m;

1 1

¦¦^80

OLD

BASE METAL SPOONS,

Tim

Illustrations and Marks.

i'

F. G. HILTON PRICE.

JHr. S.A.

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

1943

OLD BASE METAL SPOONS,

WITH

Illustrations and Marks.

OLD
BASE METAL SPOONS,

WITH

Illustrations and Marks.

BY
F. G. HILTON PRICE,
Director of the Society of Antiquaries of London.

LONDON :
B. I". BATSFORL), 94, HKiH HOLBuRX
1908.

90^ P

INTRODUCTION.

T)ASE metal spoons in past ages must have been used
in considerable numbers. Every household in the
country possessed some, yet it is doubtful whether any
have been preserved amongst the services or garnishes of
pewter plate that are known. They seem to have been
looked upon as worthless trifles, used by the domestics of
the household until worn out, and then thrown away or
more probably sold to the pewterers as old metal to be
melted down.
Such must have been their fate, as all our present
collections of pewter and latten spoons have been derived
from excavations, and those that are described and figured
in this book, with the few exceptions of those coming
from country sites, have been found in the City of
London. As the Author has paid considerable attention to base
metal spoons for many years, it has occurred to him that
it would be an interesting subject to many, were he to
write a description of the various types of spoons at
present known. He has no intention of giving a general
history of spoons, as that has already been ably done by
a2

4
Mr. C. J. Jackson, F.S.A., in a paper entitled "The
Spoon and its History," which was read before the Society
of Antiquaries of London and published in Archaeologia* ;
but he purposes to confine himself to giving a short de
scription of every type of spoon, with illustrations, carefully
drawn, from his own collection (unless otherwise recorded),
represented at half the actual size, supplemented with lists
recording the marks or touches upon them down to about
the middle of the XVIIIth century.
With this purpose in view the Author has examined
upwards of 1,000 spoons and copied their marks. In order
to effect this he has had to consult many collections, and
he now begs to tender his grateful thanks to Mr. George
Dunn for placing his unrivalled and important collection
at his disposal, to the courtesy of Mr. C. H. Eead
and Mr. Reginald A. Smith of the British Museum, to
Mr= Borrajo of the Guildhall Museum, Mr. Skinner of the
Victoria and Albert Museum, the Ashmolean Museum,
and to the following private collectors : — Mr. Newton,
Mr. Ransom, Mr. Buckma,ster, Mr. A. B. Yeates,
Mr. Greg, Mr. Aymer Vallance, Col. Croft Lyons,
Mr. C J. Jackson and others, for kindly entering into
the spirit of the undertaking and permitting him to
examine all the spoons in their possession and to
record their marks. Likewise he tenders his best
*Vol. .5,3, pp. 107-146.

5
thanks to Mr. W. H. St. John Hope for kindly reading
the proofs.
The marks have been arranged in chronological order
according to the date or period of the style of the spoon,
and at the end of every paragraph upon each type a list
is given of all the rharks found on them; this must
necessarily be incomplete as there probably are many spoons
in private hands which have not yet come to light. By
this means the collector will be enabled to find a possible
date or period for some of the marks. The registers
which had been kept by the Pewterers' Company since
the year 1540, recording the names of the members who
punched their touches at the Hall, have unfortunately
been lost ; it therefore becomes very difficult, if not
impossible, to know to whom the touches belonged, and
to determine exactly the date of any piece so stamped.
The later touch plates preserved by the Company,
which have been coUotyped in Mr. Charles Welch's
" History of the Pewterers' Company," bear comparatively
few touches of the spoonmakers whose marks can be
identified. The earliest date that can be assigned to any
mark upon these touch plates is about 1644, which is
very late for the majority of the interesting old types.
Silver spoons bearing the date letters have proved of
great service and assistance for comparison with the
like forms in base metal, and have enabled the Author,

6
in many cases, to arrive at their approximate dates. It
may be taken for granted that all the known silver types
were reproduced in pewter or latten as soon as such
particular forms came into fashion, but there are some
few other patterns which are not at present known to
occur in silver.
As instances of those not at present known to have
been made in silver, mention may be made of the " horned
head-dress " knop, a fifteenth century type of elegant form
and great rarity*. Then there is the " baluster " knop,
which must not be confounded with the baluster stalked
spoon with the seal on the top. Of several others having
curious knops only single specimens are known, such as
the " Chanticleer," the " Stagshead," the " Globe," and
perhaps others.

* A specimen -was sold a short time ago by a well-known firm of Bond
Street silversmiths for a very large sum.

OLD BASE METAL SPOONS,
WITH
Illustrations and Marks.

TN beginning the study of base metal spoons it is
-*- of importance to note that nearly all English
examples, whether made of base metal or silver, from the
XlVth century to the middle of the XVIIth century
had fig-shaped bowls curving upwards, being broader at
the base and narrower near the stalk or stem. The stems
were " six-squared " or hexagonal, and terminated in most
cases with a knop, which varied according to existing
fashion or the vagary of the spoonmaker.
The earliest pewter spoon known to have been found
in London excavations or recovered from the Thames is
the specimen in the Author's collection, described further
on as a "Ball knop," ^^e fig. 4 on page 21.
It may even be earlier than the fine stalked, slender
ones made of latten* called " Cones " and " Finials," which
are probably of foreign origin, and belong to the XI Vth
or early XVth century.
Down to the XlVth century, with the exception of
this " Ball knop " no English pewter spoons are known
* This was a variety of brass, i.e. an alloy of copper and zinc.

to us, but this is not absolute proof that none were made
as they may have perished in the earth. Before that
period spoons in ordinary domestic use were probably
made either of wood or horn, as may be seen in the
Museums. As few or perhaps no base metal spoons
were then made in England, the better class of people
were glad to make use of the latten spoons which
were importeil from abroad. The usual types of spoons
with which we are all familiar, such as those knopped
with Acorns, Diamond Points, " Maidenheads," Horned
Head-dresses, Hexagons, Apostles, Writhen balls. Sitting
Lions, Balusters, Sealtops, Strawberries or " de Fradeletts,"
some of which were occasionally gilded, were probably
not made in England before the end of the XlVth or
beginning of the XVth century. Early in the XVIth
century a very simple form of spoon came into use,, which
seems to be identical with those described in wills and
inventories as " Slipped in the Stalk." These had the
usual fig-shaped bowl, and an hexagonal stalk with the top
cut off at an angle from the front of the spoon. This
type, judging from the large quantity that have been
found in London, must have been very popular, and from
its simplicity was the cheapest form. It remained in
fashion well into the middle of the XVIIth century, at which
period we find the bowls, etc., becoming broader near the
stem and narrower at the base, and the stems flatter
and only four-sided. This form again changed during
the period of the Commonwealth, when the stems
were hammered out flatter and furnished with two and
sometimes three slight nicks at the end, which otherwise

9
terminated quite square, and the stalk widened out
from the spoon-self to the end. This type is known to
collectors as the " Puritan," and many are found in both
pewter and latten. From the Puritan spoon another form
was naturally developed having the same shaped bowl, with
a still flatter stem or stalk with the end beaten out much
broader and ornamented with two deep cuts, and upon the
back of the bowl of the spoon a tongue or rat-tail. This
type came into fashion about the year 1663 and is known
as the " Split End " or " Pied de Biche." A great many
varieties of this popular form have been met with. The
type continued in use until the end of the XVIIth
century ; but during the reign of William III. another
form was evolved, which has been called the '' Wavy End."
This is a spoon with a long narrow bowl and a longer
stem with a flat tongued or shield-like end, terminating in
a hook. In the reign of Queen Anne a further change
took place, a type called the " Rounded End " coming into
fashion which continued nearly fifty years, after which
the style of the spoon remained much the same until the
middle of the reign of George III. when the modern
types of spoon came into use.
Pewter spoons which have knops made of latten are
occasionally met with, but they are uncommon and must be
assigned to the latter part of the XVIth century. Anent
these latten knopped spoons, we read that at a Court of the
Pewterers' Company held 4th January, 1562/3, " Stephin
Calie complayned agaynst Richarde Harrysson for xvlli. of
fyne mettall which after .the price of vjd. the pounde is
vijs. vjd. the same Harrysson hathe promysed to paye

10
unto the said Stephin every weke ij dosen of Spones
w' latten knobbes untill the said mony were Ron owt*.
This seems to suggest that Harryson was perhaps the
inventor of this special form of spoon.
The spoonmakers also sometimes gilded the knops
of pewter spoons, a few specimens are still in existence.
The precise composition of the pewter used for
spoons is difficult to define without analysis, as they
were doubtless made of different alloys.
The "Fine Pewter" (English) contained 112 parts of
tin, 26 parts of copper, and no lead.
" Better pewter " of the first quality had 84 parts of
tin, 7 of antimony, and 4 parts of copper. There are
many other qualities of pewter ware, analyses of which
are set forth in Massd's Pewter Plate.f
"Trifle" or common pewter was 83 parts of tin, and
17 of antimony, and a second quality of the same
consisted of 82 parts of tin, and 18 of antimony. This
trifle metal or plate metal was that probably used by the
spoonmakers, who were most likely a distinct branch of
the pewterer's craft. Yet at one time, judging from a
statement made by Mr. Masse, " Triflers worked in trifle
metal and plate metal on lighter wares — spoons and, later
on, forks, buckles, toys, buttons ; but by 1612, from the
list given by Mr. Welch, they had taken to make much
hollow-ware."J

* C. Welch, History of the Worshipful Company of Pewterers of the City of
London (London, 1902), i. 232.
t -H. T. L. J. Mass6, Pewter Plate. A Historical and Descriptive Handbook
(London, 1904), 19.
X Ibid. 41.

11
At a Court of the Pewterers' Company held
16th December, 1669, it was enacted: "That the Order
made y" 19th dec: 1667 (vitz) That the spoonemaker should
receive from the shopkeeper (for all spoones they delivered
them after Christmas then next following) all plate mettle
shall be made null & void, and that they receive such
mettle as the Hollow- ware men & of noe other sort."*
The Author takes this opportunity of returning his
best thanks to Professor Gowland of the Royal School
of Mines, South Kensington, for having kindly undertaken
a careful analysis of latten and pewter spoons submitted
to him. The latten examples were one specimen
belonging to the early part of the XVIIth century,
and another belonging to the second half of the XVIIth
century, and the pewter spoons two of the latter part of
the XVIth or beginning of the XVIIth century. The
following are the results : — -

Latten,

early XVIIth century.

Latten, second

half XVIIth century.

Copper

72.50 per cent.

Copper

73.33 per cent.

Zinc

... 25.22

Zinc

.. 24.80 „

Iron

1.82

Iron

.. 2.15 „

Pewter, late XVIth century

or early XVIIth

century : —

Tin...

97.00 per cent.

Tin...

95.60 per cent.

Lead

1.65

Lead

.. 3.64 „

Copper

1.42 „

Copper

1.06 „

This is most satisfactory, as it conclusively gives the
component parts of the metals employed in making these
spoons. With the exception of those of the " Cone " and
" Finial " types it is highly probable that latten spoons
* Welch, op. cit. ii. 140.

12
were not made in England before the second quarter of
the XVIth century ; and as few of the old pewter shapes
known to us were produced in latten, we may surmise
that they were not made, otherwise they should surely
have been met with.
The earliest known forms, excluding the above, made
in that mixed metal appear to have been Acorns, Apostles,
Seal tops, and those " Slipped in the Stalks.''
After the middle of the XVIth century we may
assume that the brass or latten spoons were encroaching
somewhat upon the trade of the pewter spoonmakers, as
we find that at the Court of the Pewterers' Company on
the 23rd September, 1567-8: "it was agreed by the
whole Company that there shoulde Be no spones made
of Bras or latten or any yelow metall uppon payne that
if any person herafter be found that he doth make any
suche spones shall forfeyt and pay for every spone
iijs. iiijd. The said Spones were lately Invented by
John God And he hath confessed he hath made but
iij dosen one dosen he hath solde to one at Algate And
an other Stranger hath bought one other dosen And
the third dosen the Goodman of the Castell in wood
strete must haue them And if there be found any
more of the same God makyng He shall pay for every
Spone iijs. iiijd."*
And again we find the following under date 1586-7
" At this court [14th June] it is determyned that all the
makers of lattyn sponnes in London shalbe warned the
* Welch, op. cit. i. 259.

13
next court day and that thay shalbe bound to make no
more sponnes."
" At this court (4* August) comaundement was geven
unto the spovnmakers accordyng to ane ordynance herto-
fore made that yf any spone maker doth make any short
lattyn spounes or of yallow mettall shall forfayt for every
spone iijs. iiijd. as may appeare by the former order upon
w"'' comaundement the spounmakers promysed to be
obedyent to the same or els to be fyned wheruppon they
haue set ther handes."*
These stringent regulations must have given a great
check to latten spoonmaking for some time, and may be
the cause of the very few specimens that can be considered
to be of XVIth century date. There are specimens of
" Seal tops " and " Slipped in the Stalks " spoons known
made of latten, marked ^m) which may possibly be the
mark of John God before mentioned.
It is probable that the regulations put in force in the
XVIth century that no spoons should be made of latten
were relaxed during the first quarter of the XVIIth century,
as we find latten spoonmakers increased very rapidly in
numbers during that period. This may be proved by the large
quantit} that h'dxe been found and are preserved in various
Museums and private collections. The superior advantages
of the latten spoon no doubt alarmed the Company who
dreaded the general substitution of them for their
pewter. Pewter spoons may frequently be seen that appear to
have been gilded, but this is probably only due to an oxide
* Welch, op. rit. i. 296.

14
which has formed on the surface of the metal, through the
spoons having been in contact with some salts or other sub
stances in the soil in which they have for many instances
been buried for centuries.
By direction of Professor Gowland an analysis of the
supposed gilding has been made, which proves the total
absence of gold and that the gilded appearance is evidently
due to an oxide. In a few instances some spoons are
occasionally found bearing the remains of lacquering.
The gilding of pewter was strictly prohibited by the
Pewterers' Company, as will be seen from the following
minute of a Court held 3rd July 1623 :
" The Master acquainted the Court of the search
about y" painted pewter and for the Contempt they have
taken Course of lawe, and albeit some of the makers or
gilders did promise to desist from sellinge the same, yett
they doe sett upp Bills for the sale of the same." *
This painted pewter is probably what we should now
call lacquered. The following extracts about pewter spoons from the
minutes of the Pewterers' Company may be of interest : —
1580, 13th December : " the woorkmanshype of halfe
a grose of spones at xd. the half grose." f
1582 — " At court beinge quarter daye held the v'"
of december 1582 It was ordered that none of the
companye shuld put to make any spones but unto a
brother of the company and all the spone makers
promysed in open court to worke a grose of spones for
xxd. the grose." J
* Welch, op. cit. ii. 81. f I^i^l- i- 287. | Ibid. i. 290.

15
1588 — "At this court (1st November) it is ordered
betwyxt mr wood and John bowyar that he shall
worke unto mr wood ij grose of sponnes aweeke at
xviijd. the grose untyll such tyme all his debt be
wrought out and yf in case he fayleth then mr wood to
be at his lyberty."t
1662 "Ordered by this Court [11*'' December] that
all Laymen doe alter there tutches within fourteene dayes
w"^ y^ date of 1663."j
This order was no doubt duly observed, as we find
the marks of E.H., I.H., and W.A., upon " Slipped
in the Stalks " spoons, bearing 63 upon their touches in
addition to their initials.
" 1666-7. At this Court [21st March] w"" Austin
affirmed m'" Johnson usually mixt in her mettle for
Spoons glasiers knotts.§
On 20th June, 1667, Robert Wheely was fined 5s. for
the bad quality of his turning spoons. ||
' With a view to remedy the bad quality of metal
used in making spoons it was decided (19th December)
" to convert all spoons into Lay as they Come to any
mans hands or Custody between this & Christmas, and
from thence every Shopkeeper or other to deliver unto
y" spoon maker plate mettle or as good." It was also
ordered that " everie Spoon maker shall alter his touch
imediately after christmas next from w"*" tyme all Spoons
shall be made exactly to y" Say." ' 'i

t Welch, i. 299. | Ibid. ii. 130. § Ibid. ii. 134.
\\Ibid. \ Ibid. ii. 135.

16
1677; 13th December.—" Ordered that all planished
ware and square-work w"^ is wrought by the hand
and all round Fyne Chamber-potts and new-ffashioned
spoones shall henceforward be made of good ffyne plate
mettle."t From the evidence we have been able to glean,
it appears that pewter spoons in early times were
certainly made by hammering and beating and that
they were made by men whose sole business was spoon-
making. Notwithstanding the stringent rules laid down by the
Company against spoonmakers for making their spoons
by means of an " engine," it is quite clear that they
continued to do so, as may be gathered by the following
extracts from the Company's proceedings.
1683 — " Daniel Barton complained [20th December]
against John Clark Thomas Waight & Joseph Higdon
for makeing spoones w'^out beating being only cast grated
& burnished."* The following minute will also show how the spoon
makers turned the tables on Daniel Barton and made a
complaint against him :
' 1686-7. — The spoonmakers complained on 7th April
of Mr. Barton for using an " engine " to make spoons.
He convinced the Court that his spoons were well-finished,
and undertook not to sell them m the country under six
shillings a gross, and in town for four, " w"'' will be noe
prejudice to y" other workemen."'|
* Welch, ii. 153. f Ibid. ii. 156. + Ibid. ii. 157.

17
1691, 17 December. John French was complained
of " for Grateing Spoons and not beat."*
1695-6 — It was ordered on 19th March that all spoons
should in future be beaten and not grated and burnished only.f
There can be no doubt that moulds were employed,
and a stone mould for casting Seal-top spoons, belonging
to the early part of the XVIIth century, with the mark
W.M. upon it, is exhibited in the Science and Art
Museum, Dublin. Slight variations may be observed in
some of the marks which are to all appearances those of
the same spoonmaker, but slightly differentiated, perhaps
indicating that new punches had to be made to replace
old ones when they had become worn, or that the
spoonmaker had received orders from the Company to
alter his mark, as was the case in 1661-2 and in 1666-7.
Sometimes the differences are only the addition or the
omission of a couple or more dots, placed under or over
the initials, or a plain circle replacing a dotted circle. In
the case of the maker R.A., who used two keys in his
touch, the key bowls are sometimes apart and at others
they join or even overlap. It is very difficult to say
whether these differentiations are accidental or intentional.
There are a few marks in which the initials are enclosed
in a dotted lozenge. These perhaps indicate that the spoon
maker was a woman, as was the case with the silversmiths.
Those marks which are found within square-topped
shields invariably belong to the latter half of the XVIIth
century. * Welch, ii. 104. f I^id. ii. 167.

18
The marks in the bowls of these base metal spoons
are usually read by holding the spoon by the stem, with
the knop or end pointing to the body of the person
holding it; occasionally the reverse is the case but that
may be taken as exceptional.
Thus, if we take one mark as an instance, and look
at it in the usual way with the end of the stem pointing
to the body, it reads N.I., but if looked at the reverse
way, we find it is I.N. This is somewhat misleading, but
there is very little doubt that the initials are N.I. There
are several other makers whose initials are reversible,
whose marks are given in this book, which have been
read in the manner indicated. As the register of marks
has been lost it is now impossible to ascertain the makers'
names, otherwise we should not meet with this difficulty.
The "spoonsmark" was a very favourite device for
the latten spoonmakers in their touches, and a great
variety of them will be found in the lists. It may be
presumed that they were first adopted about the time of
Charles IL It is a singular circumstance that none of
the latten spoonmakers appear to have used in his
mark the key which was so common with the pewter
spoonmakers, whereas the pewter spoons are not found
with " spoonmarks " on them before the middle of the
XVIIth century, and but few makers adopted them then.
The earliest base metal spoons that were in use in London,
probably during the latter part of the XlVth and XVth
centuries, and that have survived to our time, are those long
slender stemmed specimens of very elegant shape, made of
latten, which we will describe as " Cones " and " Finials."

19

Fio. 1.
Latten spoon with
Cone end. A

Cones.
These spoons, which are always made
of latten, have fig-shaped bowls and long
thin stems of diamond section, terminating
in a small knop representing what may be
intended for a fir-cone or pine-apple. They
are usually marked on the back of the
bowl with a small punch, of which some
of the marks are here given.
The specimen here figured (Fig. 1) is in
the collection of Mr. George Dunn ; its
length is 6f inches, and its date late XlVth
or early XVth century. See Plate I.
Marks on the Cones : J\ 0
Marks on the Finials : (^ ^

Finials.
These are in every respect, of the
same shape and size as the Cones with the
exception that the stems end with a Finial
for a knop, some of which are larger than
others. They vary from 6^ to Ih inches
in length. They are also marked on the
backs of the bowls in a precisely similar
manner to the Cones.
In the collection of Mr. Dunn is a fine
specimen of a two-pronged fork, 6f inches
long, of the same pattern as the spoon,
which is also said to have been found
in London. See Plate II. This is an

Fig. 2.
Spoon with Finial top.
c2

20

¦^

unusually early date for a fork made of latten. Forks are
occasionally mentioned in inventories of the XlVth — XVth
centuries, but they are generally described as " for eating
green ginger." There is another early form of latten spoon,
with a round bowl, the stem flat near the spoon-self and
. tapering towards the end, which
terminates in a diminutive knop.
They are marked on the upper
side of the flat stem nor, sometimes
with two touches, these may be French
and belong to the late XI Vth— XVth
centuries. See Plate VIII, Fig. 3. jS
In the Author's collection is a rather
remarkable Finial spoon of pewter.
It has a round bowl, with a long slender
hexagonal stem, rather flattened at the
spoon-self, with a slight indication of a
mark, which is undecipherable. The
stem terminates in a finial, which is
made of brass or latten. It is 6| inches
in length, was found in London, and is
remarkably similar to French silver
spoons of about 1330. (Fig. 3.)
Another example ends with what may be called
a Ball knop, but this is simply a provisional name,
as it appears to be quite a new variety. It is of a most
unusual shape for a pewter spoon, and is the earKest type
in that metal that has come to the notice of the Author ;
the stem is similar to those latten spoons termed " Cones "
and " Finials." (Fig. 4.)

Fig. 3.
Pewter Finial Spoon,
with brass or latten top. -J.

21

This spoon, has a small leaf-shaj^ed
bowl, being more pointed at the base
than the last named types, with a
long slender rounded stem, terminat
ing in a small ball knop.
It has no mark and was found in
Westminster. It may be considered
to belong to the XIIIth or XlVth
century. There is a similar shaped
spoon in the collection of Mr. Yeates,
which is furnished with a ball on the
stem in addition to the knop.

Acorn Knops.
These are
generally con
sidered to be the
earliest forms of
pewter spoons (as
they are in silver).
They have small
fig-shaped bowls
with very slender
stems, generally
somewhat round
ed, furnished at
the end with a small acorn. Occasion
ally very small examples are met with,
having a four-sided or diamond section p. g
stem. These may be considered to Acorn-knopped Spoon.

Fig. 4.
Ball-knopped Spoon, f

22
belong to the early part of the XVIth century or
perhaps a little earlier.
There is another form of these spoons which are of
larger size, having a bigger acorn with the same shaped
bowl or spoon-self, and the stems often quite round. They
all bear the touch of the spoonmaker in the bowl, and may
be considered to belong to the XI Vth or XVth century.
The earliest specimen known to the Author is a latten
example in the collection of Mr. Dunn {see Plate II.) with
a long stem, knopped with an elongated acorn ; it is of
the same type as the " Cones " and " Finials " ascribed to
the XlVth century. It is seven inches in length and un
marked. The first mention of this form of knop that we
know of is to be found in a will of 1348 proved at the Court
of Husting in 1351, whereby " John de Holegh bequeathed
to Thomas Taillour, twelve silver spoons with akernes and
again in a will of 1361, we find that John Botiller, draper,
bequeathed to Isabella, his wife, twelve best spoons with
gilt acorns.f Also in a will dated 1392, registered at York,
six silver spoons " cum acrinsse de auro " are mentioned.
In an inventory of plate belonging to the Cathedral
Church of Lincoln, taken in 1548, there appear the
following :
"A Spoone w* an Akerne; ordeined for Creame."
" A Spoone w'^ an Akerne : ordeined for Oleum Sanctum,"
and " a Spoone, haveing an Akerne of y'' end : ordeined
for Oleum [Infirmorum'] "* but these examples of course,
were much earlier than the date of the inventory.
'¦' Archaeologia, liii. 48.
f Calendar of MHlls proved and enrolled in the Court of Husting, London
part i., 658, and part ii.

23

4

Some of the very small spoons of this form in
pewter may well be as early as the latter part of the
XlVth century or beginning of the XVth century.
There is a very small-sized pewter
spoon in the Author's collection marked
^^ in the bowl between T and S,
evidently the initials of a former owner.
(Fig. 6). This may be considered unusu
ally early for ownership marks. The
spoon belongs to the XVIth century.
Mr. A. B. Yeates possesses the
smallest spoon that the Author has met
with, being only 3f inches in length.
Marks upon Acorn knopped spoons :

Fig. 6.
Acorn-knopped spoon of
unusually small size, i

Mark upon a latten Acorn
This occurs on a spoon belonging to
Mr. Aymer Vallance, F.S.A., and is
probably the mark of John God.
"Dyamond Pgynt."
Spoons with Diamond-pointed knops
or Hexagonal Spear-heads are very rare
in pewter, and it is doubtful whether
they were ever made in latten, at any
rate no specimen is known to the
Author.

Fig. 7.
Spoon with diamond
pointed knop. |

24
They have round fig-shaped bowls, and hexagonal
stems terminating with an hexagonal spear or diamond-
pointed knop.
There are three specimens in the Author's collection,
one is much longer in the stem than the other, and two in
Mr. Drane's collection, and neither of them is marked.
The Author also possesses an imperfect specimen of one
of these spoons with a very diminutive mark on the stem
end of the bowl ; and another peculiar form found in
the Thames at London. This has a flattened diamond-
shaped knop, having a depression in the centre, with a
round stem ornamented at the lower extremity ; the bowl
is furnished with a tongue behind and has ornamentation
upon each side of it. From the Lombardic M in the bowl,
it may be from the first half of the XlVth century, but
it is probably much later. See Plate VIII.
Spoons terminating in the diamond knop may belong
to the XlVth and XVth centuries.
The earliest silver example mentioned is in an
inventory of Robert Morton of the year 1487*, therefore,
we may fairly assume that the examples we have in
pewter belong to that period.
The earliest specimen known to the Author is a silver
one in the collection of Mr. C. J. Jackson ; it has a
long fig-shaped bowl and unusually short stem and is
unmarked, but he considers it is to be circa 1400.
This type of pewter spoon does not appear to have
been marked : perhaps on account of its early date.
* Journal of the British Archoeological Association, xxxiii, 321.

25
In the Author's collection is a very diminutive spoon
with a fig-shaped bowl: the stem is of a diamond
section, ending in a sort of embryo
" dyamond poynt " with a small ring
fixed to the point of it (Fig. 7a). This
little spoon cannot be later than the
XVIth century, and probably dates
from the XVth century, as it was
found in Worship Street, Shoreditch,
a few years ago with other objects,
all of that period.
This spoon was probably made as
a toy and is the smallest early speci-
Toy Spoon of Pewter. ] men that the Author has met with.
The illustration is actual size, and
it has no mark. It has been made in
a mould and the edges have not been
trimmed.

Horned Head Dress Knop.
This is a very rare type of spoon.
It is of somewhat slender make, the
bowl fig-shaped, and the stalk or
stem hexagonal or " six-squared." The
knop represents the bust of a woman
wearing the peculiar horned or horse
shoe form of head-dress which was
fashionable in the reigns of Henry V. Fig. 8.
and Henry VI. (Fig. 8). This form of heaT-drIss kno™%

26
spoon may be assigned to the first half of the XVth century.
Very few are known, a good specimen was sold a short
time ago by a London silversmith for a large sum.
The Author has examined about 13 of these spoons
and only two of them bear a mark ; one is in the
collection of Mr. Ransom ^5, and the other in that of
the Author @. They are unknown in silver.
The above specimen is in the
Author's collection.
This may be a variety of the
"Maidenhead" type next to be described.
Maidenhead Knop
This is another early form of
spoon. The bowl is somewhat fig-
shaped, and the stem is hexagonal,
terminating in a knop representing the
bust of a maiden, perhaps the Blessed
Virgin. (Fig. 9.)
These spoons were made of pew-
Spoon with Maidenhead ter and probably as early as the
knop. ^ XVth century ; they were certainly in
use during the XVIth century.
Mr. Jackson states that the earliest published
reference to silver " maidenhead spoons " occurs in an
inventory of Durham Priory of the year 1446 :
" ij Coclearia argentea et deaurata, unius sectse, cum
ymaginibus Beatse Marise in fine eorundem."*

* Archaeologia, liii 122, quoting Wills and Inventories (Surtees Society 2), i. 91.

27

A short time ago Messrs. Crichton Brothers had a
silver spoon of this type, bearing the London date letter
for 1631, which is a very late date for this form ; it had
possibly been made to supply a deficiency in a set, or
may have been made for a member of the Mercers'
Company, whose badge is a Maidenhead.
The above specimen (Fig. 9) is in the Author's
collection. Marks on Maidenhead knopped spoons.

§

Monk's-head Knop.
This is an unusual form of knop
and may easily be mistaken for a
" Maidenhead." The only one in pewter
that has come to the Author's notice,
is a fine specimen in the collection of
Mr. Dunn. The bowl is fig-shaped, the
stem close up to the bowl is some
what of an hexagonal section, but it
becomes round and terminates at the top
with the head of a monk, with a cowl over
his head, and his hands folded in front of
him. (Fig. 10.) The stem of this spoon
is unusually long ; in the bowl a Maltese
Cross has been engraved, presumably
an owner's mark, as the touch in the

Fig. 10.
Spoon with monk's
head knop. ^.

28
bowl is (^m- It is 7| inches in length and belongs to
the early part of the XVIth century.
Brass spoons of this form have been found in
London, the Author has two specimens found in the
Thames ; the bowls of these are fig shaped and much
smaller than the pewter spoon. One is furnished with
a tongue upon the back of the bowl, and the other has
six dots in lieu of it ; the stems are round and are
ornamented with a sort of baluster ; the knops are
precisely the same as that on the pewter spoon just
described. They are unmarked. These spoons date from
early in the XVIth century and it is probable that they
are of foreign origin. See Plate X.

Fig. 11.
Spoon with sitting lion
knop. ^.

Sitting Lion Knop.
This is another XVIth century
form of spoon. They have fig-shaped
bowls, hexagonal stems, and are
knopped with a sitting lion. There
are very few known in pewter. A
small-sized spoon in the collection of
Mr. George Dunn, bearing the mark (^
in the bowl appears to have been lac
quered. It is here figured (Fig. 11.)
Specimens in latten are occasionally met
with, but are uncommon ; they must be
assigned to the XVIIth century.
Marks on pewter spoons : |

(^ §

Marks on latten spoons

29

Writhen Knops.

^

Writhen knops are very rare in pewter and, in fact,
in all metals. They are first mentioned in silver about the
year 1488, so we may assume that this form was made
in pewter during the whole period of the XVIth century.
The form of the spoon is the same as those already
mentioned, but the knop is composed of a ball, spirally
twisted ; occasionally it is of an elongated
form. These knops were sometimes
gilded as may be seen upon a stem
of one of these spoons in the Author's
collection, see Plate VIII, fig. 9. He
also has two small specimens in pewter,
one of which has an elongated twisted
knop made of latten or brass. Mr. Dunn
has four examples in pewter and two
in latten, all belonging to the XVIth
century, but none of them is marked.
There is, however, a marked specimen
in the British Museum. In the Guild
hall Museum is a very unusual spoon
Written knopped spoon. \. ^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^ ^.^j^ ^ fig-shapcd bowl
and twisted stem, the knop being, as usual, spirally fluted ;
it belongs to the same period as the other.
There is another curious example of this form of
spoon in pewter in the collection of Mr. Ransom, which
is possessed of the usual fig-shaped bowl with an
ornamental baluster-shaped stem, with a writhen knop ; it is

Fig. 12.

30

unmarked. It is most probably foreign
and very similar in style to a so-called
Strawberry knop, on Plate VIII, fig. 6.
A most unusual specimen from
Mr. Dunn's collection is shown in the
annexed figure (Fig. 13). It has a fig-
shaped bowl and a long diamond
section stem, terminating in a writhen
knop. It is unmarked, appears to be
made of bronze, and reminds one
strongly of the "Cone" and "Finial"
types already described ; in fact were it
made of latten and of a more slender
form it would
have been classed
with them. It
probably belongs
to the same
period, say XlVth or XVth century.
Marks found on Writhen
knop spoons :

Melon or Lobbd Knop.
This is another type of the same
form of spoon with a fig-shaped bowl
and hexagonal stem, terminating with
a knop vertically fluted or lobed instead
of the spirally twisted or writhen
knop ; it may thus be described as being
like a melon. Pewter specimens are

Fig. 13.
Writhen knopped spoon
of bronze. -J

Fig. 14.
Melon knopped spoon. ^.

31

occasionally found in London, but are uncommon. An
illustration is here given, kindly furnished by the Director
of the Victoria and Albert Museum. (Fig. 14.) It may
be considered to belong to the XVIth century, and is
unmarked. Mark on a spoon belonging to Mr. Yeates :
Hexagonal or Six-squared Knops.
Hexagonal or " six squared "
knops, are frequently met with in
pewter, but they are extremely rare in
latten. They have fig-shaped bowls, with
stout six-sided or hexagonal stems, ter
minating in a "six-squared" knop, not
unlike a crown. This type of spoon is
rarely met with in silver, the only one
known was exhibited at the exhibition of
Silver Plate at the Burlington Fine Arts
Club, from the collection of Mr. R. E.
Brandt, bearing the date letter for 1480.
This type of spoon did not remain long in fashion,
assuming that the pewter forms came into vogue during
the first half of the XVIth century ; they probably went
out of fashion by the end of it.
A considerable number are enumerated in the
inventory of spoons possessed by King Henry VIII.
Marks: .^ ,»

§

Fig. 15.
Hexagonal knopped
spoon, i

32

Apostle Knops
These came into fashion late in the
XVth century and remained in vogue
throughout the XVIth and the first half
of the XVIIth century, after which time
they were seldom made.
Examples in pewter are somewhat
rare. The bowls are fig-shaped, with stout
hexagonal stems, knopped with the figure
of an apostle, but without a nimbus
(Fig. 16). In the Author's collection.
They are more frequently met with
in latten, and the ordinary specimens have
rounder bowls, with thin four-sided stems
with a groove running up the middle. A more substantial
type is sometimes found of stouter make with a short fig-
shaped bowl marked ^^ This spoon has been tinned
and gilded ; but many of the Apostle spoons in latten are
even of later date, especially those bearing " spoons "
in the touches.

Fig. 16.
Pewter apostle
spoon. ^

Marks on pewter spoons

©

Marks on latten spoons

¦Wl. ,_, „
Ml

>Hi

-^^^, .wm mw fflSKi
K'JEK V)IW(?y «i»ir "-—"'=

P ®

See Archaeologia, liii. 124-128.

33

HoRSEHOOF Knop.
This is a rare form of spoon, the bowl is fig-shaped
with an ornamental shoulder near the bowl or spoon end,
with a rounded stem, terminating with the
hoof of a horse, showing a very well-formed
shoe upon it. There is one in the collection
of the Author {see Fig. 17) and several in
the collection of Mr. George Dunn with
similar marks. In the British Museum is
a small spoon with a like knop, made by
a different maker. They are all of
pewter and belong to the XVIth or
early XVIIth century. Mr. Dunn also
possesses some specimens in latten,
but of a different shape, bearing other
marks and the hoofs
are not so well defined
as those in pewter ;
they have been found in
London and are probably of French origin.
A specimen of this type in silver
bearing a date letter for 1652 was
exhibited by Dr. Lloyd Roberts at the
Exhibition of Silver Plate at the Burling
ton Fine Arts Club in 1901.
Marks :

Stump End.
This is another form of XVIth
century spoon, and very rare.

Fig. 17.
Spoon with horsehoof
knop. ^

Fig. 18.
Stump-end Spoon. ^

34
It has a fig-shaped bowl, with a rounded stem,
increasing slightly in thickness from the bowl to the end,
when it terminates abruptly. (Fig. 18.)
The annexed specimen, which is pewter, is in the Author's
collection and there is another in that of Mr. Newton, each
bearing the same maker's mark in the bowl. ^J
The Author also possesses a similar spoon in silver,
which, like the foregoing, was found in a London excavation.
This type does not appear to have been made in
latten. Mr. A. B. Yeates has two specimens of the
Stump End spoon in his collection, both found in London,
one of which has a very thick stem with a fig-shaped
bowl, with a merchant's mark in the bowl in addition to
the pewterer's touch ; it is of the XVIth century. The
other spoon has the same kind of stout stem furnished
with a tongue or rat tail, its date is about 1695 and is
Dutch, the former is also probably foreign.
Marks :

Baluster Knops.
This form of pewter spoon has the
usual fig- shaped bowl and hexagonal stem,
terminating with a baluster at the end,
with a small button or knop at the top
of it. It must not be confounded with
the Seal Top spoon, as it is quite different.
Inasmuch as the Seal Top has a flattened
Fig7i9. seal at the end of the baluster stem, it
Baluster-Knopped • i i
Spoon, f may be considered as being the precursor

35

of the baluster knop. There is an unusually small speci
men of this form in the Author's collection. See Plate X.
Examples are often found in pewter,
and they may be assigned to the XVIth
century. Those made of latten belong
to the second half of the XVIIth century
and are rare. There is another form
of the Baluster which only occurs
in pewter {see Fig. 20) ; it has a
fig-shaped bowl and hexagonal stem
with an elongated baluster knop, with
out the flattened disc and button at
the end. This type is of elegant
design and very rare. It may be as
signed to the latter half of the XVIth
century. Marks on Pewter ^ i

Fig. 20.
Pewter Baluster-Knopped Spoon. \.

Baluster Knops

Marks on Latten Spoons

Seal Tops.
Pewter spoons of this type have the
usual fig-shaped bowl, stems of slender
make, with a sort of modified hexagonal
section ; frequently the upper and
lower sides are flat, and in many cases

Fig. 21.
Seal Topped Spoon in
Pewter. \.
d2

36

the other sides are almost rounded off. Those with a
purely hexagonal stem are rare.
The stems terminate with a baluster knop, with a
flat disc upon the top of it like a seal. These seals in
the silver spoons are usually pounced with initials and
dates, but those in pewter are not often so treated. This
type of spoon was in fashion from the middle of the
XVIth century down to the time of
Charles II. Seal Top spoons in pewter
are uncommon, the illustration is of
one in the Author's collection.
Marks found upon pewter Seal Tops.
@ m
Seal Tops were also made in latten
and are much more numerous in that
metal than they are in pewter.
They had the same form of bowl
and the stems are four-sided.
There were many makers of these
spoons. The most usual stamps found
in London are those bearing the marks
of the rose or the fleur-de-lys in
the bowl. Those marked with a rose
are furnished with a baluster under the Seal Top ; and
those with the fleur-de-lys are much shorter in
the stem, and end with a plain seal without a baluster.
But there are many spoons with other marks upon
them. Those specimens having the mark surrounded
with a circle inscribed "Double Whited" in the bowl

Fig. 22.
Seal-Topped Spoon-
latten. f.

37

were tinned, and must be assigned to about 1670 or
later. The other Seal Top latten spoons belong to the
late XVIth century and the first third of the XVIIth
century. An early XVIIth century spoon in the Author's
collection, bearing the fleur-de-lys mark, has the
G.

owner's initials

E. M.

in the bowl, a most unusual

addition. Marks on Seal Top knops in latten

^

& ® O f^ w

Strawberry Knop.
Spoons knopped with a fruit, whether a pine apple
or other sort, appear to have been called commonly
" Strawberry Knops," and are of an early date and very
rare to meet with in pewter. There is a poor one in the
Author's collection, found in Worship Street, belonging to
the XVIth century ; it has a fig-shaped bowl and hexa
gonal stem, but is unmarked.
Silver "de fradelett" spoons having this knop have
been mentioned in a will in the year 1440, and an entry
dated 1490 of six silver spoons " cum fretlettez " refers to
spoons knopped with a bunch of grapes or other fruit.
Specimens are known in latten. There are two in
the Author's collection, one has a flat stem and has been
tinned {see Fig. 23).

38

The other has a small round bowl,
and both bear the mark of the same
spoonmaker and date from about 1675 ;
there is also a similar specimen in the
British Museum.
Those made of brass, which have been
found in London, with small fig-shaped
bowls, belonging to the XVIth century, are
most likely of foreign make. See Plate VIII.
Mark: " Slipped in the Stalks."
This is a very simple form of spoon,
in fact, it is the simplest of the whole
Stiawberry-Knopped SCrfeS. SpOOUS of this
Spoon. J. , £ I, J
type nave fig-shaped
bowls and hexagonal or six-squared
stems, with the ends cut off" slant
wise from the front of the spoon.
The earliest forms were somewhat
slender in the stem, but towards
the end of the XVIth century and
the beginning of the XVIIth century
they were made generally stouter and
stronger, occasionally supported with
a short tongue upon the back of the
bowls. They are frequently found with the
initials of the owners stamped boldly in
the bowls round about the touch, as ^"""stai^r J.^** ^'^^

Fig. 24.

39
in the annexed illustration (Fig. 24) ; and occasionally a
single initial letter is cut upon the end of the stem.
Spoons of this type in silver are mentioned in the
will of Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop of York, dated
1498*, and described therein as a dozen silver spoons
" Slipped in lez Stalkes." It may therefore be assumed
that the pewter spoons of this form came into fashion
early in the XVIth century and continued in use much
in the same shape with slight modifications until the
time of the Commonwealth, during which time they are
said to have been much used, probably in consequence of
their simplicity of form.
About the middle of the XVIIth century the form under
went a slight change, inasmuch as the stem, although strictly
speaking hexagonal, had the upper and lower sides flattened
and broader, and the bowls took the form of an elKpse.
Latten spoons were also made of this form, but they
are not so numerous as those made of pewter, probably in
consequence of the heavy penalties inflicted upon the pewter
spoonmakers for making or selling spoons made of latten.
They remained in fashion throughout the reign of
Charles IL, but had broad flat stems and were much
like the " Puritan " type.
In the collection of Mr. Dunn is an early spoon of
XVth century type, but which may belong to the beginning
of the XVIth century, marked in the bowl with the
mark ^^ repeated three times, which is most unusual.
Marks enclosed within a lozenge, may be assumed, as
already noted, to have been used by female spoonmakers.
* Test. Ebor (Surtees Society), iv. 142.

40

Mr. Buckmaster has a spoon, found in the crypt of
Gloucester Cathedral Church, which has the following
mark ^p twice repeated in the bowl. It is probably of
local make.
It would appear from an examination of a large
number of " Slipped in the Stalk " spoons that the following
marks ^^ ^^ ^^ ^a were those of highly-favoured
spoonmakers, as so many have been met with bearing
those marks. ^m^
The following mark a^^ occurs upon a "Slipped in
the Stalk " spoon in the possession of Mr. Chippendale of
Vigo Street, who kindly gave the Author a rubbing of it.
Marks upon pewter " Slipped in the Stalk " spoons :
Sixteenth century. ^

©

T

SI @

® f o

Early XVIIth century.

JE9S\ 1^^

Late XVIIth century.

^O

41

Marks upon latten " Slipped in the Stalk " spoons .

Puritan Spoons.
These came into fashion about the middle of the
XVIIth century : a specimen is known in silver, bearing
the date letter of the year 1651.
The bowls of these spoons now
changed from the fig-shaped type, which
had been in use for upwards of two
hundred years, into a large flat oval form,
in fact a regular ellipse, and the flat stalks
or stems increase in width from the
bowl to the end to nearly double the
width, at the termination of which two
nicks were cut. It is interesting to note
how this form was gradually developed
from the " Slipped in the Stalk " first by
changing the form of the stalk from
the six-sided to the four-sided, which
became flatter and increased gradually in
width to the cut-off' end and, secondly, Puritan^Spoon. ^.
about the year 1660, by the bowl becoming a flat oval and
the stem broader and flatter.
Puritan Spoons were made in both pewter and latten
and probably remained in use until after 1683, which date
is upon a pewter spoon in the Author's collection. He

42

also possesses a latten spoon marked with a rose upon
the back of the stem near the top, instead of in the bowl.
Those marked in this manner are of later date.
Puritan spoons are frequently found with owners'
initials boldly punched in the bowls. There are very few
pewter spoons of this type that can really be separated
from the flat stemmed " Slipped in the Stalks."
Marks on pewter spoons :
Marks on latten spoons ;

"Split Ends" or "Pied de Biche."
This form of spoon came into
fashion about the year 1663. It was
evolved out of the Puritan form (the
bowls remaining of the same shape), by
simply hammering the end into a broad
flat termination, into which two deep
cuts were made. These spoons are sup
posed to have taken the name of "Pied
de Biche " from likeness to the form of a
hind's foot. They are also sometimes
called "Trifids."
They are mostly strengthened on the
backs of the bowls, with a tongue or ' pjg. 26.
. . •-, 1 -I ,-, .,,. Pewter Split-End or
rat tail, and a drop rather variable in Pied de Biche Spoon. ^.
form. The earliest are plain, whilst later on, say, about
the year 1670, these tongues are more accentuated by

43

being hollowed on each side, and still later the stalks
and backs of the bowls were ornamented with raised
foliated work.
This form of spoon was made both of pewter and
latten, and remained in fashion with variations in the
termination of the stem, to the reign of George I.
After the middle of the XVIIth century, the
makers of latten spoons were in the habit of tinning
them, which gave them a silvery ap
pearance, and they added to their marks
a circle, round which they stamped
"Double Whited."
In addition to the touch in the bowl
of the spoon, which had obtained up to
about 1660 as the only mark, we find
shortly after this date that the pewterers
punched two or three touches upon the
back of the stem. Between 1680-1690
some of the spoonmakers left off" placing
their marks in the bowl, and only marked
them on the back of the stem with two
or more touches, such as ^ J^
which we take from a Split End spoon
The earliest touch with a
date is that of WL 1668, and it is also the earliest dated
maker's mark in a shaped shield. The accompanying
illustration represents a latten spoon in the Author's
collection. (Fig. 27.)
In a ledger of Messrs. Blanchard and Child for the
year 1663, are many entries in the various accounts of

Fig. 27.
Latten Split-End or
Pied de Biche Spoon, i. of this date,

44

"French spoons" sold, and they are sometimes described
as the <' New fashion spoon." It may be assumed that
these French spoons were the " Pied de Biche," as they
undoubtedly first came into fashion about that date. It
is also interesting to note that
several of the persons buying such
"French spoons," paid for them by
the sale of old spoons. Many of the
spoons of this type bear the owner's
initials stamped in the bowl.
There are many varieties in the
termination of the end of the stem
in the Pied de Biche spoons, as
may be seen from examples in Plates
XII-XIII. This form appears to
have lent itself to the fancy of the
spoonmakers, and many of the later
spoons in addition to the touch in
the bowl bear four marks on the
back of the stem.
There is a small chocolate spoon
of this type in the collection of
Mr. C. F. C. Buckmaster which
has a stem decorated with roses
enclosed within a border of thorns
up its entire length, terminating
with a female bust between the clefts ; the bowl is some
what flattened. It is marked ^. As this is a most
unusual little spoon a representation is here given in
actual size. (Fig. 28.) Length 4 inches.

Fig. 28.
Chocolate Spoon.

45

Another specimen of a chocolate spoon, which is in
the Author's collection, is shewn on Plate XIL; it ialso has
a decorated stem, adorned at the end with the heads
probably of Charles II. and Queen Catherine, with a
crown above them, and its length is 5 inches.
Marks on Split Ends in pewter : (^
@ i ^ pr i
Marks on Split Ends in latten :

O A ®

Shield End or Wavy End Spoons.
This form came into fashion in the reign of
William III.
The change consists in the end of the stem or stalk
terminating with a waved line, without the two clefts
being cut into the top of the handle, as in the " Pied de
Biche" type.
The stem is long and flat, but somewhat rounded
at the spoon end ; and there is a tongue or rat tail on
the back of the bowl, which is longer and narrower than
foregoing examples. Four marks are frequently found
on the back of the stem, but none in the bowl.
Spoons of this type are usually made of pewter and seldom

46

of latten. There is a small-sized pewter
spoon in Mr. Ransom's collection, decorated
along the stem, inside the bowl and upon
the shoulders, and its date is about 1700.
In some examples, the end is so
much turned up towards the face that it
almost forms a hook. Some specimens
are known in silver, but in pewter the
turned-over ends are invariably broken
off". The spoon might well be called the
"ladle end."
Shield or Wavy End marks :

Fig. 29.
Wavy Ended Spoon. J.
Rounded Ends.
In describing this style of spoon,
Mr. Jackson, in his paper on " The Spoon
and its history " says : " The flatness which
marked " the upper half of the stem " for
about half-a-century is no longer seen.
The waved line at the extreme end with its
projection in the centre has also disappear
ed, and for the first time, apparently, in the
case of English spoons, the outline of the
end is continued round from side to side
in one unbroken curve. . . . The end is
still turned upwards towards the face, where

Fig. 30.
Round Ended Spoon. ^

47
a sharp ridge is formed, which is continued from the thick
part at the extremity to about half way down the stem."*
It was furnished with a rat tail on the back of the bowl.
Spoons of this type came into fashion in the reign
of Queen Anne and continued towards the end of the
reign of George II. when the rat tails gradually gave way,
and we find a single or double drop taking their place.
About 1767, the handle at the end of the stem was
turned down instead of being turned up, as hitherto, and
the bowl became longer and narrower and more pointed
at the end.
Spoons of this type had four touches upon the back
of the stalks.
There was however an earlier form of the " Rounded
End " spoon made of pewter in use many years before the
type just described, which appear to be somewhat similar
to the "Puritan" spoons, but the ends instead of being
cut off" square and marked with three nicks, were rounded
and rather turned up. The stems bear four or five marks
on the backs, were flat and strengthened with a slight rat
tail on the back of the bowl. These spoons are marked in
the bowl with H indicating the spoonmaker's mark was
made in 1668.

Marks on Rounded Ends

There are many other later forms of pewter spoons
that are met with in excavations in and about London,
* Archaeologia, liii. 140.

48

which will not be specially described here, as they are so
nearly allied to the spoons in comparatively modern use,
that the Author does not consider they come within the
scope of the present work.
Illustrations of a few of the most interesting examples
will be seen on Plate XIV.
In addition to the types of spoons already described,
there are others which are occasionally met with which may
well be called Fancy-knopped spoons, of
which perhaps only one specimen is
known, or at any rate very few, and these
we will now proceed to describe.
Fig. 31 is a small-sized pewter spoon
of very coarse workmanship, having a
flattened bowl somewhat fig-shaped and
an hexagonal stem ; it is well marked in
the bowl with a crowned rose between
the initials C and R. This might be
easily mistaken for a royal badge, but
it is probably only the mark or touch
of the spoonmaker. The stem termin-
Fig. 31. ates in a knop not unlike the King's
Spoon with Maidenhead .
Knop. i. Head, but upon close examination it
will be seen that the bust on the knop has large female
breasts, so that it is probably only a debased form of a
Maidenhead knop, and the spoon appears to be of the
XVIth century.
Length Q^ inches, in the collection of Mr. George
Dunn. Maker's mark :

49

Fig. 32.
's Head Knop
Spoon. ^.

Stag's Head Knop.
This spoon has an elliptical bowl,
with a flat stem tapering towards the
end, which terminates in a well defined
stag's head and antlers as the knop.
It is made of latten and was found
in an excavation in the Tottenham Court
Road. There has been a touch mark in
the bowl, but unfortunately it is too
much worn to be decipherable.
The spoon is in the Author's collec
tion and appears to be unique. It may
be dated at about 1670.
Length 7 inches.

Chanticleer Knop.
This is another very rare form of
knop, the only one known to the Author
being the specimen here illustrated, which
is in the collection of Mr. George Dunn.
It is a small-sized spoon with an oval
bowl, having a rounded stem terminat
ing with a figure of a Cock. It is made
of pewter and well marked on the bowl.
It was found in London and may be
considered to be of the latter end of
the XVIth century.
Length 5| inches. Mark :

Fig. 33.
Spoon surmounted by a
Cook. J.

50

Globe Knop.
This is a very remarkable spoon,
and probably unique ; it is in the collec
tion of Mr. George Dunn. (Fig. 34.)
The bowl is of a rounded form,
with a stem of a diamond section,
having an ornamental cut near the
spoon-self. At the end of the stem is
a baluster, terminating with a geo
graphical globe as a knop.
This spoon is made of latten,
tinned over, and bears in the bowl
the touch G.P. and three spoons ; this
maker also made
Seal Tops, Puri
tans, and Pied
de Biches in
latten. (^
Length 6|^ inches. Latter half
of the XVIIth century.
Flattened Cone Knop.
This is an unusual form of
spoon, and has all the appearance
of being of foreign make ; but see
ing that it bears the mark of a
spoonmaker who made Apostle
spoons of precisely the same pattern
and mark, we must consider it to Fig. 35.
, J. -n< 1 . 1 , / „• ^ - V Spoon with flattened-cone
be of Enghsh make. (Fig. So.) knop. I

Fig. 34.
Globe-knopped spoon. ^.

51
It is of latten and has been tinned. The bowl is
a semi-oval, broader at the base than it is at the stem,
which is flat, with a central groove in it, terminating with
a knop in the form of a flattened cone.
It belongs to Mr. Dunn and is of the latter half of
the XVIIth century. Length 6| inches.
The mark is somewhat indistinct, but it bears portions
of the words "double whited."
Man's-Head Knop.
This is a remarkable form of knop for a
spoon and probably unique ; all that remains of
it is a short piece of the stem knopped with a
man's head with long hair parted in the centre,
heavy eyebrows and a large moustache. (Fig. 86.)
The stem is hexagonal with a groove down ^^^^ °^ }^^
" stem of a
the middle, similar to that in the latten Apostle Man's-Head
J^ Knop spoon.
spoons of the same period. ^'
It is made of latten and in the absence of the bowl
and mark to identify it by, it is quite impossible to deter
mine whether it is of English or foreign make.
It was found in the Thames at London, and probably
belongs to the latter end of the XVIIth century.
It is in the Author's collection.
Small Brass Spoons.
These spoons, which are here represented in actual
size (Fig. 37), have rather deep fig-shaped bowls ; the stem is
four-sided and plain for about 1^ inch after leaving the
bowl, it then takes the form of a corkscrew twist,
terminating in each case with a small cone-shaped knop. £2

52

Fig. 37. Brass spoons with twisted stems. J.

53

Upon the back of the bowl of one of the specimens, is engraved
a church or gateway with a spire and small buildings on
either side of it, upon the back of the other is a floral decora
tion. Both spoons were found in London and measure
5f inches in length. They are in the collection of the
Author, and are probably of Russian or German make of the
XVth century. They have no marks.
Pastry Cutter or Cook's Spoon.
This is a pretty example from the
collection of Mr. George Dunn. (Fig. 38.)
It has a fig - shaped bowl with a
round stem of baluster form, terminating
with a moveable wheel, 1:^ inch in
diameter, for cutting the pastry.
It is made of latten and has no
mark, and probably belongs to the
XVIIth century. Length 6 inches.
It is not unusual to find similar
spoons without the wheel attached.
There was an interesting custom of
the Pewterers' Company in the fifteenth
century, which obliged every new member to present a
silver spoon to the Company upon his taking up the livery.
In proof of the same the following gift is recorded
under date 1487-8 :
" Itm ij Spones of the gifte of Walt Walshe and
Karyne his Wiflfe w'- his liike [mark] & name on y' J oon
and on y' other Saynt Kateryne giltid weiyng ij unci & di.'f
f C. Welch, History of the Worshipful Company of Pewterers of the City of
London, i. 65.

Fig. 38.
Pastry Cutter or Cook's
spoon. \.

54
The above shows that Walshe gave two spoons to
the Company bearing his mark, but the following extract
from a later inventory of 1489-90 proves that the spoons
were of silver, we can therefore from this see that it was
usual for the members to make silver spoons and punch
their own touches upon them : "It. the yifte of Water
Walsh and Katryn his wyfe ij sil5 sponys the toon grauyn
on the ende his marke and gilte the tothyr spone hauyng
graue on the ende the ymage of seint katryn and gilte
weyng ij vnc & an halfe."*
Many other similar entries of gifts occur in the re
cords of the Company.
In 1504-5 " in the tyme of laurence Aslyn mr.
wilPm pecok and Thomas outlawe wardeyns " the follow
ing resolution or order was passed by the Court :
"And it is ordeyned by the seid mr wardeyns and
the hoole Compeigny of the seid crafte that from
hensfurth eSy psone at his comyng in to the seid
Clothyng shall bryng in and delyu! vnto the maister and
wardeyns of the seid Crafte for the tyme beyng a siluer
spoone weiyng as aboue {i.e. an ounce and more) And this
acte to endur vnto the tyme that the halle shalbe stored
of spones for as many psones as shalbe sett in the seid
halle and plour? and after that to be conuted (converted)
to some other vse necessarie and bihoffull."t
In the years 1562 and 1590, the company sold a
large number of spoons, and since that date they have
gradually disposed of their stock.
* Welch, op. cit. i. 70. t Ibid. i. 76.

55
As silver spoons made by pewterers are very ra,re, we give
herewith an illustration (Fig. 39) of two specimens, one, a
" SKpped in the Stalk " spoon, the property of Mr. H.
D. Ellis, bearing the touch, possibly of Daniel Barton in
the bowl, thus ; @ and the other a " Pied de Biche "
or " Split End " spoon in the collection of the Author.

1 2
Fig. 39. Silver Spoons bearing Pewterers' marks in the bowls : 1. — Slipped
in the Stalk, in collection of Mr. H. D. Ellis ; 2.— Split End, in collection of the
Author, with initials =,— =- on the back of the stem. It bears a " three-spoon "
W. E.
mark with the initial H. The other is obliterated.

56
By a careful examination of the marks on many
hundred spoons, it has not been difficult to discover that
a certain number of the marks are only to be found on
the older forms of spoons, such as those which were in
fashion down to the end of the XVIth century.
A list has been compiled of these marks, setting
forth against each the particular fashion of spoon the
touch has been found upon, which may be considered to
be the marks of pewter spoonmakers belonging to the
XVIth century or earlier, but it is just possible in the
case of the "Slipped in the Stalks" spoons, that some of
them may belong to the first part of the XVIIth
century.

Some of the forms
of XVIth century
pewter spoons or
earlier, showing the
different types known
to have been made by
each maker.

@

VjS' 'Wis

GQ

K

'i

s

1

11

i

*
*

*

#

^
#
in
a
0:1
a
M
o3
*
¦^
•^
*
Ji
1
H°
8
.S J
'o3
s
^H
8.0(3
VA
112
w
g
^
*
*
*
^
-*
^
¦a a
57

Some of the forms
of XVIth century
pewter spoons or
earlier, showing the
different types known
to have been made by
each maker.

©

*^

^

*

'^

*

pq

¦^

*^

*
*

*

pi CO
a!

*

^

^:

The differences of the touches of pewter spoon
makers using the same initials in the middle and latter
part of the XVIIth century are probably to be accounted
for by the order issued by the Court of the Pewterers'
Company on 19th December, 1667, whereby it was
ordered that " everie Spoon maker shall alter his touch
imediatly after christmas next from w"'' tyme all Spoons
shall be made exactly to y^ Say."t

t Welch, op. cit. ii. 135.

i&Y2A a^T'A

58
Thus we have the following variations of the touches
bearing the same initials :

SKpped in the Stalks.
Slipped in the Stalks.
Slipped in the Stalks.
Pied de Biche.
Slipped in the Stalks.
Slipped in the Stalks.
Pied de Biche.
Pied de Biche.

^^ Slipped in the Stalks.
The following list of marks or touches taken from
XVIIth century latten spoons shows a few examples of
spoonmakers bearing the same initials using touches
differentiated. It would not be correct to assert that
they were the same people having changed their marks
as the pewter . >oonmakers had to do after Christmas,
1667, but it is possible they were diff'erent individuals
using the same initials.
^^ found on Apostle spoons (sometimes in a plain
circle).
„ Seal Top spoon.
„ Slipped in the Stalk and Pied de Biche.
Pied de Biche.

59

&

found on Apostle spoons.

Pied de Biche.

Seal Tops, Puritans, Pied de Biche,
and Globe.
Seal Tops, Puritans, and Pied de Biche.
Seal Tops.
Pied de Biche.

Seal Top, Puritans, Slipped in the
Stalks, and Pied de Biche.

Slipped in the Stalks.

Pied de Biche.

Seal Top and Puritans

Puritans.

The sixteen plates of old base metal spoons which
follow, have been photographed half linear, and have been
selected from the collections of Mr. George Dunn and
the Author. They have all, with few exceptions, been
found in London excavations.

PLATE L

COo

Cones, in latten. In the collection of Mr. George Dunn. XlVth - XVth centuries \ Linear.

PLATE 11.

Oi

Acorn and Finials and a fork in latten. In the collection of Mr. George Dunn. XlVth — XVth centuries.
i Linear.

62

fin

NOTES TO PLATE III.

1. Acorn knop : no mark. XVth century.

2. Diamond Point: no mark. XVth century.

3. Diamond Point : no mark. XVth century.

4. Acorn knop ^^ XlV-XVth century.

5. Horned-headed dress : no mark ; early XVth
century.
6. Maidenhead knop 0 XVth century.

7. Maidenhead knop bSb XVth century ; Thames
Street. ^""^

8. Maidenhead knop ^^ XVth century ; Thames
Street.

Oi

All pewter, in the Author's collection. J Linear.

PLATE IV.

Oi

2 3 4 5°
Back view of the spoons on Plate III. i Linear.

66

NOTES TO PLATE V.

1. Baluster knop : mark B@^
2. Baluster knop : mark ^i^ Tooley Street
3. Baluster knop : mark H^^ Tooley Street
4. Baluster knop : mark illegible
5. Baluster knop : mark ^^^

> All XVIth century.

6. Baluster knop : mark
7. Crown or Hexagonal knop : mark
8. Crown or Hexagonal knop : mark

9. Stump End, round stem, rat tail : mark /J^
Tooley Street 'o7

All of the end

) of XVIth century. S^

In the Author's collection. All \ linear.

68

NOTES TO PLATE VI.

1. Monk's head : late XVth or early XVIth century.
2. Charles I. head, or Maidenhead : XVIth century.
3. Chanticleer : end of XVIth century. WW §
4. Lion S6jant : XVIth century. (^1
5. Writhen, bronze, no mark : XlVth-XVth century.
In the collection of Mr. George Dunn. All J linear.

70

NOTES TO PLATE VIL

^

1. Seal Top knop, latten : mark unp London Wall.

2. Seal Top knop, latten : mark illegible. Bear Garden.

3. Seal Top knop, latten : mark ra|J) tt -ivt

^

G

5. Seal Top knop, pewter: mark hCTk) Tooley Street.

6. Seal Top knop, latten : mark

7. Seal Top knop, latten : mark go|

4. Seal Top knop, pewter : mark 9»fi Tooley Street.

8. Seal Top knop, latten : mark \W% Law Courts, Strand.

All late XVIth or early XVIIth century, and in the Author's collection. \ linear.

72

s

(

—

t -r

1 .

NOTES TO PLATE VIIL

1. Lozenge-shaped knop, flattened, round stem, ornamented on lower part of the stem and each side of the
tongue behind ; pewter : mark j|. Thames ; XVth (?) century.
2. Strawberry knop, latten : mark l^ifiS XVIIth century.
3. Latten round bowl, flat stem, decreasing in thickness towards the point, which is surmounted with a small
round knop : mark pri on the stem. XlVth (?) century, French (?).

4. Horsehoof knop, ornamental stem, pewter : mark 0^3)) XVIth century. ^
5. Apostle, flat stem, latten tinned : mark |3|j^« Early XVIIth century.
6. Strawberry knop, brass : no mark. XVIth century.
7. Stag's head knop, latten, flat stem : mark illegible (?) rose XVIIth century ; found in Tottenham Court Road.
8. Man's— head knop, latten ; Thames. XVIth century.
9. Writhen knop, stem only: the knop is gilt. XVIth century.
In the Author's collection. \ linear.

74

NOTES TO PLATE IX.

1. Slipped in the Stalk, pewter: no mark.

2. Slipped in the Stalk, latten : mark

3. Slipped in the Stalk, pewter : mark

5. Slipped in the Stalk, pewter : mark

6. Slipped in the Stalk, latten : mark ^^ Southwark.

7. Slipped in the Stalk, pewter : mark |S|^ Southwark.

4. Slipped in the Stalk, pewter : mark

8. Slipped in the Stalk, latten : mark ^m Southwark.

All late XVIth or early XVIIth century, in the Author's collection, h linear.

76

,11 1 ".III  ii*«i»w»^«W

•^^ •^
^

-Vii*

'^pm^pgfi^

NOTES TO PLATE X.

1. Baluster knop, pewter of small size : marked U^\ Early XVIth century.
2. Monk's head knop, brass ; foreign (?) found in London. XVIth century.
3. Bounded End, pewter. Early XVIIIth century.
4. Apostle, pewter : mark £J^ Late XVIth or early XVIIth century ; Horseshoe Wharf.
Ill the Author's collection, h linear.

^X-^

78

NOTES TO PLATE XI.

1. Puritan, latten : mark lAMln Southwark.

2. Puritan, pewter : mark i^§ -p p Westminster.

3. Puritan, pewter: mark ^^€ m -p

4. Puritan, latten : mark (wMu) Southwark.

5. Puritan, latten: mark H&j|l Horsleydown.
6. Puritan, emerging into " Pied de Biche,'' latten : mark @|Mu|

7. Puritan further development into "Pied de Biche," latten: mark W^

All the latten spoons with exception of No. 1 have been tinned or " double whited."
Middle XVIIth century, in the Author's collection. | linear.

CD

80

fc:

NOTES TO PLATE XIL

1. Split End, a variety, latten, tinned : mark
2. Split End or Pied de Biche, latten: mark ^jjj
3. Split End, a variety, latten : mark (mM Southwark.
4. Split End or Pied de Biche, latten -T on end : mark wSw Horsleydown.
5. Split End, latten a S ""^ handle ; silvered : mark
6. SpHt End, latten tinned, marked C on back : mark laqfjl^

00

7. Split End, or pewter : marked ^W rest of mark worn away, probably C C ? with heads of Charles II.
and his Queen upon the handle. Found in Holborn.
Last half XVIIth century. In the Author's collection. ^ linear.

-82

^

NOTES TO PLATE XIIL

1. Strawbeny knop, latten tinned : mark ^Jvil

2. Split End, pewter, rat tail : mark ^^3 two stamps on stem.

3. Split End, pewter, rat tail : mark Hlw Southwark about 1680.

4. Split End, latten tinned : mark illegible.

5. Split End, a variety, latten tinned : mark (qpSj

6. Split End, a variety, latten tinued : mark illegible.

7. Split End, a variety, latten .silvered : mark OuR^ra three illegible punch luark.s, behind illegible.

8. Puritan emerging into a Split End or Pied de Biche, latten : mark njlafC) Southwark.

05

All last half XVIIth century. In the Author's collection. \ linear.

84

NOTES TO PLATE XIV.

1. Rounded End, pewter, with broad rib up front of stem, rat tail : marks ^L^ Crowned X. i lqNDON
Tooley Street ; owner's initials K J
2. Bounded End, pewter, long narrow bowl, long stem with end turning up,
double drop at end of stem, terminating in a fan-like ornament : touch

3. Bounded End, pewter, very similar 1 E C |
4. Wavy End with point, with portraits of George III. and Queen Charlotte, rat tail, "Lamb and Flag" mark,
made in London. | I. VAUGHAN | ^ crowned. S
5. Wavy End, pewter, rat tail ; LONDON ; crowned X. I H. Westminster.
6. Split End, pewter, decorated with foliage and scrolls, a crown between the ends, rat tail : mark
7. Split End, pewter, rat tail, handle decorated with a crown : no mark.

8. Split End (a variety), pewter, handle decorated with scrolls and M M : mark g^ | three marks on the stem ;
found at Bankside. In the Author's collection. ^ linear.
1—5, XVIIIth century; 6—8, late XVIIth century.

87

g

>

h2

88

0-1

NOTES TO PLATE XVI.

1. Pastry- cutter, latten ; XVIIth century.
2. Baluster, latten : mark nVJfll XVIth century.
3. Flattened cone, latten. XVIIth century.
4. Globe, latten : maik fraii^j Late XVIIth century.
In the collection of Mr. George Dunn. \ linear.

GOCD

APPENDIX.

The following notes have been received too late to be
incorporated in their proper places.
Cones {.s-ee page 19). — Mr. Dunn possesses a very
diminutive specimen of a latten spoon of this form,
'2} inches in length.
Ball-knopped Spoon {see page 21). — There is a similar
specimen in Mr. Dunn's collection, with a small mark in
the bowl, which does not appear to be complete, and
another in the collection of Mr. Yeates which is furnished
with a ball near the centre of the stem in addition to
the knop. Horsehoof Knop. — The Author has been favoured by
the sight of a latten spoon belonging to Miss Ethel
CTiirney of exactly the same pattern as Fig. 17 on page 38,
marked *^ in the bowl.
Mr. Drane, of Cardiff", has kindly favoured the Author
with careful drawings of his fine collection of spoons,
showing that he possesses some rare types, notably
those knopped with a Monk's-head, Diamond points,
Horned-head-dress, etc., for which he takes this oppor
tunity of returning his best thanks.
Mr. Dunn has just acquired a most interesting silver
spoon of the Monk's-head type, bearing the mark of O^ in
the bowl, which is a late XVIth century spoon, and is
another instance of a pewterer's mark occurring upon a
silver spoon. {See page ri4.)

INDEX.

Page
A
A  31
A. Heart  45
A. In a dotted lozenge. . 39, 40
A. With mullet on each side 40, 57
B.A. With two keys between 23, 40, 56, 75
T.A. Floral ornament above 31, 40, 58
T.A. Crossed keys between . 40, 58
T.A. With crossed swords and
mullet between . . .32, 40, 58
W.A. With arm holding a spoon
between ... 40
W.A. Arm holding spoon, 63 at
side . .... 40
W.A. Arm holding spoon, 68
below in a lozenge . . .40
W.A. With crossed keys between 40
W.A. With flower between . . 23
Acorn knops. . .21,22,23
Anchor between A.B. . . .40
Apostle knops . . . .32
Arm holding spoon between W.A. 40
Arm holding spoon, W.A., 63 at
side ... . . 40
Arm holding spoon, W.A., 68
below  40
Arm holding spoon, 73 above
M.W  40
Austin, Wm. . . . .15

B. Crowned  35
A.B. . . 23, 27, 31, 40, 56, 63
A.B. With anchor between . . 40
D.B. Helm with 1670 above in
square-topped shield . . 40, 55
H.B. Conjoined . . .57

Page
H.B. Conjoined, pellets above and
below . ' . . .36, 40, 71
H.B. Three spoons between . 45, 81
LB. ... .27,45
LB. Cross between, crown above . 26
LB. With three keys between 40
LB. Two spoons between . . 45
M.B. With mullet between, 95
below, three leopard heads
above. . . 34
N.B. With cap above . 31, 40, 57
N.B. With standing swan . 40, 57
N.B. With sitting swan over 31, 40, 57
E.B. . . .23, 40, 58
R.B. With three spoons between 32, 41, 58, 73
B.B. With heart between 38, 41, 45, 58
B.B. Three spoons between,
double whited in a circle . 45, 58
W.B. Mullet above and below . 47

Ball knops .

7, 20, 21

Baluster knops

.34, 35

Barton, Daniel

16, 55

Bird .

. 19

Bird with D.I.

. 45

Blanchard and Child .

. 43

Brandt, B. E.

31

Britannia between W.S.

. 47

British Museum .

29, 33, 38

Botiller, John

. 22

Bowyar, John

. 15

Buckmaster, C. F. C. .

40, 44

Burlington Fine Arts Club

31, 33

I.e. Three spoons between . 45, 59
I.e. With three spoons below 32, 59
I.e. 84 with dagger between,
square-topped shield . . .45

94

Page
S.C. Bird flying above . 47, 85
T.C. Lion rampant crowned
between . . .45
Calie, Stephin ... 9
Chanticleer knop . . .49
Chevron between three trefoils
slipped  43
Chippendale, Mr. . . .40
Chocolate spoon . . . 44, 45
Cinquefoil . 32, 34, AO, 57, 67, 77
Cinquefoil, crown over . . 31, 57
City arms with I.G. above . 40
Clark, John . . 16
Cook's spoon . . 53
Cones .... .19
Cones and finials . . 7
Crichton Brothers . . .27
Cross between T.P. 23, 27, 30, 31 , 35,
40, 56, 67
Cross pattee .... 26
Crossed keys between T.A. 40, 58
Crossed keys between W.A. . 40
Crossed keys between E.H. . . 40
Crossed keys between A.I. . 40, 58
Crossed key and sword between
B.1  40
Crossed keys between B.I. . 40, 68
Crossed keys between B.C. ? . 33
Crossed keys between W.S. 27, 40, 57
Crossed spoons between E.H. . 40
Crossed spoons, E.H., 63 below . 40
Crossed spoons between B.H. . 40
Crossed spoons, 77 below, between
I.H. ... .45
Crossed swords . . .32
Crossed swords between T.A. 32, 40, 58
Crown ..... 20
Crown above H. . . 57
Crown with CC. ? below . 45, 81
Crown, T.O. below . . 42
Crown, cinquefoil beneath . .57
Crown above G.G. . 45, 59
Crown over six pellets . 20, 73
Crown, 1677, T.T. . 40, 42
Crown and Fleur-de-lys between
E.H  40

Crowned
Crowned Crowned
CrownedCrowned
CrownedCrowned
Crowned Crowned

Page
cross between LB. . 26
object between L. and I. 35
rose . . 40-45, 63
rose between C.B. . 48, 69

rose between C.W.
rose between I.F. .
rose between B.H.
rose and V. between LI
rose between L.S. .

40
403534
27

I.D. with a rayed letter 35, 67
Dagger between I.C., 84 . .45
" de Fradelett " spoon . . .37
Double whited . 43
Drane, B. (see Appendix).
Dunn, George 19, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30,
33, 39, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 59, 60, 61,
68, 69, 88, 89.
Dyamond poynt . . . 23-25

E
Elephant with E.G. above . 40
Ellis, H. D. . . 55

F. In a rose  41
A.F. . . 40
D.F. ... . . 23
E.F. With pheon between . . 40
I.F. . . . 31, 40
I.F. With crowned rose . 40, 75
B.F. . . .28, 69
Finials .... .19
Flattened cone Riiop . . 50
Fleur-de lys 30, 31, 37, 40, 41, 45, 71
Fleur-de-lys, crowned . . .37
Fleur-de-lys and crown between
E.H. . . ... 58
Fleur-de-lys dividing 78, I.N.
above .... 45

95

Page
Fleur-de-lys and mullet between
E.G  40, 45
Fleur-de-lys between 87, I.N.
above  45
Fleur-de-lys below I.W. . . 41
Fringed S. . . 23, 35, 36, 56, 67
Fylfot with LO. below. . . 40

E.G. With elephant above . . 40
E.G. With mullet over fleur-de-
lys, square-topped shield 40, 45, 83
G.G. Heart above 37, 41, 42, 45, 59, 79, 81
G.G. Three spoons between . 45, 59
G.G. Crown above . . 45, 59
H.G. With three spoons between 32, 37, 42
I.G. In plain circle . . .36
I.G. Dot above and below 23, 31, 40, 41, 57
I.G. With three spoons between 32, 37-
I.G. City arms below in square-
topped shield . . . 40
T.G  .40
T.G. With three spoons between

38, 73, 83

Globe knop .

50

God, John

.12, 13,23

Gowland, Professor

11,14

Guildhall Museum

. 29

H
H. Crown above ... 40, 57
E.H. Fleur-de-lys and crown be
tween . . . . 40, 58
E.H. Crossed spoons, 63 below 40, 58
E.H. With crossed spoons be
tween . . . 40, 58
I.H. With pellet above and below 27, 35, 40

Page
I.H. With crossed spoons be
tween, 77 below, square-topped
shield . . 45, 58
I.H. Key and spoon crossed, 63
below. ... 40, 58
I.H. Key and spoon crossed, 68,
in square-topped shield . 40, 58
I.H. Star between . 40, 69
R.H. Crossed spoons between . 40
R.H. With crowned rose between 35
P.H. Five pellets above and below 35
T.H. Sun in splendour above . 40
Harrysson, Richarde ... 9
Heart  37,41,45
Heart between A. and another
letter  45
Heart between R.B. . . 38, 45, 58
Heart, crowned, double tinned . 45
Heart above G.G. . 37, 41, 42, 45, 59
Heart between R.M. . . .41
Helm with 1670 above and D.B. 40, 55
Hexagonal knops . . 31
Higdon, Joseph . . . 16
Holegh, John de . .22
Horned head dress knop . 25, 26
Horsehoof knop . . . .33
Hour glass between R.R. . . 40

I
I. Crowned  40
I. ? Rose and 83, in square- topped
shield . . . . 40, 42
A.I. Between crossed keys and
mullet. . ... 40
A.I. Crossed keys between . 40, 58
D.I. A bird . . . .45
H.I. With mullet between . . 40
H.I. With sun between . . 40
I.I. Key between 68, in square-
topped shield . 40, 42, 45, 47, 58
LL With mullet between . . 40
I.I. With heart and pellets above. 40
LI. Pellet above and below . . 37

96

Page
I.I. Crowned rose and V. below . 34
I.I. With key between in square-
topped shield 40, 58
LL Key between . 40
I.I. With a star between 23, 33, 57, 73
L.I. With crowned object be
tween ... .35
N.I. In dotted circle . 40, 56, 63
N.I. Pellet above and below in
plain circle. . 31, 35, 40, 56, 77
P.I. With mullet between . . 40
B.I. With crossed keys between 40, 58
B.I. Key and dagger between 40, 42, 58, 79
B.I. Key between 27, 31, 40, 56, 67, 75
Inventory of King Henry VIII. . 31

Jackson, C. I.

24, 26, 46

Johnson, Mrs.

. 15

Jug, A

. 36

K
Key and spoon crossed, I.H., 63
below  40
Key and spoon crossed, 68 . ,40
Key and sword crossed between
B.I  42, 58
Keys between B.A. . 23, 40, 56, 75
Key between LL . . 40, 58
Key between I.I. and 68
40, 42, 45, 47, 58
Key between LB. . . .31
Key between B.I. . 27, 31, 40, 56

E.L. With three spoons between 32
W.L. With 1668 above in square-
topped shield ... 40, 45
Ladle end ... .46
Lamb and flag . . .46, 85
Leopard's head in square-topped
shield  43

Page
Lion passant  46
Lion rampant . . 40
Lion rampant, crowned, between
T.C. . . ... 45
Lion s6jant . ... 28
M
H.M.  37
I.M. With 1659 below. . 32,38
M.M. Three spoons between 45, 81
B.M. Heart between . . .41
S.M. Three spoons . . 45
W.M. ... . . 17
Maidenhead knop. 26, 27
Man's head knop . . . .51
Marks in a lozenge . . 17
Massg, H. T. L. J. . . . 10
Melon or lobed knop . . .30
Merchant's mark . . .34
Monk's head knop . . .27
Morton, Bobert . . .24
N
E.N  40
I.N. With fleur-de-lys between,
78 below ... 44, 45, 58
I.N. With fleur-de-lys dividing,
87, square-topped shield . 45, 58
B.N. With rising sun ? above . 35
B.N. Bising sun ? above, pellets
below . 23, 35, 36, 40, 57, 67, 71
B.N. With a tree between . 35, 57
Newton, Mr. . . . .34

I.e. With fylfot above . . 40
B.C. With crossed keys in a
lozenge ... .33
T.O. Crowned, square-topped
shield . . . . 42, 45
T.O. With 1646 below ... 40
T.O. Two spoons ... 45, 83
Orb  19
Oval  19

97

Page

P. Above a crescent . . 37
B.P. Three spoons between, with
in a circle, double whited . 45, 81
B P. Three spoons, double whited
in a circle . . . 45
F.P. ... . 28, 69
G.P. With pine apple between, in
a lozenge . ... 37
G.P. in a heart, surrounded with
double whited in a circle . 37, 59
G.P. Three spoons between
37, 42, 45, 50, 59, 79, 89
G.P. Three spoons between,
double whited in a circle
37, 42, 45, 59, 79, 81
LP. With crown and mullet . 40
B.P  32, 37
R.P. Three pellets over . 31, 67
R.P. With three spoons between . 32
T.P. With cross between
23, 27, 30, 31, 35, 40, 56, 67
Palm tree dividing C.T., 75 below 45
Palm tree, R.N., between . . 57
Pastry cutter . . . .53
Pellet, surrounded with ten
smaller pellets in circle 40
Pewter, gilding of, prohibited 14
Pewterers' company 9, 11, 12, 13 14,
15, 16, 17, 53, 54, 57
Pheon between E.F. . . 40
Pied de Biche ... 55
Puritan spoons . . 41

Q
Quatrefoil, crowned

40

R. Reversed . 40
CR. Between crowned rose 48, 69
I.R. Key between . 31
LB. Three spoons between 42, 45, 83
B.B. With hour glass between . 40

Page
R.R. Three spoons between . . 42
T.B. Spoon between and four
pellets . . . . .42
T.B. Spoon between, double
whited in circle . . 41, 45
Bansom, William . . 26, 29, 46
Roberts, Dr. Lloyd . . .33
Bose . . 19, 35, 37, 41, 42, 71, 75
Bose, crowned . 27, 35, 36, 45, 63
Rose, crowned between CR. 48, 69
Rose, crowned between CW. . 40
Rose, with F. in the centre . . 41
Rose and 83, with I.? . . 40, 42
Rose, R.T. below . . . .40
Rotherham, Thomas, reference to
a will ... .39
Rounded ends . . . 46, 47

S. . . 27, 28, 31, 36, 40, 56, 63
S. Fringed . 23, 35, 36, 56, 67
LS. In monogram . . 40
L.S. Crowned rose . . 27
R.S. Spoon between . 41, 42, 59
R.S. Spoon between, double
whited in a circle . 45, 59, 83
R.S. Three spoons between 42, 45 59
W.S. Britannia between . . 47
W.S. Cross keys between . 27, 40, 57
W.S. Two spoons between . 28, 40
W.S. With three spoons between 32, 37
Science and Art Museum, Dublin . 17
Seal tops . . . .35, 36, 37
Seeded rose . 35, 37, 71, 75
Shield end or wavy end . . 45
Sitting lion knop . . . 28
Slipped in the stalks . 38, 39, 40, 55
Split ends or Pied de Biche
42, 43, 44, 45
Spoon, with heads of Charles II.
and Queen Catherine . 45
Spoon, Dutch . . 34
Spoon and its history . . 46

98

Page
Spoon key and 63, between I.H. . 58
Spoon key and 68, between I.H. 58
Spoon between T.R. . 41, 42, 45
Spoon between R.S. . 41, 42, 45, 59
Spoon, toy . ... 25
Spoons, Analyses of pewter and
latten . . 1011
Spoons, cast and burnished 16
Spoons, fancy knopped . . 48
Spoons made by an engine . 16
Spoons made by hammering and
beating  16
Spoons with latten knops. . 9
Spoons, mould for casting . 17
Spoons, silver . . .53, 54, 55
Spoons, small brass . 51,52
Spoons, table of XVIth century
forms . . . 56, 57
Spoons, tinned . . 43
Spoons, types of . 8, 9, 1 1, 12, 13-
Spoonsmark ... .18
Square-topped shields . . 17
Stag's head knop . 49
Star between I.I. . 23, 57
Strawberry knop . . 37, 38
Stump end 33
Sun . . . . 40
Sun in splendour . . .23
Sun in splendour, with T.H. below 40
Swan, N.B. below . . 31, 40, 57
Sword and key crossed between
R.I  .42

T
T. Or a hammer crowned . 23, 40
C.T. Palm tree between, 75 below
in lozenge . . . . 45, 85
I.T. A pear and 1704 . . .46
I.T. Three spoons between, double
whited in a circle . . 42, 79
R.T. With rose above . . . 40
S.T. With crowned hammer . 40
T.T. Crowned, with 1677, square-
topped shield 40, 42, 45, 79, 83, 85
Taillour, Thomas . . . .22

Page
Three keys between LB. . 40
Three spoons 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 89
Three spoons between H.B. . . 45
Three spoons between R.B. 32, 41, 45, 58
Three spoons between I.C. 32, 45, 59
Three spoons, I.C. above . 59
Three spoons between G.G. . 45, 59
Three spoons between H.G. 32, 37, 42
Three spoons between I.G. 32, 37
Three spoons between T.G. . . 38
Three spoons between E.L. . 32
Three spoons between M.M. 45
Three spoons and S.M. 45
Three spoons between B.P. 32, 45
Three spoons between G.P.
37, 42, 45, 50, 59
Three spoons, with a pellet above 32
Three spoons between LB. . 42, 45
Three spoons between LB. or N. . 45
Three spoons between B.B. . 42
Three spoons between B.S. 42, 45, 59
Three spoons between W.S. . 32, 37
Three spoons between IT. .42
Thistle . . . 37, 45
Thistle, with W.W. above . 42, 45
Trifid spoons. . . .42
Toy spoon . . 25
Two keys between B.A. 23, 40, 56, 75
Two-pronged fork 19, 20
Two spoons, LB. between . 45
Two spoons between E.H. . . 58
Two spoons and 63 between E.H. 58
Two spoons and 77 between I.H. 58
Two spoons between T.O. . . 45
Two spoons between W.S. 28, 40
Two spoons between I.W. 28, 41
Tudor rose . . 37, 41, 42, 71, 75

Vallance, Aymer . . . .23
Vaughan, T  85
Victoria and Albert Museum . 31

99

W

Page

40

C.W. With rose crowned between
I.W. Fleur-de-lys below square-
topped shield . . . .41
I.W. With pellet above and below
in square-topped shield . . 37
I.W. Two spoons between . 28, 41
M.W. Arm holding spoon, 73
above, in square-topped shield . 40
P.W  40, 41
B.W. Mullets above and below 36
V.W. In monogram . 3."), 37
W.W. A thistle . :17, 42, 4h
Waight, Thomas . . 16
Walshe, Walt. . . . 5;i, 54
Welch, Ohnrloa . 10, 11
Wheely, Robert . . . 15
Writhen knops . . ii)

Yeates, A. B.

.2.3-31,34

Page

D.Z. Crowned, square-topped
shield  45

UNDESCRIBABLE MARKS.

40

35

41-75

41

32

45-81

. 40

fr¥'il,.M«.4