VALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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I Catalogue of a Cabinet of Gains,
I Maxwell Sommerville
Phila,1877,

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Gift of T.Whitney Blake.
From the Library of
Prof. William P. Blake.
1912

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CATALOGUE
OF A
CABINET OF GEMS,
CAMEOS IN RELIEF,

AND OTHER

ENGRAVED STONES, AMBERS, ANTIQUE PASTES,
RINGS, ETC.,
COLLECTED IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFBICA,

MAXWELL SOMMERVILLE, »»»
OF PHILADELPHIA.

ON VIEW IN THE LOAN EXHIBITION OF TBE PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM AND SCHOOL OF
INDUSTRIAL AKT, AT THIS ACADEMY OF THE FINE AKTS.

Philadelphia, January, 1877,
PHILADELPHIA:
SHERMAN & CO., PRINTERS.
1877.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by Maxwell Sommebvi^15*
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

DfltMnItomiB Iterant ana Stjpul of Inteiral $rt

1876-'77.

Coleman Sellers, President.
John Baird, Vice-President.
William Platt Pepper, Vice-President and Managing Director.
Clarence H. Clark, Treasurer.
H. Dumont Wagner, Secretary.

Cotrtmitto on drnamenfal §.ri.
William Platt Pepper, Chairman,
Pairman Rogers, Coleman Sellers,
Clarence H. Clark, William Pepper, M.D.
Henry C. Gibson.

Frederick Faas, Engraver, 702 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

PREFACE.

The Cabinet of Gems embraced in this catalogue has been
collected during many years of travel in many countries. No
pretence is made of comparison with the museums of Europe;
it is esteemed by the possessor as a private collection of curious
Glyptic art, with examples of Egyptian, Assyrian, Etruscan,
Persian, Greek, Roman, Mediaeval, Renaissance, and Modern
Art; engraved on

Agalmatalite,

Bronze,

Jacinth,

Rock Crystal,

Agate,

Carnelian,

Jasper,

Ruby,

Amazon,

Chalcedony,

Labradorite,

Sapphire,

Amber,

Emerald,

Lapis Lazuli,

Sardonyx,

Amethyst,

Garnet,

Malachite,

Topaz,

Antique Paste,

Gold,

Obsidian,

Turquoise, etc.

Aqua Marine (Beryl),

Heliotrope,

Onyx,

The study of Cameos in relief, and intaglios, has received
little attention in this new world. With our increased oppor
tunities for intellectual culture and the enjoyment of art, the
development of refined tastes and pursuits in this country has
been marked by the formation of many private collections.
Impelled by the desire for acquisitions in manuscripts,
armor, porcelains, enamels, engravings, etc., we have dili
gently searched the continent of our ancestors ; and in the
pursuit of antique additions to our cabinets, have even more
earnestly penetrated the realms of Rameses and Thothmes,
Phidias and Praxiteles, Dioscorides and Theodorus of Samos.
These treasures, culled by various tastes, have each their
devotee, zealous collectors of pottery, iridescent glass, porce-
l

4 PREFACE.
lain, enamels, etc. ; gleaners of etchings; enthusiasts in bronze,
storing up relics of the altar, vessels and vases, household
gods, and even fragments of fragrant censers ; collectors of
inscriptions, medals, and coins ; helping women, amateurs of
lace, treasuring remnants of Doges Merletta and chancel webs
of Venetian handiwork, each engrossed in their particular
branch. I too have found a pleasant path leading to where
are gathered stones, — engraved stones, art links in a carved
chain reaching beyond that wonderful stone book the temple
of Edfou.
My treasures are now placed on view. Many will cast only
a passing glance. Pray some of you come with me and see
there is reason and pleasure in my pursuit. We will walk
upon the crumbled ruins of bygone centuries ; our retro
spective view shall be where changing elements, rust,' and
age have spared but traces, of palaces and temples ; we will
stroll beside a rapid stream until we reach a grove where I
have oft turned in and found a rich repast; no shrines, —
no obelisks, — no statues, — naught but these precious little
stepping-stones, by which we will cross the stream, and in
the vale of antiquity, with these miniature monuments, study
and enjoy the indelible portraiture of ages.
I would acknowledge the services of Mr. Luigi Depoletti,
archaeologist, of Rome, with whom I studied, three successive
winters ; and valuable assistance in defining the substances on
which the gems are engraved, from my friend Prof. Joseph
Leidy, of the University of Pennsylvania.
Maxwell Sommerville.
Philadelphia,
January 15, 1877.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.

CABINET OF GEMS.
CASE A.
15. Pale Sardonyx, A Gladiator.
29. Carnelian Onyx, Young Germanicus, Son of Nero
Claudius Drusus, B. C. 1 5.
43. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito. A fine head.
75. Oriental Sardonyx, Pallas, Minerva.
94. Pale Sardonyx, Hercules.
110. Oriental Chalcedony, Cicero. Like some cameos of
Mark Antony, he is caricatured with a faun's ear.
120. Pale Sardonyx, Scenic Mask, antique fragment of the
first century.
122. Sardonyx, Incognito.
191. Sardonyx, Septimus Severus, XXIIId Emperor of
Rome,
(A.D. 146-211), though proverbially severe, as his name indi
cates, was one of the greatest of the Roman Emperors. He
held important military commands under the Emperors Marcus
Aurelius and Commodus, and at the death of Pertinax, A.D.
193, became Emperor. He is noted for his siege of Byzantium,
and for the terrible severity with which he punished that city
for its prolonged resistance. He made brilliant conquests in
the East, Seleucia, Babylonia, Armenia, Palestine, and Egypt.
He also attacked the Caledonians in Britain, and built the famous
Roman wall across the northern part of the island. He died at
York, poisoned by his two sons, Caracalla and Geta.
261. Jasper Onyx, Young Augustus, 1st Emperor of Rome.

6 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
416. Coral, Bearded Scenic Mask.
418. Coral, Mecsenas, Friend of Augustus.
419. Agate Onyx, Double Cameo, Domitia, wife of Domi
tian, Xlth Emperor of Rome; and on under side,
Psyche, wife of Amor.
500. Oriental Chalcedony, Galba, Vlth Emperor of Rome.
Servius Sulpicius Galba was born B.C. 3, and early attracted
the notice of Augustus and Tiberius, both of whom predicted
his ultimate rise to the throne. He inherited large wealth, and
being possessed of superior talents rose rapidly to distinction.
He held numerous important offices under Caligula and Nero,
and on the downfall of the latter, A.D. 68, was, at the age of
seventy-one, proclaimed Emperor by his own troops and by the
Pretorian guard, but undertaking to reform the abuses of the
latter was deposed and slain by them after a reign of seven
months.
513. Purple Calcite, Medusa.
574. Sard, Meleager, Son of Neoptolemus.
580. Maculated Agate, Philip the Arabian, XXXVIth Em
peror of Rome, and his wife, Otacilia.
Marcus Julius Philippus was proclaimed Emperor by the sol
diers A.D. 244, and was killed before Verona A.D. 249. Ac
cording to Eusebius, and other ecclesiastical writers, he was a
Christian, though not openly, the empire being still pagan. His
reign is chiefly known by the celebration, A.D. 248, of the thou
sandth anniversary of the founding of Rome. The Emperor on
this occasion gave a series of grand fetes, composed of chariot
races in the Circus Maximus, and combats of gladiators and
wild beasts in the Colosseum. The animals used for this pur
pose were of many and rare species, brought to Rome from all
quarters of the world expressly for the purpose,— lions, tigers,
elephants, hyenas, hippopotamuses, panthers, etc., in great
numbers. Otacilia (Marcia Severa), wife of Philip the Arabian, is also
supposed to have been a Christian.
581. Chalcedony Onyx, Caracalla, XXIVth Emperor of
Rome,
(A.D. 211-217), so called from the long Gaulish tunic which
he wore, was a monster of cruelty. He joined his brother Geta
in poisoning their father, the Emperor Severus, and afterwards
killed Geta, stabbing him in the very presence of his mother, to

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 7
whom the latter had fled for protection. Caracalla also erased
the name of Geta from the triumphal column on which it had
been inscribed beside his own name and that of their father.
This column with traces of the erasure may still be seen at
Rome. The Baths of Caracalla were built during his reign.
604. Posthumus, XLVIIth Emperor of Rome. Having no
cameo of Posthumus, this coin issued by him is sub
stituted.
M. Cassianus Latinius Posthumus was proclaimed Emperor
by the army in Gaul A.D. 258, and was murdered during a
mutiny by the soldiers A.D. 267.
605. Bed Jasper, Diadumenianus, XXVIIth Emperor of
Rome.
Marcus Opilius Antoninus Diadumenianus was son of the
Emperor Macrinus. The latter on beginning to reign, A.D.
217, conferred the title of Csesar on his son, and associated him
with himself in the government. On this account Diadumenia
nus is sometimes reckoned among the Emperors, and in some
of the medals issued by him he is styled Augustus. Eather
and son, however, after less than a year, were overthrown and
put to death by Heliogabalus, A.D. 218.
624. Pale Onyx, Jove Serapides.
664. Chalcedony Onyx, Germanicus, Nephew of Tiberius.
674. Sardonyx, Volusianus, XLIId Emperor of Rome.
Son of the Emperor Trebonianus Gallus. The latter on
beginning his reign, A.D. 251, conferred on his son the title
of Csesar, and in 252 the title of Augustus. Hence Volusianus
is reckoned among the Roman Emperors. Trebonianus and
Volusianus were overthrown and put to death A.D. 254. As
rulers they were weak and wicked, and their brief joint reign
is associated with little but what is cowardly and discredit
able. They repeatedly purchased an ignominious peace from
the Gothic invaders of the empire. Their reign is signalized
also by the breaking out, A.D. 252, of a dreadful pestilence,
which ravaged every part of the empire for fifteen years.
684. White Chalcedony, Medusa. (Cinque cento.) ,
705. Chalcedony Onyx, Young Hercules. Fine cameo.
711. Pale Sardonyx, A Devotee. A very fine cameo. Note
open mouth and teeth.
727. Chalcedony Onyx, The Cymbal Player. Fragment.

8 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
729. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito.
730. Onyx, Marciana, Sister of Trajan.
779. Turquoise, Cupid Disarmed by Venus.
780. Turquoise, Venus and Cupid.
796. Chalcedony Onyx, Satyr, with head of a Goat.
806. Sardonyx, The Power of Love. He drives hot only

the lascivious but the strong. Cupid in a chariot
drawn by a goat and lion ; beautiful cameo.
816. Chalcedony Onyx, Scenic Mask.
833. Agate Onyx, Phoebus in a Biga.
CASE B.
9. Sardonyx, Trebonianus Gallus, XLIst Emperor of
Rome. Beautiful stone.
Trebonianus Gallus, who reigned A.D. 251-254, purchased a
disgraceful peace from the invading Goths, and was, with his
son Volusianus, put to death by his own soldiers.
11. Rich Red Jasper, Aristides. Greek philosopher.
17. Oriental Sardonyx, Hercules.
68. Oriental Pale Sard, Stheno, Sister of Medusa.
119. Chalcedony Onyx, Julia.
149. Pale Agate Onyx, Incognito.
151. Sardonyx, Thyiad, one of Dionysus' suite, with the
mask of Medusa.
164. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 9
194. Oriental Sardonyx, Faustina, Wife of Marcus Aurelius.
199. Oriental Onyx, Numa Pompilius.
202. Sardonyx, Germanicus, Nephew of Tiberius, and his
wife, Agrippina.
247. Oriental Pale Sardonyx, Pupienus, XXXIIId Em
peror of Rome,
A.D. 238, proclaimed by the combined legions to reign with
Balbinus. Pupienus was a valorous soldier, and went to war,
while Balbinus remained in Rome to protect the seat of the
empire. Assassinated by the Pretorian guards .
258. Onyx, Jove Serapides. An antique Greek Cameo. A
splendid work.
273. Oriental Chalcedony Onyx, Apollo. Very fine.
376. Chalcedony Onyx, A Lion. (Cinque cento.)
379. Pale Maculated Sardonyx, Incognito.
391. Red Calcite, A Faun.
420. Chalcedony Onyx, Cupid in a Biga, drawn by a Lion.
Fragment. (Cinque cento.)
432. Alabaster, Female Head, with turreted crown, signify
ing a city.
441. Yellow Jasper Onyx, Cleopatra with the Asp.
488. Chalcedony, Medusa. (Cinque cento.) Rude work.
532. Jasper Onyx, with Marcasite, Vespasian, IXth Emperor
of Rome. The Romans, Greeks, and the Persians
used stones containing Marcasite for engraved gems.
598. Oriental Sardonyx, Plotina, Wife of Trajan, XHIth
Emperor of Rome. Fine antique.
629. Red Jasper, Protogenis, a comedian of the second cen
tury. Engraved in his time. (A plaster impression
of antique Intaglio worn by the collector.)
649. Red Jasper, Pergamos, in a mantle called the Chlamys.

10 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
653. Chalcedony, Part of an Antique Betrothal Amulet, or
Cylinder. Mani in fede ; or, Hand-in-hand.
690. Chalcedony Onyx, Mark Antony, one of the Trium
virate with Augustus and Lepidus.
Mark Antony, associated with Julius Csesar in the overthrow
of the Republic, and afterwards with Cleopatra, and finally
himself overthrown by Augustus.
777. Turquoise, Apollo in his Chariot.
781. Turquoise, Venus and the Wounded Adonis.
782. Turquoise, Psyche and Juno's Peacock.
803. Chalcedony, Euryale, Sister of Medusa.
865. Chalcedony Onyx, Donna. (Cinque cento.)
878. Maculated Agate, Caius Gracchus. Rare stone.
880. Siberian Labradorite, Full Moon.
885. Red Feldspar, A Jewish King, cut in imitation of the
antique, by M. Sommerville.

CASE C.
32. Sardonyx, Galba, Vlth Emperor of Rome.
60. Pale Sardonyx, Apollo. Notice flesh tint.
63. Maculated Chalcedonyx, Hercules. Observe the beau
tiful colored spots.
140. Egyptian Jasper, Iole, Daughter of Eurytus of Occhalia,
and beloved by Hercules.
141. Sardonyx, Mars and Minerva. Fragment.
148. Sardonyx, Olivia.
192. Sardonyx, Matidia, Niece of Trajan. Antique.
204. Jasper, Roman Mask.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 11
211. Chalcedony Onyx, Emilianus, XLIIId Emperor of
Rome.
A general of a legion, who on the death of Trebonianus Gallus
and Volusianus was proclaimed emperor. He was of dissolute
character, and the dissatisfied army had him assassinated.
212. Onyx, Ptolemaeus.
215. Agate Onyx, Augustus, 1st Emperor of Rome.
Augustus Csesar, 1st Emperor, B.C. 63, A.D. 14. After the
assassination of his uncle, Julius Caesar, united with Antony and
Lepidus to overthrow the conspirators and to form a second
triumvirate over the whole Roman world. Augustus managed
to rid himself successively of Antony and Lepidus, and thence
forth reigned supreme. His reign was long and prosperous,
and was distinguished by its patronage of art and letters.
227. Sardonyx, Geta, Brother of Caracalla, XXIVth Em
peror of Rome.
275. Pale Agate Onyx, Lysimachus, a General under Alex
ander of Macedonia, afterwards King of Thrace.
373. Sardonyx, Augustus, 1st Emperor of Rome, and Livia,
his wife.
Livia, wife of Augustus and empress, a very able and ambi
tious woman, beautiful, and beloved by Augustus. Before being
married to him she was the wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero, by
whom she had a son, Tiberius. Augustus compelled the first
husband to divorce Livia, and then married her. No son was
born to her of Augustus, and Tiberius, her son by the first mar
riage, became emperor.
389. Agate Onyx, Ajax. The Greek Ajax, one ofthe League
who made war on the Trojans. Remarkably beautiful
stone.
390. Maculated Agate Onyx, Pallas. Beautiful stone. No
tice color.
440. Carnelian Onyx, Incognito.
507. Malachite, Diana in a Biga.
568. Agate Onyx, Lucius Junius Brutus and Marcus Bru
tus. Lucius Junius has a beard. Marcus is without
a beard.

12

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.

She ob-
but

627. Turquoise, Aquila Severus.
Second wife of Heliogabalus, was a Vestal virgin
jected to marry him because forbidden as a Vestal virgin ; but
Heliogabalus said, ' ' I am priest of the sun, and you are priestess
of Vesta; we can marry, and must," and they did. He lived
with her awhile, then repudiated her, took Annia Faustina,
his third wife, and finally took Aquila Severus again for his
fourth wife.
628. Sardonyx, Claudius Albinus, XXIId Emperor of Rome,
born at Adrumetum, in Africa.
Had a valorous army, which Septimus Severus feared, think
ing he would prove a competitor for the empire. He resolved
to make a friend of him, and flattered him by creating him
Csesar, and adopting him to the empire, at the same time cre
ating a war in order to keep him at a distance.
But when Septimus Severus felt himself firm in the empire,
and had been recognized by the Senate and people of Rome,
with a pretext of displeasure he caused Claudius Albinus to be
destroyed in the war.
631. Sardonyx, A Gladiator.
640. Chalcedony Onyx, Lysimachus, without the horn of
Jupiter Ammon.
648. Chalcedony Onyx, Alexander, of Macedonia. (Cut by
Santarelli.)
656. Lapis Lazuli, Otho, VHth Emperor of Rome, grandson
of Otho Salvius, an Etrurian.
678. Antique Head, in rock crystal. Style Egyptian. The
only one I have ever found.
700. Jasper Onyx, Female Head. (Cinque cento.)
776. Turquoise, The Death of Cleopatra. It will be noticed
this turquoise has lost its original bright blue color by

age, yet on the head and face of Cleopatra the color is
still pure and beautiful.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 13
792. Turquoise, Medusa.
824. Sardonyx, The Pallas of Troy. (Minerva.)
860. Smoky Chalcedony, Intaglio. Group of six children.
862. Chalcedony Onyx, Trajan Decius, XXXVIIIth Em
peror of Rome, and his wife.
890. Carnelian, Intaglio.
891. Carnelian, Intaglio.
892. Oriental Heliotrope, Intaglio.
893. Carnelian, Intaglio.
CASE D.
18. Agate Onyx, Agrippina, Daughter of Germanicus and
Julia Agrippina. (She was daughter, sister, wife, and
mother of an Emperor.) Her vices and her ambition
rendered her famous. She married Passienus Crispus,
twice Consul, whom she poisoned. She entered the
capital on a car similar to a priest's offering car, and
shared the Imperial powers and honors with Claudius.
48. Sard, Silenus, Son of Hermes, and constant companion
of Dionysus (Bacchus).
64. Agate Onyx, Caligula, Hid Emperor of Rome.
73. Sardonyx, JElias Caesar, adopted by the Emperor Ha
drian, who allowed him to take the title of Csesar.
89. Sardonyx, A Philosopher.
115. Sardonyx, A Roman African of Carthage. The part
of his costume visible is the Abolla, worn by the sol
diers.
129. Sardonyx, Augustus, 1st Emperor of Rome.
143. Oriental Sardonyx, Claudius, IVth Emperor of Rome.
(This cameo was cut in the first century, in the epoch
of Claudius.) I believe this to have been cut by frag
ments of corundum.

14 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
154. Burnt Chalcedony, Woman of Nubia.
160. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito.
174. Onyx, Apollo.
175. Sardonyx, One of the Daughters of Gaea, the personi
fication of the Earth.
185. Green Lceland Jasper, Rude Carving, of the ninth cen
tury.
186. Agate, Rude Carving, ofthe ninth century.
196. Agate Onyx, Gallienus, XLVth Emperor of Rome,
A.D. 260-268, the son of Valerianus, Sr. When the news
came that his father was prisoner in Persia, Gallienus might
have gone with a legion and have tried to release his father, but
for his own ambition he had himself proclaimed emperor.
207. Onyx, Psyche, with the butterfly wing.
230. Pale Sardonyx, Minerva.
256. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito.
282. Agate Onyx, Incognito.
397. Chalcedony Onyx, Diana, in her chariot.
516. Heliotrope, A Madonna, Child, and Two Saints. A
rude Christian carving.
525. Paste attached to Sardonyx, Bacchanalian.
576. Agate Onyx, Antinous adorned as Bacchus. Hadrian
so decorated him when he died in Egypt.
608. Sardonyx, Hercules, with the lion's skin.
611. Turquoise, Juno, Queen of Heaven. As such she was
worshipped at her temple on the Aventine, at Rome.
644. Agate Onyx, Head of Christ. (Cinque cento.)
646. Sardonyx, Ajax, Son of Telamon, second only to Achilles
in bravery. (In a contest for the armor of Achilles,
Ulysses conquered him, and this caused his death.)
Beautiful cameo.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 15
665. Onyx, Nero, Vth Emperor of Rome.
695. Yellow Chalcedony, Antique Roman Scenic Mask.
701. Agate Onyx, Incognito, a curious stone.
707. Agate Onyx, Lena, Bacchante, with a goat's head on her
shoulder.
750. Onyx, Minerva, a caprice. Helmet, head, and breast
ornamented with masks. Very fine.
771. Onyx, Diana, the Goddess of Light.
798. Chalcedony Onyx, About to Pour a Libation. (Cinque
cento.)
801. Chalcedony Onyx, Venus in a Biga, drawn by a lion and
leopard. (Cinque cento.)
817. Carnelian, Hercules.

CASE E.
5. Onyx, Hand Pinching an Ear, " Don't forget me."
55. Onyx, Incognito.
59. Agate Onyx, A Bacchante.
91. 'Pale Sardonyx, Cicero, the Roman orator, B. C. 106.
96. Chalcedony Onyx, Donna, of fifteenth century.
127. Sard, An Egyptian Divinity, Intaglio, found at Esna,
in Egypt.
187. Onyx, A Greek Philosopher (Fragment), through
Depoletti, from a Tuscan collection.
221. Burnt Chalcedony, An Ethiopian Woman.
232. Chalcedony Onyx, A Bassarid.
270. Obsidian, Scenic Mask. Ethiopian features. From a
necklace.

16 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
370. Sardonyx, .ZEsculapius, the " blameless physician," son
of Apollo and Coronis ; also, the God of the Medical
Art.
387. Chalcedony Onyx, Double Cameo. Obverse, an Empress.
In relief. Reverse, Virgin and Child. Intaglio.

Reverse of 387.
395. Agate Onyx, Head of Jove.
407. Onyx, African Woman.
425. Green Lceland Jasper, Double Cameo. Obverse, a rude
head. In relief. Reverse, Venus. Intaglio.

Obverse.

458. Sardonyx, Bust of a Faun, with tiger skin. Beautiful
stone.
479. Carnelian, Intaglio Antique, bought of Mirza Petros
Khan, Persian commissioner to the Vienna Exhibi
tion.
505. Onyx, Three Heads. A Mitre and Two Turbans.
583. Chalcedony Onyx, Hadrian, XlVth Emperor of Rome.
He was the first Roman Emperor who wore a beard.
He let it grow to hide the marks from small-pox.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 17
585. Chalcedony Onyx, Antoninus Pius, XVth Emperor of
Rome, in Pontifical habit. (Cut in the second cen
tury.)
588. Obsidian, Scenic Mask, an amulet, from a necklace.
601. Onyx, Geta, XXVth Emperor of Rome, brother of
Caracalla, by whom he was assassinated A.D. 212.
607. Sardonyx, Plato, the comic Athenian poet, B. C. 428-
389.
620. Chalcedony, Figure Representing a Conquered City ;
also people in bondage.
634. Sapphire, Vespasianus, IXth Emperor of Rome, A.D.
70-79.
Born A.D. 9, reigned with great distinction A.D. 70-79. He
was one of the noblest of the Roman Emperors. Unlike most
of them, he lived plainly, as a private citizen, rather than as
one possessed of supreme power. He was never ashamed ofthe
meanness of his origin, and laughed at those who tried to make
out for him an illustrious pedigree. Receiving from a Parthian
monarch a letter, beginning " Arsaces, King of Kings," he re
plied, "Flavius Vespasianus to Arsaces, King of Kings." The
purity of his private life is said to have done more to reform the
morals of Rome than all the laws which had ever been enacted.
He is particularly noted for the siege of Jerusalem, begun by
himself, and completed by his son, Titus. A rare stone.
650. Amazon, Maximinus Pius, XXXIst Emperor of Rome.
654. Sardonyx, Sappho, the Greek poetess ; one of the two
great leaders ofthe iEolian school.
655. Sapphire, A Scorpion. Intaglio.
716. Agate. Onyx, Iole, daughter of Eurytus, married to
Hyllus, son of Hercules.
743. Agate Onyx, Socrates, the Athenian philosopher, B. C.
469.
773. Agate Onyx, Attalus, King of Pergamus, B. C. 241-
197. A patron of literature and the arts.
804. Agate Onyx, Incognito.

18 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
821. Onyx, Nerva, Xllth Emperor of Rome, A.D. 96-98.
Fine cameo.
A.D. 96-98, was sixty-three years old at the time of his be
coming emperor, and lacked the energy needed for the times.
He was a good man and a patriot, and without regard to his
own kin, took measures to secure the succession to Trajan, then
at the head of the army in Germany.
848. Amethyst, Grotesque Japanese Amulet.
887. Heliotrope, Intaglio.
888. Carnelian, Intaglio.

CASE F.
33. Chalcedony, A Greek Poetess.
35. Chalcedony Onyx, Heliogabalus, XXVIIIth Emperor
of Rome, in sacerdotal costume.
49. Agate, Priam, King of Troy.
107. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito.
117. Onyx, One ofthe Medicis Family, sixteenth century.
1 25. Agate Onyx, Cicero, Roman orator.
138. Sardonyx, Hercules, with the lion's skin. The setting
and the diamond sparks are mediaeval and rude.
169. Agate Onyx, Socrates (cut in the third century). The
red stratum of this stone seems to have been ground
down very thin with corundum, so that the design
could be more easily cut.
189. Pale Onyx, Thyiad, a Bacchante.
201 . Carnelian, Geta, brother of Caracalla, XXVth Emperor
of Rome.
213. Chalcedony Onyx, Sappho, the Greek poetess, a native
of Mytilene.
219. Agate Onyx, Socrates, Greek philosopher.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 19
225. Sardonyx, Incognito.
231. Chalcedony Onyx, Sulla, the Dictator, B.C. 138.
240. Sardonyx, Incognito.
252. Agate Onyx, Clodone, a Bacchante.
253. Chalcedony Onyx, Pyrrhus, King of Epirus.
269. Sardonyx, Livia, wife of Augustus.
274. Sardonyx, Aristides, Greek philosopher.
277. Agate, Incognito.
411. Malachite, Flora.
434. Chalcedony Onyx, Donna, ofthe Medicis family. (Cinque
cento.)
453. Chalcedony, An Assyrian King.
523. Jasper, Figure of a Shepherd.
540.' Chimera, with two heads.
587. Amethyst, A Scenic Mask, antique, of the earliest Roman
period.
614. Sardonyx, JEsop, the Fabulist.
jEsop, the father of fables, and contemporary of Salon, is
supposed to have lived about B.C. 570.
667. Pale Onyx, Caracalla, in youth.
694. Agate Onyx, Faustina, Senior.
698. Lapis Lazuli, A Scenic Mask.
703. Sardonyx, Otho, VHth Emperor of Rome.
710. Pale Amethyst, Young Augustus.
751. Sardonyx, Incognito.
813. Agate Onyx, Mecsenas, the friend of Augustus and the
arts. He had a palace where now stands Santa Maria
Maggiore.
847. Jade, Grotesque Japanese Amulet.
2

20 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
CASE G.
6. Agate Onyx, Incognito.
36. Chalcedony Onyx, Clasped Hands. Such cameos served
for wedding rings.
47. Pale Sard, Incognito.
52. Chalcedony Onyx, An Amazon, with Phrygian beretto.
57. Sard, Zeno, founder of the Stoic philosophy.
106. Onyx, Marcus Aurelius, XVIth Emperor of Rome,
Was, with Lucius Verus, appointed the successor of An
toninus Pius. He was a Stoic and philosopher. He made war
in Germany and the East, and sent out his associate, Lucius
Verus, to Armenia, where Lucius Verus died of apoplexy.
From this time Marcus Aurelius remained sole emperor about
eight years.
108. Agate Onyx, A Vestal Novice.
118. Pale Sardonyx, Julja Paula, wife of Heliogabalus.
176. Chalcedony Onyx, Tranquillina, wife of Gordianus Pius.
210. Onyx, Antinous, favorite of Hadrian.
214. Chalcedony Onyx, stained, Paris.
223. Sardonyx, Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, and
wife of Lucius Verus.
244. Aquamarine, or Beryl, Quintus Herennius, son of Tra
jan Decius.
Quintus Herennius, XXXIXth Emperor of Rome, son of
Trajan Decius, created Cassar by his father. We find coins and
cameos of his reign.
245. Agate Onyx, Iole, beloved of Hercules.
251. Agate, Incognito.
265. Sardonyx, Hercules, with the Thespian lion's skin.
396. Agate Onyx, Philammon,' Greek mythical poet.
445. Maculated Jasper, A Fury.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 21
450. Jasper, Incognito.
506. Pale Onyx, An Unfinished Female Head.
571. Two Heads. Incognito.
575. Sardonyx, Obverse, female head. Reverse, head of a
Pope.
591. Chalcedony Oynx, Lysimachus, General of Alexander,
and King of Thrace.
592. Pale Onyx, Quintius Hostilianus, XLth Emperor of
Rome.
The son of Trajan Decius, created Csssar, and reigned with
his father. We find coins and cameos of his reign.
610. Jasper, Homer.
635. Sardonyx, Pius VII.
660. Chalcedony Onyx, Virgil, Latin poet.
663. Jupiter, surnamed Maximus. From the collection of
Vannutelli, a celebrated Roman advocate, who had a
fine cabinet.
668. Obsidian, A Scenic Mask, of the 2d century. Very fine.
682. Sardonyx, Chimera, with four heads.
702. Heliotrope, Head of Christ, crowned with thorns. The
natural spots in this Jasper Sauguinaria are utilized to
represent the blood from the thorns.
746. Agate, A Bacchanal.
760. Jacinth, Ptolemy, King of Egypt. Rare stone.
Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt. By the will of the father, Pt.
Anletes (died B. C. 51), Ptolemy and his sister, the brilliant
and fascinating Cleopatra, were married and made joint occu
pants of the throne. The brother died B. C. 47, and Cleopatra
was left alone to practice her charms, first on Ca?sar, and then
on Antony.
794. Sardonyx, Jupiter. (Laureated.)
812. Chalcedony Onyx, Cicero.
846. Pale Onyx, Mecaenas.

22 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
CASE H.
1. Sardonyx, Pallas.
8. Onyx, Isis, the Egyptian Divinity. Signed (Tereea
Talani F.)
65. Chalcedony Onyx, Venus.
90. Agate, Incognito.
133. Onyx, Julius Caesar.
145. Sard, A Greek Philosopher.
180. Onyx, Leander. Cut by Santarelli.
188. Cole. Tufa, Cupid. Antique fragment, dug up in the
Campagna. From Depoletti's collection, Rome.
193. Chalcedony Onyx, Alexander Severus, XXIXth Em
peror of Rome.
A.D. 222-235, proclaimed through the influence of Julia
Maesa. He built the Circus Agonale, which was where now
is the Piazza Navona ; here the marine and naval forces held
their exercises in boats adapted to the depth of water. There
were places for the spectators as 'in the Colosseum. Severus
noticed, in the combats of the gladiators in the Colosseum,
that one of the soldiers, a Goth, by name Maximinius, was
more robust than the others and conquered in the contests. He
advanced him and made him a general ; and when Maximinius
found his power so great, he rewarded Alexander Severus by-
assassinating him and his mother, Julia Mamea.
206. Sardonyx, Incognito.
238. Egyptian Jasper, Incognito.
234. Red Alabaster, A Bassarid, one of the companions of
Dionysus.
268. Onyx, Heliogabalus, XXVIIIth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 218-222, was proclaimed Emperor by the influence of
Julia Maesa and the old Caracalla party. He was born in the
Orient. When a child he was dedicated as Grand High Priest
of the Sun, and when proclaimed Emperor, he brought to Rome
the Deity Eliogabalo and commenced the functions and worship.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 23
278. Onyx, Julia, daughter of Augustus.
(Not by Livia), wife of Marcus Agrippa, grand admiral. She
was too profligate, so Augustus put her on the island Panna-
taria to keep her away from the courtiers, etc.
281. Agate, Incognito.
400. Red Agate, A Mask.
410. Incognito.
429. Coral, A Christian Amulet.
470. Chalcedony Onyx, Plautius Hypsaeus Decianus, Consul
and colleague of iEmilius Mamercinus. B.C. 475.
489. Chalcedony Onyx, Medusa. (Cinque cento.)
503. Agate, Two Children.
534. Agate Onyx, Hercules.
600. Chalcedony Onyx, Trajan, Xlllth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 98-117, was one of the greatest and best of the Roman
Emperors. He was a man of majestic appearance. He con
quered the Dacians and Parthians, and descended the Tigris
to the Persian Gulf. The Column of Trajan at Rome contains
sculptures representing his Dacian exploits. At the triumph
accorded to him he exhibited games for one hundred and twenty-
three days. In these games eleven thousand animals and ten
thousand gladiators slaughtered each other for the amusement
of the Roman populace. Trajan built several of the great Ro
man roads, also the Forum Trajanum in Rome, in which stood
the Column of Trajan. Several distinguished writers lived in
his reign, Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, Plutarch, Suetonius,
and Epictetus.
606. Valerianus, Junior, XLVIth Emperor of Rome.
Son of Gallienus. The party that had recognized his power
were discontented and had him assassinated. We find coins
and cameos with his head.
61 5. Oriental Jasper, Gordianus Africanus, Senior, XXXIst
Emperor of Rome.
Gordianus Africanus (the father), XXXIst Emperor of Rome,
was of noble and wealthy family, was general of a legion in
Africa, and on the death of Maximinius Pius, was proclaimed
Emperor and recognized by the Roman Senate.

24

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.

616. Sardonyx, Archytas, of Tarentum, philosopher and
mathematician. 400 B.C.
619. Chalcedony Onyx, Apollo.
639. Chalcedony Onyx, Socrates.
676. Chalcedony, Mannikin. (Cinque cento.)
706. Chalcedony, Aristides.
734. Yellow Chalcedony, A Scenic Mask. Roman.
772. Sardonyx, Augustus and Livia. The Emperor cari
catured as a faun. Notice the ear and hair.
774. Chalcedony, A Satyr. Fragment.
809. Agate, Incognito. Fine stone. .
827. Amethyst, Medusa.
856. Face of Chalcedony, Tiberius, Emperor of Rome. A
valuable fragment of an antique cameo, cut in his
epoch. Finished in plaster, and gilded by the col
lector.
Tiberius, lid Emperor of Rome, A.D. 14-37, was adopted by
Augustus and succeeded him. Tiberius was noted for his
cruelty and licentiousness, and his long reign is one of the darkest
in Roman annals. Much of his time was spent in lascivious
debauch in the Island of Caprea?, among abandoned women,
while the affairs of the empire were left in the hands of the
Senate at Rome.
CASE I.
158. Antique. Paste, Caracalla, XXIVth Emperor of Rome.
386. Antique Paste, Head of the Dead Christ. (Cinque
cento.)
589. Antique Paste, Fibula, containing an intaglio of Rom

ulus and Remus, and the She Wolf.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 25
590. Antique Paste, An Intaglio. Two transverse sunken
lines may be observed in this intaglio ; this is where
the paste has worn away with centuries of time, be
cause the colors in that part rendered it more perish
able.
647. Antique Paste, A Faun.
669. Antique Paste, A Crucifixion. Mediaeval, about the
seventh century.
670. Antique Paste, A Scenic Mask.
683. Antique Paste, An Intaglio.
687. Antique Paste, A Mask. Lion's Head.
688. Antique Paste, A Scenic Mask.
717. Antique Paste, Silenus and Bacchus.
721. Antique Paste, An Intaglio.
747. Antique Paste, Livia, wife of Augustus. Remarkable
colors.
752. Antique Paste, A Philosopher.
753. Antique Paste, A Greek Antique. Full face. Yellow
ground.
754. Antique Paste, Two Masks, obverse and reverse.
755. Antique Paste, A Scenic Mask.
756: Antique Paste, A Scenic Mask.
757. Antique Paste, A Faun, caressing a goat.
758. Antique Paste, Iole.
759. Antique Paste, A Bacchante. Pale green on red.
762. Antique Paste, A Dolphin. A Christian emblem belong
ing to fishermen. They believed that it protected them
by going to their rescue when attacked by sharks or
the dog-fish.
763. Antique Paste, Cupid and Psyche. Two figures. Opal
escent.

26 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
764. Antique Paste, Infant Bacchus, on a goat.
765. Antique Paste, A Goat.
766. Antique Paste, Cupid, on a goat.
767. Antique Paste, An Intaglio. Fine color.
770. Antique Paste, A Dolphin.
818. Antique Paste, A Sphinx, representing the Emperor
Augustus.
819. Antique Paste, A Warrior on Horse. Antique fragment.
820. Antique Paste, A Fragment. Fine color.
876. Antique Paste, A Double Mask.
894. Antique Paste, Medusa.  Three Gorgons are men
tioned, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, daughters of
Phorcydes and Ceto. They were frightful beings ;
instead of hair their heads were covered with hissing
serpents, and they had wings, brazen claws, and enor
mous teeth. Medusa, who alone of her sisters was
mortal, was at first a beautiful maiden, but her hair
was changed into serpents by Athena, she having be
come the mother of Pegasus. Her head now became
so fearful that every one who looked at it was changed
into stone. This head of Medusa was often placed in
the centre of shields and breastplates.
A fragment, in antique paste ; very indistinct from age ;
found at Cumae imbedded in lava. Finished in plaster
and tinted by the collector. If held to the light the
beautiful sapphire color can be seen where I have re
moved the lava.
954. Antique Paste, An Intaglio.
CASE J.
7. Siberian Jasper, Hercules.
21. Burnt Chalcedony, A Nubian.
51. Carnelian, Iole.
54. Heliotrope, Head of Christ.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 27
58. Sardonyx, Chloris, wife of Zephyrus, goddess of flowers.
62. Pale Sard, Aristides.
74. Pale Onyx, Pallas.
116. Agate, Matidia, niece of Trajan, and mother of Sabina.
195. Onyx, A Bacchante.
263. Agate, An Ethiopian.
264. Agate, An Ethiopian.
393. Tenera, A Faun.
461. Alabaster, A Cameo, too worn for recognition. Found
in the Tiber. Once the property of Marshal Bliicher,
as evidenced by the certificate owned by the collector.
476. The Son of Philip, the Arabian, Bronze coin. (In
the absence of a cameo of this Emperor, this coin,
issued by him, is substituted.)
Philip, the son of Philip the Arabian, XXXVIIth Emperor
of Rome, A.D. 247. Believed to have been a Christian. Dur
ing his reign occurred the one thousandth anniversary of the
foundation of the city of Rome. He gave a series of grand
fetes : Chariot races in the Circus Maximus, combats of gladia
tors and of wild animals in the Colosseum.
528. Onyx, Dancing Bacchanalians. Remarkably beautiful
cameo ; exquisite style.
529. Coral, Jupiter Serapis.
530. Agate, A Rude Carving, characteristic of the ninth cen
tury.
531. Agate, A Rude Carving, characteristic ofthe ninth cen
tury.
739. Turquoise, Venus offering a sacrifice.
786. Turquoise, Cupid in a Biga, drawn by Nereids and Tri
tons.
787. Turquoise, Cupid on a dolphin.
788. Turquoise, Preparing to Pour a Libation on an Altar.
904. Carnelian, An Intaglio.
905. Carnelian, An Intaglio.

28 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
CASE K.
41. Chalcedony Onyx, Wisdom.
81. Sardonyx, Jugurtha.
150. Agate, Lucius Junius Brutus.
166. Chalcedony Onyx, Plato, Greek philosopher.
249. Onyx, Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, and wife
of Lucius Verus.
208. Carnelian Onyx, Incognito.
271. Agate, Minerva.
272. Agate, Minerva.
279. Onyx, Cupid.
380. Pale Onyx, A Faun.
451. Carnelian, Pallas.
517. Agate, A Bust ofthe Empress Maria Theresa, a mod
ern cameo cut during her life.
556. Chalcedony Onyx, Minerva.
570. Onyx, Didius Julianus, XXth Emperor of Rome,
At the death of the Emperor Pertinax, A.D. 193, he pur
chased the empire at public sale, of the Pretorian guards.
He did not pay the promised sum, and in two months was
assassinated.
623. Onyx, Raffaelle.
630. Carnelian, An Intaglio. Group of Silenus, a Bacchante,

and a candidate for admission to the Bacchic mysteries.
630. Plaster impress of the above.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 29
658. Chalcedony Onyx, Personification of the Conquered
Province of Dacia.
661. Sardonyx, A Prince Unjustly Accused. (Similar in
cident in Genesis, Chapter XXXIX.)
704. Chalcedony Onyx, Julia Pia and her son Geta.
738. Turquoise, Leda, and Jupiter as a swan.
761 . Jasper, Callimachus, inventor of the Corinthian Capital.
783. Turquoise, Cupid offering a libation to Venus. ,
903. Sardonyx, Faustina, Junior.
CASE L.
50. Pale Onyx, Incognito.
67. Chalcedony, Medusa. (Cinque cento.)
126. Chalcedony, Head of Ceres, Goddess ofthe Earth.
171. Sardonyx, Dionysus (Bacchus), in his youth.
228. Agate, Incognito.
229. Agate, Socrates.
233. Agate, Hercules.
241. Onyx, Hercules.
286. Onyx, Germanicus, nephew of Tiberius.
371. Chalcedony, Bear out of Cover. Rude cameo. School
of Jean Goujon.
402. Jasper Agate, A Scenic Mask.
462. A Curious Antique Turquoise.
Note. — This turquoise has lost its original bright blue color
from a^e as is the case with all in this collection. The arms and
legs are cut entirely in relief. A straw can be passed under in
several places.
492. Alabaster, A Bust.

30 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
526. Chalcedony Onyx, Hercules.
593. Sardonyx, Balbinus, XXXIVth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 238, proclaimed by the combined legions. He was asso
ciated with Pupienus, and remained in Rome to protect the seat
of the empire while Pupienus went to war. He was assassi
nated by the discontented guards.
622. Onyx, Caracalla, XXIVth Emperor of Rome.
643. Lapis Lazuli, A Faun. (Cinque cento.)
672. Pale Sardonyx, A Faun.
740. Sardonyx, Tiberius, lid Emperor of Rome.
784. Turquoise, A Naiad preparing to pour a libation to the
god Terminus.
785. Turquoise, Cupid, and the Car of Juno.
861. Sard, An Intaglio. Very rude.
881. Chalcedony, A Stag Reposing. Rude cameo. School of
Jean Goujon. Similar one in Musee de Cluny, Paris.
889. Sard, An Intaglio.

CASE M.
39. Onyx, A Priestess in sacerdotal robes.
45. Onyx, A Dog Reposing.
66. Pale Sardonyx, Aspasia and Pericles.
72. Chalcedony Onyx, Livia and Augustus.
93. Onyx, Crispina, wife of Commodus.
98. Black Agate, A Mask of a Satyr.
112. Chalcedony, Antoninus Pius, XVth Emperor of Rome.
200. Sardonyx, Apollo.
209. Agate, A Moor.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 31
243. Sard, Claudius, IVth Emperor of Rome.
248. Chalcedony Onyx, Diomed, favored by Minerva, and the
rival of Achilles.
254. Chalcedony, Pescennius Niger, XXIst Emperor of
Rome.
A.D. 193. He was proclaimed Emperor by the legions in the
East, but in the following year he was defeated and put to death
by Septimus Severus. "
255. Onyx, Pallas.
259. Onyx, Livia, wife of Augustus.
374. Onyx, A Nubian.
382. Sard, Incognito.
399. Sard, Jove.
431. Lapis Lazuli, Oriental King, crown surmounting turban.
403. Sard, Langoaste. (A shell-fish of the Mediterranean
Sea, resembling a lobster.)
442. Onyx, Wild Boars.
486. Turquoise, Deianira, daughter of Althasa, and wife of
Hercules.
569. Agate, Chimera. Woman with a mask.
594. Jasper, Caligula, son of Germanicus, Hid Emperor of
Rome. A tyrant.
602. Chalcedony Onyx, Julia, daughter of Titus.
618. Chalcedony Onyx, Lysimachus.
636. Onyx, A Flute-Player.
641. Pale Sardonyx, A Cock. Symbol of vigilance, as it an
nounced the coming day.
662. Onyx, Pallas.
666. Chalcedony Onyx, Geta.
679. Onyx, Lysimachus.

32 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
680. Chalcedony Onyx, Medusa.
686. Agate, Medusa, set in a bronze brooch of second cen
tury, A.D.
693. Sard, Incognito.
699. Onyx, Seneca, Roman philosopher.
708. Onyx, The Ark of Noah. Setting of Emeralds and
Pearls, of the sixteenth century.
726. Jasper, Domitia, wife of Domitian.
745. Turquoise, Plautilla, wife of Caracalla.
749. Chalcedony,

A True Portrait of the Holy Sudarium.
789. Turquoise, Cupid.
795. Sardonyx, An Eagle.
823. Sardonyx, Mercury, curious red spots.
864. Chalcedony, An Intaglio.
CASE N.
25. Sardonyx, Thyone, mother of Dionysus. (Bacchus.)
31. Onyx, A Moor.
34. Onyx, Livia.
40. Chalcedony, Plato. The Greek philosopher and poet.
jggi°> Two Butterfly wings, emblematic of the beauty
and gayety of his verses.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 33
44. Chalcedony Onyx, A Horse.
111. Onyx, A Dog.
123. Agate, An Amazon.
124. Agate, Incognito.
131. Onyx, Venus.
132. Sardonyx, A Philosopher.
146. Agate, Hannibal, the Carthaginian General. The shield
is ornamented with a horse, the symbol of Carthage.
147. Onyx, Apollo.
159. Onyx, A Woman, with a Phrygian cap.
161. Chalcedony Onyx, A Vestal.
184. Agate, Hercules.
197. Onyx, Chimera.
220. Sardonyx, Orbiana, wife of Alexander Severus.
262. Sardonyx, Julia, daughter of Titus.
280. Onyx, Proserpine, daughter of Ceres.
378. Turquoise, Cupid, and a cock.
381. Incognito, Roman Emperor.
385. Onyx, Two Domestic Cats.
394. Onyx, A Dog.
480. Agate, An Intaglio, bought of Mirza Petros Khan, Per
sian Commissioner to Vienna Exhibition.
553. Onyx, An Eagle.
559. Sard, Fine Antique Cameo of an Animal. The intro
duction of sculptured animals upon stones of Roman
rings was derived from the Egyptians.
560. Agate, Psyche.

34 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
561. Onyx, Germanicus, nephew of Tiberius.
Germanicus Caesar, though not Emperor, is intimately asso
ciated in history with the earliest of the Caesars. Born B.C.
15, he was adopted by his uncle Tiberius while Augustus was
still Emperor, and was raised at an early age to high honors.
He was called Germanicus from his brilliant victories over the
Germans, and being a great favorite with the soldiers, was
urged by them, on the death of Augustus, A.D. 14, to make
himself Emperor. But he resisted .their importunity, and suc
ceeded in reconciling them to the new Emperor, his uncle Tibe
rius. Tiberius in time became alarmed at the ever growing
power of his nephew in Germany and Gaul, and in A.D. 17,
after giving him a triumph in Rome, transferred him to the
command of the eastern provinces of the empire. After many"
successes in Armenia and Egypt, Germanicus died A.D. 19, not
without suspicion of being poisoned. By his wife Agrippina,
granddaughter of Augustus, Germanicus had nine children,
among whom were the Emperor Caligula, and Agrippina, the
mother of the Emperor Nero. Germanicus was an author of
some repute, and wrote several poetical works. Portions of
these still remain, the latest edition being that by Orilli, Zurich,
1831.
563. White Agate, Ostrich.
577. Pale Sardonyx, Pius VII.
613. Sardonyx, Antique Bearded Mask.
621. Onyx, Medusa.
633. Agate, Valerianus, Senior, XLIVth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 244. An able man, proclaimed Emperor by the Senate
and the army. A great persecutor of the Christians. Made
war against Sapore, King of Persia. The Romans had con
quered the Persians, when Sapore asked for an armistice, and
that Valerianus should come with his generals and arrange the
terms of peace. He then encircled them with a powerful force
and held Valerianus ten years a prisoner, and made him daily
kneel down while he mounted his horse. Valerianus died of
chagrin. Then Sapore skinned Valerianus and prepared and
stuffed him, and put him in the palace as a souvenir of a Roman
Emperor prisoner.
645. Onyx, Raffaelle.
651. Onyx, Pertinax, XlXth Emperor of Rome.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 35
691. Lapis Lazuli, Gordianus Pius III, XXX Vth Emperor
of Rome.
A.D. 238-244. The populace esteemed him highly, and,
though but fifteen years of age, of fine form and appearance,
they proclaimed him Emperor. By the conspiracy of Philip,
the Arabian, who sought to raise himself from the generalship,
he was assassinated.
790. Turquoise, Cupid, astride a lion.
802. Chalcedony, An Angel's Head. (Cinque cento.)
805. Carnelian, A Horse's Head.
811. Chalcedony Onyx, Nero, Vth Emperor of Rome.
822. Sardonyx, A Lion.
853. Alabaster, A Lion's Head, with a red tongue.

CASE O,
23. Onyx, Geta.
24. Onyx, A Mimallone, one of the Bacchantes who accom
panied Dionysus in his expeditions.
26. Agate, Augustus, in youth.
37. Chalcedony Onyx, Portrait of one of the Medicis.
(Cinque cento.)
38. Agate, Drusus, brother of Tiberius.
71 . Onyx, Virgil.
86. Malachite, Mercury.
101. Pale Sardonyx, Incognito, of the lowest order of carv
ing.
102. Onyx, A Nubian.
104. Chalcedony, Homer.
135. Onyx, A Divinity. Antique fragment of first century.
3

36 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
157. Sardonyx, Incognito.
170. Sardonyx, Hercules, with the lion's skin.
173. Onyx, A Young Roman consulting the God Terminus.
177. Onyx, Matidia, niece of Trajan.
190. Amethyst, Gordianus Africanus, Junior, XXXIId
Emperor of Rome.
General of an African legion, proclaimed Emperor, and recog
nized by the Roman Senate. He was associated with his father
in the empire. Died by assassination.
217. Sard, Jove.
218. Sard, Crispina, wife of Commodus.
235. Chalcedony Onyx, Semele, afterwards called Thyone,
mother of Dionysus (Bacchus).
242. Sardonyx, Plautilla, wife of Caracalla, and daughter of
the African Plautianus Fulvius.
250. Onyx, A Bassarid.
257. Onyx, Petrarch's Laura.
266. Pale Onyx, Livia.
287. Black Agate, A Parthian Slave.
309. Onyx, A Bacchante.
413. Malachite, A Child's Face.
421. Chalcedony Onyx, A Fragment. (Cinque cento.)
466. Agate, A Rude Carving.
467. Agate, A Rude Carving.
487. Turquoise, Virgil.
582. Onyx, Caligula.
584. Pale Sardonyx, Scipio Africanus.
597. Sardonyx, L. Verus, XVIIth Emperor of Rome.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 37
617. Onyx, Dante.
637. Agate Onyx, A Faun. (Cinque cento.)
652. Sardonyx, Medusa, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto.
778. Turquoise,

Silenus and Bacchus.
807. Chalcedony Onyx, Semiramis.
808. Chalcedony Onyx, Zeno, founder of the Stoic phi
losophy.
815. Garnet, A Scenic Mask. (Bearded.)
842. Onyx, Incognito. Very fine.
906. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito. CASE P.
27. Pale Sardonyx, A Woman, with Phrygian beretto.
28. Onyx, Manlia Scantilla,
Wife of Dictius Salvius Julianus. He had taken the title of
Governor and Master of the Universe, which belonged only to
Jupiter, therefore Manlia took the name of Juno.
30. Agate, Psyche.
42. Agate, Livia.
61. Onyx, An Amazon, with Phrygian beretto.
69. Sardonyx, Plautilla, wife of Caracalla.

38 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
79. Sardonyx, Antoninus Pius, XVth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 138-161. Born near Lanuvium. From an early age he
gave promise of his future worth. He was proconsul of the
province • of Asia. On his return to Rome he lived with Ha
drian, who adopted him. The Senate conferred upon him the
title of Pius, or the dutifully affectionate, because he persuaded
them to grant to his father, Hadrian, the apotheosis which they
had at first refused.
Rare and beautiful cameo.
95. Pale Sardonyx, Paris, of Troy.
97. Onyx, Chimera.
100. Onyx, Chimera, four heads.
103. Pale Onyx, Incognito.
105. Chalcedony, Incognito.
113. Agate, Venus.
121. Onyx, Tellus, the Divinity ofthe Earth.
152. Sardonyx, One of Ceres' Suite.
163. Onyx, A Curious Rude Carving. (Cinque cento.)
198. Chalcedony Onyx, A Priest.
203. Pale Onyx, Hyacinthus, son of Amyclas.
205. Onyx, Bacchante.
216. Sardonyx, Incognito.
222. Sardonyx, Livia.
226. Onyx, Incognito.
246. Onyx, Juno.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
284. Pale Onyx,

39

Priam asking Achilles for the body of Hector.
417. Chalcedony Onyx, Greek Philosopher.
452. Agate, Rude Carving of Bearded Head.
454. Sardonyx, Incognito.
457. Agate, A Double Head. Rude carving, characteristic
of the ninth century.
469. Agate, A Rude Carving.
490. Chalcedony, Portrait, with ermine fur cape.
501. Agate, Tranquillina, wife of Gordianus Pius.
599. Chalcedony Onyx, Drusus, brother of Tiberius, and
father of Germanicus.
609. Onyx, Cupid.
626. Onyx, Paris, of Troy.
632. Chalcedony Onyx, Hadrian and Sabina.
642. Chalcedony Onyx, Diana.

40 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
681. Onyx, Incognito.
712. Agate, Two Combatants. An intaglio.
723. Agate (cinque cento).
735. Red Calcite, A Gorgon Mask.
814. Garnet, A Faun.
866. Yellow Chalcedony, Augustus, Mark Antony, and
Lepidus.
CASE Q.
3. Sardonyx, Antinous, the favorite of Hadrian.
12. Sard, .ffisculapius.
76. Agate, Hercules.
78. Sardonyx, Minerva.
134. Green Jasper, Vespasian, IXth Emperor of Rome, lau-
reated (with gold).
167. Sardonyx, Cicero.
172. Sardonyx, A Bacchante crowned with a mask.
179. Onyx, A Biga guided by Cupid.
237. Onyx, An Asiatic Head. (A Greek cameo.)
446. A Mottled Jasper, Scipio Africanus.
460. Onyx, Chimera. Very fine.
515. Alabaster, A Persian Shah.
689. Carnelian, Cincinnatus preparing to take the field.
828. Agate Onyx, Livia, widow of Augustus.
841. Chalcedony, A Female Head, with hand. (Rare.)
(Cinque cento.)

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 41

CASE R.
4. Chalcedony Onyx, Iole.
80. Sardonyx, Semiramis.
The daughter of the goddess of Derceto of Ascalon, in Syria.
She was deserted by her mother and brought up by the chief
shepherd of the royal herds, by name Simmas, from whom she
derived the name of Semiramis. She was distinguished for her
bravery in the siege of Bactra. She planned an attack on the
citadel, and with a few brave followers captured it.
137. Onyx, Tiberius, lid Emperor of Rome.
1 65. Red Jasper, Pallas.
181. Sard, Claudius, IVth Emperor of Rome. Very fine.
224. Malachite, A Cretan Nymph, leading the goat Amal
thea to the altar of Jupiter. According to some tra
ditions Amalthea is the goat who suckled Zeus (Ju
piter). The legend is that Zeus broke off one of the
horns of the goat Amalthea, and gave it to the daugh
ters of Melisseus, and endowed it with the wonderful
power of becoming filled with whatever the possessor
might wish. This is the origin of the horn of
plenty or Cornucopia.
236. Sardonyx, Jupiter.
239. Sard, Hercules.
433. Agate, Incognito. Very fine. Signed, Wilgot.
438. Green Jasper, A Head, in sacerdotal costume.
565. Sardonyx, Trajan Decius, XXXVIIIth Emperor of
Rome.
Born in the Province of Dacia on the Danube. Proclaimed
Emperor by his legions. A great persecutor of the Christians.
638. Agate, A Stag. (Cinque cento.)
718. Onyx, Heliogabalus, XXVIHth Emperor of Rome.
720. Agate, Mercury.

42 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
855. Agate, The Birth of Venus. It is a curious fact that
the reverse of this stone, representing a shell, is much
more highly finished than the obverse. Excavated
near Genoa. Certified by De Michelas, Turin.

CASE S.
384. Agate, A Parthian Slave.
444. Pallas.
496. Christ. An intaglio in rock crystal. Rare.
514. A Rhone Pebble, St. John Preaching in the Wilder
ness.
518. A Rhone Pebble, A Persian Head.
579. Onyx, Cinchmatus, called to the Dictatorship.
671. Onyx, Marcus Junius Brutus.
732. Chalcedony Onyx, Germanicus.
733. Chalcedony Onyx, Domitia.
769. Alabaster, Vitellius, VHIth Emperor of Rome.
Was proclaimed by his soldiers at Cologne, on the death of
Galba, A.D. 69, but he reigned less than one year, being over
thrown by Vespasian. The vices of Vitellius made him a favor
ite with Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero, who loaded him with
favors. His only talent seemed to be for eating and drinking,
and his excesses in this line seem almost incredible. When the
soldiers of Vespasian approached Rome, Vitellius hid himself
in a sewer, but the enraged populace found him, dragged him
out, and after subjecting him to every kind of public ignominy,
stabbed him, and threw his body into the Tiber.
791. Turquoise, Cupid, at an altar.
793. Turquoise, Cupid, pouring a libation on an altar.
799. Chalcedony Onyx, A Sacrifice. (Cinque cento.)
800. Chalcedony Onyx, Cupid on a Dolphin. (Cinque cento.)
810. Onyx, Tiberius.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 43

CASE T.
285. Alabaster and Agate, Apollo.
401. Onyx, A Bearded Mask.
435. A Rhone Pebble, A Warrior, with dolphin helmet.
443. Alabaster on Verd-Antique, Seneca. " Non quam
multa, sed quam multum."
448. Alabaster Gypsum, Incognito.
572. Agate Onyx, Mark Antony, caricatured as a Satyr,
showing that even in the glyptic art men took the lib
erty of caricaturing those in power.
578. Onyx, Alexander Severus, XXIXth Emperor of
Rome, and his mother, Julia Mamea.
586. Sardonyx, Nerva, XHth Emperor of Rome.
659. Onyx, Cupid with a tibia.
673. Sardonyx, Constantine. Very fine cameo.
724. Sardonyx, Julius Caesar,
Dictator, B.C. 100-44. Assassinated in the Senate Chamber
by Brutus, Cassius, and others, after he had almost reached
the supreme power. While in Egypt he had, by Cleopatra, a
son, called Caesarion.
725. Chalcedony, Figure of Victory, guiding a Biga.
7.28. Chalcedony Onyx, Jupiter Serapis.
744. Sardonyx, A Head, with Olympian cap.
Siberian Jasper, red and green, Priapus. This remarkable
piece of Siberian Jasper is a double cameo, the pur
ple-brown side representing Priapus, the green side a
female Egyptian deity. It is mounted on a silver
pedestal, and was intended as a household idol.

44 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
CASE U.
471. Amber, Fire, an allegorical cameo.
472. Amber, Air, an allegorical cameo.
475. Amber,

The Vintage. Bringing in the grapes.
477. Amber, Grotesque Head.
478. Amber, A Rude Head.
509. Amber, A House, Bridge, etc., intaglio.
522. Amber, A Pagan Priest.
714. Amber, A Small Head.
870. Amber, Grand Duke Paul, of Mecklenburg.
871. Amber, Grand Duchess Alexandrina, of Mecklenburg.
873. Amber, Princess Marianne, wife of Prince Frederick,
of the Netherlands.
874. Amber, Prince Frederick, of the Netherlands.
CASE V.
473. Amber, Earth, an allegorical cameo.
474. Amber, Water, an allegorical cameo.
508. Amber, Numa Pompilius.
843. Amber, A Child's Head.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 45
844. Amber, A Child's Head.
867. Amber, Elizabeth of Prussia, as Crown Princess.
868. Amber, Frederick William of Prussia, as Crown
Prince.
869. Amber, The Empress Charlotte of Russia.
872. Amber, Prince William of Prussia.
875. Amber, Wine, an allegorical cameo.
886. Amber, Cupid Disarmed by Venus.
CASE W.
70. A Moor.
82. A Rhone Pebble, Vitellius, VHIth Emperor of Rome.
83. Red Calcite, Venus.
87. Yellow Calcite, Diogenes, Greek philosopher.
144. Two Heads,* in helmet and turban.
155. Agalmatalite, A Chinese Figure.
260. Gray Alabaster, A Philosopher.
275. Mottled Calcite, A Bacchanal.
377. A Woman.* (Cinque cento.)
408. A Scenic Mask.*
409. A Philosopher.
415. Diogenes.*
436. Alabaster, The Hall of Judges, a rude Christian carving.
519. A Rhone Pebble, Philip IV.
541. Alabaster, Achilles.
* These specimens are Tenera (shell and other tender calcareous substances).

46 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
542. Alabaster, Julius Caesar.
543. Alabaster, Julius Caesar.
544. Alabaster, Julia Mamaea.
Daughter of Julia Maesa, and mother of Alexander Severus,
an excellent and learned woman. She gave a good education
to her son, Alexander Severus, and counselled him in state
affairs after he became Emperor. Both she and her son are
reputed to have been instructed by the Christian philosopher
Origen, and to have been believers in Christ.
547. A Bearded Head.*
548. A Bearded Head.*
550. An Oriental Bearded Head.*
551. A Bearded Head.*
552. Socrates.*
692. Zenobia and Odenatus,* rude carving.
713. Yellow Calcite, Costume Cameo.
830. Obverse, a grotesque Mask, representing Truth. Re
verse, Mask of a Satyr.
845. A Mask.*
CASE X.
13. A Philosopher.*
45. Terra Cotta.* (Roman.)
84. Yellow Calcite, A Bacchanal.
85. Red Calcite, Head of Agrippa.
88. Red Calcite, Bacchus.
156. Hercules* strangling the lion.
372. Obverse, a Persian King. Reverse, a tiara.*
383. A Bearded Head*
* These specimens are Tenera (shell, and other tender calcareous substances).

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 47
406. Gray Calcite, Epicurus.
409. Serpentine, A Philosopher.
424. Red Calcite, An Egyptian Priestess.
427. Romulus, Remus, and the Wolf.*
437. Alabaster, The Entombment. A Christian carving,
459. Three remarkably dissimilar heads, cut on the strata of
one piece of Conchiglia.*
484. A Greek Philosopher.*
485. A Cameo* on a common pebble.
493. A Wild Boar Hunt.* A specimen of carving in pearl.
527. A Rhone Pebble, Incognito.
536. Red Calcite, Napoleon I.
545. Alabaster, Minerva.
546. A Warrior.*
549. A Bearded Head.*
562. A Costume Cameo.*
564. Alabaster, Incognito.
731. Alabaster, A Warrior, with shield.
839. Serpentine, A Philosopher.
902. A Biga.*
CASE Y.
16. Onyx, Commodus, XVIIIth Emperor of Rome.
130. Sardonyx, Venus.
136. Amethyst, Dionysus. (Bacchus.)
168. Agate, Hygeia, Goddess of Health.
* These specimens are Tenera (shell, and other tender calcareous substances).

48 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
388. Chrysoprase, Lena. (Bacchante.)
414. Coral, Julia, daughter of Titus.
439. Alabaster, Lysimachus, with Greek signature BEAEP.
449. Coral. Obverse, St. Michael and the Dragon. Reverse,
the Resurrection. (Cinque cento.)
463. Green Jasper, A Bacchanal.
491. Chalcedony Onyx, A Woman. (Cinque cento.)
512. Alabaster, Nero, Vth Emperor of Rome, and Poppaea,
his wife.
524. Jasper, A King.
603. Sard, A Scenic Mask. An antique of the first century.
625. Sard, Aristides.
697. Red Jasper, Antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates. (Cameo
with a hand.)
748. Agate, A Negro.
826. Sardonyx, Petrarch's Laura.
" Like the love of Abelard and Heloise, the love of Petrarch
for Laura has been the foundation of that immortality which
their memory enjoys. In no other respect, however, were the
two cases alike, for the love of Petrarch was free from every
trace of that carnalism which tainted the affections of Abelard
and Heloise."
852. Sardonyx, Marcus Aurelius, XVIth Emperor of Rome.
CASE Z.
2. Chalcedony Onyx, Venus.
10. Chalcedony Onyx, Julius Caesar.
14. Chalcedony Onyx, A Maenad.
20. Sard, Juno.
77. Agate, Commodus, XVIIIth Emperor of Rome.
139. Chalcedony Onyx, Minerva.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.

49

142. Agate, Priam, King of Troy.
178. Onyx, Jupiter.
182. Sard, Hercules.
267. Agate Onyx, Pallas.
497. Agate Onyx, A Warrior, with shield and lance.
595. Tenera, Aristides.
657. Green Jasper, Cleopatra, on a cuneiform stone. This
stone has been used by an Oriental worker in gold
ornaments as a burnisher, as can be seen by examin
ing closely the edges. -
When Mark Antony gave Cleopatra a supper on one of his
ships, he had it expensively decorated with flowers and grapes, he
himself being dressed as Bacchus, and the ship illuminated. A
short time after, Cleopatra invited Mark Antony to ea,t a salad
with her. While they were eating it she said, " This salad cost
more than all your decorations." She. had worn in her ears a
pair of pearls, which were unequalled in the world for size and
beauty. One of these she had taken and dissolved in the vin
egar with which she had dressed the salad.
696. Sardonyx, Masaniello.
742. Chalcedony Onyx, A Divinity, with devotees imploring

his protection. A very fine and interesting cameo.
775. Sard,

Cupid, on horseback, with a goat's skin.

879. Agate, Lucius Verus, XVIIth Emperor of Rome, and
Lucilla his wife.

50 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
GOLD, SILVER, AND BRONZE RINGS.
CASE AA.
" In times of sorrow, the Roman changed his gold for iron and bronze rings, and when
he died, his rings were often burnt with his corpse. Rings were placed upon the statues
ofthe deities and heroes, and were put on or taken off according to the festival that was
celebrated. Roman rings were often of great value. Thus that ofthe Empress Faustina
is said to have cost the immense sum of $200,000, and that of Domitia the still larger
amount of $300,000."
298. Chalcedony Onyx, Virgil.
301. Onyx, Lucius Verus, XVHth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 161-169, the colleague of Marcus Aurelius in the Em
pire. He was a dissolute man, and died suddenly at Altinum,
in the country of Veneti.
312. Chalcedony Onyx, Petrarch.
316. Agate Onyx, Faustina, wife of M. Aurelius.
325. Chalcedony Onyx, Homer.
322. Sardonyx, Hertha, Goddess of the Earth.
327. Onyx, Ariosto, Italian poet.
331. Onyx, Vesta, Goddess ofthe Hearth.
337. Sardonyx, Hyacinthus, the Spartan beloved of Apollo.
Zephirus, while playing a game, drove the quoit of
Apollo with force against the head of Hyacinthus and
killed him; From his blood sprang up the flower,
hyacinth. 'On the leaves were AlAl.
360. Onyx, Ptolemy.
Ptolemy, or Ptolemacus, surnamed Philadelphus, son of Mark
Antony by Cleopatra. After the death of Antony, A.D. 30,
his life was spared by Augustus at the intercession of Juba and
Cleopatra, and he was brought up by Octavia with her own
children.
430. Onyx, Mecaenas.
456. Sardonyx, Pyrrhus, King of Epirus.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.

51

495. Emerald, Maximums Pius, XXXth Emperor of Rome.
Greek cameo. Signed.

Obverse, Maximinus Pius, in relief.

Reverse, a figure of Victory, intaglio.

A.D. 235-238, was born in a village on the confines of Thrace,
had been patronized and advanced by Alexander Severus, and
on his death was proclaimed Emperor. A valiant general, but
cruel and brutal. The army and people were so dissatisfied,
that they formed a conjura, and assassinated him.
502. Onyx, Horatius defending the bridge. The bridge was
on the Tiber, at Rome; Horatius was fighting the
Etruscans ; the Romans were obliged to destroy their
end of the bridge, when Horatius with his horse swam
back.
511. Ruby, A Child's Head, unique and rare. A ruby in
relief is seldom to be found in any European collection.

521. Agate, A Warrior in a Biga, drawn by two camels,

Victory about to crown him.
555. Sard, A Slave of Aleppo. An Oriental gem.
836. Onyx, Marcus Aurelius, XVIth Emperor of Rome.
4

52 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
851.
Chalcedony Onyx, A Cameo.
In relief and in intaglio.

The outer serpent is cameo. In relief.
The cock, etc., in the centre. Intaglio.
The outer serpent is a Bisa swallowing his own tail,-
Eternity. Centre, a cock, — Vigilance.
And a Bazilisco, the serpent hatched by a hen.
CASE BB.
288. Agate, Deianira, wife of Hercules.
291. Sardonyx, A Bacchante.
318. White Topaz, Augustus, lid Emperor of Rome.
A Greek cameo, signed \_-rHlSAAI.
320. . Pale Onyx, Nero, Vth Emperor of Rome.
324. Agate, A Kalmuck.
332. Chalcedony Onyx, Jugurtha, King of Numidia.
345. Pale Onyx, Jupiter Serapis.
349. Onyx, Psyche.
361. Sardonyx, Jove. Fine cameo.
365. Chalcedony Onyx, A Medici. (Cinque cento.)
369. Chalcedony Onyx, A Medici. (Cinque cento.)

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION, 53
426. Sardonyx, Titus, Xth Emperor of Rome.
465. Emerald, A Sleeping Dog.
494. Pale Onyx, Jupiter Serapis.
573. Onyx, Medusa. (Cinque cento.)
596. Chalcedony Onyx, Medusa. Set with diamond sparks.
(Cinque cento.)
737. Pale Onyx, A Warrior. Roman intaglio.
832. Sardonyx, A Chimera. Three masks.
854. Emerald, An Etruscan Scarabaeus.
CASE CC.
303. Sardonyx, Chloris, a floral divinity.
305. Sard, Marcus Aurelius, XVIth Emperor of Rome.
307. Sardonyx, Jupiter.
321. Agate, Domitian, Xlth Emperor of Rome.
330. Sardonyx, Faustina.
333. Sardonyx, Incognito.
335. Onyx, A Grotesque Head.
336. Pale Sard, A Bull.
340. Carnelian, Domitian, Xlth Emperor of Rome.
A.D. 81-96, succeeded his brother Titus. Domitian was al
ternately trifling and cruel. He spent much of his time catch
ing and killing flies. One day his beautiful wife Domitia entered
his apartment, her hair elaborately dressed, with a small
stiletto stuck through it for ornamental support. Domitian,
seeing a fly upon her, struck for it, and in doing so deranged the
head-dress ; whereupon Domitia, enraged, seized the stiletto
and chased the Emperor from room to room. He once invited
a number of Senators to dinner, and when they were assembled
led them into an adjoining apartment hung in black, lit with
candles, while all around the sides of the room were open coffins,
bearing the names of the guests.

54 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
342. Chalcedony, Ptolemy, King of Egypt.
346. Onyx, Incognito.
3.50. Sardonyx, Titus, Xth Emperor of Rome,
A.D. 79-81, who succeeded Vespasian, was one of the most
illustrious and beneficent of the Roman Emperors. He is most
particularly known for the siege and capture of Jerusalem, A.D.
70. The Arch of Titus, erected in Rome in commemoration of
this event, and still standing, contains sculptures of many of the
sacred vessels brought by him from the Temple at Jerusalem.
During his reign the great eruption of Vesuvius occurred which
buried the cities Herculaneum and Pompeii, A.D. 79. Titus
completed the Colosseum, which had been begun by his father ;
he built also the Baths of Titus. The dedication of these two
edifices was celebrated by spectacles which lasted one hundred
days, and was marked with extraordinary splendor. On one
day alone, five thousand wild animals are said to have been ex
hibited.
359. Onyx, Tiberius, lid Emperor of Rome.
483. Pale Onyx, Homer.
504. Onyx, Maria Theresa.
709. Onyx, Diana in a Biga.
736. Onyx, Marcus Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus, and
Grand Admiral of the Roman fleet.
834. Onyx, An Antique Intaglio, with Greek inscription.
840. Agate, Ptolemaeus Auletes, the flute-player, son of
Ptolemasus Lathyrus.
CASE DD.
46. Onyx, A Faun.
290. Onyx, Hadrian, XlVth Emperor of Rome,
A.D. 117-138, was born at Rome. He occupied most of his
reign, travelling in all the Roman provinces in Egypt, Germany,
Spain, etc., etc., then built Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, where he
had reproduced many of the fine works of art he had seen. At
Bithynia, he met young Antinous, of beauty and fine form, and
made him his favorite. Antinous was drowned in the Nile, and
Hadrian built a temple to his memory at Alexandria.
294. Onyx, A Bacchante.
295. Pale Onyx, Incognito.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 55
297. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito.
313. Chalcedony Onyx, Jupiter.
323. Chalcedony Onyx, Trebonianus Gallus, XLIst Emperor
of Rome.
338. Sardonyx, Zenon, Greek philosopher.
352. Red Jasper, Octa via, daughter of Claudius, I Vth Em
peror of Rome.
356. Sard, Numa Pompilius, lid King of Rome., in sacer
dotal costume.
358. Agate, Marcus Aurelius (in youth), XVIth Emperor
of Rome.
363. Chalcedony Onyx, Gordianus Pius III, XXXV th Em
peror of Rome.
364. Onyx, A Warrior, with shield.
368. Carnelian Onyx, Olympia. Remarkable color.
539. Chalcedony Onyx, A Bearded Mask.
557. Carnelian, Paris of Troy.
831. Sardonyx, Melpomene, one of the nine Muses, who pre

sided over Tragedy. Rare cami_o and beautiful stone,
858. Onyx, A Grotesque Head.
863. Onyx, Jupiter Tonans.
CASE EE.
289. Pale Sardonyx, Domitian, Xlth Emperor of Rome.
299. Chalcedony, Aristides.

56 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
308. Chalcedony Onyx, Messalina, third wife of Nero.
311. Pale Sardonyx, Rhemetalces, King of Thrace.
315. Chalcedony Onyx, A Figure of Victory as History.
341. Agate Onyx, Commodus, XVIIIth Emperor of Rome.
343. Pale Onyx, Magdalen.
344. Onyx, A Turbaned Ethiopian.
362. Agate, A Phrygian Amazon.
392. Chalcedony Onyx, A Gorgon Mask.
422. Sardonyx, Hercules and Iole.
482. Agate, Diogenes.
499. Jasper Onyx, A Lion devouring a Horse. Fine stone.
537. Chalcedony, Medusa.
538. Onyx, A Roman Mask. (Cinque cento.)
566. Sard, A Satyr.
835. Onyx, A Warrior, with Medusa on his Shield.
857. Agate, An Intaglio.
859. Onyx, Incognito.
884. Sardonyx, An Intaglio. Priapus.
CASE FF.
292. Sardonyx, Hyacinthus.
293. Pale Sardonyx, Commodus, XVIIIth Emperor of
Rome.
300. Agate, Cleopatra.
302. Chalcedony, Otho, Vllth Emperor of Rome.
317. Medusa.
326. Onyx, Cupid.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 57
328. Sard, Meleager.
329. Jasper, An African.
334. Gray Alabaster, A Philosopher.
339. Onyx, Alexander.
351. Siberian Jasper, Incognito.
353. Onyx, Psyche.
357. Onyx, Bassara. (Bacchante.)
447. Jasper, The Crucifixion. (Early Christian.)
464. Sard, Emperor of Rome, Incognito.
533. Onyx, Cassander, King of Macedonia. (Without the
lion's skin.)
554. Pale Sardonyx, Carlo Borromeo, of the Medici family.
558. Agate, Claudius, IV th Emperor of Rome.
829. Cameo in Gold, Jupiter Serapis, Isis, and Horus.
CASE GG.
296. Carnelian, A Roman Intaglio.
306. Sardonyx, ^Isculapius.
310. Chalcedony, Lysimachus.
314. Onyx, Lena. (Bacchante.)
319. Sardonyx, Socrates.
347. Pale Sardonyx, Semele, a Breviary ring of Philip II,

of Spain, with knobs or points, used to count prayers.

58 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
348. Pale Onyx, Macrinus, XXVIth Emperor of Rome,
A.D. 217-218 ; born in Csesarea, in Mauritania. On the
assassination of Caracalla he was proclaimed Emperor, reigned
a few months, and was assassinated by the friend of Caracalla,
under the influence of Julia Maesa, the aunt of Caracalla.
354. Chalcedony Onyx, Hesiodus, poet ofthe Boeotian school.
355. Chalcedony Onyx, M. Agrippa, Grand Admiral under
Augustus.
366. Sardonyx, Olivia, a Priestess.
367. Onyx, A Negro.
423. Pale Sardonyx (notice the utilization of the stratification
of this stone), An Owl's Head.
428. Onyx, Cleopatra.
498. Sardonyx, A Mask of a Satyr.
510. Sardonyx, Socrates, and his mask.
520. Onyx, A Figure of Minerva.
675. Bronze Ring of First Century, with Intaglio. In
antique paste.
677. Bronze Ring of First Century, with Intaglio. In
antique paste.
722. Sardonyx, A Wounded Gladiator.

GOLD AND BRONZE RINGS.
CASE HH.
918. Chalcedony Onyx, Harpocrates, also called Horus, was
the god of Silence, and is said to have been born with
his finger on his mouth. In Egyptian fable he was
the god of the Sun.
921. Pale Sardonyx, Meleager, the wild boar hunter. His
hunting expeditions led to open war. The Caledo
nians were always victorious so long as Meleager went
out with them.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 59
930. Sard, Cicero, the Roman orator.
933. Pale Onyx, Pertinax, Emperor of Rome from January
1st to March 28th, A.D. 193, born in the province of
Genoa, was proclaimed Emperor after Commodus,
reigned two months, twenty-seven days. Was stabbed
by the Pretorian guard, because he desired reform, and
would not pay nor give presents to the guards, as the
tyrannical emperors who had preceded him.
934. Onyx of Seven Strata, A Helmeted Warrior. Fine
example of the utilization of stratification in stones for
gems.
937. Pale Sardonyx, Sophocles, Greek dramatist.
938. Agate Onyx, Phoenix rising from the flames. Probably
a fragment of a large and important cameo.
939. Sardonyx, Seneca, the Rhetorician, was born at Cor
dova, in Spain, about B. C. 61. He was at Rome in
the early period of the power of Augustus.
940. Pale Onyx, Maximinus Pius, XXXth Emperor of
Rome.
943. An Antique Scenic Mask, green color. One of the
rarest gems in my collection.
944. Chalcedony, Priapus.
950. Chalcedony Onyx, Ulysses, one of the leaders in the
Trojan war, sometimes called "the Mariner," on ac
count of his skill in navigation, and his long voyages
with companions, after the downfall of Troy.
963. Bronze, with Gold Alloy, The Sprig with Rose, was
an emblem often added to the intaglios of Rhodes.
Bought of a Hungarian Gipsy in an encampment near
Car) berg, north of Stockholm, Sweden.

60 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.

On the following diagram of Case II, No. 685, an Etruscan
Scarabaeus. Subject, Minerva with the iEgis and six serpents

with Gorgon heads, symbols of power on the earth, in contra
distinction to the svmbol of Divine Power — ?.

Far back into the world's history the relation of the ser
pent to sculptured or engraved stones carries us, and reveals
to us the reptile as still the object of veneration, if not of
adoration, among wholly remote nations. If we search among
the tombs of Egypt, Assyria, and Etruria, we shall find innu
merable signets, cylinders, and scarabsei of gems engraved
with serpents. These were probably worn as amulets, or used
as insignia of authority ; and in the temples and tombs of
these and other countries serpents are engraved, or sculptured,
or painted, either as hieroglyphics, or as forming symbolical
ornaments of deities or genii.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 61

CASE JJ.
915. Sardonyx, Apollo, one of the great divinities of the
Greeks, the god of Song and Music.
920. Siberian Jasper, Claudius, IV th Emperor of Rome,
brother of Germanicus, and uncle of Caligula.
He was in his nephew's palace when the soldiers sought to
assassinate him. He was very much frightened, and hid himself
under the curtain of a palace door, where they found him trem
bling and powerless with fear. Through love for his brother,
the deceased Germanicus, they carried Claudius out and showed
him to the people, and he was forthwith proclaimed Emperor.
He was not tyrannical, but weak, incapable, and timorous.
After reigning thirteen years, A.D. 41-54, his wife, Agrippina,
caused the physician to administer poison to him, of which he
died.
922. Onyx, Virgil. Superb cameo. Exquisite natural color.
923. Sardonyx, Hippocrates. The most celebrated physi
cian of antiquity, born in the Island of Cus, about
B.C. 460. One of the finest cameos in my collection.
935. Sardonyx, Marcus Agrippa, General under Augustus,
and Grand Admiral.
936. Sard, Mecaenas, the chief minister and friend of Augus
tus. He was enormously rich, and used his wealth
freely in patronizing men of letters, particularly
Horace and Virgil.
941. Pale Sard, Offering a Libation to Bacchus.
942. Chalcedony, A Curious Rude Head.
945. White Topaz, Aristides, surnamed The Just, on account
of his inflexible integrity. He was contemporaneous
with Themistocles, and died about B.C. 468.
755. Clialcedony Onyx, Domitia, wife of the Emperor Domi
tian.
961. Onyx, Vulcan at the Forge with a Cyclop.

62 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
962. Carnelian, An Intaglio.

Observe the bird in oue l.aud and the names in the other.

Charon passing, in his bark, the Styx, to conduct the souls
after death to Averno. A soul is represented converted into
the form of a bird, which is already commencing to suffer
the torment of eternal fire, as is seen by the burning flames.
The figures seated above are the other souls, who are waiting
the return of Charon, in order to be transported to Averno.
This is an intaglio of the second century, is Roman, and a highly
interesting subject ; is ancient and unique.
997. Bronze, Thothmes Hid, an Egyptian seal ring found
by the collector at Esna.

AMBER ORNAMENTS.
CASE KK.
909.910.911.912.
913. 914.

A set of small basso-rilievos in amber.

927. Amber Basso-rilievo, Diana Conservatrice.
928. Amber Basso-rilievo, Agriculture.
986. An amber necklace found in the ruins of Cumae, on the
hill of Mount Gaurus, near Misenum. This ornament
was probably cut B.C. 200 years.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 63

CASE LL.
907. Brown Jasper, A Skull.
908. Carnelian, An Amulet.
925. Onyx, A Full Length Nude Figure, an Oriental female.
Notice the natural flesh color of the stratum in which
the figure is cut.
948. Oriental Sardonyx, A Cameo. The Emperor Trajan,
with Victory driving him in a chariot. Valuable and
beautiful. Notice the horses.
951. Chalcedony Onyx, Hercules with Club.
455. Chalcedony Onyx, Livia, wife of Augustus. Remark the
pale green color of the garment covering the head.
959. Thin Maculated Red Agate, Goat at a Fountain.
964. Sardonyx, Marciana Augusta, sister of Trajan and
mother of Matidia.

979. Carnelian Intaglio.

CASE MM.
398. Lapis Lazuli, A Child's Head.
404. Pale Sardonyx, An Owl. The insignia of Minerva,
usually on Athenian coins.
405. Chalcedony Onyx, Figure of Pan, the god of the Satyrs
playing on the Pandian pipes. (Cinque cento.)
946. Maculated Sardonyx, Commodus, XVIIIth Emperor
of Rome,
And son of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, was very extrava
gant and cruel. His chief delight was in horses ; in guiding and
managing them he thought himself unrivalled. He believed
himself the equal of Hercules in strength, and drove about the
streets of Rome naked, with the skin of a lion and a club, causing
himself to be called the Roman Hercules. He had also a pas-

64 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
sionate love for fighting with the gladiators, and had even de
cided to exhibit himself in a public combat with them on the
occasion of a grand spectacle, which he intended one day to give
in the amphitheatre, when he would be proclaimed chief ofthe
gladiators. His friend, Marzea, who was much attached to him,
and to whom he confided this resolution, disapproved it, and
made him reflect how indecorous it would be, and wanting in
dignity for a Roman Emperor to expose himself, mixing in public
with the dregs ofthe people. At which representation he was
extremely indignant, and drove her from him with scorn, deter
mining in his heart to take her life, together with that of several
Senators, whose sentence he had already signed upon a tablet of
prepared wax. At the head of the list stood the lady's name.
By a strange coincidence, she saw the list in the hands of a boy
who was playing with it, and had found it in the bed of the Em
peror. She took it from his hands, read it, and greatly terrified,
ran with it to the Senators who were condemned to death with
her. With one consent they agreed to kill him. She told them
that the habit of the Emperor was to go every morning to the
bath, and then to repose awhile in his bed, where was usually
carried him a cup of wine, after which he slept. They then re
solved to poison this wine. Thus it was done, and he drank it,
but by a strange fatality, after some hours, being of a strong
temperament, he threw it off his stomach. Then all was con
sternation and despair among the conspirators, exclaiming ' ' Now
we are dead men," but with haste they called Ateleta Narcisso,
who suffocated the Emperor with two fingers, grasping the
throat, and thus liberated Rome from one of her most bloody
masters. The finest cameo in my collection.
953. Chalcedony Onyx, A Lady of the Medici Family.
(Cinque cento.)
CASE NN.
993. Sard Intaglio, Minerva,. The serpent forming the plume
at the back of the helmet is emblematic of subtlety and
wisdom. " Be ye therefore wise as serpents." — Matt.
X. 16.
932. Bluish Chalcedony, An Ethiopian with turban.
952. Oriental Green Jasper, Pescennius Niger, XXIst Em
peror of Rome.
956. Conchiglia, Mercury and a Nymph.
957. Conchiglia, Jacob and Rachel.

SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION. 65
965. Agate, Brennus, General of the Sononian Gauls, B.C.
390. He defeated the Romans at the Allia, and took
Rome.
968. Chalcedony Onyx, Incognito. Fine head.
973. Red Jasper Intai
branch. •
976. Onyx, Peacocks.

973. Red Jasper Intaglio, A Goat feeding from a hanging
branch. •

CASE 00.
916. Mother-of-Pearl, A Landscape, with cow.
917. Mother-of-Pearl, A Landscape, with cow.
926. Sardonyx, Aristotle, born at Stagira, in Macedonia,
B.C. 384. He lived at Athens twenty years. Plato
named his house " The House of the Reader."
947. Agate Onyx; Belerophon catching the " winged horse
Pegasus " drinking at the well of Perene. Pegasus,
son of Medusa by Poseidon.
949. Antique Paste, Nymphs Bathing. Second century.
970. Pale Onyx Intaglio.
972. Maculated Onyx, Sappho, one of the vEolian school of
lyric poetry.
975. Green Jasper Intaglio, A Horse.
977. Carnelian Intaglio.
983. Chalcedony, An Antique Roman.
CASE PP.
919. Agate, Septimus Severus, Emperor of Rome. (See
note to No. 191, Case "A.")
924. Pale Sardonyx, Commodus and Crispina.
Crispina, wife of the Emperor Commodus. On account of in
fidelity to her husband, she was banished to Capreas, and then
put to death.

66 SOMMERVILLE COLLECTION.
931. Onyx, A Lioness. Beautiful utilization of color of the
stone.
966. Turquoise, A Rude Female Head, and a skull.
971. Pale Sardonyx, Queen Anne, of Great Britain. She
succeeded William and Mary, and reigned from 1702
to 1714.
974. Sard, Etruscan Intaglio.
978. Carnelian, Intaglio, Pomona, dropping fruit.
982. Green Jasper,

Psyche's Butterfly driving Juno's Peacock.
984. Carnelian, Intaglio.
CASE QQ.
999. Chinese Basso-rilievo, A Tree with Vine and Flowers.
CASE RR.
1000. Chinese Basso-rilievo, Horses Frolicking.