i|K4^>^K^"^^r t:..'-: in.Yl, : YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Til© Ooudi^ioia of Liiflsi^. — By J'as. 0« ^as^ksosa, "LICE.'ITY IS NOT LIFE, EUT THE CONDITION OF LIVING." Tliero are two condition,'! ntlached to living in tills world. These nro Libkrty and Laugh.— They are divinely conjoined. A man to live must be free,- and to livo weil must labor. Freedom of ,^.'* ^^ ^^^^ S"^'*^ l^^v of industry as applied to man. The cardinal principle of slavery, claims not only the person of Ihc slave, but his lador. This claim is not set up on tho plea that, a forfeit of his riglit to freedom and the results of his indu.iorm can destroy cotton, the vveavil can destroy vvheitv the mange oan kill cattle and the rot kill sheep. Tilre. the slaves may not rebel and light their path to freedom by the fires of burning dwell ings and conflagrated cities; nor England declare war with, the United States, and empty upon our southem border her tUHssef of mailed men, to be-a living chevaux de frize lo the slaves, yet justice bo on tho higli road lo triumph, and each step bc visi- hlo in the loss of physical energy, of indLvsirious ha bits, ol skilful man.igemcnt, of agricultural iniprovo- ment, of moral culture, of love for freedom, of reve rence for Gud and regard fur national honor, on tho partof the slaveholders, marking thcm ns a pcoflo ifora whom the reins of povver must pass, nnd uhuse progress to di cny is as perceptible ihroueh these in dications, us the resting place of tlio dead is frora ita monuments of marble. Men who respect rights, respect tho rclaiions vyhicii they onginatc. A< .man's right lo hiraself is the foundation of his right lo the reaults of his indus try. Transfer the litte of self-ownership, and you transfer the property, ownership, and the appurte nances belonging thereunto. A right to properly is coeval and coequal with one's right to one's self. Tins principle is uot questioned by any government, save such as are groping in the darkness of despot ism s shadow. The universal denial vvhich has been enlered in the Southern States against the iualienabiliiv of the right of mail to personal freedom, has superinduced a very general opinion that labor Is disreputable. Seldom can a Southern man bo found, no matter how intimate his knowledge ofNorUn-rn manual J»- bor is, and. hon much soever iheir ihrifti""'. com fort, intelligence, and raorality, v. 3 corapel him to testify to their real worth, wlio, in his hea't, doea not despise thom,, and regard himself as belter thau they arff-, Ibecause /ledoes nothing, and they do every honest tiling for a livelihood. The system of vvlKih he is an integral part, germinates and matures lliis feeling. It comes not suddenly upon him. for there is something innately noble in honest labor, vvhich bespeaks an affirmation in its favor iVom every ho nest heart. It is through the slaveholder's associa tions that his contempt for the workingman is instil led. He has paralyzed the industrial re.sources of the slave, which lie hidden in all men, by destroy ing their motive power. His laboring class becomes degraded, because they are not compensated labor- era; and he is at length led lo assuciatc.the idea of degradation with labor, because he has forced li in to a connection vvith labor's great natural represent ative, the working -maTi. I said there vvas no difference in the estimates tho slaveholder puts upon a free laborer and a sl-avo la borer. 1 was wrong. In/e*?/i^/^llicre is adi.Teren(.e. He hates the free laborer the worst. To a slave, with him, labor is appropriate; there is a miural udapt- edness ; but to a freeman thero is nothing natural in work. Freedom and labor ore incongruities, and ho vvho attempts to harmonize them should, in his esti raation be despised. There is a rea.son fur all this. 'Vhe free man, vvho could furnish in his o:;rson evi dences that a man can be intelligent, well educated, virtuous and polished in his habits and .iddress, and at the same time work vvith his hands, for a subsist ence, would hold the relation cf a " oo-betwee.-?,"., to the extremes of society. He would keep np a trodden path from the .seatof literature, and of social and intellectual relinemenl (moral reiinement there is nor can be none among slaveiioidors,) over iheir cushioned sofas, through their long halls, to iho ahop where men wore leather aprons os badges of dis grace. Such a man could not ba tolerated by slave holders ; for he would defy the social CowMos Law of the South, which reads that ",!to Uan wBo wobss FOU A UTiSO CAS BE PIT FOR OOOD SOCIETY." To mai.iiain his title lo honorableness, gentility, chivalry, pieiV; and DK-MOCRiCY with slavehold ers, a man must think and oct as they think and act, and wo rk none himself, hut raoke others work for him wiihout payment. If he will not do this, he will be excluded from their society. They esteem liim a Pariah, whom none must succor, but whom all may kill. Ke is laicfiil capital, to be investec in a tobacco field, or lyacued. It is under the sway of ihis contemptuous feeling that Calhoun, Clay,McDuflie,B.VV.Lelgli,Professors Dew and Tucker, Presidenl Cooper, and thousands of lesser lights have, on dilTerent occasions, uttered substan tially the sentiment that a labori.vg population COULD NOT UiVDER5TA?7D THE NATURE .\ND END OF GOVER.SJIE.V.NT, A.VD THAT THEY OUGHT KOT TO HAVt POLITICAL POVVER ; and that the lirae would come when the Northern population who work (so said Mr. McDuffie) would lind ihe level ofthe Southern slave, and ba held as slaves by iVortliern capitalists. This chapter in the history of slavery, tlioroughly studied, ia very insiruclive. I cannot dilate as much as I could wish, but I vvant to give some statistics upon sorae points. They are all to be relied upon, being taken frora government documents, and other standard sources. I will begin and collate facta in the following order. As between the North and South, 1st. Population. 2d. Territory. 3d. Strength, or means of defence. 4th. Educatio i, or skill to ap. ply their raeanse of defence, oth. Enterprise or spi- ^" •>» "Pply their strength economically. l''- '"P-'otion. Tho first census was taken in 1791). Atthntper!..) ,here were 16 Stales— Maine biing enumerated separately vWoiigh part of Massa. chasot*s — eight of which are now r.., q^j eight slave States. Their respective papulation at that time waa as foUowa : Free Stales 1,968,455 Slave St-itea, 1,961,372 Balance in favor of Free States of 7,083 This population was scattered over a sur face of square milea aa follows : Free States, 164,340 Slave Slates, , 301,070 Balance iu favor of Slave States of 136,730 By this calculation it will he seen that of three considerations tha South surpassed us in tvvo of thero, and equalled us in the 6rst. In the first, she equalled us into a small fraction in population. In the second, she had by far the best soil. In the third, she exceeded ua in square railes by nearly one half. By the census of 1S40, the North and South are equally divided in their numberof States, each hav ing 13. But by that census, Ihe free States have a popul.ition of&, 855,865, and an trea of square railes of 352 108 ; while the slave States have a total (I'ree and slave) population of 7, 036, -242, andan area of square miles of 559,050. In this I have not in cluded lb"! Territories, choosing to confine myself to States. Now if slavery ia a blessing and not a curse, will noisome defender cf Clay or Calhoun tell me by what rules of political arithmetic it has happened that in 53 years the slave States have extended iheir territory 257,930 square miles, and have not quad rupled their population; while the free Statea have added bat 138,123 square miles, and have quintru- pled theirs. Or to make the matter a little more spe cific, New-York ih 1790 had an area of 46.085 square miles, and a population of 340,120, while Virginia with art arsK of 61,000 squara milea haij in 1790 a population of 748,308. In 1840 with tha same area, ornearly so, New-York has a population of 2,428;- 921, while Virginia has 1,239,797 How stands tho ca.se in tho lapse of fifty ye.ara? New-York has eight-folded her population, while Virginia h.as not doubled hera. What has come over the land of " lost gods and godlike men ?" She aeems to have had too much of her peci/lirir ''blessing." Some captious genius may say. this is owii.g to the natural advantages of New-York over Virginia. In reply I anawer, in natural advan- lageti Virginia greally exceeds New- York. Aaa State naturally. New- York would have never dono rauch , tho enterprize of her peuple have aunk mountains into mole-liilla, and made rivera of rivu lets, till they have become the '• Empire State." Take anoihercaae — Massachusetts and Maryland. They do not lie contiguous, but they are boih origi nal States. In 17911 Masaachiiseits had a population of 378.817; Maryland, 319.723. In 1340 Mossaohu- setta hos a population of 737,699; Maryland. 470.019. Massachusetts has square railes 7.500 ; Maryland 13.950. Massachusetts has doubled her pupulationj iMaryland added one-third, in fifty-three years. Take another caae. Kentucky has 42,000 square miles; Ohio, 39,128. In 1800, the year when Ohio appe.ared in Ibe census for the first time, she had 45,365; Kentucky. 220,955 inhabitants. In 1840, Ohio has 1,519,467; Kentuc'iy, 779,878. What bas produced this difference ? Kentucky has an exube rant soil, fineslreama, genial cliraate; but her head IS vvhite with premature age, and tier limbs trembis as she treads. The leprosy of decay has spoiled ber walls, and they are crumbling beneath iis virua.— The heaviest curse that man could inflict hath spread ovcr her whole population like the shroud of death; and there is not a man of her seven hundred thousand population that dare relieve hiraself irom It, ai.a manfully plead the cause of her innocent ones.* Cincinnati, the metroj.„ii,of Ohio, greatly the in ferior of Louisville, the meiropa.a (if Kentucky, in natural advantages, had, in 1840, 46,338 inhabitants; while Louisville had but 21,210, Cincinnali put up IjOOO houses, while Louisville has empty houses by the hundreds. Cincinnali had of capital invested in comraission houses and in foreign trade, S-5,200,- 000; Louisville $191,800. In retail dry gooda and grocery stores, Cincinnati $12,877,000 ; Louisville. $2,128,400. In lumber yards and trade, Cincinnati S133.000; Louisville $.52,000. In butchering, Cin cinnali §4,071,930; LouisviUe S''4,600. To come back to the comparison between ihe Statea: — 0. has 159 printing offices ; K. 34. O. 9 daily papera ; K. 5. O. 107 weekly papers; K. 26. O. has flouring- miUs 536; K. 258. O. bbla. flour manufactured, 1,- 311,954 ; K. 273.083. O. has oil-mills 112 ; K. 23, O. has saw-mills 2,883; K. has 718. In distilleries, K. beats O., having 8S9 ; while Ohio haa but 390. In candlea, O. raade in 1840, 2,318,456 pounda ; K. .563.635. Pounda reeled silk, O. had 652 ; K. 86 Tanneries. O. 812; K. 337. Barrels of tar, turpen tine, &.C. O. had 5.631 ; K. 700. Value of cutlery, O. produced §393.300 ; K. $22,-350. Value .lairy products. O. S1.8J8.869 ; K. §931,363. Nuraberof cattle, O. has 1,217,874 ; K. 787,098. Sheep, O. 2.028.401 ; K. 1.008.240. Bushels wheat. -O. 16,- 571.651; K. 4.803,152. Wool, pounds,. O. has 3,. 685,315; K. 1,786,847. Bushels pnlaloos, O. 5,805,. 021; K. 1,05.3,085. Tons of hay, O. hna l,0.d2,037 ; K. 38,3U6. Pounda of sugar raade, O. has 6,363,- *Caasiu3 M. Clay, the boldest- man in Kentucky, is still a slaveholder, lacking courage to do right. 3 286 ; K. 1,377,835. In sugar making Ohio is the third, and New- York the second State in the Union. Total annual products of industry in Ohio, $63,- 905 673; in Kerttnckv. $38,621.191;— a balance in Ohio's favor of S25. 232.487. What beoutiful reflec tions Mr. H.:nry Clay must hove, when he thinits that his raiserable policy has done more to fasten upon his adopted State llie withering curse of slave ry than that of any liiiiiig nnn. We raight run compari.sons betvveen any oilier free and slave State, and tlu result would be as cheering on tha one hand, and as raortifying on the other. Gut we have no room to go into a bill of particulars. We vvill specify the aggregate annual products of industry in the several States, and you can draw comparisons. The annual producta of the severnl States were as follows: Fkee States. Maine, Wew-Harapsbire, Vermont,Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New-Yo,k, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,Ohio,Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wiacunsin Torritory, Iowa Territory, Total, $26,462,705 19,556,141 25,143,191 75,470,297 13,001,223 23,023,737 193,806.483 29,67-2,4-26 131.033.6.55 163,906,678 23,532.931 18,981.993 7,026,a'>0 1,905,600 1,182,106 $663,705,453 Slave States. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,N, Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,Mississippi, Lousiana,Arkansas, Tennessee^ Missouri,Kentucky,Dist, of Columbia, Total, $5,252,535 23,821,661 76.709,053 32,4-2-2.19327,173.5.36 35,98i),363 2,976,687 28.961..325 29,739,333 35,044.959 6,888.395 37,973,350 15,830,444 38.624,191 1,971,593 $104,529,638 The result is, that v^¦ilh a territory less by 206, 582 square miles, the North exceeds the South in her annual producta to the amount of $264,175,820. — But as this overplus may he attributed tothe supe riority of the North in her mechanical industry, I ask hovv stands the comparison in agricultural pro ducts 7 In this way. Free States, agricultural laborers, 1,735,085 Slave States, 1,984,859 glance in favor of the South, AgriculiuroT products of the Free Stales. Of Skve Statea, 249,774 $842,307,466 302,.3.')6,151 Balance in favor of the North, $39,948,315 That is, with 219,774 lesa men engaged in agri cultural operations, tho North produces moro than the South hy $39,948,315. Hut look n liiile further. The four staples of the Southern States are cotton, rice, tobacco ami sugar. The whole uumbor uf p.iumla uf cuit'n in 1810, was 790,479.275: vvhich at eight cents per pound, would be worth S53,'23b,34i. Novv the potatoe and grass cropa of the Nurih, putliiij; the former at 'i5 cents per bushel, and the hay at $3,00 per too, stand as follows: Whole number of bushels of potatoes produced at the North, 89,030,957, S22,'i.-.r.739 50 Tons ol hay, 9,372,197, 46.1^60,985 00 Whole v,alue, $69,113,724 50 The potatoea and clover of the Free States ex- ceed tho cotton crop of the whole Slave dtutes by $3,330,332.50 ; yet the St>utherners always talk us if they could regulate all creation by their cotton crop. As for sugar, Lousiaua stands at the head, mailing in 1840, lbs. 119,947,720 New- York, 10,0 :S, 109 Ohio, 6,363,386 Verraont, 4,647,934 Indiana, 3,727,795 Pennsylvania, 2,265,755 And each other Stale in the Union falls under tvvo millions of pounds. Tobacco, value of the crop, §10,162.402 Dairy products of the North; value, 27,508.230 Value of hutter and cheese over tobacco, $17 345,823 Rice, value of the crop Soulh, $2,855,840 Hops, value of the crop Norlh, 9,762,960 Value of the Northern Hop crop over the Rice crop at the South. $6,907,120 But why multiply words? These figures cannot lie. And they teil a truth wbich is sufScient not only to lead any honest mind to coiidem slavery, but to convince such an one that the la'outh dues not raise sufficient for her own subsistence. At some future time I may coUato facts to make this assertion plain — for I am well convinced that, frum the formation of tbe government to the year 1844, the southern States have not, in fact, paid a single dollar to tha support of government; for when you strip tbe question of ail its mysteries, it resolves itself inlo thia plain proposition: Can a people jiay. any thing for the support of government who do not - produce as much as ihey conaume 7 If they cannot, then itall turna upon the fact whether tbeir exporta exceed their imports — if they do not, then they roust eventually corae to poverty. I do not mean exports to, or iraporta from, foreign countries, but from the respective Statea. Or in other worda, if they buy more goods than they can pay for, then they are not aolvent, and of course not able lo pay taxes. If tax es are paid, the creditors pay them. There ia one other item lo which I wish to allude before passing to the third topic. It is the state of SOCIAL iirprovement that marka the population of the free and slave States. Up to a certain point a compact is more favorable to moral and intellectual culture than a sparse popu lation. This is obvious from the consideralion that, the knowledge which the more astute acquire is dis bursed easily and all are made paitakers ofit. Over grown citiea are unhappy exhibitions of the social principle, but there are few of them in the country- Was 1 desiroua of one fact which should settle tho matter of the superiority of free over slave iostitu- ' tions, I would be satisfied viilx comparing the num- ber of villages in the free with the slave States 1 And you have of persons which have between 2.000 and 10,000 inhabitants. They are as follows Village?. 223 36 Pop. they contain. 868,431 155,623 Free States, Slave States, No. ofN. overs. 137 712,853 Does any one want other argument than this to show the prosperity of the North over the Soulh? Each of these villagea is a city to a territory of twen ty miles Qbout it. It is that territory's raarket, the plac; to ,buy and sell, to barter and to-disposo for cash, and serves the same purpose in a limited view that Liverpool or New- York does to the world. — Why cannot the S juth have Villages like ours 7 Be cause they have jio enterprising MorAiii.^ population. No mechanics, no laborers, that care one jot about improvoment. Tint ia ihe reason, and it is conclu sive. But lot lis take up education. There aro engaged in wliat are termed Learned Professions, Universities, tt Aoid?mies, tt Priraary Schools, No. Scholars. 44.963 20,292 86 9,137 87 7,10fi 1,575 106.134 l,6r3 46.144 38.970 1,640,02S 3,237 20,3.085 tt , 432,538 tc 35,735 tt 1161,438 654,899 . . in tile slivo States over 23 years of oge who can not read, 1,313,519 This shows that evcry sixth adult person in the slave Slates does not know his ief.o:-3. yet peopla talk of our vtsiitiitions being overthrown by tbe '¦S;!um"' a.id '-Rsfuso population" of the Old V.'nrld. vvhen every sisth raan you meet in tho s'juthern States has to mako his mark thus : his Chivalrous y, Slaveholder. mark. Glorious institution! this slavery 1 is it not7— Loolc at newi'cpcr^ of all kinds, daily, weekly, .tc. The North has dailies 87 . Soutii " 51 North weeklies 831 • Snuth " 3!0 ' NorfU semi and tri-vveeldica 241 South " . " ill North whole unraber 1,165 South '' " 472 North,South North South North South North South Sch'Irsat pnblic expense. North - " " ¦ South Children nnder 15, North ' " " ¦ South By this calculation it will bo aaen that there are more persons in the primary schools in ihe free States than there ore white children under 15 yeara of age in tha free States, while it will also be seen that there in the slave States 349,814 white childron who are underlS years of age more than nro in their primary schools. The high chnracler which the Common Schools of New England and New York have already attained, h3s become ihe admiration of alt vvho are acquainted Tviih them and their raode of manageraeni. Who that reflects, will not see that, unless the great body of the people have education, they can never main tain a free government 7 And who will not perceive that, while tho free States are annually making ap propriations, of one sort and another, to increase the rneans of scholastic education, the slave States are doing nothing for such purpose. If there i~- any thing that vvill foster industry, prudence, temperance, free dom, aye, and all the moral virtues, it is education. How necessary lliat its incalculable bles-tings should be scattered vvith a profile hand among ihe young ; those vvho are soon to hold the places of their fathers io Ibe iialls of legislation, in the professions, and in social life. "Knowledge, like the light of heaven, should be free to all," said Wa.shington ; but slave ry says it .'-hall not he free to thealo.ves ; and God, by Ilis retributive iHiiice, declares that it shall not il lume a larcfe portion of the free population of tho son thern States. The number of persona over 20 years of oge vvho cannot read or write, is as follows : North, (white) 203,806? - (colored) say 60,'i00 S total 263,806 South (white) 346,099? (free colored) say 105,512 5 ¦ 4.31, GU To this add slavea over 20 vears of age, say, • ¦ 861,938 Tiiero is one very interesting topic which I intend ed to discuss which 1 must lay over. It ia tho toli'l inability of thn southern States to defend themselvea fL'r one moment against foreign aggression, should they DISSOLVE this U.vion. Two fads make it plain : these are, the largo extent of territory whicli thoy must have to defend, and the extreme scarcity uf militia force whieh they could bring into the field, A' * * • Wilh a lerritory of 559,050 squato miles they have a force of 647.591 enrolled militia to de fend it ; a man and a filth to .t squara mils. He would undoubtedly keep out all the British that should invade' his square mile, i£ ha did not KUN- AvvAY. The North with 352,468 square mile.s, haa an enrolled militia, to .say nothing of thoso who are uot enrolled, hut against which the South has no off set but in her SLAVES, — of 1,020,796 men. What does tha result of this investigation — for I have but jusl pponed the book — prove 7 What, but that vve aro tied toa doad body 7 What, but thai b:ith ofthe political parties, in subniiiting to the dic tation of tho Slave Poioer, are doing all thoy can to enable the slaveholder to live through our commer cial, social, and political relations, upon the results of Northern industry. Why, reader I If the people of the South wero corapelled to forego ail intercourse with the world, exept such, simply, as raight be necessary to elfeot an exchange of their products for an equivalent in olher products, und vvere made to depend on their productions for a livelihood, in ten years there would not be a living rnan within the liiuiis of the thirteen Stales, unless tbey changed the application of their laboring fcrce. Novv I rejoice in this fact, as I rejoice in witness ing the attachment of God to a'l his laws: ond I would have the slaveholder repent, and come back to honesty, decency, virtue, and industry, or I wonld give God's law my heartie.jt cheer, as it marched on steadily to its consummation. 'This Tract for sale at tha office of the Affiany Pa triot, No. 9 Exchange street, Albany^''40 cents I'm 100 or $3,00 for 1000. Pieasa send in your ordera with tha cash, to G. \h .Crocker. - , " ?^:h^ \ %U IIJ. ¦.V