towns were pledged to provide and sustain eighty ships at sea for a period of forty days a year. In return for the service rendered they enjoyed the following privileges : — 1. Each town sent two representative barons to parliament. 2. Their deputies enjoyed the dual honour of holding the canopy over the head of the sovereign on the coronation day, and of dining at the king's table, being seated on the right hand of the king. 3. Exemption from the payment of subsidies. 4. The heirs of property were free from wardship. 5. The inhabitants could not be sued at law in any other place but their own towns. 6. Exemption from tolls. These ports are still governed by a Lord Warden, and have several ad ministrative peculiarities. They have an admiralty court of their own. Circuit, in law, signifies the journey of judges from place to place to try causes. England and Wales are divided into a certain number of dis tinct circuits. Civil List. — Before the reign of William III. this list included all the heads of public expenditure with the exception of the army and navy. Now the expenses of the royal household are separated from the ex penses of government proper, and the term Civil List applies only to the expenses for the maintenance of the sovereign's household, and the honour and dignity of the crown. Combat, Trial by, or Wager of Battel. — In old times, when a person was accused of crime, he might challenge his accuser to a public combat. If defeated he was deemed guilty, but if victorious he was declared innocent. It was not necessary for the interested parties to fight, as champions chosen by each side might represent the principals, and innocence or guilt was decided by the result of their conflict. This mode of trial ceased in the reign of Edward IV., but was not finally abolished till 1819. Common Pleas, Court of, was one of the courts which arose when the functions of the old Curia Kegis were divided, being established by Magna Charta. It takes cognizance of all actions between subject and subject. It is now merged in the High Court of Justice. Commonwealth, generally speaking, denotes either the whole body of people in a state, or a republican form of government ; in English history it is specifically applied to that form of government which existed from the execution of Charles I. tUl the restoration of his son Charles II. Compounders. — The major part of the English Jacobites, whilst wishing for a restoration of power to the exiled king, accompanied that wish with (182) Q 98 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. a desire for a government securing civil and ecclesiastical rights. They were hence called compounders. Compurgation, one of the methods adopted in Saxon England by which a man accused of crime could clear himself. He first swore publicly to his innocence, and then brought a number of witnesses — varying from four to seventy-two — to confirm his assertion. Compurgation was abolished, except in London and other boroughs, in the reign of Henry II. Conge d'Elire (Norman-French, permission to elect). — A royal warrant (first granted in the reign of Henry I.) to the dean and chapter of a dio cese, granting permission to them to elect the person nominated by the crown to a vacant bishopric. Failing to elect the crown nominee they incur the pains of praemunire. Conservative. — A member of that political party desirous of preserving the union of church and state, and not in favour of innovations, or radical changes in the constitution. May be considered synonymous with Tory. Continental System. — A name given to the scheme of Napoleon I. when he wished to exclude the British merchandise from the entire continent of Europe. It began publicly with the issue of the Berlin decree 1806. Conventicle. — A meeting held in a dissenting place of worship, or any other place not licensed according to the requisitions of the law, attendance at which was forbidden by the Conventicle Act of 1664, which inflicted heavy flues on the offenders. This act was repealed in 1812. Convocation was formerly an assembly of the clergy for the purpose of framing laws or canons for the government of the church. Now, however, its powers are no longer legislative, it can make no canons, and its business is discussion on ecclesiastical topics. There are two convocations, one for the province of Canterbury and one for that of York, and each consists of an upper and a lower house. Corn-laws. — Statutes prohibiting the import or export of corn except at certain prices or under certain duties. The flrst legislative interference with the corn trade, which took place shortly after the Conquest, was the prohibition of exportation ; subsequent acts occasionally granted a bounty to the exporter, but latterly those that prohibited importation except under a heavy duty became more common, and in years of scarcity were felt specially oppressive. In 1846 the corn-laws were repealed and foreign grain admitted on payment of a nominal duty, which was abolished in 1869. County or Shire. — The times and circumstances under which the various counties of England got their origin are very uncertain. With few exceptions they belong, no doubt, to the Saxon age, and some of them are mentioned previous to the time of Alfred. The Saxon counties were GLOSSARY. 99 governed by an ealdorman or earl, the Norman title for which was eompte, from which we derive count and county. Covenanters. — The name given to those Scots who, having signed the Solemn League and Covenant, united to resist the introduction of the prayer book and other religious innovations into Scotland in the reigns of Charles I. and II. Coyne and Livery. — The name given in Ireland to an assumed right of the Anglo-Irish nobles to establish themselves and retainers at free quarters en the tenants of their estates or on others ; or to any similar practice. The first term signifies the exacting of food for men, the latter of fodder for horses. Cucking Stool or Tumbril was a stool to which unruly persons were fastened for punishment. When fixed to the seat, an oscillating move ment was given to it, and the offender was ducked in some dirty pool. The operation was repeated according to the crime. This method was generally reserved for the punishment of scolds and refractory women. Curfew Bell (French couvre-fem, cover fire) was a bell tolled about sunset in summer and eight o'clock in winter in the evening, in Norman England, as a signal for all fires and lights to be extinguished. Curia Begis — King's Court — was the supreme court of the Normans. It met three times a year — Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas — and was composed of bishops, abbots, barons, and tenants in chief of the crown. This court was at first migratory, following the king's person, but being in time divided into four parts, viz.. King's Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, and Chancery, it was stationed at Westminster. Cymri, — The name given to themselves by the Welsh. Of the Celtic stock there were two branches in the British Islands, the Cymric or Cam brian, and the Gadhelic or Gaelic. From the Cymri we derive the names Cambria and Cumberland. Cyning. — The Anglo-Saxon term for king, from cyn, a, tribe, lineage, Tdn; Icing is simply the modem form of this word. The cyning was elected by the witan or great council in Saxon England. He was generally chosen on account of his particular fitness for the office, though some times an hereditary claim was allowed. Danegeld or Danegold was a tribute first of one shilling, and afterwards of two shillings, levied on every hide of land by the Anglo-Saxons for the purpose of defraying the necessary expenses in defending the country against the Danes. It was first imposed by Ethelred the Unready to buy off the Danish invaders. The tax was continued as one of the rights of the crown till the time of Stephen. Danelagh. — When Alfred defeated the Danes under Guthrun at the battle of Ethandune, the treaty of Wedmore was signed, by which the entire 100 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. kingdom of Wessex, from Somerset to Kent, was restored to the Saxons by the Danes, who were allowed to retain the greater part of the east coast of England, including the whole of Northumbria, This district was called the Danelagh or Dane law, because the inhabitants were ruled by Danish and not by English laws. Dangeria.— Money payment made by forest tenants that 'ihey might have liberty to plough and sow in times of pannage or mast feeding. Dauphin.— This title, formerly borne by the eldest son of the French kings, was flrst assumed by Guy VIIL, count of Vienne, on account of his crest bearing a dolphin. His descendant Humbert II. (died 1349) sold the crest to Philippe VI. on condition that the heir of France assumed the title " le Dauphin." Jean, who succeeded Philippe, was the flrst French prince so styled. This title was handed down till 1830, when the son of Charles IX, renounced his claim. Defender of the Faith, See Fidei Defensor, Deodand.— (Latin Deo dandum, a thing to be given to God,) Formerly the name given to any personal chattel or article of property (as a horse or a cart) which, having caused the death of a human being, became for feited to the sovereign or lord of the manor, who caused it to be sold for the beneflt of the poor. Abolished 1846. Dispensing Power. — A certain power formerly claimed by the sovereign as the prerogative of the crown, enabling him to override the ordinary law. James II., however, abused this trust and assumed the right to pardon all offenders, and indeed, in effect, to destroy the power of the law. In opposition to the law, as then established, he gave commissions in the army to Catholics, released all CathoHos from penalties, and raised some professing that belief to the chief offices of state. This power was taken away by the BiU of Eights, 1689. Divine Eight. — The doctrine, probably of ancient origin, but first openly upheld by James I. and Charles I., together with the extreme royalists of these and much later times, that a monarch was the immediate re presentative of Deity, by whom he was placed over his people, and to whom alone he could be held responsible for his actions. It, therefore, foUows that although monarchs may voluntarily submit to restrictions on their authority, yet subjects endeavouring to enforce those restric tions by resistance to their arbitrary acts are considered guUty of sin. Domesday Book, — In 1084 William the Conqueror ordered a survey to be made of all the landed property of the kingdom, probably as a guide for the levying of taxes. The original record of this survey still re mains, and is known as Domesday Book. It consists of two volumes, which contain the names of every town and village, the names of estates, their value, size, divisions, owner, and other information. Druid. — A priest or minister of religion among the ancient Celtic peoples in K^ GLOSSARY. 101 Britain, Gaul, and Germany. The Druids possessed some knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, &c., superintended the affairs of reUgion and morality, and performed the office of judges. They venerated the mistletoe when growing on the oak, a tree which they likewise esteemed sacred. They had a common superior, who was elected by a majority of votes from their own number, and who enjoyed his dignity for life. Ealdormen. — Among the Anglo-Saxons this term was used as a name of dignity unconnected with office, somewhat as we now use the word noblemen; in later times, however, the title had a more specific sense and was applied to the members of the nobiUty next in rank to the king, and at the head of the government of the shires or other districts, as weU as of cities and boroughs. England. — A form of Angle-land. See Angles ; also p. 7. Entail. — An entail is an estate cut off from the power of ", testator. By this a person may bequeath his estate to a fixed line of heirs, none of whom has the power to bequeath or seU it. Eorls were the noblemen and chief men of the tribes during Saxon times, as contradistinguished from the ceorls, the second or lower rank of freemen. Escheat was an incident of the feudal law by which when a tenant in fee t/ simple died, leaving no heir capable of succeeding, the land reverted or escheated to the lord of the district. Escutage. Same as Scutage (which see). Estates of the Bealm. — The governing powers of England are three in number, viz., the lords spiritual, the lords temporal, and the commons. It is a common mistake to say the king, the lords, and the commons are the three estates. The press is often caUed the fourth estate, in virtue of the power it wields. Estovers. — The right granted to the poorer classes of people to cut firewood ^ in the royal forests. No damage was to be done, and the foresters were required to attend so as to prevent a violation of the conditions. Exchequer, Court of, was separated from the Curia Eegis in the reign of Edward I., and takes cognizance of all cases relating to the revenue. Excise. — A toU or duty levied on articles manufactured and consumed within the kingdom, also on licenses to deal in certain articles. Cus toms are duties paid upon certain foreign productions when landed on our shores. Exclusion Bill. — Brought forward to exclude the Duke of York from the throne, was passed by the Commons, but refused by the Lords in 1680. The revival of the question led to the dissolution of parliament in 1681. Expurgators, — This term applies to the leading Puritans who, during the Commonwealth, were chosen to inquire into the character and ability of officiating ministers. Each county was given into the care of from 102 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 to 30 of these expurgators, who were empowered to suspend or expel offending ministers. Fair of Lincoln (1217). — Whilst Louis of France was besieged in London, a French army under the Count of Perche besieged Lincoln. WiUiam, the Earl Marischal, having raised an army, marched to relieve the town. The French were so completely routed that they fled, leaving an immense quantity of spoil in the hands of the English. The variety of the booty gave the name of " Fair of Lincoln " to the engagement. Fealty is the fidelity which a man who holds lands of another owes to him, and implies an engagement to perform the services or to pay the dues for which the land is granted. The oath of fealty could be received by proxy. Fenians. — An anti-British association of Irishmen, whose aim is or was the separation of Ireland from England and the formation of an indepen dent republic. Feudalism was the system of tenure of land by military service. All lands belonged, in the first instance, to the king, and were apportioned by him to his vassals, and in turn let by them to the sub-vassals or re tainers. This system, though in vogue in Saxon times, was the dis tinctive feature of the Norman period. The feudal tenure of lands stiU exists in theory at least, all land in England being regarded as held directly or indirectly from the crown. Fidei Defensor (Lat. Defender of the Faith), the complimentary title be stowed by Pope Leo X. on Henry VIII., as a mark of special favour, the English king having in 1521 written in Latin a book on the Seven Sacraments, strongly condemnatory of the doctrines (jf the reformer Martin Luther. Despite the king's subsequent rupture with the pope, and the Protestantism of his successors, this title is stiU retained by the sovereigns of England. Fief. — An estate held on condition of feudal or military service. Field of the Cloth of Gold, the name given to a place near Calais, then English territory, where Henry VIII. met Francis I. of France, with the avowed purpose of forming an alliance against Charles V. of Ger many. At the interview each king was surrounded with an amazing train of gorgeously apparelled nobles and gentlemen which filled the whole valley; their suits of cloth of gold and glittering armour forming a dazzling spectacle under the midsummer sun of 1520. The interview had no serious consequence, for in a month later Henry became the open aUy of Charles. Five Burghs. — The flve towns, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Stamford, and Lincoln, which formed a federation under the Danes for some time, till recovered by Edmund in 941. Folcland or Folkland — a term corresponding to our copyhold — was the GLOSSARY. 103 land of the folc or people in Saxon lEngland. The Folcland was that portion of the kingdom which was retained in behalf of the public and, with a view to increasing population and the growing wants of the community, was not permitted to become allodial estate or absolute private property. The holder of folcland paid rent for his lands and could be dispossessed at will. Folcmote, See Beeve, Forestaller, — This term was used to denote a person who bought aU avail able articles of food — grain, meat, flsh, &c. — with the intention of ruling the market and thus enhancing their price, and as a consequence his l^rofit on the articles. During the reign of Henry III. statutes were passed forbidding this practice. These statutes continued in force till the reign of George III., when they were repealed; but it was not till the early part of the reign of Victoria that they were flnaUy abolished. These persons were also known by the name of engrossers. Eegrators were offenders of a similar stamp. Forfeiture, — If the conditions upon which a flef was granted were not ful filled, or if the holder committed treason or felony, the land was for feited to the superior and could not be transmitted by descent. Four Tables (1637). — When Charles I. removed the government of Scot land from Edinburgh to Linlithgow, a provisional government was formed which met at Edinburgh. Four boards or tables were formed, each of which represented a class of society (lords, gentry, clergy, and burgesses). From each of these four boards one representative was chosen to govern a fifth board, in whose hands lay the supreme execu tive power. The famous " Solemn League and Covenant " was drawn up by this board, and they also demanded the removal of the liturgy, the canon, and court of high commission. Franchise is the right of voting for members of parliament which belongs to certain residents in a borough or county. Franklin was the English freeholder of former times, who held his lands from the crown free (frank) from any feudal servitude to a subject superior. Frankpledge. — During the later Anglo-Saxon period a system of surety was in force, by which every man whose rank and property did not ^ afford a sufficient guarantee for his good conduct was compeUed, after the reign of Athelstan, to find a surety who should be responsible for his appearance before a court of justice in case he violated the law of the land. Hallam says, every ten men in a viUage were answerable for each other, and if one of them committed an offence the other nine were bound to make reparation. Free Trade, that system of trade or commerce which is opposed to the im position of customs duties levied merely with the view of prohibiting or restricting the introduction of foreign goods. The great victory 104 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. which this system gained in England may be said to date from the repeal of the corn-laws (see Corn-laws), for though duties are to some extent stUl levied on imported foreign commodities, this is owing to the necessity of raising the imperial revenue. Gavelkind is an old English tenure by which the land of the father is at his death equally divided among his sons, or in default of sons, among the daughters; also, when one brother dies without issue all the other brothers inherit from him. This custom seems to have been prevalent in the kingdom before the Norman Conquest, when it was superseded by the feudal law of primogeniture, except in some few localities, not ably Kent, where its operation has not yet been entirely suspended. Grand Jury, a body consisting of not fewer than twelve nor more than twenty-three of the principal men of a county, summoned by the sheriff to consider the nature of the evidence, but not to determine the inno cence or guilt of prisoners to be tried at the assizes. After the evidence for the prosecution has been led, the jury, if they think the charge groundless, write on the back of the biU of indictment " not found," or "not a true bill," which is called throwing out the bill, the prisoner being then discharged; should the evidence be deemed sufficient to make out a case the endorsation is a "true bill," and the prisoner then takes his trial before a judge and a common jury. Grand Bemonstranoe, a document drawn up by the House of Commons in 1641, containing a complete account of aU the grievances that the country had suffered at the hands of the king (Charles I.) since his accession. After a long and warm debate it was only carried through the House by the narrow majority of eleven, after which it was printed and published without being submitted to the Peers for their approval. Great Contract (1610), was an engagement entered into between James I. and his parliament. The Commons agreed to give the king £200,000 a year; the king on his part gave up such sources of revenue as ward ships, purveyance, &c., by which he claimed a right to raise money. Guilds were originally associations of the inhabitants of particular towns, for promoting the common interests of the fraternity. They were of Saxon origin, and appear to have resembled our modern friendly societies. Every trade had its separate guild, of which it was necessary that a man should be a member before he was aUowed to practise the particular craft. Gunpowder Plot, a plot formed by a number of Eoman Catholics to take vengeance against King James I. and the parliament for their refusal to modify the severe penal laws against the adherents of Popery. It was determined that on the 5th November, 1605, the House of Parlia ment with its members and the king, who was to be present to open the session, should be blown up by gunpowder. The conspiracy was discovered however, the ceUars of the House were searched, thirty-six GLOSSARY. 105 barrels of powder were found, together with Guide (Guy) Fawkes, who was ready to make the explosion. Fawkes and a few of his fellow- plotters were hanged, some were killed in attempting to escape, and «• number succeeded in fleeing the country. Habeas Corpus Act, — An act passed in the reign of Charles II. (1679) for the better securing the liberty of the subject, and so called from the * first words, in law Latin, of the writ, or order that may be sent to the governor of a prison where any subject is confined. This writ, issued by one of the judges to whom application in case of need is made on the prisoner's behalf begins Habeas Corpus, &c., " You must produce the body '' — that is, surrender the prisoner for trial before a legal court upon such charges as may be brought against him. Thus no one can be detained in custody beyond a certain time without knowing the charge against him, and having the chance of meeting it. Hall Mote was the court of certain districts in which the lords had particu lar rights according to their possessions. This court, which had juris diction over all minor offences committed within its limits, was presided over by the superior and held in the hall of his residence. Hearth Honey, — This title was given to one of the most oppressive and unequal taxes ever levied in England, first imposed in the reign of Charles II. It was collected from the rich and poor, but in such a manner that a man owning a property of from £15 to £20 paid a tax ^' of ten shillings, whilst the nobles and other rich persons, whose wealth might be estimated at half a million, paid only five pounds. The collectors had power to enter any house and examine it thoroughly, and if the tax were not paid promptly part of the defaulter's goods could be taken and sold. William III. caused this tax to be abolished (1689). Heptarchy. — A name given to the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, Northumbria, and Mercia, under fy^ the erroneous assumption that England was at one time divided into that number of independent states. In point of fact there was no period of history when these seven kingdoms did exist together and independent of each other. Heriot, — A right of a lord of the manor to the best jewel, beast, or chattel of a deceased copyhold tenant. In early Saxon times the heriot was military furniture, as armour, arms, and horses given to the lord as a fee by an heir on coming to an estate. Hide. — Among the Anglo-Saxons, a certain division, portion, or measure ment of land, the exact extent of which it is now impossible to deter mine, estimates varying from 60, 80, to 100 acres or more being given. High Commission Court (1583). — This court was established in the reign of Elizabeth to try ecclesiastical offences and enforce the terms of the Acts of Supremacy, and Uniformity. It was composed of twelve 106 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, bishops and thirty-two other members. Owing to the Ulegal use made of this court by the Stuarts it was abolished in 1641. Holy League (1511). — Pope Julius II. persuaded Henry VIII. to join Maximilian and Ferdinand of Spain in a "holy league" for the defence of the church. The ostensible reason for this aUiance was to drive Louis XII. of France out of Italy. Ferdinand, however, attempting to use the English troops for his private schemes against Navarre, the Marquis of Dorset re-embarked and returned to England with his troops. Homage (L. homo, a man). — The ceremony of acknowledgment by a vassal on being invested in a fief. The vassal on receiving investiture knelt down before his lord, placed his hands together between the hands of his lord, and said, " I become your man, from this day forth, of life, and limb, and earthly honour," &c. Housecarls. — House soldiers, or household troops as they are now caUed, of the Anglo-Saxon kings. Carl simply means man. Hundred. — A division or portion of a shire or county, first established among the Anglo-Saxons, and originally containing one hundred free families. Hundred Mote. — In early England an inferior court to that of the shire, was held once a month and presided over by the eorl of the district, the bishop of the diocese, and the reeve. The thanes whose estates lay within its district, and four men from each town in the hundred, attended either personally or by deputy. This court had both civil and criminal jurisdiction, and all contracts for the sale of property were settled by its officials. Hundred Penny. — A tax collected by the sheriff or lord of a hundred. Hydages were the taxes levied on lands not held by military tenure (Plan tagenet period). Impeachment is the name given to an accusation and trial of a peer or member of parliament, or indeed of any other person, before the High Court of Parliament, for treason, or some high crime or misdemeanour. The Commons, or representatives of the people, become the accusers, and the House of Lords a criminal court, before which the offender is tried. In Commendam. — This term signifies the holding, through the favour of the crown, of a church preferment for a time till a suitable person be ap pointed. This holding may be temporary, or for a term of years, or perpetual. A clergyman on being raised to the bench of bishops formerly retained his living in commendam. Independents. — A religious party which rose into power during the struggle between Charles I. and the parliament. In matters of theology they differed little from other Protestant bodies ; in matters of church govern- GLOSSARY. 107 ment they were opposed strongly both to the system of rule by bishops characteristic of the EstabUshed Church, and the presbyteries and assemblies of the Presbyterians. The Independents looked upon every congregation as a church in itself having Christ alone as its head, and being perfectly independent of any other power. As regards politics the sect, having Cromwell as its leader, was strongly republican, and opposed to making any compromise with the king. Interdict, — This is an ecclesiastical censure or penalty in the Eoman Cath olic church, and excludes the place or person under its bann from par taking of certain sacraments of the church, public worship, and the burial service. This decree has gradually fallen into disuse. Investiture, in feudal and ecclesiastical history, means the act of giving formal possession of a manor, office, or benefice, and was accompanied by a certain ceremonial. Investiture, Ecclesiastical Eight of, provided that ; — 1. The clergy should do homage to the king for their lands. 2. The king should invest new abbots and prelates with their ring and crosier of office. This gave the king power to reject such ecclesiastics as he disapproved of. The pope, in 1098, called a council at Eome, where lay investiture was condemned. Up to 1106, however, the struggle continued in Eng land, when a compromise was effected. The king gave up his right to invest the ring and crosier, but retained the power of withholding all temporal grants. Ireland is the land of Eire or Eri (western), the native Irish name. The Eomans called it Hibernia or lerne; Scotia was another name for it. Irish Brigade (1691). — On the pacification of Limerick being signed, 14,000 Irish soldiers left Ireland and joined the army of Louis. These were known as the Irish Brigade. Ironsides. — The name given to the hardy God-fearing troopers or horse soldiers trained and disciplined by Oliver Cromwell. Jacobites (from the Latin Jacobus, James). — The partisans or adherents of James II. after he abdicated the throne, and of his descendants ; parti cularly the party that favoured the Stuart cause duripg the reign of the flrst Hanoverian kings, and plunged the nation into civil war in 1715 and 1745. Justices in Itinere or in Eyre. — The great inconvenience arising from the courts of law following the king's person led to the kingdom being divided into circuits through which these judges passed once a year. Their duties were: to try civil and criminal cases, fix the amount of the tallages, and receive, as representing the king, the oaths of fealty. The courts presided over by these judges were called Courts of Assize, and were the original of our assize courts. \/ 108 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. Justiciary, — ^A name given to the persons appointed to preside over the affairs of the Curia Eegis and the country at large during the absence of the king. AboUshed 1261. Kerns. — Irish light-armed foot soldiers; those heavily armed were caUed gallowglasses. A similar distinction prevailed in Scotland. King's (Queen's) Bench, Court of, was a remnant of the Curia Eegis of Norman times, and received its name from the fact that the king pre sided over its affairs in person. It was the Supreme Common Law Court, and had cognizance of aU cases in which the crown — represent ing the nation — prosecuted. It is now merged in the High Court of Justice. Knight (Anglo-Saxon cniht; German Icnecht, a servant). — This terra meant at first a boy or servant, then a lord's son, a fighting man, and at last became a title of honour limited to men of family and position. Knight of the Shire. — A person representing a county in parliament. Until lately only gentlemen with a property qualification amounting to £600 a year were quaUfied. This limit has been abolished. Knight's Fee. — A portion of land held by custom, sufficient to maintain a knight to do service as such for the king. William the Conqueror created 60,000 such fees when he came to England. AU who had £20 a year in lands or income were compeUed to become members of the knightly order and to render knight's service. Knight's Service, — The holder of a knight's fee was bound to attend the \ king, at his own expense, with a certain force of his retainers for the space of forty days at a time, when required to do so in time of war. Knights Templars, — An order of knighthood established for the protec tion of pilgrims to Jerusalem in 1118 a.d. Their name was taken from the temple, and in addition to the vow of knighthood they took the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. This order was suppressed by Pope Clement V. in 1313. w Lagan. — ^A right which the chief lord of a fee had to take goods cast on shore by the violence of the sea. Lath or Lathe. — A subdivision of a county intermediate between a hundred and a shire, containing, like the rapes of Sussex, between three and four "hundreds." Kent is divided into five lathes. Levellers. — The name applied to the extreme section of the Eepublican party about the time of the Commonwealth. They held that aU men should be brought to the same level with respect to property, rank, or political rights. At one time they formed a powerful section of the Puritan army, and Cromwell had repeatedly to punish them severely on account of their insubordination. Liberals. — The name applied to or assumed by one of the two great politi cal parties in England, the other being Conservatives. The Liberals GLOSSARY. 109 may be said to include the old Whigs and the Radicals, or in other words all political thinkers who favour progressive reform, especially in the direction of conferring more power on the people, Lilli-huUero, buUen-a-la.— The refrain of a baUad written by Lord Whar ton, and set to a catching and stirring tune of PurceU's, on the occasion of James II. nominating Lord Tyrconnel, a Eoman Catholic, to the Lord-lieutenancy of Ireland. This somewhat doggerel effusion treated the Roman Catholics, and especially the Irish, in a severely satirical manner, was at first sung by the soldiers of the English army, and at last by the people in town and country with such persistent enthusiasm, that Wharton fancied himself justified in boasting that he had rhymed King James out of his dominions. Lollard Bemonstranoe (1395) was a petition drawn up by the followers of Wyoliffe objecting to the corrupt practices then existing in the church. Many of the members of parliament and a great proportion of the people were in favour of the terms of the petition, but when the statute for burning heretics was passed in 1401, LoUardism became disorgan ized and the agitation ceased. Lollards. — The name given to the followers of John Wyoliffe, the great religious reformer of the fourteenth century. Long Parliament.^ — The parliament which firiit assembled in 1640, and so caUed from the fact that it was not formally and finaUy dissolved un til 1660, having therefore lasted about twenty years ; virtually, how ever, its existence may be said to have closed in 1653 on the violent expulsion of the members from the House of Commons by Cromwell and his soldiers. Lord Paramount or Suzerain was a feudal term for the king or sovereign. Lords of the Articles. — A council of Scottish members of parliament who were authorized to prepare biUs for presentation to the Commons. Lords of the Congregation. — The Protestant nobles of Scotland banded themselves together in 1557 under the title " Lords of the Congrega tion," and strove to forward the Reformation in Scotland. They were characterized by a hatred of Catholicism and a devoted attachment to the doctrine of Calvin. Luddites (1811-1816). — This term was given to gangs of riotous workmen, in the chief manufacturing centres of England, who banded together to destroy machinery, in the belief that machines, particularly power- looms, lace and stocking frames, &c., caused a scarcity of work. The name is derived from an imbecile called Ned Lud, who was guilty of breaking some stocking frames. Mad Parliament. — The name given to a council convened in June, 1258, at Oxford, at which the barons, headed by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, attended with their retainers at their backs, and which was i^ 110 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. SO called from the turmoil which followed its proceedings. It was by this parliament that the resolutions known as the Provisions of Oxford were passed. Magna Charta (Lat.), literaUy " Great Charter," the charter of English liberty extorted by the barons from King John in 1215. Main Plot (1603). — A plot in which the chief conspirators were alleged to be Lord Cobham and Sir Walter Ealeigh, to dethrone James I. and set Arabella Stuart, cousin of the king, on the throne. Lord Cobham was pardoned; Raleigh, after an unfair trial, was confined in the Tower for many years and ultimately beheaded (1618). Maintenance. — The custom practised by noblemen or others of keeping bands of men in livery attached to their service. These retainers in return were pledged to fight for their lords in their private quarrels. This custom was abolished in the reign of Edward IV., but it seems to have gradually revived, as in the reign of Henry VII. we read of the Earl of Oxford being fined £10,000 for gathering a number of men in uniform to do honour to the king. Manifesto. — A public declaration, usually by a prince or sovereign, showing his intentions or proclaiming his opinions and motives. y/ Manor, — A freehold estate, the holder of which was the "lord" of the manor, having freehold or copyhold tenants under him. Manung or Monung (lit. admonition). — The district within the jurisdiction of a reeve. Apparently so called from his power to exercise therein one of his chief functions, viz. to exact all fines. Meal-tub Plot, — A sham plot aUeged to have been discovered by a scoundrel named Dangerfleld in 1679, and so called from papers professedly con nected with it being found in the bottom of a meal-tub. The story was evidently intended to bring odium on the Roman Catholics. Merchet. — The sum paid by the serf or villein to his lord for permission to give his daughter in marriage. Methodists. — A name given in 1729 to John and Charles Wesley and their clique, who, whilst at the university, used to meet at stated times for religious conversation. Now given to the sect founded by the Wesleys, The church government of the Wesleyan Methodists is Presbyterian, whilst their doctrines are closely allied to those of the Church of Eng land. Military Service. — This was a feudal obligation by which a vassal was re quired to attend his overlord for the space of forty days in each year at his own expense. Millenary Petition was the name given to a Puritan petition presented to James I. praying for release from the compulsory enforcement of ceremonial to which they conscientiously objected, and for the reform of the church. It was signed by nearly 1000 ministers. GLOSSARY. Ill Misprision of Treason. — A term applied to the crime of concealing treason. The concealment of treason becomes criminal after a sufficient time has elapsed for the party to reveal it to some judge or justice of the peace. By a statute of Elizabeth the coining of money not current in England was made an act of mistreason or misprision. Mohocks, so called from the Indian Mohawks of America, was the name given to a class of ruffians who infested the streets of London during the later part of the seventeenth century. Monopolies were royal grants giving the exclusive right of trading in certain articles to one or more privileged traders. During the reign of Elizabeth such things as iron, oil, salt, coal, starch, leather, and glass were to be had only from those holding the monopoly of such articles, and who charged exorbitant prices. The parliament of 1601 com plained of this custom, and in 1625 a limit to the granting of mono polies was made. Morton's Fork. — When Henry VII. revived the illegal practice of exacting benevolences. Cardinal Morton, his chief adviser, gave the following in structions to the commissioners. " If," said he, " the persons applied to for the benevolence live frugally, tell them that their parsimony must necessarily have enriched them; if their method of living be hos pitable, tell them they must necessarily be opulent on account of their great expenditure." This dilemma was familiarly known as "Morton's Fork." Mundhyrd, — Among the Anglo-Saxons the protection afforded by a superior or more powerful person to one less powerful. If a person violated this provision he was punished with a flne called the mund, payable to the protecting party. Non-Compounders were the smallest party of Jacobites, who believed that the king was responsible only to God for faults committed in govern ment. They urged his restoration, and — in opposition to the Com pounders — would give him full power in church and state. Nonconformists. — A name generally applied to members of those sects not conforming to the doctrine or usages of an established church, but in English history speciflcally applied to the Puritans, owing to their noncompliance with the Act of Uniformity passed in 1552. Nonjurors were the clergymen who refused to take the oath of aUegiance to William and Mary after the Revolution. The Archbishop Sancroft, ~ Bishops Ken of Bath and Wells, Turner of Ely, Lake of Chichester, White of Peterborough, Lloyd of Norwich, Thomas of Worcester, and Frampton of Gloucester, with about 400 of the clergy, were amongst those who were evicted from their livings (1691). Normans (that is North-men), — A name generally limited in its appUcation to the people descended from a powerful body of Norse pirates who 112 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. established themselves in that part of France caUed after them — Nor mandy. Old Sarum (WUts). — An ancient British town, which formerly stood near Salisbury (New Sarum). Although it had completely disappeared two members were returned for it to parliament tiU the passing of the Eeform BiU in 1832. Ordainers was the name given to the council of twenty-one peers appointed by parUament to manage Edward II. 's household and reform the government (1310). The councU included eight earls, seven bishops, and six barons. Ordeal, Trial by, — An ancient form of trial to determine the guUt or in nocence of an accused person, which, as practised in England during the middle ages, consisted of two principal kinds— fire-oi'deal and water- ordeal, the former being confined to persons of the higher rank, and the latter to persons of the lower ranks of society. Both might be per formed by deputy, but the accused himself was to answer for the success of the trial. Fire-ordeal was performed either by taking in the hand a piece of red-hot iron, or by walking barefooted and blindfolded over red-hot ploughshares laid at unequal distances; if the person escaped unhurt he was adjudged innocent; if otherwise, guUty. Water-ordeal was performed either by plunging the bare arm to the elbow in boiling water, escape from injury being considered proof of innocence ; or by casting the suspected person into a river or pond, and if he floated without an effort to swim it was an evidence of guilt, but if he sank he was innocent. Another kind of ordeal was sometimes resorted to ; this was the swallowing of the Corsned or Corsnsed Cake, a piece of bread consecrated by exorcism. If the accused or suspected person was guilty it was supposed that the bread, on his attempting to swallow it, would, in accordance with the prayer of the exorcism, pro duce convulsions and paleness, and flnd no passage. Trial by ordeal was flnaUy abolished in the reign of Henry III. Ordinance of Militia (1642). — Two of these orders were issued by the par liament at the beginning of the civil war. The flrst provided that the militia was to be under the command of the lords -lieutenant ot the counties, who were to be irremovable by the king for two years. The second mentioned by name those who were to command the militia, and entirely left out the king's name and authority. Owenites. — A class of Socialists, the followers of Eobert Owen, who thought to reorganize society by banishing the usual motives for actions, including religion in any of its special forms, and establishing the social ediflce on a basis of co-operation and mutual usefulness. 0 Yes ! — A corruption of the French oyez, hear ye, is the ancient term stUl used by the public cryer, also by the usher in a court of law, as a signal for order and attention. GLOSSARY. 113 Palatine Counties or Counties Palatine.— The counties of Chester, Dur ham, and Lancaster are so called, as also was Pembroke up to 1536, when its palatine jurisdiction was taken away. The Counties Pala tine derived their name because their rulers, that is, the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the Earl or Duke of Lancaster, had originally royal powers in their respective counties, powers similar to that of the sovereign in his palace (L. palatium, a palace, hence the name). Chester and Durham were Palatine Counties from time im memorial, Lancaster was created by Edward III. in favour of Henry Plantagenet, flrst Earl and then Duke of Lancaster. Palatine rights in these counties are now vested in the sovereign. Pale, the English. — That portion of Ireland in which English rule and law were acknowledged. The pale varied in extent at different periods. The designation dates from the reign of John, who distributed the portion of Ireland then subject to England into twelve counties palatine. Peelites. — A party name given to the poUtical followers of Sir Eobert Peel after his secession from the Conservative party. Peep o' Day Boys. — During the disturbances of 1784 bands of Irish Pro testants used to visit the houses of their Catholic opponents at early dawn (peep of day) for the purpose of plunder. This gave rise to the name. Peter's Pence. — A tribute paid to the pope by the Saxons. Its origin is doubtful; some ascribe it to Ina, King of the West Saxons (721), who made a pilgrimage to Eome and founded a hospice for Anglo-Saxons to be sustained by contributions from England; others ascribe it to Ethelbert, King of East Anglia, and Ethelwulf, respectively. This tax or levy, which was a silver penny on owners of property of a yearly value of thirty pence, was caUed Bamescot, and was coUected between the days of St. Peter and St. Paul. AboUshed 1174. Petty Jury, or small jury, consists of twelve freeholders who are selected in the manner prescribed by law, empanneUed and sworn to inquire into and try causes at the bar of a court, and declare the truth on the evidence given then in the court. Phoenicians. — Those mentioned in British history came from colonies in Africa and Spain to trade for tin, then plentifully found in the Cassi terides (Tin Islands); supposed to be the ScUly Islands. Pilgrimage of Grace (1536-7). — Great discontent followed the abolition of monasteries (by Henry VIIL), and in the northern counties 40,000 men rose in arms under a gentleman caUed Robert Aske. They occupied York, Hull, and Pontefract for some time, but heavy rains and a general promise of pardon induced them to return home. Aske, Lord Darcy, and other leaders were executed. The avowed objects of this rising were : — (182) B 114 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 1. The re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church on its old basis. 2. The restoration of the abolished monasteries. 3. To uproot the Protestant faith in England. Pilgrim Fathers. — A party of Puritans, numbering 74 men and 28 women, who, in order to escape the persecution of the Stuart period, sailed in a vessel caUed the May Flower from Leyden to North America. They landed on Plymouth Rock and founded a colony in 1620. Pillory. — A wooden frame having holes through which the head and hands of offenders were put. Pin Money. — This expression arose from the fact that when pins were first introduced the price was so high that a separate allowance had to be made for their purchase. In the fourteenth century dealers were only allowed to sell them in open shops on the first and second of January. Then the ladies, having been provided with money for the purpose, went to the stores to buy a supply of pins. As pins gradually became cheaper the money was spent in the purchase of other articles of fashion, and the term pin money has thus been retained as denoting a sum of money set apart for personal adornment. Plantagenet. — The name given to the line of kings of which Henry II. was the first. It is derived from the Latin planta-genista, the plant or the shrub broom, assumed by the first Earl of Anjou during a pilgrim age to the Holy Land as a symbol of humility, and which his successors took as their crest and surname. Poll-tax. — A tax levied upon every adult subject at a fixed rate per poll (head or person). It was the harsh levying of a poll-tax that led to the insurrection of Wat Tyler in 1381. Popish Plot (1678). — This pretended plot was a fabrication of a, dissolute scoundrel called Titus Oates, flrst a dissenter, then a clergyman of the Church of England, and latterly a professed convert to Catholicism. He swore information before Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey, a justice of the peace, to the following effect : That Charles II. was to be assassin ated and the Duke of York raised to tlie throne. The city of London was to be burned for the sake of plunder, and the Protestants every where were to be massacred. If James, Duke of York, refused the crown or neglected to fulfil the conditions imposed on him, he was doomed to death. Oates's story was at first believed; he was rewarded with a pension of £1200 and apartments in Whitehall were provided for him, till a reaction took place, when he was fined £100,000 for libel and imprisoned in default of payment. He was whipped at the cart's tail under James II., but pardoned and pensioned under William III. Praemunire. — This term is derived from the first word of a writ originally introduced for the purpose of repressing papal encroachments on the power of the crown — prcemunw-e facias (cause so-and-so to be fore warned) — and is given to that class of offences of the nature of a con- GLOSSARY. 115 tempt against the sovereign and his government. This crime is pun ishable with forfeiture and imprisonment. The flrst statute of this kind was passed in the reign of Edward III. Pragmatic Sanction.— This term was first used by the Romans, and applied to those statutes which related to their provinces. With special refer ence to EngUsh history, the term was appUed to that arrangement of Charles VI. of Austria, who, having no male issue, bequeathed his throne to his daughter Maria Theresa (1740). France, Prussia, and other states armed themselves against this princess, who, however, found an ally in George II. of England. Prefect or Propraetor was the title given to the chief Roman official in Britain during the time of the occupation. He possessed both civil and military powers. Presbyterians. — Members of that section of the Protestant church who are opposed, to the government of the church by bishops (as in the Church of England), and substitute for them various ruling bodies, such as presbyteries, consisting of the ministers within a certain district, and a corresponding number of elders ; synods, higher courts, in which several neighbouring presbyteries are combined, and a Genercd Assembly, the highest court, the members of which are representative ministers and ruling members from each presbytery. All ministers are held to be of the same rank or dignity. Presbyterianism is the national form of church government in Scotland, but was held in strong repugnance by the Stuart kings of Britain, whose unsuccessful attempts to force Episcopalianism on the Scotch led to much bloodshed. Pretender. — A name specially given to two claimants of the British crown, as being the heirs of James II.: (1) James Francis Edward, the Old Pretender, son of that king, who attempted by a landing in Scotland in 1715 to make good his claim, but was soon compelled to retreat to France. (2) Charles Edward, son of the preceding, and usually called the Young Pretender, who landed in Scotland in 1745, and in a short time seemed to have aU Scotland at his feet. He was totally defeated at CuUoden in 1746, and after wandering about for months in the Highlands escaped to France, where he died in 1788. Pride's Purge (1648). — This term applies to the act of Colonel Pride, who surrounded the House of Commons with his troopers and prevented the entrance of about 200 Presbyterian members, whilst the Indepen dents, numbering about 50, voted the thanks of the nation to Cromwell for his services. Primer Seisin was a feudal burden only incident to the king's tenants in chief, and not to those who held lands of inferior lords. It was a right which the king had when any of his tenants in capite died, seiied (that is possessed) of a knight's fee, to receive of the heir (if he were of full age) one whole year's profits of the lands, if they were in immediate 116 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTOEY. possession; and half a year's profits if the lands were in reversion expect ant on an estate for life. This was the origin of First-fruits to the pope, who claimed to be the feudal lord of the church and insisted on a like claim to the flrst year's proflts of any benefice. Primogeniture is the right, principle, or rule, under which the eldest son of a famUy succeeds to the father's real estate, in preference to, and in absolute exclusion of, the younger sons and any of the daughters. Privy-council. — A body appointed on the nomination of the sovereign to advise in state affairs. It seems to have arisen from the appointment of a permanent committee of the great council of nobles and prelates in the reign of Richard II. It acquired great power under the Plan tagenets, and one of its committees, the Star Chamber, became notorious under the Tudors and Stuarts. The Cabinet, virtuaUy a committee of the Privy-council, was flrst selected from it in the reign of WiUiam III. The Privy-council now usually includes the members of the royal famUy, the two archbishops, the lord-chanceUor, a number of the principal judges, the speaker of the House of Commons, the com mander-in-chief, the cabinet ministers, &c. A large part of the business of this council is now done by committees of its members, in cluding besides the Cabinet or ministers of state, the Board of Trade, the Committee of Council for Education, &c. Procurator or Quaestor was a Roman official under the Prefect who coUected and administered the revenues of the country in Roman England. Protection. — The theory that it is to the advantage of a nation that home trade and produce should be protected by levying a tax upon imported foreign goods : opposed to Free Trade (which see). Provost. — French prevdt, from the Latin prcepositus, placed over or before — was the name given to the chief magistrate in Norman times. He held a post simUar to our modern mayor. Puritans was the term applied to those seceders from the Church of Eng land during the reign of Elizabeth and the flrst two Stuarts who re jected the traditional and human interference in religion, and accepted the pure Word of God as their rule and guide. Their motto was, "The Bible, the whole Bible, ajid nothing but the Bible." FuUer named them Nonconformists because of their refusal to subscribe to the Act of Uniformity. Purveyance. — The providing of provisions and other necessaries for the use of the sovereign, at a valuation, and whether the owner wished to seU or not. In the early periods of English history the king's officers seized corn, cattle, forage, horses, carriages, and other requisites for himself and train. Edward III. extended this system to the seizure of the lower classes of society for soldiers and sailors, also of merchant GLOSSARY. 117 vessels in time of war. Purveyance, in its more burdensome forms, was abolished in the reign of Charles II. Queen Anne's Bounty. — In 1704 parUament passed a bUl by which the sum paid to the crown as flrst- fruits and tenths by the clergy could be appropriated to the augmenting of the stipends of the poorer clergymen. This fund is caUed Queen Anne's Bounty. Badicals. — A name given to an extreme section of the Liberal party, who wish to uproot aU abuses in our system of government with a somewhat rough and unsparing hand, and place political power more directly in the hands of the people at large. Bape. — One of the divisions of a county. Sussex is divided into six rapes, each of which has its river, forest, and castle. A rape was subdivided into hundreds. Behecca's Daughters (1843). — Men disguised as women whose object was to destroy the turnpike gates in Wales. The name was taken from Rebecca, the bride of Isaac. On leaving her father's house the concluding words of the parting blessing bestowed on her were: "Let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them " (Genesis xxiv. 60). Becognitors. — The origin of the modern jury. Henry II. commanded that the innocence or guUt of an accused person should be decided by the judgment of eighteen of his peers, who received the name of Recogni tors. A recognitor might, till 1349, act both as a juryman and wit ness. Becusants was the name given to certain persons who, objecting to the ritual of the church as by law established, refused to attend its minis trations (1566). Beeve (Anglo-Saxon gerifa). — The name given to a magistrate in early English times. In Saxon England he represented the lord of a district (township or hundred) at the folcmote of the county and levied his lord's dues. The shire- reeve or sheriff represented the king in the shire. Belief means a payment by a tenant or vassal to a lord on succeeding to land held on feudal tenure, the theory being, according to feudal law, that relief is a restoration of the land after the wardship or guardian ship of the lord has ceased and the vassal has attained majority. Abol ished in the beginning of the reign of Charles II. Bihhonism is the name applied to the principles of one of the secret societies of Ireland. This order originated about 1820 with a view to retaliate on the landlords for any injury done to their tenants. Many agrarian murders are attributed to this society. An act to repress this and other such societies was passed in 1871. Eoman Catholic Disabilities. — Catholics were prevented by law from ^ 118 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. doing many things that their Protestant fellow-citizens were free to do. Amongst the disabilities were the following : — 1. They coidd not enter either House of Parliament. '2. They were not allowed to act as guardians to Protestant children. 3. Great restrictions were placed on the possession of arms by Catholics. 4. They were virtually excluded from serving as jurymen and from taking high civil appointments. The passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829 placed the Roman Catholics upon much the same footing in these respects as their Protestant fellow-subjects. Boundheads was another name for the Puritans, given them from the prac tice of wearing closely cropped hair, which contrasted in a very marked manner with the Royalists, who wore long hair hanging loosely and covering their shoulders. Bye House Plot, a conspiracy which had for its object the assassination of Charles II. as he passed a farmhouse caUed the Rye House, on a journey to Newmarket in 1683. The plot was frustrated by the king making the journey some days before the anticipated time, and was subsequently revealed by some of the conspirators. Lord William Russell and Algernon Sydney were executed for complicity, but it is generaUy supposed that though they did engage in one plot against the king, they had no connection with this murderous one. Salic Law. — The code known as the Salic Law is a collection of the popular laws of the Salic Franks committed to writing in barbarous Latin during the flfth century. One of the laws of this code excluded women from inheriting certain lands and dignities (such as that of queen and the like). Sansterre, meaning lackland, was a surname given to John, King of England. Saxon. — This name is of uncertain origin, but is supposed to be from Old German sahs, a knife. Scotland was so called from the Soots or Celtic inhabitants of Ireland, who crossed over and settled in the country about the beginning of the sixth century, their descendants finally gaining the ascendency over the Picts. It was anciently called Albany, which probably meant the hilly land. The ancient Britons caUed the people living in Scotland Caoill-daoin, meaning people of the woods, which being Latinized gives us Caledonia. Scutage, a money composition paid to the king by those tenants-in-chief who neglected to furnish their proper quota of soldiers for a period of forty days. Secret Committee (1742). — Pulteney proposed that a private committee should be formed to investigate the charges brought against Walpole for bribery and general corrupt practices during the last ten years of GLOSSAEY. 119 his (Walpole's) administration. As those best able to give conclusive evidence against him refused to implicate themselves by appearing as witnesses the inquiry came to nothing. Self-denying Ordinance (1645) was passed to exclude the members of both houses of parliament from holding civil or military offices. Sheriff, — The governor of a shire, and an officer of very great antiquity in England, The term is derived from two Anglo-Saxon words mean ing the reeve or officer of the shire. To the sheriff is intrusted the execution of the laws and the keeping of the peace; and he ranks as the first man in the shire. Ship-money, originally a war-tax levied on sea-ports to provide protection against hostile ships. During the reign of Charles I. this tax was iUegally revived in the time of peace, and was extended to the inland counties. The refusal of John Hampden, a Buckingham squire, to pay this tax, was one of the proximate causes of the great rebeUion. It was abolished during the same reign. Shire (Anglo-Saxon scire, from sciran, to divide). — When a Saxon king created an earl he gave him a district of land caUed a shire to govern. The Norman title count took the place of the Saxon earl, and the divi sion of land under his rule was then caUed a county. Shire Mote (that is, shire or county court), was the principal ordinary court of the Saxons, and had civil, criminal, and ecclesiastical jurisdiction. It met twice a year, and was presided over by the bishop of the diocese and the ealdorman of the shire, or his deputy the sheriff. All land owners within its limits were required to attend personally or by deputy, also the reeve and four men from each town. Simony. — The crime of buying or selling livings in the church, so called from Simon Magus, who offered the apostles money in exchange for the gift of the Holy Ghost. Socage, a tenure of lands, in which the holders were exempted from the military duties of knight-service on the one hand and from the baser services of villenage on the other. Solemn League and Covenant (1643), a compact entered into between the Parliamentary party and the Scotch, in which it was agreed that there should be a unity of religion between England .ind Scotland, Presby- terianism taking the place of the Episcopal church. The Scotch further agreed to furnish an army of 21,000 men to be paid by tbe English parliament. This covenant was insisted on by the Scotch Presby terians, who previously had bound themselves by the National Cove nant to maintain the Presbyterian religion in Scotland, to the exclusion of Episcopacy. Both these covenants were signed by Charles II. in 1650, but were repudiated on his restoration. South Sea Scheme (1720), was a project set on foot by a company, of which Sir .Tohn Blunt was a leading director. They proposed to liquidate 120 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTOEY. the National Debt in twenty-six years. In return for their services they were to receive the sole right of trading in the South Seas. The stories of vast wealth to be obtained gained such a hold on the people, that the shares sold at fabulous prices. This went on for a short time only, when the bubble burst, and many thousands of people were ruined. Star Chamber, Court of. — This court is said to have originated in the reign of Edward III. It took 'its name from the decorations of the trial room in the palace of Westminster, and was presided over by the chanceUor, treasurer, lord privy-seal, a bishop, and a temporal peer of the realm. It exercised jurisdiction over riots, perjury, forgery, frauds, and other misdemeanours without the aid of a jury, and could inflict any punishment with the exception of death. Henry VII. re vived this court as a means of effectually abolishing the system of maintenance. In the reigns of the succeeding Tudors and the first two Stuarts this court shamefully exceeded its powers in extorting large fines from the wealthy on paltry and even grossly false charges. Abol ished finaUy 1641. Sub-infeudation, the term used to designate the dividing of a feud held by a lord amongst his vassals or retainers. The lord exacted military service as part payment for the holdings. Subsidies. — A term formerly applied to extraordinary grants made by par liament to the sovereign, especially for carrying on war, levied on persons according to the value of their possessions. Also sums of money paid by one prince or nation to another to purchase the service of auxiliary troops, or the aid of a foreign prince in a war against an enemy. Not levied in England since the Restoration. Tallage — French tailler, to cut out a part — was a name applied to subsidies or taxes of every kind, but, in its more proper and restricted sense, it denotes those taxes to which, under the Anglo-Norman kings, the demesne lands of the crown and all royal towns were subject. These taxes were far more rigorous and arbitrary than those imposed on the gentry. Tannistry was a system amongst the Irish, by which the heir to a chief was elected for life by the tribe from the relatives of the reigning families. This made the line of rulers elective and not hereditary. The engagements and acts of any chief were not binding on his successor. Thanes, among the Anglo-Saxons, that class of freemen next in rank to the ealdormen. A freeman not noble was raised to the rank of thane by acquiring five hides of land, by making three sea voyages on his own V account, or by receiving holy orders. On important occasions the higher thanes sat in the witenagemot or supreme councU of the nation. After the Norman conquest thanes and barons were classed together, and in the reign of Henry II. the title fell into disuse. --GLOSSARY. 121 Theowas or Thews, the serfs or slaves of Anglo-Saxon times. Probably most of them were originally captured Britons or their descendants, but freemen were reduced to serfdom by debt or crime. They could /^ be bought and sold, but by law they could not be sold out of the country. They might become freemen by purchasing their own freedom, or by special grant of their master. The corresponding Norman title is Villeins. Thorough was the name generaUy given to a scheme of government pro jected by Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford. For some years Strafford, as viceroy of Ireland under Charles I., tested his plan on the English settlers and Irish, and as a result great discontent pre vailed and the Irish were goaded to revolt. The nature of this scheme may be understood from several objects it kept in view and sought to achieve. 1. To undermine the power of parliament and make the courts of law secondary to the king's wishes. 2. To make Charles an absolute monarch. 3. To put the estates and wealth of the subject at the disposal of the king. 4. The severe punishment of all who murmured at the king's acts. In order that this system should have sway a standing army was to be raised, by which aU rebellions were to be subdued. Strafford was im peached by the Commons on the charge of treason against the liberty of the people, condemned and executed in 1641. Titles of Nobility, Dates of— Duke. — The flrst English Duke was Edward the Black Prince, who was created Duke of ComwaU by his father, Edward III., in 1337. Marquis. — This title was flrst bestowed by Richard II. on his favourite Robert De Vere, Earl of Oxford, whom he created Marquis of Dublin in 1386. The Saxon titles of Ealdorman, Eorl, and Thane, were changed into Earl and Baron by WiUiam I. Viscount. — The flrst person who held this title was John Beaumont, created Viscount Beaumont and Count of Bologne in France in 1440. Baronets were flrst created by James I. in 1611, but they do not belong to the nobility. Tonnage and Poundage, duties levied upon imported and exported goods as a means of raising the revenue, first imposed under the reign of Edward III., when the duty on every tun of imported wine was fixed at 2s., and on every pound weight of merchandise exported or imported was fixed at 6d. Tory, Whig, the names applied to the members of the two principal poli tical parties in Britain. The name Tory is said to have been originally given to Irish outlaws, partly rebels, and seems to be from an Irish word meaning to pursue. The epithet Whig, on the other hand, comes from Scotland, and is supposed to be from whig, whey, as being appro- 122 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTOEY. priate to the sour dispositions of the Covenanters. These nicknames began to obtain their political significance about 1679, when Tory was applied to a person who was supposed to be an abettor of the Popish Plot, and then generally to those who refused to concur in excluding a Popish prince from the throne, the epithet Whig being applied to their opponents. Gradually the terms came to have a less restricted mea.ning ; Tory coming simply to signify an adherent of that political party who disapproved of change in the ancient constitution, and who supported the claims of the king, church, and aristocracy; while the Whigs were in favour of more or less radical changes, and supported the claims of the democracy. Instead of Tory, Conservative is now very common, while the Whigs are now a section of the Liberal party. Trimmer. — A term adopted towards the end of the 17th century by George Savile, Marquis of Halifax (1630-1695), to denote his position as a politician. He was neither an extreme Whig nor an extreme Tory, but took a middle course between the two. [, Tything originaUy meant the district occupied by ten free famUies, and formed a subdivision of the hundred. Undertakers. — These were a class of men, with Bacon at their head, whose aim was to make James I. a despotic rider, and the power of the com mons, except as an aid to the king, of little or no effect. Vassal in the feudal system was the correlative of lord; in other words, a tenant holding lands under a lord, and bound by his tenure to feudal services. Viking (an Icelandic word from vik, a bay, literaUy one who frequents bays, a rover or pirate who lurked in bays, issuing from them to plunder). — A rover or sea-robber belonging to one of the bands of Northmen who infested the European seas during the 8th, 9th, and 10th centuries. Villein or Villain. — A member of the lowest of the unfree classes or serfs during the feudal age. In respect to their masters or owners the viUeins had no rights, except that the owner might not kill or maim them, or ravish the females; they could acquire or hold no property except according to their master's will, they were obliged to do all the menial services which he demanded ; and the cottages and plots of land which they occupied were held merely at his will. Villeins regardant belonged to the soil, being transferred to the new proprietor when the estate changed hands ; villeins in gross belonged to their masters, who could sell or transfer them at will. V Wales. — The name Wales was originaUy a plural noun meaning strangers, being the Anglo-Saxon wealas, plural of wealh, a stranger. The Welsh call themselves Cymri and their country Cymru. Wapentake. — A division of a county similar to that better known as a V hundred. The origin of this term Ues in the fact that the members of a tribe, or a vassal, touched the weapon of the chief or overlord as GLOSSARY. 123 a token of allegiance and homage. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Nottingham are divided into wapentakes (touch-arms). Wards. — Name given to the subdivisions of Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Westmoreland. This term no doubt refers to the duty of the natives to keep watch and ward in Saxon and Norman times. Wardship. — When the holder of a fief died leaving a minor as heir the lord of the manor entered on possession of the estate and acted as ward or guardian till the heir became of age, enjoying all the profits of the estate. This was found to be a great burden on estates. If the ward was a female the lord could demand a sum of money in forfeit if she refused the husband he provided for her. Abolished by the first parliament of Charles II. Wergild, among the Saxon and other Teutonic peoples, a kind of fine for manslaughter, and other crimes against the person, by paying which the offender was freed from further penalty. The fine or compensation due by the offender varied in amount according to his rank or station and that of the person killed or wounded, and also according to the nature of the injur}'. It was in general paid to the relatives of the person slain, or in the case of wounding, to the person injured ; but if the case was brought before the community, the plaintiff only received part of the fine, the community, or the king where there was one, receiving the other part. Witenagemot (literally, assembly or meeting of the wise men), among the Anglo-Saxons, the great national council or parliament, consisting of athelings or princes, ealdormen or nobles, the large landholders, the principal ecclesiastics, &c. The meetings of this council were frequent; they formed the highest court of judicature in the kingdom ; they were summoned by the king in any political emergency ; their concurrence was necessary to give validity to laws, and treaties with foreign states were submitted to their approval ; they had even power to elect the king, and if the sceptre descended in his race it was by means of the formal recognition of the new king by the nobles, bishops, &c., in an assembly convened for the purpose. Also called witan, which means simply the wise men (witena being the genitive of this plural). Woolsack, — The name given to the seat upon which the lord-chancellor sits in the House of Lords, It is merely a large square seat without arms or back consisting of a bag full of wool covered with crimson cloth. Hence the lord-chancellor is said to "sit on the woolsack," or to be " appointed to the woolsack." Writ is a legal instrument issued in the name of a sovereign to some officer of the law, commanding certain services, such as a writ of habeas corpus, of mandamus, &c. jX 124 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. EUROPEAN. Channel Isl ands, Man or Kona. Heligoland. Gibraltar. Description. A group of islands in St. Michael's Bay off the coast of Normandy —Guernsey, Jersey, Aldemey, and Sark; total area, 75 square miles ; population, 88,000. An island midway be tween England, Ire land, and Scotland ; area, 227 square miles; population, 54,000. A small rocky isle in the North Sea, about 2§ miles in circumfer ence; population, 2000, of some importance in war time. Called the " Key to the Mediterranean," is an impregnable fortress and town at the west- em extremity of the Mediterranean Sea, situated on a rocky peninsula south of Spain; population (in cluding 5610 mihtary), 24,000. It is very valuable as a naval and military station. How AND When ACQUIRED. These Islands are all that remain of the former great French possessions held by England. They were attached to the Eng lish crown at the Norman Conquest (1066). Taken from the Nor wegians by Alexander IIL of Scotland; sur rendered to England in 1289; held by the Dukes of Athol till purchased by England in 1825. Taken from the Danes by the English in 1807 and formally ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris, 1814. Taken by a British force under Sir George Rooke from the Span iards im704; formally ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht; withstood a siege of the combined forces of France and Spain from 1779 to 1782. Government. The government is in the hands of local legislative bodies called the States, some members of which are ap pointed by the crown, while others are elected by the inhabi tants, and others sit ex officio. The queen is repre sented by lieuten ant - governors. one for Jersey, and another for Guernsey and the other islands. Ruled by an inde pendent legisla ture called the Tynwald, com posed of a lieu tenant - governor appointed by the crown, a council of eight members , and the House of Keys, a body of twenty-four per sons elected by the people. Vested in a gover nor appointed by theEnglish crown, aided by a council nominated by the inhabitants. Administration vested in a gover nor who is also commander-in- chief ofthe troops ; the settlement is treated as a gar rison town, the power of enact ing laws resting in the governor alone. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. 125 European — Continued. NAME. Desokimion. How AND "WHEN ACQUIKED. GOVEKNMEHT. Ualtese Isl ands. Cyprus. Agroup of three islands, sixty railes south-west of Sicily— Malta, Gozo, and Comino ; total area, 115 square miles; population, 160,000. An island at the eastern extremity of the Medi terranean Sea; area, 4200 square miles; population about 188,000. Granted by Charles V. to the Knights of St. John in 1530; talten by the French in 1798 ; retaljen by the British and Maltese in 1800; then given up to Bri tain Cyprus was transferred to England at the close of the Russo- Turkish war in 1878, an annual contribu tion being payable to Turkey. The government is vested in a gover nor and a council consisting of ten official and eight elected members. Being a crown pos session it is ruled by a governor and a council nomi nated by the crown. ASIATIC. Name. Description. How AND When Acquired. Government. Ferim, Aden. India. A rocky island about 3 miles long, situated near the mouth of the E,ed Sea. Au almost impregnable town and fortress on the south-west coast of Arabia. Steamers from and to India, Australia, &c. , call for coal, &c. It has fine harbours. Popu lation about 30,000. Mainly consists of an immense peninsula about the size of Europe excluding Kussia, and consist ing : (1) of the follow ing provinces under direct British rule : Bengal, the North- West Provinces and Oudh, the Punjaub, the Central Provinces, Assam, Madras, and Bombay, occupying three-fifths of the pen insula, and British Burmah ; and (2) a large number oi native states whose chiefs acknowledge the suzerainty of the queen, occupying the remaining two-fifths. Total area, 1,457,244 square miles ; popula tion, 253,000,000. Occupied by order of the governor of Aden in 1859 for the pur pose of building a lighthouse upon it. Purchased, but had to be taken from the Arabs by force in 1839. The English East India Company, incorpor ated in 1600, estab lished its flrst fac tory at Surat, 1611; and founded Fort St. George or Madras in 1639. The island of Bombay, part of the dowry of the Infanta of Portugal, was hand ed over by Charles II. to the Company in 1668, and Calcutta was purchased in 1696. In consequence of the victories of Lord Clive at Plassey, &c., the lower valley of the Ganges fell into the hands of the Company in the mid dle of the eighteenth century, and the power of France, the only dangerous rival Attached to Aden for government. Subject to the government of Bombay ; the chief official is a resi dent "Who com bines the duties of militai-y com mander and civil governor. The executive authority is vest ed in the gover nor-general or viceroy (appoint ed by the crown) acting under the direction of the secretary of state for India. The viceroy is assist ed by a council of flve members, supplemented by the commander- in-chief; the or dinary members preside over the departments of foreign affairs, finances, the in terior, military administration,and public works. The ordinary members of the 126 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Asiatic — Continued. NAME. India — Continued. DESCRIPTION. Oeylon. The Straits Settlements! Labuan. Hong-Kong. A fertile island at the southern extremity of India, about three- fourths the size of Ireland; area, 24,700 square miles ; popula tion, 2,640,000. So called from their situation in the Straits of Malacca, comprise the islands of Singa pore and Penang, the district of Malacca, and Province Wellesley on the Malay Penin sula, and the island and district of Pancore or Binding; total area, 1445 square miles ; population about 350,000. A small island north west of Borneo, pop ulation about 5000. Hong-Kong, an island at the mouth of the Canton river, China; with a small tract on the mainland opposite ; area, 32 square miles; population 160,000 ; important as the cen tre of a great transit trade, and as a military and naval station. How and When Acquired. of England, was for ever broken in India. Since that time the Company acquired province after pro vince until they be came the paramount rulers in the peninsu la. In 1859 the Indian mutiny broke out, but was suppressed after a fierce struggle, after which the East India Company was abolish ed, and the govern ment was vested in the crown (1858). In 1877 the queen was formally proclaimed Empress of India. Occupied in succession by the Portuguese and the Dutch; the Dutch Settlements taken by England in 1795 and joined to Madras; in 1801 Ceylon was erect ed into a separate colony. Singapore was acquired by purchase in 1819; Penang and Province Wellesley were ceded in 1786 and 1798 re spectively ; Malacca, at first held by the Portuguese, then the Dutch, came finally into our possession in 1824 ; Dinding was not formally declared Bri tish till 1875. Ceded to the British government by the Sultan of Borneo in 1846. The island was first cap tured in 1841, and for mally ceded in 1842. Government. council and the governors of pro vinces are ap pointed by the crown; the lieu- tenant-goveraorsare appointed by the viceroy, sub ject to the ap proval of the secretary of state. The subordinate administration is carried out by a large body of functionaries of various ranks, the higher of whom receive their appoint ments through competitive ex aminations held in this country. Ruled by a gover nor and council appointed by the sovereign of Great Britain. Administered by a governor at Sin gapore (with a lieutenant-gover-noi' at Penang) assisted by an executive council of eight members, and a legislative council of nine official and six unofficial mem bers, nominated by the crown. Administered by a governor, assisted by a council nom inated by the crown. Administered by a governor, aided by an executive council of four members, togeth er with a legisla tive coimcil of eight members. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. 127 AFEICAN. Name. Description. How AND When Acquired. Government. Cape Colony, NataL West African Settlements. Gold Coast. An extensive territory occupying the south ern extremity of Af rica. It now includes Cape Colony (Proper), Basutoland, Kaffir- land Proper, Griqua- land, Daniara and Namaqua Lands; total area, 442,750 square miles ; population, 1,618,000. The white population comprises a large proportion of the descendants of Dutch agriculturists (boers). A colony on the south east coast of Africa, about 800 miles from the Cape of Good Hope, comprising an area of 18,750 square miles ; population, 362,000,of whom 25,000 are whites. These now consist of Sierra Leone and the settlements on the Gambia. The settle ment of Sierra Leone consists of the penin sula of that name, Sherboro Island, &c. ; area, 468 square miles; population, 60,000. The settlement on the river Gambia consists of the island of St. Mary, British Combo, Albreda, M'Carthy's Island, &c. ; area, 21 square miles; popula tion, 14,000. A colony comprising a strip of the coast of Guinea of an average breadth of 50 railes; the island of Lagos, &c. A settlement first formed at the Cape of Good Hope by the Dutch in 1052 ; cap tured by tlie British in 1795, but restored in 1802; again taken in 1806, since which time it lias remained in our possession. The progress of the colony having been retarded by troubles on the frontiers chiefly caused by the Caffres, it was deemed necessary to extend British rule gradually over large suiTounding districts. In 1837 founded by Dutch boers from the Cape Colony, soon afterwards taken mili tary possession of by the governor of the Cape, and was declared a British colony in 1843; in 1856 separated from the control of the Cape government. Sierra Leone was ceded to Britain in 1787 by the native chief s; Sher boro Island, &c., was acquired in 1862. The settlement on the Gambia was founded in 1588. Settlements were formed on this coast by British trading companies in 1672, who for a long period had rivals in the Dutch. In 1821 the British settlements came di rectly under the crown, and those be longing to the Nether lands were transferred to Britain in 1872. The executive is in the hands of a governor (who is also commander- in-chief) and a council or minis try composed of certain office - holders appointed by the crown; the legislative power is vested in a council of twenty- one memb^s aud a house of assem bly, elected for five years, for the country districts and towns. Tbe government consists of a gov ernor aided by an executive and a legislative coun cil. Sierra Leone is un der a governor, aided by execu tive and legisla tive councils. Gambia is under an administrator (subordinate to the governor of the West African settlements), as sisted by a legis lative council. A governor (with administrator for Lagos), aided by alegislative coun cil. 128 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Apbican — Continued. Name. Ascension. St. Helena. Mauritius. Description. An island in the South Atlantic; area about 34 square miles; chiefly important as a sana torium for the British West African squad ron and as a store d6- p6t. An island in the South Atlantic; area, 47 sq. miles ; population, 5059. Important as a place of call for ships for fresh provisions and water. An island in the Indian Ocean east of Mada gascar; area,704 square miles : population, 359,419, about two- thirds of whom are coolies enga^ged on sugar plantations. The Seychelles Islands, 940 miles distant, and Ro- drigues, 300 miles, are grouped with tliis colony^ How AND When Acquired. Talten possession of in 1815 as anaval station, until then uninhab ited. Taken from the Dutch in 1673 and granted to the Bast India Com pany, who handed it over to the govern ment in 1833. Colonized originally by the Dutch; then came into the hands of the French, from whom Britain captured it in 1810. Government. Under a governor appointed by the Board of Admir alty. Under the charge of a governor. Administered by a governor, assisted by an executive and a legislative council ; the Sey chelles and Ro- drigues are gov erned by commis sioners under the governor of Mau ritius. NOETH AMEEICAN. NAME. Description. How AND When AOQUIEED. Government. Dominion of Canada, A confederated group of colonies occupying the great part of the territory which lies to the north of the United States, and extends northwards to the Arctic Ocean, and east and west to the Atlan tic and Pacific. Total area about 3,372,290 square miles; popula tion, 4,352,000. The Dominion is now di vided into eight pro vinces as under- — Canada was talien pos session of in 1525 by tlie French, who founded their flrst settlement (Quebec) in 1608. In 1769 Que bec was captured by the British under Gen. Wolfe, and the whole of Canada was ceded to Britain in 1763. In 1867 the provinces of Canada (Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united under the title of the Dominion of Canada. The re maining provinces were admitted at sub sequent dates given below. The executive au thority is vested in the queen, aud exercised in her name by a gover nor-general. The legislative power is a parliament, consisting of a Senate summoned by the governor- general and a House of Com mons elected by the people. Each province has also a separate legisla ture and adminis tration, with a lieutenant-gover nor, appointed by the governor-gen eral, at the head ot the executive. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. 129 North AmsnicAm— Continued. jDESCRIPTION. How AND When Acquired. Government. (1) Ontario (formerly Upper Can ada or Can ada West). (2) Quebec (formerlyLower Can ada or Can ada East). (3) ITova Scotia. (4) New Brunswick. (5) Slanitoba (formerlythe Red River Settle ment). (6) Prince Edward Island. The province lying to the north of tlie great American lakes; area, 108,000 square miles, great part of which is valuable forest; popu lation, 1,923,000, mostly of Britisli ori gin. A province lying on both sides of the St. Lawrence below On tario ; area, 188,700 square miles; popula tion, 1,359,000, mostly of French extraction. Consists of the penin sula of Nova Scotia proper, connected with New Brunswick by a peninsula only II miles broad, and the adjoining island of Cape Breton. Total area, 21,000 square miles ; population, 441,000. A province lying south of the eastern district of Quebec, on the Gulf of St Lawrence; area, 27,000 square miles; population, 321,000. A province situated be tween 49°-63° N. lat and 90"-101" w. long. ; area, 140,000 square miles ; population. 66,000. The smallest province in the Dominion, ly ing in the Bay be tween New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; area, 2133 square miles population, 108,000. See above. See above. See above. Nova Scotia proper was colonized by the French in 1698; taken by the English, 1622; restored to France, 1632 ; finally ceded to England in 1714. Cape Breton was also ori ginally a French col ony, but was ceded to Britain in 1763. It was united with Nova Scotia in 1819, and both territories were admitted as one pro vince into the Do minion in 1867. First colonized by the British in 1761; ad mitted into the Do minion, 1867. Part of the vast tract formerly held by the Hudson's Bay Com pany; formed into a distinct province and admitted into the Do minion in 1870. See above. See above. See above. See above. Settled by the French See above. in 1715 ; taken by the English, 1764; became part of the Dominion, 1873. (182) 130 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. North American — Continued. naue. Description. How AND When acquired. Government. (7) British Columbia. (8) North- west Territories. Newfound land. A province lying be tween the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific, including also Vancouver's Island and Queen Charlotte Isles ; total area, 340,000 square miles; population, 50,000. The name given to that portion of the Do minion not yet defin itely organized into a provincial govern ment, and stretching from the confines of the United States to the most northerly part of the continent and the archipelago beyond, and between 109°-120° w. long. ; es timated area,2,665,252 square miles; popula tion, 57,000. An island at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Law rence, valuable for its fisheries and copper mines; area, 40,000 square miles; popula tion, 162,000, Labra dor, a dependency of Newfoundland, forms the most easterly part of America. British Columbia pro per formed part of Hudson's Bay Terri tory till 1859, when it was erected into a colony. Vancouver's Island became an in dependent British colony in 1859; the two territories were united to form a pro vince and were ad mitted into the Do minion in 1871. Formed into an admin istrative province and included in the Do minion in 1870. The island contained both French and Eng lish colonies till 1713, when the whole pass ed into our hands by the Treaty of Utrecht. See above. Administered by a governor and a responsible ex ecutive council, also by a legisla tive council no minated by the crown, and a house of assem bly elected by the people every four years. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES 131 WEST INDIAN, &c. Name. Jamaica. Trinidad. Xeeward Isl ands. Windward Islands. Bahama Isl ands. Description. Au island In the Carib bean Sea, the most valuable of our West Indian possessions ; area,4256 square miles ; population, 580,804. To this government have now been joined the Turks and Caicos (Cay os or Keys) Island, geographically be longing to the Ba hama group; area, 220 square miles; popula tion, 5000. The most southerly, and one of the most con siderable of the small er West India Islands; area, . 1754 square miles ; population, 153,000. Those under British rule comprise Antigua, Montserrat, St. Chris topher (St. Kitts), Nevis, Dominica, and the Vii^n Islands, forming part of the group of the Lesser Antilles; in 1871 these six previously separ ate colonies were formed into one; total area, 732 square miles; population, 118,000. Our territory in this group comprises Bar bados, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, St. Lucia, and a cluster of lesser islands, all lying between Martinique and Trinidad ; area about 800 square miles; population, 285,000. A group of low coral line islands extending from Florida Channel south-eastwards;about 20 are inhabited, the rest being barren islets and rocks; total area, 5800 square miles ; population, 44,000. The principal islands are New Pro vidence, St. Salvador, Great Abaco, Great Bahama, and Long Island. How AND When Acquired. Taken possession of by Spain in 1509; capitu lated to England, 1655; formally ceded to Britain, 1670, by the Treaty of Madrid. Colonized by the Span iards in 1588; taken by the British, 1797. Several of the islands have frequently chang ed masters. Nevis was colonized by us in 1628 ; St. Christopher, our latest acquisition of importance, became British in 1783. Barbados has been a British possession since 1605; the other islands came into our hands at various sub sequent dates, Tobago being acquired latest, in 1814. New Providence was first settled by the English in 1629, but together with other islands of the group it has been frequently captured and plunder ed, principally by the Spaniards, who finally gave up all claim to it in favour of Britain in 1783. Government. Administered by a governor, aided by a privy-council not exceeding eight members, and a legislative council consist ing of eight ofii cial and eight non-official mem bers. The Turks and Caicos ai'e under a commis sioner, assisted by a legislative board. Government vested in a governor, an executive and a legislative coun cil, all of whom are nominated by the crown. Administered by a governor, assist ed by an execu tive and a legisla tive council. Administered by a govern or-in-chief , with an execu tive and a legisla tive council. Administered by a governor, aided by an executive and a legisla tive council, and a representative house of as sembly. 1,32 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTOEY. West Indian, &c. — Continued. Name. Bermudas or Somers Isl ands, Honduras or Belize(Balize). British Guiana. Falkland Isl ands. Description. A cluster of about 300 small islands (only about 15 or 16 being inhabited) about 660 miles east of Nortli Carolina ; area, 40 square miles; popula tion, 16,000. Bermuda has a strongly fortified doclsyard where our North American squadron refits. A territory in Central America between Yu catan and Guatemala; area, 6500 square miles, mostly covered with valuable timber, as mahogany, log wood, &c. ; popula tion, 28,000. A colony on the north coast of South Amer ica, including the set tlements of Demerara, Essequibo, and Ber- bice; estimated area, 85,000 square miles; population, 262,000. A cluster of islands in the South Atlantic, a1}out 300 miles east of the Straits of Magel lan; they are about 100 in number, but only two. East Falli- land, area, 2700 square miles; and West. Falls- land, area, 2000 square miles, are of any im portance; population, 1600. How AND When ACQUIKED. Fii'st colonized by Ad miral Somers, who was shipwreclced liere in 1609. Transferred by Spain to England in 1670; but its possession was oc casionally contested by the Spaniards till 1783, since when it lias remained in un disputed possessiou of Britain. Partially settled by the Dutch in 1580; was from time to time held by Holland, France, and England, the lat ter securing undis turbed possession in 1814. These islands.af ter pass ing through various hands,have been since 1833 continuously in the possession of Brit ain, who holds them mainly for the protec tion of the whale- fishery. Goveknment. Administered by a governor, an ex ecutive council (acting also as a legislative coun cil) appointed by the crown, and a representative house of as sembly. Administered by a lieutenant - gov ernor (subordi nate to the gov ernor of Jamaica), assisted by an ex ecutive and a legislative coun cil. Euled by a gov ernor, a court of policy, and acora- bined court, con sisting of the court of policy and a number of financial repre sentatives. The government is vested in a gov ernor, aided by an executive and a legislative coun cil, both appoint ed by the crown. AUSTRALASIAN, &c. Name. DESCRIPTION. How AND When Acquired. Government. Australia (formerly called New Holland). The largest island on the globe, distant 1600 miles south-east from the nearest point of the mainlandof Asia; area, 2,945,000 sq. miles ; population, 2,130,000. Now divided into the flve independent colo nies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, andWestem Australia. See below. Discovered by the Por tuguese in 1601; first colonized by the Brit ish, who founded a settlement at Port Jackson (Sydney) in 1788. See the separate colonies below. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. 133 Australasian, &c. — Continued, Description. How AND When Acquired. Government. New South "Wales. Victoria, South Australia. Western Australia(formerly called Swan River Set tlement). A colony on the east coast of Australia, be tween Queensland on the north and Victoria on the south ; area, 308,500 square miles, more than three times the size of Great Brit ain and Ireland; pop ulation, 750,000. For merly the whole terri tory on the east coast bore this name. A colony occupying the south-east corner of Australia; area, 88,500 square miles; popula tion, 863,000. The name originally given to a territory really occupying part of the south of the island, but now ex tended to a colony stretching across the entire island from south to north ; area, 903,700 square miles; population, 280,000. A colony occupying the south-west portion of the Australian conti nent, comprising an area of 976,000 square railes; population of the settled portion near the coast, 30,000. This colony, the first in order of foundation of the Australian colo nies, originated in the settlement of British convicts at Botany Bay in 1788. Part of the original ter ritory of New South Wales, erected into a separate colony in 1850. First settled by a pri vate company in 1834; erected into a colony, 1841; extended to its present boundaries. The first settlement was made in 1825, when a small party of con victs was despatched to KingGeorge's Sound in the south, The government is vested in a gover nor appointed by the crown, and an executive council of" nine members appointed by him, a legislative coun cil of forty-seven members, toge ther with a legis lative assembly of 108 members elec ted thereto. Government vested in a governor ap pointed by the crowu, aided by an executive min istry consisting of nine members, and a parliament consisting of a legislative coun cil of forty-two members and a legislative assem bly of eighty-six members. Administered by a governor and an executive minis try of nine mem bers ; a parliament consisting of a legislative body of eighteen mem bers, elected by the whole body of electors as one constituency, and a house of assem bly of thirty-six members, elected by sixteen dis tricts for three years. Administered by a governor appoint ed by the crown, aided by an exe cutive council of five ofiicial mem bers, and a legis lative council of twenty-one mem bers, of whom seven are appoint ed by the crown and the rest elec ted for flve years. 134 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Australasian, &c. — Continued. NAME. Queensland. Tasmania (formerly called Van Diemen'sLand). New Zealand. Desckiption. A colony comprising the whole north-eastern portion of the Austral ian continent, having an area of 668,300 square miles, that is nearly flve and a half times that of the United Kingdom; pop ulation, 214,000. An island separated from the south coast of Australia by Bass's Straits; area, 26,000 square miles; popula tion, 116,000. Fiji Islands. A colony in the South Pacific, consisting mainly of two large islands situated about 1200 miles east of New South Wales ; total area, 106,260 square miles ; population, 490,000, exclusive of natives (Maoris), esti mated at 44,000. A group of islands in the South Pacific, 1100 miles north of New Zealand, 80 of which are said to be inhabi ted; gross area (esti mated), 8000 square miles; population, Eu ropeans, 2200; natives, about 122,000. How AND When Acquired. First settlement found ed on the river Bris bane in 1823 ; at first formed part of the colony of New South Wales, but was severed from it and erected into au independent colony, 1859. Discovered by lasman, 1642; British penal settlement founded at Hobart Town, 1803; formed into a distinct colony, 1825. Partially explored by Tasman in 1642; the first European settle ment was made in 1814, but no organized colonizationtookplace till 1839. In 1841 New Zealand was, by let ters patept, erected into a colony distinct from New SouthWales. In 1874 the king re signed the sovereignty of the islands in favour of England, and they were formed into a crown colony. Government. The executive is vested in a gover nor appointed by the crown, aided Ijy an executive council of six mi- nisters;thepowerof making laws and imposing tax es rests with a parliament of two houses, a legisla tive council of thirty members nominated by the crown for life,and a legislative as- semblyof fifty-five members.balloted for by all taxpay ers for flve years. The executive ad ministered by a governor, assisted by a cabinet of responsible mini sters; there is a parliament of two houses, a legisla tive council of sixteen members elected for six years,andahouse of assembly of thirty-two mem bers elected for five years. Kuled by a gover nor, aided by a ministry, a legis lative council ap pointed by the crown for life, and a house of repre sentatives of ninety-flve mem- bers(fourofwhom are Maoris) elec ted for three years. Administered by a governor appoin ted by the crown, assisted by a few European stipen diary magistrates and a number of the higher native chiefs, who are responsible for good order aud payment ot the revenue. APPENDIX. TRIBES OF ANCIENT BEITAIN. According to Julius Caesar there were about forty different tribes in habiting Britain at the time of the invasion. He gives the names of the folloviring ; — • I. Cantii, dwelling in Kent. II. Trinobantes, in Middlesex and Essex. III. Cenimagni, Norfolls, Suffollc, and Cambridge. IV. Segontiaci, in parts of Hants and Eerl^s. V. Ancalites, in parts of Berks and Wilts. VI. Bibroci, in parts of Berks and neighbouring counties. VIL Cassi, thought to have occupied parts of Hereford. In later times we meet with : — VIII. Belgse, in Somersetshire, Wilts, and Hants. IX. Begnl, in Surrey and Sussex. X. Durotriges, in and about Dorsetshire. XI. Damnonii, in Devonshire and CornwaJL XII. Silures, in South Wales. xiiL Ordoviees, in North Wales; and XIV. Brigantes, in Yorks and Lancashire. EOMAN TOWNS. During the Eoman occupation many towns sprang up in Britain. These cities were divided into four classes according to their several privileges : — A. Munioipia —Verulamium (near St. Albans) and Eboracum (York) are said to have been of this class. The inhabitants of these cities enjoyed the rights of Roman citizens, and were allowed to elect their own magistrates and enact their own laws. B. Colonise — Including London, Colchester, Bath, Gloucester, Chester, Lincoln, &c. These colonies were peopled by Eoman veterans, who had grants made to them of the conquered land, and were governed by Koman laws. c. Those possessing the Jus Latii — such as Carlisle, Cirencester, Old 136 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Sarum, &o. The inhabitants of these cities had the right of appoint ing their own magistrates, who, after having held office for one year, could claim the Koman citizenship. D. Stipendiariae — Winchester, Carmarthen, Leicester, Canterbury, Dor. Chester, Exeter, Eochester, &c. The inhabitants of these towns paid tribute. The distinguishing privileges of these cities were gradually abolished until all enjoyed the civitas or rights of Eoman citizenship. In many cases considerable doubt is expressed regarding the class to which the Eoman towns belonged. Dr. Latham in Smith's Dictionary of Ch'eeh and Roman Geography remarks : "The list of Eoman colonics and munioipia can scarcely be given with confidence. . . . Camelodunum (Colchester) was the earliest municipality; Londinium and Eboracum the most important." EOMAN STEEETS. In order to secure easy communication between extreme parts of Britain the Romans constructed excellent roads, called strata or streets. The fol lowing are the principal ; — A. Watling Street — supposed to have derived its name from Vitellianus, a Koman officer who directed its construction — leading from Kent by way of London and St. Albans to Carnarvon. B. Ikenield Street, from St. Davids by way of Birmingham and York to Tynemouth. c. Ermin Street, from Pevensey in Sussex through London and Lincoln to the Humber. D. Foss Way, from Cornwall through Leicester to Lincoln, aud thence — some say — to Caithness. E. Eycknield Way, a branch from the Foss Way to York. ROMAN WALLS. (Fob THESE SEE Page 18.) ROMAN REMAINS. Many interesting specimens of Eoman skill and architecture are still in existence, of which the foUowing are types : — (1) " The Pharos (meaning a lighthouse or tower), church, and trenches, in Dover. (2) Chilham Castle, Eichborough and Eeculver Eorts. (3) Silohester (Berks), Dorchester, and Caerleon, amphitheatres. (4) Hadrian's Wall from Tyne to Bouluess. (5) The wall, baths, and Newport Gate of Lincoln. APPENDIX. 137 (6) Verulam, near St. Albans. (7) York (Eboracum), where Severus and Constantius Chlorus died, and Constantine the Great was born. Bath, &c.". — Dr. Brewer. SAXON REMAINS. The following may be taken as types of Saxon skill and architecture : — (1) " The church of Earl's Barton. The tower and west doorway. (2) The church of St. Michael's (St. Albans), erected by the Abbot of St. Albans in 948. (3) The tower of Bosham Church (Sussex). (4) The east side of the dark and principal cloisters of Westminster Abbey, from the college dormitory on the south to the chapter-house on the north. Edward the Confessor's chapel in Westminster Abbey, now used as Pix Office. (5) The church of Darent (Kent), contains some windows of manifest Saxon architecture. (6) Many other churches have windows which are claimed to be of Saxon origin, but which are mostly doubtful. The same authority enumerates the foUowing as Saxon castles : Alnwick, Bamborough, Carisbrook, Conisburgh, Goodrich (Hereford), Kenilworth. Richmond (York), Rochester." — Dr. Brewer. AN EXTRACT EEOM DOMESDAY BOOK, THE OEIGINAL IN LATIN. BERKSHIRE. The King's Land. King William owns Windsor in demesne. King Edward held it. There are twenty hides. There is land for In demesne is one plough and twenty-two villiens and two bordars with ten ploughs. There is one serf, a fishery worth six-and-eightpence, and forty acres of meadow. A wood for pannage of fifty hogs and another wood enclosed, and there are yet one hundred "hagae" less five in the vill. Out of these, twenty-six are quit of gabel and the issue of the others is thirty shillings. Albert the clerk holds one hide and a half of the land of this manor and the third part of one dene — Walter Fitz Other one hide and a lialf, one virgate and as much wood as affordeth pannage for five hogs — Gilbert Maminot three virgates — WiUiam Belet one hide — Aluric one hide — Another Aluric half a hide — the priest of the vUl one hide and a half, and Eudo the Saver two hides. In the time of King Edward it was worth £15 and subsequently &T. Its present value is £15. 138 SYNOPSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LONDON GRANTED BY WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. (The Original in Saxon.) William, King, greets WiUiam, Bishop, and Geoffrey, Portreeve, and aU the burghers within London, French and English friendly. And I make known unto you that I wiU that ye be worthy aU those laws the which ye were in King Edward's day, and I wUl that each child be his father's heir after his father's day, and wiU not suffer that any man do you any wrong. God give you health. GRANT OF LAND IN GYDDESDUNE (ESSEX) BY WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR TO DEORMAN. William, King, greets William, Bishop, and Sweyn, Sheriff, and aU my thanes of East Saxony friendly. And I make known unto you that I have given to Deorman, my man, the hide of land at Gyddesdune whereof he was deprived, and I wUl not suffer French or EngUsh to wrong him in any thing. THE CRUSADES. The Crusades (so called from the badge of a cross — French croix, a cross — worn by aU engaging in them and differing in colour according to nation alities) were a series of expeditions undertaken with a view of rescuing the sepulchre of our Lord from the Turks. For years it had been customary for pilgrims to visit the shrines of saints and martyrs, and many even traveUed to the grave of our Saviour. The difficulties and dangers of this journey were only exceeded by the cruel treatment and insults which the Moslems heaped upon the Christian pilgrim. At last the thought of freeing the Holy Land from the dominion of the Turks took a firm hold of the spirit of the Christians of Europe. The appeal of Pope Urban II. and the fierce war-cry of Peter the Hermit roused the spirit of Europeans. Pro mises of the favour of God, pardon of sins, and a speedy entry into heaven — if slain — were made, and persons of all ranks eagerly enrolled themselves as crusaders. So greatly was the spirit felt that there was no nation "so remote, no people so retired, as did not contribute its portion " to swell the ranks of the army. The First Crusade (1096) was led by Geoffrey de BouUUon, and in 1099 they took Jerusalem. The crusaders offered the crown to their leader, but he decUned accepting it saying, "I cannot wear a crown of gold in the place where my Lord had worn a crown of thorns." The Second Crusade (1147) originated by the fear that Jerusalem would again fall into the hands of the Moslems, and the Christian powers were aroused by the preaching of the famous St. Bernard, Abbot of APPENDIX. 139 Clairvaux, in Champagne. Two enormous armies under the command of Louis VII. of France and Conrad III., Emperor of Germany, were formed, numbering in all 1,200,000 men. This expedition proved a, complete failure through the hostility of the Greek emperor and the treachery of his emissaries. The army of Conrad was nearly destroyed by the Turks near Iconium, whilst that of Louis was wrecked in the defiles of the Pisidian mountains. After a vain attempt to reduce Damascus, the relics of this mighty host returned to Europe. The Third Crusade (1189). Saladin, a young Kurdish chief who had made himself Sultan of Egypt, and who aspired to the presidency of the Mohammedan world, invaded Palestine, and taking city after city compeUed Jerusalem to capitulate. This led to the third crusade. The chief leaders were, Frederick I. of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard I. of England. Frederick having died of fever, his army — though much reduced — joined the other two forces before Acre. After a siege of twenty-three months ihe town surrendered. Shortly after Philip returned to France in ill-humour, and Richard, after performing prodigies of valour, concluded a peace with Saladin, by which the people of the West were to be aUowed to visit the Holy Land and be free from the heavy taxes imposed in former times by the Saracen princes. The Fourth Crusade (1202). Pope Innocent III. called this crusade together at Venice. The leader was Baldwin, Count of Flanders. Instead of going to Palestine this host preferred to take possession of the Byzan tine empire, which Baldwin and his followers retained for fifty-six years. The Fifth Crusade (1228). This crusade was commanded by Frederick II. of Germany, and was terminated by a treaty between that monarch and the Sultan of Egypt, by which Palestine was ceded to Frederick, who, after being crowned King of Jerusalem, returned to Europe, leaving his new possession in a state of tranquillity. The Sixth Crusade (1249). In the year 1244 the Turks invaded Syria, and the Holy Land fell again into the hands of these ferocious barbarians. Jerusalem was burned and pillaged. Louis IX. of France headed an army against them, but was utterly defeated and taken prisoner by the Sultan of Egypt. A large ransom was paid for his release and that of many of his followers. On his return to Europe he was designated Saint Louis and regarded as a sort of martyr in the cause of Christ. The Seventh Crusade (1270). St. Louis again organized a crusade, but he having died on his way to Palestine, Prince Edward of England (after wards Edward I.) marched direct for Palestine, where his rank and re putation in arras gathered round him all who were wiUing to fight for the cross. Nothing of importance took place, and Edward returned to England with the last army of crusaders. Acre, Antioch, and Tripoli 140 SYNOPSIS OP ENGLISH HISTORY. were retained in the possession of the Christians, and were defended for some time by the Templars. In 1291 Acre capitulated and other towns following its example, the knights were glad to quit the country, leaving Palestine in the undisturbed possession of the Saracens. CONDITIONS OF THE MARRIAGE OF MARY I. I. That PhUip should not draw England into any foreign war; II. That the male issue of the marriage should inherit England, Burgundy, and the Low Countries; III. That Philip should hold the title of king, but have no share in the administration; and IV. That no innovations should be made in the constitution. LETTER SENT TO LORD MONTEAGLE BY HIS BEOTHEE-IN-LAW, TRESHAM. " My lord, out of the love I have to some of your friends, I have a care of your preservation; therefore I would advise you, as you tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift off your attendance at this parliament, for God and man have concurred to punish the wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this advertisement, but retire into your own country where you may expect the event in safety; for though there is no appear ance of any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them." LIST OF THE HEADS OF THE VARIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE ACCESSION OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER. Robert Walpole, James Stanhope, , Geokgb I. 1714. I Earl of Sutherland, . 1717. I Sir Robert Walpole, . George II. Earl of Wilmington, . 1742. | Henry Pelham, Duke of Newcastle, . . 1754. George III. Earl of Bute, .... 1762. George GrenviUe, . . 1763. Marquis of Rockingham, 1765. Duke of Grafton, . . . 1766. Lord North 1770. Marquis of Rockingham, 1782. Earl of Shelboume, . . 1782. Duke of Portland, WUliam Pitt, . . Henry Addington, WiUiam Pitt, . . Lord GrenviUe, . Duke of Portland, Spencer Peroival, 1718. 1720. 1743. 1783. 1783.1801. 1804. 1806. 1807.1810. Earl of Liverpool, . . 1812. APPENDIX. 141 Georgb IV. George Canning, . . . 1827. | Viscount Goderich, . . 1827. Duke of Wellington, . . 1828. William IV. Earl Grey, .... 1830; | Sir Eobert Peel, . . . 1834. Viscount Melbourne, . 1834. | Viscount Melbourne, . 1835. ViOTOEIA. Premier. Chancellor of Exchequer Sir Robert Peel H. Goulboum, 1841. Lord John RusseU, Sir C. Wood 1846. Earl of Derby, Benjamin Disraeli, . . . 1852. Earl of Aberdeen .... . WiUiam Ewart Gladstone, 1852. Viscount Palmerston, . . . S William Ewart Gladstone, ) ^^^^_ Sir G. C. Lewis, Earl of Derby . Benjamin Disraeli, . . . 1858. Viscount Palmerston, . . William Ewart Gladstone, 1859. Earl Russell William Ewart Gladstone, 1865. Earl of Derby, Benjamin Disraeli, . . . 1866. Benjamin Disraeli G. W. Hunt, 1868. WiUiam Ewart Gladstone, . . Robert Lowe, 1868. Earl of Beaconsfield (B. Disraeli) Sir Stafford Northcote, . . 1874. „,.„. -^ „, , ( WilUam Ewart Gladstone, 1880. William Ewart Gladstone, . j Hugh C. E. ChUders, . . 1883. INDEX. Act of Settlement. 34, 67. Acts ofUniformity,30,33,64. Addison, Joseph, 81. Addled Parliament, 92. Aelfric 72. African Colonies, 127, 128. Albion, origin of name, 7. Alcuinus, 72. Alfred the Great, 8, 20, 72. Anne, Queen, 9, 34. Antoninus Pius, 18. Argyle, Rebellion of, 33. Athelstan, 8, 20. Australia, 132. Bacon, Lord, 31, 77. Ballot Act, 38, 71. Battles, Chief, 39-52. Battles with Modern France, 45-46. Baxter, Bichard, 79. Becket, Thomas, 23. Bede, the Venerable, 72. Beneflt of Clergy, 94. Bill ot Bights, 34, 66. Black Hole of Calcutta, 35. Black Plague, 26. Black Prince, 26. Bloody Assizes, 33, 94. Brewster, Sir David, 89. Bridal of Norwich, 22, 96. Britain, origin of name, 7. British Guiana, 132. Bruce, King Eobert, 15, 26. Bunyan, J'ohn, 79. Burke, Edmund, 85. Burns, Robert, 84. Butler, Samuel, 79. Byron, Lord, 87. Caedmon, 72. Calais, 26, 28, 30. Caledonia, 7, 118. Campbell, Thomas, 86. Canada, Dominion of, 128- 130. Canute, 8, 21. Caractacus, 18. Carlyle, Thomas, 90. Catholic Emancipation, 37, 69, 117. Cato St. Conspiracy, 37, 95. Caxton, William, 28, 74. Ceylon, 126. Chaucellorsof Excheq.,141. Channel Islands, 124. Charles I., 9, 31. Charles II., 9, 33. Charter of Forests, 25, 60. Charter of Liberties, 58. Chartist Agitation, 37, 96. Chaucer. Geoffrey, 73. Christianity introduced, 19. Cinque Ports, 97. Civil War, 43. Clarendon Code, 64. Clive, Lord, 35. Coleridge, Samuel T., 85. Colonies and Dependencies, 124-133. — African, 127. — Asiatic, 125. — Australasian, &c., 132. — European, 124. — North American, 129. — West Indies, &c., 131. Commonwealth, 9, 32, 97. Confirmatio Chartarum, 61. Constitutions of Clarendon, 23, 58 Conventicle Act, 33, 64. Com Laws, 38, 70, 98. Corporation Act, 33, 64, 69. Counties Palatine, 113. Cowper, William, 85. Cranmer, Archb., 29, 30, 76. Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 32, 33. Cromwell, Vicar-gen. ,29,30. Crusades, the, 138. Cyprus, 125. Danegeld, 21, 99. Danelagh, 99. Danes, Invasions of the, 19. Darwin, Charles, 91. Declaration of Indulgence, 33, 65. Defoe, Daniel, 81. Dickens, Charles, 90. Domesday Book, 100, 137. Drayton, Michael, 77. Dryden, John, 79. Dunstan, 21. Dynasties or Periods, 10. East Indian Co., 31, 38, 70. Edgar, 8, 21. Edmund I., 8, 21. Edmund IL, 8, 21. Edred, 8, 21. Education Act, 38, 71. Edwarc ;., 9, 25. Edward II., 9, 26. Edward III., 9, 26. Edward IV., 9, 28. Edward v., 9, 28. Edward VI., 9, 30. Edward the Confessor, 8,22. Edward the Elder, 8, 20. Edward the Martyr, 8, 21. Edwy, 8, 21. Egbert, 8, 19. Elizabeth, Queen, 9, 30. England, origin of name, 7, 93. Ethelbald, 8, 20. Ethelbert, 8, 20. Ethelred I., 8, 20. Ethelred II., 8, 21. Ethelwolf, 8, 20. Exhibitions, Industrial, 38. Falkland Islands, 132. Fielding, Henry, 82. Fiji Islands, 134. Five Mile Act, 33, 65. Fortescue, Sir John, 74. Foxe, John, 76. French Bevolution, 36, 37, Gavelkind, 104. Genealogical Tables, 10-17. — Anglo-Saxon Line, 10. — Danish Line, 11. — Norman Line, II. — Connection of Norman and Plantag. Lines, II. — Plantagenet Line, 12. — Connection of Plantagen et and Tudor Lines, 12. — Tudor Line, 13. — Stuart Line, 13. — Brunswick Line, 14. — Claims of Baliol and Bruce, 15. — Claims of Edward III. and Philip of Valois,15. — Descent of Houses of York and Lancaster,I5. — Claims of Henry VII. and Earl of Warwick, 16. — Descent of Lady J. Grey from Henry VIL, 16. — Descent of James I. from Henry VIL, 17. — Descent of George I. from Stuarts, 17. Geoffrey of Monmouth, 73. George I., 9, 34. George U., 9, 35. George III., 9, 36. George IV., 9, 37. Gibraltar, 124. Godwin, 22. Goldsmith, Oliver, 84. Grand Jury, 104. 143 Gray, Thomas, 83. Grey, Lady Jane, 16, 30. Gunpowder Plot, 31, 104. Habeas Corpus Act, 33, 65, 125. Hadrian, 18. Hallam, Henry, 89. Hampden, John, 32. Hardicanute, 8, 21. Harold 1,8, 21. Harold IL, 8, 22. Hearth Money, 105. Heligoland, 124. Hemans, Mrs. Felicia, 88. Henry I., 8, 23. Henry IL, 8, 23. Henry IIL, 9, 25. Henry IV., 9, 27. Henry V., 9, 27. Henry VI., 9, 28. Henry VIL, 9, 29. Henry VIIL, 9, 29. Heptarchy, the, 19, 105. Hereward, 22. Herrick, Bobert, 78. High Commission Court, 31. 105. Historical Events, 18-38. — Danish Period, 21. — House of Hanover, 36. — House of Lancaster, 27. — House of Plantagenet,23. — House of York, 28. — Norman Period, 22, — Boman Period, 18. — Saxon Period (early), 19. — Saxon Period (later), 22. — Stuart Period, 31. — Tudor Period, 29. Historical Terms, Glossary of, 92-123. Honduras or Belize, 132. Hong-Kong, 126. Hooker, Richard, 75. Hume, David, 83. lerne or Erin, 7. Independents, 100. India, 125. Instrument of Goveniment, 63. Investiture, 107. Ireland, origin of name, 7. Irish Church, 38, 71. Jack Cade's Rebellion, 28. Jacobites, 107. James L, 9, 31. James II. , 9, 33. James I. of Scotland, 74. Joan of Arc, 28. John, King, 8, 24. Johnson, Samuel, 84. Jonson, Ben, 78. Julius Agricola, 18. Julius Csesar, 18. Kenilworth, Dictum of, 60. Labuan, 126. Lamb, Charles, 88. Lambert Simnel, 29. Land Acts, 38, 71, 72. Land, Grant of, by Wil Uam I., 138. Laud, Archbishop, 32. Laws and Legal Enact ments, 58-72. Layamon, 73. Levellers, 108. Liberals, 108. Literary Men, 72-91. — Anglo-Saxon Period, 72. — Norman Period, 73. — Plantagenet Period, 73. — Tudor Period, 75. — Stuai-t Period, 77. — Brunswick Period, 81. Locke, John, 80. London, Ancient Charter of, 138. Longland, William, 73. Long Parliament, 32, 109. Lords of the Congregation, 109. Luddites, 109 Lydgate, John, 74. Lytton, Lord, 89. Macaulay, Lord, 89. Mad Parliament, 25, 109. Magna Charta, 25, 69. Main and Bye Plots, 31, 96, 110. Maltese Islands, 125. Man, Isle of, 124. Mandeville, Sir J. de, 73. Marlowe, Christopher, 76. Mary I., 9, 30. — Conditions of her Mar riage, 140. Mary IL, 9, 34. Maay Queen of Scots, 30, 31. Meal Tub Plot, 33, 110. Methodists, 110. Mill, John Stuart, 91. Milton, John, 78. Mise of Lewes, 25, 60. Monmouth,Eebellion of,33. Monopolies, 111. Monteagle, Letter sent to Lord, 140. Montrose, Marquis of, 32. Moore, Thomas, 88. More, Sir Thomas, 75. Mortmain, Statute of, 25. Morton's Fork, 111. Napoleon Bonaparte, 36, 37. National Covenant, 3*2, 63. Naval Engagements of Eng land, 61, 62. Newfoundland, 130. New South Wales, 133. Newton, Sir Isaac, 80. New Zealand, 134. Nobility, Titles of, 121. Nonconformists, 111. Nonjurors, 111. ^Normans, Invasion of, 22. Oates, Titus, 33. Oldcastle, Sir John, 27. Ordeal, Trial by, 112. Ordinance of Militia, 112. Owenites, 112. Palatine Counties, 113. Pale, the English, 113. Penny Postage, 37, 70. Perim, 126. Periods in English Hist , 10. Perkin Warbeck, 29. Peter's Pence, 113. Petition of Right, 31, 63. Petty Jury, 113. Piers Gaveston, 26. Pilgrim Fathers, the, 31, 114. Pilgrimage of Grace, 29,113. Pin Money, 114. Plegmund, 72. Poor Law, 37, 69. Pope, Alexander, 81. Popish Plot, 114. Poyning's Law, 62. Prajmunire, Statute of, 27, 62, 114. Pragmatic Sanction, 115. Presbyterians, 115. Pretenders, the, 35, 44, 116. Pride's Purge, 32, 115. Prime Ministers, List of, 140. Privy-council, 116. Puritans, 116. Purveyance, 116. Queensland, 134. Radicals, 117. Raleigh, Su- Walter, 31, 7C. Rebecca's Daughters, 117. Rebellions, Jacobite, 44. Eeform Bills, 37, 38, 69. 70 Reformation, the, 29. 62. Reformation Acts, 62. Restoration, the, 33. Revolution Civil Wai , 43. Richard I., 8, 24. Richard II , 9, 27. Richard III., 9, 29. Richardson, Samuel, 82. Riot Act, 34, 68. Roman Provinces, 19. — Remains, 136. — Streets, 136. — Towns, 135. — Walls, 18. Romans in Britain, 18. Roses, Wars of the, 41. Roundheads, 118. Royal Houses of Eng., 10. Rye House Plot, 33, 118. Sacheverell, Dr., 34. Saxon Remains, 137. 144 INDEX. Saxons, Invasion of the, 19. Scotland, origin of name, 7, 118. Scott, Sir Walter, 86. Severus, 18. Shakspere, William, 77. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 87. Sheridan, Richard B., 85. Ship-money, 119. Shire-mote, 119. Six Articles, 29, 63. Smith, Adam, 84. Smollett, Tobias George, 83. Solemn League and Cove nant, 119 South Australia, 133. South Sea Scheme, 35, 119 Southey, Eobert, 86. Sovereigns of England, 8- 9, 17. — Danish, 8. — Hanoverian, 9. — Lancastrian, 9. — Norman, 8. — Plantagenet, 8. — Saxon, 8. — Stuart, 9. — Tudor, 9. — Yorkist, 9. Spanish Armada, 31. Spenser, Edmund, 76. St. Bartholomew's Day, 31. St. Brice's Day, 21. Star Chamber, 29, 120. Stephen, 8, 23. Sterne, Laurence, 83. Strafford, Lord, 32, 121. Straits Settlements, 126. Subsidies, 120, Suetonius Paulinus, 18. Supremacy, Act of, 29. Sweyn, 8, 21. Swift, Jonathan, 81. Sydney, Sir Philip, 76. Tallage, 120. Tannistry, 120. Tasmania, 134. Taylor, Jeremy, 78. Test Act, 33. 66, 69. Thackeray, Wm. M., 90. Thanes, 120. Theowas, 121. Thomson, James, 82. Thorough (government), 121. Toleration Act, 34, 66. Tonnage and Poundage, 121. Tory, 121. Tostig, 22. Treaties in English His tory, 53-58. Tribes of Ancient Britain, 135. Trimmer, 122. Tyndale, William, 76. Undertakers, 122. Union of England and Scot land, 34, 67. Union with Ireland, 36, 68. Victoria, colony, 133. Victoria, Queen, 9, 37. Viking, 122, Villein, 122. Vortigern, 19. Wales, origin of name, 7, 122. Wallace, Sir William, 25. Wapentake, 122. Wardship, 123. Wars of England, 39-51. — Eoman Period, 39. — Saxon Period, 39. — Norman Period, 40. — Plantagenet Period, 40. — Lancastrian Period, 41. — Wars of the Eoses, 28, 4L — Tudor Period, 42. — Stuart Period, 43. — Abyssinian, 49. — Afghan, 47, 60. — American Independ. , 45. — Ashantee, 49. — Burmese, 46. — Chinese, 47. — Crimean, 48. — Egyptian, 60, — Indian Mutiny, 49. — Peninsular, 46. — Scinde, 47. — Sikh, 48. — Spanish Success., 34, 44. — Zulu, 60. Wat Tyler's Bebellion, 27. Wergild, 123. 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