.YMJE-vssirviEKSinnr'

DIVINITY SCHOOL
TROWBRIDGE LIBRARY

THE

BOOK OF GENESIS

PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON

THE
BOOK OF GENESIS
A TRANSLATION FROM THE HEBREW
IN WHICH THE
CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF THE TEXT ABE SEPABATED
TO WHICH IS ADDED
AN ATTEMPTED BESTOEATION OF THE OBIGINAL DOCUMENTS
USED BY THE LATEST BEVISEB (
BY \
FKANCOIS LENOKMANT
MEMBER OP THE INSTITUTE
franslaieit from % <$renxjj
WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY THE AUTHOR OF
'MANKIND, THEIR ORIGIN AND DESTINY

LONDON
LONGMANS, GKEEN, AND CO.
1886
All rights reserved

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION .

PART I.

PAGE vii

THE MASSORETIC TEXT OF GENESIS IN ITS
PRESENT STATE .
PART II.
THE BOOK OF ORIGINS, OR JEHOVISTIC
DOCUMENT.
1. The Creation of Man and Woman
2. The First Sin .....
3. Qain and Habel .....
4. The Two Lines of 1 dam's Posterity .
5. The Sons of God and the Daughters of Men
6. The Deluge .....
7. The Curse upon Kena'an .
8. The Lineage of the Sons of N6a'h .
9. The Tower of Babel ....
10. The Call of Abraham ....
11. Abraham in Egypt .....
12. Abraham and L6t separate .
13. Eescue of L6t by AbrAhAm, and Blessing of Abraham by
Malki'cedeq .....
14. Covenant between Yahveh and Abraham .
15. Birth of Yishma'el .....
16. Yice'haq's Birth promised
17. Abraham intervenes on behalf of Sed6m
18. Destruction of Sed6m and 'Am6rah .
19. L6t and his Daughters
20. Birth of Yice'haq ....
21. The Sacrifice of Abraham

167

169

172

174
175
176
179
180
181
182
183
184
HAM BY
186
188
191
192
194
196
200
201
. 202
vi CONTENTS. PAGE
22. The Children of NA'h6r . . • • • 20*
23. The Marriage of Yice'haq and Ribqah
24. Ya'aq6b and 'EsAv .....
25. Yice'haq and Abimelech at GerAr .... 214
26. Ya'aq6b obtains his Father's Blessing by Stratagem . 217
27. The Vision of Ya'aq6b .... • 222
28. LAban entertains Ya'aqob ....
29. Ya'aq6b leaves Laban ....
30. Ya'aq6b prepares to meet his Brother
31. Ya'aqob wrestles with *Bl6him ....
32. Meeting of Ya'aq6b and 'EsAv
33. The Sons of Ya'aqob and the Inhabitants of Shechem
34. Beth-el reconsecrated ....
35. Death of Ra'hel . . .
36. Yoseph and his Brethren
37. Yehudah and TAmAr .....
38, Yoseph in P6tiphar's House ....
39. Yoseph is advanced in MicrAim ....
40. First Meeting of Y6seph and his Brethren
41. Second Meeting of Y6seph and his Brethren. Y6seph
makes himself known to them .... 256
42. The Family of Ya'aq6b settles in MicrAim . . . 265
43. Blessing of the Sons of Y6seph ..... 267
44. Blessing of the Sons of Ya'aq6b . . . . 270
45. Death and Funerals of Ya'aq6b and Y6seph . . . 273

PART III.
THE BOOK OF GENEALOGIES, OR ELOHISTIC
DOCUMENT.

1. The Genealogies of the Heaven and of the Earth
2. The Genealogies of AdAm ....
3. The Genealogies of N6a'h ....
4. The Genealogies of the Sons of N6a'h
5. The Genealogies of Shem ...
6. The Genealogies of Tera'h
7. The Genealogies of Abraham
8. The Genealogies of YishmA'el
9. The Genealogies of Yioe'hAq
10. The Genealogies of 'fisAv
11. The Genealogies of Ya'aq6b

205
212

224231 237239
240
242245246247
249 252
255 256

279
283285 291 293 294295
303304310
314

INTRODUCTION.

In the year 1753 Jean Astruc, a celebrated physician,
published a work called ' Conjectures sur les memoires originaux
qui ont servi a Moi'se pour ecrire la Genese.' Leclerc ( ' Diss. III.
de Scriptore Pentateuchi ' ) and R. Simon ( ' Hist, critique du
Vieux Testament/ livr. i. ch. 7) had previously pointed out the
existence of two distinct documents in Genesis.
M. Lenormant observes that while every verse of the
Pentateuch has been discussed minutely and word by word with
the view of determining its origin, the details of this necessary
labour have become so complicated that only a professional critic
can obtain a general view of its results. This induced him to
undertake the present work, in order that the conclusions of the
specialists might become more generally known, and, if his
lamented death had not interrupted the project, he intended to
analyse the other books of the Pentateuch in the same manner.
He says : —
' Many attempts have been made to invalidate the conclu
sions of criticism, but, to select a few instances, no one has ever
been able to explain how it is that man and animals are created
by Yahveh in chap. ii. after having been created by Blohim in
chap. i. ; how it is that the name of Yahveh is said in Gen. iv. 26 to
have been known to men ever since- a period before the Deluge,
when in Ex. vi. 3 it is said to have been unknown to the
patriarchs ; how it is that in Gen. vi. 5 it is Yahveh, and in
verse 12 it is Blohim who sees that the world is corrupt; and,
lastly, how it is that while in Gen. vi. 13 Elohim orders Noah
to make the ark, it is Yahveh in chap. vii. 1 who commands him

viii INTRODUCTION
to enter it, and how it is that in doing so Noah obeys Elohim
according to verse 5, and Yahveh according to verse 9.
Dean Stanley, speaking of ' the gifted seer, whoever he was,
that wrote that first' chapter of the Book of Genesis,' remarks
( ' Sermons on Special Occasions,' p. 201) : —
' It is well known that when the science of Geology first
arose, it was involved in endless schemes of attempted recon
ciliation with the letter of Scripture. There were, there are
perhaps still, two modes of reconciliation of Scripture and
science, which have been each in their day attempted, and have
each totally and deservedly failed. One is the endeavour to
wrest the words of the Bible from their natural meaning, and
force them to speak the language of science. Of this, the
earliest and perhaps the most memorable example was set by the
Greek translators in the time of the Ptolemies — the Seventy, as
they are called. They came, in the course of their translation,
to that verse of Leviticus containing the well-known stumbling-
block, which they probably were the first to discern, which speaks
of the hare as one of the animals which chew the cud. In the old
world, before the birth of accurate observation, that which had
the appearance of rumination was mistaken for the reality, and
was so described. But by the time that the Greek translation
of the Bible was undertaken, the greatest naturalist of antiquity,
the world-famous Aristotle, had already devoted his sagacious
mind to the study of the habits of animals, and through his
writings the true state of the case had been made known. The
venerable scholars who were at work on the translation were too
conscientious to reject the clear evidence of science : but they
were too timid to allow the contradiction to appear, and there
fore, with the usual rashness of fear, they boldly interpolated the
word " NOT " into the sacred text, and thus, as they thought
reconciled it to science by making the whole passage mean exactly
the reverse of that which was intended. This is the earliest
instance of the falsification of Scripture to meet the demands of
science ; and it has been followed in later times by the various
efforts which have been made to twist the earlier chapters of
Genesis into apparent agreement with the last results ofGeolooy

INTRODUCTION ix
— representing days not to be days, morning and evening not
to be morning and evening, the deluge not to be the deluge, and
the ark not to be the ark.' (Sermon on the death of Sir Charles
Lyell.) Wellhausen in his ' History of Israel ' observes that the
language of the Elohist differs considerably from that of the
pre-exilic historical books, and that the author makes use of a
whole series of characteristic expressions which are not in use
before the exile, but gradually emerge and come into use after
it. Neither narrative, however, he considers, can be regarded
as other than complex products, alongside of which occur hybrid
or posthumous elements which do not admit of being simply
referred to one or the other formation.
Almost every nation in antiquity had its cosmogony. There
are two cosmogonies in Genesis : the Jehovistic one contained in
Gen. ii. 4 &-7, and the Elohistic one in Gen. i.-ii. 4 a. The
following is a literal translation of the earlier or Jehovistic
cosmogony, and the narrative which follows up to the expulsion
of Adam and Eve from the garden of Eden, with some extracts
from the Targums of Onkelos, Jonathan ben Uzziel and others.
The Targum of Onkelos is held to. be of equal authority with
the Mosaic text, and he is said merely to have committed to
writing what had been handed down by tradition from Mount
Sinai. Zung says that ' Onkelos, somewhere about the time
of Philo, translated the Pentateuch, and that Jonathan ben
Uzziel, the paraphrast on the prophetical books, was a scholar
of Hillel.' [It was all a dry waste] * when Yahveh made earth and heaven.2
And no bush of the field and no green herb of the field had yet
1 Wellhausen points out that this first sentence has been cut off by the
reviser. 2 In Tr. Haghiga, ii. 1, there is a detailed account of the dispute between
the schools of Shammai' and Hillel respecting the creation. The disciples
of Shammai said that heaven was created first and the earth afterwards ;
the disciples of Hillel held the opposite opinion. The Shammai'tes founded
their belief on Gen. i. 1, ' In the beginning God created the heaven and the
earth.' This, they said, resembled the act of that king who, after having
built up a throne, formed the pedestal (yncmohiov) of it, according to the

X INTRODUCTION
sprouted forth, ' for Yahveh E16him had not caused it to rain upon
the earth, and there was not a man (an Adam) to till the ground
(ha'adamah).2 And an exhalation went up from the earth, and
watered the whole face of the ground. And Yahveh E16him formed
the man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the
breath of lives, and the man became a living creature.3
Here the cosmogony, strictly speaking, ends, but the work
of creation is not completed till the end of the chapter. Up to
the present time we have an arid earth. Schrader points out
the resemblance to the Babylonian creation story, line 6,
'. . . a sprout had not yet sprung forth,' in the representation
of the condition of the earth. Yahveh formed the man of the
dust of the ground : that is, he fashioned him as a potter does
clay. Conf. Job x. 9, 'Bemember, I beseech thee, that thou
hast fashioned me as clay ; and wilt thou bring me into dust
again ? ' Josephus says man was called ' adam,' red, because
he was made of virgin and true earth. See Cant. v. 10. For
' dust ' we should probably read ' dry earth ' (trockene Erde), as
in Gen. xxvi. 15 ; Josh. vii. 6 ; Job ii. 11 (Ges.).
' And he breathed into his nostrils the breath of lives.' The
words (Is. lxvi. 1) ' The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool.'
The Hillelites relied on Gen. ii. 4, ' in the day that the Everlasting God
made earth and the heavens.' Such, they held, was the custom in regal
buildings, to lay the foundation first, and afterwards the superstructure,
according to Is. xlviii. 13, ' Yea, mine hand hath laid the foundation of the
earth, and my right hand hath spread out the heavens.'
1 Onkelos, ' And all trees of the field were not yet in the earth, and every
herb of the field had not yet sprung up.'
2 Jonathan, ' Because the Lord God had not made it to rain upon the
earth, and man was not to cultivate the ground. But a cloud of glory de
scended from the throne of glory, and was filled with waters from the ocean,
and afterwards went up from the earth, and gave rain to come down and
water all the face of the ground.'
3 O., 'And the Lord God created Adam from dust of the ground, and
breathed upon his face the breath of lives, and it became in Adam a Dis
coursing Spirit.'
J., ' And the Lord God created man in two formations ; and took dust
from the house of the sanctuary [Mount Moriah], and from the four winds
of the world, and created him red, black, and white : and breathed into his
nostrils the inspiration of a speaking spirit unto the illumination of the eyes
and the hearing of the ears.'

INTRODUCTION xi
Hebrew 'ayyim is in the plural, and is correctly translated
' lives ' by Onkelos. Josephus says that God inserted into man
a spirit and a soul, and it was the universal belief, not only
among the Jews, but among the ancients generally, that man
consisted of spirit, soul and body. In 'Ant.' iii. 1, § 2,
Josephus says that the blood of animals was forbidden to be
eaten because it had in it soul and spirit. In 1 Thess. v. 23
(conf. 1 Cor. xv. 44, 45), Paul speaks of irvsvfia and ^jrv^V as
distinct from a-cofia. The Greeks had three sorts of souls — ^v%i7
the soul of the senses ; Trvsv/Ma, corresponding to spiritus,
spirit, or breath, which gives life and movement to the body,
and vovs, or intellect. The Fathers believed the soul to be
material. Irenaeus says the soul is only incorporeal in com
parison with the body. TertuUian calls the flesh the body of
the soul, and the soul the body of the spirit, and mentions the
vision of a holy woman who had seen a very brilliant soul which
was of the same colour as the air.
And Yahveh E16him planted a garden eastward in Eden ! ; and
there he put the man whom he had formed. And out of the ground
made Yahveh E16him to sprout forth every tree that is pleasant to
the sight, and good for food • the tree of lives also in the midst of
the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.2 And a
river flowed forth from Eden to water the garden ; and from thence
it was divided and became four heads.3 The name of the first is
Pish6n : that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah,
where there is gold ; and the gold of that land is good 4 : there is the
1 O., 'The Lord God planted a garden in a region of pleasantness'
(Samaritan version, ' paradise,') ' in the time of the beginning.'
J., ' And a garden from the Eden of the just was planted by the Word of
the Lord God before the creation of the world.'
2 O., ' The Tree of Life (Lives), and the Tree of whose fruit they who eat
know between good and evil.'
J., ' The Tree of Life in the midst of the garden, whose height was a jour
ney of five hundred years, and the tree of whose fruit they who ate would
distinguish between good and evil.'
3 O., ' And a rjver went forth from Eden to water the garden ' (Sam.
' islands ').
4 Sam., ' Phison-kadoph.' J., ' The name of the first is Phishon : that is it
which compasseth all the land of Hindiki, where there is gold. And the
gold of that land is choice.'

XU INTRODUCTION
bed61a'h and the sh6ham stone.1 And the name of the second river
is Qi'hSn 2: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Kush.3
And the name of the third river is Hiddeqel 4 : that is it which goeth
east of Asshur.6 And the fourth river is the Phrath.
Eden is the region, of which the gan or garden (Deut. xi. 10)
is a portion. The rabbis say that the tree of life represents the
sixtieth part of the garden, and the garden the sixtieth part of
Eden, and that the expression ' A river went out of Eden to
water the garden ' shows that the latter is only a portion of
Eden. The Aryan Paradise, like the Hebrew one, had four rivers,
which the Brahmans named the Sita, the Alakananda, the
Vakshu, and the Bhadro, which, according to Wilson, are
respectively the Hoang-ho, the Ganges, the Oxus, and the Oby.
The Buddhists called them the Ganges, the Indus, the Oxus,
and the Sita, and said they all flowed from a great central lake
in the plateau of Pamir called A-neou-ta, that is the Kara-kul
or Sarik-kul (Yellow Lake), which, however, they do not.
The Mohammedans call the Oxus Jaihim — that is, the Gihon of
the Hebrew Paradise. The Pamir plateau is called Bam-i-
dunya, or the Roof of the World, and is identical with the
northern Imaos of Ptolemy (Sansk. hima, cold), and Meru, the
primeval Aryan Paradise and the centre from which their
migrations took place. Ewald considers the Pison and the
Gihon to be identical with the Indus and the Ganges.
Josephus says the garden was watered by one river, which
ran about the whole earth, and was parted into four parts, viz.
Phison (which he identifies with the Ganges), the Euphrates and
Tigris, which run into the Bed Sea, and the Geon, which runs
through Egypt, and denotes what arises from the east, which
the Greeks call Nile. There was nothing surprising in this to
the ancients. In Greece the Delians had a stream which they
1 O., ' Bedalcha and burilla-stones.'
J., ' There is the bedilcha, and the precious stones of byrils.'
a 0., ' Gichon '; Sam., ' Askoph.'
3 Sam., ' Chophin.'
4 O., ' Diqelath ' ; Sam., ' Kephlosah.'
5 0., ' East of Athur ; ' Sam., ' Kingdom of Hatsphu.'

INTRODUCTION Xlll
said was a branch of the Nile. Pausanias (II. v. 2) says the
Nile was identical with the Euphrates, which lost itself in a
lake, and reappeared in Upper Ethiopia. Alexander thought
that he had found the sources of the Nile when he discovered
crocodiles in the Indus. Diodorus says (i. 12 ; xix. 26) that
an ocean stream flowed round the earth; and the Hebrews
held that Yahveh ' founded the earth upon the seas, and estab
lished it upon the floods ' (Ps. xxiv. 2), and again, in Ps.
cxxxvi. he is said to have ' spread forth the earth above the
waters.' The abyss (Gen. i. 1), or ' the deep that cometh
beneath ' (Gen. xlix. 25), is the source of the rivers, and even
the sea, as in Job xxxviii. 8, ' when it brake forth, and
issued out of the womb.' Upon this abyss the earth floated :
thus in Eccl. i. 7, ' All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea
is not full ; unto the place whither the rivers go, thither they go
again.' The obvious situation for the Hebrew garden of Eden is the
cradle of the Noachid races. M. Halevy (' Melanges de critique
et d'histoire relatifs aux peuples Semitiques ') places it in the
Semitic territory, bounded on the east and north by the
Tigris and the Euphrates, while on the other two sides the
country inhabited by the Semites and Kushites in common
is watered by the Erythraean Sea, which surrounds the whole
land of Kush, or the Arabian peninsula. He identifies the
Phison with the Wadi Houdayfa, which flows round the present
Khaoulan, where gold dust is still found. The Hebrew author
may well have imagined that the Phison was in communication
subterraneously with the Euphrates, which would thus have
formed the line of demarcation between the Semites and the
Western Cushites. There is a tradition to this effect in the
country, and Pliny (vi. 28) says, ' Murranimal juxta flumen, per
quod Euphratem emergere putant.' M. Halevy finds the name
Pishon, which is unknown to any other Semitic country and to the
later Bible writers, in his Sabean texts (Har. 11, 19) as the name
of a river : ' the Phison having overflowed, the famine came to an
end.' The Hebrew geographer takes as the starting-point of
his description, not the sources of the Euphrates and Tigris, nor

XIV INTRODUCTION
even their upper courses, which traverse non-Semitic countries,
but the Chatti-el-Arab, which is formed by their junction. His
description, therefore, indicates only the boundary of the Semitic
countries, and has no reference to the current of the rivers, for
Hebrew antiquity considered that the sources of rivers in general
came from the sea by subterranean communication, whence the-
homoth (afivo-o-oi, LXX). The Schatt is the river which pro
ceeds from the two extremities of the Syrian province of Eden
(Ezek. xxvii. 23) to bifurcate afterwards into four branches,
two on each side. Paradise itself was situated near the confines
of Eden on the Arabian side.
And Yahveh E16him took the man, and placed him in the garden
of Eden to till it and to keep it.1 And Yahveh E16him commanded
the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely
eat : and from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil thou shalt
not eat from it : for in the day of thy eating from it dying thou shalt
die. And Yahveh E16him said, It is not good that the man should
be alone ; I will make for him a helper corresponding to him.2 And
Yahveh Elohim formed out of the ground every beast of the field,
and every fowl of the air ; and he brought them unto the man to see
what he will call it : and everything which the man called every
living creature, that was its name. And the man gave names to all
the cattle and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field :
but for man he found not a helper corresponding to him. And
Yahveh E16him caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he
slept ; and he took one from his ribs, and he closed the flesh instead of
it. And Yahveh E16him formed the rib 3 which he took from the
man into a woman, and he brought her unto the man. And the
man said, This is now 4 bone from my bones, and flesh from my flesh :
she shall be called woman (isshdh) because she was taken from man
(ish). Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother,5 and
1 J., ' And the Lord God took the man from the mountain of worship,
where he had been created, and made him dwell in the garden of Eden, to
do service in the law, and to keep its commandments.'
2 J., ' And the Lord God said, It is not right that Adam should be sleep
ing alone: I will make unto him a wife who may be a helper before him.'
3 O., ' Builded the rib.' J., ' He took one of his ribs — it was the thirteenth
rib of the right side — and closed it up with flesh.'
4 O., ' Adam said, This now (this time).' J., ' Adam said, This time, and
not. again, is woman created from man.'
O., ' Therefore shall a man forsake the sleeping-house (beth miskheb).'

5

INTRODUCTION XV
shall cleave to his wife, and they shall be one flesh. And they were
both of them naked, the man and his wife, and they were not
ashamed. The creation of animals is quite different from that in the
first chapter. There is no creation of fish or of reptiles. The
birds which, like the fish, were formed out of water in chap. i.
20 sqq., are here made out of the ground. These animals must
have been useless to Adam for either food or clothing. They were
frugivorous like himself, and death was as yet unknown. The
idea of Yahveh bringing them to Adam to see if he could find
a helper among them is apparently an attempt to account for
their otherwise useless creation. In the prophecy of the restora
tion of Israel in Is. xi. 6-9, this Paradisiacal state is renewed,
the wolf will lie down with the lamb, the cow and the bear will
feed and their young ones will lie down together, and the lion
will eat straw like the ox. In Deutero-Isaiah lxv. 25, where
this passage is partially repeated, it is added that ' dust shall be
the serpent's meat.' In Gen. i. 30 also the green herb alone is
given for food ' to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl
of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth where
in there is the breath of life.' According to the Hebrew writers,
therefore, there were no carnivora in Paradise.
And the serpent was crafty above every beast of the field,1 which
Yahveh E16him made. And he said unto the woman, Yea surely
E16him said, Ye shall not eat of any tree of the garden. And the
woman said unto the serpent, Of the fruit of the tree of the garden
we shall eat. And of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of
the garden, E16him said, Ye shall not eat of it, and ye shall not
touch it, lest ye die.2 And the serpent said unto the woman, Not to
die shall ye die. For E16him knows that in the day of your eating
of it your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be like E16him knowing
J., ' Therefore a man shall leave and be separate from the house of the bed
of his father and of his mother, and shall consociate with his wife, and both
of them shall be one flesh. And both of them were wise, Adam and his wife,
but they were not truthful in their glory.
1 0., ' The serpent (chivja) wasmore crafty than all the beasts of the field.'
J., ' And the serpent was wiser unto evil.'
2 Sam., ' Lest ye be consumed.'

XVI INTRODUCTION
good and evil.1 And the woman saw that the tree was good for food
and that it was a desire for the eyes, and the tree was to be desired
to cause to understand, and she took of its fruit, and she ate,2 and she
gave also to her husband with her, and he ate. And the eyes of them
both were opened, and they knew that they were naked ; and they
sewed leaf of fig tree together, and they made themselves girdles.3
The LXX translate ' crafty ' by ^povifimraros, ' the most
intelligent.' This serpent is no supernatural being, but a ' beast
of the field,' who is able to walk and to speak the same lang
uage as the protoplasts. Augustine (' De Civ. Dei,' xiv. 26)
says that man as originally created might have lived for ever.
If he was hungry there was plenty of food, if he was thirsty
there was plenty to drink, and the tree of life prevented him
from getting old. He could have no pain or sickness, and could
meet with no accidents. His body was perfectly healthy, and
his mind was quite tranquil. He would have known his wife
with an entire tranquillity of mind and body, and without her
virginity being touched.
It is evident that if Adam and Eve had had children the
garden of Eden would soon have been unable to contain the
increasing family. The command given by Elohim in chap. i. 28,
' Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth,' is given to
beings who were to inhabit the earth.
Mr. Samuel Sharpe says in his history of the Hebrew
nation, ' The garden of Eden, which was watered from heaven
1 O., ' Not to die will you die, for it is manifest before the Lord that in
the day in which you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be as
the Great-ones, knowing good and evil.' J. , ' In that hour the serpent spake
accusation against his Creator, and said to the woman, Dying you will not
die : for every artificer hateth the son of his art : for it is manifest before the
Lord, that in the day that you eat of it, you will be as the Great Angels,
who are wise to know between good and evil.'
2 O., ' She took of its fruitage (aiba) and ate.' J., ' And the woman beheld
Sammael, the angel of death, and was afraid ; yet she knew that the tree
was good to eat, and that it was medicine for the enlightenment of the eyes,
and a desirable tree by means of which to understand.'
3 J., ' And the eyes of both were enlightened, and they knew that they
were naked, divested of the purple robe in which they had been created.
And they saw the sight of their shame, and sewed to themselves the leaves
of figs, and made to them cinctures.'

INTRODUCTION XV11
without rain, the sacred tree of knowledge, the serpent, the
author of sin, which speaks and walks upright before it does
wrong, but creeps on its belly when cursed, are all of Egyptian
origin. Moreover, the whole aim of the allegory is foreign to
the Hebrew mind. The Hebrew writers never inquire into the
origin of sin and evil. Again, by the forbidden fruit the writer
means marriage, which he thus blames : and the first pair have
no children till they have fallen from their state of innocence.
It was among the Egyptians, but not among the Jews, that
celibacy was thought more holy than marriage.'
What was the fruit of the tree of knowledge of which Adam
and Eve partook ? The Church of Eome says it was an apple.
They have the following hymn :
De parentis protoplasti
Fraude factus condolens
Quando pomi noxialis
Morsu in necem corruit ;
Ipse lignum tunc notavit
Damna ligni ut solveret.
In many theological systems the serpent is said to have led
women away with autumnal fruits. Sometimes apples, some
times the juice of the grape is the instrument employed. It
was the period of the year when fruit hung temptingly on the
trees, when snakes and scorpions abounded, and when the
serpent, whom Ahriman had made and who assaulted the
creation of Ahura-mazda, begins the reign of evil under Libra,
when men begin to gather apples. Under the Scorpion cold
appears; under Sagittarius, snow; under Capricorn, ice and
.fogs, darkness and long nights ; under Aquarius, rain and hoar
frost ; under Pisces, gales of wind.
Sappho gives another version of these legends when she
represents the youthful maiden as resembling a desirable apple,
which, so long as it hangs on the tree, is longed for by everyone,
but which, when it has fallen from the tree, and has therefore
become damaged, is no longer wished for by any one ; oiov ro
yXvxv fiaXov epevffsrai k.t.X. (' Philologus,' iii. 242).
The apple, however, is a native of Europe, not of Asia, and
its area was confined to Central Europe. Hence it has no
a

xvill INTRODUCTION
individual name in Greek or Latin. MaXov, Lat. malum,
merely meant a large tree or fruit in general, and pomum had
the same meaning.
Schrader observes that the statement respecting fig-leaves
cannot have sprung up on Babylonian soil, for Herodotus (i.
193) says that neither the fig-tree, the vine, nor the olive grows
in Babylonia. It was undoubtedly a native of Syria and Pales
tine, and in very ancient times it was known as far west as the
Canary Islands. The Egyptians called the fig teb, the Arabs
tin (Lagarde, ' Rev. Critiq. de l'Histoire,' says this name is very
ancient), and the Hebrews, &c, 'enah. The fig-tree is a well-
known symbol of fertility and procreation. The Ficus rumina-
lis, under which Bomulus and Remus were said to have been
suckled by the she-wolf, derived its name from Jupiter Ruminus,
and the Diva Rumina, who were so called from ruma= mamma.
On the Cephisus a wild fig-tree, epivsos, marked the spot where
Pluto, the serpent of winter, descended with the ravished Pro
serpine, whose name in the sphere signifies prce-serpens, she
who precedes the serpent, just as Procyon, which precedes
Sirius, is called prce-canis (Hygin. ii. 36). Gesenius thinks
the Indian fig or Musa paradisiaca with large leaves, which the
Germans call Paradiesfeigenbaum, is meant. This agrees with
the Hebrew, in which ' leaf ' is in the singular. Milton has
the same idea : —
So counsell'd he, and both together went
Into the thickest wood. There soon they chose
The fig-tree ; not that kind for fruit renown'd,
But such as, at this day, to Indians known,
In Malabar or Decan, spreads her arms
Branching so broad and long that in the ground
The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow
About the mother tree, a pillar'd shade
High over-arch'd, and echoing walks between.
***** These leaves
They gather'd, broad as Amazonian targe,
And, with what skill they had, together sew'd,
To gird their waist ; vain covering, if to hide
Their guilt and dreaded shame ! Paradise Lost, ix. 1099

INTRODUCTION xix
Allusion is made in the note on p. 11 to the Jewish idea that
the fall of man was the result of the jealousy of the angels. While
the celestial Sanhedrim were discussing the question whether or
not man should be created, God created him, and said to the
angels, ' Why dispute any longer ? Man is already created.'
This led the angels to conspire to lead him into sin so as to
accomplish his ruin. Sammael and his angels undertook to
bring this about. Sammael was superior to the other princes of
angels, for he had twice the number of wings the seraphim and
the living creatures had. Abulchassen ( < Kirch. (Ed.' vol. ii.
part 1) says that God ordered the upper part of the waters to
ascend, and formed the substance of the heavens out of them.
The angels who dwelt in the heavens had wings like birds. The
name Sammael is formed from Shamayim, the heavens. In
the Arabian sphere Sammael and the angels in the form of birds
dwell in the first or emerald heaven (Caelum smaragdinum, seu
Tarphia). Sammael, taking his angels with him, selected the
serpent — which at that time was not only able to speak, but had
hands and feet, and resembled a camel in stature and appearance —
as a fit instrument for his design. This is an allusion to the
constellation Serpentarius, close to which there was on the
Arabian celestial sphere a camel with its trappings, and hence
arose the idea of a camelomorphic monster. Maimonides ( ' Mor.
Nevoch. ii. 3) says : ' It is related that the serpent who
deceived Eve resembled a camel, on which Sammael (which is
the name of the Prince of the genii of darkness, or of the devil)
rode.' And they heard the voice of Yahveh E16him walking in the
garden in the breeze of the day,1 and the man and his wife hid them
selves from the presence of Yahveh E16him in the midst of the trees
of the garden. And Yahveh El6him called unto the man, and said
unto him, Where art thou ? And he said, I heard thy voice in the
garden,2 and I was afraid, because I am naked, and I hid myself.
1 O., ' And they heard the voice of the Word of the Lord God walking in
the 'garden in the evening of the day.' Sam., ' Calling them in Paradise in
the breathing of the day.'
2 O., ' The voice of Thy Word heard I in the garden.'
a2

XX INTRODUCTION
And he said, Who told thee that thou art naked ? Hast thou eaten
from the tree which I commanded thee not to eat of ? And the man
said, The woman whom thou gavest with me, she gave to me of the
tree, and I ate.
And Yahveh E16him said to the woman, What is this thou hast
done ? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I ate.
And Yahveh Eldhim said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done
this, cursed art thou above all the cattle, and above all beast of the
field ; upon thy belly thou shalt go, and earth shalt thou eat all the
days of thy life. And I will put enmity between thee and between
the woman, and between thy seed- and between her seed ; she shall
lie in wait for thy head, and thou shall lie in wait for his heel. l
Unto the woman he said, I will multiply thy pain and thy con
ception, in pain shalt thou bear children ; and thy desire (shall be)
unto thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. And to the man he
said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and
hast eaten of the tree which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt
not eat from it, cursed is the ground on thy account ; with pain shalt
thou eat of it all the days of thy life. And thorn and bramble shall
it cause to grow to thee, and thou shalt eat the herb of the field.
With sweat of thy face shalt thou eat food until thou return unto
the ground ; for out of it wast thou taken ; because earth thou art
and unto earth shalt thou return. And the man called the name of
his wife 'Havvah, because she was mother of all living. And Yahveh
E16him made to the man and to his wife tunics of hide, and clothed
them. And Yahveh E16him said, Lo, the man has been as one of us, to
know good and evil ; and now lest he shall put forth his hand, and
take also of the tree of [the] lives, and eat, and live for ever,
Yahveh E16him sent him from the garden of Eden to till the ground
from whence he was taken.2 And he drove out the man, and he

1 0., 'I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy
son and her son. He will remember thee what thou didst to him (at) from
the beginning, and thou shalt be observant unto him at the end.'
J., ' Upon thy belly shalt thou go, and thy feet shall be cut off, and thy
skin thou shall cast away once in seven years, and the poison of death shall
be in thy mouth, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life. And I will
put enmity between thee and the woman, and between the seed of thy son
and the seed of her sons ; and it sh all be when the sons of the woman keep the
commandments of the law, thou wilt be ready to wound them in their heel.'
2 0., ' And the Lord God made for Adam and for his wife vestments of
honour upon the skin of their flesh, and clothed them. And the Lord Ggd

INTRODUCTION XXI
caused to dwell at the east of the garden of Eden the Kerubim, and
the flame of the sword which turned every way to keep the way of
the tree of [the] lives.1
The sentence pronounced by Yahveh on the three culprits is
in accordance with their different degrees of guilt. The serpent
had not only tempted Eve to disobedience, but had told her
that Yahveh had deceived them, and that she and her husband
would not die from eating the fruit ; and the result proved that
he was right. Adam and Eve were created mortal, or the tree
of life would have been unnecessary, but Adam lived to be nine
hundred and thirty years old. The heaviest sentence, therefore,
said, Behold, man is become singular' (or 'alone'; Sam., 'asabranch') 'inthe
world by himself, knowing good and evil ; and now, lest he stretch forth his
hand, and take also of the Tree of Life, and eat, and live for ever . . .
and the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden to till the ground
from whence he had been created. And He drove out the man, and before
the garden of Eden he caused to dwell the Kerubaya, and the sharp sword
which revolved to keep the way of the Tree of Life.'
J., ' And the Lord God made to Adam and to his wife vestures of honour
from the skin of the serpent, which he had cast from him, upon the skin of
their flesh, instead of that adornment which had been cast away; and He
clothed them.
' And the Lord God said to the angels who ministered before Him, Behold,
Adam is sole on the earth, as I am sole in the heavens above : and it will
be that they will arise from him who will know how to discern between
good and evil. Had he kept the commandments which I appointed to him,
he would have lived and subsisted on the Tree of Life for ever. But now,
because he hath not kept that which I prescribed, it is decreed against him
that we keep him from the garden of Eden. . . . And the Lord God removed
him from the garden of Eden, and he went and dwelt on Mount Moriah, to
cultivate the ground from which he had been created.'
1 O., ' And He drave out the man from thence where He had made to
dwell the glory of His Shechinah at the first between the two Kerubaya
Before He had created the world, He created the law ; He prepared the
garden of Eden for the righteous, that they may eat and delight themselves
with the fruit of the tree, because they would have practised in their lives
the doctrine of the law in this world, and have maintained the command
ments ; (but) He prepared Gebinnom for the wicked, which is like the sharp
consuming sword of two edges ; in the midst of it He hath prepared flakes
of fire and burning coals for the judgment of the wicked who rebelled in
their life against the doctrine of the law. To serve the law is better than to
eat of the fruit of the Tree of Life (the law).'

XXll INTRODUCTION
is pronounced upon the serpent. Eve is sentenced to the pains
of childbirth, though she pleads that the serpent had been
allowed to beguile her. Adam is not cursed at all, but the
ground is cursed for his sake: it is to bring forth thorns and
brambles, which were therefore a new creation, and his food is
limited to the herb of the field. To this is added the sentence
of physical death, ' with sweat of thy face shalt thou eat food
until thou return to the ground ; because earth thou art, and
and unto earth shalt thou return,' thus excluding any idea of
immortality hereafter.
The origin of these serpent myths, so various in their forni,
is probably the tendency shewn in the Veda to personify the
phenomena of nature. In primitive religions physical evil is
first noticed, and the Aryan Ahi or Vritra, who menaces heaven
and earth with ruin, and against whom beings, protectors of
mankind, are ever near Indra as auxiliaries in his contest with
him, usually signifies the clouds, which, covering the sky, keep
the fertilising rain from the arid earth in their dark recesses as
in a cave (apdn bilam). Ahi is also called Dasa, the enemy, the
destroyer. In the Avesta the same character is attributed to
him, only Aji, as he is called in Zend, is no longer the author
of physical, but of moral, evil. This serpent, Dahaka — that is,
who wounds and destroys — was created by Ahriman to destroy
moral purity, and is a wicked deceiver (aghem gaethdvyd.)
The Naassim or Ophites held that the serpent raised Adam
and Eve to the knowledge of the existence of higher beings
than the Demiurge of the present world, and that by inducing
Eve to procreate he was the preserver of the species, which
would otherwise have died out.
All the gross anthropomorphisms, such as Yahveh walking
in the garden, making garments for Adam and his wife, coming
down from heaven to see whether the guilt of the cities of the
plain had been accurately reported to him, wrestling with
Ya'aqob, and so forth, belong to the Jehovist. Maimonides (More
Nev. parti. 31) energetically protested against these descriptions
when taken in a literal sense. In the Elohist the patriarchs
are decorous, if colourless, abstractions. In the Jehovist not

INTRODUCTION xxiii
only do they repeatedly sin against the laws of ordinary
morality, but the vengeance of Yahveh is frequently directed,
not against the sinner, but against unconscious offenders.
Centuries later we find the same idea in Josephus, who says
(' Ant.' xii. 2) that Jehovah punished Theopompus the historian
for giving an account of the Jewish creed by making him lose
his senses for thirty days. As in the case of Abimelech he was
told the cause of his malady in a dream, viz. that he had spread
the knowledge of divine things among profane men. Theodectes
the tragedian also put some passages of Scripture into one of
his tragedies, and was struck with blindness for it, but being
made sensible of his fault, and having atoned to Jehovah for it,
his sight was restored.
Professor Sayce (' Modern Review,' for October 1882) thinks
that Yahveh was a Hittite god. The Hittites are brought into
special connection with Abraham in the south of Palestine in
Genesis, and David, who reigned at Hebron before he reigned
at Jerusalem, while making war on the Semitic Arameans of
Damascus and Zobah, was in alliance with the Hittite king of
Hamath. ' The alliance lasted long, and when in later days a
panic fell upon the Syrians, they at once concluded that " the
king of Israel hath hired against us the kings of the Hittites "
(2 Kings xii. 6). Tou or Toi — itself a non-Semitic name — was the
king of Hamath, who sent his son Joram to form a league with
David, and that Yahu is the first element in the name of Joram
seems evident from the form Hadoram, which takes its place in
1 Chron. xviii. 10. I have tried to shew elsewhere that Hadad
was the Semitised form of Dadis or Attis, the Hittite god of the
air, and that when Macrobius makes Adad the supreme god of
the Syrians, and says that the word means " one," he is referring
not to the Semitic Syrians, but to the people of Hierapolis and
its neighbourhood, the White Syrians of Strabo. However this
may be, a later king of Hamath, in the time of Sargon, when
the city, appears to have passed into the hands of the Semites,
is called by the Assyrians Yahu-bidi in one place, and Hu-bihdi
in another, and since Hu is the Hebrew El, " god," it would
seem that Yahu must have been as much the supreme deity of

XXI V INTRODUCTION
Hamath as he was of Judah. It is therefore significant that
the Hittite captain in David's army was named Uriah. Outside
Hamath and Israel the inscriptions, neither of Assyria nor of
Egypt, reveal any names of which Yahu forms part.'
After the return from captivity the strictest monotheism
prevailed. Even the heretical Samaritans preferred the singular
El to the plural Elohim as proclaiming more distinctly the
unity of God (Ges. ' De Pent. Sam.' p. 50 sqq.). Maimonides
(, More Nev.' part i. 50, 53) will not allow any attributes of
the Deity to be enumerated, for he considers God and his
attributes to be identical. Passages may be found in the
Apocrypha which tend to modify the rude expressions of the
Hebrew text, and make the people understand that these
expressions were types, not realities, but it is in the Targums
of Onkelos and Jonathan that these modifications are prominently
brought forward. Both these Targums interpret the tree of
life to mean the Law.1 When God is represented as speaking
with men, the Word of God (the Memra 2), or the Glory of God
(the Shechina, the dwelling, or the Abiding Presence), is always
substituted. Is. i. 15, ' I will hide mine eyes,' is paraphrased
' The visage of the majesty of Jehovah.' Gen. xv. 1, is para
phrased ' After these things came the pithgama (word) of
Jehovah unto Abram in prophecy, saying, Fear not, Abram ;
my Memra shall be thy strength, and thy very great reward.'
In Gen. iv. 27 it is the Shechina of God that dwells in the tents
of Shem. The Samaritan poets (Ges. ' Carm. Samarit.,' Lipsise,
1824) have the same idea. They say, ' God has spoken, yet he
has no mouth ; he sustains the world, yet he has no hands.'
' He has created the world, and is not fatigued, and has rested
on the seventh day, and is not wearied.' In general there has
been since the return from captivity a slow, though often
retarded, progress in Judaism, not only to more spiritual views,
1 The Targum of Jonathan says that the creation of the Law and the pre
paration of the garden of Eden and of Gehinnom took place two thousand years
before the creation of the world.
2 The Alexandrian Jews translated Memra by the Greek word Aoyor,
which it did not represent, any more than it signified the Messiah, for which
a different word is used.

INTRODUCTION XXV
Taut to reform of ancient institutions. In ' Jer. Talmud San-
hedrin,' 80, a rabbi declares that if the law were regarded as
absolutely completed it could have no stability ; and in ' Tr. Baba
Meziah,' f. 30, another rabbi teaches : ' The destruction of Jeru
salem took place because the judges judged (without consulting
the spirit) according to the letter of the law.'
The early religion of the Hebrews, as represented in Genesis,
was, like most religions in their infancy, one of extreme sim
plicity. Spencer (' De Leg. Hebr.' III. iv. 1) has shown
that the sacrifices in the Old Testament were not ordered by
God, but were voluntary offerings of whatever was best and
most precious. In animal sacrifices it was the usual practice to
lay the blood and fat upon the altar, while the people consumed
the flesh. In Is. i. 12, Yahveh says of the sacrifices, ' Who
hath required this at your hand?' In Jer. vii. ^27he~says,
' I spake not unto your fathers . . . concerning burnt offerings
and sacrifices.' In ' Constit. Apost.' Abel, Noah, and Abraham
are said to have brought victims of their own accord.
Justin Martyr (or whoever was the author) also says (' Respons.
ad quaest.' 38) that God never ordered any sacrifice for his own
pleasure, and Chrysostom (' Horn. 12. ad pop. Antiochen.') says
the same thing. Vicarious atonement was contrary to the
spirit of Mosaism. In Ex. xxxii. 33, Yahveh says to Moses,
' Whosoever hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my
book,' and in Deut. xxiv. 16, it is said, ' The fathers shall not
be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be
put to death for the fathers ; every man shall be put to death
for his own sin.' In Gen. xxviii. 18 Ya'aqob takes the stone
which he had placed under his head and sets it up as a pillar
and pours oil on the top of it, and calls the place B§th-El, the
house of God. It is curious to observe that in the primitive
Aryan religion also, the head of the family, who was also the
worshipper or priest, used to erect in the open air a stone which
was wide at its basis (grdva^pritubudnaK), which made the
place where it was set up sacred. This altar was consecrated
by the Aryan shepherd by being anointed with liquid butter
(gritaprishtari). On his knees, or standing, with his hands

XXVI INTRODUCTION
extended towards heaven, he invoked the Deity, and sang
improvised prayers. Wood was placed on the altar, and fire
being obtained by the rapid rubbing together of two sticks
(ardni) and the juice of the s6ma plant (indu) thrown upon it,
the flame consumed the oblation, which might be butter,
curdled milk, or victims taken from the flocks. Unlike many other
nations in which religious rites are numerous and complicated,
the Hebrews had at this time neither marriage ceremonies nor
funeral rites. Marriage was a purely social institution among
the Aryans also, and there is no trace in the hymns of any
religious ceremony accompanying it ; only in a hymn addressed
to the Aditis it is said, ' Preserve me from evil, as from an
illegitimate child,' which shows that the institution had a sacred
character. In the Gathas (Yap. liii. st. 5.) there is an exhorta
tion to those who marry to be sincere to one another. There
is no trace of funeral rites in Genesis until the deaths of Ya'aqob
and Yoseph, but they take place in Egypt. Abraham mourns
and weeps for Sarah, and purchases the cave Machpelah (where
the Jews say that Adam is buried), that he may bury his dead
out of his sight ; but neither on this nor any other occasion is
there any mention of funeral ceremonies. The Aryans in
ancient times had no funeral ceremonies either, but they
prayed over their dead until the burial was finished, and these
prayers show that their ideas of another world had become
developed. ' Go,' they said, ' set forth for those ancient paths
which our ancestors have trodden ! Thou wilt see the two
kings, Yama and the god Varuna, who take pleasure in oblations.
Go, with the ancestors, with Yama, with the happiness thou hast
deserved, to the highest heaven.' When the dead was about to
be consigned to earth, they said, ' Draw near to our mother
earth, that- wide-spreading and ample dispenser of happiness,
that virgin soft as wool for those that follow the right path ;
may she keep thee from the brink of calamity.' And when the
dead person is deposited in the grave and the earth is thrown
upon him, some such words as the following were sunw ; ' Raise
thyself, 0 earth ! do him no harm ; receive him kindly. Cover
him, 0 earth, as the mother embraces her offspring.'

INTRODUCTION XXvii
Maimonides ('Mishnah Torah,' Hil. Mel. viii. 10) gives a list of
the Noachid laws which, the rabbis held, should be the ground
work of missionary efforts : — ' The first man was commanded
concerning six things : idolatry, blasphemy, shedding of blood,
incest, robbery, and administration of justice. Although we have
all these things as a tradition from Moses, our master, and
reason inclines to them, yet, from the general tenor of the law,
it appears that he was commanded concerning these things.
Noah received an additional command concerning the limb of
living animal (not to be eaten), as it is said, " But flesh in the
life thereof, which is the blood thereof, ye shall not eat " (Gen.
ix. 4.). Here are the seven commandments, and thus the
matter was in all the world until Abraham.'
Upon the apologue, or philosophical disquisition, as Josephus
calls it, of the garden of Eden the Greek and Roman Catholic
Churches have founded the doctrine of the eternal damnation of
every unbaptised person. The General Council of Africa, held in
A.D. 418 upon Pelagianism, excommunicated those who held
that Adam was subject to death when he was born. The council
held that he only became mortal after his fall, and that all the
children of men who came into the world shared in the crime
committed by their first parent : a crime which could only be
effaced by baptism. Fulgentius (' De Fide,' § 76) says of original
sin : ' Hold thou most firmly, nor do thou in any respect
doubt, that infants whether in their mothers' wombs they begin
to live and there die, or when after their mothers have given
birth to them they pass from this life without the sacrament of
holy baptism, will be punished with the everlasting punishment
of eternal fire.' The Council of Trent defines as of faith, that
Adam lost original justice, not only for himself, but also for us ;
that he ' poured sin, which is the death of the soul, into the
whole human race,' and that this sin comes, not by imitation of
Adam's transgression, but by propagation from him.
Augustine was compelled to acknowledge that unbaptised
infants had better not have been born, but denies emphatically
that a separate place (Limbo) is assigned to them, and in a
sermon against the Pelagians distinctly declares that they

XXVlll INTRODUCTION
descend into everlasting fire. When these doctrines became
formulated, the terror among mothers was so great that they
took every precaution they could think of to protect their
children. Baptismal water was sprinkled on the womb, still
born children were baptised, the mother would receive the Host
or obtain absolution, and apply them to the benefit of the child ;
but the priests anathematised all these attempts. (See Lecky,
' History of Rationalism.') In the Greek Church, not only the
unbaptised child, but its parents also are damned. Exorcism
is retained in both Churches, and until this ceremony is com
pleted the devil is said to be in possession of the child.
The doctrine of Original Sin is entirely unknown to
Judaism. The Talmud teaches that the evil desire or impulse
was created by God, and in several passages it is said that he
repented having done so on seeing the consequences. Everyone,
however, can overcome sin by study and works, and obtain
righteousness. In Is. xlv. 7, Yahveh says, ' I make peace and
create evil.' Job (ii. 10) says ' What ? shall we receive good
at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil ? ' In Lam.
iii. 38, it is said, ' Out of the mouth of Elyon cometh there not
evil and good ? ' And in Ezek. xviii. 19, Yahveh says, ' Yet say
ye, Wherefore doth not the son bear the iniquity of the father ?
When the son hath done that which is lawful and right, and
hath kept all my statutes, and hath done them, he shall surely
live. The soul that sinneth, it shall die : the son shall not bear
the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father ''bear the
iniquity of the son ; the righteousness of the righteous shall be
upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him.'
In the apocryphal book of Enoch, which, however, is quoted
as Scripture in Jude, verse 14, it is said (xxxviii. 2, first
parable) : ' When righteousness shall be manifested in the
presence of the righteous themselves, who will be elected for their
good works duly weighed by the lord of spirits ; and when the light
of the righteous and the elect who dwell on earth shall be
manifested, where will the habitation of sinners be ? and where
the place of rest for those who have rejected the lord of spirits ?
It would have been better for them had they never been born.'

INTRODUCTION xxix
The Jewish hell is much more merciful than the Christian
one. Souls come out of hell on Friday evening, and only return
on Saturday when the prayer is finished. Menasseh ( ' Chajim,'
f. 39, c. 1) says, ' Even the wicked, of whom it is said that they
descend into hell, and ascend not into heaven, enjoy rest on the
Sabbath.' The Rabbis held that all souls were created on the first day
of creation. The angels wished to prostrate themselves with
reverence before the first man (' Ber. Rab.' c. 8), for a virtuous
man is above the highest angels ('Sanh.' 93 a). In 'Nidda' it is
said that the soul of man, the Divine Light, is by its nature pure,
stainless, and moral in the highest degree. All pre-existing souls
are in a place called Guf (body) (' Abod. Sar.' 65 a, ' Nidda '13 b,
' Jebam,' 63 b). Raschi in his Commentary says that Guf is the
space between the Shechina and the dwelling-place of the angels ;
the spirits and souls which were created during the first days of
creation, and which will one day inhabit human bodies are all
there (' Jebam,' a, a, 0). R. Jose says the Messiah will not come
till there are no more souls in the Guf. The Talmud (' Chag.' 12,
6) places the Guf at the summit of heaven, in the seventh heaven
(Arabot), where justice and virtue, peace and benedictions, in a
word all the souls that are to be created, exist. In some Jewish
prayer-books in useamongthe Spanish and Portuguese Jews, part
of the morning service is, ' My God ! the soul which thou hast
given me is pure ; thou hast created, formed, and breathed it
into me ; thou dost also carefully guard it within me ; thou wilt
hereafter take it from me, and restore it unto me in futurity.'
A learned rabbi quoted by Hoornbeck (' Contra Jud.' iv.
2, p. 356) says : ' The Jews deny original sin, and that for the
most weighty reasons. For the seat of sin is exclusively in the
soul, and all souls derive their origin, not from Adam, but from
God the creator ; whence it follows that the descendants of Adam
could not have sinned. That sin is seated in the soul is evi
dent, for that vice or delinquency is seated in the soul or intellect.
And the Scripture expressly declares "That soul shall utterly be
cut off: his iniquity shall be upon him," or in it. Hence, then,
it may be clearly perceived that sin is seated in the soul. In

XXX INTRODUCTION
like manner, that souls are created by God, without the media
tion of any instrument, is testified by Isaiah : " The spirit should
fail before me, and the souls which I have made." Ezekiel
confirms this same, when he represents God as saying, "All souls
are mine : as the soul of the father, so the soul of the son is
mine : the soul that sinneth, it shall die." Hence, then, it
clearly and certainly follows, that the souls of Adam's posterity
could not have sinned in him, and that all mankind are born
obnoxious to the punishment due to the sin of Adam, which, as
they are all corporeal, affects the bodies of all his children,
inasmuch as they are his children with respect to their bodies :
just as, if a man be brought into a state of slavery, all his children
become slaves also in consequence of being the offspring of an
enslaved parent.'
In an article on the Talmud by Emmanuel Deutsch in the
' Quarterly Review ' (vol. cxxiii. p. 458) it is stated that ' there is
no death without individual sin, no pain without individual trans
gression. That same spirit that dictated in the Pentateuch, " And
parents shall not die for their children, nor the children for their
parents," has ordained that no one shall be punished for another's
transgressions.' The article goes on to say that in the judgment
of sin the animus is considered. The desire to commit sin is more
wicked than the sin itself. ' Everything is in God's hand except
the fear of God ' (' Ber.' c. 5), so every human being can carry
out a virtuous existence ; only the help of God is requisite for it.
The righteous are to rise by the mystic power of the ' Dew of
Life,' in Jerusalem ; the Targums add, on Mount Olivet. There is
no everlasting damnation. Even for the worst sinners, idolaters,
apostates, traitors, there is only temporary punishment, though it
may last generations upon generations. But the sinner has
only to repent sincerely, and he is forgiven. No human being
of whatever creed or nation is excluded from the world to come.
The notion of Elijah or Moses having ascended to heaven is
utterly repudiated.
At the Reformation the doctrine of original sin became, like
other doctrines of the Church, the subject of discussion. Luther
described the teaching of Paul as to the derivation of human

INTRODUCTION xxxi
sin from Adam as a ' laughable doctrine.' He asks what can
be more ridiculous than that the fact that Adam took a bite of
an apple should have the tremendous result of putting all men,
to the very end of the world, into the power of death ? ' For '
he says, ' he had committed neither murder nor adultery ; he
had robbed no one, nor blasphemed God, nor committed any of
the horrible sins of which the world is now full ; but only eaten
the apple, over-persuaded and deceived by the devil, through
the woman. Must we, then, says reason, make this single
apple of so much account that the whole world must pay for it,
and so many fine, excellent, wise folk, yea, God's Son himself,
with all prophets, fathers, and saints, must die ? ' (' Werke,' viii.
1240, 1241. Auslegung 1 Cor. xv. 136). He speaks after
wards of faith strangling reason, but as he made use of reason
in so many other instances (as in his rejection of the Apocalypse,
the preface to which had to be suppressed), it is not clear why
he did not employ it in this instance also. Zuinglius held that
original sin was nothing more than a malady or evil tendency,
and did not, in any way, involve guilt. Erasmus distinguished
between those who received the sacrament of baptism without
accompanying grace and those who answered to it with newness of
life, and says of hell, 'There is no other flame in which the sinner
is plagued, and no other punishment of hell, than the perpetual
anguish of mind which accompanies habitual sin.' Jeremy
Taylor said on this subject : ' That every man is inclined to evil,
some more, some less, but all in some instances, is very true ;
and it is an effect or condition of nature, but no sin properly :
1, because that which is unavoidable is not a sin ; 2, because it
is accidental to nature, not mtrmsecal and essential ; 3, it is
superinduced to nature, and is after it.' Locke, in his ' Common
place Book,' has laid down the golden rule on these subjects.
' No one should believe any proposition that is contrary to
reason, on the authority of either inspiration or miracle, for the
reality of the inspiration or miracle can only be established by
reason.' The chronology of Genesis is obviously limited by the dates
assigned for the Creation and Deluge. The modern Jewish

XXXll INTRODUCTION
chronology makes the Creation to have taken place on Septem
ber 10th, B.C. 3761. This date was fixed in a.d. 360 by R.
Hillel, when the cycle of Meton was finally adopted, and they
say that this form of the year is to continue till the coming of
the Messiah. According to this chronology, the Deluge took
place in B.C. 2104; Babel was built B.C. 1969; Abraham was
born B.C. 1812 ; the confusion of tongues took place B.C. 1764 ;
the descent to Egypt was in B.C. 1522 ; and the Exodus took
place B.C. 1312. Josephus, however, who had in his possession the
Temple copy of the Old Testament which was in use at the fall
of Jerusalem (' I had also the holy books by Titus's concession '),
and must therefore have had the actual numbers before him,
places the Creation in B.C. 5688, or, as corrected by Dr. Hales,
in B.C. 5411 ; while R. Lipman places that event as late as B.C.
3616. There is thus a difference of some two thousand years
between the different Jewish calculations.
In modern times the longest period was that introduced on
astronomical grounds by Alfonso X. King of Leon and Castile
(1252-1284). He fixed the date of the Creation at B.C. 6984,
but the astronomical system followed by him was, like the
cosmological system adopted by all the Fathers and by Milton, the
Ptolemaic, according to which the earth was the centre of the
universe. Other opinions, too numerous to mention, vary from
that of the Oecumenical Council held at Constantinople in A.D.
381 , which adopted the year B.C. 5509 as the date of the Creation,
to that of Jerome who fixes it in B.C. 3941. In this country
the received chronology has long been that of Archbishop
Ussher, according to whom the world was created in B.C. 4004,
and the Deluge took place in B.C. 2349. About fifty years ago
Dr. Hales adopted the longer chronology of Josephus, which he
reduced to a system which gave the year of the Creation as B.C.
5411, and that of the Deluge as B.C. 3155. In this system
Noah and his sons are transported somehow from Armenia to
Egypt, where they reign from B.C. 3155 to B.C. 2612 (543
years), after which they are succeeded by Misraim and his
successors. Ussher's dates are now again assumed as the
approximate ones, and we are informed that in the year B.C. 2350

INTRODUCTION XXX1U
-or thereabouts the whole of the then known world was destroyed,
-and that it is absolutely certain that the whole human race,
except eight persons, had perished. Well may Bunsen say,
' It ought long ago to have been a settled point that our present
popular and school chronology is a fable strung together by
ignorance and fraud, and persisted in out of superstition and a
want of intellectual energy.'
The Jewish conception of the universe is that it was created
expressly for them. In ' Yalkut,' § 2, it is said that God created
the world on account of Israel, and for their merit, preparing
for them as a king does who foresees the birth of his son. Adam
and his wife spoke the language which Yahveh conversed with
them in, and which was Hebrew. They considered this the
fountain-head of all the languages in the world. Josephus tells
us that all living creatures had but one language, and both the
names which Adam gives to Eve are Hebrew. The seed of
Abraham, ' the chosen ones ' (Ps. cv. 6), was under the special
care of Yahveh. ' As for the other people, which also come of
Adam, thou hast said that they are nothing, but be like unto
spittle : and hast likened the abundance of them unto a drop that
falleth from a vessel' (2 Esd. vi. 56). With such ideas the
legend of a deluge in which all mankind perished with the
exception of Noah (who according to the Talmud married
Naamah, the daughter of Enoch) and his family seemed perfectly
natural. The following is the Chaldean account of the Deluge in an
abbreviated form. Chasisadra (Xisuthros) relates the story of
his deliverance to Iztubar, an ancient Babylonian hero, as
follows : —
The gods Anu, the warrior Bel, the throne-bearer Adar,
I'nuggi, the prince, and I'a, the lord of inscrutable wisdom, had
assembled in the ancient city Surippak, on the Euphrates, and
had resolved to bring about a flood. I'a-Aos announced this
determination to Chasisadra, and ordered him to build a ship of
certain prescribed dimensions, and to take refuge in it with his
family and servants. Everything necessary for subsistence was
to be stored within the ship, and cattle and wild animals of the
b

XXXIV INTRODUCTION
field were to be brought beneath its shelter in order to preserve-
' seed of life of every kind ' (conf. Gen. vii. 3). During six
days and seven nights storm, flood and tempest roam abroad,.
and ' cast down to the ground.' On the seventh day the tempest
subsides, the sea retires, and the evil wind and flood cease.
Chasisadra traverses the sea, which bears along on its surface
corpses like the stems of trees. He opens the roof-window of
the vessel ; light streams over his countenance and tears flow
down it. Wheresoever he directs his gaze no land is to be
seen. The ship speeds to the land Nisir. The mountain of the
land Nisir holds the vessel fast, and there Chasisadra waits till
the earth becomes dry. Then he offers there a sacrifice to the
gods. In the Jehovist Noah and his family are ordered to go into
the ark and take with him seven pairs of clean and two of
unclean animals and birds. This distinction is not found either
in the cuneiform legend or in the Elohist. The deluge is forty
days upon the earth and all living things are destroyed, but
nothing is said about the waters rising over the tops of the
mountains. The whole narrative resembles the account of an
inundation rather than of a deluge. The sending forth of the
birds and the erection of an altar to Yahveh are. also peculiar to
this account, which is inconsistent with that of the Elohist, for
if Noah had only taken two of every sort of animal, the species
which he offered as burnt offerings would have been destroyed.
The deluge is brought about in the Elohist in quite a
different manner, and with more detail. Not only are the
floodgates of heaven opened, but the fountains of the great deep
are broken up, pnd thus the waters under the earth combine
with the waters above to bring about the catastrophe. In the
cuneiform legend the Anunnaki (the gods of the subterranean
water) bring floods. When the deluge is at its greatest height
it is fifteen cubits above the highest mountain under the whole
heaven. Wellhausen remarks that the legend is spoiled by
Noah's heaving the lead, and marking the date of the highest
flood in his log-book. He also misses the poetical incident of
the birds and the broken-off olive leaf : but this was inevitable

INTRODUCTION XXXV
for not even Jewish credulity could suppose that any vegetation
would be left after the whole earth had been a twelvemonth
under water. According to Onkelos, the ark rested on the
mountains of Kardu ; according to the Samaritan version, Al
teborah Sarnedib, ' Upon the mountains Sarnedib.' The cove
nant with Noah and his sons is made voluntarily by Elohim, and
the setting of the bow in the cloud recalls the approach of the
goddess Istar, who rears aloft ' the great bow which Anu had
created ' in the cuneiform account.
When the Semites, the Kasdim of Scripture, first came into
contact with the civilised Accadians, they were a nomad race,
living in tents, and quite uncivilised. They borrowed the rudi
ments of their civilisation and mythology from Accad, and even
the words in which these were expressed. M. Burnouf says
that the myths they have adopted, such as the deluge, the
creation, the garden of Eden, and the fall of man, have
been taken by them from nations which preceded them in
civilisation, and which appear to be connected, at least in part,
with Aryan mythology, only they have converted myths into
history (' Science des Religions,' p. 66). Josephus holds Thelassar,
the Arrapachitis of Ptolemy, to have been the native land of the
Kasdim or Chaldeans. Arrapachitis is a mountain canton of
South Armenia, situated between Lake Vau and Lake Urumiah
at an elevation of more than 6,000 feet, at the source of the
Great Zab, which flows through it. It is from this district that
the Semitic tribe, or a portion of it — which afterwards became
known as the Hebrews or men from beyond the Euphrates — is
supposed to have emigrated, and after settling at Ur, on the
Lower Euphrates, a portion of the emigrants appear to have
ascended the Euphrates to Haran, whence the Abrahamites
wandered to the deserts bordering on Canaan.
' Anthropology,' says M. Burnouf (ib. p. 231), ' places the
Semites between the Aryans and the yellow races ; not that
their distinctive characteristics are a middle term between our
race and that of the Eastern Asiatics, but because, while eminently
superior, to the yellow race, they manifest as regards ourselves
differences which do not admit of their being classed with the

XXXVI INTRODUCTION
Indo-European race. The true Semite has flat hair, in conse
quence of which the hair of his head presents a crisped appear
ance ; his nose is extremely hooked ; his lips are projecting and
fleshy ; his extremities are large, his calf small, and he is flat-
footed. What is of more consequence is that he belongs to the
occipital races — that is, to those races in which the posterior part
of the head is more developed than the anterior or frontal
portion. His growth is very rapid : at fifteen or sixteen years
of age it has ceased. At the latter age the anterior portions of
his skull, which contain the organs of intellect, are firmly
brought together, and frequently even cemented to one another.
The result is that there can be no further development of the
brain, and especially none of the grey matter.'
The Semites are unknown to history till a period between
3000 and 2000 B.C., when they gradually conquered the primi
tive and highly civilised populations of Babylonia.
In the following pages M. Lenormant's notes to the first
Part are distinguished by the letter L. In the second and third
Parts the notes are all by him.

THE BOOK OF GENESIS

THE MASSOEETIC TEXT IN ITS PEESENT STATE

CHAPTEE I.
1 In the beginning Elohim created the heaven and
the earth.
2 And the earth was waste and void ; and darkness
was upon the face of the deep : and the spirit of
Elohim moved upon the face of the waters.
3 And Elohim said, Let there be light : and there
was light.
4 And Elohim saw the light, that it was good : and
Elohim divided the light from the darkness.
5 And Elohim called the light Day, and the dark
ness he called Mght. And there was evening and
there was morning, one day.
6 And E16him said, Let there be a firmament in the
midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from
the waters. [And it was so.1]
7 And Elohim made the firmament, and divided the
waters which were under the firmament from the waters
which were above the firmament. [And Elohim saw
the firmament, that it was good.2]
1 These words are at the end of verse 7, but they are out of their proper
place, and they have been inserted here in accordance with the unvarying
parallelism of the recital of the other creations, and in conformity with the
Septuagint version, which inserts them here. — L.
2 The LXX retains this sentence, which is necessary to the progress of
the narrative. It has been allowed to lapse in the Hebrew text, in which it
has been replaced by the sentence which originally formed the conclusion of
verse 6. — L. b 2

4 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
8 And Elohim called the firmament Heaven. And
there was evening and there was morning, a second
dajr. 9 And Elohim said, Let the waters under the
heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let
the dry land appear. And it was so.1
10 And Elohim called the dry land Earth ; and the
gathering together of the waters called he Seas : and
Elohim saw that it was good.
11 And Elohim said, Let the earth put forth grass,
herb yielding seed, and fruit-tree bearing fruit after its
kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth : and
it was so.
12 And the earth brought forth grass, herb yielding
seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is
the seed thereof, after its kind : and Elohim saw that it
was good.
13 And there was evening and there was morning, a
third day.
14 And Elohim said, Let there be lights in the firma
ment of the heaven 2 to divide the day from the night ;
and let them be for signs and for seasons, and for days
and years :
15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of
the heaven to give light upon the earth : and it
was so.
16 And Elohim made the two great lights ; the
1 The LXX adds, ' And the water which was under the heaven was
collected into its places, and the dry land appeared. '
2 The LXX and Samaritan insert here ' to give light upon the earth.'.
This light differs from the light in verse 3, which is light in general, diffused
light, or, while mft-6r signifies a luminary, and is used of the sun and moon
(verse 16). See also Ps. lxxiv. 16.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 5
greater light to rule the day, and the lesser fight to rule
the night : he made the stars also.
17 And Elohim set them in the firmament of the
heaven to give light upon the earth,
18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and
to divide the light from the darkness : and Elohim saw
that it was good.
19 And there was evening and there was morning, a
fourth day.
20 And Elohim said, Let the waters swarm with a
living pullulation, and let fowl fly above the earth
towards the face of the firmament of heaven : [and it
was so.1]
21 And Elohim created the great sea-monsters,2 and
all the living and creeping things with which the waters
swarm, after their kinds, and every winged fowl after
its kind : and Elohim saw that it was good.
22 And Elohim blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and
multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl
multiply in the earth.
23 And there was evening and there was morning, a
fifth day.
24 And Elohim said, Let the earth- bring forth the
living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping
thing, and beast of the earth after its kind : and it was so.
25 And Elohim made the beast of the earth after its
kind, and the cattle after their kind, and everything
that creepeth upon the ground after its kind : and
E16him saw that it was good.
1 This sentence is omitted in the Hebrew, but retained in the LXX. — L
2 Ta Krfn) to. juryaXa.— LXX. Whales existed in the Mediterranean as
late as the Roman period.

6 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
26 And Elohim said, Let us make man1 in our
image, after our likeness2 : and let them have dominion
over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air,
and over the cattle, and over [every beast of3] the earth,
and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the
earth. 27 And E16him created man in his own image, in
the image of Elohim created he him ; male and female
created he them.
28 And E16him blessed them ; and E16him said unto
them, Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth,
and subdue it ; and have dominion over the fish of the
sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living
thing that moveth upon the earth.
29 And Elohim said, Behold, I have given you every
herb yielding seed, which is upon the face of all the
earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree
yielding seed ; to you it shall be for meat :
30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every
fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon
the earth, wherein there is the breath of life,4 1 have
given every green herb for meat : and it was so.
1 Heb. Adam, and so wherever man is mentioned.
2 'According to our image and likeness.' — LXX. Tzelem means a
shadow (Ps. xxxix. 6), hence an image, from its shadowing forth. In
2 Kings xi. 18, Ezek. xxiii. 14, &c, it means idols. Demuth is likeness,
likeness in form: it occurs again in this sense in Ps. lviii. 4, Ezek. i. 26. Mai-
monides explains this to refer, not to any corporeal resemblance, but to the
Divine Intellect (philosophically the Active as distinguished from the Passive
Intellect) which has been imparted to man.
3 These words are not in the text, but the mention of them in verse 24
implies their insertion here. — L.
4 Nephesh 'ayyah, tyvXnv for;!.— LXX. Nephesh is a word the primary
meaning of which is the vital principle common to all living beings (Maim.
Mor. Neb. Part I. c. 41). It means here 'breath of life' (conf. Job

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 7
31 And E16him saw everything that he had made,
and, behold, it was very good. And there was evening
and there was morning, the sixth day.

CHAPTEE H.

1 And the heaven and the earth were finished, and
all the host 1 of them.
2 And on the seventh day Elohim finished his work
which he had made ; and he rested on the seventh day
from all his work which he had made.
3 And Elohim blessed the seventh day, and hallowed
it ; because that in it he rested from all his work which
Elohim had created and made.2
4 These are the genealogies of the heaven and of the
earth when they were created.3
xii. 21). 'Ayyah (living, to live) is said of all beings which have the power
of feeding themselves, and which live, as in Gen. ix. 13. It is never used of
plants. 1 Kooyioj, order, LXX, which adds ' and God finished on the sixth day
his works which he made.'
2 Qv rjpi-aTo o 9eot iroajaai, ' which God began to do.' — LXX.
3 This portion of the verse gives us the invariable form in which the
titles of every section of the book of genealogies constituting the Elohistic
document begin. It ought to have preceded the history of the creation
which forms the first chapter in the present state of the text, but the editor
who finally combined the Elohistic and Jehovistic documents has placed it
at the end. It is evident that he wished to begin the sacred book by affirm
ing the doctrine of the creation ex nihilo contained in chap. i. 1, in opposition
to the doctrines of emanation which were held by the Pagan nations by
whom the Israelites were surrounded. — L.
Philo, however, and the Alexandrian Jews saw nothing in the Mosaic
cosmogony inconsistent with the pre-existence of matter. Philo (On the
Incorruptibility of the World, § 2) says, —
' As nothing is generated out of nothing, so neither can anything which

8 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
In the day that Yahveh E16him » made earth and heaven
5 No bush of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of
the field had yet sprung up : for Yahveh E16him had not caused
it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the
ground ;
6 But there went up a mist2 from the earth, and watered
the whole face of the ground.
7 And Yahveh B16him formed man 3 of the dust of the ground,
and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man
became a living soul.
8 And Yahveh Elohim planted a garden eastward in Eden 4 ;
and there he put the man whom he had formed.
9 And out of the ground made Yahveh Elohim to grow every
tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food ; the tree of
life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the know
ledge of good and evil.
10 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and
from thence it was parted, and became four heads.
exists be destroyed, so as to become non-existence. For it is impossible that
anything should be generated of that which has no existence anywhere, and
equally so that what does exist should be so utterly destroyed as never to be
mentioned or heard of again. And indeed, in this spirit the tragedian
says : — " Nought that e'er has been
Completely dies, but things combined
Before another union find ;
Quitting their former company,
And so again in other forms are seen." '
Euripides, Chrysippns.
' Yahveh Elohim is translated Kvpios o Beos, ' the Lord God ' by the
LXX, and they continue this expression for several chapters, so that the
Deluge, for instance, is brought about not by Yahveh, but by Yahveh
Elohim, in chap. vi. 3, 5, &c.
2 Iliryr], a fountain. — LXX.
3 Heb. ha 'Adam, ' the man.'
4 Our translation says that ' Yahveh Elohim planted a garden eastward
in Eden,' but Onkelos holds that qedem should be translated ' in ancient
times,' 'formerly,' as in Ps. xliv. 2, Isa. xxiii. 7. The word Eden really
signifies 'field,' or 'plain,' Assyr. idinu (edinu), and Delitzsch considers
it to be a primitive non-Semitic word which afterwards passed into the
Semitic.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 9
11 The name of the first is Pishon : that is it which com
passeth the whole land of 'Havilah, where there is gold ;
12 And the gold of that land is good : there is the bedola'h
and the shdham stone.
13 And the name of the second river is Qi'hdn : the same is
it that compasseth the whole land of Kush.
14 And the name of the third river is 'Hiddeqel : that is it
which goeth in front of Asshur. And the fourth river is the
Phrath. 15 And Yahveh Elohim took the man, and put him into the
garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
.16 And Yahveh Elohim commanded the man, saying, Of
every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat :
17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou
shalt not eat of it : for in the day that thou eatest thereof, thou
shalt surely die.
18 And Yahveh Elohim said, It is not good that the man
should be alone ; I will make him an help answering to him.
19 And out of the ground Yahveh Eldhim formed every
beast of the field, and every fowl of the air ; and brought them
unto the man to see what he would call them : and whatsoever
the man called every living creature, that was the name thereof.
20 And the man gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of
the air, and to every beast of the field : but for man there was
not found an help meet for him.
21 And Yahveh Elohim caused a deep sleep to fall upon the
man, and he slept : and he took one of his ribs, and closed up
the flesh instead thereof;
22 And the rib, which Yahveh Elohim had taken from the
man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.
23 And the man said, This is now bone of my bones, and
flesh of my flesh : she shall be called woman (isshdh) because
she was taken out of man (ish).
24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother,
and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh.
25 And they were both naked, the maD and his wife, and
were not ashamed.

10 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

CHAPTER 'HI.
1 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the
field which Yahveh E16him had made. And he said unto the
woman, Yea, hath Elohim said, Ye shall not eat of any tree of
the garden ?
2 And the woman said unto the serpent, Of the fruit of the
trees of the garden we may eat :
3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the
garden, E16him hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall
ye touch it, lest ye die.
4 And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely
die :
5 For E16him doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then
your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as Elohim, knowing
good and evil.
6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food,
and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to
be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and
did eat ; and she gave also to her husband with her, and he did
eat. 7 And the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew
that they were naked : and they sewed fig leaves together, and
made themselves girdles.
8 And they heard the voice of Yahveh Eldhim in the breeze
of the evening : and the man and his wife hid themselves from
the presence of Yahveh Eldhim amongst the trees of the
garden. 9 And Yahveh Elohim called unto the man, and said unto
him, Where art thou ?
10 And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was
afraid, because I was naked ; and I hid myself.
11 And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked ? Hast
thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou
shouldest not eat ?

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 11
12 And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be
with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
13 And Yahveh E16him said unto the woman, What is this
that thou hast done ? And the woman said, The serpent be
guiled me, and 1 did eat.
14 And Yahveh Elohim said unto the serpent, Because thou
hast done this, cursed art thou from among all cattle, and from
among every beast of the field : upon thy belly ' shalt thou go,
and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life.
15 And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and
between thy seed and her seed: it shall bruise thy head, and
thou shalt bruise his heel.2
1 ' Upon thy breast and belly.' — LXX.
2 TT/pTjcrei, LXX, ' he shall keep (watch against) thy head, and thou
shalt keep his heel.' No serpent could bruise a person's head. Josephus
(Ant. i. § 4) says that all living creatures at this time were able to speak,
and had one language. He attributes the fall to the serpent's envy of the
happiness of Adam and Eve. God, he says, deprived the serpent of speech,
and put poison under his tongue; not knowing that out of some 1,300
varieties of serpents perhaps one half are not poisonous. Certain land
snakes use the tongue to bring into the mouth stones, sand, &c, which they
swallow to promote digestion, whieh has been mistaken for eating dust.
Professor Owen has shown in his description of the Ophidia, in allusion to
the text ' Upon thy belly shalt thou go,' that serpents have not been de
graded from a higher type, and that no animal has its parts more exquisitely
adapted to its necessities. M. Lenormant observes ( Origines de I'Histoire,
t. i. p. 106, note) that ' the serpent has been assuredly a symbol of life
for the Chaldaeo-Assyrians. One of its generic names in the Semitic Assy
rian language is haivou, in Arabic hiyah, both from the root hdvah, to live.'
The brazen serpent of Numbers xxi. 5-9, whieh Yahveh himself ordered
Moses to make, was an emblem of Yahveh as a healing deity. This
serpent continued to be an object of popular worship until the time of Heze-
kiah, who broke it in pieces because the Israelites burnt incense to it up to
that time, and he called it ne'hushtan — that is, brazen. Reuss has observed
that there is a pun here, for serpent is called na'hash, and brass ne'hSsheth.
There is no mention of the devil in connection with the serpent until the
Apocryphal Book of Wisdom, which is of later date than the Septuagint.
Even this seems to be figurative. In Eecl. xiv. 17 it is said, ' The covenant
from the beginning is, Thou shalt die the death,' and in Eccl. xxi. 27, it is
said, 'When the ungodly curseth Satan, he curseth his own soul.' Lenor
mant (Origines, i. p. 552, note) says, ' One of the images of Malak-Baal, the
third person of the Phcenician triad, is the nehoushtan, the saviour serpent,
whose image Moses set up in the desert.' The Rabbis attributed Adam's

12 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
16 Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy
sorrow and thy conception ; in sorrow shalt thou bring forth
children ; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall
rule over thee.
1 7 And unto the man he said, Because thou hast hearkened
unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which
I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it : cursed is
the ground for thy sake ; in toil shalt thou eat of it all the days
of thy life.
18 Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee ; and
thou shalt eat the herb of the field ;
19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou
return unto the ground ; for out of it wast thou taken : for dust
thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.
20 And the man called his wife's name 'Hawah, because she
was the mother of all living (hdy).1
21 And Yahveh Elohim made for the man and for his wife
tunics of skins, and clothed them.
22 And Yahveh Elohim said, Behold, the man is become as
one of us, to know good and evil : and now, lest he put forth
his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for
ever :
fall to the envy of the angels, who, having in vain tried to prevent the
creation of man, led him into sin by means of Sammael and his angels, who
was superior to them, and who employed the serpent as his instrument. If
Adam had not sinned he would have lived for ever according to some. The
immediate consequence of Adam's sin was that the Shechinah was with
drawn from earth to the first heaven, and subsequent sins caused it to be
removed to the seventh heaven. The Sherhinah was a light created ex
pressly in order to represent the Divine Majesty. The Talmud says that
God ' originally offered the Law to all Gentile nations, but they having
refused to submit, Israel took the Law on themselves at Mount Sinai, and
were literally as Ps. Ixxxii. 6 describes : ' I said, Ye are E16him, and all of
you sons of 'Ely6n ' (the Most High). If it had not been for the golden
calf, which put an end to this state of bliss, that generation would have seen
the end of Israel.' Dr. Donaldson has a dissertation on this verse, in which
he shows from Jer. xiii. 22 and Nahum iii. 5 the real meaning of the word
translated ' heel.' — Conf. Hos. xii. 4.
1 LXX, Ztoj;, Euo, conf. Euaior, Josh. xi. 3, Judges iii. 3, &c. In
Phoenician Havath.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 13
23 Therefore Yahveh Eldhim sent him forth from the garden
of Eden to till the ground from whence he was taken.
24 So he drove out the man, and he placed at the east of the
garden of Eden the Kerubim, and the flame of a sword which
turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.1

CHAPTER IV.

1 And the man knew 'Havvah his wife ; and she conceived,
and bare Qain, and said, I have gotten (qdnithy) a man with
the help of Yahveh.
2 And again she bare his brother Habel. And Habel was a
keeper of sheep, but Qain was a tiller of the ground.2

2

1 The same word is used for the tree of life that is used in chaps, i. ii. &c.
for fruit-bearing and other trees in general. The idea of a tree of life is
common to many nations, and everywhere it is the increase of vital energy
given by the intoxicating powers of the fruit which has made semi-barbarous
nations believe in a promise of immortality conveyed by it. In Arya we
have the Soma (Asclepias acidula ?), in Babylonia the palm, and the
Accadian inscriptions show us that that ancient people gave the name
Ges-tin, ' tree of life,' to the vine. R. Meir taught that the tree Adam
partook of was the vine, for nothing entices man so much as wine, of which
it is said (Gen. ix. 21), ' And he drank of the wine, and was drunken '
(Tr. Syhedr. fol. 70). In the LXX this verse is, ' And he cast out Adam and
caused him to dwell over against the Garden of Delight, and stationed the
cherubs and the fiery sword that turns about to keep the way of the tree
of life.' There seems to be no doubt that the Kerubim are of Babylonian
origin, and identical with the winged colossal bulls. M. Lenormant says
that upon an unedited parallel inscription in the possession of M. le Olerc
in Paris, the legend (AN) ki-ru-bu damku, ' exalted cherub,' appears. In
Ezek. i. 10 the Kerubim have the face of a bull (shor). Ezekiel represents
them in chap. i. 6, as having four faces, but in chap. xli. 18 this number is
reduced to two. Philo and Clemens Alexandrinus said that they repre
sented the two hemispheres, and their wings the rapid movement of the
firmament and of time circulating in the Zodiac, for Philo, speaking of the
wings of the Kerubim, says the heavens fly.
2 Josephus says Adam and Eve had two sons and daughters. The
Talmud says they had three daughters, one of whom Cain must have
married.

14 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
3 And in process of time it came to pass, that Qain brought
of the fruit of the ground an offering ' unto Yahveh.
4 And Habel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock,
and of the fat thereof. And Yahveh had respect unto Habel,
and to his offering :
5 But unto Qain and to his offering he had not respect.
And Qain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.
6 And Yahveh said unto Qain, Why art thou wroth ? and
why is thy countenance fallen ?
7 If thou doest well, shall it not be lifted up ? and if thou
doest not well, sin coucheth at the door ; and unto thee shall be
his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.2
8 And Qain said unto Habel his brother [Let us go out into
the plain *]. And it came to pass, when they were in the plain,
that Qain rose up against Habel his brother, and slew him.
9 And Yahveh said unto Qain, Where is Habel thy brother ?
And he said, I know not : am I my brother's keeper ?
10 And he said, What hast thou done ? the voice of thy
brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground.
1 1 And now, cursed art thou from the ground, which hath
opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand ;
12 When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth
yield unto thee her strength ; a fugitive and a wanderer shalt
thou be in the earth.
13 And Qain said unto Yahveh, Mine iniquity is greater
than I can bear.
14 Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of
the ground 4 ; and from thy face shall I be hid ; and I shall be
1 Heb. Min'ah, an offering without blood, conf. Lev. ii. 1. The reason it
was rejected appears to be that the earth was still under a curse, which
was only removed when the covenant was made with Noah (viii. 21), after
which Noah became himself an agriculturist.
2 In the LXX this verse is ' Hast thou not sinned if thou hast brought
it rightly, but not rightly divided it ? be still, to thee shall be his submission,
and thou shalt rule over him.'
3 The LXX and the Samaritan text have retained these words. They
have been omitted from the Hebrew text, and leave a blank there. St.
Jerome replaced them from the Greek version. — L.
4 The word adamah, ' ground,' is evidently used here to indicate the

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 15
a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth ; and it shall come to
pass, that whosoever findeth me shall slay me.
15 And Yahveh said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth
Qain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And Yahveh
appointed a sign for Qain, lest any finding him should smite him.
16 And Qain went out from the presence of Yahveh, and
dwelt in the land of Nod (exile) on the east of Eden.
17 And Qain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare
'Hanoch 1 : and he builded a city, and called the name of the
city, after the name of his son, 'Hanoch.
18 And unto 'Han6ch was born Yirad : and Yirad begat
Me'huyael, and Me'huyael begat MethushaSl 2 : and Methushael
begat Lamech.
19 And Lamech took unto him two wives : the name of the
one was 'Adah,3 and the name of the other Qlllah.'1
20 And 'Adah bare Yabal : he was the father of such as
dwell in tents and have cattle.5
21 And his brother's name was Yubal : he was the father of
all such as handle the kinnor and the 'iigar.6
22 And Cillah, she also bare Tiibal-qayin,7 the forger of
every cutting instrument of brass and iron : and the sister of
Tubal-qayin was Na'amah.8
23 And Lamech said unto his wives :
'Adah and Qillah, hear my voice ;
Ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech :
For I have slain a man to my wounding,
And a young man to my hurt.
cultivated and cultivable ground, the Adamic ground, in opposition to arec,
' the earth,' in its widest signification. — L.
1 ' Initiated.' 2 ' Man of God.' 5 ' Ornament, or beauty.'
4 'Shadow.'
5 M. Lenormant remarks elsewhere (Prem. Civilis. t. i. p. 138) that this
genealogy of Cain's family is quite inconsistent with the destruction of the
whole human race with the exception of Noah's family by the Deluge, for
the construction of this verse about Yabal implies the present time, ' those
who dwell in tents and have cattle ' at the period the author wrote.
6 LXX, ^raKi-qpiov xai ladapav. Engel thinks the kinnor is a lyre or
small harp, and the 'Agar the syrinx or Pandsean pipes.
7 9o(3eX, LXX. See note on chap. x. 2. 8 'Pleasant.'

10 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
21 If Qain shall be avenged sevenfold,
Truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold.1
25 And Adam knew his wife again ; and she bare a son, and
calleth his name Sheth : For, said she, E16him hath appointed
(shdth) me another seed instead of Habel ; for Qain slew him.
26 And to Sheth, to him also there was born a son ; and he
called his name Enosh : then began men to call upon the name
of Yahveh.2

CHAPTER V.

1 This is the book of the genealogy of Adarn.
In the day that Elohim created man, in the likeness
of Elohim made he him ;
2 Male and female created he them ; and blessed
them, and called their name Adam, in the day when
they were created.
3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and
begat a son in his own likeness, after his image : and
called his name Sheth 3 :
1 The Talmud explains this obscure passage to mean that when Lamech
or Lemech grew old and blind, Tubal-Cain led him by the hand into the
fields to hunt, and said to his father, ' Lo, yonder is a beast of prey, shoot
thy arrow in that direction,' and Lamech having done so the arrow killed
Cain, who was walking afar off. Lamech, when he discovered what he had
done, clapped his hands together, and not seeing his son, struck the lad's
head between his hands, killing him instantly.
2 The latest editor has not preserved the rest of the statement of the
posterity of Sheth as the Jehovist gave it. He gives the Elohistic genealogy
in its place, introducing only one incidental verse taken from the other
document. — L.
3 According to the Elohist, Sheth, not Qain, is Adam's first-born. The
genealogies are as follows :

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 17
4 And the days of Adam after he begat Sheth were
eight hundred years : and he begat sons and daughters :
5 And all the days that Adam lived were nine
hundred and thirty years : and he died.
6 And Sheth lived an hundred and five years, and
begat Enosh :
7 And Sheth lived after he begat Enosh eight hun
dred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters :
8 And all the days of Sheth were nine hundred and
twelve years : and he died.
9 And Enosh lived ninety years, and begat Qenan :
10 And Enosh lived after he begat Q6nan eight hun
dred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters :
11 And all the days of En6sh were nine hundred and
five years : and he died.
12 And Qenan lived seventy years, and begat
Mahalalel :
13 And Qenan lived after he begat Mahalalel eight
hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters :

Genesis IV.
Adam
Qain and Habel, his sons
'Hanoch, Qain's son
Yirad, 'Hanoch's son
Me'huyael, son of Yirad
Methushael, son of Me'huyael
Lamech,-son of Methushael

Genesis V.
AdamSheth
En6sh Qenan
Mahalalel Yared'Hanoch
Methushala'h
Lamech.

The Rabbis (Nork, Hebr. Rabbin. Worterbuch, art. Sheth) say that Sheth
was the first who gave names to the celestial signs and marked the divisions
of the year. Josephus says that the science of astrology was due to the
children of Seth, and that as Adam had told them the world was to perish
by water or by fire they constructed two columns, one of brick, the other of
stone, on which they engraved the knowledge they had acquired, so that
if a deluge destroyed the column of brick, the stone one might remain.

18 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
14 And all the days of Qenan were nine hundred and
ten years : and he died.
15 And Mahalalel lived sixty and five years, and
begat Tared :
16 And Mahalalel lived after he begat Yared eight
hundred and thirty years,- and begat sons and daughters :
17 And all the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred
ninety and five years : and he died.
18 And Yared lived an hundred sixty and two years,
and begat Han6ch :
19 And Yared lived after he begat 'Hanoch eight
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters :
20 And all the days of Yared were nine hundred
sixty and two years : and he died.
21 And Hanoch lived sixty and five years, and begat
Methushala'h :
22 And Hanoch walked with God x after he begat
Methushala'h three hundred years, and begat sons and
daughters :
23 And all the days of Hanoch were three hundred
sixty and five years :
24 And Hanoch walked with God : and he was not ;
for Elohim took him.2

1 E16him is translated ' God ' when the Divine name is preceded by the
article, which makes it a substantive of importance ; ha 'elohim, ' the God,'
' the only God.' — L.
- Death and imperfectness was the result of Ad&m's sin according to the
Rabbis, but Abraham would partly counteract this imperfection, and the
Messiah would wholly remove it. 'Handch did not sin, and therefore he
did not die. Original sin was entirely unknown to the Rabbis. They held
(Ber. 61a) that God originally created man with two propensities, one to
good, Yetser tobh, and one to evil, Yetser hara (Sank 91 i). The evil
impulse began immediately after birth, but it could be overcome, and man
could attain perfect righteousness.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 19
25 And Methushala'h lived an hundred eighty and
seven years, and begat Lamech :
26 And Methushala'h lived after he begat Lamech
seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons
and daughters :
27 And all the days of Methushala'h were nine
hundred sixty and nine years : and he died.
28 And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two
years, and he begat a son.1
29 And he called his name Noa'h, saying, This same shall
comfort us (yena'hamenu) for our work and for the toil of our
hands, which cometh from the ground which Yahveh hath
cursed.2 30 And Lamech lived after he begat No'ah five
hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and
daughters :
31 And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred
seventy and seven years : and he died.
32 And Noa'h was five hundred years old : and
Noa'h begat Shem, 'Ham, and Yapheth.
1 The original word must have been 'Noa'h.' The latest editor has
inserted the words ' a son ' to connect this verse better with the next, which
has been taken from another source. — L.
2 This verse has been taken from the genealogy of Sheth in the Jeho
vistic document, the first two verses of which have been preserved in chap.
iv. 25, 26. The remainder has been omitted, as being identical with the
genealogy of the Elohistic document, which the editor has adopted. — L.
M. Lenormant elsewhere observes that when the LXX in this verse explain
the name of N6a'h by ovtos avairavo-ei rjpas atro ra>u cpyav rjp.cov, ' This one
will cause us to cease from our works,' they show that the Hebrew text
they had before them differed from the one we have, and made it nearer to
the radical navabh. This conveys an idea of ' rest ' which agrees very well
with the meaning of the Accadian Ea, the third god of the principal triad
of the Chaldseo-Assyrian religion. This was the deity who warned Cha
sisadra (Xisuthros) that the deluge was about to take place, and who in
consequence is frequently called Salman, ' the saviour.'

20 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

CHAPTER VI.

1 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the
face of the ground, and daughters were born unto them,
2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they
were fair ; and they took them wives of all that they chose.
3 And Yahveh said, My spirit shall not rule in man for ever,
for that he also is flesh : yet shall his days be an hundred and
twenty years.1
4 The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also
after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of
men, and they bare children to them : the same were the mighty
men which were of old, the men of renown.2
5 And Yahveh saw that the wickedness of man was great in
the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his
heart was only evil continually.
6 And it repented Yahveh that he had made man on the
earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
7 And Yahveh said, I will destroy man whom I have created
from the face of the ground ; both man, and beast, and creeping
thing, and fowl of the air ; for it repenteth me that I have made
them. 8 But Noa'h found grace in the eyes of Yahveh.
9 These are the genealogies of Noa'h.
1 This probably refers, not to the duration of man's life, for Abraham,
for instance, died at a hundred and seventy-five years of age, but to the
corruption of mankind, whieh reached its maximum a hundred and twenty
years before the Deluge, or to the intercourse with the Bene-ha 'Elohim, or
sons of God. Is. vii. 8, xvi. 14, and especially Jonah iii. 4, are instances of
the short periods allowed for repentance. The Bene-ha 'Elohim are men
tioned again in Job i. 6, but we never hear of sons of Yahveh.
3 See Numb. xiii. 33, 'And there we saw the Nephilim (the Giants), the
Bene-'Anaq, which come of the Nephilim.' Giant nations are mentioned in
Deut. ii. 10, iii. 11. Goliath (1 Sam. xvii. 4) was six cubits and a span in
height, Eusebius (Prmp. Ev. lib. vii. cap. 8) says the Nephilim endeavoured
to establish 6eop.axtai like the Greeks, besides being the authors of sorcery
and witchcraft.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 21
N6a'h was a righteous man and upright in his
generations : Noa'h walked with God.
10 And Noa'h begat three sons, Shem, 'Ham, and
Yapheth. 11 And the earth was corrupt before God, and the
earth was filled with violence.
12 And Elohim saw the earth, and, behold, it was
corrupt : for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the
earth. 13 And E16him said unto Noa'h, The end of all flesh
is come before me ; for the earth is filled with violence
through them ; and, behold, I will destroy them with
the earth.
14 Make thee an ark * of cypress wood 2 ; cells shalt
thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and
without with pitch.
15 And this is how thou shalt make it : the length of
the ark three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty
cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
16 A light shalt thou make to the ark,3 and to a
cubit shalt thou finish it upwards '; and the door of the
ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower,
second, and third stories shalt thou make it.
17 And I, behold, I do bring the deluge4 of waters
1 Heb. teb&h, a chest or coffer. The word is only used of N6a'h's vessel
and the ark in which Moses was exposed, Exod. ii. 6. LXX, Ktfiaros, and
also Btpri, 0ijj3j/ in LXX interp.
2 ' Of square timber,' e/c ^vKcov TeTpaya>va>v, LXX. Buxtorf says gopher
was a species of cypress wood. The word means pitch ; hence resinous trees,
such as were used in ship-building.
3 LXX, Emo-vvayav iroitjo-eis tijv ki8cdtov, ' thou shalt narrow the ark in
making it.' The light or window is omitted.
* Mabbul, LXX, KaTaKK.vo-p.ov, vbap (nt ttjv ytpi. The word only occurs
once again, in Ps. xxix. 10, ' Yahveh sat as king at the Deluge.' It is
evidently a very old word, as it has to be explained as a deluge ' of waters.'

22 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the
breath of life, from under heaven ; every thing that is
in the earth shall die.
18 But I will establish my covenant with thee ; and
thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and
thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee.
19 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of
every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them
alive with thee ; they shall be male and female.
20 Of the fowl after their kind, and of the cattle
after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground
after its kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee,
to keep them alive.
21 And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten,
and gather it to thee ; and it shall be for food for
thee, and for them.
22 Thus did Noa'h ; according to all that Elohim
commanded him, so did he.

CHAPTER VII.

1 And Yahveh said unto Noa'h, Come thou and all thy house
into the ark ' ; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this
generation. 2 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee seven and
seven, the male and his female ; and of the beasts that are not
clean two, the male and his female ;
1 The Jehovistic document evidently placed the directions given to Noa'h
by Yahveh respecting the construction of the ark before this verse, but the
latest editor has no doubt omitted them because they repeated those of the
Elohist almost word for word. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 23
3 Of the fowl also of the air [which are clean], seven and
seven, male and female ; [and of birds which are not clean, two,
male and female ]] : to keep seed alive upon the face of all the
earth. 4 For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the
earth forty days and forty nights ; and every living thing that
I have made will I destroy from off the face of the ground.
5 And Noa'h did according unto all that Yahveh commanded
him. 6 And N6a'h was six hundred years old when the
deluge of waters was upon the earth.2
7 And Noa'h went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his
sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the
deluge. 8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of
[clean] fowls [and of fowls that are not clean], and of every
thing that creepeth upon the ground,3
9 There went in two and two unto Noa'h into the ark, male
and female, as TJMhim 4 commanded Noa'h.
10 And it came to pass, after the seven days, that the waters
of the deluge were upon the earth.
11 In the six hundredth year of Noa'h's fife, in the
second month, on the seventeenth day of the month,5
1 This verse, which is mutilated in the Hebrew text, is restored from the
LXX.— L.
2 This number corresponds to the Babylonian ner, vrjpos, Assyr. ni-i-ru.
It is the original astronomical cosmic year, at the end of which the equation
of the solar and lunar years took place. Sixty solar years equal 742 luna
tions, that is sixty years of twelve months, and twenty-two intercalated
months ; 618 years and 'bur months are therefore required for a cosmic year
of 600 years. Shem's cycle is also 600 years (Gen. xi. 10, 11).
s This verse is also incomplete in the Hebrew, and has been restored
from the LXX.— L.
4 The use of this name here instead of Yahveh is exceptional and peculiar)
for the verse evidently belongs to the Elohistic document. Its presence here
is doubtless owing to the latest editor. — L.
5 On the twenty-seventh day of the month. — LXX. Conf. chap. viii. 14.
According to the Hebrew text the deluge began on the seventeenth day of
the second month. The tops of the mountains were seen on the first day of

24 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
on the same day were all the fountains of the great
deep broken up, and the floodgates1 of heaven were
opened. 12 And the rain2 was upon the earth forty days and forty
nights. 13 In the selfsame day entered Noa'h, and Shem, and
'Ham, and Yapheth, the sons of Noa'h, and Noa'h's
wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into
the ark 3 ;
the tenth month (viii. 5), and they were nearly dried up on the first day of
the first month, and Noa'h left the ark on the twenty-seventh day of the
second month (viii. 14). Thus the flood lasts according to the Elohist
exactly a solar year instead of forty days as in the Jehovist. The LXX
and Josephus by making the deluge begin on the twenty-seventh of the
month have altered this into a lunar year. The solar year in Egypt was
preceded by a lunar year of 354£ days.
1 Ot KarappaKrai. — LXX. These flood-gates are mentioned again in
chap. viii. 2, 2 Kings vii. 19, Is. xxiv. 18 (where the LXX translate the
word SvpiSes), and Mai. iii. 10. They were supposed to be opened when it
rained. The primary meaning of the word is network or lattices. The
word raqui'ah, which we translate firmament, was a material vault variously
described as being ' of paved work like a sapphire stone,' Ex. xxiv. 10 ; ' like
the terrible crystal,' Ezek. i. 22, or 'like a molten mirror,' Job xxxvii. 18.
Above this was the heavenly ocean ; ' Praise him ... ye waters that be
above the heavens,' Ps. cxlviii. 4. R. Yuda (Tr. Berakoth, chap. 1) says it
would take a man fifty years, travelling at the rate of forty miles a day, to
traverse the firmament. Above it was supposed to be the abode of God and
the angels, Ps. ii. 4, Deut. xxxiii. 26. This conception of a solid firmament
was not peculiar to the Jews. In Egypt the sky was supposed to be of
iron, portions of which became detached occasionally and fell on the earth.
Hence the Egyptian name for iron, ba en pe, ' matter from heaven.' The
Greek name for iron also, o-t8>/por, which appears again in the Latin sidus, a
star, signifies the metal which was first known as having a sidereal origin.
2 According to the Jehovist the rain is the sole agent in bringing about
the deluge.
3 The Rabbis say that Noa'h's taking his sons into the ark before his
wife and daughters-in-law shows that the sexes were to be separated in the
ark, so that no increase was to be apprehended. It thus came to pass that
though Shem was a married man of the ripe age of a hundred years, neither
he nor his brothers had any offspring till after the deluge. Three creatures
however, disobeyed the command, and are still being punished for it  Haul
from whom the negro race descended, the dog, and the raven.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 25
14 They, and every beast after its kind, and all the
cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that
creepeth upon the earth after its kind, and every fowl
after its kind, every bird of every sort.
15 And they went in unto Noa'h into the ark, two
and two of all flesh wherein is the breath of life.
16 And they that went in, went in male and female
of all flesh, as E16him commanded him.
And Yahveh shut him in.1
17 And the deluge was forty days upon the earth; and the
waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above
the earth.
18 And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly
upon the earth ; and the ark went upon the face of
the waters.
19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the
earth ; and all the high mountains that were under the
whole heaven were covered.
20 Fifteen cubits upwards did the waters prevail:
and the mountains were covered.
21 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth,
both fowl, and cattle, and beast, and every creeping
thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man :
22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit
of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.
23 And every living thing was destroyed which was upon
the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and creeping
1 R. Ahia b. Zeira (Tr. Pes. i.) says that when Noa'h went into the ark
he took with him pearls and precious stones ; when they gave but little
light he knew it was day, but when they shone brilliantly he knew it was
night : he was thus able to feed the animals which required food in the
daytime and those which required food at night, else, as the planets had
ceased to give light, he would not have known the difference between day
and night.

26 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
thing, and fowl of the heaven, and they were destroyed from the
earth : and Noa'h only was left, and they that were with him in
the ark.
24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an
hundred and fifty days.

CHAPTER vrn.

1 And Elohim remembered Noa'h, and every living
thing, and all the cattle that were with him in the ark ;
and Elohim made a wind to pass over the earth, and
the waters assuaged ;
2 The fountains also of the deep and the floodgates
of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was
restrained. 3 And the waters returned from off the earth continually :
and after the end of an hundred and fifty days the waters
decreased. 4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the
seventeenth day of the month,1 upon the mountains of
Ararat.2 5 And the waters decreased continually until the
tenth month : in the tenth month, on the first day of
the month, were the tops of the mountains seen.
6 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noa'h
opened the window of the ark which he had made :
7 And he sent forth a raven,3 and it went forth to and fro,
until the waters were dried up from off the earth.
1 Twenty-seventh.— LXX.
2 The Jehovist does not mention any landing-place.
3 The raven. — LXX.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 27
8 [And Noa'h stayed seven days], and he sent forth a dove
from him to see if the waters were abated from off the face of
the ground ;
9 But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she
returned unto him to the ark, for the waters were on the face of
the whole earth ; and he put forth his hand, and took her, and
brought her in unto him into the ark.
10 And he stayed yet other seven days ; and again he sent
forth the dove out of the ark ;
11 And the dove came in to him at eventide ; and, lo, in her
mouth a fresh olive leaf pluckt off: so Noa'h knew that the
waters were abated from off the earth.
12 And he stayed yet other seven days ; and sent forth the
dove ; and she returned not again unto him any more.1
13 And it came to pass, in the six hundred and first
year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the
waters were dried up from off the earth :. and N6a'h
removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and,
behold, the face of the ground was dried.
14 And in the second month, on the seven and
twentieth day of the month, was the earth dry.
15 And E16him spake unto Noa'h, saying,
16 Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy
sons, and thy sons' wives with thee.
17 Bring forth with thee every living thing that is
1 Schrader has shown the superior originality of the cuneiform story of
the Flood with reference to the despatch of the birds. In the cuneiform
account there are three birds, the dove (?), the swallow, and the raven, the
two first of which return. The third does not return, and this is the proof
for which Xisuthros is looking. In the Jehovistic account four birds are
sent out, the first of which does not return, but flies to and fro. In the
Babylonian account the birds are sent one after the other ; in the Jehovistic
seven days elappe between the sendings forth, a wholly unnecessary period.
In the Babylonian account the raven sees the corpses floating on the water
and eats them ; but the Babylonian deluge only lasts six days, and corpses
might still be visible, which they would scarcely be after the lapse of forty
days.

28 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
with thee of all flesh, both fowl, and cattle, and every
creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth ; that they
may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and
multiply in the earth,
18 And N6a'h went forth, and his sons, and his wife,
and his sons' wives with him :
19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl,
whatsoever moveth upon the earth, after their families,
went forth out of the ark.
20 And Noah builded an altar unto Yahveh; and took of
every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt
offerings upon the altar.
21 And Yahveh smelled the sweet savour; and Yahveh said
in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for the
sake of the man, for that the imagination of man's heart is evil
from his youth ; neither will I again smite any more every thing
living, as I have done.
22 While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold
and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not
cease.1 1 The Jews say the Deluge was brought about by the Most Holy taking
two stars from Kimah (the Pleiades, Job ix. 9), which brought about the
terrestrial cataclysm by means of torrential rains, and when he wished to
put an end to it he took two stars from the Aish (the Great Bear, whose
sons appear in her tail in Job xxxviii. 32) to refill the cavity. — Tr.
Berakoth, F. 59 a.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 20

CHAPTER IX.
1 And Elohim blessed Noa'h and his sons, and said
unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the
earth. 2 And the fear of you and the dread of you shall" be
upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of
the air ; with all wherewith the ground creepeth, and
all the fishes of the sea, into your hand are they
delivered. 3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be food for
you ; as the green herb have I given you all.
4 But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood
thereof, shall ye not eat.
5 And surely your blood, the blood of your lives,
will I require ; at the hand of every beast will I re
quire it : and at the hand of every man, even at the
hand of every man's brother, will I require the fife of
man. 6 Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his
blood be shed : for in the image of Elohim made he
man. 7 And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply ; bring forth
abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein.
8 And Elohim spake unto Noa'h, and to his sons with
him, saying,
9 And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you,
and with your seed after you ;
10 And with every living creature that is with you,
the fowl, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with

30 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
you : of all that go out of the ark, even every beast of
the earth.
11 And I will establish my covenant with you ; neither
shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of the
deluge ; neither shall there any more be a deluge to
destroy the earth.
12 And E16him said, This is the token of the covenant
which I make between me and you and every living
creature that is with you, for perpetual generations.
13 I have set my bow in the cloud, and it shall
be for a token of a covenant between me and the
earth. 14 And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud
over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the
cloud, 15 And I will remember my covenant, which is
between me and you and every living creature of all
flesh ; and the waters shall no more become a deluge
to destroy all flesh.
16 And the bow shall be in the cloud ; and I will
look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting
covenant between Elohim and every living creature of
all flesh that is upon the earth.
17 And Elohim said unto Noa'h, This is the token of
the covenant which I have established between me and
all flesh that is upon the earth.
18 And the sons of N6a'h, that went forth from the ark,
were Shem, and 'Ham, and Yapheth ; and 'Ham is the father of
Kena'an.1 19 These three were the sons of N6a'h ; and of these was the
whole earth overspread.
1 'Merchant.'

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 81
20 And Noa'h began to be an husbandman, and planted a
vineyard :
21 And he drank of the wine, and was drunken ; and he was
uncovered within his tent.
22 And 'Ham, the father of Kenaan, saw the nakedness of
his father, and told his two brethren without.
23 And Shem and Yapheth took a garment, and laid it upon
both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the naked
ness of their father ; and their faces were backward, and they
saw not their father's nakedness.
24 And Noa'h awoke from his wine, and knew what his
youngest son had done unto him.
. 25 And he said,
Cursed be Kena'an ;
A servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren !
26 And he said,
Blessed be Yahveh, the God of Shem ;
And let Kena'an be their servant !
27 Elohim enlarge Yapheth,
And let him dwell in the tents of Shem ;
And let Kena'an be their servant.
28 And Noa'h lived after the deluge three hundred
and fifty years.
29 And all the days of Noa'h were nine hundred and
fifty years : and he died.

32 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

CHAPTER X.
1 Now these are the genealogies of the sons of Noa'h,
' Shem, Ham, and Yapheth : and unto them were sons
born after the deluge.
2 The sons of Yapheth : Gomer,1 and Mag6g,2 and
Maday,3 and Yavan,4 and Tubal,5 and Meshech,6 and
Tlras.7 3 And the sons of Gomer : Ashkenaz,8 and Riphath,9
and Togarmah.10
1 Gomer, the Cimmerii, Assyr. Gimir. 2 Probably the Scythians.
3 Media, Assyr. Madai. 4 Ionia.
5 Generally supposed to be a Caucasian tribe, the Tibareni, neighbours
of the Chalybes, the aborigines of the mountains on the coast of the Euxine,
forgers of iron and workers in brass, who were celebrated in the time of the
Argonauts. The Tibareni are described aa having numerous flocks, and the
Mosynoeci, their neighbours, as living in their houses constructed of wood,
in the midst of their forests, and at the foot of their mountains. In Ezek.
xxvii. 13 they ' trade the persons of men and vessels of brass ' to Tyre.
In chap, xxxii. 26 Tubal is again mentioned in connection with Meshech,
and also in chap, xxxviii. 2, 3, and xxxix. 1, and 1 Chron. i. 5. In Isa.
Ixvi. 19, however, it is mentioned in connection with Yavan, or Ionia. In
the inscriptions Salmanassar II. says, ' In my twenty-second campaign '
(835 B.C.) ' I crossed the Purat ' (Euphrates) ' for the twenty-second time, and
advanced towards the land of Tabal ' (Tubal). ' At that time I imposed
tributes on twenty-four kings of the land of Tabal, and I went on towards
those countries where mines of silver, salt (?), and alabaster are found.'
From inscriptions of Sar-kin (the Sargon of Isa. xx. 1) it seems clear that
Tubal or Tabal was identical with the Cappadocia of later times. In his
list of conquests from the commencement of his reign (701 B.C.) to his
fifteenth campaign he says, ' Amris, of the land of Tubal, had been placed
on the throne of his father Khulli ; I gave him the land of Khilakku
(Cilicia), which had not been conquered by my ancestors.'
6 The Mocrxoi, Muski (Mu-us-ki) or Muski (Mu-us-ki), LXX Moo-ox.
They inhabited the Moschian mountains, N.E. of Cappadocia.
7 Jonath. and Targ. Jer. identify Tiras with Thracia.
8 Mentioned in Jer. Ii. 27 in conjunction with the kingdoms of Ararat
and Minnie, which is on the E. of Elam.
9 Perhaps inhabitants of the Riphsean mountains.
10 Probably Armenia. The Armenians say they are descended from Haik,
a son of Togarmah.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 33
4 And the sons of Yavan : Elishah,1 and Tarshish,2
and the Kittim,3 and the Dodanim.4
5 Of these were the coast-lands of the nations divided
in their lands, every one after his tongue ; after their
families, in their nations.
6 And the sons of 'Ham : Kush, and Micraim,5 and
Phut,6 and Kena'an.7
1 Elis. See Ezek. xxvii. 7, ' Blue and purple from the isles of Elishah
was thine awning.' This was a name for the whole Peloponnesus. Purple
was found in Laconia, in the Gulf of Corinth, and in the islands of the
^Egean. 8 Tarshish, Tartessus, Taprrjo-o-os, was situated on an island at the mouth
of the Tartessus, now the Guadalquivir in Spain. It was of great antiquity,
and had ceased to exist in the time of Strabo. The ' kings of Tarshish ' are
mentioned in Ps. lxxii. 10. It was a great Phcenician emporium. In
1 Kings x. 22 and 2 Chron. ix. 21 Solomon has ships that go to Tarshish
with the servants of 'Hiram ; ' once every three years came the ships of
Tarshish bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.' The pea
cocks are omitted in the LXX. The Rev. R. Caldwell (Comparative
Grammar of the Dravidian Languages) points out that Thukkiyyim, the
word used in these passages for ' peacock ' is evidently borrowed from the
Tamil-Malayalam. With them Tokei or Tokei denotes the bird with the
(resplendent) tail. It is called togei in Malabar. There are no peacocks in
Arabia or Africa.
3 The Kittim are another Phoenician colony. Cyprus, whose capital
was Kition, now Larnaka, is meant.
4 The Rhodians,' LXX, Sam., and 1 Chron. i. 7, where they are called
Rodanim. 6 Egypt, Assyrian Musri, a plural noun to signify Upper and Lower
Egypt. In Isa. xix. 6, &c, it is used in the singular, Mazor, to denote Lower
Egypt as distinct from Pathros or Upper Egypt.
6 Phut is called Libya by the LXX, Ezek. xxvii. 10, &c. Josephus
says they inhabited Mauritania. Pliny (Hist. Nat. v. 1) mentions a river
Phut in Mauritania.
7 Kensl'an means the lowlands. In Isa. xxiii. 11, the name is applied
to Phoenicia; in Zeph. ii. 5 to Philistia, &c, but in Gen. xv. 18 it is said to
extend from the torrent of Micraim to the river Phrath (Euphrates). The
Babylonians and Assyrians only knew it as Kur Martu (Akkadian) and
Mat Aharri, or the ' West Country.' The Assyrians included in this de
signation Omri (Samaria), Edom and Palastar (Pbilistia and other small
states1). The Mediterranean is described as ' the great sea of the setting
D

34 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
7 And the sons of Kush : Seba, and Havilah, and
Sabtah, and Ra'emah, and Sabteka : and the sons of
Ra'emah, Sheba, and Dedan.
8 And Ktish begat Nimrod : he began to be a mighty one in
the earth.
9 He was a mighty hunter before Yahveh ; wherefore it is
said, Like Nimrod a mighty hunter before Yahveh.
10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech,
and Akkad, and Kalneh, in the land of Shine'ar.
11 Out of that land went forth Asshiir, and he built Nineveh,
and Rehoboth-Ir, and Kala'h,
12 And Resen between Nineveh and Kala'h (the same is the
great city).
13 And Micraim begat the Liidim, and the 'Anamim,
and the Lehabim, and the Naphtu'him,
14 And the Patrusim, and the Kaslu'him (whence
went forth the Pelishtim), and the Kaphtorim.
15 And Kena'an begat Qidon his firstborn, and
Heth ;
16 And the Yebusy, and the Am dry, and the
Girgashy ;
17 And the 'Hivy, and the Arqy, and the Siny;
18 And the Arvady, and the Qemary, and the
Hamathy ; and afterward 'were the families of the
Kena'any spread abroad.
19 And the border of the Kena'any was from Qidon,
as thou goest towards Gerar, unto 'Azah ; as thou goest
towards Sedom and Amorah, and Admah and Ceboyim
unto Lasha'h.
20 These are the sons of Ham, after their families,
after their tongues, in their lands, in their nations.
sun.' For the other tribes mentioned in tbis chapter see note on chap.
xxv. 16.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 35
2 1 And unto Shem, the father of all the children of 'Jiber, the
elder brother of Yapheth, to him also were children born}
22 The sons of Shem : 'Elam, and Asshur, and
Arpakshad, and Lud, and Aram.
23 And the sons of Aram : 'Uc, and 'Hul, and Gether,
and Mash.
24 And Arpakshad begat Shela'h ; and Shela'b
begat 'Eber.
25 And unto 'Eber were born
two sons 2 : the name of the one was Peleg ; for in his
days was the earth divided (niphlegah) : and his brother's name
was Yoqtan.1
26 And Yoqtan begat Almodacl and Shaleph, and
Haearmaveth, and Yarah,
27 And Had oram, and Uzal, and Diqlah ;
28 And 'Obal, and Abima'el, and Sheba,
29 And Ophir, and 'Havilah, and Yobab : all these
were the sons of Yoqtan.
30 And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou
goest towards Sephar, the mountain of the east.
31 These are the sons of Shem, after their families,
after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations.
32 These are the families of the sons of Noa'h
after their generations, in their nations : and of
these were the nations divided in the earth after the
deluge.
1 This verse does not belong to the genealogy : it is evidently an addi
tion to the original document which can only be attributed to the latest
editor. — L.
2 All the concluding portion of this verse bears the unmistakable
impress of the Jehovistic editing ; it is the only remaining fragment of the
list which the latter document doubtless contained of the generations
between Shem and Abraham. The original text of the Elohist in this place
must have been ' And unto 'Heber were born Peleg and Yoqtan.' — L.

36 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
CHAPTER XI.
1 And the whole earth had the same language and the same
words. 2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they
found a plain in the land of Shine'ar l ; and they dwelt there.
3 And they said one to another,2 Go to, let us make brick,
and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and
bitumen had they for mortar.
4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city, and a tower,3
whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us a name ;
lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.
5 And Yahveh came down to see the city and the tower,
which the children of men builded.
6 And Yahveh said, Behold, they are all one people, and they
have all one language ; and this is what they begin to do : and now
nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do.
7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language,
that they may not understand one another's speech.
8 So Yahveh scattered them abroad from thence upon the
face of all the earth : and they left off to build the city.4
9 Therefore was the name of it called Babel,5 because Yahveh
did there confound (balal) the language of all the earth : and
from thence did Yahveh scatter them abroad upon the face of all
the earth.
10 These are the genealogies of Shem. Shem was an
hundred years old, and begat Arpakshad two years
after the deluge :
11 And Shem lived after he begat Arpakshad five
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters.
1 Sumir, or South Babylonia.
2 ' And a man said to his neighbour.' — LXX.
3 Probably the tower of Borsippa (Bar-sip, Bar-sap, or Bar-sip), which
was built in seven terraces, and was the temple of the seven lights or spheres
of Heaven and Earth. It was dedicated to Bel-Nebo, was destroyed by rain
and storm, and restored by Nebuchadnezzar. It is now called Birs-Nimrud.
4 ' And the tower.' — LXX. 5 B.ibil or Babilu, ' God's gate-way.'

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 37
12 And Arpakshad lived five and thirty years, and
begat Shela'h.1
13 And Arpakshad lived after he begat Shela'h
four hundred and three years, and begat sons and
daughters. 14 And Shela'h lived thirty years, and begat 'Eber :
15 And Shela'h lived after he begat 'Eber four hun
dred and three years, and begat sons and daughters.
16 And 'Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat
Peleg :
17 And 'Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hun
dred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters.
1 8 And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Re'ii ; 2
19 And Peleg lived after he begat Re'ii two hun
dred and nine years, and begat sons and daughters.
20 And Re'u lived two and thirty years, and begat
Seriig :
21 And Re'ii lived after he begat Seriig two hundred
and seven years, and begat sons and daughters.
22 And Seriig lived thirty years, and begat Na'hor :
23 And Seriig lived after he begat Na'hor two hun
dred years, and begat sons and daughters.
24 And Na'hor lived nine and twenty years, and
begat Tera'h :
25 And Na'hor lived after he begat Tera'h an hun
dred and nineteen years, and begat sons and daughters.
2*6 And Tera'h lived seventy years, and begat
Abram,3 Na'h6r, and Haran.
1 ' And begat Cainan . . . and Cainan begat Salah.' — LXX.
2 ' Friend of God.'
3 ' Father of elevation.' Philo (De Gigantibus) says this name was
given to him to denote a mind entirely given up to the contemplation of

38 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
27 Now these are the genealogies of Tera'h.
Tera'h begat Abram, Na'hor, and Haran; and
Haran begat Lot.
28 And Haran died in the presence of his father
Tera'h in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the Kasdim.1
29 And Abram and Na'hor took them wives : the
name of Abram's wife was Saray2; and the name of
Na'hor's wife Milkah, the daughter of Haran, the father
of Milkdh, and the father of Yiskdh.3
meteors and the celestial bodies. Tera'h here begets Abram after he had
lived seventy years, and dies at Haran when he is two hundred and five
years old (verse 32). In chap. xii. 1, Abram leaves Chaldasa when he was
one hundred and thirty-five years old, but in verse 4 it is said he wa9
seventy-five years old when he left Haran. Jerome and Augustine are
agreed that this difficulty is insuperable.
1 Renan thinks Ur Casdim is Arpakshad, for in Gen. x. 24, xi. 10,
Arpakshad is the head of the lineage of 'fiber and Tera'h, for in the style of
the Toledo th to say that 'Eber and Tei-a'h are descendants of Arpakshad
means that they have come from that country. The LXX do not mention
tSr, but merely speak of ' the country of the Chaldees.' Schrader thinks
that by Arpakshad we should understand the land of the Chaldseans or
Babylonians, not that of the Armenian Chaldeeans, who, he thinks, should be
identified with the Chalybes. Eupolemos (Euseb. Preep. Evany, lib. ix. chap.
17) says Abraham was born ev tjj TroAei ttjs BafivXcovias Kapapivrj (tjv Tivas
\eyeiv iroXiv Qvpiqv, eivat de peSepprjvevopevijv XaXdaiav irokiv). Scaliger
thinks this town should be spelt Ovprjv, not Ovpujv, and that it is identical
with the town called Ura by Pliny, lib. v. chap. 21 ; that the expression
' town of the Chald jeans ' results from the name Kapapivrj, and that 'Chal-
dreans ' does not signify the inhabitants of Chaldsea, but the niagiciaus or
astrologers who are sometimes called by tbis name. Schrader remarks that
Kapapivt], when explained from the Arabic, signifies ' moou-town,' and Uru
or Ovpirj was the seat of the worship of the moon-deity, as Harran (Haran)
was of the moon-god Sin. Kasdim may be formed from the Assyrian
Casadu, ' to possess.' The Kasdim would thus be the lords of the land.
2 Saray is identified by Josephus and other Jewish writers with Yiskah,
a daughter of Haran and sisler of Lot and Milkah. This would make
Haran's mother to be a former wife of Tera'h, and not the mother of
Abram. The Talmud says the name of the latter was Amthela or Amtelai,
the daughter of Karnebo. Kar-Nebo (Kar-Nabu, fortress of Nebo) was also
the name of a town in Assyria.
3 This is evidently a marginal gloss which has passed into the text, and
with two different readings, so that it is quite certain that these genealogies

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 39
30 And Saray was barren ; she had no child.
31 And Tera'h took Abram his son, and Lot the son
of Haran, his son's son, and Saray his daughter-in-law,
his son Abram's wife ; and they went forth with them
from Ur of the Kasdim to go into the land of Kena'an :
and they came unto Haran,1 and dwelt there.
32 And the days of Tera'h were two hundred and
five years , and Tera'h died in Haran.

CHAPTER XII.
1 Now Yahveh said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country,
and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto the
land that I will show thee :
2 And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless
thee, and make thy name great ; and be thou a blessing :
3 And I will bless them that bless thee, and him that curseth
thee will I curse : and in thee shall all the families of the earth
be blessed.
4 So Abram went as Yahveh had spoken unto him ; and Lot
went with him : and Abram was seventy and five years old
when he departed out of Haran.
were revised during the Captivity in combination with parallel genealogies in
existence among the Babylonians written in cuneiform characters. In fact,
the name Yiskah, which has been a crux interpretum up to the present
time, is merely a second reading, which the most simple and natural mode
of spelling Milkah would be susceptible of in the cuneiform system of
writing, in consequence of the polyphony of the initial portion of the
name. — L.
1 An ancient town situated on the Belias, a tributary of the Euphrates.
Like tlr, it was a chief seat of the worship of the moon-god Sin. In chap.
xii. 4, 5, and xv. 7, however, it is Abram who is said to have migrated to
Haran. In Deut. xxvi. 5 Abram is called ' a wandering Aramaean.' Conf.
Isa. xxvii. 13, ' they that wander (were exiled) in the land of Asshur.'

40 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
5 And Abram took Saray his wife, and Lot his
brother's son, and all their substance that they had
gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran ;
and they went forth to go into the land of Kena'an ; and
into the land of Kena'an they came.
6 And Abram passed through the land unto the place of
Shechem, unto the terebinth of Moreh.1 And the Kena'any was
then in the land.
7 And Yahveh appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy
seed will I give this land : and there builded he an altar unto
Yahveh, who appeared unto him.
8 And he removed from thence, unto the mountain on the
east of Beth-El, and pitched his tent, having Beth-El on the
west, and 'Ay on the east : and there he builded an altar unto
Yahveh, and called upon the name of Yahveh.
9 And Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south.
10 And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went
down into Micraim to sojourn there ; for the famine was sore in
the land.
11 And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter
into Micraim, that he said unto Saray his wife, Behold, now, I
know that thou art a fair woman to look upon :
12 And it shall come to pass, when the inhabitants of Micraim
shall see thee, that they shall say, This is his wife : and they
will kill me, but they will save thee alive.
13 Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister : that it may be well
with me for thy sake, and that my soul may live because of thee.
14 And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into
Micraim, the inhabitants of Micraim beheld the woman that she
was very fair.
15 And the princes of Para'oh saw her, and praised her to
Para'oh : and the woman was taken into Para'oh's house.
16 And he entreated Abram well for her sake : and he had
sheep, and oxen, and he-asses, and male and female slaves, and
she-asses, and camels.
1 LXX, as 7-171/ Spw ttjv v^rj\r)v, ' to the high oak.'

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENr STATE 41
17 And Yahveh plagued Para'oh and his house with great
plagues, because of Saray Abram's wife.
18 And Para'oh called Abram, and said, What is this that
thou hast done unto me ? Why didst thou not tell me that she
was thy wife ?
19 Why saidst thou, She is my sister ? so that I took her to
be my wife : now therefore behold thy wife, take her, and go
thy way.
20 And Para'oh gave men charge concerning him : and they
brought him on the way, and his wife, and all that he had.

CHAPTER XIII.

1 And Abram went up out of Micraim, he, and his wife, and
all that he had, and L6t with him, into the Negeb.1
2 And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and
in gold.
3 And he went on his journeys from the Negeb even to
Beth-El, unto the place where his tent had been at the be
ginning, between Beth-El and 'Ay ;
4 Unto the place of the altar, which he had made there at
the first : and there Abram called on the name of Yahveh.
5 And L6t also, which went with Abram, had flocks,
and herds, and tents.
6 And the land was not able to bear them, that they
might dwell together : for their substance was great,
so that they could not dwell together.
7 And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's
cattle and the herdmen of L6t's cattle : and the Kena'any and
the Perizzy dwelled then in the land.
1 The desert of Southern Palestine. — L. Negeb means the South, the
south country (Exod. xxvi. 18, Numb. xiii. 29, &c), and in Dan. xi. 5 sqq.
it refers to Egypt.

42 ,THE BOOK OF GENESIS
8 And Abram said unto Lot, Let there be no strife, I pray
thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy
herdmen, for we are brethren.
9 Is not the whole land before thee ? separate thyself, I pray
thee, from me : if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to
the right ; or if thou take the right hand, then I will go to the
left. 10 And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the circuit of
the Yarden,1 that it was well watered everywhere, before
Yahveh destroyed Sedom 2 and 'Amorah, like the garden of
Yahveh, like the land of Micrami, as thou goest unto Qo'ar.3
1 1 So Lot chose him all the circuit of the Yarden ; and Lot
journeyed east : and they separated themselves the one from
the other.
12 Abram dwelled in the land of Kena'an, and Lot
dwelled in the cities of the circuit (of the Yarden), and
moved his tent as far as Sedom.
13 Now the men of Sedom were wicked and sinners against
Yahveh exceedingly*
14 And Yahveh said unto Abram, after that Lot was separ
ated from him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look from the place
where thou art, northward and southward and eastward and
westward :
1 5 For all the land which thou seest, to thee will I give it,
and to thy seed for ever.
16 And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth : so
that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy
seed also be numbered.
1 The Jordan, so called from flowing down.
2 ' Burning, conflagration.'
3 The Massoretic pointing for this word must be inaccurate. The
genuine ancient reading was very probably C/ar. It is not Co'ar in the
Pentapolia, but the Egyptian town Tsar (the first town met with in going
from Palestine to the commencement of the irrigated lands of the Delta) that
is meant. — L.
4 This verse seems to have been added by the latest editor in order to
prepare the narrative of the destruction of Sedom and 'Amorah in chaps.
xviii. and xix. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 43
17 Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in
the breadth of it ; for unto thee will I give it.
18 And Abram moved his tent, and came and dwelt by the
terebinths of Mamre, which are in Hebron, and built there an
altar unto Yahveh.

CHAPTER XIV.

1 And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel,1 king of
Shinear, Arioch 2 king of Ellasar, Kedorla'omer 3 king of E'lam,
and Tide'al king of the Goyim,4
2 That they made war with Bera'h, king of Sedom, and with
Birsha' king of 'Am6rah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber
king of fyeboyim, and the king of Bela' (the same is Qo'ar).
3 All these joined together in the vale of Siddim (the same
is the salt sea).
4 Twelve years they served Kedorla'omer, and in the thirteenth
year they rebelled.
5 And in the fourteenth year came Kedorla'omer, and the
kings that were with him, and stnotethe Rephaim in 'Ashter6th-
Qarnayim,5 and the Ziizim in Ham, and the Emim in Shavlh-
Qiryathayim,6 6 And the 'Horim in their mountain of Se'ir unto the oak of
Paran, which is by the wilderness.
7 And they returned, and came to 'En-Mishpat "' (the same is
1 Amar-pal, an Accadian name.' — L.
2 I'ri-Aku, a king respecting whom several cuneiform inscriptions are in
existence. — L. The name signifies ' servant of the moon-god,' and he was
king of Larsa or Larsar, now Senkereh, where Samas or the sun-god was
worshipped. 3 XoSoXKoyopop, LXX. Koudour-Lagamar. — L. There was an Elamite
deity Lagamar (La-ga-ma-ru), whose image was carried oft' by Assurbanipal.
Koudour-Lagamar's Syrian campaign probably took place about 2,100 B.C.
4 A people who dwell on the mountains on the east bank of the Tigris,
called Guti and Kuti in the cuneiform inscriptions.— L.
5 The two-horned Astarte. 6 The plain near the city of Qiryathayim.
7 Fountain of judgment.

44 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Qddish), and smote all the plain of 'Amaleqy, and also the
Amdry, that dwelt in 'Hapacon-Tamar.1
8 And there went out the king of Sedom, and the king of
Amdrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Qeboyim,2
and the king of Bela' (the same is Qo'ar) ; and they set the
battle in array against them in the vale of Siddim 3 ;
9 Against Kedorla'6mer, king of 'Elam, Tide'al king of the
Goyim, Amraphel king of Shine'ar, and Arioch king of Ellasar ;
four kings against the five.
10 Now the vale of Siddim was full of bitumen pits ; and
the kings of Sedom and 'Amorah fled, and they fell there, and
they that remained returned to the mountain.
11 And they took all the goods of Sedom and 'Am6rah, and
all their victuals, and went away.
12 And they took Lot, Abram's brother, who dwelt in Sedom,
and his goods, and departed.
13 And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram
the 'Ebry 4 : now he dwelt by the terebinths of Mamre the
'Amory, brother of Eshkol, and brother of 'AnSr ; and these
were confederate with Abram.
14 And when Abram heard that his brother was taken
captive, he led forth his trained men, born in his house, three
hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far as Dan ;
15 And he divided himself against them by night, he and
his servants, and smote them, and pursued them unto 'Hobah,
which is on the left hand of Dammaseq.5
16 And he brought back all the goods, and also brought
again his brother L6t, and his goods, and the women also, and
the people.
1 7 And the king of Sedom went out to meet him, after his
return from the slaughter of Kedorla'omer and the kings that
were with him, at the vale of Shaveh (the same is the King's
vale). 1 Pruning of the palm. 'Hacacon was celebrated for its palms.
2 Gazelles. s Valley of the plains.
4 nipartjs, LXX. A stranger from the land beyond the Euphrates.
5 Assyrian Dimaski or Dimaska. The kingdom of Damascus is called
(mat) Miiri-suor (mat) Gar-Miiri-su, probably ' fortress Murisu' (Schrader).

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 45
18 And Malki'pedeq, king of Shalem, brought forth bread and
wine : and he was priest of El-'Elion.1
19 And he blessed him and said, Blessed be Abram of
El-'Elion, possessor of heaven and earth :
20 And blessed be El-'Elion, which hath delivered thine
enemies into thy hand. And he gave him a tenth of all.
21 And the king of Sedom said unto Abram, Give me the
persons, and take the goods 2 to thyself.
22 And Abram said to the king of Sedom, I have lift up
mine eyes unto Yahveh, God Most High ('El-'Elion), possessor
of heaven and earth,
23 That I will not take a thread nor a shoelatchet nor aught
that is thine, lest thou shouldest say, I have made Abram rich :
24 Save only that which the young men have eaten, and the
portion of the men which went with me ; 'Aner, Eshkol, and
Mamre, let them take their portion.

CHAPTER XV.

1 After these things the word of Yahveh came unto Abram
in a vision, saying, Pear not, Abram : I am thy shield, and
thy exceeding great reward.
2 And Abram said, 0 my lord, Yahveh, what wilt thou give
me, seeing I go childless, and he that shall be possessor of my
house is from Dammeseq, Eli'ezer ? 3
1 A sacred name, which the fragments of Sanchoniathon show us was
also in use among the Phoenicians, and which signifies ' The Most High God ' ;
hence the mode in which Abram applies it to Yahveh in verse 22. — L.
2 ' The cavalry.'— LXX.
3 LXX. ' And Abram said, Master and Lord, what wilt thou give me ?
whereas I am departing without a child, but the son of Masek my home-
born female slave, this Eliezer of Damascus, is mine heir.' Nicolaus of
Damascus, secretary to Herod the Great, says, ' Abram ruled at Damascus,
a foreigner, who had come with an army out of the land beyond Babylon
(vnep BafivXavos), called the land of the Chaldseans ' (Jos. Ant. i. cap. 7),
and adds that he migrated to Oanantea.

46 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
3 And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed ;
and lo, one born in mine house is mine heir.
4 And behold, the word of Yahveh came unto him saying,
This man shall not be thine heir ; but he that shall come forth
out of thine own bowels shall be thine heir.
5 And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now
toward heaven, and tell the stars,1 if thou be able to tell them :
and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be.
6 And he believed in Yahveh, and He counted it to him for
righteousness. 7 And he said unto him, I am Yahveh that brought thee out
of Ur' of the Kasdim, to give thee this land to inherit it.
8 And he said, My lord, Yahveh, whereby shall I know that
I inherit it ?
9 And he said unto him, Take me an heifer of three years
old, and a she-goat of three years old, and a ram of three years
old, and a turtledove, and a young pigeon.
10 And he took him all these, and divided them in the
midst, and laid each half over against the other : but the birds
divided he not.
11 And the birds of prey came down upon the carcases, and
Abram drove them away.
12 And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon
Abram ; and lo, an horror of great darkness fell upon him.
13 And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed
shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve
them ; and they shall afflict them four hundred years ;
14 And also that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge;
and afterward they shall come out with great substance.
1 Schrader points out that this comparison, which frequently recurs (Gen.
xx. 17, xxvi. 4, Exod. xxxii. 13, Deut. i. 10, &c), is met with in Assyrian,
expressed in precisely the same words in an inscription of Asurnasirhahal.
The Assyrian Kakkab, 'star,' strongly resembles the Hebrew Kokab.
Bereshilh Rabba on this verse says, ' The Eternal called forth Abraham and
his posterity out of the dominion of the stars ; by nature, the Israelite was
a servant of the stars, and born under their influence, as are the heathen;
but by virtue of the law given on Mount Sinai he became Uherated from
this degrading servitude.'

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 47
15 But thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace ; thou shalt be
buried in a good old age.
16 And in the fourth generation they shall come hither
again : for the iniquity of the 'Am6ry is not yet full.
17 And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and
it was dark, behold, a smoking furnace, and a flaming torch
that passed between these pieces.
18 In that day Yahveh made a covenant with Abram, saying,
Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the torrent of
Mipraim • unto the great river, the river Phrath :
19 The Qeny, and the Qenizzy, and the Qadmony,
20 And the 'Hitty, and the Perizzy, and the Rephaim,
21 And the 'Amory, and the Kena'any,2 and the Girgashy,
and the Yebusy.

CHAPTER XVI.

1 Now Saray Abram's wife bare him no children : and she
had a female slave, a native of Mipraim, whose name was Hagar.
2 And Saray said unto Abram, Behold, now, Yahveh hath
restrained me from bearing ; go in, I pray thee, unto my slave ;
it may be that I shall obtain children by her. And Abram
hearkened unto the voice of Saray.
3 And Saray Abram's wife took Hagar the Egyptian,
her slave, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land
of Kena'an, and gave her to Abram her husband to be
his wife.
4 And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived : and when
she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in
her eyes.
1 The torrent which formed the extreme north-east frontier of Egypt,
now Wady el-'Areesh, upon which Rhinocolura, now El 'Areesh, was
situated. 2 ' And the Evites.'- LXX.

48 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
5 And Saray said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee : I
gave my handmaid into thy bosom ; and when she saw that she
had conceived, I was despised in her eyes : Yahveh judge
between me and thee.
6 But Abram said unto Saray, Behold, thy maid is in thy
hand ; do to her that which is good in thine eyes. And Saray
dealt hardly with her, and she fled from her face.
7 And the angel ' of Yahveh found her by a spring of water
in the wilderness, by the spring in the way to Shur.2
8 And he said, Hagar, Saray's handmaid, whence comest
thou ? and whither goest thou ? And she said, I flee from the
face of my mistress Saray.
9 And the angel of Yahveh said unto her, Return to thy
mistress, and submit thyself under her hands.
10 And the angel of Yahveh said unto her, I will greatly
multiply thy seed, that it shall not be numbered for multi
tude. 11 And the angel of Yahveh said unto her, Behold, thou art
with child, and shalt bear a son ; and thou shalt call his name
Yishma'el, because Yahveh hath heard thy affliction.
12 And he shall be as a wild-ass among men ; his hand shall
be against every man, and every man's hand against him ; and
he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren.
13 And she called the name of Yahveh that spake unto her,
1 Mal'ak, a messenger of God. R. Simon b. Lakisch says, ' The names
of the angels were imported, like the names of the months, by the Israelites
on their return from Babylon. Originally it was said (Isa. vi. 6) ThenfieiB
one of the Seraphim unto me ; or (ib. 2) : Above him stood the Seraphim.
But since that time the Bible says (Dan. ix. 21) the man Gabriel, &c, or
(ib. x. 21), merely Michael your prince' (Tr. Rosh Hasshanah, chap. i.).
Maimoindes (Mor. Neb. part i. c. 48) says that the corporeal figures of the
angels only existed in the minds of those who saw them, and had no real
existence. They are sometimes called angels, sometimes men (Gen. xvii. 2),
sometimes winds or spirits (Ps. civ. 4 and 1 Kings xxii. 21), and sometimes
women (Zech. v. 9), ' and, behold, there came forth two women, and the
wind was in their wings,' &c.
2 Suez, or perhaps the Shur (wall) of Egypt, which was built to keep
the Sakti or foreigners out of Egypt by Amenemhat I., the first king of the
twelfth dynasty, about 2380 B.C. — (Lepsius.)

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 49
Thou art a God that seeth (attdh el roy) : for she said, Have I
even here looked after him that seeth me ? l
14 Wherefore the well was called Beer-la'hay-roy (the well
of the Living One who seeth me) : behold, it is between Qadesh
and Barad.
15 And Hagar bare Abram a son : and Abram
called the name of his son, which Hagar bare,
Yishma'el. 16 And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when
Hagar bare Yishma'el to Abram.

CHAPTER XVII.2

1 And when Abr&rn was ninety years old and nine
Yahveh3 appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I
am El-Shadday (God Almighty) ; walk before me, and
be thou perfect.
2 And I will make my covenant between me and
thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.
3 And Abram fell on his face : and Elohim talked
with him, saying,
4 As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and
thou shalt be the father of a multitude of nations.
5 Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram,
1 ' For I have openly seen him that appeared to me.' — LXX.
2 We have evidently here the Elohistic version of the narrative of which
chap. xv. gave us the version taken from the Jehovistic document. — L.
3 This name of God must have been inserted by the latest editor ;
the word in the original text was no doubt Elohim, as in the rest of the
chapter. — L. E

60 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
but thy name shall be Abraham (the father of a mul
titude) 1 : for the father of a multitude of nations have I
made thee.
6 And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I
will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of
thee. 7 And I will establish my covenant between me and
thee and thy seed after thee throughout their genera
tions for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto
thee and to thy seed after thee.
8 And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after
thee, the land of thy sojourning, all the land of Kena'an,
for an everlasting possession : and I will be their
God. 9 And E16him said unto Abraham, And as for thee,
thou shalt keep my covenant, thou, and thy seed after
thee throughout their generations.
10 This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between
me and you and thy seed after thee ; every male
among you shall be circumcised.
11 And ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your
foreskin ; and it shall be a token of a covenant be
twixt me and you.
12 And he that is eight days old shall be circum
cised among you, every male throughout your genera
tions, he that is born in the house, or bought with
money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed.
13 He that is born in thy house, and he that is
bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised:
1 This change of names is unhistorical, there being no word raham in
Hebrew, and no root with the three letters Dm. The old reading of Sar&h's
name was also Saray, and Abram and Saray are the original names.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 51
and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an ever
lasting covenant.
14 And the uncircumcised male who is not circum
cised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut
off from his people : he hath broken my covenant.
15 And E16him said unto Abraham, As for Saray
thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Saray, but Sarah
shall her name be.
16 And I will bless her, and moreover I will give
thee a son of her : yea, I will bless her, and she shall
be a mother of nations : kings of peoples shall be of
her. 17 Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed
(yice'haq), and said in his heart, Shall a child be born
unto him that is an hundred years old ? and shall
Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear ?
18 And Abraham said unto Elohim, Oh that Yish
ma'el might live before thee !
19 And Elohim said, Nay, but Sarah thy wife shall
bear thee a son ; and thou shalt call his name Yice'haq :
and I will establish my covenant with him for an ever
lasting covenant for his seed after him.
20 And as for Yishma'el, I have heard thee : behold,
I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will
multiply him exceedingly ; twelve princes shall he
beget, and I will make him a great nation.
21 But my covenant will I establish with Yice'haq,
which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the
next year.
22 And he left off talking with him, and Elohim went
up from Abraham. E 2

52 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
23 And Abraham took Yishma'el his son, and all
that were born in his house, and all that were bought
with his money, every male among the men of Abraham's
house, and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the
selfsame day, as Elohim had said unto him.
24 And Abraham was ninety years old and nine,
when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
25 And Yishma'el his son was thirteen years old
when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
26 In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised,
and Yishma'el his son.
27 And all the men of his house, those born in the
house, and those bought with money of the stranger,
were circumcised with him.

CHAPTER XVIH.

1 And Yahveh appeared unto him l by the terebinths of
Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day ;
2 And he lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood
over against him : and when he saw them, he ran to meet them
from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth,
3 And said, my Lord, if now I have found favour in thy sight,
pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant :
4 Let now a little water be fetched, and wash your feet, and
rest yourselves under the tree :
5 And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort ye your
1 ' Unto him ' has evidently been inserted by the latest editor instead
of ' unto Abraham,' so as to connect this narrative with the preceding
chapter. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 53
heart ; after that ye shall pass on : for therefore are ye come to
your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast said.
6 And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said,
Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and
make cakes.
7 And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetched a calf tender
and good, and gave it unto the servant; and he hasted to
dress it.
8 And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had
dressed, and set it before them ; and he stood by them under
the tree, and they did eat.
9 And they said unto him, Where is Sarah thy wife ? And
he said, Behold, in the tent.
10 And (one of them) said, I will certainly return unto thee
when the season cometh round ; and, lo, Sarah thy wife shall
have a son. And Sarah heard in the tent door, which was
behind him.
11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old, and well stricken in
age ; it had ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of
women. 12 And Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After I am
waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also ?
13 And Yahveh said unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah
laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a child, which am old ?
14 Is anything too hard for Yahveh? At the set time I
will return unto thee, when the season cometh round, and
Sarah shall have a son.
15 Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not ; for she was
afraid. And he said, Nay, but thou didst laugh.
16 And the men rose up from thence, and looked towards
Seddm ; and Abraham went with them to bring them on the
way. 17 And Yahveh said, Shall I hide from Abraham that which
I do; 18 Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and
mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed
in him ?

54 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
19 For I have known him, to the end that he may command
his children and his household after him, that they may keep
the way of Yahveh, to do justice and judgment ; to the end
that Yahveh may bring upon Abraham that which he hath
spoken of him.
20 And Yahveh said, Because the cry of Sedom and
'Amorah is great, and because their sin is very grievous ;
21 I will go down now, and see whether they have done
altogether according to the cry of it, which has come unto me;
and if not, I will know.
22 And the men turned from thence, and went toward
Sedom ; but Abraham stood yet before Yahveh.1
23 And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou consume the
righteous with the wicked ?
24 Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city;
wilt thou consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous
that are therein ?
25 That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the
righteous with the wicked, that so the righteous should be as
the wicked ; that be far from thee : shall not the Judge of all
the earth do right ?
26 And Yahveh said, if I find in Sedom fifty righteous
within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sake.
27 And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have
taken unto me to speak unto my Lord which am but dust and
ashes :
28 Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous :
wilt thou destroy all the city for the lack of five ? And he said,
I will not destroy it, if I find there forty and five.
29 And he spake unto him yet again, and said, Peradventure
there shall be forty found there ? And he said, I will not do it
for the forty's sake.
30 And he said, Oh let not my Lord be angry, and I will
1 The Jewish tradition, preserved in the Midrashim, says the original
text was, ' And Yahveh stood yet before Abraham.' The present reading
is reckoned among ' the amendments of the Scribes.'— L. In Tr. Rosh
Hasshanah, i. 3, it is said that God declares in Gen. xviii. 22 that he himself
instituted the custom of rising in the presence of old men.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 55
speak : peradventure there shall thirty be found there. And he
said, I will not do it if I find thirty there.
31 And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak
unto my Lord : peradventure there shall be twenty found there.
And he said, I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake.
32 And he said, Oh let not my Lord be angry, and I will
speak yet but this once : peradventure ten shall be found there.
And he said, I will not destroy it for the ten's sake.
33 And Yahveh went his way, as soon as he had left
communing with Abraham : and Abraham returned unto his
place.

CHAPTER XIX.
1 And the two angels came to Sedom at even ; and L6t sat
in the gate of Sedom ; and L6t saw them, and rose up to meet
them ; and he bowed himself with his face to the earth ;
2 And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn aside, I pray you,
into your servant's house, and tarry all night, and wash your
feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your way. And they
said, Nay, but we will abide in the street all night.
3 And he urged them greatly ; and they turned in unto him,
and entered into his house ; and he made them a feast, and did
take unleavened bread, and theyjiid eat.
4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the
men of Sed6m, compassed the house round, both young and old,
all the people from every quarter :
5 And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are
the men which came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto
us that we may know them.
6 And L6t went out unto them to the door, and shut the
door after him.
7 And he said, I pray you, my brethren, do not so wickedly.
8 Behold, now, I have two daughters which have not known

56 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
man ; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye
to them as is good in your eyes : only unto these men do
nothing ; forasmuch as they are come under the shadow of my
roof. 9 And they said, Stand back. And they said, This one
fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge : now
we will deal worse with thee, than with them. And they
pressed sore upon the man, even Lot, and drew near to break
the door.
10 But the men put forth their hand, and brought L6t into
the house to them, and shut the door.
11 And they smote the men that were at the door of the
house with blindness, both small and great : so that ' they
wearied themselves to find the door.
1 2 And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou any here besides ?
son in law, and thy sons, and thy daughters, and whomsoever
thou hast in the city ; bring them out of the place :
13 For we will destroy this place, because the cry of them is
waxen great before Yahveh ; and Yahveh hath sent us to
destroy it.
14 And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which
married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place ;
for Yahveh will destroy the city. But he seemed unto his sons
in law as one that mocked.
15 And when the morning arose, then the angels hastened
Lot, saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two daughters which
are here ; lest thou be consumed in the iniquity of the city.
16 But he lingered ; and the men laid hold upon his hand,
and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two
daughters ; Yahveh being merciful unto him : and they brought
him forth, and set him without the city.
17 And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth
abroad, that he said, Escape for thy life ; look not behind thee,
neither stay thou in all the circuit ; escape to the mountain, lest
thou be consumed.
18 And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my lord :
19 Behold now, thy servant hath found grace in thy sight,

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 57
and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou hast showed
unto me in saving my life ; and I cannot escape to the mountain,
lest the evil overtake me, and I die :
20 Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little
one : Oh let me escape thither, (is it not a little one ?) and my
soul shall live.
2 1 And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee concern
ing this thing also, that I will not overthrow the city of which
thou hast spoken.
22 Haste thee, escape thither ; for I cannot do anything till
thou be come thither. Therefore the name of the city was
called Qo'ar (little).
23 The sun was risen upon the earth when L6t came to
Q6'ar, 24 Then Yahveh rained upon Sed6m and 'Am6rah brimstone '
and fire from Yahveh out of heaven ;
25 And he overthrew those cities, and all the circuit, and all
the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the
ground. 26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became
a pillar of salt.
27 And Abraham gat up early in the morning to the place
where he had stood before Yahveh :
28 And he looked toward Sedom and 'Am6rah, and toward
all the land of the circuit, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the
land went up as the smoke of a furnace.2
' Gophrith, pitch ; hence sulphur and other inflammable substances. See
G6pher, vi. 14.
a M. Lartet (Eeole des Hautes Etudes, Sect, des Sciences Naturelles, t. 2,
p. 263) thinks that the Dead Sea terminated at one time at the peninsula
known by the name of Lisan, and that the space of land which is now a
lagune, and extends to the opening of the Wady Zeib, and which is still
covered by the waters when they rise higher than usual, was the vale of
Siddim which is the salt sea (xiv. 3). Traces of land-slips have been
observed on the sides of Djebel. TJsdom, the Mountain of Salt, and Sed6m
may have been overwhelmed by one of these catastrophes, the result of
earthquakes, and afterwards have been covered by the waters of the Dead
Sea and the alluvial deposits of the southern streams which flow into the
lagune.

58 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
29 And it came to pass, when E16him destroyed the
cities of the circuit, that Eldhim remembered Abraham,
and sent L6t out of the midst of the overthrow, when
he overthrew the cities in which Lot dwelt.
30 And Lot went up out of Co'ar, and dwelt in the mountain,
and his two daughters with him ; for he feared to dwell in C6'ar :
and he dwelt in a cave, he and his two daughters.
31 And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our father is old,
and there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us after the
manner of all the earth :
32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will
lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father.
33 And they made their father drink wine that night : and
the firstborn went in, and lay with her father ; and he knew not
when she lay down, nor when she arose.
34 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the firstborn said
unto the younger, Behold, I lay yesternight with my father : let
us make him drink wine this night also ; and go thou in, and
lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father.
35 And they made their father drink wine that night also :
and the younger arose, and lay with him : and he knew not
when she lay down, nor when she arose.
36 Thus were both the daughters of L6t with child by their
father. 37 And the firstborn bare a son, and called his name Moab
(progeny of a father) : the same is the father of the people of
Mdab to this day.
38 And the younger, she also bare a son, and called his name
Ben-'Ammy (son of my people) : the same is the father of the
Bene-'Ammon to this day.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 59

CHAPTER XX.1
1 And Abrdhdm journeyed from thence toward the land of
Negeb, and dwelt between QddSsh and Shur ; and he sojourned in
Gerdr. 2 And Abrdhdm said of Sdrdh Ms wife, She is my sister : and
Abimelech king of Gerd/r sent, and took Sdrdh.
3 And JEldhim came to Abimelech in a dream of the night, and
said to him, Behold, thou art but a dead man, because of the
woman which thou hast taken ; for she is a man's wife.
4 Now Abimelech had not come near her : and he said, Lord,
wilt thou slay even a righteous nation ?
1 This chapter is one of the most embarrassing in Genesis as regards the
settlement of its authorship. It certainly does not come from the Jehovist,
and it is evidently a second version of the Jehovistic narrative which we have
in the existing text in chap. xii. 10-20. As God is called E16him through
out except in verse 18 critics formerly considered it as taken from the
Elohistic document. Recent criticism, however, has clearly shown the
difficulty of maintaining this opinion. Neither the language, nor the gram
matical construction, nor the method and spirit of its narrative resemble the
usual style of the Elohist. The fragment differs from his mode of writing as
much and perhaps even more than it does from that of the Jehovist. The
latest editor must have taken it from some other source to place it here
between the two leading documents which he was publishing. It is one of
the passages whieh certain critics consider to have been taken from a book
which the latest editor borrowed but little from, the author of which they
call ' the second Elohist,' or ' the theocratical narrator.'
Whatever the truth may be, whether the editor has introduced the text
as we have it, or whether it has been introduced by later copyists, this
narrative is certainly not in its natural and logical place. It is inserted
contrary to all probability and to the natural sequence of events, between
the promise of a son to Abraham and Sarah and the birth of that son — that
is to say, during Sarah's miraculous pregnancy. The amorous feelings which
the beauty of Abraham's wife aroused in the king of Gerar presuppose a
young woman, not the aged woman of ninety-nine, who is spoken of in chap.
xviii. 11-14. Voltaire and others have sneered with more wit than piety at
the improbability of the facts which results from the present position of
this narrative in the later portion of Abraham's biography.
If this fragment must, notwithstanding the serious difficulties of so doing,
be referred to the Elohist, it would have to take the place of that which
now occupies xii. 5-xiii. 3 to put it in its natural and proper place in the
Book of Genealogies. — L.

60 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
5 Said he not himself unto me, She is my sister ? and she, even
she herself said, He is my brother : in the integrity of my heart
and the innocency of my hands have I done this.
6 And God said unto him in the dream, Yea, I know that
in the integrity of thy heart thou hast done this, and I also with
held thee from sinning against me : therefore suffered I thee not to
touch her.
7 Now tlierefore restore the man's wife ; for he is a prophet,
and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live : and if thou restore
her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that
are thine.
8 And Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his
servants, and told all these things in their ears : and the men were
sore afraid.
9 Then Abimelech called Abrdhdm, and said unto him, What
hast thou done unto us ? and wherein have I sinned against thee,
that thou hast brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin ?
thou hast done deeds unto me that ought not to be done.
10 And Abimelech said unto Abrdhdm, What sawest thou, that
thou hast done this thing ?
11 And Abrdhdm said, Because I thought, Surely the fear of
Blohim is not in this place ; and they will slay me for my wife's sake.
12 And moreover she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my
father, but not the daughter of my mother ; and she became my
wife :
13 And it came to pass, when Blohim 1 caused me to wander
from my father's house, that I said unto her, This is thy kindness
which thou shalt show unto me : at every place whither we shall
come, say of me, He is my brother.
14 And Abimelech took sheep and oxen, and menservants and
womenservants, and gave them unto Abrdhdm, and restored Mm
Sdrdh Ms wife.
15 And Abimelech said, Behold, my land is before thee : dwell
where it pleaseth thee.
1 The sacred name Elohim, though plural in form, always governs the
verb in the singular. In this place the verb is in the plural, which is quite
irregular. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 61
16 And unto Sdrdh he said, Behold, I have given thy brother
a-thousand pieces of silver : behold, it is for thee a covering of the
eyes to all that are with thee l ; and before all men thou art
righted. 17 And Abrdhdm prayed unto God : and Blohim healed
Abimelech, and his wife, and Ms maidservants ; and they bare
children. 18 For Yahveh had fast closed up all the wombs of the house of
Abimelech, because of Sdrdh Abrdhdm s wife.

CHAPTER XXI.

1 And Yahveh visited Sarah as he had said, and Yahveh did
unto Sarah as he had spoken.
2 And Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in
his old age, at the set time of which Elohim had spoken
to him.
3 And Abraham called the name of his son that was
born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Yice'h&q.
4 And Abra.Mrn circumcised his son Yice'Mq when
he was eight days old, as Elohim had commanded
him. 5 And Abraham was an hundred years old when his
son Yice'haq was born unto him.
6 And Sarah said, Blohim hath prepared laughter for me ;
every one that heareth will laugh (yice'haq) at me.
7 And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham, that
Sarah should give children suck ? for I have borne him a son in
his old age.
8 And the child grew, and was weaned : and
1 An honourable satisfaction. — L.

62 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Abraham made a great feast on the day that Yice'haq
was weaned.
9 And Sarah saw the son of Hagar, the Egyptian,
which she had borne unto Abraham, mocking.
10 Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this
bondwoman and her son : for the son of this bond
woman shall not be heir with my son, even with Yice'haq.
11 And the thing was very grievous in Abraham's
sight on account of his son.
12 And Elohim said unto Abraham, Let it not be
grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of
thy bondwoman ; in all that Sarah saith unto thee,
hearken unto her voice ; for in Yice'haq shall thy seed
be called.
13 And also of the son of the bondwoman will I
make a nation, because he is thy seed.
14 And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and
took bread and a skin of water, and gave it unto Hagar,
putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her
away : and she departed, and wandered in the wilder
ness of Ber-Shab'a.
15 And the water in the bottle was spent, and she
cast the child under one of the shrubs.
16 And she went, and sat her down against him a
long way off, as it were a bowshot : for she said, Let
me not look upon the death of the child. And she sat
over against him, and lift up her voice, and wept.
17 And E16him heard the voice of the lad ; and the
angel of Elohim called to Hagar out of heaven, and
said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar ? fear not ; for
E16him hath heard the voice of the lad where he is.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 63
18 Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand ;
for I will make him a great nation.
19 And Elohim opened her eyes, and she saw a well
of water ; and she went and filled the bottle with water,
and gave the lad drink.1
20 And Elohim was with the lad, and he grew ; and
he dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer.
21 And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran : and
his mother took him a wife out of the land of Micraim.
22 And it came to pass 2 at that time, that Abimelech 3 and
Phichol the captain of Ms host spake unto Abrdhdm, saying,
Blohim is with thee in all that thou doest ;
23 Noiv therefore swear unto me here by Blohim that thou wilt
not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son's son ;
but according to the kindness that I have done unto thee, thou shalt
do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned.
24 And Abrdhdm said, I will swear.
25 And Abrdhdm reproved Abimelech because of the well of
water, which Abimelech's servants had violently taken away.
26 And Abimelech said, I know not who hath done this thing :
neither didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but to-day.
27 And Abrdhdm took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto
Abimelech ; and they two made a covenant.
28 And Abrdhdm set seven ewe lambs of the flock by them
selves. 29 And Abimelech said unto Abrdlidm, What mean those seven
ewe lambs which thou hast set by themselves ?
30 And he said, These seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my
hand, that it may be a witness unto me, that I have digged this
well. 1 It is clear that this was originally the Elohistic narrative, parallel to
the Jehovistic narrative in chap. xvi. 5-15. — L.
2 This is the continuation of the narrative in chap. xx. taken from the
same document. — L.
3 Kai Oxo£a8 o vvpcpaywyos avrou, ' and Ochozath his friend ' (his
attendant at marriage, or friend of the bridegroom). — LXX.

04 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
31 Wherefore he called that place Bir-Shdb'a ; because there
they sware both of them.
32 So they made a covenant at Ber-Shdb'a : and Abimelech
rose up, and Phichol the captain of his host, and they returned into
the land of the Pelishtim.
33 And Abrdhdm planted a tamarisk trree in Ber-Shdb'a, and
called there on the name of Yahveh, the Everlasting God.
34 And Abrdhdm sojourned in the land of the Pelishtim many
days.

CHAPTER XXII.1
1 And it came to pass after these things that God did prove
Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham : and he said, Here
am I.
2 And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son, whom thou
lovest, even Yice'haq, and get thee into the land of Moriyah 2 ;
and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the moun
tain which I will tell thee of.
3 And Abraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his
ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Yice'haq his
son ; and he clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up,
and went unto the place of which God had told him.
4 On the third day Abraham lift up his eyes, and saw the
place afar off.
1 For the origin of verses 1-18 of this chapter, see the note on them in
the attempted restoration of the Jehovistic document. — L.
2 ' Into the high land.' — LXX. In 2 Chron. iii. 1 the LXX has e v opei tov
Apapia, ' in the mount of Amoria,' and the Syriac has ' in the land of the
Amorites.' It would evidently be absurd that a district should be called, as
it is usually supposed to be called, after an appearance which had not yet
taken place. Accordingly Aquila has, somewhat similarly to the LXX, «s
r-qv yr)v ttjv KaraKpavti, ' to the conspicuous land,' Symmachus, «s 1-171/ yr/v njs
oTrrao-ias, ' to the land of the vision,' and the Vulgate has also in terram
visionis, ' to the land of vision.'

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 65
5 And Abraham said to his young men, Abide ye here with
the ass, and I and the lad will go yonder ; and we will worship,
and come again to you.
6 And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid
it upon Yice'haq his son ; and he took in his hand the fire and
the knife ; and they went both of them together.
7 And Yice'haq spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My
father : and he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the
fire and the wood : but where is the lamb for a, burnt offering ?
8 And Abraham said, Blohim will provide himself the lamb
for a burnt offering, my son : so they went both of them
together. 9 And they came to the place which God had told him of ;
and Abraham built the altar there, and laid the wood in order,
and bound Yice'haq his son, and laid him on the altar, upon
the wood.
10 And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the
knife to slay his son.
11 And the angel of Yahveh called unto him out of heaven,
and said, Abraham, Abraham : and he said, Here am I.
12 And he said, Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do
thou any thing to him : for now I know thou fearest Elohim,
seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son, from me.
13 And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold,
behind him a ram caught in the thicket ' by his horns : and
Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt
offering in the stead of his son
14 And Abraham called the name of that place Yahveh-yireh
(Yahveh will provide) : • as it is said to this day, In the mount
of Yahveh it shall be provided.2
15 And the angel of Yahveh called unto Abraham a second
time out of heaven,
16 And said, By myself have I sworn, saith Yahveh, because
1 ' In a plant of Sabec' — LXX.
2 The proverb alluded to here is now unintelligible. It was a play upon
the name of Mount Moriyah. — L. The LXX have it ' The Lord hath seen ;
that they might say to-day, In the mount the Lord was seen.' F

66 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thiue
only son :
17 That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I
will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the
sand which is upon the sea shore ; and thy seed shall possess
the gate of his enemies.
18 And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be
blessed, because thou hast obeyed my voice.
19 So Abraham returned unto his young men, and they rose
up and went together to Ber-Shdb'a; and Abraham dwelt at
Ber-Shdb'a} 20 And it came to pass after these things, that it was told
Abraham, saying, Behold, Milkah, she also hath borne children
unto thy brother Na'hor 2 ;
21 'Uc his firstborn,3 and Buz his brother,4 and Qemiiel the
father of Aram ;
22 And Kesed, and 'Hazo, and Pildash, and Yidlaph, and
Bethuel. 23 And Bethuel begat Ribqah : these eight did Milkah bear
to Na'hor, Abraham's brother.
24 And his concubine, whose name was Reumah, she also
bare Teba'h, and Ga'ham, and Ta'hash, and Ma'achah.
1 These words have evidently been added to the text of the Jehovist by
the latest editor, so as to make this narrative connect with the one which he
had caused to precede it. — L.
2 Although verses 20-24 are purely genealogical they do not in the least
resemble the Book of Genealogies drawn up by the Elohist, neither do they
fit naturally into his plan. They must, therefore, be attributed to the
Jehovist, who inserted them as a preparation for and introduction to the
account of the marriage between Yice'haq and Ribqah. — L.
3 Ev xmPQ TT1 Auo-mfit, ' in the land of Ausis,' Job i. 1, LXX ; a tribe of
North Arabia. In Gen. x. 23, 'Uc is called the son of Aram, and in chap.
xxxvi. 28, the son of Dishan.
1 A people and region of Arabia Deserta. See Job xxxii. 2.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 67

CHAPTER XXHI.
1 And the life of Sarah was an hundred and seven
and twenty years : these were the years of the life of
Sarah. 2 And Sarah died in Qiryath-Arb'a {the same is
Hebrdn), in the land of Kena'an : and Abraham came to
mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.
3 And Abraham rose up from before his dead, and
spake unto the Ben§-'Heth, saying,
4 I am a stranger and a sojourner with you : give
me a possession of a buryingplace with you, lhat I
may bury my dead out of my sight.
5 And the Bene-Heth answered Abraham, saying
unto him.
6 Hear us, my lord : Thou art a prince of Elohim
among us : in the choice of our sepulchres bury thy
dead ; none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre,
but that thou mayest bury thy dead.
7 And Abraham rose up, and bowed himself to the
people of the land, even to the Bene-'Heth.
8 And he communed with them, saying, If it be
your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight,
hear me, and intreat for me to 'Ephron the son of
Qo'har, 9 That he may give me the cave 1 of Machpelah,
which he hath, which is in the end of his field ; for the
full price let him give it to me in the midst of you for
a possession of a buryingplace.
1 ' The double cave,' to o-irqkaiov to Snrkovv. — LXX. f 2

68 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
10 Now 'Ephr6n was sitting in the midst of the
Bene-Heth : and 'Ephron1 the 'Hitty2 answered Abraham
in the audience of the Bene-Heth, even of all that went
in at the gate of his city, saying,
11 Nay, my lord, hear me : the field give I thee, and
the cave that is therein ; in the presence of the sons of
my people give I it thee : bury thy dead.
12 And Abraham bowed himself down before the.
people of the land,
13 And he spake unto 'Ephron in the audience of
the people of the land, saying, But if thou wilt, I pray
thee, hear me : I will give the price of the field ; take
it of me, and I will bury my dead there.
14 And 'Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto
him, 15 My lord, hearken unto me : a piece of land worth
four hundred shekels of silver, what is that betwixt me
and thee ? bury therefore thy dead.
16 And Abraham hearkened unto 'Ephron ; and
Abraham weighed to 'Ephron the silver, which he
had named in the audience of the Bene-'H6th, four

1 'Ephron means ' of or belonging to a calf.' It is a Hebrew name.
2 The 'Hitty were the great and warlike nation called Kheta by the
Egyptians, and Khatti by the Assyrians. Their country lay between the
Orontes and the Euphrates, and there is no evidence that they ever existed
in Palestine, but rather there is evidence to the contrary. See 1 Kings x. 29,
2 Kings vii. ti. They are mentioned in the tablets drawn up for Sargon
king of Argaue about 1900 B.C. ' On the twentieth day an eclipse happens.
The king of the Hittites [or the king of the Khatti] lives and on the throne
seizes.' Tuklat-pal-Asar (Tiglath Pilesar) I., about 1130 B.C., mentions in
his inscription the subjugation of four thousand men of the Kaskaya and
Hurunaya rebellious tribes of the Khatti, who had brought the cities of
Subarta under their power. They refused to fight, and the king took their
valuables and two soss (120) of their chariots fitted to the yoke, and gave
them to his own people.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE b9
hundred shekels of silver,1 current money with the
merchant. 17 So the field of 'Ephr6n, which was in Machpelah,
which was before Mamr&, the field, and the cave which
was therein, and all the trees that were in the field,
that were in all the border thereof round about, were
made sure
18 Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence
of the children of 'Heth, before all that went in at the
gate of his city.
19 And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife
in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre {the
same is Hebrdn in the land of Kena'an).
20 And the field, and the cave that is therein, were
made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a burying-
place by the Bene-'Heth.

CHAPTER -XXIV.

1 And Abraham was old, and well stricken in age : and
Yahveh had blessed Abraham in all things.
2 And Abraham said unto his servant, the elder of his house,
that ruled over all that he had, Put, I pray thee, thy hand under
my thigh :
3 And I will make thee swear by Yahveh, the God of heaven
and the God of earth, that thou shalt not take a wife for
1 LXX, AiSpaxp-ot. The gerah, or bean (probably the seeds of the carob-
tree), twenty of which went to the shekel, was the basis of the early Hebrew
money, which, whatever its form, was valued according to its weight. The
value of the silver shekel was about three shillings.

70 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
my son of the daughters of the Kena'any, among whom I
dwell ;
4 But thou shalt go unto my country, and to my kindred,
and take a wife for my son Yice'haq.
5 And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the woman
will not be willing to follow me unto this land : must I needs
bring thy son again unto the land from whence thou earnest ?
6 And Abraham said unto him, Beware that thou bring not
my son thither again.
7 Yahveh, the God of heaven, that took me from my father's
house, and from the land of my nativity, and that spake unto
me, and that sware unto me, saying, Unto thy seed will I give
this land ; he shall send his angel before thee, and thou shalt
take a wife for my son from thence.
8 And if the woman be not willing to follow thee, then thou
shalt be clear from this my oath ; only thou shalt not bring my
son thither again.
9 And the servant put his hand under the thigh of Abraham
his master, and sware to him concerning this matter.
10 And the servant took ten camels, of the camels of his
master, and departed ; having all goodly things of his master's
in his hand ; and he arose and went to Aram Naharaim,1 unto
the city of Na'hor.
1 1 And he made the camels to kneel down without the city
by the well of water at the time of evening, the time that women
go out to draw water.
12 And he said, 0 Yahveh, God of my master Abraham,
send me, I pray thee, good speed this day, and show kindness
unto my master Abraham.
13 Behold, I stand by the fountain of water; and the
daughters of the men of the city come out to draw water ;
14 And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall
say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink ; and
she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also : let
1 Syria of the two rivers, Mesopotamia. The Jehovist always uses the
word Paddan- Aram, the plain of Syria, xxv. 20, &c. This word only occurs
in Genesis.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 71
the same be she that thou hast appointed for thy servant
Yice'haq; and thereby shall I know that thou hast shown
kindness unto my master.
15 And it came to pass, before he had done speaking, that,
behold, Ribqah came out, who was born to Bethuel the son of
Milkah, the wife of Na'hor, Abraham's brother, with her pitcher
upon her shoulder.
16 And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin,
neither had any man known her : and she went down to the
fountain, and filled her pitcher, and came up.
17 And the servant ran to meet her, and said, Give me to
drink, I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher.
18 And she said, Drink, my lord : and she hasted, and let
down her pitcher upon her hand, and gave him drink.
19 And when she had done giving him drink, she said, I
will draw for thy camels also, until they have done drinking.
20 And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the trough,
and ran again unto the well to draw, and drew for all his
camels. 21 And the man looked stedfastly on her ; holding his
peace, to know whether Yahveh had made his journey pro
sperous or not.
22 And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking,
that the man took a golden ring of half a beq'a weight,1 and
two bracelets for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold ;
23 And said, Whose daughter art thou ? tell me, I pray
thee. Is there room in thy father's house for us to lodge in ?
24 And she said unto him, I am the daughter of Bethuel the
son of Milkah, which she bare unto Na'hor.
25 She said moreover to him, We have both straw and pro
vender enough, and room to lodge in.
26 And the man bowed his head, and worshipped Yahveh.
27 And he said, Blessed be Yahveh, the God of my master
Abraham, who hath not forsaken his mercy and truth toward
my master : as for me, Yahveh hath led me in the way to the
house of my master's brethren.
1 ' Took golden earrings, each of a drachm weight.' — LXX.

72 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
28 And the damsel ran, and told her mother's house
according to these words.
29 And Ribqah had a brother, and his name was Laban;
and Laban ran out unto the man, unto the fountain.
30 And it came to pass, when he saw the ring, and the
bracelets upon his sister's hands, and when he heard the words
of Ribqah his sister, saying, Thus spake the man to me ; that
he came unto the man ; and, behold, he stood by the camels at
the fountain.
31 And he said, Come in, thou blessed of Yahveh ; where
fore standest thou without ? for I have prepared the house, and
room for the camels.
32 And the man came into the house, and he ungirded the
camels; and he gave straw and provender for. the camels, and
water to wash his feet and the men's feet that were with him.
33 And there was set meat before him to eat ; but he said,
I will not eat, until I have told mine errand. And he said.
Speak on.
34 And he said, I am Abraham's servant.
35 And Yahveh hath blessed my master greatly ; and he is
become great : and he hath given him flocks, and herds, and
silver and gold, and male and female slaves, and camels and asses.
36 And Sarah my master's wife bare a son to my master
when she was old ; and unto him hath he given all that he hath.
37 And my master made me swear, saying, Thou shalt not
take a wife for my son of the daughters of the Kena'any, in
whose land I dwell :
38 But thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to my
kindred, and take a wife for my son.
39 And I said unto my master, Peradventure the woman will
not follow me.
40 And he said unto me, Yahveh, before whom I walk, will
send his angel with thee, and prosper thy way ; and thou shalt
take a wife for my son of my kindred, and of my father's house.
41 Then shalt thou be clear from my oath, when thou comest
to my kindred ; and if they give her not to thee, thou shalt be
clear from my oath.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 73
42 And I came this day unto the fountain, and said, 0
Yahveh, God of my master Abraham, if now thou do prosper
my way which I go :
43 Behold, I stand by the fountain of water ; and let it come
to pass, that the maiden which cometh forth to draw, to
whom I shall say, Give me, I pray thee, a little water of thy
pitcher to drink ;
44 And she shall say to me, Both drink thou, and I will also
draw for thy camels : let the same be the woman whom Yahveh
hath appointed for my master's son.
45 And before I had done speaking in my heart, behold,
Ribqah came forth with her pitcher on her shoulder ; and she
went down unto the fountain, and drew : and I said to her, Let
me drink, I pray thee.
46 And she made haste, and let down her pitcher from her
shoulder, and said, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also ;
so I drank, and she made the camels drink also.
47 And I asked her, and said, Whose daughter art thou ?
And she said, The daughter of Bethuel, Na'hor's son, whom
Milkah bare unto him : and I put the ring upon her nose, and
the bracelets upon her hands.
48 And I bowed my head, and worshipped Yahveh, and
blessed Yahveh, the God of my master Abraham, which had led
me in the right way to take my master's brother's daughter for
his son.
49 And now if ye will deal kindly and truly with my master,
tell me : and if not, tell me ; that I may turn to the right hand
or to the left.
50 Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing pro-
ceedeth from Yahveh : we cannot speak unto thee good or bad.
51 Behold, Ribqah is before thee, take her, and go, and let
her be thy master's son's wife, as Yahveh hath spoken.
52 And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's servant heard
their words, he bowed himself down to the earth before Yahveh.
53 And the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels
of gold, and raiment, and gave them to Ribqah : he gave also
to her brother and to her mother precious things.

74 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
54 And they did eat and drink, he and the men that were
with him, and tarried all night; and they rose up in the
morning, and he said, Send me away unto my master.
55 And her brother and her mother said, Let the damsel
abide with us a few days, at the least ten ; after that she shall go.
56 And he said unto them, Hinder me not, seeing that
Yahveh hath prospered my way ; send me away that I may go
to my master.
57 And they said, We will call the damsel, and inquire at her
mouth. 58 And they called Ribqah, and said unto her, Wilt thou go
with this man ? And she said, I will go.
59 And they sent away Ribqah their sister, and her nurse
and Abraham's servant, and his men.
60 And they blessed Ribqah, and said unto her, Our sister,
be thou the mother of thousands of ten thousands, and let thy
seed possess the gates of those that hate them.
61 And Ribqah arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon
the camels, and followed the man : and the servant took Ribqah
and went his way.
62 And Yipe'haq came from the way ' of Be§r-la'hay-r6y 2 (the
well of the Living One that seeth me) ; for he dwelt in the land
of Negeb.
63 And Yice'haq went out to meditate in the field at the
eventide : and he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and behold, there
were camels coming.
64 And Ribqah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw Yipe'haq,
she lighted off the camel.
65 And she said unto the servant, What man is this that
walketh in the field to meet us ? And the servant said, It is
my master : and she took her veil, and covered herself.
66 And the servant told Yice'haq all the things that he had
done. 1 The LXX and the author of the Samaritan version have had before
them here a text which had bimadbar, 'in the desert,' instead of
mibbo. — L.
8 See chap. xvi. 14. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 75
67 And Yice'haq brought her into his mother Sarah's tent,
and took Ribqah, and she became his wife ; and he loved her :
and Yice'haq was comforted after his mother's death.

CHAPTER XXV.

1 And Abraham took another wife and her name was
Qeturah.1 2 And she bare him Zimran, and Yoqshan, and
Medan, and Midyan, and Yishbaq, and Shua'h.
3 And Toqshdn begat Shebd and Deddn? and the
sons of Deddn were the Aphurim, and the Letushim and
the Leummim. A A
4 And the sons of Midyan ; 'Ephah, and 'Epher, and
'Hanoch, and Abld'a, and Elda'a. All these were the
children of Qeturah.
5 And Abraham gave all that he had to Yice'haq.
6 But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abra
ham had, Abraham gave gifts ; and he sent them away
from Yice'haq his son, while he yet lived, eastward,
into the east country.
7 And these are the days of Abraham's life which he
lived, an hundred three score and fifteen years.
1 She is palled Abraham's concubine in 1 Chron. i. 32. Qetur&h means
' incense,' and her descendants are, therefore, the tribes who brought incense
from the south of Arabia to Palestine and the Mediterranean.
2 The verb used here for ' begat ' does not belong to the ordinary phraseo
logy of the Elohist ; besides which, the Elohist places Sheba and Dedan
among the descendants of 'Ham in chap. x. 7. The commencement of this
verse, therefore, cannot have been written by him, but must have been
added by the latest editor, who perhaps also added verse 5 in accordance
with chap. xxiv. 36. This, however, is not so certain. — L.

76 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
8 And Abraham gave up the ghost, and died in a
good old age, an old man, and full of years ; and was
gathered to his people.
9 And Yice'haq and Yishma'el ' his sons buried him
in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of 'Ephron the
son of Qo'ar the 'Hitty, which is before Mamre\
10 The field which Abraham purchased of the Bene-
'Heth ; there was Abraham buried, and Sarah his wife.
11 And it came to pass after the death of Abraham,
Elohim blessed Yice'haq his son ; and Yiqe'hdq dwelt
by Beer-la' hay-roy.
12 Now these are the generations of Yishma'el Abra
ham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's hand
maid, bare unto Abraham.
13 And these are the names of the sons of Yishma'el
by their names, according to their generations : the
first born of Yishma'el, NeMy6th, and Qedar, and
Adbeel, and Mibsam,
14 And Mishma', and Dumah, and Massa,
15 And Hadad, and Tema, Yetur, Naphish, and
Qedmah. 16 These are the sons of Yishma'el, and these are their
names, by their villages, and by their encampments x :
twelve princes according to their nations.2
1 This expression signifies that the tribes indicated by the author were
partly settled and partly nomad. — L.
2 The name of Kush which was formerly supposed to apply exclusively
to the African Ethiopia has been shown to apply to Arabia, not Africa.
When Moses is said in Numb. xii. 1 to have married a woman of Kush it is
evident from Ex. ii. 15-21 that she was a native of Midian or Madian in
Arabia, on the northern coast of the Red Sea. See also 2 Kings xix. 9 and
2 Chron. xiv. 9, 12-15, in all which passages Kush is mis-translated
Ethiopia in the Revised Version. Wilford (As. Res. vol. viii. p. 296) says
that in the old Sanscrit geography Cusa was the second dwipa, the first

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 77
17 And these are the years of the life of Yishma'el,
being Jambu, or India. It is so called either from a sage called 0u6a, or
from the grass Cusa or Poa which is supposed to grow there plentifully. It
includes all the countries from the Indus to the Persian Gulf and the
Caspian Sea. Cusa is Kush. In the Puranas Cusha-dwipa, the land of
Cush, includes Arabia and the other countries from the borders of India to
the Mediterranean, while at a later period a second Cusha-dwipa, situated
beyond the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb in Africa, was called Cusha-dwipa
without, as having been colonised from Cusha-dwipa within.
In Genesis Arabia is originally peopled by the Kushites, a leading nation of
the Hamitic race. Niebuhr says the Kushites can be traced all along the coast
of Yemen from Hali (the Alilsei) to Zebid (' Sesippi portus'). Beni Khusiis
the name of a small district in the province or department of Renia, as
Beit el Khusi is the name of a village in Haschid ir Bekil, while the
narne of the town of Kusma, in the department of Kusma or Kus'iimma
resembles closely the name of Khus. The Yoqtanids, descendants of Yoqt&n
(Arab. Kahtan), are said to have established themselves near the Kushites,
while numerous tribes descended from Hagar and Qeturah joined them sub
sequently. The%st is as follows : —
1. Descendants of Kush : Seba, 'Havilah, Sabtah, Ra'emah or Regma ,
Sabteka, and the sons of Ra'emah, Sheba and DedSn.
2. Descendants of Yoqtan: Almodad, Shaleph, 'Hacarmaveth, Yara'h,
Hadoram, Uzal, Diqlah, Obal, Abimael, Shebsl, Ophir, 'Havilah, and
Yobab. 3. Descendants of Qeturah : Zimran, Yoqshan, Medan, Midyan, Yishbaq,
and Shua'h. Yoqshan begat Sheba, and Dedan, and the sons of Dedan were
the Asshurim, the Letushim, and the Leummim. The sons of MidySn were
'Eph&h, 'Epher, 'Hanoch, Abid'si, and Elda'SL
4. Descendants of Yishma'el: Nebayoth, Qedar, AdbeeL Mibsam,
Mishma', Dumah, Massi, 'Hadad, Tema, Yetur, Naphish, Qedemah.
In each of the first three divisions there is a tribe called Sheba ; there
are two tribes called Ded&n — one Kushite, the other descended from
Qeturah ; and two tribes called 'Havilah — one Kushite, the other descended
from Yoqtan.
Caussin de Perceval says that most Arab authors divide their nation
into extinct races, Baida, and existing races, Mouteakkhara, and the latter
into Ariba, Moutearriba and Moustariba. Of these the Ariha are Arabians
of pure blood, and the Moustariba are descendants of Yishma'el, who
married a Kushite princess. The Kushite race is said to have consisted of
twelve tribes, Ad, Thamoud, Tasm, Djachi, Amlik, Oumayim, Abil, Djour-
houm, Wabar, Jasm, Antem, and Hashen. Of these the tribe of Ad may
be recognised in the Oaditse of Ptolemy ; the tribe of Thamoud, in the
Thamiditse of the Arabian Gulf, whence as late as Justinian ' Saracen horse
men of the tribe of Thamud ' are enrolled as auxiliaries in his' armies ; the
tribe of Amlik (Amalek), the tribes of 'Esar stretching ' from Havilah to
Shtir ' in Ptolemy's Saracena, called Amalekites by Theophanes.

78 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
an hundred and thirty and seven years ; and he gave
Sheba (Saba), now Mareb, was once the metropolis of Yemen. Pliny
calls it Mariaba, ' lords of all.' Abulfeda says it is still inhabited by the
Kahtan (Yoqtan?) Arabs. A tribe called Beni-Sabya still exists in the
neighbourhood. 'Havilah is the territory between San'a and Mareb, called
Khaoulan. Osiander has identified Sabta (Sabota) with an ancient town
situated about four days' journey S.E. of Mareb, and celebrated for the sixty
temples which it contained. Ra'emah or Regma (LXX) is mentioned in
Ezek. xxvii. 20-22 with Sheba and Dedan as trading with Tyre: 'the
merchants of Sheba and Ra'emah, they were thy traffickers ; they traded for
thy wares, with chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold '
(verse 22). Niebuhr thinks it is the departments of Dsjehi and Kusma in
the Yemen, which are collectively called Rema by the Arabs. A more
probable opinion, however, places it on the opposite side to Dedan on the
promontory at the mouth of the Persian Gulf.
The dwelling of the children of Yoqtan is said in Gen. x. 30 to be ' from
Mesha, as thou goest towards Sephar, the mountain of the east.' MeshS
appears to be the frontier towards the west, and there is still in existence a
village named Musa in the neighbourhood of Mocha the name of which the
Arabs consider to be of great antiquity. Sephar is the Sephar of Ptolemy,
and is situated to the east of Mesha. Hacarmaveth is no doubt the great
province of Hadramaut, on the east of Yemen. Hadramaut and Yemen
together formed Arabia Felix. Hadoram (LXX, Odoppa) is Darrha, in
Oman. Uzzal is Sabe Regia, now called Sanaa, and was once the Yoqtanite
capital of Yemen.
Ezek. xxvii. 19 should read ' Vedan also and Yavan traded from fjzzal
with yarn for thy wares : bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were among thy
merchandise.' Yavan is a city of Yemen, perhaps situated in the Deiban of
Niebuhr. Diqlah would appear to be represented by the Dulkhelaitse, or
tribe of Dhu rKhalaahj*"between fjzzal and Mareb. Bochart, however, who
derives the name from an unused root signifying palm-tree, places it in the
district of the Minsei, on the south coast of Arabia, which Pliny says was
rich in palm-trees. Obal (Eval, LXX, and Ebal, 1 Chron. i. 22) which
means ' stripped,' ' bare of leaves,' is identical with the Avalitse (Ptolemy)
or Abaliti (Pliny) on the African coast of the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb.
Abimael means ' father of Mael, identical with the Mali, who lived in the
neighbourhood of Medina, and are mentioned by Theophrastus as producing
frankincense, myrrh, cassia, and cinnamon. Sheba, called Mareb and Saba
by the Arabs, has been already noticed.
Great differences of opinion have existed as to the site of Ophir. In the
LXX, in 1 Kings ix. 28, it is spelt Sacpipa, and in chap. x. 11 2ov<pip. In
2 Chron. viii. 18 and ix. 10 there is the same difference of spelling. In Job
ii. 24 and xxviii. 16 it is called 2m<pip. In Ps. xiv. 9 it is omitted altogether,
and in Is. xiii. 12 it is spelt 2v<pip. From these various spellings it has been
thought that Sowrapa (now Goa) in India was meant. It has also been
identified with Pliny's ' littus Hammseum, ubi auri metalla,' or the Gold Coast,

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 79
up the ghost and died ; and was gathered unto his
people.
on the east coast of Arabia, where there is still a village called El Ophir.
Ophir, however, is placed between Sheba and 'Havilah. The name seems
to be formed on a Sabaean adjective derived from a word signifying dust, or
small sand, and M. Halevy considers it to be the province formerly known
as Maphartis or Mapharitis, which extended as far as Ocelis or Okela, the
principal port of Bab-el-M andeb. There is a popular adage in the Wady Saba,
' Turab-el-Djaouf dhabab ' — the dust of the Sabsean district (the Djaouf )
is gold. The Hebrew word Kethem, which is used in Job xxviii. 16, Is.
xiii. 12 and Dan. x. 5 to denote the gold of Ophir, exists in the Sabaean
language only. The wealth of Arabia is alluded to in Judges viii. 24, 26.
Diodorus Siculus (lib. iii. c. 3) says of them : ' Having never been conquered,
by reason of the.largeness of their country, they flow in streams of gold and
silver ; and likewise their beds, chairs, and stools have their feet of silver,
and all their household stuff is so sumptuous and magnificent that it is
incredible. The porticoes of their houses and temples, in some cases, are
overlaid with gold. The like wonderful cost they are at throughout their
whole buildings, adorning them, in some parts, with silver and gold, and in
others with ivory, precious stones, and other things of great value, for they
have enjoyed a constant and uninterrupted peace for many ages and genera
tions.' Agatharcides says : ' The Sabseans surpass in wealth and magnificence not
only the neighbouring barbarians, but all other nations whatsoever. As their
distant situation protects them from all foreign plunders, immense stores of
precious metals have been accumulated among them, especially in the
capital. Curiously wrought gold and silver drinking vessels in great variety ;
couches and tripods with silver feet ; an incredible profusion of costly furni
ture in general ; porticoes, with large columns partly gilt, and capitals
ornamented with wrought silver figures ; roofs and doors ornamented with
gold fretwork set with precious stones, besides an extraordinary magnificence
reigning in the decorations of their houses, where they use silver, gold, ivory,
and the most precious stones, and all other things that men deem most
valuable. These people have enjoyed their good fortune from the earliest
times undisturbed.'
Eupolemus, quoted by Eusebius (Prcep. Ev. lib. ix. c. 30), says that David,
having been advised by an angel to leave the building of the temple to his
son, had vessels built at Elan in Arabia in order to send them to the
island of Ophir in the Erythraean Sea to collect precious metals there.
This island, he says, contained gold mines, and the gold was afterwards taken
to Judaea. Pliny speaks of the once famous cities of the people of Oman,
which in his time were wildernesses. He says of the Arabians, ' Take them
all in all, they are the richest nation in the world.'
Yobab is identical with Ptolemy's Jobaritae, whose name survives in the
BenS Yubar in the country of the Beni Yoqtan, towards Mareb, and the

80 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
18 And they dwelt from 'Havildh unto Shur, that is
Beni Yobub or Yobab are near Mount Sephar, between Senaa and Zebid.
Niebuhr thinks that Beni Dsjobiib, a small district in the southern portion
of the department of Kusma may have been named after Yobab.
Ziraran (LXX, Zepjipap, Zopftpap), the eldest son of Qeturah, is to be
traced in the Banizomaneis (that is the Beni Zoman) of Diodorus Siculus
and Agatharcides. Burckhardt recognised the Beni Zoman in the Beni
Omran or 'Amran (Robinson). They are a very independent and strong
tribe, much given to plunder. Yoqshan signifies ' fowler ' (LXX, le£av and
le£av). No trace of this tribe can be discovered. Perhaps from their occu
pation they were a wandering tribe. Medan (LXX, MaSaX, MaSiap) is
identified with the Maadeni or the inhabitants of Maadan al Nokra, the site
of Hedjer, the ancient capital of the Thamiditae or tribe of Thamoud, and
the Madiana of Ptolemy. Hedjer is also called Medayen by the Arabs.
Midian (LXX, Mabtap, MaSap) is referred to in Isa. Ix. 6, ' The multitude
of camels shall cover thee, the young camels of Midian and 'Ephah ; they all
shall come from Sheba, ; they shall bring gold- and frankincense, and shall
proclaim the praises of Yahveh.'
Yishbaq (LXX, I«t|3<»k, 2o/3<ik) is identical with Shobak, the Sehomita
or Esbuta of Ptolemy, on the southern border of the Amalekites. Shua'h
(LXX, 2(»if, Sac) is mentioned again in Job ii. 11, where the LXX speak
of Baldad king of the Sanchaeans. It is probably the Saxrata of Ptolemy
(v. 15), to the east of Batanaea. Dedan bordered upon Edom. The
travelling companies of the Dedanim are mentioned in Isa. xxi. 13. The
Asshurim appear to be the Asyr or El-Asyr Arabs, who inhabit the district
called Uasoros by Strabo, the people of which are called Elesori by Ptolemy.
Ibn-el-Shayr, of the Asyr tribe, is mentioned by Burckhardt. The Letushim
may be the Tedium of Ptolemy, bordering on Chaldaea. The Leummim
are the sons of Luma. Luma is a city mentioned by Ptolemy on the
eastern side of Arabia Deserta, not far from the supposed seat of the Letu
shim. Niebuhr mentions another Luma in Yemen, in the department of
Kiisma, between Suk es Sept and Abid. These three sons of Dedan are
omitted jn 1 Chron. i.
'Ephah (LXX, Tecpap) appears to be to the south of Midian, where there
is a watering station on the coast called Makar Efa, or the wells of 'Ephah,
'fipher (LXX, Acpeip, Ocpep) is probably Shor Afar, a town on 1he coast of
Midian, some twenty miles north of the town of Modiana. Pliny mentions
the Pharanitae at the head of the Elanitic Gulf. This people extended to
the southern extremity of the peninsula of Sinai, where ' Pharan civitas ' and
' Pharan promontorium ' denote their presence, and probably took their name
from the wilderness of Paran.
'Hanoch (LXX, TZvax), Hanak, or Hank-krue, a town at the northern
foot of Djebel Sheick, the Hippos Mons of Ptolemy. To the east of this
town is another large town called Henekeh or Hanake, on the caravan route
from Medina to Bosia. Abid'a, ' father of knowledge,' survives in Ptolemy's
Abida, under the range of the Anti-Libanus. Burckhardt discovered" a

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 81
tribe of Abyda Arabs in the country south of the Asyr mountains in Yemen.
Elda'a, ' whom God called,' supposed to be the Audia or Ludia of Ptolemy,
now Eldii or Eldji, forming a connecting link of the northern settlements of
Midian between Adida and Modiana.
Nebayoth, ' high places,' was the eldest son of Yishma'el. Josephus
asserts the identity of Nebayoth and the well-known nation of the Naba-
taeans. This, however, has been doubted on account of the difference in
spelling, the name Nabatssan being spelled with t, not t (l!DD3 on the inscrip
tions, Arabic Nabat, Nabit, &c). Nebayoth appears as a pastoral people in
Isa. Ix. 7. The Nabatseans are described by Diodorus as being in 312 b.c!,
when Antigonus unsuccessfully attacked them in Petra, a powerful tribe of
some 10,000 warriors, nomads, eschewing agriculture, fixed houses, and the
use of wine (all which were forbidden on pain of death), and living on flesh
and milk. They were, however, enormously wealthy, for Diodorus mentions
500 talents of silver and enormous stores of arom atics as being among the
spoils of Petra when it was surprised by the Syrians during the absence of
its garrison. Strabo also speaks of their wealth in gold and silver, purple
robes, pictures, statues, &c. Qedar, ' black skin,' ' a black-skinned man ' (a
name applied by the Rabbis to all the Arabians), is identical with the Arab
tribe called Cedrei, Cedareni, or Gedranitae by Pliny, and which, he says,
border, as well as the Arab tribes of the Cauchlei, on the territory of the
Nabataei (N. H. lib. v. c. 2). They thus belong to the northern portion of the
Hedjaz. Adbeel (LXX, Na/38f j;X), written Abdeel in Josephus, may, it is thought,
be recognised in Niebuhr's Beni Abdillah, a somewhat extensive tract of
country in the district of Bellad el Kobail in Yemen. Mibsani (LXX,
Maao-ap), ' sweet odour,' is thought by Calmet to be Mepsa, a town placed
by Ptolemy on the boundary line between Arabia Petraea and Palestine.
MishmaV (LXX, Mao-pa), called Masmaos by Josephus, is probably the
Masasmanes of Ptolemy, who dwelt near Mount Zames (Mount Mesha).
Dumlh (LXX, Aovpa, iSovpa) is no doubt the Aovpmda of Ptolemy. It is
called in Arabic ' stony Dumah.' ' Dumaetha (Daumat al Gendal) is noticed
by Ptolemy and Abulfeda [and by Pliny under the name of Domatha] ; and
may be found in D'Anvilles maps, in the mid-desert between Chaibar and
Tadmor ' (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. ix. p. 248). Massa, the Masani of
Ptolemy, a people bordering on Chaldsea, frequently mentioned in the in
scriptions of Tiglath-Pileser II. and Asurbanipal in the form Mas' as the
name of a North-Arabian tribe. 'Hadad (LXX, XodSav, Xovbav), ' sharp
ness,' may be traced in the tribe of Hadad, the chief town of which is
HadSddo, in the department of Dsjehi in Yemen. Tenia (LXX, Qaipav) is
the modern Beni Temin, on the western border of Nejed. Pliny says the
Thimanaei were adjacent to the Nabathaeans. It is mentioned in Jer.
xxv. 23, ' Dedan, and Tenia, and Buz ' (LXX, Pas), and also in Job vi. 19,
' The caravans of Tema looked,
The companies of Sheba, waited for them,' G

82 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
before Micraim, as thou goest towards Asshur : he abode
in the presence of all his brethren.1
19 And these are the generations of Yice'haq,
Abraham's son : Abraham begat Yice'haq :
20 And Yice'haq was forty years old when he took
Ribqah the daughter of Bethuel the Aramy of Paddan-
Aram, the sister of Laban the Aramy, to be his wife.
21 And Yice'haq intreated Yahveh for his wife because she
was barren : and Yahveh was intreated of him, and Eibqah
conceived. 22 And the children struggled together within her; and she
said, If it be so, wherefore do I live ? And she went to inquire
of Yahveh.
23 And Yahveh said unto her,
Two nations are in thy womb,
or, as the LXX has it, ' Behold the ways of the Thaemanites, ye that mark
the paths of the Sabaeans.' Tema is the Tunai of Tiglath-Pileser II.
Yetur is mentioned again in 1 Chron. v. 19. The name of Yetur re
appears in the Ituraeans, who dwelt to the south of Damascus, between that
city and the half tribe of Menassheh. This was afterwards the province of
Ituraea, and is now the district of Jeidiir. Naphish (LXX, Na$es) : this
tribe is supposed to have existed on the borders of Gilead. Qedemah (LXX,
KeSpa), ' eastward,' is El Kadema, a celebrated commercial town in the
upper part of the Persian Gulf, the ' Itauros portus ' of Ptolemy, and the
Ammea of Pliny.
There were numerous tribes in Northern Arabia from the frontiers of
Egypt to the banks of the Euphrates and the marshes of Babylonia (Gen.
xxv. 18, Plin. vi. 118). The Assyrian inscriptions speak of Eastern Ara
bians on the Susian coast of the Persian G ulf (Inscriptions of Khorsabad, 69).
Egyptian documents speak of the brigand populations of the desert long
before the time of Abraham. They are called Shasou or Herouscha.
M. HaleVy says that a fixed period is known, about 115 B.C. (it cannot be
earlier), at which the Sabsean nation was still in all its power. Augustus,
however, heard of their wealth, and about 24 B.C. ^Elius Gallus set out in
command of a Roman army of 10,000 men, assisted by Obodas king of
Petra, with a thousand Nabathasans and five hundred Jews, and eventually
took Mariaba and Mar Saba.
1 This verse bears on the face of it the impress of the historical Assyrian
period, and has evidently been added by the latest editor. It is not even in
its proper place, for it refers to the sons of Yishma'el. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 83
And two peoples shall be separated even from thy bowels :
And the one people shall be stronger than the other people ;
And the elder shall serve the younger.
24 And when her days to be delivered were fulfilled, behold,
there were twins in her womb.
25 And the first came forth ruddy, all over like an hairy
garment, and they called his name 'Esav.
26 And after that came forth his brother, and his hand had
hold on 'Esav's heel ('aqeb) ; and his name was called Ya'aqob :
and Yice'haq was threescore years old when she bare them.
27 And the boys grew : and 'Esav was a cunning hunter, a
man of the field ; and Ya'aqob was a peaceable man, living in
tents. 28 Now Yice'haq loved 'Esav, because he did eat of his
venison ; and Eibqah loved Ya'aqdb.
29 And Ya'aqob sod pottage : and 'Esav came in from the
field, and he was faint :
30 And 'Esav said to Ya'aqob, Feed me, I pray thee, with
that same red (adorn) pottage ; for I am faint : therefore was his
name called Edom.
31 And Ya'aqob said, Sell me this day thy birthright.
32 And 'Esav, said, Behold, 1 am at the point to die, and
what good shall my birthright do to me ?
33 And Ya'aqob said, Swear to me this day ; and he sware
unto him : and he sold his birthright unto Ya'aqob.
34 And Ya'aqdb gave 'Esav bread and pottage of lentils ; and
he did eat, and drink, and rose up, and went his way : so 'Esav
despised his birthright.

CHAPTER XXVI.

1 And there was a famine in the land, beside the first famine
that was in the days of Abraham. And Yice'haq went unto
Abimelech king of the Pelishtim unto Gerar.

84 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
2 And Yahveh appeared unto him, and said, Go not down
into Micraim ; dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of:
3 Sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and will
bless thee, for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will give all
these lands, and I will establish the oath which I sware unto
Abraham thy father ;
4 And I will multiply thy seed as the stars of heaven, and
will give unto thy seed all these lands ; and in thy seed shall
all the nations of the earth be blessed ;
5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my
charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws.
6 And Yice'haq dwelt in Gerar :
7 And the men of the place asked him of his wife ; and he
said, She is my sister ; for he feared to say, My wife ; lest, said
he, the men of the place should kill me for Ribqah ; because
she was fair to look upon.1
8 And it came to pass, when he had been there a long time,
that Abimelech king of the Pelishtim looked out at a window,
and saw, and behold Yice'haq was sporting with Ribqah his
wife. 9 And Abimelech called Yice'haq, and said, Behold, of a
surety she is thy wife : and how saidst thou, She is my sister ?
And Yice'haq said unto him, Because I said, Lest I die for her.
10 And Abimelech said, What is this that thou hast done
unto us ? one of the people might lightly have lien with thy
. wife, and thou shouldest have brought guiltiness upon us.
11 And Abimelech charged all the people, saying, He that
toucheth this man or his wife shall surely be put to death.
12 And Yice'haq sowed in that land, and found in the same
year an hundredfold, and Yahveh blessed him.
13 And the man waxed great, and grew more and more
until he became very great :
14 And he had possessions of flocks, and possessions of herds,
and a great household ; and the Pelishtim envied him.
1 The whole of this passage, verses 7-11, is the Jehovistie version of the
story respecting Abraham in chap, xx, taking place at the same spot, but
taken from a different document. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 85
15 Now all the wells which his father's servants had digged
in the days of Abraham his father, the Pelishtim had stopped
them, and filled them with earth.
16 And Abimelech said unto Yice'haq, Go from us, for thou
art much mightier than we.
17 And Yice'haq departed thence, and encamped in the
valley of Gerar, and dwelt there.
18 And Yice'hdq digged again the wells of water, which they
had digged in the days of Abraham his father ; for the Pelishtim
had stopped them after the death of Abrdhdm ': and he called their
names after the names by which his father had called them}
19 And Yice'haq digged in the valley, and found there a well
of springing water.
20 And the herdmen of Gerar strove with Yice'haq's herd-
men, saying, The water is ours : and he called the name of
the well 'Eseq (Contention) ; because they contended with
him. 21 And they digged another well, and they strove for that
also : and he called the name of it Sitnah (Enmity).
22 And he removed from thence, and digged another well ;
and for that, they strove not : and he called the name of it
Re'hobdth (Broad places) ; and he said, For now Yahveh hath
made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land.
23 And he went up from thence to Be§r-Shab'a.
24 And Yahveh appeared unto him the same night,
and said, I am the God of Abraham thy father : fear
not, for I am with thee, and will bless thee, and mul
tiply thy seed for my servant Abraham's sake.2
25 And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name
1 There is no mention of these wells or of their names in the preceding-
chapter, so the latest editor must have taken this verse from a different
document. — L.
8 Chap. xxxv. 12 and Exod. vi. 3 distinctly show that the work of the
Elohist contained an appearance of God to Yice'haq. It seems to us that
this must be the same, for it is unconnected with verses 23-25, the latter of
which continues the Jehovistic narrative in a natural manner, while verse 24
is in no way connected with it, and seems to have beeninserted at the last
moment in the latest revision. — L.

86 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
of Yahveh, and pitched his tent there, and there Yice'haq's
slaves digged a well.
26 Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and A'huzzath
his friend, and Phichol the captain of his host.1
27 And Yice'haq said unto them, Wherefore are ye come
unto me, seeing ye hate me, and have sent me away from
you? 28 And they said, We saw plainly that Yahveh was with
thee ; and we said, Let there now be an oath betwixt us, even
betwixt us and thee, and let us make a covenant with thee ;
29 That thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched
thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and
have sent thee away in peace : thou art now the blessed of
Yahveh. 30 And he made them a feast, and they did eat and drink.
31 And they rose up betimes in the morning, and sware one
to another : and Yipe'haq sent them away, and they departed
from him in peace.
32 And it came to pass the same day, that Yice'haq's slaves
came, and told him concerning the well which they had digged,
and said unto him, We have found water,
33 And he called it Shib'ah (oath) ; therefore the name of
the city is Beer-Shab'a unto this day.
34 And when 'Esav was forty years old he took
to wife Yehfidith the daughter of Beery, the Hitty, and
B&semath the daughter of Elon the 'Hitty 2 :
35 And they were a grief of mind unto Yice'haq and
to Ribqah.
1 Verses 26-33 give the parallel narrative to the one in chap. xxi. 22-34,
but taken from another source, and made to belong to the period of
Abraham. — L.
2 In chap, xxxvi. 3, 4, 13, Basemath is called the daughter of Yishma'el,
sister of Nebay6th.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 87

CHAPTER XXVII.
1 And it came to pass, that when Yice'haq was old, and his
eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called 'Esav his
elder son, and said unto him, My son : and he said unto him,
Here am I.
2 And he sani, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of
my death :
3 Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver
and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me venison ;
4 And make me savoury meat such as I love, and bring it to
me, that I may eat ; that my soul may bless thee before I die.
5 And Ribqah heard when Yice'haq spake to 'Esav his son.
And 'Esav went to the field to hunt for venison and to bring it.
6 And Ribqah spake unto Ya'aqob her son, saying, Behold,
I heard thy father speak unto 'Esav thy brother, saying,
7 Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may
eat, and bless thee before Yahveh before my death.
8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that
which I command thee.
9 Go now to the flock, and fetch me from thence two good
kids of the goats ; and I will make them savoury meat for thy
father, such as he loveth :
10 And thou shalt bring it to thy father, that he may eat, so
that he may bless thee before his death.
11 And Ya'aqob said to Ribqah his mother, Behold, 'Esav
my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man.
12 My father peradventure will feel me, and I shall seem to
him as a deceiver ; and I shall bring a curse upon me, and not
a blessing. 13 And his mother said unto him, Upon me be thy curse, my
son : only obey my voice, and go fetch me them.
14 And he went, and fetched, and brought them to his
mother : and his mother made savoury meat, such as his father
loved. 15 And Ribqah took the goodly raiment of 'Esav her elder

88 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
son, which were with her in the house, and put them upon
Ya'aqob her younger son :
16 And she put the skins of the kids of the goats upon his
hands, and upon the smooth of his neck :
17 And she gave the savoury meat and the bread, which she
had prepared, into the hand of her son Ya'aqob.
18 And he came unto his father, and said, My father; and
he said, Here am I ; who art thou, my son ?
1 9 And Ya'aqob said unto his father, I am 'Esav thy first
born ; I have done according as thou badest me : arise, I pray
thee, sit and eat of my venison, that thy soul may bless me.
20 And Yice'haq said unto his son, How is it that thou hast
found it so quickly, my son ? And he said, Because Yahveh
thy God sent me good speed.
21 And Yice'haq said unto Ya'aqob, Come near, I pray thee,
that I may feel thee, my son, whether thou be my very son
'Esav, or not.
22 And Ya'aqSb went near unto Yice'haq his father ; and he
felt him, and said, The voice is Ya'aqob's voice, but the hands
are the hands of 'Esav.
23 And he discovered him not, because his hands were hairy,
as his brother 'Esav's hands : so he blessed him.
24 And he said, Art thou my very son, 'Esav ? And he
said, I am.
25 And he said, Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my
son's venison, that my soul may bless thee. And he brought it
near to him, and he did eat : and he brought him wine, and he
drank. 26 And his father Yice'haq said unto him, Come near now,
and kiss me, my son.
27 And he came near, and kissed him : and he smelled the
smell of his raiment, and blessed him, and said,
See, the smell of my son
Is as the smell of a field which Yahveh hath blessed :
28 And God give thee of the dew of heaven
And of the fatness of the earth,
And plenty of corn and wine :

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 89
29 Let peoples serve thee,
And nations bow down to thee ;
Be lord over thy brethren,
And let thy mother's sons bow down to thee ;
Cursed be every one that curseth thee,
And blessed be every one that blesseth thee.
30 And it came to pass, as soon as Yice'haq had made an end
of blessing Ya'aqob, and Ya'aq6b was yet scarce gone out from
the presence of Yice'haq his father, that 'Esav his brother came
in from his" hunting.
31 And he also made savoury meat, and brought it unto his
father ; and he said unto his father, Let my father arise, and
eat of his son's venison, that thy soul may bless me.
32 And Yice'haq his father said unto him, Who art thou ?
And he said, I am thy son, thy firstborn, 'Esav.
33 And Yice'haq trembled very exceedingly, and said, Who
then is he that hath taken venison, and brought it me, and I
have eaten of all before thou earnest, and have blessed him ?
yea, and he shall be blessed.
34 When 'Esav heard the words of his father, he cried with
an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said unto his father,
Bless me, even me also, 0 my father.
35 And he said, Thy brother came with guile, and hath taken
away thy blessing.
36 And he said, Is he not rightly named Ya'aqob, for he
hath supplanted me (Ya'eqbeny) these two times : he took
away my birthright ; and, behold, now he hath taken away my
blessing. And he said, Hast thou not reserved a blessing for
me? 37 And Yice'haq answered and said unto 'Esav, Behold, I
have made him thy lord, and all his brethren have I given to
him for servants ; and with corn and wine have I sustained
him : and what then shall I do for thee, my son ?
38 And 'Esav said unto his father, Hast thou but one bless-
mg, mJ father ? bless me, even me also, 0 my father. And
'Esav lift up his voice, and wept.
39 And Yice'haq his father answered and said unto him,

90 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Behold, away from the fatness of the earth shall be thy
blessing,
And away from the dew of heaven from above ;
40 And by thy sword shalt thou live,
And thou shalt serve thy brother ;
And it shall come to pass, when thou shalt break loose,
That thou shalt shake his yoke from off thy neck.
41 And 'Esav hated Ya'aqob because of the blessing where
with his father blessed him : and 'Esav said in his heart, The
days of mourning for my father are at hand ; then will I slay
my brother Ya'aqob.
42 And the words of 'Esav her elder son were told to Ribqah :
and she sent and called Ya'aqob her younger son, and said unto
him, Behold, thy brother 'Esav, as touching thee, doth comfort
himself, purposing to kill thee.
43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice ; and arise, flee
thou to Laban my brother to Haran ;
44 And tarry with him a few days, until thy brother's fury
turn away ;
45 Until thy brother's anger turn away from thee, and he
forget that which thou has done to him : then I will send, and
fetch thee from thence : why should I be bereaved of you both
in one day ?
46 And Ribqah said to Yice'haq, I am weary of my
life because of the daughters of 'Heth : if Ya'aqdb take
a wife of the daughters of 'Heth, such as these, of the
daughters of the land, what good shall my life do me ?

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 91

CHAPTER XXvHI.
• 1 And Yice'haq called Ya'aqob, and blessed him, and
charged him, and said unto him, Thou shalt not take a
wife of the daughters of Kena'an.
2 Arise, go to Paddan- Aram, to the house of Bethuel
thy mother's father : and take thee a wife from thence
of the daughters of Laban thy mother's brother.
3 And El-Shadday (God Almighty) bless thee, and
make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou mayest
be a company of peoples ;
4 And give thee the blessing of Abraham, to thee,
and to thy seed with thee ; that thou mayest inherit
the land of thy sojournings, which E16him gave unto
Abraham. 5 And Yice'haq sent away Ya'aqob : and he went
to Paddan- Aram unto Laban, son of Bethuel the Aramy,
the brother of Ribqah, Ya'aqob 's and 'Esav's mother.
6 Now 'Esav saw that Yice'haq had blessed Ya'aqdb
and sent him away to Paddan- Aram, to take him a wife
from thence ; and that, as he blessed him, he gave him
a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the
daughters of Kena'an ;
7 And that Ya'aqdb obeyed his father and his mother,
and was gone to Paddan- Aram :
8 And 'Esav saw that the daughters of Kena'an
pleased not Yice'haq his father ;
9 And 'Esav went unto Yishma'el, and took unto
the wives which he had Ma'halath the daughter of

92 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Yishma'el, Abraham's son, the sister of Nebayoth, to be
his wife.
10 And Ya'aqob went out from Beer-Shab'a, and went
toward Haran.
11 And he lighted upon a certain place, and tarried there
all night, because the sun was set ; and he took one of the
stones of the place, and put it under his head, and lay down in
that place to sleep.
12 And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the
earth, and the top of it reached to heaven : and behold the
angels of God ascending and descending upon it.
13 And, behold, Yahveh stood above it, and said, I am
Yahveh, the God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Yice'
haq : the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to
thy seed ;
14 And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou
shall spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the
north, and to the south ; and in thee and in thy seed shall all
the families of the earth be blessed.
15 And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee whither
soever thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land ; for
I will not leave thee, until I have done unto thee that which I
have spoken to thee of.
16 And Ya'aqob wakened out of his sleep, and he said, Surely
Yahveh is in this place ; and I knew it not.
1 7 And he was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this place !
this is none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of
heaven. 18 And Ya'aqob rose up early in the morning, and took the
stone that he had put under his head, and set it up for a pillar,
and poured oil upon the top of it.1
19 And he called the name of that place Beth-El (the house
of God) : but the name of the city was Luz at the first.
1 Mazzevah, a pillar or menhir. It was one of those anointed or living
stones which Philo calls ftairvkia, and which according to him were maMe
by Uranus. In chap. xxxv. 15, the place was not named Beth-!E1 till long
after, when Jacob was old. A numen dwelt in these anointed stones, which
Philo speaks of as t\i8oi epijrvxoi.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 93
20 And Ya'aqob vowed a vow, saying, If Yahveh Elohim
will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and
will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on,
21 So that I come again to my father's house in peace, then
shall Yahveh be my God.
22 And this stone, which I have set up for a column, shall
be God's house : and of all that thou shalt give me, I will surely
give the tenth unto thee.

CHAPTER XXIX.

1 Then Ya'aqob went on his journey,1 and came to the land
of the Bene-Qedem.2
2 And he looked, and behold a well in the field, and lo, three
flocks of sheep lying there by it : for out of that well they
watered the flocks : and the stone upon the well's mouth was
great. 3 And thither were all the flocks gathered : and they rolled
the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the sheep, and
put the stone again from the well's mouth in its place.
4 And Ya'aq6b said unto them, My brethren, whence be ye ?
And they said, Of Haran are we.
5 And he said unto them, Know ye Laban the son of Na'hor ?
and they said, We know him.
6 And he said unto them, Is it well with him ? And they
said, It is well : and, behold, Ra'hel his daughter cometh with
the sheep.
7 And he said, Lo, it is yet high day, neither is it time that
the cattle should be gathered together : water ye the sheep, and
go and feed them.
8 And they said, We cannot, until all the flocks be gathered
together, and they roll the stone from the well's mouth ; then
we water the sheep.
1 Literally, ' lifted up his feet.' — L. 2 The children of the East. — L.

94 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
9 While he yet spake with them, Ra'hel came with her
father's sheep : for she kept them.
10 And it came to pass, when Ya'aqob saw Ra'hel the
daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban
his mother's brother, that Ya'aqSb went near, and rolled the
stone from the well's mouth, and watered the flock of Laban his
mother's brother.
11 And Ya'aqob kissed Ra'hel, and lifted up his voice, and
wept. 12 And Ya'aqob told Ra'hel that he was her father's brother,
and that he was Ribqah's son : and she ran and told her
father. 13 And it came to pass, when Laban heard the tidings of
Ya'aqob his sister's son, that he ran to meet him, and embraced
him, and kissed him, and brought him to his house. And he
told Laban all these things.
14 And Laban said unto him, Surely thou art my bone and
my flesh. And he abode with him the space of a month.
15 And Laban said unto Ya'aqob, Because thou art my
brother, shouldest thou therefore serve me for nought ? tell me,
what shall thy wages be ?
16 And Laban had two daughters : the name of the elder
was Leah, and the name of the younger was Ra'hel.
1 7 And Leah's eyes were tender ; but Ra'hel was beautiful
and well favoured.
18 And Ya'aqob loved Ra'hel ; and he said, I will serve thee
seven years for Ra'hel thy younger daughter.
19 And Laban said, It is better that I give her to thee, than
that I should give her to another man : abide with me.
20 And Ya'aqob served seven years for Ra'hel ; and they
seemed unto him but a few days for the love he had to her.
21 And Ya'aqob said unto Laban, Give me my wife, for my
days are fulfilled, that I may go in unto her.
22 And Laban gathered together all the men of the place,
and made a feast.1
1 Certain peculiarities of expression make one suspect that this verse is
taken from the book of the Elohist. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 95
23 And it came to pass in the evening, that he took Leah his
daughter, and brought her to him ; and he went in unto her.
24 And Laban gave Zilpah his handmaid unto his daughter
Leah for an handmaid.
25 And it came to pass in the morning that, behold, it was
Leah ; and he said to Laban, What is this that thou hast done
unto me ? did not I serve with thee for Ra'hel ? Wherefore
then has thou beguiled me ?
26 And Laban said, It is not so done in our place, to give
the younger before the firstborn.
27 Fulfil the week of this one, and we will give thee the
other also for the service which thou shalt serve with me yet
seven other years.
28 And Ya'aqob did so, and fulfilled her week : and he gave
him Ra'hel his daughter to wife.
29 And Laban gave to Ra'hel his daughter Bil'hah his hand
maid to be her handmaid.
30 And he went in also unto Ra'hel, and he loved also Ra'hel
more than Leah, and served with him yet seven other years.
31 And Yahveh saw that Leah was hated, and he opened her
womb : but Ra'hel was barren.
32 And Leah conceived, and bare a son, and she called his
name Reuben : for she said, Because Yahveh hath looked upon
my affliction (rddh be'onyi) ; for now my husband will love me.
33 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and said,
Because Yahveh hath heard (shdm'a) that I am hated, he hath
therefore given me this son also : and she called his name
Shime'on. 34 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and said, Now
this time will my husband be joined (yilldveh) unto me, because
I have borne him three sons : therefore was his name called
Levy. 35 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and she said,
This time will I praise Yahveh (udeh eth-Yahveh) : therefore
she called his name Yehudah ; and she left bearing.

96 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

CHAPTER XXX.

1 And when Ra'hel saw that she bare Ya'aq6b no children,
Ra'hel envied her sister ; and she said unto Ya'aqob, Give me
children, or else I die.
2 And Ya'aqob' s anger was kindled against Bd'hel; and he
said, Am I in Blohim's stead, who hath withheld from thee the
fruit of the womb ?
3 And she said, Behold my maid Bil'hah, go in unto her ;
that she may bear upon my knees, and I also may obtain
children by her.
4 And she gave him Bil'hah her handmaid to wife : and
Ya'aqob went in unto her.
5 And Bil'hah conceived, and bare Ya'aqob a son.
6 And Ra'hel said, Elohim hath judged me (ddnanny), and
hath also heard my voice, and hath given me a son : therefore
called she his name Dan.
7 And Bil'hah Ra'heTs handmaid conceived again,' and bare
Ya'aqob a second son.
8 And Ra'hel said, With mighty wrestlings of Elohim have
I wrestled (naphtuly) with my sister, and have prevailed : and
and she called his name Naphtaly.
9 When Leah saw that she had left bearing, she took Zilpah,
her handmaid, and gave her to Ya'aqob to wife.
10 And Zilpah Leah's handmaid bare Ya'aqob a son.
11 And Leah said, Fortunate (bdgdd) ! and she called his
name Gad.
12 And Zilpah Leah's handmaid bare Ya'aqob a second son.
13 And L&ah said, Happy am I (bedshry) ! for the daughters
will call me happy : and she called his name Asher.
14 And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and
found mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother
Leah. Then Ra'hel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy
son's mandrakes.
15 And she. said unto her, Is it a small matter that thou hast

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 97
taken away my husband ? and wouldest thou take away my
son's mandrakes also ? And Ra'hel said, Therefore he shall lie
with thee to-night for thy son's mandrakes.
16 And Ya'aq6b came from the field in the evening, and
Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou must come in unto
me; for I have surely hired thee with my son's mandrakes.
And he lay with her that night.
17 And Elohim hearkened unto Leah, and she conceived,
and bare Ya'aqob a fifth son.
18 And Leah said, E16him hath endowed me with a good
dowry (shechdry), because I gave my handmaid to my husband :
and she called his name Yissachar.
19 And Leah conceived again, and bare a sixth son to
Ya'aqob. 20 And Leah said, Elohim hath endowed me with a good
dowry ; now will my husband live with me (yizbeleny), because I
have borne him six sons : and she called his name Zebulun.
> 21 And afterwards she bare a daughter, and called her name
Bindh. 22 And Elohim remembered Ra'hel, and Elohim hearkened
to her, and opened her womb.
23 And she conceived, and bare a son : and said, E16him
hath taken away my reproach :
24 And she called his name Yoseph, saying, Yahveh add
to me (yoseph) another son.
25 And it came to pass, when Ra'hel had borne Yoseph, that
Ya'aqob said unto Laban, Send me away, that I may go unto
mine own place, and to my country.
26 Give me my wives and my children for whom I have
served thee, and let me go : for thou knowest my service where
with I have served thee.
27 And Laban said unto him, If now I have found favour in
thine eyes, tarry : for I have divined that Yahveh hath blessed
me for thy sake.
28 And he said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it.
29 And he said unto him, Thou knowest how I have served
thee, and how thy cattle hath fared with me. H

98 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
30 For it was little which thou hadst before I came, and it
hath increased unto a multitude ; and Yahveh hath blessed
thee whithersoever I turned : and now when shall I provide
for mine own house also ?
31 And he said. What shall I give thee ? And Ya'aqob said,
Thou shalt not give me aught : if thou wilt do this thing for me,
I will again feed thy flock and keep it.
32 I will pass through all thy flock to-day, removing from
thence every speckled and spotted one, and every black one
among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the
goats : and of such shall be my hire.
33 So shall my righteousness answer for me hereafter, when
thou shalt come concerning my hire that is before thee : every
one that is not speckled and spotted among the goats, and
black among the sheep, that, if found with me, shall be counted
stolen. 34 And Laban said, Behold, I would it might be according
thy word.
35 And he removed that day the he-goats that were ring-
straked and spotted, and all the she-goats that were speckled
and spotted, every one that had white in it, and all the black
ones among the sheep, and gave them into the hand of his sons ;
36 And he set three days' journey betwixt himself and
Ya'aqob ; and Ya'aqdb fed the rest of Laban's flocks.
37' And Ya'aqdb took him rods of fresh styrax, and of the
almond and of the plane-tree ; and peeled white strokes in them,
and made the white appear which was in the rods.
38 And he set the rods which he had peeled over against the
flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs where the flocks came
to drink ; and they conceived when they came to drink.
39 And the flocks conceived before the rods, and the flocks
brought forth ringstraked, and speckled, and spotted.
1 Most modern critics consider verses 31-42 to be an addition by the
latest editor, taken from some document not generally used by him, probably
from the same which furnished the whole of chap. xx. and chap. xxi. 32-34.
It seems to me, however, that the addition of the latest editor to the text
of the Jehovist consists merely in the description of Ya'aq6b's strange
conduct. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 90
40 And Ya'aq6b separated the lambs, and set the faces of the
flocks toward the ringstraked, and all the black in the flock of
Laban ' ; and he put his own droves apart, and put them not
unto Laban's flock.
41 And it came to pass, whensoever the stronger of the flock
did conceive, that Ya'aqdb laid the rods before the eyes of the flock
in the gutters, that they might conceive among the rods ;
42 But when the flock were feeble, he put them not in : so the
feebler were Bdbdn's, and the stronger Ya'aqdb's.
43 And the man increased exceedingly, and had large flocks,
and maidservants and slaves, and camels and asses.

CHAPTER XXXI.

1 And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Ya'aqob
hath taken away all that was our father's ; and of all that which
was our father's hath he gotten all this wealth.
2 And Ya'aqdb beheld the countenance of Laban, and,.
behold, it was not toward him as beforetime.
3 And Yahveh said unto Ya'aqdb, Return unto the land of
thy fathers, and to thy kindred ; and I will be with thee.
4 And Ya'aqob sent and called Ra'hel and Leah to the field
unto his flock.
5 And said unto them, I see your father's countenance that
it is not toward me as beforetime ; but the God of my father
hath been with me.
6 And ye know that with all my power I have served your
father. 7 And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages
ten times 2 ; but E16him suffered him not to hurt me.
1 That is, he made the rest of the flock go away from the speckled and
spotted animals, which he set apart for himself. — L.
3 For the ten lambs.— LXX.

100 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
8 If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages ; then all
the flock bare speckled : and if he said thus, The ringstraked
shall be thy wages ; then bare all the flock ringstraked.
9 Thus Elohim hath taken away the cattle of your father,
and given them to me.
10 And it came to pass at the time that the flock conceived,
that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the
he-goats which leaped upon the flock were ringstraked, speckled,
and grisled.
11 And the angel of Elohim said unto me in the dream,
Ya'aqob ; and I said, Here am I.
12 And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the he-
goats which leap upon the flock are ringstraked, speckled, and
grisled ; for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee.
13 1 am the God of Beth-El, where thou anointedst a column,
where thou vowedst a vow unto me : now arise, get thee out
from this land, and return unto the land of thy nativity.
14 And Ra'hel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is
there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father's
house ?
15 Are we not counted of him strangers ? for he hath sold
us, and hath also quite devoured our money.
16 For all the riches which Elohim hath taken away from
our father, that is ours and our children's : now then, whatsoever
Elohim hath said unto thee, do.
17 Then Ya'aqob rose up, and set his sons and his
wives upon camels :
18 And he carried away all his cattle, and all his
substance which he had gathered, the cattle of his
getting, which he had gathered in Paddan- Aram, for
to go to Yice'haq his father unto the land of Kena'an.
19 Now Laban was gone to shear his sheep : and Ra'hel stole
the Teraphim 1 that were her father's.
20 And Ya'aqob stole away unawares to Laban the Aramy ;
in that he told him not that he fled.
1 Domestic idols. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 101
21. So he fled with, all that he had; and he rose up, and
passed over the River, and set his face toward the mountain of
Gile'ad. 22 And it was told Laban on the third day that Ya'aqob was
fled. 23 And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after
him seven days' journey ; and he overtook him in the mountain
of Gile'ad.
24 And Elohim came to Laban the Aramy, in a dream of the
night, and said unto him, Take heed to thyself that thou speak
not to Ya'aqob either good or bad.
25 And Laban came up with Ya'aqdb. Now Ya'aqdb had
pitched his tent in the mountain : and Laban with his brethren
pitched in the mountain of Gile'ad.
26 And Laban said to Ya'aqdb, What hast thou done ? that
thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and carried away mv
daughters as captives of the sword ?
27 Wherefore didst thou flee secretly, and steal away from
me ; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee away with
mirth and with songs, to the sound of the tambourine ' and the
kinnor ;
28 And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daugh
ters ? now hast thou done foolishly.
29 It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt : but the
God of your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take
heed to thyself that thou speak not unto Ya'aqdb either good or
bad. 30 And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because
thou sore longedst after thy father's house, yet wherefore hast
thou stolen my gods ?
31 And Ya'aqdb answered and said to Laban, Because I was
afraid : for I said, Lest thou shouldest take thy daughters from
me by force, [and all my possessions].2
32 With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, he shall not live :
1 The t6ph is a tambourine or small hand-drum. — Engel.
2 The LXX have these words, which are no longer in the Hebrew
text. — L.

102 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and
take it to thee. For Ya'aqdb knew not that Ra'hel had stolen
them. 33 And Laban went into Ya'aqdb's tent, and into Leah's tent,
and into the tent of the two maidservants ; but he found them
not. And he went out of Leah's tent, and entered into Ra'hel's
tent. 34 Now Ra'hel had taken the Teraphim, and put them in the
camel's furniture, and sat upon them. And Laban felt about all
the tent, but found them not.
35 And she said to her father, Let not my lord be angry that
I cannot rise up before thee ; for the manner of women is upon
me. And he searched, but found not the Teraphim.
36 And Ya'aqdb was wroth, and chode with Laban : and
Ya'aqdb answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass ?
what is my sin ? that thou hast so hotly pursued after me ?
37 Whereas thou hast felt about all my stuff, what hast thou
found of all thy household stuff? Set it here before my
brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us
two. 38 This twenty years have I been with thee ; thy ewes and
thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy
flocks have I not eaten.
39 That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee ;
I bare the loss of it ; of my hands didst thou require it, whether
stolen by day or stolen by night.
40 Thus I was ; in the day the drought consumed me, and
the frost by night ; and my sleep fled from mine eyes.
41 These twenty years have I been in thy house ; I served
thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six for thy flock :
and thou hast changed my wages ten times.
42 Except the God of my fatter, the God of Abraham, and
the fear of Yice'haq, had been with me, surely now hadst thou
sent me away empty. Elohim hath seen mine affliction and the
labour of my hands, and rebuked thee yesternight.
43 And Laban answered and said unto Ya'aqdb, The daughters
are my daughters, and the children are my children, and the

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 103
flocks are my flocks, and all that thou seest is mine : and what
can I do this day unto these my daughters, or unto their children
which they have borne ?
44 And now come, let us make a covenant, I and thou ; and
let it be for a witness between me and thee.
45 And Ya'aqdb took a stone, and set it up for a column.
46 And Ya'aqdb said unto his brethren, Gather stones ; and
they took stones, and made an heap : and they did eat there by
the heap.
47 And Ldbdn called it Yegar-shdhaduthd (the heap of wit
ness) ; but Ya'aqdb called it Gale'ed.
48 And Laban said [to Ya'aqdb, Behold this heap, and the
column which I have set between me and thee ']. This heap is
witness [and this pillar is witness between me and thee]. There
fore was the name of it called Gale'ed,
49 And Mippah, for he said, Yahveh watch (Yiceph) between
me and thee when we are hidden one from another.
50 If thou shalt afflict my daughters, and if thou shalt take
wives beside my daughters, no man is with us ; see, Elohim is
witness betwixt me and thee.
51 And Laban said to Ya'aqdb, Behold this heap, and behold
the column which I have set betwixt me and thee.
52 This heap be witness and the column be witness, that I
will not pass over this heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass
over this heap and this column unto me, for harm.
53 The God of Abraham and the God of Na'hor, the God of
their father, judge between us. And Ya'aqdb sware by the
Fear of his father Yice'haq.
54 And Ya'aqdb offered a sacrifice in the mountain, and called
his brethren to eat bread : and they did eat bread, and tarried
all night in the mountain.
55 And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his
sons and his daughters, and blessed them : and Laban departed,
and returned unto his place.
1 These supplementary portions of a verse which is evidently incomplete
without them are taken from the LXX. — L.

104 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

CHAPTER XXXH.

1 And Ya'aqdb went on his way, [and having looked up, he
saw the host of Eldhim encamped '], and the angels of Eldhim
met him.
2 And Ya'aqdb said when he saw them, This is Eldhim's
host, and he called the name of that place Ma'hanaim (encamp
ments). 3 And Ya'aqdb sent messengers before him to 'Esav his
brother, unto the land of Sd'ir, the field of Edom.
4 And he commanded them, saying, Thus shall ye say unto
my lord 'Esav ; Thus saith thy servant Ya'aqdb, I have sojourned
with Laban and stayed until now :
5 And I have oxen, and asses, and flocks, and male and
female slaves ; and I have sent to tell my lord, that I may find
grace in thy sight.
6 And the messengers returned to Ya'aqdb, saying, We came
to thy brother 'Esav, and moreover he cometh to meet thee, and
four hundred men with him.
7 Then Ya'aqdb was greatly afraid and was distressed : and
he divided the people that was with him, and the flocks, and the
herds, and the camels, into two companies ;
8 And he said, If 'I)sav come to the one company, and smite
it, then the company which is left shall escape.
9 And Ya'aqdb said, 0 God of my father Abraham, and God
of my father Yice'haq, 0 Yahveh, which saidst unto me, Return
unto thy country, and to thy kindred, and I will do thee
good :
10 1 am not worthy of the least of all thy mercies, and of all
the truth which thou hast showed unto thy servant ; for with
my staff I passed over this Yarden ; and now I am become two
companies. 1 1 Deliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my brother,
1 This portion of the verse is only in the LXX, and is missing from the
Hebrew text. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 105
from the hand of 'fisav ; for I fear him, lest he come and smite
me, the mother with the children.
12 And thou saidst, I will surely do thee good, and make thy
seed as the sand of the sea, which cannot be numbered for mul
titude. 13 And he lodged there that night ; and took of that which
he had with him a present for 'Esav his brother ;
14 Two hundred she-goats, and twenty he-goats, two hundred
ewes and twenty rams.
15 Thirty milch camels and their colts, forty kine and ten
bulls, twenty she-asses and ten foals.
16 And he delivered them into the hand of his servants, every
drove by itself ; and said unto his servants, Pass over before me,
and put a space betwixt drove and drove.
17 And he commanded the foremost, saying, When 'Esav my
brother meeteth thee, and asketh thee, saying, Whose art thou,
and whither goest thou ? and whose are these before thee ?
18 Then thou shalt say, They be thy servant Ya'aqdb's ; it is
a present sent unto my lord 'Elsav ; and, behold, he also is
behind us.
19 And he commanded also the second, and the third, and all
that followed the droves, saying, On this manner shall ye speak
unto 'Esav, when ye find him ;
20 And ye shall say, Moreover, behold, thy servant Ya'aqdb
is behind us. For he said, I will appease him with the present
that goeth before me, and afterward I will see his face ; per
adventure he will accept me.
21 So the present passed over before him : and he himself
lodged that night in the company.
22 And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and
his two handmaids, and his eleven children, and passed over the
ford of the Yabbok.
23 And he took them, and sent them over the stream, and
sent over that he had.
24 And Ya'aqdb was left alone ; and there wrestled a man
with him until the breaking of the day.
25 And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he

106 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
touched the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Ya'aqdb's
thigh was strained as he wrestled with him.
26 And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he
said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me.
27 And he said unto him, What is thy name ? And he said,
Ya'aqdb. 28 And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Ya'aqdb,
but Yisrael, for thou hast striven with Eldhim (ki-sd/rifha 'im-
Blohim), and with men, and hast prevailed.
29 And Ya'aqdb asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee,
thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask
after my name ? And he blessed him there.
30 And Ya'aqdb called the name of the place Peny-El Y ; for,
said he, I have seen Eldhim face to face, and my life is pre
served. 31 And the sun rose upon him as he passed over Peny-El,
and he halted upon his thigh.
32 Therefore the Bene-Yisrdil eat not the sinew of the hip which
is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day : because he touched
the hollow of Ya'aqdb's thigh in the sinew of the hip.

CHAPTER XXXHI.

1 And Ya'aqdb lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold,
'Esav came, and with him four hundred men. And he divided
the children unto Leah, and unto Ra'hel, and unto the two
handmaids. 2 And he put the handmaids and their children foremost, and
Leah and her children after, and Ra'hel and Yoseph hindmost.
3 And he himself passed over before them, and bowed him
self to the ground seven times until he came near to his
brother. 1 The face of God.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 107
4 And 'Esav ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell on
his neck, and kissed him : and they wept.
5 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the women and the
children; and said, Who are these with thee? And he said,
The children which Eldhim hath graciously given thy servant.
6 Then the handmaids came near, they and their children,
and they bowed themselves.
7 And Leah also and her children came near, and bowed
themselves ; and after came Ydseph near and Ra'hel, and they
bowed themselves.
8 And he said, What meanest thou by all this company which
I met ? And he said, To find grace in the sight of my lord.
9 And 'Esav said, I have enough ; my brother, let that thou
hast be thine.
10 And Ya'aqdb said, Nay, I pray thee, if now I have found
grace in thy sight, then receive my present at my hand : foras
much as I have seen thy face, as one seeth the face of Eldhim,
and thou wast pleased with me.
1 1- Take, I pray thee, my gift that is brought to thee ;
because Eldhim hath dealt graciously with me, and because I
have enough. And he urged him, and he took it.
12 And he said, Let us take our journey, and let us go, and
I will go before thee.
13 And he said unto him, My lord knoweth that the children
are tender, and that the flocks and herds with me give suck :
and if they overdrive them one day, all the flocks will die.
14 Let my lord, I pray thee, pass over before his servant :
and I will lead on softly, according to the pace of the cattle that
is before me, and according to the pace of the children, until I
come unto my lord unto Se'ir.
15 And 'Esav said, Let me now leave with thee some of the
folk that are with me. And he said, What needeth it ? let me
find grace in the sight of my lord.
16 So 'Esav returned that day on his way unto Sd'ir.
17 And Ya'aqdb journeyed unto Sukkdth, and built him an
house, and made booths for his cattle : therefore the name of the
place is called Sukkdth (Booths).

108 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
18 And Ya'aqdb came in peace to the city of She
chem, which is in the land of Kena'an, when he came
from Paddan-Aram ; and encamped before the city.
19 And he bought the parcel of ground, where he had spread
his tent, at the hand of the children of 'Hamdr, Shechem's
father, for an hundred qesitah.1
20 And he erected there an altar, and called it 131-Eldhe-
Yisrael (El is the God of Yisrael).

CHAPTER XXXIV.

1 And Dinah, the daughter of Leah, which she bare
unto Ya'aqob, went out to see the daughters of the
land. 2 And Shechem, the son of Ham6r the 'Hivvy, the
prince of the land, saw her ; and he took her,
and lay with her, and humbled her.
3 And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter of Ya'aqob,
and he loved the damsel, and spake to the heart of the damsel.
4 And Shechem spake unto his father Ham6r, saying,
Get me this damsel to wife.
5 Now Ya'aqdb heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter ;
and his sons were with his cattle in the field, and Ya'aqdb held
his peace until they came.
6 And Hamor the father of Shechem, went out unto
Ya'aqdb to commune with him.
7 And the sons of Ya'aqdb came in from the field when they
1 Something weighed out, containing about four shekels (conf. chap.
xxiii. 16). The LXX translate it ' lambs,' but money was in use at this time.
The word occurs again in Josh. xxiv. 32 and Job xlii. 11.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 109
heard it : and the men were grieved, and they were very wroth,
because he had wrought folly in Yisrael in lying with Ya'aqdb's
daughter ; which thing ought not to be done.
8 And 'Hamor communed with them, saying, The
soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter : I
pray you give her unto him to wife.
9 And make ye marriage with us ; give your
daughters unto us, and take our daughters unto you.
10 And ye shall dwell with us : and the land shall
be before you ; dwell and trade ye therein, and get you
possessions therein.
1 1 And Shechem said unto her father and unto her brethren,
Let me find grace in your eyes, and what ye shall say unto me
I will give.
12 Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give
according as ye shall say unto me : but give me the damsel to
wife. 13 And the sons of Ya'aqdb answered Shechem and 'Hamdr
his father with guile, and Spake, because he had defiled Dinah,
their sister,
14 And said unto them, We cannot do this thing, to give
our sister to one that is uncircumcised ; for that were a reproach
unto us.
15 Only on this condition will we consent with you ;
if ye will be as we be, that every male of you be
circumcised ;
16 Then will we give our daughters unto you, and
we will take your daughters to us, and we will dwell
with you, and we will become one people.
17 But if ye will not hearken to us, to be circum
cised ; then will we take our daughter, and we will be
gone. 18 And their words pleased 'Hamor, and Shechem
'Hamor's son.

110 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
19 And the young man deferred not to do the thing, because
he had delight in Ya'aqdb's daughter : and he was honoured
above all the house of his father.
20 And Hamdr and Shechem his son came unto the
gate of their city, and communed with the men of their
city, saying,
21 These men are peaceable with us ; therefore let
them dwell in the land, and trade therein ; for, behold,
the land is large enough for them ; let us take their
daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our
daughters. 22 Only on this condition will the men consent unto
us to dwell with us, to become one people, if every
male among us be circumcised, as they are circum
cised. 23 Shall not their cattle and their substance and all
their beasts be ours ? only let us consent unto them,
and they will dwell with us.
24 And unto Hamor and unto Shechem his son
hearkened all that went out of the gate of his city ; and
every male was circumcised, all that went out of the
gate of his city.
25 And it came to pass on the third day, when they
were sore, that two of the sons of Ya'aqdb, Shime'dn
and Levy, Dinah's brethren, took each man his sword,
and came upon the city unawares, and slew all the
males. 26 And they slew 'Hamdr and Shechem his son with the edge
of the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went
forth. 27 The sons of Ya'aqdb came upon the slain, and spoiled the
city, because they had defiled their sister.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 111
28 They took their flocks and their herds and their
asses, and that which was in the city, and that ' which
was in the fields.
29 And all their wealth, and all their little ones and their
wives, took they captive and spoiled, even all that was in the
house. 30 And Ya'aqob said to Shime'on and Levy, Ye have
troubled me, to make me to stink among the in
habitants of the land, among the Kena'any and the
Perizzy : and I being few in number, they will gather
themselves together against me and smite me ; and I
shall be destroyed, I and my house.
31 And they said, Should he deal with our sister as with an
harlot ?

CHAPTER XXXV,

1 And Eldhim said unto Ya'aqdb, Arise, go up to Bdth-El,
and dwell there : and make there an altar unto God, who
appeared unto thee when thou fleddest from the face of 'Esav
thy brother.
2 Then Ya'aqdb said unto his household, and to all that were
with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and
purify yourselves and change your garments :
3 And let us arise, and go up to Bdth-El ; and I will make
there an altar unto God, who answered me in the day of my
distress, and was with me in the way which I went.
4 And they gave unto Ya'aqdb all the strange gods which
were in their hand, and the rings which were in their ears ; and
Ya'aqdb hid them under the oak which was by Shechem.
5 And they journeyed : and the terror of Eldhim was upon
the cities that were round about them, and. they did not pursue
after the sons of Ya'aqdb.

112 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
6 So Ya'aqdb came to Liiz, which is in the land of Kena'an
(the same is Beth-El), he and all the people that were with
him. 7 And he built there an altar, and called the place El-Beth-
El : because there God was revealed unto him, when he fled
from the face of his brother.
8 And Deborah Ribqah's nurse died, and she was buried
below Bdth-El under the terebinth : and the name of it was
called Alldn-Bacuth (the Terebinth of weeping).
9 And Elohim appeared unto Ya'aqob again, when
he came from Paddan-Aram, and blessed him.
10 And Elohim said unto him, Thy name is Ya'aqob :
thy name shall not be called any more Ya'aqob, but
Yisrael shall be thy name : and he called his name
Yisrael 11 And Eldhim said unto, him, I _am El Shadday
(God Almighty) : be fruitful and multiply : a nation
and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings
shall come out of thy loins.
12 And the land which I gave unto Abraham and
Yice'haq, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed after
thee will I give the land.
13 And Eldhim went up from him in the place
where he spake with him.
14 And Ya'aqdb set up a pillar in the place where
he spake with him, a pillar of stone : and he poured
out a drink offering thereon, and poured oil thereon.
15 And Ya'aqdb called the name of the place where
Eldhim spake with him, Beth-El.
16 And they journeyed from Bdth-El, and there was still
some way to come to Ephrathah : and Ra'hdl travailed, and she
had hard labour.
17 And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour, that

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 113
the midwife said unto her, Fear not ; for now thou shalt have
another son.
18 And it came to pass, as she gave up the ghost (for she
died), that she called his name Ben-Ony (son of my sorrow) :
but his father called him Bin-Yamin (son of the right hand).
19 And Ra'hel died, and was buried intbe way to Ephrathah
(the same is Bdth Le'hem).
20 And Ya'aqdb set up a column on her grave ; the same is
Mapebeth Qeturath-Ra'hdl (the column of Ra'hdl's grave) unto
this day.
21 And Yisrael journeyed, and spread his tent beyond Mig-
dal-'Eder.1 22 And it came to pass, while Yisradl dwelt in that land, that
Reuben went and lay with Bil'hah his father's concubine : and
Yisrael heard of it.
Now the sons of Ya'aqdb were twelve :
23 The sons of Leah ; Retibdn, Ya'aqdb's first born,
and Shime'dn, and Levy, and Yehudah, and Yissachar,
and Zebuliin :
24 The sons of Ka'hel ; Ydseph, and Binyamin ;
25 And the sons of Bil'hah, Ra'hdl's handmaid ; Dan,
and Naphtaly :
26 And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid ; Gad,
and Ashdr : these are the sons of Ya'aqdb, which were
born to him in Paddan-Aram.
27 And Ya'aqdb came unto Yice'haq his father to
Mamrd, to Qiryath-Arba' {the same is Hebrdn), where
Abraham and Yice'haq sojourned.
28 And the days of Yice'haq were an hundred and
fourscore years.
29 And Yice'haq gave up the ghost, and died, and
was gathered unto his people old and full of days ; and
'Esav and Ya'aqdb his sons buried him.
1 ' Tower of the flock.' I

114 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

CHAPTER XXXYT.

1 Now these are the generations of 'E'sav (the same
is Edom). 2 'Esav took his wives of the daughters of Kena'an ;
'Adah the daughter of Eldn the Hitty, and Aholibamah
the daughter of 'Anah, the daughter of Qibe'dn the
Hivvy ;
3 And Basemath Yishma'el's daughter, sister of
Nebayoth.1 4 And 'Adah bare to 'Esav Eliphaz ; and Basemath
bare Re'uel ;
5 And Aholibamah bare Ye'ush, and Ya'elam, and
Qdra'h : these are the sons of 'Esav which were born
unto him in the land of Kena'an.
6 And 'Esav took his wives, and his sons, and his
daughters, and all the souls of his house, and his cattle,
and all his beasts, and all his possessions, which he had
gathered in the land of Kena'an ; and went into a land
away from his brother Ya'aqdb.
7 For their substance was too great for them to
dwell together ; and the land of their sojournings could
not bear them because of their cattle.
8 And 'Esav dwelt in Mount Sd'ir : 'Esav is Edom.
1 There is a remarkable divergence between the names of 'EsaVs
wives as we have them here and as we have them in chap. xxvi. 34 and
xxvii. 9. Yet in each case the writer follows the same book — that of the
Elohist. We must therefore conclude either that this writer made use of
different documents in these passages, or that in one or other of them his
text has been altered. If the latter hypothesis is adopted the names given
in this chapter are more worthy of credit than those given in chapters xxvi.
and xxvii. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 115
9 And these are the generations of 'Esav, the father
of Eddm, in Mount Se'ir.
10 These are the names of 'Esav's sons ; Eliphaz, the
A A
son of 'Adah the wife of 'Esav, Re'udl the son of Base-
math the wife of 'Esav.
11 And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar,
Cephd, and Ga'etam, and Qenaz.
12 And Timna' was concubine to Eliphaz 'Esav's
son ; and she bare to Eliphaz 'Amaldq : these are the
sons of 'Adah 'Esav's wife.
13 And these are the sons of Re'uel ; Na'hath, and
Zera'h, Shammah, and Mizzah : these were the sons of
A
Basemath 'Esav's wife.
14 And these were the sons of Aholibamah the
A
daughter of 'Anah, the daughter of Qibe'dn, 'Esav's
A
wife ; and she bare to 'Esav Ye'ush, and Ya'elam, and
Qdrah. 15 These are the phylarchs (alluphim)1 of the Bend-
'Esav ; the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of 'Esav ;
alluph Tdman, alluph Omar, alluph Qephd, alluph
Qenaz. 16 Alluph Qdra'h, alluph Ga'etam, alluph 'Amaldq :
these are the phylarchs that came of Eliphaz in the
land of Eddm ; these are the sons of 'Adah. A
17 And these are the sons of Re'udl 'Esav's son :
alluph Na'hath, alluph Zera'h, alluph Shammah, alluph
Mizzah : these are the phylarchs that came of Re'uel in
1 <f>v\apxoi, LXX, rjyepovcs. Alluph is used especially of the chiefs of
the Edomites here and in Ex. xv. 15 and 1 Chron. i. 51-54 ; of the chiefs
of the Jews in Zech. ix. 7, and xii. 5, 6 ; and of leaders generally in Ps.
lv. 13, Prov. ii. 17, Jer. iii. 4, xiii. 21, &c. i 2

116 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
the land of Eddm ; these are the sons of Basemath
'Esav's wife.
18 And these are the sons of Aholibamah 'Esav's
wife; alluph Ye'ush, alluph Ya'elam, alluph Qdra'h :
these are the phylarchs that came of Aholibamah the
daughter of 'Anah, 'Esav's wife.
19 These are the sons of 'Esav, and these are their
phylarchs : the same is Eddm.
20 These are the sons of Sd'ir the Hory, the inha
bitants of the land ; Ldtan, and Shdbal, and Qibe'dn, and
'Anah, A
21 And Dishdn, and Ecer, and Dishan : these are the
phylarchs that came of the Hory, the children of Se'ir
in the land of Eddm.
22 And the children of Ldtan were 'Hory and Hemam ;
and Ldtan's sister was Timna'.
23 And these are the children of Shdbal : 'Alvan, and
Mana'hath, and 'Ebal, Shephd, and Onam.
24 And these are the children of Cibe'dn ; Ayah and
'Anah ; this is 'Anah who found the hot springs in the
wilderness, as he fed the asses of Qibe'dn his father.
25 And these are the children of 'Anah ; Dishdn, and
Aholibamah the daughter of 'Anah.
26 And these are the children of Dishdn ; Hemdan,
and Eshban, and Yithran, and Cheran.
27 These are the children of Ecer ; Bilhan, and
Za'avan, and 'Aqan.
28 These are the children of Dishan; Uc, and Aran.
29 These are the phylarchs that came of the 'Hory ;
alluph Ldtan, alluph Shdbal, alluph Qibe'dn, alluph
'Anah,

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 117
30 Alluph Dishdn, alluph Ecer, alluph Dishan : these
are the phylarchs of the Hory, according to their phy
larchs in the land of Sd'ir.
31 And these are the kings that reigned in the land
of Eddm before there reigned any king over the Bend-
Yisrael. 32 And Bela' the son of Be'dr reigned in Eddm : and
the name of his city was Dinhabah.
33 And Bela' died, and Yobab the son of Zera'h of
Bocrah reigned in his stead.
34 And Ydbab died, and 'Husham of the land of
Te man reigned in his stead.
35 And 'Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad,
who smote Midyan in the field of Mdab, reigned in his
stead : and the name of his city was 'Avith.
36 And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrdqah reigned
in his stead.
37 And Samlah died, and Shaul of Eehdbdth-Han-
nahar reigned in his stead.
38 And Shaul died, and Ba'al-Hanan the son of
'Achbdr reigned in his stead.
39 And Ba'al-'Hanan the son of 'Achbdr died, and
Hadar reigned in his stead : and the name of his city
was Pa'u ; and his wife's name was Mehdtabel, the
daughter of Matrdd, the daughter of Md-zahab.
40 And these are the names of the phylarchs that
came of 'Esav, according to their families, after their
places, by their names ; alluph Timna', alluph 'Alvah,
alluph Yethdth,
41 Alluph Aholibamah, alluph Elah, alluph Pindn,
42 Alluph Qenaz, alluph Tdman, alluph Mibcar,

118 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
43 Alluph Maqdydl, alluph Tram: these are the
phylarchs of Eddm, according to their habitations in
the land of their possession. This is 'Esav the father
of Eddm.

CHAPTER XXXVH.

1 And Ya'aqdb dwelt in the land of his father ;
sojourning in the land of Kena'an.
2 These are the generations of Ya'aqdb.
Ydseph, being seventeen years old, was feeding the
flock with his brethren ;
and he was a lad with the sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of
Zilpah, his father's wives :
And Ydseph brought the evil report of them unto
their father.
3 Now Yisradl loved Ydsdph more than all his children,
because he was the son of his old age ; and he made him a tunic
of many colours.
4 And his brethren saw that their father loved him more
than all his brethren, and they hated him ; and could not speak
peaceably unto him.
5 And Ydsdph dreamed a dream, and he told it to
his brethren : and they hated him yet the more.
6 And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this
dream which I have dreamed.
7 For, behold, we were binding sheaves in the field,
and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright ; and,
and, behold, your sheaves came round about, and made
obeisance to my sheaf.
8 And his brethren said to him, Shalt thou indeed

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 119
reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have dominion
over us? And they hated him yet the more for his
dreams, and for his words.
9 And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it to
his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed yet a
dream ; and, behold, the sun and the moon and eleven
stars made obeisance to me.1
10 And he told it to his father, and to his brethren :
and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What
is this dream that thou hast dreamed ? Shall I and thy
mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down
ourselves to thee to the earth ?
11 And his brethren envied him ; but his father
kept the saying in mind.
12 And his brethren went to feed their father's flock in
Shechem. 13 And Yisrael said unto Ydseph, Do not thy brethren feed
1 The Jews believed the celestial bodies to be living and rational beings.
Maimonides observes that when the Psalmist says (Ps. xix. 3),
' There is no speech nor language ;
Their voice cannot be heard,'
he means that the heavenly spheres have really a language among themselves,
though it is not the language of the lips and of the tongue ; just as in Ps. iv. 4
it is said, ' Commune with your own heart upon your bed, and be still.'
' As to the learned men it is unnecessary to explain or to prove it. One
need only consider their version of the " benediction of the moon " ' [the
prayer which should be offered up after the appearance of the new moon, in
which it is said, speaking of the stars, ' they rejoice to fulfil the commands
of their creator,'] &c, ' and what is frequently repeated in the prayers, as
well as the texts of the Midrashim on Neh. ix. 6 and Job xxxviii. 7. In
Bereshith Rabba they comment on Gen. i. 2, " And the earth was tohu and
bohu," as follows : " The earth was tohu and bohu " ' [that is, the earth
lamented and grieved at its wretched condition] ; ' " I and it, it said, were
created at the same time " ' [that is, the earth and heaven] ; ' " but the
things which are above live, while the things which are below are dead."
They state clearly, therefore, that the heavenly bodies are alive, and are not
dead bodies, like the elements.'

120 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
the flock in Shechem ? Come, and I will send thee unto them.
And he said to him, Here am I.
14 And he said to him, Go now, see whether it be well with
thy brethren, and well with the flock ; and bring me word again.
So he sent him out to the vale of Hebrdn, and he came to
Shechem. 15 And a certain man found him', and, behold, he was
wandering in the field : and the man asked him, saying, What
seekest thou ?
16 And he said, I seek my brethren: tell me, I pray thee,
where they are feeding the flock.
17 And the man said, They are departed hence. ; for I heard
them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Ydsdph went after his
brethren, and found them in Dothan.
18 And they saw him afar off, and before he came
near unto them, they conspired against him to slay
him. 19 And they said one to another, Behold this master
of dreams cometh.
20 Come now therefore, let us slay him, and cast
him into one of the cisterns, and we will say, An evil
beast hath devoured him ; and we shall see what will
become of his dreams.
21 And Reuben heard it, and delivered him out of
their hand ; and said, Let us not take his life.
22 And Reuben said unto them, Shed no blood ; cast
him into this cistern that is in the wilderness, but lay
no hand upon him : that he might deliver him out of
their hand, to restore him to his father.
23 And it came to pass when Ydsdph was come unto his
brethren, that they stript Ydseph of his tunic, the tunic of many
colours that was on him :
24 And they took him, and cast him into the cistern ;
and the cistern was empty, there was no water in it.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 121
25 And they sat down to eat bread : and they lifted up their
eyes and looked, and, behold, a travelling company of Yish-
ma'dlim came from Gile'ad, with their camels bearing spicery
and balm and ladanum,1 going to carry it down to Micraim.2
26 And Yehudah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if
we slay our brother, and conceal his blood ?
27 Come, and let us sell him to the Yishma'elim, and let not
our hand be upon him ; for he is our brother, our flesh.3
28 And there passed by Midyanim, merchantmen :
and they drew and lifted up Ydsdph out of the cistern,
and they sold Ydsdph to the Yishma'dlim for twenty (shekels)
of silver. And they brought Ydseph into Micraim.
29 And Reubdn returned unto the cistern ; and,
behold, Ydsdph was not in the cistern ; and he rent his
clothes. 30 And he returned unto his brethren, and said, The
child is not ; and I, whither shall I go ?
31 And they took Ydseph's tunic, and killed a he-goat, and
dipped the coat in the blood ;
32 And they sent the tunic of many colours, and they brought
it to their father ; and said, This have we found : know now
whether it be thy son's coat or not.
33 And he knew it, and said, It is my son's tunic ; an evil
beast hath devoured him ; Ydseph is without doubt torn in
pieces. 34 And Ya'aqdb rent his garments, and put sack
cloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son many
days. 1 The Cistus ladanifera.
2 Yoseph was sold only fifty years after the death of Yishma'el. How
could a nation of Yishma'elim carrying on commerce with Egypt have been
formed in that time ?
3 In this verse YehMah advises that Yoseph shall be sold to the Yish
ma'elim. In the next verse the Midyanim sell him to the Yishma'elim, and
it is the latter who take Yoseph to Egypt, while in verse 36 the Midyanim
sell him into Egypt.

122 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
35 And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to
comfort him ; but he refused to be comforted ; and he
said, For I will go down to Shedl * to my son mourning.
And his father wept for him.
1 The abode of the dead. — L. Gesenius says : ' I have no doubt that Vist?
is for ^iyE> a hollow, a hollow and subterranean place, just as the German
Holle is of the same origin as Hohle, and the Latin ccelum is from the Greek
koCKos, hohl, hollow. It is commonly derived from the idea of asking, from
its asking for, demanding all, without distinction ; hence orcus rapax,
Catull. ii. 28, 29.' This place was situated below the earth (Numb. xvi. 30-
33, where the earth opens and the rebels go down into Sheol). Job (xi. 8)
says, speaking of the Almighty,
' It is as high as heaven ; what can'st thou do ?
Deeper than She61, what canst thou know ? '
and Ezekiel (xxxi. 14) speaks of the Assyrians who ' are all delivered unto
death, to the nether parts of the earth, in the midst of the children of men,
with them that go down to the pit.' Deut. xxxii. 22 speaks of ' the lowest
Sheol.' Eccles. ix. 10 says, ' There is no work, nor device, nor knowledge,
nor wisdom, in Sheol, whither thou goest.' Job iii. 13, 17, speaks of it as
a place of rest, ' where the wicked cease from raging.' In Ps. vi. 5, and
xxx. 8, 9, we are told that God is forgotten there.
' In death there is no remembrance of thee !
In Sheol who shall give thee thanks ? '
' I cried to thee, 0 Yahveh ;
And unto Yahveh I made supplication :
What profit is there in my blood, when I go down to the pit ?
Shall the dust praise thee ? shall it declare thy truth ? '
Sheol was inhabited by the manes, the Repha'im, shades without blood
or animal life. Isaiah (xxvi. 14) says, ' The dead live not, the deceased rise
not ; they are Reph&'im, they shall not rise.' In 1 Sam. xxviii. 13, 14, how
ever, the woman says to Shaul, ' I see Elohim coming up out of the earth.
And he said unto her, What form is he of ? And she said, An old man
cometh up, and he is covered with a robe.' Isaiah (xiv. 9) also says, ' Sheol
from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming : it stirreth up
the Repha'im for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth.' Ezek. xxxii. 27
speaks of ' the uncircumcised, which are gone down to Sheol with their
weapons of war, and have laid their swords under their heads.'
In later times, when the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead had
become generally accepted, the Jews adopted the Pagan view, and held that
Gehenna and Paradise were close to each other. ' How far,' said they, ' are
Gehenna and Paradise from each other ? One palm, was the answer ; and
R. Jochanan said, There is a wall between the two. But the other Rabbis
said, No, they are on a level with each other: one can see from the one what

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 123
36 And the Midyanim sold him into Micraim unto
Pdtiphar,1 an eunuch of Para'dh's, the chief of the
executioners.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

1 And it came to pass at that time, that Yehudah went down
from his brethren, and turned in to a certain man of Adullam,
whose name was 'Hirah.
2 And Yehudah saw there a daughter of a certain Kena'any
whose name was Shu'a, and he took her, and went in unto her.
3 And she conceived, and bare a son : and he called his name
'fir, 4 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and she called
his name Onan.
5 And she yet again bare a son, and called his name Shdlah ;
and he was at Ohezib when she bare him.
6 And Yehudah took a wife for 'Er his firstborn, and her
name was Tamar.
7 And 'JEr, Yehudah's firstborn, was wicked in the eyes of
Yahveh ; and Yahveh slew him.
8 And Yehudah said unto Onan, Go in unto thy brother's
wife, and marry her as brother of her husband, and raise up
seed to thy brother.
9 And Onan knew that the seed should not be his ; and
it came to pass, when he went in unto his brother's wife, that
he spilled it on the ground, lest he should give seed to his
brother. 10 And the thing which he did was evil in the sight of
Y ahveh : and he slew him also.
11 Then said Yehudah to Tamar his daughter in law, Eemain
a widow in thy father's house till Shdlah my son be grown up :
is passing in the other, and there is a great abyss between them.' — Midrash
Koeleth, f. 103, 2.
1 Petephres.— LXX.

124 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
for he said, Lest he also die, like his brethren. And Tamar
went and dwelt in her father's house.
12 And in process of time Shu'a's daughter, the wife of
Yehudah, died ; and Yehudah was comforted, and went up
unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his friend 'Hirah the
'Adullamy. 13 And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law
goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep.
14 And she put off from her the garments of her widowhood,
and covered herself with her veil, and wrapped herself, and sat
in the gate of 'Enaim, which is by the way to Timnath ; for she
saw that Shdlah was grown up, and she was not given unto him
to wife.
15 When Yehudah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot ;
for she had covered her face.
16 And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I
pray thee, let me come in unto thee ; for he knew not that she
was his daughter in law. And she said, What wilt thou give
me, that thou mayest come in unto me ?
17 And he said, I will send thee a kid of the goats from the
flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou
send it ?
18 And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she
said, Thy signet and thy cord, and thy staff that is in thine
hand. And he gave them to her, and came in unto her, and
she conceived by him.
19 And she arose, and went away, and put off her veil from
her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.
20 And Yehudah sent the kid of the goats by the hand of
his friend the 'Adullamy, to receive the pledge from the woman's
hand : but he found her not.
2 1 Then he asked the men of her place, saying, Where is the
harlot that was at 'Enaim by the way side ? And they said,
There hath been no harlot here.
22 And he returned to Yehudah, and said, I have not found
her ; and also the men of the place said, There hath been no
harlot here.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 125
23 And Yehudah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be put
to shame : behold, I sent this kid and thou hast not found her.
24 And it came to pass, about three months after, that it
was told Yehudah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath
played the harlot ; and moreover, behold, she is with child by
whoredom. And Yehudah said, Bring her forth, and let her be
burnt. 25 When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in
law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child : and
she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and
the cords, and the staff.
26 And Yehudah acknowledged them, and said, She is more
righteous than I ; forasmuch as I gave her not to Shdlah my
son. And he knew her again no more.
27 And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold,
twins were in her womb.
28 And it came to pass, when she travailed, that one put
out a hand : and the midwife took and bound upon his hand a
scarlet thread, saying, This came out first.
29 And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand, that,
behold, his brother came out : and she said, How hast thou made
a breach (pdractd) ? And she called his name Parep.
30 And afterward came out his brother, that had the scarlet
thread upon his hand : and his name was called Zara'h.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

1 And Ydseph was brought down to Micraim ; and Pdtiphar,
an ennuch of Para'dh's, the chief of the executioners, a Micry,1
bought him of the hand of the Yishma'elim, which had brought
him down thither.
2 And Yahveh was with Ydsdph, and he was a prosperous
man ; and he was in the house of his master the Mipry.
1 An Egyptian. — L.

126 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
3 And his master saw that Yahveh was with him, and that
Yahveh made all that he did to prosper in his hand.
4 And Ydsdph found grace in his sight, and he ministered
unto him : and he made him overseer over his house, and* all
that he had he put into his hand.
5 And it came to pass from the time that he made him
overseer in his house, and over all that he had, that Yahveh
blessed the Mipry's house for Ydsdph's sake ; and the blessing
of Yahveh was upon all that he had, in the house and in the
field. 6 And he left all that he had in Ydsdph's hand ; and he knew
not ought that was with him, save the bread which he did eat.1
And Ydseph was comely, and well favoured.
7 And it came to pass after these things, that his master's
wife cast her eyes upon Ydsdph ; and she said, Lie with me.
8 But he refused, and said unto his master's wife, Behold,
my master knoweth not what is with me in the house, and he
hath put all that he hath into my hand ;
9 There is none greater in this house than I ; neither hath
he kept back anything from me but thee, because thou art his
wife : how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against
Eldhim ?
10 And it came to pass, as she spake to Ydseph day by
day, that he hearkened not unto her, to lie by her, or to be
with her.
1 1 And it came to pass about this time, that he went into
the house to do his work ; and there was none of the men of
the house there within.
12 And she caught him by the garment, saying, Lie with
me : and he left his garment in her hand, and fled, and got
him out.
13 And it came to pass, when she saw that he had left his
garment in her hand, and was fled forth,
14 That she called unto the men of her house, and spake
unto them, saying, See, he hath brought in an 'Ebry unto us to
1 Bread is used here for food in general. The Egyptians would not eat
any food prepared by strangers.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 127
mock us ; he came in unto me to lie with me, and I cried with
a loud voice :
15 And it came to pass, when he heard that I lifted up
my voice and cried, that he left his garment by me, and fled,
and got him out.
16 And she laid up his garment by her, until his master came
home. 17 And she spake unto him according to these words, The
'Ebry slave, which thou hast brought unto us, came in unto me
to mock me :
18 And it came to pass, as I lifted up my voice and cried,
that he left his garment by me, and fled out.
19 And it came to pass, when his master heard the words of
his wife, which she spake unto him, saying, After this manner
did thy servant to me ; that his wrath was kindled.
20 And Ydsdph's master took him, and put him into the
prison, the place where the king's prisoners were bound : and
he was there in the prison.
21 But Yahveh was with Ydsdph, and showed kindness unto
him, and gave him favour in the sight of the keeper of the
prison. 22 And the keeper of the prison committed to Ydsdph's hand
all the prisoners that were in the prison ; and whatsoever they
did there, he was the doer of it.
23 The keeper of the prison looked not to anything that was
under his hand, because Yahveh was with him, and that which
he did, Yahveh made it to prosper.

CHAPTER XL.

1 And it came to pass after these things that the
cup-bearer of the king of Micraim and his baker
offended their lord the king of Micraim.

128 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
2 And Para'oh was wroth against his two officers,
against the chief of the cup-bearers, and against the
chief of the bakers.
3 And he put them in ward in the house of the chief
of the executioners, into the prison, the place where
Ydseph ivas bound.
4 And the chief of the executioners charged Ydseph
with them, and he ministered unto them, and they
continued a season in ward.
5 And they dreamed a dream both of them, each
man his dream, in one night, each man according to
the interpretation of his dream, the cup-bearer and the
baker of the king of Micraim, which were bound in the
prison. 6 And Ydsdph came in unto them in the morning,
and saw them, and, behold, they were sad.
7 And he asked Para'dh's eunuchs thai were with him
in ward in his master s house, saying, Wherefore look
ye so sadly to-day ?
8 And they said unto him, We have dreamed a
dream, and there is none that can interpret it. And
Ydsdph said unto them, Do not interpretations belong
to Eldhim ? tell it me, I pray you.
9 And the chief cup-bearer told his dream to
Ydsdph, and said to him, In my dream, behold, a vine
was before me ;
10 And in the vine were three branches ; and it was
as though it budded, and its blossoms shot forth ; and
the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes :
11 And Para'dh's cup was in my hand ; and I took
the grapes, and pressed them into Para'dh's cup, and I
gave the cup into Para'dh's hand.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 129
12 And Ydsdph said unto him, This is the interpre
tation of it : the three branches are three days :
13 Within yet three days shall Para'oh lift up thine
head, and restore thee unto thine office ; and thou shalt
give Para'dh's cup into his hand, after the former
manner when thou wast his cup-bearer.
14 But have me in remembrance when it shall be
well with thee, and show kindness, I pray thee, unto
me, and make mention of me unto Para'oh, and bring
me out of this house :
15 For indeed I was stolen away out of the land of
the 'Ebrim : and here also have I done nothing that they
should put me in the dungeon.
16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation
was good, he said unto Ydseph, I also was in my dream,
and, behold, three baskets of white bread were on my
head :
17 And in the uppermost basket there was all
manner of bakemeats for Para'oh ; and the birds did
eat them out of the basket upon my head.
18 And Ydsdph answered and said, This is the inter
pretation thereof : the three baskets are three days :
19 Within yet three days shall Para'oh lift up thy
head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a tree ; and
the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee.
20 And it came to pass the third day, which was
Para'dh's birthday, that he made a feast unto all his
servants : and he lifted up the head of the chief cup
bearer and the head of the chief baker among his
servants. 21 And he restored the chief cup-bearer unto his
K

130 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
office of cup-bearer again ; and he gave the cup into
Para'dh's hand :
22 But he hanged the chief baker, as Ydsdph had
interpreted to them.
23 Yet did not the chief cup-bearer remember
Ydsdph, but forgot him.

CHAPTER XLI.

1 And it came to pass at the end of two full years
that Para'dh dreamed : and, behold, he stood by the
river. 2 And, behold, there came up out of the river seven
kine, well favoured and fatfleshed ; and they fed in the
reed-grass.1 3 And, behold, seven other kine came up after them
out of the river, ill favoured and leanfleshed ; and stood
by the other kine upon the brink of the river.
4 And the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat
up the seven well favoured and fat kine. So Para'dh
awoke. 5 And he slept and dreamed a second time : and,
behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk,
rank and good.
6 And, behold, seven ears, thin and blasted with the
east wind, sprung up after them.
1 A'hu, reed-grass, corresponds exactly to the Egyptian word peTm,
which designates the portion of each nome which consisted of half-inundated
meadows. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 131
7 And the thin ears swallowed up the seven rank and
full ears. An'd Para'dh awoke, and, behold, it was a
dream. 8 And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit
was troubled ; and he sent for all the interpreters 1 of
Micraim, and all the wise men thereof: and Para'dh
told them his dream ; but there was none that could
interpret them unto Para'dh.
9 Then spake the chief cup-bearer unto Para'dh,
saying, I will make mention of my faults this day :
10 Para'dh was wroth with his servants, and put me
in ward in the house of the chief of the executioners,
me and the chief baker :
11 And we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he ;
we dreamed each man according to the interpretation
of his dream.
12 And there was with us there a young man, an
'Ebry,2 a slave of the chief of the executioners ; and we
told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams ; to each
man according to his dream he did interpret.
13 And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so
it was ; I was restored unto mine office, and he was
hanged. 14 Then Para'dh sent and called Ydseph, and they
¦brought him hastily out of the dungeon: and he shaved
himself, and changed his raiment, and came in unto
Para'dh. 15 And Para'dh said unto Ydsdph, I have dreamed a
1 Ei-eyqras. — LXX.
2 This is either an anachronism, or the name is used to designate
' foreigner.'
x 2

132 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
dream, and there is none that can interpret it : and I
have heard say of thee, that when thou he*arest a dream
thou canst interpret it.
16 And Ydseph answered Para'dh, saying, It is not
in me : Eldhim shall give Para'dh an answer of peace.
17 And Para'dh spake unto Ydsdph, In my dream,
behold, I stood upon the brink of the river 1 :
18 And, behold, there came up out of the river seven
kine, fatfleshed and well favoured ; and they fed in the
reed-grass :
19 And, behold, seven other kine came up after
them, poor and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such
as I never saw in all the land of Micraim for badness :
20 And the lean and ill favoured kine did eat up the
first seven fat kine :
21 And when they had eaten them up, it could not
be known that they had eaten them ; but they were
still ill favoured, as at the beginning. So I awoke.
22 And I saw in my dream, and, behold, seven ears
came up upon one stalk, full and good :
23 And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and
blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them :
24 And the thin ears swallowed up the seven good
ears : and I told it unto the interpreters ; but there
was none that could declare it to me.
25 And Ydsdph said unto Para'dh, The dream of
Para'dh is one : what Eldhim is about to do he hath
declared unto Para'dh.
26 The seven good kine are seven years ; and the
seven good ears are seven years : the dream is one.
1 The Nile. The Nile is called in Coptic, Phiara, the river.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 133
27 And the seven lean and ill favoured kine that
came up after them are seven years, and also the seven
empty ears blasted with the east wind ; they shall be
seven years of famine.
28 That is the thing which I spake unto Para'dh ;
what Eldhim is about to do he hath showed unto
Para'dh. 29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty
throughout all the land of Micraim :
30 And there shall arise after them seven years of
famine ; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the
land of Micraim ; and the famine shall consume the
land; 31 And the plenty shall not be known in the land
by reason of that famine which followeth ; for it shall
be very grievous.
32 And for that the dream was doubled unto Para'dh
twice, it is because the thing is established by Eldhim,
and Eldhim will shortly bring it to pass.
33 Now therefore let Para'dh look out a man dis
creet and wise, and set him over the land of Micraim.
34 Let Para'dh do this, and let him appoint overseers
over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of
Micraini in the seven plenteous years.
35 And let them gather all the food of these good
years that come, and lay up corn under the hand of
Para'dh for food in the cities, and let them keep it.
36 And the food shall be for a store to the land
against the seven years of famine, which shall be in the
land of Micraim ; that the land perish not through the
famine.

134 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
37 And the thing was good in the eyes of Para'dh,
and in the eyes of all his servants.
38 And Para'dh said unto his servants, Can we find
such a one as this, a man in whom the spirit of
Eldhim is ?
39 And Para'dh said unto Ydsdph, Inasmuch as
Eldhim hath showed thee all this, there is none so dis
creet and wise as thou :
40 Thou shall be over my house, and according unto
thy word shall all my people do homage : only in the
throne will I be greater than thou.
41 And Para'dh said unto Ydseph, See, I have set
thee over all the land of Micraim.
42 And Para'dh took off his signet ring from his
hand, and put it upon Ydsdph's hand, and arrayed him
in vestures of fine byssus, and put a gold chain about
his neck ;
43 And he made him to ride in the second chariot
which he had ; and they cried before him, Bow the
knee 1 : and he set him over all the land of Micraim.
44 And Para'dh said unto Ydseph, I am Para'dh, and
without thee shall no man lift up his hand or his foot
in all the land of Micraim.
45 And Para'dh called Ydsdph's name Qaphenath-
Pa'andah,2 and he gave him to wife Asenath, the
1 Abrech, probably a word of Egyptian origin, in which is concealed
Au'rek, 'Let everyone how himself,' or Asserek, 'bow the head.'
s Brugsch finds in this name the Egyptian title Tsar-p-u-nt-p-a-Ankh,
' Ruler of the District of the Abode of the Living One ' — that is, of the Seth-
roitic nome in which Ha-onar (the capital of the Shepherd Kings under whose
rule Y6seph lived) was situated. — L. The LXX call himPsonthomphanech,
and his wife Aseneth, probably ' She who is of Neith,' the Egyptian
Minerva.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 135
daughter of Pdti-phdra priest of On.1 And Ydsdph
went out over the land of Micraim.2
46 And Ydsdph was thirty years old when he stood
before Para'dh king of Micraim, and Ydsdph went out
from the presence of Para'dh, and went throughout all
the land of Micraim.
47 And in the seven plenteous years the earth brought
forth by handfuls.
48 And he gathered up all the food of the seven
years which were in the land of Micraim, and laid up
the food in the cities : the food of the field, which was
round about every city, laid he up in the same.
49 And Ydseph laid up corn as the sand of the sea, very
much, until he left numbering ; for it was without number.3
50 And unto Ydsdph were born two sons before the
year of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of
Pdti-phdra priest of On bare unto him.
51 And Ydseph called the name of the first-born Menassheh :
For, said he, Eldhim hath made me forget (nasshany) all my toil,
and all my father's house.
52 And the name of the second called he Ephraim : For
Eldhim hath made me fruitful (hiphrany) in the land of my afflic
tion. 53 And the seven years of plenty, that was in the
land of Micraim, came to an end.
54 And the seven years of famine began to come,
according as Ydsdph had said : and there was famine in
1 Heliopolis, LXX ; called Beth-shemesh, or house of the sun, in Jer.
xliii. 13, and Aven, vanity (city of idolatry), in Ezek. xxz. 17.
2 This sentence is not in the LXX.
3 This verse seems to be in the usual style of the Jehovistic narrative in
a very marked manner. It would seem to be almost the only one which the
latest editor took from the Jehovist's account of the advancement of Yoseph
in Egypt, having preferred the narrative of the Elohist. — L.

136 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
all lands ; but in all the land of Micraim there was
bread. 55 And when all the land of Micraim was famished,
the people cried to Para'dh for bread : and Para'dh said
to all Micraim, Go unto Ydseph ; what he saith to
you, do.
56 And the famine was over all the face of the earth :
and Ydsdph opened all the storehouses,1 and sold unto
Micraini ; and the famine was sore in the land of
Micrdim. 57 And all countries came into Micraim to Ydsdph
for to buy corn ; because the famine was sore in all
the earth.

CHAPTER XLH.

1 Now Ya'aqdb saw that there was corn in Micraim,
and Ya'aqdb said unto his sons, Why do ye look one
upon another ?
2 And he said, Behold, I have heard that there is
corn in Micraim : get you down thither, and buy for
us from thence ; that we may live, and not die.
3 And Ydsdph's ten brethren went down to buy corn
from Micraim.
4 But Binyamin, Ydsdph's brother, Ya'aqdb sent not
with his brethren ; for he said, Lest peradventure mis
chief befall him.
5 And the sons of Yisrael came to buy among those that
came : for the famine was in the land of Kena'an.
1 The storehouses he had built, — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 137
6 And Ydsdph was the governor over the land : he
it was that sold to all the people of the land : and
Ydsdph's brethren came, and bowed down themselves
to him with their faces to the earth.
7 And Ydsdph saw his brethren, and he knew them,
but made himself strange unto them, and spake roughly
with them ; and he said unto them, Whence come
ye ? And they said, From the land of Kena'an to buy
food. 8 And Ydsdph knew his brethren, but they knew not
him. 9 And Ydsdph remembered the dreams which he
dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are spies ; .to
see the nakedness of the land ye are come.
10 And they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to bu y
food are thy servants come.
11 We are all one man's sons ; we are true men, thy
servants are no spies.
12 And he said unto them, Nay, but to see the
nakedness of the land ye are come.
13 And they said, We thy servants are twelve
brethren, the sons of one man in the land of Kena'an ;
and, behold, the youngest is this day with our father,
and one is not.
14 And Ydsdph said unto them, That is it that I
spake unto you, saying, Ye are spies :
15 Hereby shall ye be proved : by the life of Para'dh
ye shall not go forth hence, except your youngest
brother come hither.
16 Send one of you, and let him fetch your brother,
and ye shall be bound, that your words may be proved,

138 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
whether there be truth in you : or else by the life of
Para'dh surely ye are spies.
17 And he put them all together into ward three days.
18 And Ydsdph said unto them the third day, This
do, and live ; for I fear God :
19 And if ye be true men, let one of your brethren
be bound in your prison house ; but go ye, carry corn
for the famine of your houses :
20 And bring your youngest brother unto me ; so
shall your words be verified, and ye shall not die.
And they did so.
21 And they said one to another, We are verily
guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the
distress of his soul, when he besought us, and we would
not hear ; therefore is this distress come upon us.
22 And Eetibdn answered them, saying, Spake I not
unto you, saying, Do not sin against the child ; and ye
would not hear? therefore also, behold, his blood is
required. 23 And they knew not that Ydsdph understood them,
for there was an interpreter between them.
24 And he turned himself about from them, and
wept; and he returned to them, and spake to them,
and took Shime'dn from among them, and bound him
before their eyes.
25 Then Ydsdph commanded to fill their vessels
with corn, and to restore every man's money into his
sack, and to give them provision for the way : and
thus was it done unto them.
26 And they loaded their asses with their corn, and
departed thence.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 139
27 And as one of them opened his sack to give his ass pro
vender in the lodging place, he espied his money ; and, behold,
it was in the mouth of his sack.
28 And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored;
and, lo, it is even in my sack : and their heart failed them, and
they turned trembling one to another, saying, What is this that
Eldhim hath done unto us ?
29 And they came unto Ya'aqdb their father unto
the land of Kena'an, and told him all that had befallen
them ; saying,
30 The man, the lord of the land, spake roughly
with us, and took us for spies of the country.
31 And we said unto him, We are true men, we are
no spies :
32 We be twelve brethren, sons of our father ; one
is not, and the youngest is this day with our father in
the land of Kena'an.
' 33 And the man, the lord of the land, said unto us,
Hereby shall I know that ye are true men ; leave one
of your brethren with me, and take corn for the famine
of your houses, and go your way :
34 And bring your youngest brother unto me ; then
shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are true
men : so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall
trafnck in the land.
35 And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks,
that, behold, every man's purse of money was in his
sack : and when they and their father saw their purses
of money, they were afraid.
36 And Ya'aqdb their father said unto them, Me
have ye bereaved of my children : Ydsdph is not, and
Shime'dn is not, and ye will take Binyamin away : all
these things are upon me.

140 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
37 And Eeubdn spake unto his father, saying, Slay
my two sons, if I bring him not to thee ; deliver him
into my hand, and I will bring him to thee again.
38 And he said, My son shall not go down with you ;
for his brother is dead, and he only is left : if mischief
befall him by the way in which ye go, then shall ye
bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Shedl.

CHAPTER XLIH.1

1 And the famine was sore in the land.
2 And it came to pass, when they had eaten up the corn
which they had brought out of Micraim, their father said unto
them, Go again, buy us a little food.
3 And Yehudah spake unto him, saying, The man did
solemnly protest unto us, saying, Ye shall not see my face,
except your brother be with you.
4 If thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go down
and buy thee food :
1 Both the style and the choice of expressions show that this chapter had
a different, editor to the preceding one. It is certainly the work of a different
author, and the peculiar characteristics of the Jehovist appear in a manner
which it is impossible to mistake. There is also a serious difference in the
n arrative. Yehudah here takes the part which Reuben played in the last
chapter. Chapter xlii. is therefore no doubt taken from the same document
as chap, xxxvii. 5-11, 18-24, and 29, 30, and the present chapter from the
same document as chap, xxxvii. 12-17 and 25-28. The two chapters are,
however, consecutive, and the facts narrated in chap, xliii. presuppose those
narrated in chap. xlii. The Jehovist and Elohist must therefore each of
them have related the two successive interviews between Ydseph and his
brethren. The latest editor has taken the account of the first interview
from the Elohist, and the account of the second from the Jehovist, with the
exception of three verses inserted by him in chap, xlii (verses 5, 27 and 28),
which bear the unmistakable impress of a different editorship to that of the
rest of the text. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 141
5 But if thou wilt not send him, we will not go down : for
the man said unto us, Ye shall not see my face, except your
brother be with you.
6 And Yisradl said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill with me, as to
tell the man whether ye had yet a brother ?
7 And they said, The man asked straitly concerning our
selves, and concerning our kindred, saying, Is your father yet
alive ? have ye another brother ? and we told him according to
the tenor of these words : could we in any wise know that he
would say, Bring your brother down ?
8 And Yehudah said unto Yisradl his father, Send the lad
with me, and we will arise and go ; that we may live .and not
die, both we and thou, and also our little ones.
9 I will be surety for him ; of my hand shalt thou require
him : if I bring him not unto thee, and set him before thee,
then I shall have sinned against thee for ever :
10 For except we had lingered, surely we had now returned
a second time.
11 And their father Yisradl said unto them, If it be so now,
do this : take of the choice fruits of the land in your vessels,
and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little
honey, spicery, and ladanum, pistachio nuts and almonds :
12 And take double money in your hand ; and the money
that was returned in the mouth of your sacks carry again in
your hand ; peradventure it was an oversight :
13 Take also your brother, and arise, go again unto the
man :
14 And El-Shadday (God Almighty) give you mercy before
the man, that he may release unto you your other brother
and Binyamin. And if I am bereaved of my children, I am
bereaved. 15 And the men took the present, and they took double
money in their hand, and Binyamin ; and rose up, and went
down to Micraim, and stood before Ydseph.
16 And when Ydsdph saw Binyamin with them, he said to
the steward of his house, Bring the men into the house, and
slay, and make ready ; for the men shall dine with me at noon.

142 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
17 And the man did as Ydseph bade ; and the man brought
the men into Ydsdph's house.
18 And the men were afraid, because they were brought into
Ydsdph's house ; and they said, Because of the money that was
returned in our sacks at the first time are we brought in ; that
he may roll himself upon us, and fall upon us, and take us for
bondmen, and our asses.
19 And they came near to the steward of Ydsdph's house,
and they spake unto him at the door of the house,
20 And said, Oh my lord, we- came indeed down at the first
time to buy food :
21 And it came to pass, when we came to the lodging place,
that we opened our sacks, and, behold, every man's money was in
the mouth of his sack, our money in full weight : and we have
brought it again in our hand.
22 And other money have we brought down in our hand to
buy food : we know not who put our money in our sacks.
23 And he said, Peace be to you, fear not : your God and
the God of your father hath given you treasure in your sacks :
I had your money. And he brought Shime'dn out unto them.
24 And the man brought the men into Ydsdph's house, and
gave them water, and they washed their feet : and he gave
their asses provender.
25 And they made ready the present against Ydseph came at
noon : for they heard that they should eat bread there.
26 And when Ydsdph came home, they brought him the
present which was in their hand into the house, and bowed
down themselves to him to the earth.
27 And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your
father well, the old man of whom ye spake ? Is he yet alive ?
28 And they said, Thy servant our father is well, he is yet
alive. And they bowed the head, and made obeisance.
29 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw Binyamin his brother,
his mother's son, and said, Is this your youngest brother, of
whom ye spake unto me? And he said, Eldhim be gracious
unto thee, my son.
30 And Ydsdph made haste, for his bowels did yearn upon

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 143
his brother : and he sought whereto weep ; and he entered into
his chamber, and wept there.
31 And he washed his face, and came out; and he refrained
himself, and said, Set on bread.
32 And they set on for him by himself, and for them by
themselves, and for the Micry, which did eat with him, by
themselves : because the Micry might not eat bread with the
'Ebrim ; for that is an abomination unto the Micry.
33 And they sat before him, the firstborn according to his
birthright, and the youngest according to his youth : and the
men marvelled one with another.
34 And messes were taken unto them from before him : but
Binyamin's mess was five times so much as any of theirs. And
they drank, and drank largely with him.

CHAPTER XLIY.

1 And he commanded the steward of his house, saying, Fill
the men's sacks with food, as much as they can carry, and put
every man's money in his sack's mouth.
2 And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of
the youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to
the word that Ydsdph had spoken.
3 As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent away,
they and their asses.
4 And when they were gone out of the city, and were not
yet far off, Ydsdph said unto his steward, Up, follow after the
men ; and when thou dost overtake them, say unto them,
Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for good ?
5 Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and whereby he
indeed divineth ' ? ye have done evil in so doing.
1 OioDVio-pm ouovi£erai, divines augury. — LXX.

144 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
6 And he overtook them, and he spake unto them these
words. 7 And they said unto him, Wherefore speaketh my lord such
words as these ? far be it from thy servants to do such a thing.
8 Behold, the money which we found in our sacks' mouths, .
we brought again unto thee out of the land of Kena'an : how
then should we steal out of thy lord's house silver or gold ?
9 With whomsoever of thy servants it be found, let him die,
and we also will be my lord's bondmen.
10 And he said, Now also let it be according unto your
words : he with whom it is found shall be my bondman ; and
ye shall be blameless.
1 1 Then they hasted, and took down every man his sack to
the ground, and opened every man his sack.
12 And he searched, and began at the eldest, and left at the
youngest : and the cup was found in Binyamin's sack.
13 Then they rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass,
and returned to the city.
14 And Yehudah and his brethren came to Ydsdph's house ;
and he was yet there : and they fell before him on the ground.
15 And Ydsdph said unto them, What deed is this that ye
have done ? Know ye not that such a man as I can indeed
divine ?
16 And Yehudah said. What shall we say unto my lord?
what shall we speak ? or how shall we clear ourselves ? God
hath found out the iniquity of thy servants : behold, we are my
lord's bondmen, both we, and he also in whose hand the cup is
found. 17 And he said, Far be it from me that I should do so : the
man in whose hand the cup is found, he shall be my bondman ;
but as for you, get you up in peace unto your father.
18 Then Yehudah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord,
let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, and
let not thine anger burn against thy servant : for thou are even
as Para'dh.
19 My lord asked his servants, saying, Have ye a father, or
a brother ?

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 145
20 And we said unto my lord, We have a father, an old
man, and a child of his old age, a little one ' ; and his brother
is dead, and he alone is left of his mother, and his father loveth
him. 21 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring him down unto
me, that I may set mine eyes upon him.
22 And we said unto my lord, The lad cannot leave his
father : for if he should leave his father, his father would die.
23 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Except your youngest
brother come down with you, ye shall see my face no more.
24 And it came to pass when we came up unto thy servant
my father, we told him the words of my lord.
25 And our father said, Go again, buy us a little food.
26 And we said, We cannot go down : if our youngest
brother be with us, then will we go down ; for we may not see
the man's face, except our youngest brother be with us.
27 And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know that my
wife bare me two sons :
28 And the one went out from me, and I said, Surely he is
torn in pieces ; and I have not seen him since.
29 And if ye take this one also from me, and mischief
befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to
Sheol. 30 Now therefore, when I come to thy servant my father, and
the lad be not with us ; seeing that his life is bound up in the
lad's life ;
31 It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not
with us, that he will die : and thy servants shall bring down the
gray hairs of thy servant with sorrow to Shedl.
32 For thy servant became surety for the lad unto my father,
saying, If I bring him not unto thee, then shall I bear the
blame to my father for ever.
33 Now therefore, let thy servant, I pray thee, abide instead
1 Binyamin, however, was more than twenty-two years of age at this
time, for he was born before Y6seph, ' being seventeen years old ' (chap.
xxxvii. 2), was sold into Egypt, and had ten sons of his own (chap.
xlvi. 21). L

146 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
of the lad as bondman to my lord ; and let the lad go up with
his brethren.
34 For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not
with me ? lest I see the evil that shall come upon my father.

CHAPTER XLV.

1 Then Ydsdph could not refrain himself before all them that
stood by him ; and he cried, Cause every man to go out from
me. And there stood no man with him, while Ydseph made
himself known unto his brethren.
2 And he wept aloud : and the Egyptians heard, and the
house of Para'dh heard.
3 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, I am Ydsdph :
doth my father yet live * ? And his brethren could not
answer him : for they were troubled at' his presence.
4 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, Come near to
me, I pray you. And they came near. And he said, I
am Ydsdph your brother, whom ye sold into Micraim.
5 And now be not grieved, nor angry with your
selves, that ye sold me hither : for Eldhim did send me
before you to preserve life.
6 Eor these two years hath the famine been in the
land : and there are yet five years, in the which there
shall be neither plowing nor harvest.
7 And Eldhim sent me before you to preserve you a
1 It is evident that the portion taken by the latest editor from some other
document than that from which the preceding portion was taken begins here,
for Y6seph had previously ascertained (in the portion taken from the
Jehovist, chap, xliii. 27) that his father was alive as soon as he saw his
brethren, and before he had ceased to put them to the proof.  L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 147
remnant in the earth, and to save you alive by a great
deliverance. 8 So now it was not you that sent me hither, but
Eldhim ; and he hath made me a grand-master of
Para'dh's,1 and lord over all his house, and ruler over
all the land of Micraim.
9 Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto
him, Thus saith thy son Ydsdph, Eldhim hath made me
lord of all Micrairn : come down unto me, tarry not :
10 And thou shalt dwell in the land of Gdshen,2 and
thou shalt be near unto me, thou and thy children, and
thy children's children, and thy flocks, and thy herds,
and all that thou hast :
11 And there will I nourish thee ; for there are yet
five years of famine ; lest thou come to poverty, thou,
and thy household, and all that thou hast.
12 And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes of my
brother Binyamin, that it is my mouth that speaketh
unto you.
13 And ye shall tell my father of all my glory in
Micraim, and of all that ye have seen ; and ye shall
haste and bring down my father hither.
14 And he fell upon his. brother Binyamm's neck, and wept ;
and Binyamin wept upon his neck.
15 And he kissed all his brethren, and wept upon them : and
after that his brethren talked with him.
16 And the fame thereof was heard in Para'dh's house, saying,
Ydsdph's brethren are come : and it pleased Para'dh well, and
his servants.
1 The expression ' ab lepara'6h ' is identical with the Egyptian title ' ab
en pir-aa,' ' grand-master of the king's house.' — L.
2 Gesem of Arabia. — LXX. Ebers (Durch Gosen, s. 505 sgq.) thinks
the name corresponds to Keshem, a province in Lower Egypt, l 2

148 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
17 And Para'dh said unto Ydseph, Say unto thy brethren,
This do ye ; lade your beasts, and go, get you unto the land of
Kena'an ;
18 And take your father and your households, and come unto
me ; and I will give you the good of the land of Micraim, and
ye shall eat the fat of the land.
19 Now thou art commanded, this do ye ; take you chariots
out of the land of Micraim for your little ones, and for your
wives, and bring your father, and come.
20 Also regard not your stuff; for the good of all the land of
Micraim is yours.
21 And the sons of Yisrael did so : and Ydseph gave them
chariots, according to the commandment of Para'dh, and gave
them provision for the way.
22 To all of them he gave each man changes of
raiment ; but to Binyamin he gave three hundred pieces
of silver,1 and five changes of raiment.
23 And to his father he sent after this manner ; ten
asses laden with the good things of Micraim, and ten
she-asses laden with corn and bread and victual for his
father by the way.
24 So he sent his brethren away, and they departed ;
and he said unto them, See that ye fall not out by the
way. 25 And they went up out of Micraim, and came into
the land of Kena'an unto Ya'aqdb their father.
26 And they told him, saying, Ydsdph is yet alive, and he is
ruler over all the land of Micraim. And his heart fainted, for
he believed them not.
27 And they told him all the words of Ydsdph, which he had
said unto them : and when he saw the chariots which Ydsdph
had sent to carry him, the spirit of Ya'aqdb their father revived :
28 And Yisradl said, It is enough ; Ydsdph my son is yet
alive : I will go and see him before I die.
1 LXX, ' three hundred pieces of gold.'

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 149

CHAPTER XLVI.
1 And Yisradl took his journey with all that he had, and
came to Beer-Shab'a, and sacrificed victims there to the God of
his father Yice'haq.
2 And Eldhim spake unto Yisrael in the visions of the night,
and said, Ya'aqdb, Ya'aqdb. And he said, Here am I.
3 And he said, I am God, the God of thy father : fear not to
go down into Micraim ; for I will there make of thee a great
nation :
4 I will go down with thee into Micraim ; and I will also
surely bring thee up again : and Ydseph shall put his hand upon
thine eyes.
5 And Ya'aqdb rose up from Bedr-Shab'a : and the sons of
Yisradl carried Ya'aqdb their father, and their little ones, and
their wives, in the chariots which Para'dh had sent to carry
him. 6 And they took their cattle, and their goods, which
they had gotten in the land of Kena'an, and came into
Micraim, Ya'aqdb and all his seed with him :
7 His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his daughters,
and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with
him into Micrairn.
8 And these are the names of the children of Yisrael,
which came into Micraim, Ya'aqdb and his sons :
Reuben, Ya'aqdb's firstborn.
9 And the sons of Reubdn ; 'Hanoch, and Phallu,
and 'Hecrdn, and Karmy.
10 And the sons of Shime'dn ; Yemuel, and Yamin,
and Ohad, and Yachln, and Qo'har, and Sha'ul, the son
of the Kena'anith.

150 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
11 And the sons of Ldvy ; Gdrshdn, and Qehath, and
Merary. 12 And the sons of Yehudah ; 'Er, and Onan, and
Shdlah, and Perec, and Zara'h ; but 'Er and Onan died
in the land of Kena'an. And the sons of Perec were
'Hecrdn and 'Hamul.
13 And the sons of Yissachar ; Tdla', and Puvah, and
Ydb, and Shimrdn.
14 And the sons of Zebulun ; Sered, and Eldn, and
Ya'hledl. 15 These are the sons of Ldah, which she bare unto
Ya'aqdb in Paddan- Aram, with his daughter Dinah :
his sons and his daughters were thirty and three persons
in all.1
16 And the sons of Gad ; CTphydn, and 'Haggy,
Shuny, and Ecbdn, 'Ery, and Arddy, and Ardly.
17 And the sons of Ashdr ; Yimnah, and Yishvah,
and Yishvy, and Bery'ah, and Sera'h their sister: and
the sons of Bery'ah ; 'Heber, and Malkidl.
18 These are the sons of Zilpah, which Lab&n gave
to Ldah his daughter, and these she bare unto Ya'aqdb,
even seventeen persons.
19 The sons of Ra'hdl Ya'aqdb's wife ; Ydsdph, and
Binyamin. 20 And unto Ydsdph in the land of Micraim were
born Menassheh and Ephralm, which Asenath the
daughter of Pdtl-Phdra priest of On bare unto him.
21 And the sons of Binyamin ; Bela', and Beker, and
Ashbel, Gdra, and JSTa'aman, E'hy, and Rdsh, Mupplm,
and 'Hupplm, and Ard.
1 There are only thirty-two names in the text. To make up thirty-three
Ya'aqob himself would have to be counted. — L.

THE MASSOEETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 151
22 These are the sons of Ra'hdl, which were born to
Ya'aqdb : in all fourteen persons.
23 And the sons of Dan ; 'Hushim.
24 And the sons of Naphtaly ; Ya'hcedl, and Giiny,
and Yecer, and Shilldm.
25 These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave
unto Ra'hdl his daughter, and these she bare unto Ya'a
qdb : in all seven persons.
26 All the persons that came with Ya'aqdb into
Micraim, which came out of his loins, besides. Ya'aqdb's
sons' wives, were threescore and six in number.1
27 And the sons of Ydsdph, which were born to him
in Micraim, were two : all the persons of the house
of Ya'aqdb, which came into Micraim were threescore
and ten.2
28 And he sent Yehudah before him unto Ydsdph to show
the way before him unto Gdshen 3 ; and they came into the land
of Gdshen.
29 And Ydsdph made ready his chariot, and went up to meet
Yisradl his father, to Gdshen ; and he presented himself unto
him, and fell on his neck, and wept on his neck a good while.
30 And Yisradl said unto Ydseph, Now let me die, since I
have seen thy face, that thou art yet alive.
31 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, and unto his father's
house, I will go up, and tell Para'dh, and will say unto him, My
brethren and my father's house, which were in the land of
Kena'an, are come unto me ;
32 And the men are shepherds, for they have been keepers
of cattle : and they have brought their flocks, and their herds,
and all that they have.
1 This number is obtained- by omitting Yoseph and his two sons born in
Egypt from the descendants of Ya'aqdb. — L.
2 Including Ya'aq6b himself, and also Yoseph and his two sons. — L.
3 'To the City of Heroes, in the land of Bamesses.'— LXX.

152 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
33 And it shall come to pass, when Para'dh shall call you,
and shall say, What is your occupation ?
34 That ye shall say, Thy servants have been keepers of
cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and our fathers :
that ye may dwell in the land of Gdshen ; for every shepherd is
an abomination unto the Egyptians,

CHAPTER XLVII.

1 Then Ydsdph went in and told Para'dh, and said, My
father and my brethren, and their flocks, and their herds, and
all that they have, are come out of the land of Kena'an ; and,
behold, they are in the land of Gdshen.
2 And from among his brethren he took five men, and pre
sented them unto Para'dh.
3 And Para'dh said unto his brethren, What is your occupa
tion ? And they said unto Para'dh, Thy servants are shepherds,
both we, and our fathers.
4 And they said unto Para'dh, To sojourn in the land are we
come ; for there is no pasture for thy servants' flocks ; for the
famine is sore in the land of Kena'an ; now, therefore, we pray
thee, let thy servants dwell in the land of Gdshen.
5 And Para'dh spake unto Ydsdph, saying, Thy father and
thy brethren are come unto thee :
6 The land of Micraim is before thee ; in the best of the land
make thy father and thy brethren to dwell ; in the land of
Gdshen let them dwell ; and if thou knowest any able men
among them, then make them rulers over my cattle.
7 And Ydsdph brought in Ya'aqdb his father, and
set him before Para'dh : and Ya'aqdb blessed Para'dh.
8 And Para'dh said unto Ya'aqdb, How many are
the days of the years of thy life ?

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 153
9 And Ya'aqdb said unto Para'dh, The days of the
years of my pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years :
few and evil have been the days of the years of my life,
and they have not attained unto the days of the years
of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage.
10 And Ya'aqdb blessed Para'dh, and went out from
the presence of Para'dh.
11 And Ydsdph placed his father and his brethren,
and gave them a possession in the land of Micraim, in
the best of the land, in the land of Ra'mesds, as Para'dh
had commanded.
12 And Ydsdph nourished his father, and his brethren,
and all his father's household, with bread, according to
the number of their little ones.
13.1 And there was no bread in all the land; for the famine
was very sore, so that the land of Migrdim and the land of
Kend' an fainted by reason of the famine.
14 And Ydseph gathered up all the money that was found in
the land of Migrdim, and in the land of Kend' an, for the corn
which they bought : and Ydseph brought the money into Para'dh's
house. 15 And when the money was all spent in the land of Migrdim,
and in the land of Kend' an, all the Bgyptians came unto Yoseph,
and said, Give us bread : for why should we die in thy presence ?
for our money faileth.
16 And Ydseph said, Give your cattle ; and I will give you for
your cattle, if money fail.
1 7 And they brought their cattle unto Ydseph : and Ydsdph
gave them bread in exchange for the horses, and for the cattle of
1 I can only think of verses 13-26 as an addition by the latest editor,
taken from some document or compilation which gave a specially economic
importance to the transactions of Y6seph in corn during the famine, and
which made this the starting-point of a social revolution in Egypt. It
certainly does not proceed from the same source as the notices we had on the
same subject in chap. xii. 33-36, 47-49, and 53-57. — L.

154 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
the flocks, and for the cattle of the herds, and for the asses : and
he fed them with bread in exchange for all their cattle for that
year. 18 And when that year was ended, they came unto him the
second year, and said unto him, We will not hide from my lord,
how that our money is all spent ; and the herds of cattle are my
lord's ; there is nought left in the sight of my lord, but our bodies,
and our lands :
19 Wherefore should we die before thine eyes, both we and our
land ? buy us and our land for bread, and we and our land will
be servants unto Para'dh : and give us seed, that we may live and
not die, and that the land be not desolate.
20 So Ydseph bought all the land of Migrdim for Para'dh; for
the Egyptians sold every man Ms field, because the famine was
sore upon them : and the land became Para'dh's.
21 And as for the people, he removed them to the cities
from one end of the border of Migrdim even unto the other end
thereof. 22 Only the land of the priests bought he not : for the priests
had a portion from Para'dh, and did eat their portion which
Para'dh gave them ; wherefore they sold not their land.
23 Then YdsSph said unto the people, Behold, I have bought
you tMs day and your land for Para'dh : lo, here is seed for you,
and ye shall sow the land.
24 And it shall come to pass at the ingatherings, that ye shall
give a fifth unto Para'dh, and four parts shall be your own, for
seed of (Ke field, and for your food, and for them of your house
holds, and for food for your little ones.
25 And they said, Thou hast saved our lives : let us find grace
in the sight of my lord, and we will be Para'dh's servants.
26 And Ydseph made it a statute concerning the land of
Migrdim unto this day, that Para'dh should have the fifth ; only
the land of the priests alone became not Para'dh's.
27 And Yisradl dwelt in Micraim, in the land of Gdshen ;
and they gat them possessions therein, and were fruitful, and
multiplied exceedingly.
28 And Ya'aqdb lived in the land of Micraim seven-

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 155
teen years : so the days of Ya'aqdb, the days of his life,
were an hundred forty and seven years.
29 And the time drew near that Yisrael must die : and he
called his son Ydsdph, and said unto him, If now I have found
grace in thy sight, put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh,
and deal kindly and truly with me ; bury me not, I pray thee,
in Micraim :
30 But when I sleep with my fathers, thou shalt carry me out
of Micraim, and bury me in their buryingplace. And he said,
I will do as thou hast said.
31 And he said, Swear unto me : and he sware unto him.
And Yisrael bowed himself upon the bed's head.1

CHAPTER XLVIH.

1 And it came to pass after these things, that one
said to Ydsdph, Behold, thy father is sick : 'and he took
with him his two sons, Menassheh and Ephraim.
2 And one told Ya'aqdb, and said, Behold thy son
Ydsdph cometh unto thee : and Yisrdel strengthened him
self, and sat upon the bed.
3 And Ya'aqdb said unto Ydsdph, ELShadday (God
Almighty) appeared unto me at Luz, in the land of
Kena'an, and blessed me,
4 And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruit
ful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a com
pany of peoples ; and will give this land to thy seed
after thee for an everlasting possession.
5 And now thy two sons, which were born unto thee
1 ' Leaning on the top of his staff.' — LXX,

156 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
in the land of Micraim before I came unto thee in
Micraim, are mine ; Ephraim and Menassheh, even as
Reubdn and Shime'dn shall be mine.
6 And thy issue, which thou hast begotten after
them, shall be thine ; they shall be called after the
name of their brethren in their inheritance.
7 And as for me, when I came from Paddan, Ra'hel
died by me in the land of Kena'an in the way, when
there was still some way to come unto Ephrath1 : and I
buried her there in the way to Ephrath {the same is
Beth-Le'hem.) 8 And Yisrael beheld Ydsdph's sons, and said, Who are
these ?
9 And Ydseph said unto his father, They are my sons, whom
Eldhim hath given me here. And he said, Bring them, I pray
thee, unto me, and I will bless them.
10 Now the eyes of Yisrael were dim for age, so that he could
not see. And he brought them near unto him ; and he kissed
them, and embraced them.
1 1 And Yisrael said unto Ydsdph, I had not thought to see
thy face ; and, lo, Eldhim hath let me see thy seed also.
1 2 And Ydsdph brought them out from between his knees ;
and he bowed himself with his face to the earth.
13 And Ydseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand,
and Menassheh in his left hand toward Yisrael's right hand, and
brought them near unto him.
14 And Yisrael stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon
Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon
Menassheh's head, crossing his hands wittingly ; for Manassheh
was the firstborn.
15 And he blessed Ydseph, and said, The God before whom
my fathers Abraham and Yice'haq did walk, the God which
hath fed me all my life long unto this day,
1 ' As I drew nigh to the horse-course of Chabratha in the land of Chanaan,
so as to come to Ephratha.' — LXX.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 157
16 The angel which hath redeemed me from all evil, bless
the lads ; and let my name be named on them, and the name of
my fathers Abraham and Yice'haq ; and let them grow into a
multitude in the midst of the earth.
17 And when Ydsdph saw that his father laid his right hand
upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him ; and he held up
his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto
Menassheh's head.
18 And Ydseph said unto his father, Not so, my father : for
this is the firstborn ; put thy right hand upon his head.
19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I
know it : he also shall become a people, and he also shall be
great : howbeit his younger brother shall be greater than he,
and his seed shall become a multitude of nations.
20 And he blessed them that day, saying, By thee shall
Yisradl bless, saying, Eldhim make thee as Ephraim and as
Menassheh : and he set Ephraim before Menassheh.
21 And Yisrael said unto Ydseph, Behold, I die : but Eldhim
shall be with you, and bring you again unto the land of your
fathers. 22 Moreover I have given to thee one portion ' above thy
brethren, which I took out of the hand of the 'Amdry with my
sword and with my bow.

CHAPTER XLIX.

1 And Ya'aqdb called unto him his sons, and said, Gather
yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall
you in the latter days.
2 Assemble yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of
Ya'aqdb ;
1 Shechem a'had, an expression which seems to be a play upon the name
of the town of Shechem, the capture and sack of which were narrated in
chap, xxxiv. — L.

158 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
And hearken unto Yisrael your father.
3 Reuben, thou art my firstborn,
My might, and the first-fruits of my strength ;
The excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power.1
4 Impetuous as water, thou shalt not have the excellency ;
Because thou wentest up to thy father's bed :
Then defiledst thou it : he went up to my couch.
5 Shime'dn and Levy are brethren ;
Weapons of violence are their compacts.2
6 0 my soul, come not thou into their secret councils ;
Unto their assembly, my honour, be not thou united ;
For in their anger they slew men,
And in their selfwill they houghed oxen.
7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce ;
And their wrath, for it was cruel :
I will divide them in Ya'aqdb,
And scatter them in Yisradl.
8 Yehudah, thee shall thy brethren praise :
Thy hand shall be on the neck of thine enemies ;
Thy father's sons shall bow down before thee.
9 Yehudah is a lion's whelp ;
From the prey, my son, thou art gone up :
He stooped down, he crouched as a lion,
And as a lioness ; who shall rouse him up ?
10 The sceptre shall not depart from Yehudah,
Nor the ruler's staff from between his feet,
Until he come to Shildh.3
And unto him shall the obedience of the peoples be.
11 Binding his foal unto the vine,
And his ass's colt unto the choice vine ;
He hath washed his garments in wine,
And his vesture in the blood of grapes.
1 ' Hard to be endured, hard and self-willed.'  LXX.
2 • Symeon and Levi, brethren, accomplished the injustice of their cutting
off.'— LXX. 6
» This is the meaning of the text according to the grammatical con
struction. The interpretation of this prophecy, however, is still the crux of
commentators. — L.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 150
12 His eyes shall be red with wine,
And his teeth white with milk.
13 Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea :
And he shall be for an haven of ships ;
And his border shall be by Ciddn.
14 Yissachar is a strong ass,
Couching down between the sheepfolds :
15 And he saw a resting place that it was good,
And the land that it was pleasant ;
And he bowed his shoulder to bear,
And became a servant under taskwork.
16 Dan shall judge his people
As one of the tribes of Yisradl.
17 Dan shall be a serpent in the way,
An horned snake1 in the path,
That biteth the horse's heels,
So that his rider falleth backward.
18 I have waited for thy salvation, 0 Yahveh.
19 Gad, a troop shall press upon him,
But he shall press upon their heel.
20 Asher, his bread shall be fat ;
And he shall yield royal dainties.2
21 Naphtaly is a hind let loose :
He giveth goodly words.3
22 Ydseph is a fruitful bough,
A fruitful bough by a fountain ;
His branches run over the wall.4
23 The archers have sorely grieved him,
And shot at him, and persecuted him :
24 But his bow abode in strength,
And the arms of his hands were made strong,
1 Vipera Cerastes, the horned sand-snake of Egypt. They bury them
selves in the sand. Pliny (Hist. Nat. lib. viii. c. 23) says of them that by
moving their horns they attract birds to them.
2 ' Yield dainties to princes.' — LXX.
3 ' Nepthalim is a spreading stem, bestowing beauty on its fruit.' — LXX.
4 ' Joseph is a son increased ; my dearly loved son is increased ; my
youngest son, turn to me.'— LXX.

160 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
By the hands of the Mighty One of Ya'aqdb,
(From thence is the shepherd, the stone of Yisradl,)
25 Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee,
And by the Almighty, who shall bless thee,
With blessings of heaven above,
Blessings of the deep that coucheth beneath,
Blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.
26 The blessings of thy father have prevailed
Above the blessings of my progenitors
Unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills }
They shall be on the head of Ydsdph
And on the crown of the head of him that is prince
among his brethren.
27 Binyamin is a wolf that ravineth :
In the morning he shall devour the prey,
And at even he shall divide the spoil.
28 And these are the twelve tribes of Yisradl :2 and this it
is that their father spake unto them and blessed them ; every
one according to his blessing he blessed them.
29 And he charged them, and said unto them, I
am to be gathered to my people : bury me with my
fathers in the cave that is in the field of 'Ephrdn the
'Hitty. 30 In the cave that is in the field of Machpdlah,
which is before Mamre, in the land of Kena'an, which
Abraham bought with the field from 'Ephrdn the 'Hitty,
for a possession of a buryingplace :
31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife :
there they buried Yice'haq and Ribqah his wife ; and
there I buried Ldah :
32 The field and the cave that is therein, which was
purchased from the Bend-'Hdth.
1 ' The blessings of thy father and thy mother— it has prevailed above the
blessing of the lasting mountains, and beyond the blessings of the everlasting
hills.'— LXX.
2 Only eleven tribes are spoken of. Menassheh is omitted altogether.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 161
33 And when Ya'aqdb made an end of charging his
sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded
up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people.

CHAPTER L.

1 And Ydsdph fell upon his father's face, and wept upon him,
and kissed him.
2 And Ydsdph commanded hisi -'—3 the physicians to
embalm his father: and the physiciaas embalmed Yisrael.
3 And forty days were fulfilled for him ; for so are fulfilled
the days of embalming : and the Egyptians wept for him three
score and ten days.
4 And when the days of weeping for him were past, Ydseph
spake unto the house of Para'dh, saying, If now I have found
grace in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in the ears of Para'dh,
saying, 5 My father made me swear, saying, Lo, I die : in my grave
which I have digged for me in the land of Kena'an, there shalt
thou bury me. Now therefore let me go up, I pray thee, and
bury my father, and I will come again.
6 And Para'dh said, Go up, and bury thy father, according
as he made thee swear.
7 And Ydseph went up to bury his father : and with him
went up all the servants of Para'dh, the elders of his house, and
all the elders of the land of Micraim,
8 And all the house of Ydseph, and bis brethren, and his
father's house : only their little ones, and their flocks, and their
herds, they left in the land of Gdshen.
9 And there went up with him both chariots and horsemen :
and it was a very great company.
10 And they came to Gdren-haatad,1 which is beyond the
1 The threshing-floor of thistles ; a place the exact site of which is very
doubtful. — L. M

163 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Yarden,1 and there they lamented with a very great, and sore
lamentation: and he .made a mourning for his father seven
days. 11 And when the inhabitants of the land, the Kena'any, saw
the mourning at Gdren-haatad they said, This is a grievous
mourning for Micraim : wherefore the name of it was called
Abdl-Micraim,2 which is beyond the Yarden.
12 And his sons did unto him according as he com
manded them :
13 For his sons carried him into the land of Kena'an,
and buried him in the cave of Machpdlah, which
Abraham brought with the field, for a possession of a
buryingplace, of 'Ephrdn the 'Hitty, before Mamrd.
14 And Ydseph returned into Mipraim, he, and his brethren,
and all that went up with him to bury his father, after he
had buried his father.
15 And when Ydsdph's brethren saw that their father was
dead, they said, It may be that Ydseph will hate us, and will
fully requite us all the evil which we did unto him.
16 And they Sent a message unto Ydsdph, saying, Thy
father did command before he died, saying,
17 So shall ye say unto Ydseph, Forgive, I pray thee now,
the transgression of thy brethren, and their sin, for that they
did unto thee evil : and now, we pray thee, forgive the trans
gression of the servants of the God of thy father. And Ydsdph
wept when they spake unto him.
18 And his brethren also went and fell down before his face;
and they said, Behold, we be thy slaves.
19 And Ydseph said unto them, Fear not, for am I in the
place of Eldhim ?
20 And as for you, ye meant evil against me ; but Eldhim
meant it for good, to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save
much people alive.
1 Hebron being between Egypt and the Yarden, it is impossible to under
stand why they should have carried the body beyond the Yarden. The
account of the Elohist is perfectly intelligible.
2 The mourning of Egypt.

THE MASSORETIC TEXT IN ITS PRESENT STATE 163
21 Now therefore fear ye not : I will nourish you, and
your little ones. And he comforted them, and spake to their
heart. 22 And Ydsdph dwelt in Micraim, he and his father's
house : and Ydsdph lived an hundred and ten years.
23 And Ydseph saw Ephraim's children of the third genera
tion : the children also of Machir the son of Menassheh were
born upon Ydsdph's knees.
24 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, I die : but Eldhim
will surely visit you, and bring you up out of this land unto the
land which he sware to Abraham, to Yice'haq, and to Ya'aqdb.
25 And Ydsdph took an oath of the children of Yisrael,
saying, Eldhim will surely visit you, and ye shall carry up my
bones from hence.
26 So Ydsdph died, being an hundred and ten years old :
and they embalmed him, and he was put into a coffin in
Micraim.

II.
THE BOOK OF OBIGINS
OB
JEHOVISTIC DOCUMENT

I.
THE CREATION OF MAN AND WOMAN.
H. 4 In the day that Yahveh Eldhim made earth and
heaven, 5 No bush of the field was yet in the earth, and no
herb of the field had yet sprung up : for Yahveh Eldhim
had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was
not a man to till the ground :
6 But there went up a mist from the earth, and
watered the whole face of the ground.
7 And Yahveh Eldhim formed man of the dust of
the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of
life ; and man became a living soul.
8 And Yahveh Eldhim planted a garden eastward in
Eden ; and there he put the man whom he had formed.
9 And out of the ground made Yahveh Eldhim to
grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good
for food ; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden,
and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
A
10 And a river went out of Eden to water the
garden ; and from thence it was parted, and became four
heads. 11 The name of the first is Pishdn : that is it which
compasseth the whole land of 'Havilah, where there is
gold;

163 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
12 And the gold of that land is good : there is the
beddla'h and the shdham stone.
1 3 And the name of the second river is Gi'hdn : the
same is it that compasseth the whole land of Kfish.
14 And the name of the third river is 'Hiddeqel:
that is it which goeth in front of Asshur. And the
fourth river is the Phrath.
15 And Yahveh Eldhim took the man, and put him
into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
16 And Yahveh Eldhim commanded the man, saying,
Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat :
17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,
thou shalt not eat of it : for in the day that thou eatest
thereof, thou shalt surely die.
18 And Yahveh Eldhim said, It is not good that the
man should be alone ; I will make him an help answer
ing to him.
19 And out of the ground Yahveh Eldhim formed
every beast of the field and every fowl of the air ; and
brought them unto the man to see what he would call
them : and whatsoever the man called every living
creature, that was the name thereof.
20 And the man gave names to all cattle, and to the
fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field ; but for
man there was not found an help meet for him.
21 And Yahveh Eldhim caused a deep sleep to fall
upon the man, and he slept ; and he took one of his
ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof.
22 And the rib which Yahveh Eldhim had taken
from the man, made he a woman, and brought her unto
:the man.

THE CREATION OF MAN AND WOMAN 169
23 And the man said, This is now bone of my bones,
and flesh of my flesh : she shall be called woman
{isshdh), because she was taken out of man (ish).
24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his
mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall
be one flesh.
25 And they were both naked, the man and his wife,
and were not ashamed.

n.
THE FIRST SIN.

IH. 1 Now the serpent was more subtil than any
beast of the field which Yahveh Eldhim had made.
And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath Eldhim said,
Ye shall not eat of any tree of the garden ?
2 And the woman said unto the serpent, Of the fruit
of the trees of the garden we may eat :
3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst
of the garden, Eldhim hath said, Ye shall not eat of it,
neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
4 And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not
surely die :
5 For Eldhim doth know that in the day ye eat
thereof, then your eyes shall be opened and ye shall be
as Eldhim, knowing good and evil.
6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good
for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and

170 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she
took of the fruit thereof, and did eat ; and she gave
also unto her husband with her, and he did eat :
7 And the eyes of both of them were opened, and they
knew that they were naked ; and they sewed fig leaves
together, and made themselves girdles.
8 And they heard the voice of Yahveh Eldhim walk
ing in the garden in the breeze of the evening : and the
man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of
Yahveh Eldhim amongst the trees of the garden.
9 And Yahveh Eldhim called unto the man, and said
unto him, Where art thou ?
10 And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden,
and I was afraid, because I was naked ; and I hid
myself. 11 And he said, Who told thee that thou wast
naked ? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I com
manded thee that thou shouldest not eat ?
12 And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest
to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
13 And Yahveh Eldhim said unto the woman, What
is this that thou hast done ? And the woman said, The
serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
14 And Yahveh Eldhim said unto the serpent, Be
cause thou hast done this, cursed art thou from among
all cattle, and from among every beast of the field :
upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat
all the days of thy life.
15 And I will put enmity between thee and the,
woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall
bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.

THE FIRST SIN. 171
16 Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply
thy sorrow and thy conception ; in sorrow thou shalt
bring forth children ; and thy desire shall be to thy
husband, and he shall rule over thee.
17 And unto the man he said, Because thou hast
hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of
the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt
not eat of it : cursed is the ground for thy sake ; in
toil shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life .
18 Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to
thee ; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field ;
19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread
till thou return unto the ground ; for out of it wast
thou taken : for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou
return. 20 And the man called his wife's name 'Havvah ;
because she was the mother of all living {hdy).
21 And Yahveh Eldhim made for the man and for
his wife tunics of skins, and clothed them.
22 And Yahveh Eldhim said, Behold, the man is
become as one of us, to know good and evil : and now,
lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of
life, and eat, and live for ever :
23 Therefore Yahveh Eldhim sent him forth from
the garden of Eden to till the ground from whence he
was taken.
24 So he drove out the man, and he placed at the
east of the garden of Eden the Kerubim, and the flame
.of a sword which turned every way, to keep the way
of the tree of life.

172 THE BOOK. OF GENESIS
HI.
QAlN AND HABEL.
IV. 1 And the man knew 'Havvah his wife ; and she
conceived, and bare Qain, and said, I have gotten
{qdnithy) a man with the help of Yahveh.
2 And again she bare his brother Habel. And Habel
was a keeper of sheep, but Qain was a tiller of the
ground. 3 And in process of time it came to pass, that Qain
brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto
Yahveh. 4 And Habel, he also brought of the firstlings of his
flock, and of the fat thereof. And Yahveh had respect
unto Habel, and to his offering :
5 But unto Qain and to his offering he had not
respect. And Qain was very wroth, and his counten
ance fell.
6 And Yahveh said unto Qain, Why art thou
wroth ? and why is thy countenance fallen ?
7 If thou doest well, shall it not be lifted up ? and if
thou doest not well, sin coucheth at the door ; and
unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over
him. 8 And Qain said unto Habel his brother, Let us go
out into the plain. And it came to pass, when they were
in the plain, that Qain rose up against Habel his brother,
and slew him.
9 And Yahveh said unto Qain, Where is Habel thy

QAiN AND HABEL 173
brother ? And he said, I know not : am I my brother's
keeper ?
10 And [Yahveh] said, What hast thou done? the
voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the
ground. 11 And now, cursed art thou from the ground, which
hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood
from thy hand ;
12 When thou tillest the ground, it shall not hence
forth yield unto thee her strength ; a fugitive and a
wanderer shalt thou be in the earth.
13 And Qain said unto Yahveh, Mine iniquity is
greater than I can bear.
14 Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from
the face of the ground ; and from thy face shall I be
hid ; and I shall be a fugitive and a wanderer in the
earth ; and it shall come to pass, that whosoever findeth
me shall slay me.
15 And Yahveh said unto him, Therefore, whosoever
slayeth Qain, vengeance shall be taken on him seven
fold. And Yahveh appointed a sign for Qain, lest any
finding him should smite him.
16 And Qain went out from the presence of Yahveh,
and dwelt in the land of Nod (exile) on the east of
Eden.

174 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
IV.
THE TWO LINES OF AdAm's POSTERITY.
IV. 17 And Qain knew his wife ; and she conceived,
and bare 'Handch : and he builded a city, and called
the name of the city, after the name of his son,
'Handch. 18 And unto 'Handch was born Yirad : and Yirad
begat Me'huyadl : and Me'huyael begat Methushadl : and
Methushael begat Lamech.
19 And Lamech took unto him two wives : the name
of the one was Adah, and the name of the other
Qillah. 20 And Adah bare Yabal : he was the father of such
as dwell in tents and have cattle.
21 And his brother's name was Yubal ; he was the
father of all such as handle the kinnor and the 'ugar.
22 And Qillah, she also bare Tubal-qain, the forger
of every cutting instrument of brass and iron : and the
sister of Tubal-qain was Na'amah.
23 And Lamech said unto his wives.:
Adah and Qillah, hear my voice ;
Ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech :
For I have slain a man to my wounding,
And a young man to mj hurt.
24 If Qain shall be avenged sevenfold,
Truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold.
25 And Adam knew his wife again ; and she bare a
son, and called his name Shdth : For, said she, Eldhim

THE TWO LINES OF ADAM'S POSTERITY 175
hath appointed me {shdth-li) another seed instead of
Habel ; for Qain slew him.
26 And to Shdth, to him also there was born a son ;
and he called his name Enosh : then began men to call
upon the name of Yahveh.
V. 29 [And Lamech begat a son], and he called
his name Nda'h, saying, This same shall comfort us
{yena'hamenu) for our work and for the toil of our
hands, which cometh from the ground which Yahveh
hath cursed.

V.
THE SONS OF GOD AND THE DAUGHTERS OF MEN.
VI. 1 And it came to pass, when men began to
multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were
born unto them,
2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men
that they were fair ; and they took them wives of all
that they chose.
3 And Yahveh said, My spirit shall not rule in man
for ever, for that he also is flesh : therefore shall his
days be an hundred and twenty years.
4 The giants were in the earth in those days, and
also after that, when the sons of God came in uuto the
daughters of men, and they bare children to them : the
same were the mighty men which were of old, the men
of renown.

176 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
VI.
THE DELUGE.
VI. 5 And Yahveh saw that the wickedness of man
was great in the earth, and that every imagination of
the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
6 And it repented Yahveh that he had made man
on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
7 And Yahveh said, I will destroy man whom I
have created from the face of the ground ; both man,
and beast, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air ; for
it repenteth me that I have made them.
8 But Nda'h found grace in the eyes of Yahveh.
VH. 1 And Yahveh said unto Nda'h, Come thou and
all thy house into the ark ; for thee have I seen
righteous before me in this generation.
2 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee
seven and seven, the male and his female ; and of the
beasts that are not clean two, the male and his female ;
3 Of the fowl also of the air which are clean, seven
and seven, male and female : and of birds which are
not clean, two, male and female : to keep seed alive
upon the face of all the earth.
4 For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain
upon the earth forty days and forty nights ; and every
living thing that I have made will I destroy from off
the face of the ground.
5 And Nda'h did according unto all that Yahveh
commanded him.

THE DELUGE 177
7 And Nda'h went in, and his sons, and his wife, and
his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the
waters of the deluge.
8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean,
and of clean fowls and of fowls that are not clean, and
of every thing that creepeth upon the ground,
9 There went in two and two unto Nda'h into the
ark, male and female, as [Yahveh] had commanded
Nda'h. 16 And Yahveh shut him in.1
10 And it came to pass, after the seven days, that the
waters of the deluge were upon the earth.
12 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and
forty nights.
17 And the deluge was forty days upon the earth ;
and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it
was lift up above the earth.
23 And every living thing was destroyed which was
upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and
creeping thing, and fowl of the heaven, and they were
destroyed from the earth : and Nda'h only was left, and
they that were with him in the ark.
Vlil. 2 And the rain from heaven was restrained ;
3 And the waters returned from off the earth con
tinually. 6 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that
Nda'h opened the window of the ark which he had
made :
7 And he sent forth a raven, and it went forth to
1 This sentence, which is placed later in the narrative as the text is at
present, is here restored to its place. N

178 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the
earth. 8 [And Nda'h stayed seven days1] and he sent forth
a dove from him to see if the waters were abated from
off the face of the ground ;
9 But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot,
and she returned unto him to the ark, for the waters
were on the face of the whole earth ; and he put forth
his hand, and took her, and brought her in unto him
into the ark.
10 And he stayed yet other seven days ; and again
he sent forth the dove out of the ark ;
11 And the dove came in to him at eventide ; and
lo, in her mouth a fresh olive leaf pluckt off: so Nda'h
knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
12 And he stayed yet other seven days ; and sent
forth the dove ; and she returned not again unto him
any more.
13 And Nda'h removed the covering of the ark, and
looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dried.
20 And Nda'h builded an altar unto Yahveh ; and
took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and
offered burnt offerings upon the altar.
21 And Yahveh smelled the sweet savour ; and
Yahveh said in his heart, I will not again curse the
ground any more for the sake of the man, for that the
imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth ;
neither will I again smite any more every thing living,
as I have done.
1 This verse shows a space which requires to be filled up in the present
state of the text. I have endeavoured to fill it in accordance with the
beginning of verses 10 and 12.

THE DELUGE 179
22 While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest,
and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day
and night shall not cease.

VII.
THE CURSE UPON KENA'AN.

IX. 18 And the sons of Nda'h, that went forth from
the ark, were Shem and 'Ham, and Yapheth ; and 'Ham
is the father of Kena'an.
19 These three were the sons of Nda'h : and of these
was the whole earth overspread.
20 And Nda'h began to be an husbandman, and
planted a vineyard :
21 And he drank of the wine, and was drunken ; and
he was uncovered within his tent.
22 And 'Ham, the father of Kena'an, saw the naked
ness of his father, and told his two brethren without.
23 And Shem and Yapheth took a garment, and laid
it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and
covered the nakedness of their father ; and their
faces were backward, and they saw not their father's
nakedness. 24 And Nda'h awoke from his wine, and knew what
his youngest son had done unto him.
25 And he said,
Cursed be Kena'an ;
A servant of servants shall he be unto his
brethren !

180 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
26 And he said,
Blessed be Yahveh, the God of Shdm ;
And let Kena'an be their servant !
27 Eldhim enlarge Yapheth,
And let him dwell in the tents of Shem
And let Kena'an be their servant.

VIH.1
THE LINEAGE OF THE SONS OF NOA'H.
X. 8 And Kush begat Nimrdd : he began to be a
mighty one in the earth.
9 He was a mighty hunter before Yahveh : where
fore it is said, Like Nimrdd a mighty hunter before
Yahveh. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel,
and Erech, and Akkad, and Kalneh in the land of
Shine'ar. 11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and built
Nineveh and Eehoboth-Ir, and Kala'h,
12 And Eesen between Nineveh and Kala'h (the same
is the great city).
25 And unto 'Eber were born two sons : the name
of the one was Peleg; for in his days was the
earth divided (niphlegdh), and his brother's name was
Yoqtan.
1 Only two fragments of this section, which have been introduced into
the genealogical table of the Elohist by the latest reviser, are left.

THE TOWER OF BABEL 181
IX.
THE TOWER OF BABEL.
XL 1 And the whole earth had the same language
and the same words.
2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that
they found a plain in the land of Shine'ar ; and they
dwelt there.
3 And they said one to another, Go to, let us make
brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick
for stone, and bitumen had they for mortar.
4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city, and a
tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us
make us a name ; lest we be scattered abroad upon the
face of the whole earth.
5 And Yahveh came down to see the city and the
tower, which the children of men builded.
6 And Yahveh said, Behold, they are one people,
and they have all one language ; and this is what they
begin to do : and now nothing will be withholden from
them, which they purpose to do.
7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their
language, that they may not understand one another's
speech. 8 So Yahveh scattered them abroad from thence
upon the face of all the earth : and they left off to build
the city.9 Therefore was the name of it called Babel ; because
Yahveh did there confound {bdldl) the language of all
the earth : and from thence did Yahveh scatter them
abroad upon the face of all the earth.

182 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
X.
THE CALL OF ABRAHAM.
XII. 1 Now Yahveh said to Abram, Get thee out of
thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's
house, unto the land that I will show thee :
2 And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will
bless thee, and make thy name great ; and be thou a
blessing :
3 And I will bless them that bless thee, and him that
curseth thee will I curse : and in thee shall all the
families of the earth be blessed.
4 So Abram went, as Yahveh had spoken unto him ;
and Ldt went with him : and Abram was seventy and
five years old when he departed out of Har&n.
5 And they came into the land of Kena'an.
6 And Abram passed through the land unto the
place of Shechem unto the terebinth of Mdreh. And
the Kena'any was then in the land.
7 And Yahveh appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto
thy seed will I give this land : and there builded he an
altar unto Yahveh, who appeared unto him.
8 And he removed from thence unto the mountain
on the east of Bdth-El, and pitched his tent, having
Bdth-El on the west, and Ay on the east : and there he
builded an altar unto Yahveh, and . called upon the
name of Yahveh.
9 And Abram journeyed, going on still toward the
south.

ABRAHAM IN EGYPT 183
XL
ABRAHAM IN EGYPT.
XII. 10 And there was a famine in the land : and
Abram went down into Micraim to sojourn there ; for
the famine was sore in the land.
11 And it came to pass, when he was come near to
enter into Micraim, that he said unto Saray his wife,
Behold, now, I know that thou art a fair woman to look
upon: 12 And it shall come to pass, when the inhabitants
of Micrairn shall see thee, that they shall say, This is his
wife : and they will kill me, but they will save thee
alive. 1 3 Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister : that it may
be well with me for thy sake, and that my soul may
live because of thee.
14 And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come
into Micraim, the inhabitants of Micraim beheld the
woman that she was very fair.
15 And the princes of Para'dh saw her, and praised
her to Para'dh : and the woman was taken to Para'dh's
house. 16 And he entreated Abram well for her sake : and
he had sheep, and oxen, and he-asses, and male and
female slaves, and she-asses, and camels.
17 And Yahveh plagued Para'dh and his house with
great plagues, because of Saray Abram's wife.
18 And Para'dh called Abram, and said, What is

184 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
this that thou hast done unto me ? Why didst thou
not tell me that she was thy wife ?
19 Why saidst thou, She is my sister ? so that I took
her to be my wife : now therefore behold thy wife, take
her, and go thy way.
20 And Para'dh gave men charge concerning him :
and they brought him on the way, and his wife, and all
that he had.

XH.
ABRAHAM AND LOT SEPARATE.
Xni. 1 And Abraham went up out of Micraim, he,
and his wife, and all that he had, and Lot with him,
into the Negeb.
3 And he went on his journeys from the Negeb even
to Bdth-El, unto the place where his tent had been at
the beginning, between Bdth-El and 'Ay ;
4 Unto the place of the altar, which he had made
there at the first : and there Abram called on the name
of Yahveh.
7 And there was a strife between the herdmen of
Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Ldt's cattle : and
the Kena'any and the Perizzy dwelt then in the land.
8 And Abram said unto Ldt, Let there be no strife,
I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my
herdmen and thy herdmen, for we are brethren.
9 Is not the whole land before thee ? separate thy
self, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take the left

ABRAHAM AND L6T SEPARATE 185
hand, then I will go to the right ; or if thou take the
right hand, then I will go to the left.
10 And Ldt lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the
circuit of the Yarddn, that it was well watered every
where, before Yahveh destroyed Sedom and 'Amorah,
like the garden of Yahveh, like the land of Micraim, as
thou goest unto Qd'ar.
11 So Ldt chose him all the circuit of the Yarden ;
and Ldt journeyed east : and they separated themselves
the one from the other.
14 And Yahveh said unto Abram, after that Ldt was
separated from him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look
from the place where thou art, northward and south
ward and eastward and westward :
15 For all the land which thou seest, to thee will I
give it, and to thy seed for ever.
16 And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth :
so that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then
shall thy seed also be numbered.
17 Arise, walk through the land in the length of it
and in the breadth of it ; for unto thee will I give it.
18 And Abram moved his tent, and came and dwelt
by the terebinths of Mamrd, which are in Hebrdn, and
built there an altar unto Yahveh.

186 THE BOOK OF GENESIS

XHI.
RESCUE OF LOT BY ABRAHAM, AND BLESSING OF
ABRAHAM BY MALKt'CEDEQ.1
XIV. 1 And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel
king of Shine'ar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorla'omer
king of 'Elam, and Tide'al king of the Gdyim,
2 That they made war with Bera'h king of Sedom,
and with Birsha' king of Amorah, Shinab king of Admah,
and Shemdber king of Qeboyim, and the king of Bela'.
3 All these joined together in the vale of Siddim.
4 Twelve years they served Kedorla'omer, and in the
thirteenth year they rebelled.
5 And in the fourteenth year came Kedorla'omer,
and the kings that were with him, and smote the
Eephaim in 'Ashterdth-Qarnayim, and the Zuzirn in
Ham, and the Emim in Shavdh-Qiryathayim,
6 And the 'Hdrim in their mountain of Sd'ir unto the
oak of Paran, which is by the wilderness.
7 And they returned, and came to En-Mishpat, and
smote all the plain of the Amaldqy, and also of the
Amdry, that dwelt in 'Hacacdn-Tamar.
8 And there went out the king of Sedom, and the
king of Amorah, and the king of Admah, and the king
1 The whole of this chapter is a remarkable compilation, both as to its
language and its form. It differs so much from the usual compilation of the
Jehovist that it seems certain he has taken a complete nari'ative of older
date, and has inserted it textually into his work. Some critics see in it one
of the fragments of the special composition which they call ' the second
Elohist,' or ' the Theocratic Narrator.'

RESCUE OF L6T BY ABRAHAM 187
of Qeboyim, and the .king of Bela' ; and they set the
battle in array against them in the vale of Siddim ;
9 Against Kedorla'dmer king of 'Elam, and Tide'al
king of the Gdyim, and Amraphel king of Shine'ar, and
Aridch king of Ellasar ; four kings against the five.
10 Now the vale of Siddim was full of bitumen pits ;
and the kings of Sedom and 'Amorah fled, and they fell
there, and they that remained fled to the mountain.
11 And they took all the goods of Sedom and
'Amdrah, and all their victuals, and went away.
12 And they took Ldt, Abram's brother's son, who
dwelt in Sedom, and his goods, and departed.
13 And there came one that had escaped, and told
Abram the 'Ebry : now he dwelt by the terebinths of
Mamrd the 'Amdry, brother of Eshkdl, and brother of
'Andr : and these were confederate with Abram.
14 And when Abram heard that his brother was
taken captive, he led forth his trained men, born in his
house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far
as Dan ;
15 And he divided himself against them by night, he
and his servants, and smote them, and pursued them
unto 'Hdbah, which is on the left hand of Dammaseq.
16 And he brought back all the goods, and also
brought again his brother Ldt, and his goods, and the
women also, and the people.
17 And the king of Sedom went out to meet him,
after his return from the slaughter of Kedorla'dmer
and the kings that were with him, at the vale of Shaveh.
18 And Malki'cedeq, king of Shaldm, brought forth
bread and wine : and he was priest of El-'Elidn.

188 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
1 9 And he blessed him and said, Blessed be Abram
of El-'Elidn, possessor of heaven and earth :
20 And blessed be El-'Elidn, which hath delivered
thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him a tenth
of all.
21 And the king of Sedom said unto Abram, Give
me the persons, and take the goods to thyself.
22 And Abram said to the king of Sedom, I have lift
up mine hand unto Yahveh, God Most High (El-'Elidn),
possessor of heaven and earth,
23 That I will not take a thread nor a shoelatchet
nor aught that is thine, lest thou shouldest say, I have
made Abram rich :
24 Save only that which the young men have eaten,
an d the portion of the men which went with me ; 'Andr,
Eshkdl, and Mamrd, let them take their portion.

XIY.
COVENANT BETWEEN YAHVEH AND ABRAHAM.
XV. 1 After these things the word of Yahveh came
unto Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram : I
am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward.
2 And Abram said : O my lord, Yahveh, what wilt
thou give me, seeing I go childless, and he that shall be
possessor of my house is from Dammeseq, Eli'ezer?
3 And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no
seed : and, lo, one born in my house is mine heir.

COVENANT BETWEEN YAHVEH AND ABRAHAM 189
4 And, behold, the word of Yahveh came unto him,
saying, This man shall not be thine heir ; but he that
shall come forth out of thine own bowels shall be thine
heir. 5 And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look
now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able
to tell them : and he said unto him, So. shall thy seed be.
6 And he believed in Yahveh ; and he counted it to
him for righteousness.
7 And he said unto him, I am Yahveh that brought
thee out of Ur of the Kasdim, to give thee this land to
inherit it.
8 And he said, My lord, Yahveh, whereby shall I
know that I inherit it ?
9 And he said unto him, Take me an heifer of three'
years old, and a she-goat of three years old, and a ram
of three years old, and a turtledove, and a young
pigeon. 10 And he took him all these, and divided them in
the midst, and laid each half over against the other : but
the birds divided he not.
11 And the birds of prey came down upon the car
cases, and Abram drove them away.
12 And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep
fell upon Abram ; and, lo, an horror of great darkness
fell upon him.
13 And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that
thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs,
and shall serve them ; and they shall afflict them four
hundred years ;
14 And also that nation, whom they serve, will I

190 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
judge : and afterward they shall come out with great
substance. 15 But thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace ; thou
shalt be buried in a good old age.
16 And in the fourth generation they shall come
hither again : for the iniquity of the 'Amdry is not yet
full. 17 And it came to pass, that, when the sun went
down, and it was dark, behold, a smoking furnace, and
a flaming torch that passed between these pieces.
18 In that day Yahveh made a covenant with Abram,
saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the
torrent of Micraim unto the great river, the river
Phrath :
19 The Qeny, and the Qenizzy, and the Qadmdny,
20 And the 'Hitty, and the Perizzy, and the
Eephaim, 21 And the Amdry, and the Kena'any, and the
Girgashy, and the Yebusy.1
1 It is probable that the Jehovist related the change of Abram's name
into Abraham, and that of his wife's name Saray into Sarah, in this place.
The verses in which Yahveh commanded this change must have been
omitted by the latest reviser as being a reduplication of those in which the
same events are narrated in the Elohistic document, and which he has placed
a little further on in chap. xvii. of the present text. It would thus be this
latest reviser who replaced the names Abram and Saray instead of Abraham
and Sarah in the narrative which follows the one just read, so as to evade
mentioning the latter names until after the time when be mentions their
adoption.

BIRTH OF YISHMA'EL 191
XV.
BIRTH OF YISHMA'EL.
XVI. 1 Now Saray Abram's wife bare him no child
ren : and she had a female slave, a native of Micraim,
whose name was Hagar.
2 And Saray said unto Abram, Behold now, Yahveh
hath restrained me from bearing ; go in, I pray thee,
unto my slave ; it may be that I shall obtain children
by her. And Abram hearkened unto the voice of
Saray. 4 And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived :
and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress
was despised in her eyes.
5 And Saray said unto Abram, My wrong be upon
thee : I gave my handmaid into thy bosom ; and when
she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her
eyes : Yahveh judge between me and thee.
6 But Abram said unto Saray, Behold, thy maid is
in thy hand ; do to her that which is good in thine
eyes. And Saray dealt hardly with her, and she fled
from her face.
7 And the angel of Yahveh found her by a spring
of water in the wilderness, by the spring in the way
to Shur.
8 And he said, Hagar, Saray's handmaid, whence
comest thou ? and whither goest thou ? And she said,
I flee from the face of my mistress Saray.
9 And the angel of Yahveh said unto her, Eeturn to
thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands.

192 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
10 And the angel of Yahveh said unto her, I will
greatly multiply thy seed, that it shall not be numbered
for multitude.
11 And the angel of Yahveh said unto her, Behold,
thou art with child, and shalt bear a son ; and thou
shalt call his name Yishma'dl, because Yahveh hath
heard thy affliction.
12 And he shall be as a wild-ass among men ; his
hand shall be against every man, and every man's hand
against him ; and he shall dwell in the presence of all
his brethren.
1 3 And she called the name of Yahveh that spake
unto her, Thou art a God that seeth {attdh el roy) : for
she said, Have I even here looked after him that
seeth me ?
14 Wherefore the well was called Bedr-la'hay-rdy
(the well of the Living One who seeth me) : behold, it
is between Qadesh and Barad.1

XVI.
YICE'HAQ'S BIRTH PROMISED.

XVUI. 1 And Yahveh appeared [to Abraham] by
the terebinths of Mamrd, as he sat in the tent door in
the heat of the day ;
1 The 15th and 16th verses of chap. xvi. of the present text, which relate
the birth of Yishma'el, belong to the Elohist. The narrative of the Jehovist
must assuredly have ended by a similar verse, left out by the latest reviser,
which stated the fact of the birth of the son promised in verse 11.

YigE'HAQ'S BIRTH PROMISED 193
2 And he lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three
men stood over against him : and when he saw them,
he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed
himself to the earth,
3 And said, My lord, if now I have found favour
in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy
servant :
4 Let now a little water be fetched, and wash your
feet, and rest yourselves under the tree :
5 And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort ye
your heart ; after that ye shall pass on : for therefore
are ye come to your servant. And they said, So do, as
thou hast said.
6 And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah,
and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine
meal, knead it, and make cakes.
7 And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetched a
calf tender and good, and gave it unto the servant ;
and he hasted to dress it.
8 And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which
he had dressed, and set it before them ; and he stood
by them under the tree, and they did eat.
9 And they said unto him, Where is Sarah thy wife?
and he said, Behold, in the tent.
10 And (one of them) said, I will certainly return
unto thee when the season cometh round ; and, lo,
Sarah thy wife shall have a son. And Sarah heard in
the tent door, which was behind him.
11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old, and well
stricken in age ; it had ceased to be with Sarah after
the manner of women. o

194 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
12 And Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After I
am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old
also? 13 And Yahveh said unto Abraham, Wherefore did
Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a child,
which am old ?
14 Is anything too hard for Yahveh ? At the set
time I will return unto thee, when the season cometh
round, and Sarah shall have a son.
15 Then Sar&h denied, saying, I laughed not ; for she
was afraid. And he said, Nay, but thou didst laugh.

XVII.
ABRAHAM INTERVENES ON BEHALF OF SEDdM.
XVTH. 16 And the men rose up from thence, and
looked toward Sedom ; and Abraham went with them
to bring them on the way.
17 And Yahveh said, Shall I hide from Abraham
that which I do ;
18 Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great
and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall
be blessed in him ?
19 For I have known him, to the end that he may
command his children and his household after him, that
they may keep the way of Yahveh, to do justice and
judgment ; to the end that Yahveh may bring upon
Abraham that which he hath spoken of him.

ABRAHAM INTERVENES ON BEHALF OF SEDOM 195
20 And Yahveh said, Because the cry of Sedom and
Amorah is great, and because their sin is very
grievous ;
21 I will go down now, and see whether they have
done altogether according to the cry of it, which has
come unto me ; and if not, I will know.
22 And the men turned from thence, and went
towards Sedom ; [and Yahveh stood yet before Abra
ham1]. 23 And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou
consume the righteous with the wicked ?
24 Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the
city ; wilt thou consume and not spare the place for the
fifty righteous that are therein ?
25 That be far from thee to do after this manner, to
slay the righteous with the wicked, that so the righteous
should be as the wicked ; that be far from thee : shall
not the Judge of all the earth do right ?
26 And Yahveh said, If I find in Sedom fifty righteous
within the city, then I will spare all the place for their
sake. 27 And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I
have taken upon me to speak unto my Lord, which am
but dust and ashes :
28 Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty
righteous : wilt thou destroy all the city for the lack of
five ? And he said, I will not destroy it, if I find there
forty and five.
29 And he spake unto him yet again, and said,
1 Replaced according to the Jewish tradition. See note on this passage,
ante, p. 54. o 2

196 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Peradventure there shall be forty found there. And he
said, I will not do it for the forty's sake.
30 And he said, Oh let not my Lord be angry, and I
will speak: peradventure there shall thirty be found
there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty
there. 31 And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me
to speak unto my Lord : peradventure there shall be
twenty found there. And he said, I will not destroy it
for the twenty's sake.
32 And he said, Oh let not my Lord be angry, and I
will speak yet but this once : peradventure ten shall be
found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for the
ten's sake.
33 And Yahveh went his way, as soon as he had left
communing wTith Abraham ; and Abraham returned
unto his place.

xvni.
DESTRUCTION OF SEDdM AND 'ahOrAH.
XIX. 1 And the two angels came to Sedom at even ;
and Ldt sat in the gate of Sedom ; and Ldt saw them,
and rose up to meet them ; and he bowed himself with
his face to the earth ;
2 And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn aside, I
pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all night,
and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go

DESTRUCTION OF SEDOM AND 'AMORAH 197
on your way. And they said, Nay ; but we will abide
in the street all night.
3 And he urged them greatly ; and they turned in
unto him, and entered into his house ; and he made
them a feast, and did bake unleavened bread, and they
did eat.
4 But before they lay down, the men of the city,
even the men of Seddm, compassed the house round,
both young and old, all the people from every quarter :
5 And they called unto Ldt, and said unto him,
Where are the men which came in to thee this night ?
bring them out unto us, that we may know them.
6 And Ldt went out unto them to the door, and shut
the door after him.
7 And he said, I pray you, my brethren, do not so
wickedly. 8 Behold now, I have two daughters which have not
known man ; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto
you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes : only
unto these men do nothing ; forasmuch as they are
come under the shadow of my roof.
9 And they said, Stand back. And they said, This
one fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a
judge : now will we deal worse with thee, than with
them. And they pressed sore upon the man, even Ldt,
and drew near to break the door.
10 But the men put forth their hand, and brought
Ldt into the house to them, and shut the door.
11 And they smote the men that were at the door of
the house with bhndness, both small and great : so that
they wearied themselves to find the door.

198 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
12 And the men said unto Ldt, Hast thou any here
besides ? son in law, and thy sons, and thy daughters,
and whomsoever thon hast in the city ; bring them out
of the place :
13 For we will destroy this place, because the cry of
them is waxen great before Yahveh ; and Yahveh hath
sent us to destroy it.
14 And Ldt went out, and spake unto his sons in law,
which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out
of this place ; for Yahveh will destroy the city. But
he seemed unto his sons in law as one that mocked.
15 And when the morning arose, then the angels
hastened Ldt, saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two
daughters which are here ; lest thou be consumed in
the punishment of the city.
16 But he lingered ; and the men laid hold upon his
hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand
of his two daughters ; Yahveh being merciful unto him:
and they brought him forth, and set him without the
city. 17 And it came to pass, when they had brought
them forth abroad, that he said, Escape for thy life ;
look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the circuit ;
escape to the mountain, lest thou be consumed.
18 And Ldt said unto them, Oh, not so, my lord :
19 Behold now, thy servant hath found grace in thy
sight, and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou
hast showed unto me in saving my life ; and I cannot
escape to the mountain, lest the disaster overtake me,
and I die :
20 Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it

DESTRUCTION OF SED6M AND 'AM6rAH 199
is a little one : oh, let me escape thither (is it not a
little one ?) and my soul shall live.
21 And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee
concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow the
city of which thou hast spoken.
22 Haste thee, escape thither ; for I cannot do any
thing till thou be come thither. Therefore the name of
the city was called Qd'ar (little).
23 The sun was risen upon the earth when Ldt came
to Qd'ar.
24 Then Yahveh rained upon Seddm and upon
'.Amdrah brimstone and fire from Yahveh out of
heaven ;
25 And he overthrew those cities, and all the circuit,
and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which
grew upon the ground.
26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and
she became a pillar of salt.
2 7 And Abraham gat up early in the morning to the
place where he had stood before Yahveh :
28 And he looked towards Seddm and 'Amdrah, and
toward all the land of the circuit, and beheld, and, lo,
the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a
furnace.

200 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
XIX.
LdT AND HIS DAUGHTERS.
XLX. 30 And Ldt went up out of Qd'ar, and dwelt
in the mountain, and his two daughters with him ; for
he feared to dwell in Qd'ar : and he dwelt in a cave, he
and his two daughters.
31 And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our
father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to
come in unto us after the manner of all the earth :
32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we
will he with him, that we may preserve seed of our
father. 33 And they made their father drink wine that night:
and the firstborn went in, and lay with her father : and
he knew not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
34 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the
firstborn said unto the younger, Behold, I lay yester
night with my father : let us make him drink wine this
night also; and go thou in, and he with him, that we
may preserve seed of our father.
35 And they made their father drink wine that night
also ; and the younger arose, and lay with him: and he
knew not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
36 Thus were both the daughters of Ldt with child
by their father.
37 And the firstborn bare a son, and called his name
Mdab (progeny of a father) : the same is the father of
the (people of) Mdab to this day.

L6T AND HIS DAUGHTERS 201
38 And the younger, she also bare a son, and called
his name Ben-'Ammy (son of my people) : the same is
the father of the Bene-'Ammdn to this day.

BIRTH OF YICE HAQ.
XXI. 1 And Yahveh visited Sarah as he had said,
[and Sarah conceived, and bare Yice'haq to Abraham
in his old age, at the set time of which Yahveh had
spoken to him.1]
6 And Sarah said, [Yahveh] hath prepared laughter
for me ; every one that heareth will laugh {yiqe'hdq)
at me.
7 And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham,
that Sarah should give children suck ? for I have borne
him a son in his old age.
1 I restore conjecturally the verse which the latest editor has omitted in
order to substitute for it the verse in which the Elohist related the same
event, probably in almost exactly the same terms.

202 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
XXI.
THE SACRIFICE OF ABRAHAM.1
XXII. 1 And it came to pass after these things, that
God did prove Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham ;
and he said, Here am I.
2 And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son,
whom thou lovest, even Yice'haq, and get thee into the
land of Mdriydh ; and offer him there for a burnt offering
upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of.
3 And Abraham rose early in the morning, and
saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with
him, and Yice'haq his son ; and he clave the wood for
the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place
of which God had told him.
1 There seems to be no question that the latest editor took this narrative
from the Jehovistic document, and all critics are agreed upon this point. But
in the editing of the Jehovistic narrative, which is evident in several places
(e.g. in verses 11 and 14-18), a previous editing can be traced as distinctly
which is due to a writer whose manner of writing is neither that of the Elohist
nor that of the Jehovist, and who used the expressions ha'elohim (which
we have translated ' God ') or simply E16him to designate the Almighty. We
have here, therefore, one of those passages in which the Jehovist has inserted
in his book a narrative already complete, taken from some older writing,
as we have already shown in chap. xiv. Many critics think that this frag
ment has been taken by him from the writer whom they call, with more or less
precision, ' the second Elohist.' Whatever the truth of this conjecture,
which is still very undecided, may be, the fact which seems beyond doubt
here is that the Jehovist has adopted an older narrative, which be has gone
over again, and to which he has made certain additions which bear the
mark of his own hand. In order to show with more clearness this origin of
the fragment, and the way in which two authors are traced in it, I have once
more used two different kinds of type. All that is written by the first
author, who uses the words ha'elohim or Elohim, is in ordinary type, while
the additions which are themselves the witness that they are the personal
work of the Jehovist are printed in italics.

THE SACRIFICE OF ABRAHAM 203
4 On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and
saw the place afar off.
5 And Abraham said unto his young men, Abide ye
here with the ass, and I and the lad will go yonder ;
and we will worship, and come again to you.
6 And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering,
and laid it upon Yice'haq his son ; and he took in his
hand the fire and the knife ; and they went both of
them together.
7 And Yice'haq spake unto Abraham his father, and
said, My father: and he said, Here am I, my son. And
he said, Behold the fire and the wood ; but where is
the lamb for a burnt offering ?
8 And Abraham said, Eldhim will provide himself
the lamb for a burnt offering, my son : so they went
both of them together.
9 And they came to the place which God had told
him of; and Abraham built the altar there, and laid
the wood in order, and bound Yice'haq his son, and
laid him on the altar, upon the wood.
10 And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took
the knife to slay his son.
11 And the angel of Yahveh called unto him out of
heaven, and said, Abrdhdm, Abrdhdm : and he said, Here
am I.
12 And he {the angel) said,1 Lay not thine hand upon
the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him : for now I
know that thou fearest Eldhim, seeing thou hast not
withheld thy son, thine only son, from me.
1 The original narrative must have made Elohim, who was speaking to
Abraham, interfere here without any intervention.

204 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
13 And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and
behold, behind him a ram caught in the thicket by his
horns : and Abraham went and took the ram, and
offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of
his son.
14 And Abrdhdm called the name of that place Yahveh-
Yireh (Yahveh will provide) : as it is said to this day, In
the mount of Yahveh it shall be provided.
15 And the angel of Yahveh called unto Abrdhdm a
second time out of heaven,
1 6 And said, By myself have I sworn, saith Yahveh,
because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld
thy son, thine only son :
17 That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying
I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as
the sand which is upon the sea shore ; and thy seed shall
possess the gate of his enemies.
18 And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be
blessed, because thou hast obeyed my voice.
19 So Abraham returned unto his young men, and
they rose up and went together.

xxn.
THE CHILDREN OF NA'hSR.

XXII. 20 And it came to pass after these things,
that it was told Abraham, saying, Behold, Milkah, she
also hath borne children unto thy brother Na'hdr ;

THE CHILDREN OF nA'h6r 205
21 'Uc his firstborn, and Buz his brother, and Qemudl
the father of Aram ;
22 And Kesed, and 'Hazd, and Pildash, and Yidlaph,
and Bethudl.
23 And Bethudl begat Eibqah : these eight did Milkah
bear to Na'hor, Abraham's brother.
24 And his concubine, whose name was Eeumah,
she also bare Teba'h, and Ga'ham, and Ta'hash, and
Ma'achah.

xxrn.
THE MARRIAGE OF YICE'hAQ AND RIBQAH.
XXIV. 1 And Abraham was old, and well stricken
in age : and Yahveh had blessed Abraham in all things.
2 And Abraham said unto his servant, the elder of
his house, that ruled over all that he had, Put, I pray
thee, thy hand under my thigh :
3 And I will make thee swear by Yahveh, the God
of heaven and the God of earth, that thou shalt not
take a wife for my son of the daughters of the Kena'any,
among whom I dwell ;
4 But thou shalt go unto my country, and to my
kindred, and take a wife for my son Yice'haq.
5 And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the
woman will not be willing to follow me unto this land :
must I needs bring thy son again unto the land from
whence thou earnest ?
6 And Abraham said unto him, Beware that thou
bring not my son thither again.

206 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
7 Yahveh, the God of heaven, that took me from my
father's house, and from the land of my nativity, and
that spake unto me, and that sware unto me, saying,
Unto thy seed will I give this land ; he shall send his
angel before thee, and thou shalt take a wife for my
son from thence.
8 And if the woman be not willing to follow thee,
then thou shalt be clear from this my oath ; only thou
shalt not bring my son thither again.
9 And the servant put his hand under the thigh of
Abraham his master, and sware to him concerning this
matter. 10 And the servant took ten camels, of the camels of
his master, and departed ; having all goodly things of
his master's in his hand ; and he arose, and went to
Aram Naharaim, unto the city of Na'hdr.
11 And he made the camels to kneel down without
the city by the well of water at the time of evening, the
time that women go out to draw water.
12 And he said, 0 Yahveh, God of my master
Abraham, send me, I pray thee, good speed this day,
and show kindness unto my master Abraham.
13 Behold, I stand by the fountain of water ; and the
daughters of the men of the city come out to draw
water ;
14 And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom
I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I
may drink ; and she shall say, Drink, and I will give
thy camels drink also : let the same be she that thou hast
appointed for thy servant Yice'haq ; and thereby shall
I know that thou hast showed kindness unto my master.

THE MARRIAGE OF YICE'HAQ AND RIBQAH 207
15 And it came to pass, before he had done speaking,
that, behold, Eibqah came out, who was born to
Bethudl the son of Milkah, the wife of Na'hdr, Abra
ham's brother, with her pitcher upon her shoulder.
16 And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a
virgin, neither had any man known her : and she went
down to the fountain, and filled her pitcher, and
came up.
- 17 And the servant ran to meet her, and said, Give
me to drink, I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher.
18 And she said, Drink, my lord : and she hasted,
and let down her pitcher upon her hand, and gave him
drink. 19 And when she had done giving him drink, she
said, I will draw for thy camels also, until they have
done drinking.
20 And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the
trough, and ran again unto the well to draw, and drew
for all his camels.
21 And the man looked stedfastly on her ; holding
his peace, to know whether Yahveh had made his
journey prosperous or not.
22 And it came to pass, as the camels had done
drinking, that the man took a golden ring, of half a
beq'a weight, and two bracelets for her hands of ten
shekels weight of gold ;
23 And said, Whose daughter art thou ? tell me, I
pray thee. Is there room in thy father's house for us
to lodge in ?
24 And she said, I am the daughter of Bethuel the
son of Milkah, which she bare unto Na'hdr.

208 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
25 She said moreover unto him, We have both straw
and provender enough, and room to lodge in.
26 And the man bowed his head, and worshipped
Yahveh. 27 And he said, Blessed be Yahveh, the God of my
master Abraham, who hath not forsaken his mercy and
truth toward my master : as for me, Yahveh hath led
me in the way to the house of my master's brethren.
28 And the damsel ran, and told her mother's house
according to these words.
29 And Eibqah had a brother, and his name was
Laban ; and Laban ran out unto the man, unto the
fountain. 30 And it came to pass, when he saw the ring, and
the bracelets upon his sister's hands, and when he
heard the words of Bibqah his sister, saying, Thus spake
the man unto me ; that he came unto the man ; and
behold he stood by the camels at the fountain.
31 And he said, Come in, thou blessed of Yahveh;
wherefore standest thou without ? for I have prepared
the house, and room for the camels.
32 And the man came into the house, and he un-
girded the camels ; and he gave straw and provender for
the camels, and water to wash his feet and the men's
feet that were with him.
33 And there was set meat before him to eat ; but
he said, I will not eat, until I have told mine errand.
And he said, Speak on.
34 And he said, I am Abraham's servant.
35 And Yahveh hath blessed my master greatly;
and he is become great : and he hath given him flocks,

THE MARRIAGE OF YICE'HAQ AND RIBQAH. 209
and herds, and silver and gold, and male and female
slaves, and camels and asses.
36 And Sarah my master's wife bare a son to my
master when she was old ; and unto him hath he given
all that he hath.
37 And my master made me swear, saying, Thou
shalt not take a wife for my son of the daughters of the
Kena'any, in whose land I dwell :
38 But thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to
my kindred, and take a wife for my son.
39 And I said unto my master, Peradventure the
woman will not follow me.
40 And he said unto me, Yahveh, before whom I
walk, will send his angel with thee, and prosper thy
way ; and thou shalt take a wife for my son of my
kindred, and of my father's house.
41 Then shalt thou be clear from my oath, when
thou comest to my kindred ; and if they give her not
to thee, thou shalt be clear from my oath.
42 And I came this day unto the fountain, and said,
0 Yahveh, God of my master Abraham, if now thou do
prosper my way which I go :
43 Behold, I stand by the fountain of water ; and
let it come to pass, that the maiden which cometh forth
to draw, to whom I shall say, Give me, I pray thee, a
little water of thy pitcher to drink ;
44 And she shall say to me, Both drink thou, and 1
will also draw for thy camels : let the same be the
woman whom Yahveh hath appointed for my master's
son. 45 And before I had done speaking in mine heart,p

210 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
behold, Eibqah came forth with her pitcher on her
shoulder ; and she went down unto the fountain, and
drew : and I said unto her, Let me drink, I pray thee.
46 And she made haste, and let down her pitcher
from her shoulder, and said, Drink, and I will give thy
camels drink also : so I drank, and she made the camels
drink also.
47 And I asked her, and said, Whose daughter art
thou ? And she said, The daughter of Bethudl, Na'hdr' s
son, whom Milkah bare unto him : and I put the ring
upon her nose, and the bracelets upon her hands.
48 And I bowed my head, and worshipped Yahveh,
and blessed Yahveh, the God of my master Abraham,
which had led me in the right way to take my master's
brother's daughter for his son.
49 And now if ye will deal kindly and truly with my
master, tell me : and if not, tell me ; that I may turn to
the right hand or to the left.
50 Then Laban and Bethudl1 answered and said,
The thing proceedeth from Yahveh : we cannot speak
unto thee bad or good.
51 Behold, Eibqah is before thee, take her, and go,
and let her be thy master's son's wife, as Yahveh hath
spoken. 52 And it came to pass that, when Abraham's servant
heard their words, he bowed himself down to the earth
before Yahveh.
1 The mention of Bethuel here is very likely a later addition to the
original text. In fact the father of Ribqah disappears from the rest of the
narrative; everything seems to indicate that he is no longer among the
living, and that his son Laban has become the head of the family in his
place.

THE MARRIAGE OF YigE'HAQ AND RIBQAH. 211
53 And the servant brought forth jewels of silver,
and jewels of gold, and raiment, and gave them to
Eibqah : he gave also to her brother and to her mother
precious things.
54 And they did eat and drink, he and the men that
were with him, and tarried all night ; and they rose up
in the morning, and he said, Send me away unto my
master. 55 And her brother and her mother said, Let the
damsel abide with us a few days, at the least ten ; after
that she shall go.
56 And he said unto them, Hinder me not, seeing
that Yahveh hath prospered my way ; send me away
that I may go to my master.
57 And they said, We will call the damsel, and
inquire at her mouth.
58 And they called Eibqah, and said unto her, Wilt
thou go with this man ? And she said, I will go.
59 And they sent away Eibqah their sister, and her
nurse, and Abraham's servant, and his men.
60 And they blessed Eibqah, and said unto her, Our
sister, be thou the mother of thousands of ten thousands,
and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate
them. 61 And Eibqah arose, and her damsels, and they
rode upon the camels, and followed the man : and the
servant took Eibqah, and went his way.
62 And Yice'haq came from the way of Bedr-la'hay-
rdy (the well of the Living One who seeth me) ; for he
dwelt in the land of Negeb.
•63 And Yice'haq went out to meditate in the field at
p 2

212 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
the eventide : and he Hfted up his eyes, and saw, and
behold, there were camels coming.
64 And Eibqah lifted up her eyes, and when she
saw Yice'haq, she lighted off the camel.
65 And she said unto the servant, What man is this
that walketh in the field to meet us ? And the servant
said, It is my master : and she took her veil, and covered
herself. 66 And the servant told Yice'haq all the things that
he had done.
67 And Yige'haq brought her into his mother Sarah's
tent, and took Eibqah, and she became his wife ; and
he loved her : and Yige'haq was comforted after his
mother's death. 1

XXIV.
ya'aqob and 'esAv.

XXV. 21 And Yige'haq intreated Yahveh for his
wife, because she was barren : and Yahveh was intreated
of him, and Eibqah his wife conceived.
22 And the children struggled together within her ;
and she said, If it be so, wherefore do I live ? And she
went to inquire of Yahveh.
23 And Yahveh said unto her,
Two nations are in thy womb,
1 The Jehovist ought to have mentioned the death of Abraham here, but
no doubt he did so very briefly, for the latest editor has omitted his narra
tive and inserted that of the Elohist, which is more exact and more
detailed.

YA'AQdB AND 'ESAV. 213
And two peoples shall be separated even from
thy bowels ;
And the one people shall be stronger than the
other people ;
And the elder shall serve the younger.
24 And when her days to be delivered were fulfilled,
behold, there were twins in her womb.
25 And the first came forth ruddy, all over like an
hairy garment, and they called his name 'Esav (hairy).
26 And after that came forth his brother, and his
hand had hold on 'Esav's heel {'dqeb) ; and his name was
called Ya'aqdb : and Yige'haq was threescore years old
when she bare them.
27 And the boys grew : and 'Esav was a cunning
hunter, a man of the field ; and Ya'aqdb was a peace
able man, dwelling in tents.
28 Now Yige'Mq loved 'Esav, because he did eat of
his venison ; and Eibqah loved Ya'aqdb. A ,
29 And Ya'aqdb sod pottage : and 'Esav came in
from the field, and he was faint.
30 And 'Esav said to Ya'aqdb, Feed me, I pray thee,
with that same red, with this red {dddm) pottage ; for I
am faint : therefore was his name called Eddm.
31 And Ya'aqdb said, Sell me this day thy birthright.
32 And 'Esav said, Behold, I am at the point to die,
and what profit shall the birthright do to me ?
33 And Ya'aqdb said, Swear to me this day ; and he
sware unto him : and he sold his birthright unto Ya'aqdb.
34 And Ya'aqdb gave 'Esav bread and pottage of
lentils ; and he did eat, and drink, and rose up, and
went his way : so 'Esav despised his birthright.

214 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
XXV.
yice'hAq and abImelech at gerAr.
XXVI. 1 And there was a famine in the land, beside
the first famine that was in the days of Abraham. And
Yige'haq went unto Abimelech king of the Pelishtim
unto Gerar.
2 And Yahveh appeared unto him, and said, Go not
down into Migralm ; dwell in the land which I shall tell
thee of :
3 Sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and
will bless thee, for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will
give all these lands, and I will establish the oath which
I sware unto Abraham thy father ;
4 And I will multiply thy seed as the stars of heaven,
and will give unto thy seed all these lands ; and in thy
seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed ;
5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept
my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my
laws. 6 And Yige'haq dwelt in Gerar :
7 And the men of the place asked him of his wife ;
and he said, She is my sister : for he feared to say, My
wife ; lest, said he, the men of the place should kill me
for Eibqah ; because she was fair to look upon.
8 And it came to pass, when he had been there a
long time, that Abimelech king of the Pelishtim looked
out at a window, and saw, and, behold, Yige'haq was
sporting with Eibqah his wife.
9 And Abimelech called Yige'haq, and said, Behold,

YICE'HAQ AND ABIMELECH AT GERAR. 215
of a surety she is thy wife : and how saidst thou, She is
my sister-? And Yige'haq said unto him, Because I
said, Lest I die for her.
10 And Abimelech said, What is this thou hast done
unto us? one of the people might lightly have hen with
thy wife, and thou shouldest have brought guiltiness
upon us.
11 And Abimelech charged all the people, saying,
He that toucheth this man or his wife shall surely be
put to death.
12 And Yige'haq sowed in that land, and found in
the same year an hundredfold, and Yahveh blessed
him. 13 And the man waxed great, and grew more and
more until he became very great :
14 And he had possessions of flocks, and possessions
of herds, and a great household : and the Pelishtim
envied him.
15 Now all the wells which his father's servants had
digged in the days of Abraham his father, the Pelishtim
had stopped them, and filled them with earth.
16 And Abimelech said unto Yige'haq, Go from us,
for thou art much mightier than we.
17 And Yige'haq departed thence, and encamped in
the valley of Gerar, and dwelt there.
19 And Yige'haq's slaves digged in the valley, and
found there a well of springing water.
20 And the herdmen of Gerar strove with Yige'haq's
herdmen, saying, The water is ours : and he called
the name of the well 'Eseq (Contention) ; because they
contended with him.

21 G THE BOOK OF GENESIS
21 And they digged another well, and they strove
for that also : and he called the name of -it Sitnah
(Enmity). 22 And he removed from thence, and digged another
well ; and for that they strove not : and he called the
name of it Ee'hobdth (Broad places) ; and he said, For
now Yahveh hath made room for us, and we shall be
fruitful in the land.
23 And he went up thence to Bedr-Shab'a.
25 And he builded an altar there, and called upon
the name of Yahveh, and pitched his tent there, and
there Yige'haq's servants digged a well.
26 Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and
A'huzzath his friend, and Phichol the captain of his host..
27 And Yige'haq said unto them, Wherefore are ye
come unto me, seeing ye hate me, and have sent me
away from you ?
28 And they said, We saw plainly that Yahveh was
with thee ; and we said, Let there now be an oath
betwixt us, even betwixt us and thee, and let us make
a covenant with thee ;
29 That thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not
touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing
but good, and have sent thee away in peace : thou art
inow the blessed of Yahveh.
30 And he made them a feast, and they did eat and
drink. 31 And they rose up betimes in the morning, and
sware one to another : and Yige'haq sent them away, and
they departed from him in peace.
32 And it came to pass the same day, that Yige'haq's

YICE'HAQ AND ABiMELECH AT GERAR. 217
slaves came, and told him concerning the well which
they had digged, and said unto him, We have found
water. 33 And he called it Shib'ah (oath), therefore the
.name of the city is Bedr-Shab'a unto this day.

XXVI.
ya'aqOb obtains his father's blessing by stratagem.
XXVH. 1 And it came to pass, that when Yige'haq
was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not
see, he called 'Esav his elder son, and said unto him,
My son : and he said unto him, Here am I.
2 And' he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not
the day of my death :
3 Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons,
thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and
take me venison ;
4 And make me savoury meat such as I love, and
bring it to me, that I may eat ; that my soul may bless
thee before I die. A
5 And Eibqah heard when Yige'haq spake to 'Esav
his son. And 'Esav went to the field to hunt for venison,
and to bring it.
6 And Eibqah spake unto Ya'aqdb her son, saying,
Behold, I heard thy father speak unto 'Esav thy brother,
saying, 7 Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat,

218 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
that I may eat, and bless thee before Yahveh before my
death. 8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according
to that which I command thee.
9 Go now to the flock, and fetch me from thence
two good kids of the goats ; and I will make them
savoury meat for thy father, such as he loveth :
10 And thou shalt bring it to thy father, that he may
eat, so that he may bless thee before his death.
11 And Ya'aqdb said to Eibqah his mother, Behold,
'Esav my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth
man. 12 My father peradventure will feel me, and I shall
seem to him as a deceiver ; and I shall bring a curse
upon me, and not a blessing.
13 And his mother said unto him, Upon me be thy
curse, my son : only obey my voice, and go fetch me
them. 14 And he went, and fetched, and brought them to
his mother : and his mother made savoury meat, such
as his father loved. A
15 And Eibqah took the goodly raiment of TMv her
elder son, which were with her in the house, and put
them upon Ya'aqdb her younger son :
16 And she put the skins of the kids of the goats
upon his hands, and upon the smooth of his neck :
17 And she gave the savoury meat and the bread,
which she had prepared, into the hand of her son
Ya'aqdb. 18 And he came unto his father, and said, My father ;
and he said, Here am I ; who art thou, my son ?

YAAQ6B OBTAINS HIS FATHER'S BLESSING. 219
19 And Ya'aqdb said unto his father, I am 'Esav thy
firstborn ; I have done according as thou badest me :
arise, I pray thee, sit and eat of my venison, that thy
soul may bless me.
20 And Yige'haq said unto his son, How is it that
thou hast found it so quickly, my son ? And he said,
Because Yahveh thy God sent me good speed.
21 And Yige'haq said unto Ya'aqdb, Come near , I
pray thee, that I may feel thee, my son, whether thou
A
be my very son 'Esav or not.
22 And Ya'aqdb went near unto Yige'haq his father ;
and he felt him," and said, The voice is Ya'aqdb's voice,
but the hands are the hands of 'Esav.
23. And he discerned him not, because his hands were
hairy, as his brother 'Esav's hands : so he blessed him.
24 And he said, Art thou my very son 'Esav ?
25 And he said, I am. And he said, Bring it near to
me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may
bless thee. And he brought it near to him, and he did
eat : and he brought him wine, and he drank.
26 And his father Yige'haq said unto him, Come
near now, and kiss me, my son.
27 And he came near, and kissed him : and he
smelled the smell of his raiment, and blessed him, and
said, See, the smell of my son
Is as the smell of a field which Yahveh hath
blessed :
28 And Ood give thee of the dew of heaven
And of the fatness of the earth,
And plenty of corn and wine :

220 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
29 Let peoples serve thee,
And nations bow down to thee :
Be lord over thy brethren,
And let thy mother's sons bow down to thee ;
Cursed be every one that curseth thee,
And blessed be every one that blesseth thee.
30 And it came to pass as soon as Yige'haq had made
an end of blessing Ya'aqdb, and Ya'aqdb was yet scarce
gone out from the presence of Yige'haq his father, that
'Esav his brother came in from his hunting.
31 And he also made savoury meat, and brought it
unto his father ; and he said unto his father, Let my
father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that thy soul
may bless me.
32 And Yige'haq his father said unto him, Who art
thou ? And he said, I am thy son, thy firstborn,
'Esav. 33 And Yige'haq trembled very exceedingly, and
said, Who then is he that hath taken venison, and brought
it me, and I have eaten of all before thou earnest, and
have blessed him ? yea, and he shall be blessed.
34 When 'Esav heard the words of his father, he
cried with an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said
unto his father, Bless me, even me also, 0 my father.
35 And he said, Thy brother came with guile, and
hath taken away thy blessing.
36 And he said, Is not he rightly named Ya'aqdb ?
for he hath supplanted me (Ya'eqbdny) these two times :
he took away my birthright ; and, behold, now he hath
taken away my blessing. And he said, Hast thou not
reserved a blessing for me ?

YA'AQOB OBTAINS HIS FATHER'S BLESSING. 221
37 And Yige'haq answered and said unto 'Esav,
Behold, I have made him thy lord, and all his brethren
have I given to him for servants ; and with corn and
wine have I sustained him : and what then shall I do
for thee, my son ?
A
38 And 'Esav said unto his father, Hast thou but
one blessing, my father ? bless me, even me also, 0 my
father. And 'Esav lifted up his voice, and wept.
39 And Yige'haq his father answered and said unto
him, Behold, away from the fatness of the earth shall
be thy dwelling,
And away from the dew of heaven from
above ;
40 And by thy sword shalt thou live,
And thou shalt serve thy brother ;
And it shall come to pass, when thou shalt
break loose,
That thou shalt shake his yoke from off thy
neck.
41 And 'Esav hated Ya'aqdb because of the blessing
wherewith his father blessed him : and 'Esav said in his
heart, The days of mourning for my father are at hand ;
then will I slay my brother Ya'aqdb.
42 And the words of 'Esav her elder son were told to
Eibqah : and she sent and called Ya'aqdb her younger
son, and said unto him, Behold, thy brother 'Esav, as
touching thee, doth comfort himself, purposing to kill
thee. 43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice ; and arise,
flee thou to Laban my brother to Haran ;

222 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
44 And tarry with him a few days, until thy brother's
fury turn away ;
45 Until thy brother's anger turn away from thee,
and he forget that which thou hast done to him : then
I will send, and fetch thee from thence : why should I
be bereaved of you both in one day ?

xxvn.
THE VISION OF YA'AQOB.

XXVin. 10 And Ya'aqdb went out from Bedr-Shab'a,
and went toward Haran.
11 And he lighted upon a certain place, and tarried
there all night, because the sun was set ; and he took
one of the stones of the place, and put it under his
head, and lay down in that place to sleep.
12 And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on
the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and
behold the angels of God ascending and descending
upon it.
13 And, behold, Yahveh stood above it, and said, I
am Yahveh, the God of Abraham thy father, and the
God of Yige'haq : the land whereon thou liest, to thee
will I give it, and to thy seed ;
14 And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth,
and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the
east, and to the north, and to the south : and in thee
and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be
blessed.

THE VISION OF YA'AQOB. 223
15 And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee
whithersoever thou goest, and will bring thee again
into this land ; for I will not leave thee, until I have
done that which I have spoken to thee of.
16 And Ya'aqdb awaked out of his sleep, and he said,
Surely Yahveh is in this place : and I knew it not.
17 And he was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this
place ! this is none other but the house of God, and this
is the gate of heaven.
18 And Ya'aqdb rose up early in the morning, and
took the stone that he had put under his head, and set
it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it.
19 And he called the name of that place Bdth-El
(the house of God) : but the name of the city was Luz
at the first.
20 And Ya'aqdb vowed a vow, saying, If Yahveh
Eldhim will be with me, and will keep me in this way
that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment
to put on,
21 So that I come again to my father's house in
peace, then shall Yahveh be my God.
22 And this stone, which I have set up for a pillar,
shall be God's house1 : and of all that thou shalt give
me, I will surely give the tenth unto thee.
1 The Beth-El or betylus, by which name the sacred stones were known
in the neighbouring nations to the Hebrews.

224 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
XXVHI.
LABAN ENTERTAINS YA'AQdB.
XXIX. 1 Then Ya'aqdb went on his journey, and
came to the land of the Bend-Qedem.
2 And he looked, and behold a well in the field, andf
lo, three flocks of sheep lying there by it : for out of
that well they watered the flocks : and the stone upon
the well's mouth was great.
3 And thither were all the flocks gathered : and
they rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and
watered the sheep, and put the stone again upon the
well's mouth in its place.
4 And Ya'aqdb said unto them, My brethren, whence
be ye ? And they said, Of Haran are we.
5 And he said unto them, Know ye Laban the son
of Na'hdr ? And they said, We know him.
6 And he said unto them, Is it well with him ? And
they said, It is well : and, behold, Ea'hdl his daughter
cometh with the sheep.
7 And he said, Lo, it is yet high day, neither is it
time that the cattle should be gathered together1
water ye the sheep, and go and feed them.
8 And they said, We cannot, until all the flocks be
gathered together, and they roll the stone from the
well's mouth ; then we water the sheep.
9 While he yet spake with them, Ea'hdl came with
her father's sheep ; for she kept them.
10 And it came to pass, when Ya'aqdb saw Ea'hdl

LABAN ENTERTAINS YA'AQOB 225
the daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the
sheep of Laban his mother's brother, that Ya'aqdb went
near, and rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and
watered the flock of Laban his mother's brother.
11 And Ya'aqdb kissed Ea'hdl, and lifted up his
voice, and wept.
12 And Ya'aqdb told Ea'hdl that he was her father's
brother, and that he was Eibqah 's son : and she ran
and told her father.
13 And it came to pass, when Laban heard the
tidings of Ya'aqdb his sister's son, that he ran to meet
him, and embraced him, and kissed him, and brought
him to his house. And he told Laban all these things.
14 And Laban said to him, Surely thou art my bone
and my flesh. And he abode with him the space of a
month. 15 And Laban said unto Ya'aqdb, Because thou art
my brother, shouldest thou therefore serve me for
nought ? tell me, what shall thy wages be ?
16 And Laban had two daughters : the name of the
elder was Ldah, and the name of the younger was
Ea'hdl. 17 And Ldah's eyes were tender; but Ea'hdl was
beautiful and well favoured.
18 And Ya'aqdb loved Ea'hdl ; and he said, I will
serve thee seven years for Ea'hdl thy younger
daughter. 19 And Laban said, It is better that I give her to
thee, than that I should give her to another man :
abide with me.
20 And Ya'aqdb served seven years for Ea'hdl : and
Q

226 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
they seemed unto him but a few days, for the love he
had to her.
21 And Ya'aqdb said unto Laban, Give me my wife,
for my days are fulfilled, that I may go in unto her.
22 And Laban gathered together all the men of the
place, and made a feast.
23 And it came to pass in the evening, that he took
Ldah his daughter, and brought her to him ; and he
went in unto her.
24 And Laban gave Zilpah his handmaid unto his
daughter for an handmaid.
25 And it came to pass in the morning that, behold,
it was Ldah ; and he said unto Laban, What is this thou
hast done unto me ? did not I serve with thee for
Ea'hdl ? Wherefore then hast thou beguiled me ?
26 And Laban said, It is not so done in our place,
to give the younger before the firstborn.
27 Fulfil the week of this one, and we will give thee
the other also for the service which thou shalt serve
with me yet seven other years.
28 And Ya'aqdb did so, and fulfilled her week : and
he gave him Ea'hdl his daughter to wife.
29 And Laban gave to Ea'hdl his daughter Bil'hah
his handmaid to be her handmaid.
30 And he went in also unto Ea'hdl, and he loved
also Ea'hdl more than Ldah, and served with him yet
seven other years.
31 And Yahveh saw that Ldah was hated, and he
opened her womb : but Ea'hdl was barren.
32 And Ldah conceived, and bare a son, and she
called his name Eeubdn: for she said, Because Yahveh

LABAN ENTERTAINS YA'AQdB 227
hath looked upon my aSliction {rddh be'onyi) ; for now
my husband will love me.
33 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and
said, Because Yahveh hath heard {shdm'a) that I am
hated, he hath therefore given me this son also : and
she called his name Shime'dn.
34 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and
said, Now this time will my husband be joined {yilldveh)
unto me, because I have borne him three sons : there
fore was his name called Ldvy.
35 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and
she said, This time will I praise Yahveh {udeh eth-
Yahveh) : therefore she called his name Yehudah ; and
she left bearing.
XXX. I1 And when Ea'hdl saw that she bare Ya'aqdb
no children, Ea'hdl envied her sister ; and she said unto
Ya'aqdb, Give me children, or else I die.
3 And she said, Behold my maid Bil'hah, go in unto
her ; that she may bear upon my knees, and I also may
obtain children by her.
4 And she gave him Bil'hah her handmaid to wife :
and Ya'aqdb went in unto her.
5 And Bil'hah conceived, and bare Ya'aqdb a son.
6 And Rd'hel said, Eldhim hath judged me (dananny),
and hath also heard my voice, and hath given me a son :
therefore called she his name Ddn.
1 In the existing text of chap. xxx. we see clearly what we have already
stated with reference to the narrative of Abraham's sacrifice. The Jehovist,
while composing his book, had before him an older document which had
been already published, in which God was called Elohim. He has followed
it step by step, and has partly borrowed the narrative, for it can be recognised
with certainty in certain passages which we have printed in italics. a 2

228 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
7 And Bil'hah Ea'hdl's handmaid conceived again,
and bare Ya'aqdb a second son.
8 And Rd'hel said, With mighty wrestlings of Eldhim
have I wrestled (naphtuly) with my sister, and have pre
vailed : and she called his name Naphtdly.
9 When Ldah saw that she had left bearing, she took
Zilpah her handmaid, and gave her to Ya'aqdb to wife.
10 And Zilpah Ldah's handmaid bare Ya'aqdb a son.
11 And Ldah said, Fortunate {bdgdd) ! and she called
his name Gad.
12 And Zilpah Ldah's handmaid bare Ya'aqdb a
second son.
13 And Ldah said, Happy am I (bedshry) ! for the
daughters will call me happy : and she called his name
Ashdr. 14 And Eeubdn went in the days of wheat harvest,
and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them
unto his mother Ldah. Then Ea'hdl said to Ldah, Give
me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes.
15 And she said unto her, Is it a small matter that
thou hast taken away my husband? and wouldest
thou take away my son's mandrakes also ? And Ea'hdl
said, Therefore he shall he with thee to-night for thy
son's mandrakes.
16 And Ya'aqdb came from the field in the evening,
and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou must
come in unto me ; for I have surely hired thee with my
son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that night.
17 And Eldhim hearkened unto Ledh, and she con
ceived, and bare Ya'aqdb a fifth son.
18 And Ledh said, Eldhim hath endoiced me with a

LABAN ENTERTAINS YAAQ6B 229
good dowry (shekary), because I gave my handmaid, to
my husband : and she called his name Yissdchdr.
19 And Ldah conceived again, and bare a sixth son
to Ya'aqdb.
20 And Ledh said, Eldhim hath endowed me with a
good dowry ; now will my husband live with me (\izbe-
ldny), because I have borne him six sons : and she called
his name Zebulun.
22 And Eldhim remembered Rd'hel, and Eldhim
hearkened to her, and opened her womb.
23 And she conceived, and bare a son : and said,
Eldhim hath taken away my reproach :
24 And she called his name Ydsdph, saying, Yahveh
add {ydseph) to me another son.
25 And it came to pass, when Ea'hdl had borne
Ydsdph, that Ya'aqdb said unto Laban, Send me away,
that I may go unto mine own place, and to my country.
26 Give me my wives and my children for whom I
have served thee, and let me go : for thou knowest my
service wherewith I have served thee.
27 And Laban said unto him, If now I have found
favour in thine eyes, tarry : for I have divined that
Yahveh hath blessed me for thy sake.
28 And he said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will
give it.
29 And he said unto him, Thou knowest how I have
served thee, and how thy cattle hath fared with me.
30 For it was little which thou hadst before I came,
and it hath increased unto a multitude ; and Yahveh
hath blessed thee whithersoever I turned : and now
when shall I provide for mine own house also ?

230 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
31 And he said, What shall I give thee ? And
Ya'aqdb said, Thou shalt not give me aught : if thou
wilt do this thing for me, I will again feed thy flock
and keep it.
32 I will pass through all thy flock to-day, removing
from thence every speckled and spotted one, and every
black one among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled
among the goats : and of such shall be my hire.
33 So shall my righteousness answer for me here
after, when thou shalt come concerning my hire that is
before thee : every one that is not speckled and spotted
among the goats, and black among the sheep, that, if
found with me, shall be counted stolen.
34 And Laban said, Behold, I would it might be
according to thy word.
35 And he removed that day the he-goats that were
ringstraked. and spotted, and all the she-goats that were
speckled and spotted, every one that had white in it,
and all the black ones among the sheep, and gave them
into the hand of his sons ;
36 And he set three days' journey betwixt himself
and Ya'aqdb : and Ya'aqdb fed the rest of Laban's
flocks. 40 And Ya'aqdb separated the lambs, and set the
faces of the flocks toward the ringstraked, and all the
black in the flock of Laban ; and he put his own droves
apart, and put them not unto Laban's flock.
43 And the man increased exceedingly, and had large
flocks, and maidservants and slaves, and camels and
asses.

yaaq6b LEAVES LABAN 231
XXIX.
ya'aq6b leaves lAbAn.1
XXXI. 1 And he heard the words of Laban's sons,
saying, Ya'aqdb hath taken away all that was our
father's ; and of that which was our father's hath he
gotten all this glory.
2 And Ya'aqdb beheld the countenance of Laban,
and, behold, it was not toward him as beforetime.
3 [And Yahveh said to Ya'aqdb, Eeturn unto the
land of thy fathers, and to thy kindred ; and I will be
with thee.2]
4 And Ya'aqdb sent and called Ea'hdl and Ldah to
the field unto his flock.
5 And said unto them, I see your father's counte
nance, that it is not toward me as beforetime ; but the
God of my father hath been with me.
6 And ye know that with all my power I have served
your father.
7 And your father hath deceived me, and changed
my wages ten times ; but Eldhim suffered him not to
hurt me.
8 If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages ;
1 In this portion the Jehovist has again followed the same older writer
that he did in chap. xxx. of the present text, in whose document God was
called Elohim. He has reproduced it so accurately that his peculiar mode
of expression can only be detected in verse 3, in the first part of verse 13,
the second part of verse 23, and w. 48-50. These would seem to be the
only additions this writer has made to the text which he borrowed and
inserted bodily into his book.
2 The verses which I have pointed out as being the only ones which are
in the style of the Jehovist, and as having been added by him to the older
text reproduced by him, are in brackets.

232 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
then all the flock bare speckled : and if he said thus,
The ringstraked shall be thy wages ; then bare all the
flock ringstraked.
9 Thus Eldhim hath taken away the cattle of your
father, and given them to me.
10 And it came to pass at the time that the flock
conceived, that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a
dream, and, behold, the he-goats which leaped upon the
flock were ringstraked, speckled, and grisled.
11 And the angel of Eldhim said unto me in the
dream, Ya'aqdb : and I said, Here am I.
12 And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all
the he-goats which leap upon the flock are ringstraked,
speckled, and grisled ; for I have seen all that Laban
doeth unto thee.
13 [I am the God of Bdth-El, where thou anointedst
a column, where thou vowedst a vow unto me.J Now
arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the
land of thy nativity.
14 And Ea'hdl and Ldah answered and said unto
him, Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in
our father's house ?
15 Are we not counted of him strangers? for he
hath sold us, and hath also quite devoured our money.
16 For all the riches which Eldhim hath taken away
from our father, that is ours and our children's : now
then, whatsoever Eldhim hath said unto thee, do.
19 Now Laban was gone to shear his sheep : and
Ea'hdl stole the Teraphim that were her father's.
20 And Ya'aqdb stole away unawares to Laban the
Aramy, in that he told him not that he fled.

YA'AQOB LEAVES lAbAN 233
21 So he fled with all that he had ; and he rose up,
and passed over the Eiver, and set his face toward the
mountain of Gile'ad.
22 And it was told Laban on the third day that
Ya'aqdb was fled.
23 And he took his brethren with him, and pursued
after him seven days' journey ; [and he overtook him
in the mountain of Gile'ad.]
24 And Eldhim came to Laban the Aramy, in a
dream of the night, and said unto him, Take heed to
thyself that thou speak not to Ya'aqdb either good or
bad. 25 And Laban came up with Ya'aqdb. Now Ya'aqdb
had pitched his tent in the mountain : and Laban with
his brethren pitched in the mountain of Gile'ad.
26 And Laban said to Ya'aqdb, What hast thou
done, that thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and
carried away my daughters as captives of the sword ?
27 Wherefore didst thou flee secretly, and steal away
from me ; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent
thee away with mirth and with songs, to the sound of
the tambourine and the kinnor ;
28 And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my
daughters ? now hast thou done foolishly.
29 It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt :
but the God of your father spake unto me yesternight,
saying, Take heed to thyself that thou speak not unto
Ya'aqdb either good or bad.
30 And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone,
because thou sore longedst after thy father's house, yet
wherefore hast thou stolen my gods ?

234 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
31 And Ya'aqdb answered and said to Laban, Because
I was afraid : for I said, Lest thou shouldest take thy
daughters from me by force [and all my possessions *].
32 With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, he shall
not hve : before our brethren discern thou what is
thine with me, and take it to thee. For Ya'aqdb knew
not that Ea'hdl had stolen them.
33 And Laban went into Ya'aqdb's tent, and into
Ldah's tent, and into the tent of the two maidservants ;
but he found them not. And he went out of Ldah's
tent, and entered into Ea'hdl's tent.
34 Now Ea'hdl had taken the Teraphim, and put
them in the camel's furniture, and sat upon them. And
Laban felt about all the tent, but found them not.
35 And she said to her father, Let not my lord be
angry that I cannot rise up before thee ; for the manner
of women is upon me. And he searched, but found
not the Teraphim.
36 And Ya'aqdb was wroth, and chode with Laban :
and Ya'aqdb answered and said to Laban, What is my
trespass ? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pur
sued after me ?
37 Whereas thou hast felt about all my stuff, what
hast thou found of all thy household stuff? Set it here
before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may
judge betwixt us two.
38 This twenty years have I been with thee ; thy
ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and
the rams of thy flocks have I not eaten.
39 That which was torn of beasts I brought not
1 See note ante, p. 101.

YA AQOB LEAVES LABAN 235
unto thee ; I bare the loss of it ; of my hand didst thou
require it, whether stolen by day or stolen by night.
40 Thus I was ; in the day the drought consumed
me, and the frost by night ; and my sleep fled from
mine eyes.
41 These twenty years have I been in thy house ;
I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and
six for thy flock : and thou hast changed my wages
ten times.
42 Except the God of my father, the God of Abra
ham, and the fear of Yige'haq, had been with me, surely
now hadst thou sent me away empty. Eldhim hath
seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands, and
rebuked thee yesternight.
43 And Laban answered and said unto Ya'aqdb, The
daughters are my daughters, and the children are my
children, and the flocks are my flocks, and all that thou
seest is mine : and what can I do this day unto these
my daughters, or unto their children which they have
borne ?
44 And now come, let us make a covenant, I and
thou ; and let it be for a witness between me and thee.
45 And Ya'aqdb took a stone, and set it up for a
column. 46 And Ya'aqdb said unto his brethren, Gather
stones ; and they took stones, and made an heap : and
they did eat there by the heap.
48 And Laban said [Behold this heap, and the column
which lhave set between me and thee1] ; this heap is
witness, [and this pillar also is witness] between me and
1 See ante, p. 103.

236 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called
Gale'dd, 49 And Migpah, for he said, Yahveh watch {yiqeph)
between me and thee when we are absent one from
another. 50 If thou shalt afflict my daughters, and if thou
shalt take wives beside my daughters, no man is with
us ; see, Eldhim is witness betwixt me and thee.
51 And Laban said to Ya'aqdb, Behold this' heap,
and behold the column, which I have set betwixt me
and thee.
52 This heap be witness, and the column be witness,
that I will not pass over this heap to thee, and that
thou shalt not pass over this heap and this column to
me, for harm.
53 The God of Abraham and the God of Na'hdr, the
God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Ya'aqdb
sware by the Fear of his father Yige'haq.
54 And Ya'aqdb offered a sacrifice in the mountain,
and called his brethren to eat bread : and they did eat
bread, and tarried all night in the mountain.
55 And early in the morning Laban rose up, and
kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them :
and Laban departed, and returned unto his place.
XXXII. 1 And Ya'aqdb went on his way ; [and,
looking up, he saw the host of Eldhim encamped ; x] and
the angels of Eldhim met him.
2 And Ya'aqdb said when he saw them, This is
Eldhim's host. And he called the name of that place
Ma'hanaim (encampments).
1 See note, p. 104.

YAAQ6B PREPARES TO MEET HIS BROTHER 237

XXX.
YA'AQOB PREPARES TO MEET HIS BROTHER.1
XXXH. 3 And Ya'aqdb sent messengers before him
to 'Esav his brother, unto the land of Sd'ir, the field of
Eddm. 4 And he commanded them, saying, Thus shall ye
A
say unto my lord 'Esav ; Thus saith thy servant Ya'aqdb,
I have sojourned with Laban, and stayed until now :
5 And I have oxen, and asses, and flocks, and male
and female slaves : and I have sent to tell my lord,
that I may find grace in thy sight.
6 And the messengers returned to Ya'aqdb, saying,
We came to thy brother 'Esav, and moreover he cometh
to meet thee, and four hundred men with him.
7 Then Ya'aqdb was greatly afraid and was dis
tressed : and he divided the people that was with him,
and the flocks, and the herds, and the camels, into two
companies ;
8 And he said, If 'Esav come to the one company,
and smite it, then the company which is left shall
escape. 9 And Ya'aqdb said, 0 God of my father Abraham,
and God of my father Yige'haq, 0 Yahveh, which saidst
unto me, Eeturn unto thy country, and to thy kindred,
and I will do thee good :
1 The whole of this narrative is the Jehovist's own. He has not made
any use of the older work he made use of in his account of Ya'aqob. Verse
xxxii. 7 in fact gives a different origin for the name of the locality of
Ma'hanaim to that set forth in chap, xxxii. 2.

238 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
10 I am not worthy of the least of all thy mercies,
and of all the truth which thou hast showed unto thy
servant ; for with my staff I passed over this Yarddn ;
and now I am become two companies.
11 Deliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my
brother, from the hand of 'Esav ; for I fear him, lest he
come and smite me, the mother with the children.
12 And thou saidst, I will surely do thee good, and
make thy seed as the sand of the sea, which cannot be
numbered for multitude.
13 And he lodged there that night ; and took of that
A
which he had with him a present for 'Esav his brother ;
14 Two hundred she-goats and twenty he-goats, two
hundred ewes and twenty rams,
15 Thirty milch camels and their colts, forty kine
and ten bulls, twenty she-asses and ten foals.
16 And he delivered them into the hand of his ser
vants, every drove by itself ; and said unto his servants,
Eass over before me, and put a space betwixt drove and
drove. 17 And he commanded the foremost, saying, When
"Esav my brother meeteth thee, and asketh thee, saying,
Whose art thou, and whither goest thou ? and whose
are these before thee ?
18 Then thou shalt say, They be thy servant
Ya'aqdb's ; it is a present sent unto my lord 'Esav :
and, behold, he also is behind us.
19 And he commanded also the second, and the
third, and all that followed the droves, saying, On this
manner shall ye speak unto 'Esav, when ye find him ;
20 And ye shall say, Moreover, behold thy servant

YA'AQ6B PREPARES TO MEET HIS BROTHER 239
Ya'aqdb is behind us. For he said, I will appease him
with the present that goeth before me, and afterward
I will see his face ; peradventure he will accept me.
21 So the present passed over before him : and he
himself lodged that night in the company.
22 And he rose up that night, and took his two
wives, and his two handmaids, and his eleven children,
and passed over the ford of the Yabbdk.
23 And he took them, and sent them over the stream,
and sent over that he had.

XXXI.
YA'AQOB WRESTLES WITH ELOHIM.1
XXXLI. 24 And Ya'aqdb was left alone ; and there
wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.
25 And when he saw that he prevailed not against
him, he touched the hollow of his thigh ; and the
hollow of Ya'aqdb's thigh was strained as he wrestled
with him.
26 And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh.
And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou
bless me.
27 And he said unto him, What is thy name ? And
he said, Ya'aqdb.
] It is not possible to doubt that this narrative was part of the Jehovist's
document, but he has taken it bodily from that older document which is
sometimes called the work of ' the second Elohist,' sometimes of ' the
theocratical narrator.'

240 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
28 And he said, Thy name shall be called no more
Ya'aqdb, but Yisradl, for thou hast striven with Eldhim
{ki- sdritha 'im-Eldhim) and with men, and hast prevailed.
29 And Ya'aqdb asked him, and said, Tell me, I
pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it
that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed
him there.
30 And Ya'aqdb called the name of the place Peny-
El ; for, said he, I have seen Eldhim face to face, and
my life is preserved.
31 And the sun rose upon him as he passed over
Peny-El, and he halted upon his thigh.

XXXTT.
MEETING OF YA'AQOB AND 'fisAv.1
XXXHI. 1 And Ya'aqdb lifted up his eyes, and
looked, and behold, 'Esav came, and with him four
hundred men. And he divided the children unto Ledh,
and unto Rd'hel, and unto the two handmaids.
2 And he put the handmaids and their children fore
most, and Ledh and her children after, and Rd'hel and
Ydseph hindermost.
3 And he himself passed over before them, and
1 Here again the Jehovist has used the older document, in which God is
called Elohim, and has preserved the greater portion of the narrative. The
passages in which peculiarities of language place the preservation of an older
text (emanating from a different writer to the Jehovist) beyond doubt, are
printed in italics.

MEETING OF YAAQ6B AND 'ESAV 241
bowed himself to the ground seven times, until he came
near to his brother.
A
4 And 'Esav ran to meet him, and embraced him,
and fell on his neck, and kissed him : and they wept.
5 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the women and
the children ; and said, Who are these with thee ? And
he said, The children which Eldhim hath graciously given
thy servant.
6 Then the handmaids came near, they and their
.children, and they bowed themselves.
7 And Ledh also and her children came near, and
bowed themselves ; and after came Ydseph near and
Rd'hel, and they bowed themselves.
8 And he said, What meanest thou by all this com
pany which I met? And he said, To find grace in the
sight of my lord.
9 And 'Esav said, I have enough ; my brother, let
that thou hast be thine.
10 And Ya'aqdb said, Nay, I pray thee, if now
I have found grace in thy sight, then receive my
present at my hand ; forasmuch as I have seen thy face,
as one seeth the face of Eldhim, and thou wast pleased
with me.
11 Take, I pray thee, my gift that is brought to thee :
because Eldhim hath dealt graciously with me, and be
cause I have enough. And he urged him, and he
took it.
12 And he said, Let us take our journey, and let us
go, and I will go before thee.
13 And he said unto him, My lord knoweth that the
children are tender, and that the flocks and herds with me
R

242 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
give suck: and if they overdrive them one day, all the
flocks will die.
14 Let my lord, T pray thee, pass over before his
servant : and T will lead on softly, according to the pace
of the cattle that is before me, and according to the pace of
the children, until L come unto my lord unto Se'ir.
15 And 'Esav said, Let me now leave with thee some
of the folk that are with me. And he said, What
needeth it ? let me find grace in the sight of my lord.
16 So 'Esav returned that day on his way unto Sd'ir.
17 And Ya'aqdb journeyed to Sukkdth, and built
him an house, and made booths for his cattle : therefore
the name of the place is called Sukkdth (booths).

XXXHI.1
THE SONS OF YA'AQOB AND THE INHABITANTS OF
SHECHEM.
2 [Ya'aqdb came to dwell near the town of Shechem.]
XXXHI. 19 And he bought the parcel of ground,
where he had spread his tent, at the hand of the children
of 'Hamdr, Shechem's father, for an hundred qesitah.
1 For this narrative the latest editor of Genesis has adopted the narrative
of the Elohist as the fundamental basis. He has only taken a certain
number of verses from the Jehovistic narrative, and these he introduces by
way of complements. The result is that when the Jehovistic narrative is
removed from the text there are several gaps, which we have endeavoured
to fill up conjecturally, placing our restorations between brackets. '
" To fill up these gaps we have preferred to restore the text of the
Elohist when narrating the same facts, instead of inserting a narrative of our
own which would not assimilate with the rest of the narrative.

SHECHEM 243
20 And he erected there an altar, and called it El-
Eldhd-Yisradl (El is the God of Yisradl).
1 [And Shechem the son of 'Hamdr the 'Hivvy, the
prince of the land, saw Dinah, the daughter of Ldah,
whom she bare unto Ya'aqdb.]
XXXIV. 3 And his soul clave unto Dinah the
daughter of Ya'aqdb, and he loved the damsel, and
spake to the heart of the damsel.
2 And he took her, and lay with her, and humbled
her. 5 Now Ya'aqdb heard that he had defiled Dinah his
daughter ; and his sons were with his cattle in the
field, and Ya'aqdb held his peace until they came.
7 And the sons of Ya'aqdb came in from the field
when they heard it : and the men were grieved, and
they were very wroth, because he had wrought folly in
Yisradl in lying with Ya'aqdb's daughter ; which thing
should not be done.
11 And Shechem said unto her father and unto her
.brethren, Let me find grace in your eyes, and what ye
shall say unto me I will give.
12 Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will
give according as ye shall say unto me : but give me
the damsel to wife.
13 And the sons of Ya'aqdb answered Shechem and
'Hamdr his father with guile, and spake, because he had
defiled Dinah, their sister.
14 And said unto them, We cannot do this thing, to
give our sister to one that is uncircumcised ; for that
were a reproach unto us.
1 See note '' on p. 242.

244 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
1 [Only on this condition will we consent unto you :
if ye will be as we be, that every male of you be
circumcised.] 19 And the young man deferred not to do the thing,
because he had delight in Ya'aqdb's daughter : and he
was honoured above all the house of his father.
1 [And unto him hearkened all that went out of the
gate of his city ; and every male was circumcised like
him. And it came to pass on the third day, when they
were sore, that two of the sons of Ya'aqdb, Shime'dn and
Levy, Dinah's brethren, took each man his sword, and
came upon the city unawares, and slew all the males.]
26 And they slew 'Hamdr and Shechem his son with
the edge of the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's
house, and went forth.
27 The sons of Ya'aqdb came upon the slain, and
spoiled the city, because they had defiled their sister.
29 All their wealth, and all their little ones and their
wives, took they captive and spoiled, even all that was
in the house.
1 [And Ya'aqdb said to Shime'dn and Levy, Ye have
troubled me, to make me to stink among the inhabitants
of the land. They will gather themselves together
against me, and I shall be destroyed, I and my house.]
31 And they said, Should he deal with our sister as
with an harlot?
1 See note * on p. 242.

BETH-EL RECONSECRATED 245

XXXIV.

BETH-EL RECONSECRATED.1

XXXV. 1 And Eldhim said unto Ya'aqdb, Arise, go
up to Bdth-El, and dwell there : and make there an
altar [unto God, who appeared unto thee when thou
fleddest from the face of 'Esav thy brother.]
2 Then Ya'aqdb said unto his household, and to all
that were him, Put away the strange gods that are among
you, and purify yourselves, and change your garments.
3 And let us arise, and go up to Beth-El ; and I will
make there an altar unto God, who answered me in the
day of my distress, and was with me in the way which I
went. 4 And they gave unto Ya'aqdb all the strange gods
which were in their hand, and the rings which were in
their ears : and Ya'aqdb hid them under the oak which
was by Shechem.
5 And they journeyed, and the terror of Eldhim was
upon the cities that were round about them, and they
did not pursue after the sons of Ya'aqdb.
6 So Ya'aqdb came to Luz, which is in the land of
Kenyan (the same is Bdth-El), he and all the people
that were with him.2
7 And he built there an altar, and called? the place
1 This is another fragment which the Jehovist has taken from the older
document in which God is called Elohim, and from which he has already
borrowed so much. His own share in making additions to the text is only
to be traced in the two portions of vv. 1 and 7, which we have put into
brackets. 2 There is some uncertainty respecting the origin of this verse. It may
belong to the Elohist. M. Schrader thinks it does.

246 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
El-Beth-El : [because there Eldhim was revealed unto
him, when he fled from the face of his brother.]
8 And Deborah Eibqah's nurse died, and she was
buried below Bdth-El under the terebinth : and the name
of it was called Alldn-Bacuth (the terebinth of weeping).

XXXV.
DEATH OF RA'HEL.

XXXV. 16 And they journeyed from Bdth-El ; and
there was still some way to come to Ephrathah : and
Ea'hdl travailed, and she had hard labour.
17 And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour,
that the midwife said unto her, Fear not ; for now thou
shalt have another son.
18 And it came to pass, as she gave up the ghost (for
she died), that she called his name Ben-Ony (son of
my sorrow) ; but his father called him Bin-Yamin (son
of the right hand).
19 And Ea'hdl died, and was buried in the way to
Ephrathah (the same is Beth-Le'hem).
20 And Ya'aqdb set up a column upon her grave : the
same is Magebeth Qeturath-Ea'hel (the column of Ba'hei's
grave) unto this day.
21 And Yisradl journeyed, and spread his tent beyond
Migdal-'Eder. 22 And it came to pass, while Yisradl dwelt in that
land, that Beubdn went and lay with Bil'hah, his father's
concubine, and Yisradl heard of it.1
1 The Jehovist should relate here, as is done in our present copy of

YOSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN 247
XXXVI.
YdSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN.
XXXVII. 2 [Ydsdph] was a lad with the sons of
Bil'hah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives.
3 Now Yisradl loved Ydsdph more than all his
children ; and he made him a tunic of many colours.
4 And his brethren saw that their father loved him
more than all his brethren : and they hated him, and
could not speak peaceably unto him.
12 And his brethren went to feed their father's flock
in Shechem.
13 And Yisradl said unto Ydsdph, Do not thy
brethren feed the flock in Shechem ? Come, and I will
send thee unto them. And he said to him, Here
am I.
14 And he said to him, Go now, see whether it be
well with thy brethren, and well with the flock ; and
bring me word again. So he sent him out of the vale
of Hebrdn, and he came to Shechem.
15 And a certain man found him, and, behold, he
was wandering in the field : and the man asked him,
saying, What seekest thou ?
16 And he said, I seek my brethren : tell me, I pray
thee, where they are feeding the flock.
17 And the man said, They are departed hence ; for
I heard them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Ydseph
went after his brethren, and found them in Dothan.
Genesis, the death of Yice'haq after the death of Ra'hel. But this portion
of his text is lost, the latest editor having preferred the narrative of the
Elohist.

248 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
23 And it came to pass, when Ydseph was come
unto his brethren, that they stript Ydsdph of his tunic,
the tunic of many colours that was on him.
25 And they sat down to eat bread : and they lifted
up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a travelling com
pany of Yishma'elim came from Gile'ad, with their
camels bearing spicery and balm and ladanum, going
to carry it down to Migraim.
26 And Yehudah said unto his brethren, What
profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal his
blood ?
27 Come, and let us sell him to the Yishma'elim, and
let not our hand be upon him ; for he is our brother,
our flesh. And his brethren hearkened unto him,
28 And they sold Ydsdph to the Yishma'elim for
twenty (shekels) of silver. And they brought Ydsdph
into Migraim.
31 And they took Ydsdph's tunic, and killed a he-goat,
and dipped the coat in the blood ;
32 And they sent the tunic of many colours, and they
brought it to their father ; and said, This have we
found: know now whether it be thy son's coat or
not ;
33 And he knew it, and said, It is my son's tunic ;
an evil beast hath devoured him ; Ydseph is without
doubt torn in pieces.

YEHUDAH AND TAMAR 249
XXXVII.
yehudAii and tAmAr.
XXXVLH. 1 And it came to pass at that time, that
Yehudah went down from his brethren, and turned in
to a certain man of 'Aduliam, whose name was 'Hirah.
2 And Yehudah saw there a daughter of a certain
Kena'any whose name was Shu'a ; and he took her and
went in unto her.
3 And she conceived, and bare a son ; and he called
A
his name 'Er.
4 And she conceived again, and bare a son ; and she
A
called his name Onan.
5 And she yet again bare a son, and called his name
Shdlah ; and he was at Chezib when she bare him.
6 And Yehudah took a wife for 'Er his firstborn,
and her name was Tamar.
* A
7 And 'Er, Yehudah's firstborn, was wicked in the
eyes of Yahveh ; and Yahveh slew him.
8 And Yehudah said unto Onan, Go in unto thy
brother's wife, and marry her as brother of her husband,
and raise up seed to thy brother.
9 And Onan knew that the seed should not be
his ; and it came to pass^ when he went in unto his
brother's wife, that he spilled it on the ground, lest he
should give seed to his brother.
10 And the thing which he did was evil in the sight
of Yahveh: and he slew him also.
11 Then said Yehudah to Tamar his daughter in
law, Eemain a widow in thy father's house till Shdlah

250 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
my son be grown up ; for he said, Lest he also die, like
his brethren. And Tamar went and dwelt in her
father's house.
12 And in process of time Shu'a's daughter, the wife
of Yehudah, died ; and Yehudah was comforted, and
went up unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his
friend 'Hirah the 'Adullamy.
13 And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father
in law goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep.
14 And she put off from her the garments of her
widowhood, and covered herself with her veil, and
A
wrapped herself, and sat in the gate of 'Enaim, which is
by the way to Timnath ; for she saw that Shdlah was
grown up, and she was not given unto him to wife.
15 When Yehudah saw her, he thought her to be
an harlot ; for she had covered her face.
16 And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go
to, I pray thee, let me come in unto thee : for he knew
not that she was his daughter in law. And she said,
What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come in
unto me ?
17 And he said, I will send thee a kid of the goats
from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a
pledge, till thou send it ?
18 And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And
she said, Thy signet and thy cord, and the staff that is
in thine hand. And he gave them to her, and came in
unto her, and she conceived by him.
19 And she arose, and went away, and put off her
veil from her, and put on the garments of her widow
hood.

YEHUDAH and tamAr 251
20 And Yehudah sent the kid of the goats by the
hand of his friend the 'Adullamy, to receive the pledge
from the woman's hand : but he found her not.
21 Then he asked the men of her place, saying,
Where is the harlot that was at 'Enaim by the way
side ? And they said, There hath been no harlot here.
22 And he returned to Yehudah, and said, I have
not found her ; and also the men of the place said,
There hath been no harlot here.
23 And Yehudah said, Let her take it to her, lest
we be put to shame : behold, I sent this kid, and thou
hast not found her.
24 And it came to pass, about three months after,
that it was told Yehudah, saying, Tamar thy daughter
in law hath played the harlot ; and moreover, behold,
she is with child by whoredom. And Yehudah said,
Bring her forth, and let her be burnt.
25 When she was brought forth, she sent to her
father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am
I with child : and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose
are these, the signet, and the cords, and the staff.
26 And Yehudah acknowledged them, and said, She
is more righteous than I ; forasmuch as I gave her not
to Shdlah my son. And he knew her again no more.
27 And it came to pass, in the time of her travail,
that, behold, twins were in her womb.
28 And it came to pass, when she travailed, that one-
put out a hand : and the midwife took and bound upon
his hand a scarlet thread, saying, This came out first.
29 And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand,
that, behold, his brother came out : and she said,

252 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
How hast thou niade a breach {pdraqtd)? And she
called his name Pareg.
30 And afterward came out his brother, that had the
scarlet thread upon his hand : and his name was called
Zara'h.

xxxvni.
yQseph in pOtiphar's house.
XXXIX. 1 And Ydsdph was brought down to
Migraim, and Pdtiphar, an eunuch of Para'dh's, the
chief of the executioners, a Migry(an Egyptian), bought
him of the hand of the Yishma'dlim, which had brought
him down thither.
2 And Yahveh was with Ydsdph, and he was a pro
sperous man ; and he was in the house of his master the
Migry. 3 And his master saw that Yahveh was with him,
and that Yahveh made all that he did to prosper in his
hand. 4 And Ydsdph found grace in his sight, and he
ministered unto him ; and he made him overseer over
his house, and all that he had he put into his hand.
5 And it came to pass from the time that he made
•him overseer in his house, and over all that he had,
that Yahveh blessed the Migry's house for Ydsdph's
sake ; and the blessing of Yahveh was upon all that he
had, in the house and in the field.
6 And he left all that he had in Ydsdph's hand ; and

y6seph in p6tiphar's HOUSE 253
he knew not ought that was with him, save the bread
which he did eat. And Ydsdph was comely, and well
favoured. 7 And it came to pass after these things, that his
master's wife cast her eyes upon Ydsdph ; and she said,
Lie with me.
8 But he refused, and said unto his master's wife,
Behold, my master knoweth not what is with me in the
house, and he hath put all that he hath into my hand ;
9 There is none greater in this house than I ; neither
hath he kept back any thing from me but thee, because
thou art his wife : how then can I do this great wicked
ness, and sin against Eldhim ?
10 And it came to pass, as she spake to Ydsdph day
by day, that he hearkened not unto her, to lie by her,
or to be with her. ;,
11 And it came to pass about this time, that he went
into the house to do his work ; and there was none of
the men of the house there within.
.12 And she caught him by his garment, saying, Lie
with me : and he left his garment in her hand, and fled,
and got him out.
13 And it came to pass, when she saw that he had
left his garment in her hand, and was fled forth,
14 That she called unto the men of her house, and
spake unto them, saying, See, he hath brought in an
'Ebry unto us to mock us ; he came in unto me to lie
with me, and I cried with a loud voice :
15 And it came to pass, when he heard that I lifted
up my voice and cried, that he left his garment by me,
and got him out.

254 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
16 And she laid up his garment by her, until his
master came home.
17 And she spake unto him according to these words,
saying, The 'Ebry slave which thou hast brought unto
us, came in unto me to mock me :
18 And it came to pass, as I lifted up my voice and
cried, that he left his garment by me, and fled out.
19 And it came to pass, when his master heard the
wrords of his wife, which she spake unto him, saying,
After this manner did thy servant to me ; that his wrath
was kindled.
20 And Ydsdph's master took him, and put him into
the prison, the place where the king's prisoners were
bound : and he was there in the prison.
21 But Yahveh was with Ydsdph, and showed kind
ness unto him, and gave him favour in the sight of the
keeper of the prison.
22 And the keeper of the prison committed to
Ydsdph's hand all the prisoners that were in the prison ;
and whatsoever they did there, he was the doer of it.
23 The keeper of the prison looked not to any thing
that was under his hand, because Yahveh was with
him, and that which he did, Yahveh made it to
prosper

YOSEPH IS ADVANCED IN MIQRAIM 255
XXXIX.
YdSEPH IS ADVANCED IN MICRAlM.1
XLI. 49 And Ydsdph laid up corn as the sand of the
sea, very much, until he left numbering; for it was
without number.
* [And unto Ydsdph were born two sons before the
year of famine came.]
51 And Ydsdph called the name of the firstborn
Menassheh : For, said he, Eldhim 2 hath made me forget
{nasshany) all my toil, and all my father's house.
52 And the name of the second called he Ephraim :
For Eldhim hath made me fruitful (hiphrany) in the
land of my affliction.

1 The latest editor of Genesis has here adopted the text of the Elohist
exclusively. The result is that the account of this portion of Yoseph's life
by the Jehovist is hopelessly lost. Only three verses, which have been in
troduced in the final revision by way of explanatory supplements into the
narrative of the Elohist appear to have been preserved. But the way they
have been inserted enables us to know them by their unquestionable
characteristics. 2 Here the Jehovist had borrowed from the editing of the older work to
which the more or less correct name of the ' second Elohist ' has been given,
unless — which is not quite certain — these two verses, 51 and 52, have appeared
in his own work, and the latest reviser did not take them directly from their
original source.

256 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
XL.
FIRST MEETING OF YdSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN.1
XLH. 5 And the sons of Yisradl came to buy among
those that came : for the famine was in the land of
Kena'an. 27 And as one of them opened his sack to give his
ass provender in the lodging place, he espied his
money ; and, behold, it was in the mouth of his sack.
28 And he said unto his brethren, My money is
restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack: and their
heart failed them, and they turned trembling one to
another, saying, What is this that Eldhim hath done
unto us ?

XLI. .
SECOND MEETING OF YOSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN.
YdSEPH MAKES HIMSELF KNOWN TO THEM.2
XLIII. 1 And the famine was sore in the land.
2 And it came to pass, when they had eaten up the
1 Of this narrative, as of that which precedes it, only a few detached
verses remain, which the latest editor of Genesis has inserted in the middle
of the narrative of the Elohist, which he adopted. See note on chap, xliii.
The last two of these verses, while quite distinct from the rest of the
chapter into which they have been inserted, do not show traces of the mode
of narrating of the Jehovist himself, but of that of the older work from
which he has borrowed so much.
3 See note on chap, xliii.

YISRAEL SENDS BINYAMIN. 257
corn which they had brought out of Migraim, their
father said unto them, Go again, buy us a little food.
3 And Yehudah spake unto him, saying, The man
did solemnly protest unto us, saying, Ye shall not see
my face, except your brother be with you.1
4 If thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go
down and buy thee food :
5 But if thou wilt not send him, we will not go down :
for the man said unto us, Ye shall not see my face.
except your brother be with you.
6 And Yisradl said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill with
me, as to tell the man whether ye had yet a brother?
7 And they said, The man asked straitly concerning
• ourselves, and concerning our kindred, saying, Is your
father yet alive ? have ye another brother ? and we told
him according to the tenor of these words ; could we in
any wise know that he would say, Bring your brother
down? 8 And Yehudah said unto Yisradl his father, Send
the lad with me, and we will arise and go ; that we
may live and not die, both we and thou, and also our
little ones.
9 I will be surety for him ; of my hand shalt thou
require him : if I bring him not unto thee, and set him
before thee, then I shall have sinned against thee for
ever :
10 For except we had lingered, surely we had now
returned a second time.
1 From verses 3-7 it would be possible to partly restore the conversation
of Yoseph with his brethren at their first interview as the narrative of the
Jehovist gave it. It was different to that given in chap. xlii. taken from the
Elohist. S

258 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
11 And their father Yisradl said unto them, If it be
so now, do this : take of the choice fruits of the land
in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a
little balm, and a little honey, spicery, and ladanum,
pistachio nuts and almonds :
12 And take double money in your hand ; and the
money that was returned in the mouth of your sacks
carry again in your hand ; peradventure it was an
oversight :
13 Take also your brother, and arise, go again unto
the man : A
14 And El-Shadday (God Almighty) give you mercy
before the man, that he may release unto you your
other brother and Binyamin. And if I am bereaved of
my children, I am bereaved.
15 And the men took the present, and they took
double money in their hand, and Binyamin : and rose
up, and went down to Migraim, and stood before
Ydseph. 16 And when Ydsdph saw Binyamin with them, he
said to the steward of his house, Bring the men into
the house, and slay, and make ready : for the men shall
dine with me at noon.
17 And the man did as Ydseph bade : and the man
brought the men into Ydsdph's house.
18 And the men were afraid, because they were
brought into Ydsdph's house ; and they said, Because
of the money that was returned in our sacks at the
first time are we brought in ; that he may roll himself
upon us, and fall upon us, and take us for bondmen,
and our asses.

Y6SEPH ENTERTAINS HIS BRETHREN. 259
19 And they came near to the steward of Ydsdph's
house, and they spake unto him at the door of the
house, 20 And said, Oh my lord, we came indeed down at
the first time to buy food :
21 And it came to pass, when we came to the lodging
place, that we opened our sacks, and, behold, every
man's money was in the mouth of his sack, our money
in full weight ; and we have brought it again in our
hand. 22 And other money have we brought down in our
hand to buy food : we know not who put our money
in our sacks.
23 And he said, Peace be to you, fear not : your
God and the God of your father hath given you trea
sure in your sacks : I had your money. And he brought
Shime'dn out unto them.
24 And the man brought the men into Ydsdph's
house, and gave them water, and they washed their
feet : and he gave their asses provender.
25 And they made ready the present against Ydsdph
came at noon : for they heard that they should eat
bread there.
26 And when Ydsdph came home, they brought him
the present whieh was in their hand into the house,
and bowed down themselves to him to the earth
27 And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is
your father well, the old man of whom ye spake ? Is
he yet alive?
28 And they said, Thy servant our father is well, he
. s 2

260 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
is yet alive. And they bowed the head, and made
obeisance. 29 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw Binyamin his
brother, his mother's son, and said, Is this your youngest
brother, of whom ye spake unto me ? And he said,
Eldhim be gracious unto thee, my son.1
30 And Ydseph made haste, for his bowels did
yearn upon his brother : and he sought where to weep ;
and he entered into his chamber, and wept there.
31 And he washed his face, and came out ; and he
refrained himself, and said, Set on bread.
32 And they set on for him by himself, and for them
by themselves, and for the Migry, which did eat with
him, by themselves: because the Migry might not eat
bread with the 'Ebrim ; for that is an abomination unto
the Migry.
33 And they sat before him, the firstborn according
to his birthright, and the youngest according to his
youth : and the men marvelled one with another.
34 And messes were taken unto them from before him :
but Binyamin's mess was five times so much as any of
theirs. And they drank, and drank largely with him.
XLIV. 1 And he commanded the steward of his
house, saying, Fill the men's sacks with food, as much
as they can carry, and put every man's money in his
sack's mouth.
2 And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's
mouth of the youngest, and his corn money. And he
did according to the word that Ydseph had spoken.
1 This verse must have been taken by the Jehovistic writer from the
older document which he had before him, in which God is called Elohim.

Y6SEPH STAYS HIS BRETHREN. 261
3 As soon as the morning was light, the men were
sent away, they and their asses.
4 And when they were gone out of the city, and
were not yet far off, Ydsdph said unto his steward. Up,
follow after the men ; and when thou dost overtake
them, say unto them, Wherefore have ye rewarded evil
for good ?
5 Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and
whereby he indeed divineth ? ye have done evil in so
doing. 6 And he overtook them, and he spake unto them
these words.
7 And they said unto him, Wherefore speaketh my
lord such words as these ? Far be it from thy servants
that they should do such a thing.
8 Behold, the money which we found in our sacks'
mouths, we brought again unto thee out of the land of
Kena'an : how then should we steal out of thy lord's
house silver or gold ?
9 With whomsoever of thy servants it be found, let
him die, and we also will be my lord's bondmen.
10 And he said, Now also let it be according unto
your words : he with whom it is found shall be my
bondman ; and ye shall be blameless.
11 Then they hasted, and took down every man his
sack to the ground, and opened every man his sack.
12 And he searched, and began at the eldest, and
left at the youngest: and the cup was found in
Binyamin's sack.
13 Then they rent their clothes, and laded every
man his ass, and returned to the city.

262 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
14 And Yehudah and his brethren came to Ydsdph's
house ; and he was yet there : and they fell before him
on the ground.
15 And Ydsdph said unto them, What deed is this
that ye have done ? Know ye not that such a man as I
can indeed divine ?
16 And Yehudah said, What shall we say unto my
lord ? what shall we speak ? or how shall we clear
ourselves ? God hath found out the iniquity of thy
servants : behold, we are my lord's bondmen, both we,
and he also in whose hand the cup is found.
17 And he said, Far be it from me that I should
do so : the man in whose hand the cup is found, he
shall be my bondman : but as for you, get you up in
peace unto your father.
18 Then Yehudah came near unto him, and said, Oh
my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in
my lord's ears, and let not thine anger burn against thy
servant : for thou art even as Eara'dh.
19 My lord asked his servants, saying, Have ye a
father, or a brother ?
20 And we said unto my lord, We have a father, an
old man, and a child of his old age, a little one ; and
his brother is dead, and he alone is left of his mother,
and his father loveth him.
21 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring him
down unto me, that I may set mine eyes upon him.
22 And we said unto my lord, The lad cannot leave
his father : for if he should leave his father, his father
would die.
23 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Except your

YEHUDAH BESEECHES YOSEPH. 263
youngest brother come down with you, ye shall see my
face no more.
24 And it came to pass when we came up unto thy
servant my father, we told him the words of my lord.
25 And our father said, Go again, buy us a little
food. 26 And we said, We cannot go down : if our youngest
brother be with us, then will we go down ; for we may
not see the man's face, except our youngest brother be
with us.
27 And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know
that my wife bare me two sons :
28 And the one went out from me, and I said, Surely
he is torn in pieces ; and I have not seen him since.
29 And if ye take this one also from me, and mischief
befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with
sorrow to Sheol.
30 Now therefore, when I come to thy servant my
father, and the lad be not with us ; seeing that his life
is bound up in the lad's life ;
31 It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad
is not with us, that he will die : and thy servants shall
bring down the gray hairs of thy servant our father
with sorrow to Sheol.
32 For thy servant became surety for the lad unto
my father, saying, If I bring him not unto thee, then
shall I bear the blame to my father for ever.
33 Now therefore, let thy servant, I pray thee, abide
instead of the lad a bondman to my lord ; and let the
lad go up with his brethren.
34 For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad

264 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
be not with me ? lest I see the evil that shall come upon
my father.
XLV. 1 Then Ydsdph could not refrain himself before
all them that stood by him ; and he cried, Cause every
man to go out from me. And there stood no man
with him, while Ydsdph made himself known unto his
brethren. 2 And he wept aloud ; and the Egyptians heard, and
the house of Para'dh heard.
14 And he fell upon his brother Binyamin's neck,
and wept ; and Binyamin wept upon his neck.
15 And he kissed all his brethren, and wept upon
them : and after that his brethren talked with him.
16 And the fame thereof was heard in Para'dh's
house, saying, Ydsdph's brethren are come : and it
pleased Para'dh well, and his servants.
17 And Para'dh said unto Ydseph, Say unto thy
brethren, This do ye ; lade your beasts, and go, get you
unto the land of Kena'an ;
18 And take your father and your households, and
come unto me ; and I will give you the good of
the land of Migraim, and ye shall eat the fat of the
land. 19 Now thou art commanded, this do ye ; take you
chariots out of the land of Migraim for your little ones,
and for your wives, and bring your father, and come.
20 Also regard not your stuff; for the good of all
the land of Migraim is yours.
21 And the sons of Yisradl did so : and Ydsdph gave
them chariots, according to the commandment of Para'dh,
and gave them provision for the way.

ELOHIM COMFORTS YAAQ6B. 26S
*[And they came into the land of Kena'an unto
Ya'aqdb their father.]
26 And they told him, saying, Ydsdph is yet alive,
and he is ruler over all the land of Migraim. And his
heart fainted, for he believed them not.
27 And they told him all the words of Ydseph, which
he had said unto them : and when he saw the chariots
which Ydseph had sent to carry him, the spirit of
Ya'aqdb their father revived :
28 And Yisradl said, It is enough ; Ydseph my son
is yet alive : I will go and see him before I die.

XLH.
THE FAMILY OF YA'AQOB SETTLES IN MICRAlM.
XLVI.1 1 And Yisradl took his journey with all that
he had, and came to Beer-Shab'a, and sacrificed victims
there to the God of his father Yige'haq.
2 And Eldhim spake unto Yisradl in the visions of
the night, and said, Ya'aqdb, Ya'aqdb. And he said,
Here am I.
3 And he said, I am God, the God of thy father :
fear not to go down into Migraim ; for I will there
make of thee a great nation :
4 I will go down with thee into Migraim ; and I will
also surely bring thee up again : and Ydsdph shall put
his hand upon thine eyes.
1 Verses 1-4 have been wholly taken by the Jehovist from the older
document called the ' second Elohist.'

206 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
5 And Ya'aqdb rose up from Beer-Shab'a: and the
sons of Yisradl carried Ya'aqdb their father, and their
httle ones, and their wives, in the cliariots which Para'dh
had sent to carry him.
28 And he sent Yehudah before him unto Ydseph,
to sho-w the way before him unto Gdshen ; and they
came into the land of Gdshen.
29 And Ydseph made ready his chariot, and went
up to meet Yisradl his father, to Gdshen ; and he pre
sented himself unto him, and fell on his neck, and wept
on his neck a good while.
30 And Yisradl said unto Ydsdph, Now let me die,
since I have seen thy face, that thou art yet alive.
31 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, and unto his
father's house, I will go up, and tell Para'dh, and will
say unto him, My brethren and my father's house,
which were in the land of Kena'an, are come unto me ;
32 And the men are shepherds, for they have been
keepers of cattle : and they have brought their flocks,
and their herds, and all that they have.
33 And it shall come to pass, when Para'dh shall call
you, and shall say, What is your occupation?
34 That ye shall say, Thy servants have been keepers
of cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and
our fathers : that ye may dwell in the land of Gdshen ;
for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians.
XLVH. 1 Then Ydsdph went in and told Para'dh,
and said, My father and my brethren, and their flocks,
and their herds, and all that they have, are come out
of the land of Kena'an, and, behold, they are in the
land of Gdshen.

YA'AQDB'S FAMILY SETTLES IN MigRAlM 267
2 And from among his brethren he took five men,
and presented them unto Para'dh.
3 And Para'dh said unto his brethren, What is your
occupation? And they said unto Para'dh, Thy ser
vants are shepherds, both we, and our fathers.
4 And they said unto Para'dh, To sojourn in the
land are we come ; for there is no pasture for thy
servants' flocks ; for the famine is sore in the land of
Kena'an ; now, therefore, we pray thee, let thy servants
dwell in the land of Gdshen.
5 And Para'dh spake unto Ydsdph, saying, Thy father
and thy brethren are come unto thee :
6 The land of Migraim is before thee ; in the best of
the land make thy father and thy brethren to dwell ; in
the land of Gdshen let them dwell ; and if thou knowest
any able men among them, then make them rulers over
my cattle.
27 And Yisradl dwelt in the land of Migraim, in the
land of Gdshen.

XLHI.
BLESSING OF THE SONS OF YdSEPH.
XLVH. 29 And the time drew near that Yisradl
must die : and he called his son Ydsdph, and said unto
him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, put, I
pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly
and truly with me ; bury me not, I pray thee, in
Migraim :

268 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
30 But when I sleep with my fathers, thou shalt
carry me out of Migraim, and bury me in their .burying-
place. And he said, I will do as thou hast said.
31 And he said, Swear unto me : and he sware unto
him. And Yisradl bowed himself upon the bed's head.
XLVIII. 81 And Yisradl beheld Ydsdph's son's, and
said, Who are these?
9 And Ydseph said unto his father, They are my
sons, whom Eldhim hath given me here. And he said,
Bring them, I pray thee, unto me, and I will bless
them. 10 Now the eyes of Yisradl were dim for age,- so that
he could not see. And he brought them near unto
him ; and he kissed them, and embraced them.
11 And Yisradl said unto Ydsdph, I had not thought
to see thy face ; and, lo, Eldhim hath let me see thy
seed also.
12 And Ydsdph brought them out from between his
knees, and he bowed himself with his face to the earth.
13 And Ydsdph took them both, Ephraim in his right
hand toward Yisradl's left hand, and Menassheh in his
left hand toward Yisradl's right hand, and brought
them near unto him.
14 And Yisradl stretched out his right hand, and
laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and
his left hand upon Menassheh's head, guiding his hands
wittingly ; for Menassheh was the firstborn.
1 The Jehovist has taken the groundwork of this narrative, and most
of the expressions he makes use of, from the book where God is called
E16him ; a different work from that of the Elohist properly so called, which
has so often been the substratum to his narrative. The use, however, of the
name of Yisrael to designate Ya'aq6b is one of the signs of his personal
revision.

BLESSING OF THE SONS OF Y6SEPH

209

15 And he blessed Ydseph, and said, The God before
whom my fathers Abraham and Yice'haq did walk, the
God which hath fed me all my life long- unto this day,
16 The angel which hath redeemed me from all evil,
bless the lads ; and let my name be named on them,
and the name of my fathers Abraham and Yige'haq ;
and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the
earth. 17 And when Ydsdph saw that his father laid his
right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased
him ; and he held up his father's hand, to remove it
from Ephraim's head to Menassheh's head.
18 And Ydseph said to his father, Not so, my father :
for this is the firstborn ; put thy right hand upon his
head. 19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my
son, I know it : he also shall become a people, and he
also shall be great ; howbeit his younger brother shall
be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multi
tude of nations.
20 And he blessed them that day, saying, By thee
shall Yisradl bless, saying, Eldhim make thee as Ephraim
and as Menassheh : and he set Ephraim before Me
nassheh. 21 And Yisradl said unto Ydseph, Behold, I die : but
Eldhim shall be with you, and bring you again unto the
land of your fathers.
22 Moreover, I have given to thee one portion x
above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of
the 'Amdry with my sword and with my bow.
1 See note to chap, xlviii. 22.

270 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
XLTV.
BLESSING OF THE SONS OF YA'AQOB.
XLIX. 1 And Ya'aqdb called unto his sons, and said :
Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that
which shall befall you in the latter days.
2 Assemble yourselves, and hear, ye sons of Ya'aqdb !
And hearken unto Yisradl your father.
3 Eeuben, thou art my firstborn,
My might, and the first-fruits of my strength ;
The excellency of dignity, and the excellency of
power.
4 Impetuous as water, thou shall not have the
excellency ;
Because thou wentest up to thy father's bed :
Then defiledst thou it : he went up to my couch.
5 Shime'dn and Levy are brethren ;
Weapons of violence are their compacts.
6 0 my soul, come not thou into their secret councils ;
Unto their assembly, my honour, be not thou
united ;
For in their anger they slew men,
And in their selfwill they houghed oxen.
7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce ;
And their wrath, for it was cruel :
I will divide them in Ya'aqdb,
And scatter them in Yisradl.
8 Yehudah, thee shall thy brethren praise :
Thy hand shall be on the neck of thine enemies ;
Thy father's sons shall bow down before thee.

BLESSING OF THE SONS OF YA'Aq6b 271
9 Yehudah is a lion's whelp ;
From the prey, my son, thou art gone up :
He stooped down, he couched as a lion,
And as a lioness ; who shall rouse him up ?
10 The sceptre shall not depart from Yehudah,
Nor the ruler's staff from between his feet,
Until he come to Shildh.
And unto him shall the obedience of the peoples
be.
11 Binding his foal unto the vine,
And his ass's colt unto the choice vine ;
He hath washed his garments in wine,
And his vesture in the blood of grapes.
12 His eyes shall be red with wine,
And his teeth white with milk.
13 Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea :
And he shall be for an haven of ships ;
And his border shall be by Qiddn.
14 Yissachar is a strong ass,
Couching down between the sheepfolds :
15 And he saw a resting place that it was good,
And the land that it was pleasant ;
And he bowed his shoulder to bear,
And became a servant under taskwork.
16 Dan shall judge his people,
As one of the tribes of Yisradl.
17 Dan shall be a serpent in the way,
An horned snake in the path,
That biteth the horse's heels,
So that his rider falleth backward.
18 I have waited for thy salvation, 0 Yahveh. .:

272 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
19 Gad, a troop shall press upon him,
But he shall press upon their heel.
20 Asher his bread shall be fat ;
And he shall yield royal dainties.
21 Naphtaly is a hind let loose :
He giveth goodly words.
22 Ydseph is a fruitful bough,
A fruitful bough by a fountain ;
His branches run over the wall.
23 The archers have sorely grieved him,
And shot at him, and persecuted him :
24 But his bow abode in strength,
And the arms of his hands were made strong,
By the hands of the Mighty One of Ya'aqdb,
(From thence is the shepherd, the stone of
Yisradl,)
25 Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee,
And by the Almighty, who shall bless thee,
With blessings of heaven above,
Blessings of the deep that coucheth beneath,
Blessings of the breasts, and of the womb,
26 The blessings of thy father have prevailed
Above the blessings of my progenitors
Unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills :
They shall be on the head of Ydsdph,
And on the crown of the head of him that is
prince among his brethren.
27 Binyamin is a wolf that ravineth :
In the morning he shall devour the prey,
And at even he shall divide the spoil.
28 All these are the twelve tribes of Yisradl ; and this
it is that their father spake unto them and blessed them.

DEATH AND FUNERALS OF YA'AQ&B AND YOSEPH 27.3
XLV.
DEATH AND FUNERALS OF YA'AQOB AND YOSEPH. 1
L. 1 And Ydsdph fell upon his father's face, and
wept upon him, and kissed him.
2 And Ydseph commanded his slaves the phy
sicians to embalm his father : and the physicians em
balmed Yisradl.
3 And forty days were fulfilled for him ; for so are
fulfilled the days of embalming : and the Egyptians
wept for him threescore and ten days.
4 And when the days of weeping for him were past,
Ydsdph spake unto the house of Para'dh, saying, If now
I have found grace in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in
the ears of Para'dh, saying,
5 My father made me swear, saying, Lo, I die : in
my grave which I have digged for me in the land of
Kena'an, there shalt thou bury me. Now therefore let
me go up, I pray thee, and bury my father, and I will
come again.
6 And Para'dh said, Go up, and bury thy father,
according as he made thee swear.
7 And Ydsdph went up to bury his father : and with
him went up all the servants of Para'dh, the elders of
his house, and all the elders of the land of Migraim,
8 And all the house of Ydsdph, and his brethren, and
his father's house: only their little ones, and their
flocks, and their herds, they left in the land of Gdshen.
1 The verses in which the Jehovist related the death of Ya'aqob are lost,
the latest editor having adopted the text of the Elohist in place of them.

274 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
9 And there went up with him both chariots and
horsemen : and it was a very great company.
10 And they came to Gdren-haatad, which is beyond
the Yarden, and there they lamented with a very great
and sore lamentation : and he made a mourning for his
father seven days.
11 And when the inhabitants of the land, the
Kena'any, saw the mourning at Gdren-haatad, they
said, This is a grievous mourning for Migraim : where
fore the name of it was called Abdl-Migraim (Mourning
of Migraim), (the locality) which is beyond the Yarden.
14 And Ydseph returned into Migraim, he, and his
brethren, and all that went up with him to bury his
father, after he had buried his father.
15 And when Ydsdph's brethren saw that their father
was dead, they said, It may be that Ydsdph will hate
us, and will fully requite us all the evil which we did
unto him.
16 And they sent a message unto Ydsdph, saying,
Thy father did command before he died, saying,
17 So shall ye say unto Ydseph, Forgive, I pray thee
now, the transgression of thy brethren, and their sin,
for that they did unto thee evil : and now, we pray
thee, forgive the transgression of the servants of the
God of thy father. And Ydseph wept when they spake
unto him.
18 And his brethren also went and fell down before
his face ; and they said, Behold, we be thy slaves.
19 And Ydsdph said unto them, Fear not, for am I
in the place of Eldhim ? l
1 The Jehovist has taken these latter verses, almost without alteration,
from the document improperly called that of the ' second Elohist.'

DEATH AND FUNERALS OF YA'AQ6b AND Y6SEPH 275
20 And as for you, ye meant evil against me ; but
Eldhim meant it for good, to bring to pass, as it is this
day, to save much people alive.
21 Now therefore fear ye not : I will nourish you,
and your httle ones. And he comforted them, and
spake to their heart.
23 And Ydsdph saw Ephraim's children of the third
generation : the children also of Machir the son of
Menassheh were born upon Ydsdph's knees.
24 And Ydseph said unto his brethren, I die : but
Eldhim will surely visit you, and bring you up out of
this land unto the land which he sware to Abraham, to
Yige'haq, and to Ya'aqdb.
25 And Ydsdph took an oath of the children of
Yisradl, saying, Eldhim will surely visit you, and ye
shall carry up my bones from hence.
26 So Ydsdph died, being an hundred and ten years
old : and they embalmed him, and he was put into a
coffin in Migraim.

x 2

III.
THE BOOK OF GENEALOG-IES
OK
ELOHISTIC DOCUMENT

I.
THE GENEALOGIES OF THE HEAVEN AND OF THE EARTH.
H. 4 These are the genealogies of the heaven and of
the earth when they were created.
I. 1 In the beginning Eldhim created the heaven and
the earth.
2 And the earth was waste and void ; and darkness
was upon the face of the deep : and the spirit of
Eldhim moved upon the face of the waters.
3 And Eldhim said, Let there be light : and there
was light.
4 And Eldhim saw the light, that it was good : and
Eldhim divided the light from the darkness.
5 And Eldhim called the light Day, and the dark
ness he called Night. And there was evening and
there was morning, one day.
6 And Eldhim said, Let there be a firmament in the
midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from
the waters. And it was so.
7 And Eldhim made the firmament, and divided the
waters which were under the firmament from the waters
which were above the firmament. And Eldhim saw
the firmament, that it was good.
8 And Eldhim called the firmament Heaven. And
there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

280 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
9 And Eldhim said, Let the waters under the
heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let
the dry land appear : and it was so.
10 And Eldhim called the dry land Earth ; and the
gathering together of the waters called he Seas : and
Eldhim saw that it was good.
11 And Eldhim said, Let the earth put forth grass,
herb yielding seed, and fruit-tree bearing fruit after its
kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth : and
it was so.
12 And the earth brought forth grass, herb yielding
seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is
the seed thereof, after its kind : and Eldhim saw that it
was good. '
13 And there was evening and there was morning, a
third day.
14 And Eldhim said, Let there be lights in the firma
ment of the heaven to divide the day from the night ;
and let them be for signs and for seasons, and for days
and years :
15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the
heaven to give light upon the earth : and it was so.
16 And Eldhim made the two great lights ; the
greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule
the night : he made the stars also.
1 [And Eldhim placed them in the firmament of the
heaven to give light upon the earth.]
17 And Eldhim set them in the firmament of the
heaven to give light upon the earth,
1 The restoration of this verse, which is omitted from the text as we now
have it, is absolutely necessary to make the history agree with the other
verses.

GENEALOGIES OF THE HEAVEN AND OF THE EARTH 281
18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and
to divide the light from the darkness : and Eldhim saw
that it was good.
19 And there was evening and there was morning, a
fourth day.
20 And Eldhim said, Let the waters swarm with a
living pullulation, and let fowl fly above the earth
towards the face of the firmament of the heaven. And
it was so.
21 And Eldhim created the great sea-monsters, and
all the living and creeping things with which the waters
swarm, after their kinds, and every winged fowl after
its kind : and Eldhim saw that it was good.
22 And Eldhim blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and
multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl
multiply in the earth.
23 And there was evening and there was morning,
a fifth day.
24 And Eldhim said, Let the earth bring forth the
living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping
thing, and beast of the earth after its kind : and it was so.
25 And Eldhim made the beast of the earth after its
kind, and the cattle after their kind, and everything
that creepeth upon the ground after its kind : and
Eldhim saw that it was good.
1 [And Eldhim blessed them, saying, Be fruitful,
and multiply, and replenish the earth.]
26 And Eldhim said, Let us make man in our image,
after our likeness : and let them have dominion over the
1 This is another verse which is wanting both in our present text and in
the ancient versions, but which is also required to make the history of
creation complete.

282 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over
the cattle, and over [every beast of] the earth, and over
every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
27 And Eldhim created man in his own image, in
the image of Eldhim created he him ; male and female
created he them.
28 And Eldhim blessed them ; and Eldhim said unto
them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth,
and subdue it ; and have dominion over the fish of the
sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living
thing that mOveth upon the earth.
29 And Eldhim said, Behold, I have given you every
herb yielding seed, which is upon the face of all the
earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree
yielding seed ; to you it shall be for meat :
30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every
fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon
the earth, wherein there is the breath of life, I have
given every green herb for meat : and it was so.
31 And Eldhim saw everything that he had made,
and, behold, it was very good. And there was evening
and there was morning, the sixth day.
II. 1 And the heaven and the earth were finished,
and all the host of them.
2 And on the seventh day Eldhim finished his work
which he had made ; and he rested on the seventh day
from all his work which he had made.
3 And Eldhim blessed the seventh day, and hallowed
it ; because that in it he rested from all his work which
Eldhim had created and made.

THE GENEALOGIES OF ADAM 283
II.
THE GENEALOGIES OF AdAM.
V. 1 This is the book of the genealogies of Adam.
In the day that Eldhim created man, in the likeness
of Eldhim made he him ;
2 Male and female created he them ; and blessed
them, and called their name Adam, in the day when
they were created.
3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and
begat a son in his own likeness, after his image : and
called his name Shdth :
4 And the days of Adam after he begat Shdth were
eight hundred years : and he begat sons and daughters :
5 And all the days that Adam lived were nine
hundred and thirty years : and he died.
6 And Shdth lived an hundred and five years, and
begat Endsh :
7 And Shdth lived after he begat Endsh eight hun
dred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters :
8 And all the days of Shdth were nine hundred and
twelve years : and he died.
9 And Endsh lived ninety years, and begat Qdnan :
10 And Endsh lived after he begat Qdnan eight hun
dred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters :
11 And all the days of Endsh were nine hundred and
five years : and he died.
12 And Qdnan lived seventy years, and begat
Mahalaldl :

284 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
13 And Qdnan lived after he begat Mahalaldl eight
hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters :
14 And all the days of Qdnan were nine hundred and
ten years : and he died.
15 And Mahalaldl lived sixty and five years, and
begat Yared :
16 And Mahalaldl lived after he begat Yared eight
hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daugh
ters :
17 And all the days of Mahalaldl were eight hundred
ninety and five years : and he died.
18 And Yared lived an hundred sixty and two years,
and begat 'Handch :
19 And Yared lived after he begat 'Handch eight
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters :
20 And all the days of Yared were nine hundred
sixty and two years : and he died.
21 And 'Handch lived sixty and five years, and begat
Methushala'h :
22 And 'Handch walked with God after he begat
Methushala'h three hundred years, and begat sons and
daughters :
23 And all the days of 'Handch were three hundred
sixty and five years :
24 And 'Handch walked with God : and he was not ;
for Eldhim took him.
25 And Methushala'h lived an hundred eighty and
seven years, and begat Lamech :
26 And Methushala'h lived after he begat Lamech
seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons
and daughters :

THE GENEALOGIES OF ADAM 28.5'
27 And all the days of Methushala'h were nine
hundred sixty and nine years : and he died.
28 And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two
years, and he begat [Nda'h] :
30 And Lamech lived after he begat Nda'h five
hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and
daughters :
31 And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred
seventy and seven years : and he died.
32 And Nda'h was five hundred years old : and
Nda'h begat Shem, 'Ham, and Yapheth.

III.
THE GENEALOGIES OF N6a'H.

VI. 9 These are the genealogies of Nda'h.
Nda'h was a righteous man and upright in his
generations : Nda'h walked with God.
10 And Nda'h begat three sons, Shdm, 'Ham, and
Yapheth. 11 And the earth was corrupt before God, and the
earth was filled with violence.
12 And Eldhim saw the earth, and, behold, it was
corrupt : for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the
earth. 13 And Eldhim said unto Nda'h, The end of all flesh
is come before me ; for the earth is filled with violence
through them ; and, behold, I will destroy them with
the earth.

286 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
14 Make thee an ark of cypress wood; cells shalt
thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and
without with pitch.
15 And this is how thou shalt make it : the length of
the ark three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty
cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
16 A light shalt thou make to the ark, and to a
cubit shalt thou finish it upward ; and the door of the
ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower,
second, and third stories shalt thou make it.
17 And I, behold, I do bring the deluge of waters
upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the
breath of life, from under heaven ; every thing that is
in the earth shall die.
18 But I will establish my covenant with thee ; and
thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and
thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee.
19 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of
every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them
alive with thee ; they shall be male and female.
20 Of the fowl after their kind, and of the cattle
after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground
after its kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee,
to keep them alive.
21 And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten,
and gather it to thee ; and it shall be for food for
thee, and for them.
22 Thus did Nda'h ; according to all that Eldhim
commanded him, so did he.
VII. 6 And Nda'h was six hundred years old when
the deluge of waters was upon the earth.

THE GENEALOGIES OF NOA'H 287
11 In the six hundredth year of Noa'h's life, in the
second month, on the seventeenth day of the month,
on the same day were all the fountains of the great
deep broken up, and the floodgates of heaven were
opened. 13 In the selfsame day entered Nda'h, and Shem, and
'Ham, and Yapheth, the sons of Nda'h, and Noa'h's
wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into
the ark ;
14 They, and every beast after its kind, and all the
cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that
creepeth upon the earth after its kind, and every fowl
after its kind, every bird o'f every sort.
15 And they went in unto Nda'h into the ark, two
and two of all flesh wherein is the breath of life.
16 And they that went in, went in male and female
of all flesh, as Eldhim commanded him.
18 And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly
upon the earth ; and the ark went upon the face of
the waters.
19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the
earth ; and all the high mountains that were under the
whole heaven were covered.
20 Fifteen cubits upwards did the waters prevail:
and the mountains were covered.
21 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth,
both fowl, and cattle, and beast, and every creep
ing thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every
man :
22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit
of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.

288 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an
hundred and fifty days.
VIH. 1 And Eldhim remembered Nda'h, and every
living thing, and all the cattle that were with him in
the ark : and Eldhim made a wind to pass over the
earth, and the waters assuaged ;
2 The fountains also of the deep and the floodgates
of heaven were stopped ;
3 And after the end of an hundred and fifty days
the waters decreased.
4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the
seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of
Ararat. 5 And the waters decreased continually until the
tenth month : in the tenth month, on the first day of
the month, were the tops of the mountains seen.
13 And it came to pass, in the six hundred and first
year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the
waters were dried up from off the earth ;
14 and in the second month, on the seven and
twentieth day of the month, was the earth dry.
15 And Eldhim spake unto Nda'h, saying,
16 Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy
sons, and thy sons' wives with thee.
17 Bring forth with thee every living thing that is
with thee of all flesh, both fowl, and cattle, and every
creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth ; that they
may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and
multiply in the earth.
18 And Nda'h went forth, and his sons, and his wife,
and his sons' wives with him :

THE GENEALOGIES OF NOAH. 289
19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl,
whatsoever moveth upon the earth, after their families,
went forth out of the ark.
IX. 1 And Eldhim blessed Nda'h and his sons, and
said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish
the earth.
2 And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be
upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of
the air ; with all wherewith the ground creepeth, and
all the fishes of the sea ; into your hand are they
delivered. 3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be food for
you ; as the green herb have I given you all.
4 But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood
thereof, shall ye not eat.
5 And surely your blood, the blood of your lives,
wih I require ; at the hand of every beast will I
require it : and at the hand of man, even at the
hand of every man's brother, will I require the fife of
man. 6 Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his
blood be shed : for in the image of Eldhim made he
man. 7 And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply ; bring forth
abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein.
8 And Eldhim spake unto Nda'h, and to his sons with
him, saying,
9 And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you,
and with your seed after you ;
10 And with every living creature that is with you,
the fowl, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with
u

290 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
you : of all that go out of the ark, even every beast of
the earth.
11 And I will establish my covenant with you ; neither
shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of the
deluge ; neither shall there any more be a deluge to
destroy the earth.
12 And Eldhim said, This is the token of the covenant
which I make between me and you and every living
creature that is with you, for perpetual generations :
13 I have set my bow in the cloud, and it shall
be for a token of a covenant between me and the
earth. 14 And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud
over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud,
15 And I will remember my covenant, which is
between me and you and every living creature of all
flesh ; and the waters shall no more become a deluge
to destroy all flesh.
16 And the bow shall be in the cloud ; and I will
look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting
covenant between Eldhim and every living creature of
all flesh that is upon the earth.
28 And Nda'h hved after the deluge three hundred
and fifty years.
29 And all the days of Nda'h were nine hundred and
fifty years : and he died.

THE GENEALOGIES OF THE SONS OF NdA'H. 291
IV.
THE GENEALOGIES OF THE SONS OF NOA'H.
X. 1 Now these are the genealogies of the sons of
Nda'h, Shem, 'Ham, and Yapheth : and unto them were
sons born after the deluge.
2 The sons of Yapheth : Gomer, and Magog, and
Maday, and Yavan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and
TMs. 3 And the sons of Gomer : Ashkenaz, and Eiphath,
and Togarmah.
4 And the sons of Yavan : Elishah, and Tarshish,
and the Kittim, and the Dddanim.
5 Of these were the coast-lands of the nations
divided in their lands, every one after his tongue ; after
their families, in their nations.
6 And the sons of 'Ham : Kush, and Migraim, and
Phut, and Kena'an.
7 And the sons of Kiish : Seba, and Havilah, and
Sabtah, and Ea'emah, and Sabteka : and the sons of
Ea'emah ; Sheba, and Dedan.
13 And Migraim begat the Ludim, and the 'Anamim,
and the Lehabim, and the Naphtu'him,
14 And the Patrusim, and the Kaslu'him (whence
went forth the Pelishtim), and the Kaphtdrim.
15 And Kena'an begat Ciddn his firstborn, and
'Heth; 16 And the Yebusy, and the Amdry, and the
Girgashy ;
17 And the 'Hivy, and the 'Arqy, and the Siny ;
v 2

292 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
18 And the Arvady, and the Cemary, and the
'Hamathy ; and afterward were the families of the
Kena'any spread abroad.
19 And the border of the Kena'any was from Qiddn,
as thou goest towards Gerar, unto Azah ; as thou goest
towards Seddm and 'Amdrah, and Admah and Cebdyim
unto Lasha'h.
20 These are the sons of 'Ham, after their families,
after their tongues, in their lands, in their nations.
22 The sons of Shdm : 'Eiam, and Asshur, and
Arpakshad, and Lud, and Aram.
23 And the sons of Aram : 'Ug, and 'Hul, and Gether,
and Mash.
24 And Arpakshad begat Shela'h ; and Shela'h be
gat 'Eber, [and 'Eber begat Peleg and Yoqtan.1]
26 And Yoqtan begat Almddad, and Shaieph, and
'Hagarmaveth, and Yarah,
27 And Haddram, and Uzai, and Diqiah,
28 And 'Obal, and Abima'el, and Sheba,
29 And Ophir, and 'Havilah, and Yobab : all these
were the sons of Yoqtan.
30 And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou
goest towards Sephar, the mountain of the east.
31 These are the sons of Shdm, after their families,
after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations.
32 These are the families of the sons of Nda'h
after their genealogies, in their nations : and of
these were the nations divided in the earth after the
delude.
1 I replace here the verse for which the latest editor has substituted one
from the Jehovistic document as it was probably written.

THE GENEALOGIES OF SHEM. 293
V.
THE GENEALOGIES OF SHEM.
XI. 10 These are the genealogies of Shdm.
Shem was an hundred years old, and begat Arpakshad
two years after the deluge :
11 And Shdm lived after he begat Arpakshad five
hundred years, and begat sons and daughters.
12 And Arpakshad lived five and thirty years, and
begat Shela'h.
13 And Arpakshad lived after he begat Shdla'h
four hundred and three years, and begat sons and
daughters. 14 And Shela'h hved thirty years, and begat 'Eber :
15 And Shdla'h lived after he begat 'Eber four hun-
~di:ed asd three years, and begat sons and daughters.
16 And 'Eber lived four ard thirty years, and begat
Peleg : - - - ¦
17 And 'Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hun
dred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters.
1 8 And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Ee'u ;
19 And Peleg lived after he begat Ee'u two hun
dred and nine years, and begat sons and daughters.
20 And Ee'u lived two and thirty years, and begat
Seriig :
21 And Ee'u hved after he begat Serug two hundred
and seven years, and begat sons and daughters.
22 And Serug lived thirty years, and begat Na'hdr :
23 And Serug lived after he begat Na'hdr two hun
dred years, and begat sons and daughters.

294 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
24 And Na'hdr lived nine and twenty years, and
begat Tera'h :
25 And Na'hdr lived after he begat Tera'h an hun
dred and nineteen years, and begat sons and daughters.
26 And Tera'h lived seventy years, and begat
Abram, Na'hdr, and Haran.

VI.
THE GENEALOGIES OF TERA'H.
XL 27 Now these are the genealogies of Tera'h
Tera'h begat Abram, Na'hdr, and Haran ; and Haran
begat Ldt.
28 And Haran died in the presence of hi? father
Tera'h in the land of b.is-ird,iivity, in IJr of the Kasdim.
23 And Abram and Na'hdr took them wives : the
name of Abram's wife was Saray ; and the name of
M'hdr's wife Milkah, the daughter of Haran.
30 And Saray was barren ; she had no child.
31 And Tera'h took Abram his son, and Ldt the son
of Haran, his son's son, and Saray his daughter-in-law,
his son Abram's wife ; and they went forth with them
from IJr of the Kasdim to go into the land of Kena'an :
and they came unto Haran, and dwelt there.
32 And the days of Tera'h were two hundred and
five years , and Tera'h died in Haran.

THE GENEALOGIES OF ABRAHAM. 295
VII.
THE GENEALOGIES OF ABRAHAM.
*l [These are the genealogies of Abraham.1].
XII. 4 And Abram was seventy and five years old
when he departed out of 'Haran.
5 And Abram took Saray his wife, and Ldt his
brother's son, and all their substance that they had
gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran ;
and they went forth to go into the land of Kena'an ; and
into the land of Kena'an they came.2
XLIL 2 And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver,
and in gold.
..%.-. 5 And Ldt also, which went with Abram, had flocks,
"and herds, and tents.
6 And the land was not able to bear them, that they
might dwell together : for their substance was great,
so that they could not dwell together.
12 Abram dwelled in the land of Kena'an, and Ldt
dwelled in the cities of the circuit (of the Yarddn), and
moved his tent as far as Seddm.
XVI. 3 And Saray Abram's wife took Hagar the
Egyptian, her slave, after Abram had dwelt ten years
in the land of Kena'an, and gave her to Abram her
husband to be his wife.
15 And Hagar bare Abram a son : and Abram
1 I replace here the title which was certainly prefixed to this section of
the Elohistic document similarly to those prefixed to the other sections of
that work.
2 The latter part of this sentence ought perhaps to be omitted, as
inserted by the Jehovist,

296 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
called the name of his son, which Hagar bare,
Yishma'dl. 16 And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when
Hagar bare Yishma'el to Abram.
XVIL 1 And when Abram was ninety years old and
nine [Eldhim] appeared to Abram, and said unto him,
I am El-Shadday (God Almighty) ; walk before me, and
be thou perfect.
2 And I will make my covenant between me and
thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.
3 And Abram fell on his face : and Eldhim talked
with him, saying,
4 As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and
thou shalt be the father of a multitude of nations.
5 Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram,
but thy name shall be Abraham (the father of a multi
tude) : for the father of a .multitude of nations have
I made thee.
6 And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I
will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of
thee. 7 And I will establish my covenant between me and
thee and thy seed after thee throughout their genera
tions for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto
thee and to thy seed after thee.
8 And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after
thee, the land of thy sojourning, all the land of Kena'an,
for an everlasting possession : and I will be their God.
9 And Eldhim said unto Abraham, And as for thee,
thou shalt keep my covenant, thou, and thy seed after
thee throughout their generations.

THE GENEALOGIES OF ABRAHAM. 297
10 This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between
me and . you and thy seed after thee ; every male
among you shall be circumcised.
11 And ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your
foreskin ; and it shall be a token of a covenant be
twixt me and you.
12 And he that is eight days old shall be circum
cised among you, every male throughout your genera
tions, he that is born in the house, or bought with
money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed.
13 He that is born in thy house, and he that is
bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised :
and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an ever
lasting covenant.
14 And the uncircumcised male who is not circum
cised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut
off from his people : he hath broken my covenant.
15 And Eldhim said unto Abraham, As for Saray
thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Saray, but Sarah
shall her name be.
16 And I will bless her, and moreover I will give
thee a son of her : yea, I will bless her, and she shall be
a mother of nations : kings of peoples shall be of her.
17 Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed
{yiqe'hdq), and said in his heart, Shall a child be born
unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall
Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear ?
18 And Abraham said unto Eldhim, Oh that Yish
ma'el might live before thee !
19 And Eldhim said, Nay, but Sarah thy wife shall
bear thee a son ; and thou shalt call his name Yige'haq :

298 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
and I will establish my covenant with him for an ever
lasting covenant for his seed after him.
20 And as for Yishma'dl, I have heard thee : behold,
I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will
multiply him exceedingly ; twelve princes shall he
beget, and I will make him a great nation.
21 But my covenant will I estabhsh with Yige'haq,
which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the
next year.
22 And. he left off talking with him, and Eldhim went
up from Abraham.
23 And Abraham took Yishma'el his son, and all
that were born in his house, and all that were bought
with his money, every male among the men of Abraham's
house, and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the
selfsame day, as Eldhim had said unto him.
24 And Abraham was ninety years old and nine,
when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
25 And Yishma'dl his son was thirteen years old,
when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
26 In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised,
and Yishma'dl his son.
27 And all the men of his house, those born in the
house, and those bought with money of the stranger,
were circumcised with him.
XIX. 29 And it came to pass, when Eldhim de
stroyed the cities (of the Yarden), that Eldhim remem
bered Abraham, and sent Ldt out of the midst of the
overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in which Ldt
dwelt. XXI. 1 And [Eldhim] visited Sarah as he had said.

THE GENEALOGIES OF ABRAHAM. 299
2 And Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in
his old age, at the set time of which Eldhim had spoken
to him.
3 And Abraham called the name of his son that was
born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Yige'haq.
4 And Abraham circumcised his son Yige'haq when
he was eight days old, as Eldhim had commanded
him. 5 And Abraham was an hundred years old when his
son Yige'haq was born unto him.
8 1 And the child grew, and was weaned : and
Abraham made a great feast on the day that Yige'haq
was weaned.
9 And Sarah saw the son of Hagar, the Egyptian,
which she had borne unto Abraham, mocking.
10 Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this
bondwoman and her son : for the son of this bond
woman shall not be heir with my son, even with Yige'haq.
11 And the thing was very grievous in Abraham's
sight on account of his son.
12 And Eldhim said unto Abraham, Let it not be
grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of
thy bondwoman ; in all that Sarah saith unto thee,
hearken unto her voice ; for in Yige'haq shall thy seed
be called.
13 And also of the son of the bondwoman will I
make a nation, because he is thy seed.
14 And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and
took bread and a skin of water, and gave it unto Hagar,
1 Many critics assign this passage, from verse 8 to verse 21, to the book
of what they term 'the second Elohist.'

300 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her
away : and she departed, and wandered in the wilder
ness of Bedr-Shab'a.
15 And the water in the skin was spent, and she
cast the child under one of the shrubs.
16 And she went, and sat her down over against him
a long way off, as it were a bowshot : for she said, Let
me not look upon the death of the child. And she sat
over against him, and lift up her voice, and wept.
17 And Eldhim heard the voice of the lad ; and the
angel of Eldhim called to Hagar out of heaven, and
said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar ? fear not ; for
Eldhim hath heard the voice of the lad where he is.
18 Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thy hand ;
for I will make him a great nation.
19 And Eldhim opened her eyes, and she saw a well
of water ; and she went and filled the bottle with water,
and gave the lad drink.
20 And Eldhim was with the lad, and he grew ; and
he dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer.
21 And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran : and
his mother took him a wife out of the land of Migraim.
XXni. 1 And the life of Sarah was an hundred
and seven and twenty years : these were the years of
the life of Sarah.
2 And Sarah died in Qiryath-Arb'a, in the land
of Kena'an : and Abraham came to mourn for Sarah,
and to weep for her.
3 And Abraham rose up from before his dead, and
spake unto the Bend-'Hdth, saying,
4 I am a stranger and a sojourner with you : give

THE GENEALOGIES OF ABRAHAM. 301
me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I
may bury my dead out of my sight.
5 And the Bend-'Hdth answered Abraham, saying
unto him,
6 Hear us, my lord : Thou art a prince of Eldhim
among us : in the choice of our sepulchres bury thy
dead ; none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre,
but that thou mayest bury thy dead.
7 And Abraham rose up, and bowed himself to the
people of the land, even to the Bend-'Hdth.
8 And he communed with them, saying, If it be
your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight,
hear me, and intreat for me to 'Ephrdn the son of
Co 'har,
9 That he may give me the cave of Machpeiah,
which he hath, which is in the end of his field ; for the
full price let him give it to me in the midst of you for
a possession of a buryingplace.
10 Now 'Ephrdn was sitting in the midst of the
Bend-'Hdth : and 'Ephrdn the 'Hitty answered Abraham
in the audience of the Bend-'Hdth, even of all that went
in at the gate of his city, saying,
11 Nay, my lord, hear me : the field give I thee, and
the cave that is therein, I give it thee ; in the presence
of the sons of my people give I it thee : bury thy dead.
12 And Abraham bowed himself down before the
people of the land.
13 And he spake unto 'Ephrdn in the audience of
the people of the land, saying, But if thou wilt, I pray
thee hear me : I will give the price of the field ; take
it of me, and I will bury my dead there.

302 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
14 And 'Ephrdn answered Abraham, saying unto
him, 15 My lord, hearken unto me : a piece of land worth
four hundred shekels of silver, what is that betwixt me
and thee ? bury therefore thy dead.
16 And Abraham hearkened unto 'Ephrdn ; and
Abraham weighed to 'Ephrdn the silver, which he had
named in the audience of the Bend-'Hdth, four hundred
shekels of silver, current money with the merchant.
17 So the field of 'Ephrdn, which was in Machpdiah,
which was before Mamrd, the field, and the cave which
was therein, and all the trees that were in the field,
that were in all the border thereof round about, were
made sure
18 Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence
of the Bend-'Hdth, before all that went in at the gate
of his city.
19 And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife
in the cave of the field of Machpdiah, before Mamrd.
20 And the field, and the cave that is therein, were
made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a burying
place by the Bend-'Hdth.
XXV. 1 And Abraham took another wife and her
name was Qeturah.
2 And she bare him Zimran, and Yoqshan, and
Medan, and Midyan, and Yishbaq, and ShM'h.
3 And the sons of [Yoqshan] were the Asshiirim, and
the Letushim and the Leummim.
4 And the sons of Midyan ; 'Ephah, and 'Epher, and
'Handch, and Abid'a, and Elda'a. All these were the
children of Qeturah.

THE GENEALOGIES OF ABRAHAM. 303
5 And Abraham gave all that he had to Yige'haq.
6 But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abra
ham had, Abraham gave gifts ; and he sent them away
from Yige'haq his son, while he yet lived, eastward,
into the east country.
7 And these are the days of the years of Abraham's
life which he hved, an hundred three score and fifteen
years. 8 And Abraham gave up the ghost, and died in a
good old age, an old man, and full of years ; and was
gathered to his people.
9 And Yige'haq and Yishma'dl his sons buried him
in the cave of Machpdiah, in the field of 'Ephrdn the
son of Qo'har the 'Hitty, which is before Mamrd,
10 The field which Abraham purchased of the Bend-
'Hdth ; there was Abraham buried, and Sarah his wife.
11 And it came to pass after the death of Abraham,
that Eldhim blessed Yige'haq his son.

VIII.
THE GENEALOGIES OF YISHMA'EL.
XXV. 12 Now these are the genealogies of Yishma'dl
Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's
handmaid, bare unto Abraham.
13 And these are the names of the sons of Yishma'dl,
by their names, according to their generations : the
firstborn of Yishma'dl, Nebayoth, and Qddar, and
Adbedl, and Mibsam,

304 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
14 And Mishma', and Dumah, and Massa,
15 And 'Hadad, and Tema, Yetur, Naphish, and
Qddmah. 16 These are the sons of Yishma'dl, and these are their
names, by their villages, and by their encampments :
twelve princes according to their nations.
17 And these are the years of the life of Yishma'dl,
an hundred and thirty and seven years ; and he gave
up the ghost and died ; and was gathered unto his
people.

IX.
THE GENEALOGIES OF YICE'hAQ.
XXV. 19 These are the genealogies of Yige'haq,
Abraham's son : Abraham begat Yige'haq :
20 And Yige'haq was forty years old when he took
Eibqah, the daughter of Bethudl the Aramy of Paddan-
Aram. 1 [And Eibqah bare him two sons, Esav and
Ya'aqdb.] 26 And Yige'haq was threescore years old when she
bare them.
XXVI. 24 (Eldhim) appeared unto him in that night,
and said, I am the God of Abraham thy father : fear
1 The verse of the Elohist stating the birth of the two sons of Yice'haq
has been omitted by the latest editor, who has substituted for it the more
detailed account of the Jehovist. According to the usual mode of writing
of the Elohist, he must have recorded the birth of the two brothers nearly
in the mode which we have conjecturally restored.

THE GENEALOGIES OF YICE'HAQ. 305
not, for I am with thee, and will bless thee, and mul
tiply thy seed for my servant Abraham's sake.
34 And when 'Esav was forty years old, he took
to wife Yehudith the daughter of Bedry, the 'Hitty, and
Basemath the daughter of Eldn the 'Hitty :
35 And they were a grief of mind unto Yige'haq and
to Eibqah.
XXVn. 46 And Eibqah said to Yige'haq, I am
weary of my life because of the daughters of 'Heth :
if Ya'aqdb take a wife of the daughters of 'Heth, such
as these, of the daughters of the land, what good shall
my life do me ?
XXVHI. 1 And Yige'haq called Ya'aqdb, and blessed
him, and charged him, and said unto him, Thou shalt
not take a wife of the daughters of Kena'an.
2 Arise, go to Paddan-Aram, to the house of Bethuel
thy mother's father : and take thee a wife from thence
of the daughters of Laban thy mother's brother.
3 And El-Shadday (God Almighty) bless thee, and
make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou mayest
be a company of peoples ;
4 And give thee the blessing of Abraham, to thee,
and to thy seed with thee ; that thou mayest inherit
the land of thy sojournings, which Eldhim gave unto
Abraham. 5 And Yige'haq sent away Ya'aqdb : and he went to
Paddan Aram unto Laban, son of Bethuel the Aramy,
the brother of Eibqah, Ya'aqdb and 'Esav's mother.
6 Now 'Esav saw that Yige'haq had blessed Ya'aqdb
and sent him away to Paddan-Aram, to take him a wife
from thence ; and that, as he blessed him, he gave him
x

306 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the
daughters of Kena'an ;
7 And that Ya'aqdb obeyed his father and his mother,
and was gone to Paddan-Aram :
8 And 'Esav saw that the daughters of Kena'an
pleased not Yige'haq his father ;
9 And 'Esav went unto Yishma'dl, and took unto
the wives which he had Ma'halath the daughter of
Yishma'dl, Abraham's son, the sister of Nebayoth, to be
his wife. 1
XXXI. 17 Then Ya'aqdb rose up, and set his sons
and his wives upon camels :
18 And he carried away all his cattle, and all his
substance which he had gathered, the cattle of his
getting, which he had gathered in Paddan-Aram, for to
go to Yige'haq his father unto the land of Kena'an.
XXXIII. 18 And Ya'aqdb came in peace to the city of
Shechem, which is in the land of Kena'an, when he came
from Paddan-Aram ; and encamped before the city.
XXXIV. 1 And Dinah, the daughter of Ldah, which
she bare unto Ya'aqdb, went out to see the daughters
of the land.
2 And Shechem, the son of 'Hamdr the 'Hivvy, the
prince of the land, saw her, and he took her.
4 And Shechem spake unto his father 'Hamdr, saying,
Get me this damsel to wife.
1 The Elohist must have briefly narrated here Ya'aqob's abiding with
Laban and his marriage with Laban's two daughters. But his narrative,
which was evidently a very concise one, has been set aside by the latest
editor, who has put in its place the more developed narrative of the Jehovist,
who has himself reproduced in its entirety an older document from the
work sometimes called that of the ' second Elohist.'

THE GENEALOGIES OF YigE'HAQ. 307
6 And 'Hamdr the father of Shechem went out unto
Ya'aqdb to commune with him.
8 And 'Hamdr communed with [him], saying, The
soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter : I
pray you give her unto him to wife.
9 And make ye marriages with us ; give your
daughters unto us, and take our daughters unto you.
10 And ye shall dwell with us: and the land shall
be before you ; dwell and trade ye therein, and get you
possessions therein.
*[Ya'aqdb and his sons answered 'Hamdr and Shechem,
saying,] 15 Only on this condition will we consent with you ;
if ye will be as we be, that every male of you be
circumcised ;
16 Then will we give our daughters unto you, and
we will take your daughters to us, and we will dwell
with you, and we will become one people.
17 But if ye will not hearken to us, to be circum
cised ; then will we take our daughter, and we will be
gone. 18 And their words pleased 'Hamdr, and Shechem
'Hamdr's son.
20 And 'Hamdr and Shechem his son came unto the
gate of their city, and communed with the men of their
city, saying,
21 These men are peaceable with us ; therefore let
them dwell in the land, and trade therein ; for, behold,
the land is large enough for them ; let Us take their
daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our
daughters.

x 2

308 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
22 Only on this condition will the men consent unto
us to dwell with us, to become one people, if every
male among us be circumcised, as they are circum
cised. 23 Shall not their cattle and their substance and all
their beasts be ours ? only let us consent unto them,
and they will dwell with us.
24 And unto 'Hamdr and unto Shechem his son
hearkened all that went out of the gate of his city ; and
every male was circumcised, all that went out of the
gate of his city.
25 And it came to pass on the third day, when they
were sore, that two of the sons of Ya'aqdb, Shime'dn
and Ldvy, Dinah's brethren, took each man his sword,
and came upon the city unawares, and slew all the
males. 28 They took their flocks and their herds and their
asses, and that which was in the city, and that which
was in the fields.
30 And Ya'aqdb said to Shime'dn and Levy, Ye have
troubled me, to make me to stink among the in
habitants of the land, among the Kena'any and the -
Perizzy : and I being few in number, they will gather
themselves together against me and smite me ; and I
shall be destroyed, I and my house.
XXXV. 6 And Ya'aqdb came to Luz, which is in
the land of Kena'an, he and all the people that were
with him.
9 And Eldhim appeared unto Ya'aqdb again, when
he came from Paddan-Aram, and blessed him.
10 And Eldhim said unto him, Thy name is Ya'aqdb :

THE GENEALOGIES OF YIQEHAQ. 309
thy name shall not be called any more Ya'aqdb, but
Yisradl shall be thy name: and he called his name
Yisradl. 11 And Eldhim said unto him, I am El Shadday
(God Almighty) : be fruitful and multiply : a nation
and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings
shall come out of thy loins.
12 And the land which I gave unto Abraham and
Yige'haq, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed after
thee will I give the land.
13 And Eldhim went up from him in the place
where he spake with him.
14 And Ya'aqdb set up a pillar in the place where
he spake with him, a pillar of stone : and he poured
out a drink offering thereon, and. poured oil there
on. .15 And Ya'aqdb called the name of the place where
Eldhim spake with him, Bdth-El.
22 Now the sons of Ya'aqdb were twelve :
23 The sons of Ldah ; Eetibdn, Ya'aqdb's firstborn,
and Shime'dn, and Ldvy, and Yehudah, and Yissachar,
and Zebulun :
24 The sons of Ea'hdl ; Ydsdph, and Binyamin ;
25 And the sons of Bilhah, Ea'hdl's handmaid ; Dan,
and Naphtaly :
26 And the sons of Zilpah, Ldah's handmaid ; Gad,
and Ashdr : these are the sons of Ya'aqdb, which were
born to him in Paddan-Aram.
27 And Ya'aqdb came unto Yige'haq his father to
Mamrd, to Qiryath-Arba', where Abraham and Yige'haq
sojourned.

310 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
28 And the days of Yige'haq were an hundred and
fourscore years.
29 And Yige'haq gave up the ghost, and died, and
was gathered unto his people old and full of days ; and
'Esav and Ya'aqdb his sons buried him.

X.
THE GENEALOGIES OF 'ESAV. A
XXXVT 1 Now these are the genealogies of 'E'sav
(the same is Eddm).
2 'Esav took his wives of the daughters of Kena'an ;
'Adah the daughter of Eldn the 'Hitty, and Aholibamah
the daughter of 'Anah, the daughter of Cibe'dn the
'Hivvy ;
3 And Basemath Yishma'dl's daughter, sister of
Nebaydth.1 4 And 'Adah bare to 'Esav Eliphaz ; and Basemath
bare Be'udl ;
5 And Aholibamah bare Ye'ush, and Ya'eiam, and
A
Qdra'h : these are the sons of 'Esav which were born
unto him in the land of Kena'an.
6 And 'Esav took his wives, and his sons, and his
daughters, and all the souls of his house, and his cattle,
and all his beasts, and all his possessions, which he had
gathered in the land of Kena'an ; and went into a land
away from his brother Ya'aqdb.
1 See the note to chap, xxxvi. 3 in Part I.

THE GENEALOGIES OF 'ESAV. 311
7 For their substance was too great for them to
dwell together ; and the land of their sojournings could
not bear them because of their cattle.
8 And 'Esav dwelt in Mount Se'ir : 'Esav is Eddm.
9 And these are the generations of 'Esav, the father
of Eddm, in Mount Se'ir.
10 These are the names of 'Esav's sons ; Eliphaz, the
son of 'Adah the wife of 'Esav, Ee'uel the son of Base-
math the wife of 'Esav.
11 And the sons of Eliphaz were Tdman, Omar,
Qephd, and Ga'etam, and Qenaz.
12 And Timna' was concubine to Eliphaz 'Esav's
son ; and she bare to Eliphaz 'Amaldq : these are the
sons of 'Adah 'Esav's wife.
13 And these are the sons of Ee'uel ; Na'hath, and
Zera'h, Shammah, and Mizzah : these were the sons of
Basemath 'Esav's wife.
14 And these were the sons of Aholibamah the
daughter of 'Anah, the daughter of Cibe'dn, 'Esav's
wife ; and she bare to 'Esav Ye'iish, and Ya'eiam, and
Qdra'h. 15 These are the phylarchs (alluphim) of the Bend-
'Esav ; the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of 'Esav ;
alluph Teman, alluph Omar, alluph Qephd, alluph
Qenaz, 16 Alluph Qdra'h, alluph Ga'etam, alluph 'Amaldq :
these are the phylarchs that came of Eliphaz in the
land of Eddm ; these are the sons of 'Adah.
17 And these are the sons of Be'udl 'Esav's son ;
alluph Na'hath, alluph Zera'h, alluph Shammah, alluph
Mizzah : these are the phylarchs that came of Ee'uel in

312 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
the land of Eddm ; these are the sons of Basemath
'Esav's wife. I A
18 And these are the sons of Aholibamah 'Esav's
wife ; alluph Ye'ush, alluph Ya'eiam, alluph Qdra'h :
these are the phylarchs that came of Ahohbamah the
daughter of Anah, 'Esav's wife.
19 These are the sons of 'Esav, and these are their
phylarchs : the same is Eddm.
20 These are the sons of Se'ir the 'Hory, the inha
bitants of the land ; Ldtan, and Shdbal, and Qibe'dn, and
'Anah, 21 And Dishdn, and Eger, and Dishan : these are the
phylarchs that came of the 'Hory, the children of Sd'ir
in the land of Eddm.
22 And the children of Ldtan were 'Hory and Hemam ;
and Ldtan's sister was Timna'.
23 And these are the children of Shdbal : Alvan, and
Mana'hath, and 'Ebai, Shephd, and Onarn.
24 And these are the children of Qibe'dn ; Ayah and
'Anah ; this is Anah who found the hot springs in the
wilderness, as he fed the asses of Qibe'dn his father.
25 And these are the children of 'Anah ; Dishdn, and
Ahohbamah the daughter of Anah.
26 And these are the children of Dishdn ; Hemdan,
and Eshban, and Yithran, and Cheran.
27 These are the children of Eger ; Bilhan, and
Za'avftn, and Aqan.
28 These are the children of Dishan ; Ug, and Aran.
29 These are the phylarchs that came of the 'Hory ;
alluph Ldtan, alluph Shdbal, alluph Cibe'dn, alluph
Anah,

THE GENEALOGIES OF 'ESAV. 313
30 Alluph Dishdn, alluph Eger, alluph Dishan : these
are the phylarchs of the 'Hory, according to their
phylarchs in the land of Sd'ir.
31 And these are the kings that reigned in the land
of Eddm before there reigned any king over the Bend-
YisraeT. 32 And Bela' the son of Be'dr reigned in Eddm : and
the name of his city was Dinhabah.
33 And Bela' died, and Yobab the son of Zera'h of
Bograh reigned in his stead.
34 And Yobab died, and 'Husham of the land of
Teman reigned in his stead.
35 And 'Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad,
who smote Midyan in the field of Mdab, reigned in his
stead : and the name of his city was 'Avith.
36 And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrdqah reigned
in his stead.
37 And Samlah died, and Shaul of Eehdbdth-Han-
nahar reigned in his stead.
38 And Shaul died, and Ba'al-'Hanan the son of
'Achbdr reigned in his stead.
39 And Ba'al-'Hanan the son of 'Achbdr died, and
Hadar reigned in his stead : and the name of his city
was Pa'u ; and his wife's name was Mehetabdl, the
daughter of Matred, the daughter of Md-z&h&b.
40 And these are the names of the phylarchs that
came of 'Esav, according to their families, after their
places, by their names ; alluph Timna', alluph 'Alv&h,
alluph Yethdth,
41 Alluph Ahohbamah, alluph Eiah, alluph Pindn,
42 Alluph Qenaz, alluph T6mftn, alluph Mibgar,

314 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
43 Alluph Maqdydl, alluph Tram: these are the
phylarchs of Eddm, according to their habitations in
the land of their possession. This is 'Esav the father
of Eddm.

XL
THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQOB.
XXXVH. 2 These are the genealogies of Ya'aqdb.
1 Ya'aqdb dwelt in the land of his father's sojourn-
ings, in the land of Kena'an.
2 Ydseph, being seventeen years old, was feeding
the flock with his brethren ; and Ydsdph brought the
evil report of them unto their father.
3 Now (Ya'aqdb) loved Ydseph more than all his
children, because he was the son of his old age.
5 And Ydsdph dreamed a dream, and he told it to
his brethren : and they hated him yet the more.
6 And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this
dream which I have dreamed.
7 For, behold, we were binding sheaves in the field,
and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright ; and,
and, behold, your sheaves came round about, and made
obeisance to my sheaf.
8 And his brethren said to him, Shalt thou indeed
reign over us ? or shalt thou indeed have dominion
over us ? And they hated him yet the more for his
dreams, and for his words.
9 And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it to
his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed yet a

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQOB. 315
dream ; and, behold, the sun and the moon and eleven
stars made obeisance to me.
10 And he told it to his father, and to his brethren :
and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What
is this dream that thou hast dreamed ? Shall I and thy
mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down
ourselves to thee to the earth ?
11 And his brethren envied him ; but his father
kept the saying in mind.
* [Ya'aqdb sent Ydsdph to his brethren, who were
feeding their father's flocks.]
18 And they saw him afar off, and before he came
near unto them, they conspired against him to slay
him. 19 And they said one to another, Behold, this master
of dreams cometh.
20 Come now therefore, let us slay him, and cast
him into one of the cisterns, and we will say, An evil
beast hath devoured him ; and we shall see what will
become of his dreams.
21 And Eeubdn heard it, and delivered him out of
their hand ; and said, Let us not take his life.
22 And Eeubdn said unto them, Shed no blood ; cast
him into this cistern that is in the wilderness, but lay
no hand upon him : that he might deliver him out of
their hand, to restore him to his father.
24 And they took him, and cast him into the cistern ;
and the cistern was empty, there was no water in it.
28 And there passed by Midyanim, merchantmen ;
and they drew and lifted up Ydsdph out of the cistern.
* (And they sold him to the Midyanim).

316 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
29 And Eeubdn returned unto the cistern ; and,
behold, Ydsdph was not in the cistern ; and he rent his
clothes. 30 And he returned unto his brethren, and said, The
child is not ; and I, whither shall I go ?
*[And they sent and told their father, An evil beast
hath devoured Ydsdph.]
34 And Ya'aqdb rent his garments, and put sack
cloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son many
days. 35 And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to
comfort him ; but he refused to be comforted ; and he
said, For I will go down to Sheol to my son mourn
ing. And his father wept for him.
36 And the Midyanim sold him into Migraim unto
Pdtiphar, an eunuch of Para'dh's, the chief of the
executioners. XL. 1 And it came to pass after these things that the
cup-bearer of the king of Migraim and his baker
offended their lord the king of Migraim.
2 And Para'dh was wroth against his two officers,
against the chief of the cup-bearers, and against the
chief of the bakers.
3 And he put them in ward in the houseof the chief
of the executioners, into the prison.
4 And the chief of the executioners charged Ydsdph
with them, and he ministered -unto them, and they
continued a season in ward.
5 And they dreamed a dream both of them, each
man his dream, in one night, each man according to
the interpretation of his dream, the cup-bearer and the

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQ6b. 317
baker of the king of Migraim, which were bound in the
prison. 6 And Ydsdph came in unto them in the morning,
and saw them, and, behold, they were sad.
7 And he asked Para'dh's eunuchs, saying, Where
fore look ye so sadly to-day ?
8 And they said unto him, We have dreamed a
dream, and there is none that can interpret it. And
Ydsdph said unto them, Do not interpretations belong
to Eldhim ? tell it me, I pray you.
9 And the chief cup-bearer told his dream to
Ydseph, and said to him, In my dream, behold, a vine
was before me ;
10 And in the vine were three branches ; and it was
as though it budded, and its blossoms shot forth ; and
the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes :
11 And Para'dh's cup was in my hand ; and I took
the grapes, and pressed them into Para'dh's cup, and I
gave the cup into Para'dh's hand.
1 2 And Ydsdph said unto him, This is the interpre
tation of it : the three branches are three days :
13 Within yet three days shall Para'dh lift up thine
head, and restore thee unto thine office ; and thou shalt
give Para'dh's cup into his hand, after the former
manner when thou wast his cup-bearer.
14 But have me in remembrance when it shall be
well with thee, and show kindness, I pray thee, unto
me, and make mention of me unto Para'dh, and bring
me out of this house :
15 For indeed I was stolen away out of the land of
the "E-briui.

318 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation
was good, he said unto Ydsdph, I also was in my dream,
and, behold, three baskets of white bread were on my
head :
17 And in the uppermost basket there was all
manner of bakemeats for Para'dh ; and the birds did
eat them out of the basket upon my head.
18 And Ydsdph answered and said, This is the inter
pretation thereof: the three baskets are three days :
19 Within yet three days shall Para'dh lift up thy
head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a tree ; and
the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee.
20 And it came to pass the third day, which was
Para'dh's birthday, that he made a feast unto all his
servants : and he hfted up the head of the chief cup
bearer and the head of the chief baker among his
servants. 21 And he restored the chief cup-bearer unto his
office of cup-bearer again ; and he gave the cup into
Para'dh's hand :
22 But he hanged the chief baker, as Ydseph had
interpreted to them.
23 Yet did not the chief cup-bearer remember
Ydseph, but forgot him.
XLI. 1 And it came to pass at the end of two full
years, that Para'dh dreamed : and, behold, he stood by
the river.
2 And, behold, there came up out of the river seven
kine, well favoured and fatfleshed ; and they fed in the
reed-grass. 3 And, behold, seven other kine came up after them

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'Aq6b. 319
out of the river, ill favoured and leanfleshed ; and stood
by the other kine upon the brink of the river.
4 And the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat
up the seven well favoured and fat kine. So Para'dh
awoke. 5 And he slept and dreamed a second time : and,
behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk,
rank and good.
6 And, behold, seven ears, thin and blasted with the
east wind, sprung up after them.
7 And the thin ears swallowed up the seven rank and
full ears. And Para'dh awoke, and, behold, it was a
dream. 8 And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit
was troubled ; and he sent for all the interpreters of
Migraim, and all the wise men thereof: and Para'dh
told them his dream ; but there was none that could
interpret them unto Para'dh.
9 Then spake the chief cup-bearer unto Para'dh,
saying, I will make mention of my faults this day :
10 Para'dh was wroth with his servants, and put me
in ward in the house of the chief of the executioners,
me and the chief baker :
11 And we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he ;
we dreamed each man according to the interpretation
of his dream.
12 And there was with us there a young man, an
'Ebry, a slave of the chief of the executioners ; and we
told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams ; to each
man according to his dream he did interpret.
13 And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it

320 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
was ; I was restored unto mine office, and he was
hanged. 14 Then Para'dh sent and called Ydsdph ; and he
shaved himself, and changed his raiment, and came
in unto Para'dh.
15 And Para'dh said unto Ydseph, I have dreamed a
dream, and there is none that can interpret it : and I
have heard say of thee, that when thou hearest a dream
thou canst interpret it.
16 And Ydsdph answered Para'dh, saying, It is not
in me : Eldhim shall give Para'dh an answer of peace.
17 And Para'dh spake unto Ydsdph, In my dream,
behold, I stood upon the brink of the river :
18 And, behold, there came up out of the river seven
kine, fatfleshed and well favoured ; and they fed in the
reed-grass :
19 And, behold, seven other kine came up after
them, poor and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such
as I never saw in all the land of Migraim for badness :
20 And the lean and ill favoured kine did eat up the
first seven fat kine :
21 And when they had eaten them up, it could not
be known that they had eaten them ; but they were
still ill favoured, as at the beginning. So I awoke.
22 And I saw in my dream, and, behold, seven ears
came up upon one stalk, full and good :
23 And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and
blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them :
24 And the thin ears swallowed up the seven good
ears : and I told it unto the interpreters ; but there
was none that could declare it to me.

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA AQOB 321
25 And Ydsdph said unto Para'dh, The dream of
Para'dh is one : what Eldhim is about to do he hath
declared unto Para'dh.
26 The seven good kine are seven years ; and the
seven good ears are seven years : the dream is one.
27 And the seven lean and ill favoured kine that
came up after them are seven years, and also the seven
empty ears blasted with the east wind ; they shall be
seven years of famine.
28 That is the thing which I spake unto Para'dh ;
what Eldhim is about to do he hath showed unto
Para'dh. 29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty
throughout all the land of Migraim :
30 And there shall arise after them seven years of
famine ; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the
land of Migraim ; and the famine shall consume the
land ;
31 And the plenty shall not be known in the land
by reason of that famine which folio weth ; for it shall
be very grievous.
32 And for that the dream was doubled unto Para'dh
twice, it is because the thing is estabhshed by Eldhim,
and Eldhim will shortly bring it to pass.
33 Now therefore let Para'dh look out a man dis
creet and wise, and set him over the land of Migraim.
34 Let Para'dh do this, and let him appoint overseers
over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of
Migraim in the seven plenteous years.
35 And let them gather all the food of these good
years that come, and lay up corn under the hand

322 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
of Para'dh for food in the cities, and let them keep
it. 36 And the food shall be for a store to the land
against the seven years of famine, which shall be in the
and of Migraim ; that the land perish not through the
famine. 37 And the thing was good in the eyes of Para'dh,
and in the eyes of all his servants.
38 And Para'dh said unto his servants, Can we find
such a one as this, a man in whom the spirit of
Eldhim is ?
39 And Para'dh said unto Ydsdph, Forasmuch as
Eldhim hath showed thee all this, there is none so dis
creet and wise as thou :
40 Thou shall be over my house, and according unto
thy word shall all my people do homage : only in the
throne will I be greater than thou.
41 And Para'dh said unto Ydseph, See, I have set
thee over all the land of Migraim.
42 And Para'dh took off his signet ring from his
hand, and put it upOn Ydsdph's hand, and arrayed him
in vestures of fine byssus, and put a gold chain about
his neck ;
43 And he made him to ride in the second chariot
which he had ; and they cried before him, Bow the
knee : and he set him over all the land of Migraim.
44 And Para'dh said unto Ydsdph, I am Para'dh, and
without thee shall no man lift up his hand or his foot
in all the land of Migraim.
45 And Para'dh called Ydsdph's name Qaphenath-
Pa'andah. and he gave him to wife Asenath, the

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQOB 323
daughter of Pdti-phdra priest of On. And Ydsdph
went out over the land of Migraim.
46 And Ydsdph was thirty years old when he stood
before Para'dh king of Migraim, and Ydsdph went out
from the presence of Para'dh, and went throughout all
the land of Migraim.
47 And in the seven plenteous years the earth brought
forth by handfuls.
48 And he gathered up all the food of the seven
years which were in the land of Migraim, and laid up
the food in the cities : the food of the field, which was
round about every city, laid he up in the same.
50 And unto Ydsdph were born two sons before the
year of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of
Pdti-phdra priest of On bare unto him.
* [And the name of the eldest was Menassheh, and
the name of the second Ephraim. j
53 And the seven years of plenty, that was in the
land of Migraim, came to an end.
54 And the seven years of famine began to come,
according as Ydseph had said : and there was famine in
all lands ; but in all the land of Migraim there was
bread. 55 And when all the land of Migraim was famished, ,
the people cried to Para'dh for bread : and Para'dh said
to all Migraim, Go unto Ydsdph ; what he saith to
you, do.
56 And the famine was over all the face of the earth :
and Ydseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto
Migraim. 57 And all countries came into Migraim to Ydsdph
T 2

324 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
for to buy corn ; because the famine was sore in all the
earth. XLH. 1 Now Ya'aqdb saw that there was corn in
Migraim, and Ya'aqdb said unto his sons, Why do ye
look one upon another ?
2 And he said, Behold, I have heard that there is
corn in Migraim : get you down thither, and buy for
us from thence ; that we may live, and not die.
3 And Ydsdph's ten brethren went down to buy corn
from Migraim.
4 But Binyamin, Ydsdph's brother, Ya'aqdb sent not
with his brethren ; for he said, Lest peradventure mis
chief befall him.
6 And Ydsdph was the governor over the land: he
it was that sold to all the people of the land : and
Ydsdph's brethren came, and bowed down themselves
to him with their faces to the earth.
7 And Ydseph saw his brethren, and he knew them,
but made himself strange unto them, and spake roughly
with them ; and he said unto them, Whence come
ye ? And they said, From the land of Kena'an to buy
food. 8 And Ydsdph knew his brethren, but they knew not
him. 9 And Ydseph remembered the dreams which he
dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are spies ; to
see the nakedness of the land ye are come.
10 And they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to buy
food are thy servants come.
11 "We are all one man's sons ; we are true men, thy
servants are no spies.

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQOB 325
12 And he said unto them, Nay, but to see the
nakedness of the land ye are come.
13 And they said, We thy servants are twelve
brethren, the sons of one man in the land of Kena'an ;
and, behold, the youngest is this day with our father,
and one is not.
14 And Ydseph said unto them, That is it that I
spake unto you, saying, Ye are spies :
15 Hereby shall ye be proved : by the life of Para'dh
ye shall not go forth hence, except your 3-oungest
brother come hither.
16 Send one of you, and let him fetch your brother,
and ye shall be bound, that your words may be proved,
whether there be truth in you : or else by the life of
Para'dh surely ye are spies.
17 And he put them all together into ward three days.
18 And Ydsdph said unto them the third day, This
do, and live ; for I fear God :
19 If ye be true men, let one of your brethren be
bound in your prison house ; but go ye, carry corn
for the famine of your houses :
20 And bring your youngest brother unto me ; so
shall your words be verified, and ye shall not die.
And they did so.
21 And they said one to another, We are verily
guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the
distress of his soul, when he besought us, and we would
not hear ; therefore is this distress come upon us.
22 And Eeubdn answered them, saying, Spake I not
unto you, saying, Do not sin against the child ; and ye
would not hear? therefore also, behold, his blood is
required.

326 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
23 And they knew not that Ydseph understood them,
for there was an interpreter between them.
24 And he turned himself about from them, and
wept ; and he returned to them, and spake to them,
and took Shime'dn from among them, and bound him
before their eyes.
25 Then Ydsdph commanded to fill their vessels
with corn, and to restore every man's money into his
sack, and to give them provision for the way : and
thus was it done unto them.
26 And they loaded their asses with their corn, and
departed thence.
29 And they came unto Ya'aqdb their father, unto
the land of Kena'an, and told him all that had befallen
them ; saying,
30 The man, the lord of the land, spake roughly
with us, and took us for spies of the country.
31 And we said unto him, We are true men, we are
no spies :
32 We be twelve brethren, sons of our father ; one
is not, and the youngest is this day with our father in
the land of Kena'an.
33 And the man, the lord of the land, said unto us,
Hereby shall I know that ye are true men ; leave one
of your brethren with me, and take corn for the famine
of your houses, and go your way :
34 And bring your youngest brother unto me ; then
shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are true
men : so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall
traffick in the land.
35 And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks,

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQOB 327
that, behold, every man's purse of money was in his
sack : and when they and their father saw their purses
of money, they were afraid.
36 And Ya'aqdb their father said unto them, Me
have ye bereaved of my children : Ydsdph is not, and
Shime'dn is not, and ye will take Binyamin away : all
these things are upon me.
37 And Eeubdn spake unto his father, saying, Slay
my two sons, if I bring him not to thee ; deliver him
into my hand, and T will bring him to thee again.
38 And he said, My son shall not go down with you ;
for his brother is dead, and he only is left : if mischief
befall him by the way in which ye go, then shall ye
bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol. i
XLV. 3 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, I am
Ydsdph : doth my father yet hve ? And his brethren
could not answer him : for they were troubled at his
presence. 4 And Ydsdph said unto his brethren, Come near to
me, I pray you. And they came near. And he said, I
am Ydsdph your brother, whom ye sold into Migraim.
5 And now be not grieved, nor angry with your
selves, that ye sold me hither : for Eldhim did send me
before you to preserve life.
6 For these two years hath the famine been in the
land : and there are yet five years, in the which there
shall be neither plowing nor harvest.
1 The latest editor having adopted the narrative of the Elohist for the
second interview of Y6seph with his brethren, and the mode in which he made
himself known to them, the narrative of the Elohist is entirely lost, as far
as this part of his work is concerned. His portion of the narrative recom
mences at the moment when Y6seph makes himself known.

328 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
7 And Eldhim sent me before you to preserve you a
remnant in the earth, and to save you alive by a great
deliverance. 8 So now it was not you that sent me hither, but
Eldhim ; and he hath made me a grand-master of
Para'dh's, and lord over all his house, and ruler over
all the land of Migraim.
9 Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto
him, Thus saith thy son Ydsdph, Eldhim hath made me
lord of all Migraim : come down unto me, tarry not :
10 And thou shalt dwell in the land of Gdshen, and
thou shalt be near unto me, thou and thy children, and
thy children's children, and thy flocks, and thy herds,
and all that thou hast :
11 And there will I nourish thee ; for there are yet
five years of famine ; lest thou come to poverty, thou,
and thy household, and all that thou hast.
12 And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes of my
brother Binyamin, that it is my mouth that speaketh
unto you.
13 And ye shall tell my father of all my glory in
Migraim, and of all that ye have seen ; and ye shall
haste and bring down my father hither.
21 [Ydsdph] gave them provision for the way.
22 To all of them he gave each man changes of
raiment ; but to Binyamin he gave three hundred
(shekels) of silver, and five changes of raiment.
23 And to his father he sent after this manner ; ten
asses laden with the good things of Migraim, and ten
she-asses laden with corn and bread and victual for his
father by the way.

THE GENEALOGIES OF YAAQ6B 329
24 So he sent his brethren away, and they departed ;
and he said unto them, See that ye fall not out by the
way. 25 And they went up out of Migraim, and came into
the land of Kena'an unto Ya'aqdb their father.
XLVI. 6 And they took their cattle, and their goods,
which they had gotten in the land of Kena'an, and
came into Migraim, Ya'aqdb and all his seed with
him :
7 His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his daughters,
and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with
him into Migraim.
8 And these are the names of the Bene- Yisradl,
which came into Migraim, Ya'aqdb and his sons :
Eeubdn, Ya'aqdb's firstborn.
9 And the sons of Eeubdn; 'Handch, and Phallu,
and 'Hegrdn, and Karmy.
10 And the sons of Shime'dn ; Yemuel, and Yamin,
and Ohad, and Yachin, and Co'har, and Sha'ul, the son
of the Kena'anith.
11 And the sons of Levy ; Gdrshdn, and Qehath, and
Merary. 12 And the sons of Yehudah ; 'Er, and Onan, and
Shdlah, and Pereg, and Zara'h ; but 'Er and Onan died
in the land of Kena'an. And the sons of Pereg were
'Hegrdn and 'Hamul.
13 And the sons of Yissachar ; TdkV, and Puvah, and
Ydb, and Shimrdn.
14 And the sons of Zebulun ; Sered, and Eldn, and
Ya'hledl. 15 These are the sons of Ldah, which she bare unto

330 . THE BOOK OF GENESIS
Ya'aqdb in Paddan-Aram, with his daughter Dinah:
his sons and his daughters were thirty and three per
sons in all.1
16 And the sons of Gad ; Clphydn, and 'Haggy
Shuny, and Egbdn, 'Ery, and Arddy, and Ardly.
17 And the sons of Ashdr; Yimnah, and Yishvab,
and Yishvy, and Bery'ah, and Sera'h their sister : and
the sons of Bery'ah ; 'Heber, and Malkiel.
18 These are the sons of Zilpah, which Laban gave
to Ldah his daughter, and these she bare unto Ya'aqdb,
even sixteen souls.
19 The sons of Ea'hdl Ya'aqdb's wife ; Ydseph, and
Binyamin. 20 And unto Ydsdph in the land of Migraim were
born Menassheh and Ephraim, which Asenath the
daughter of Pdti-phdra priest of On bare unto him.
21 And the sons of Binyamin ; Bela', and Becher, and
Ashbdl, Gdra, and Na'aman, E'hy, and Edsh, Muppim,
A
and 'Huppim, and Ard.
22 These are the sons of Ea'hdl, which were born to
Ya'aqdb : in all fourteen persons.
23 And the sons of Dan ; 'Hushim.
24 And the sons of Naphtaly ; Ya'hgeel, and Guny,
and Yeger, and Shilldm.
25 These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave
unto Ea'hdl his daughter, and these she bare unto Ya'a
qdb : in all seven persons.
26 All the persons that came with Ya'aqdb into
Migraim, which came out of his loins, besides Ya'aqdb's
sons' wives, were threescore and six in number.
1 See note ante, on chap. xlvi. 15.

THE GENEALOGIES OF YA'AQOB 331
27 And the sons of Ydsdph, which were born to him
in Migraim, were two : all the persons of the house of
Ya'aqdb, which came into Migraim were threescore
and ten.1
XLVH. 7 And Ydsdph brought in Ya'aqdb his
father, and set him before Para'dh : and Ya'aqdb blessed
Para'dh. 8 And Para'dh said unto Ya'aqdb, How many are
the days of the years of thy life ?
9 And Ya'aqdb said unto Para'dh, The days of the
years of my pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years :
few and evil have been the days of the years of my life,
and they have not attained unto the days of the years
of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage.
10 And Ya'aqdb blessed Para'dh, and went out from
the presence of Para'dh.
11 And Ydsdph placed his father and his brethren,
and gave them a possession in the land of Migraim, in
the land of Ea'mesds, as Para'dh had commanded.
12 And Ydsdph nourished his father, and his brethren,
and all his father's household, with bread, according to
their families.
27 And they gat them possessions therein, and were
fruitful, and multiplied exceedingly.
28 And Ya'aqdb lived in the land of Migraim seven
teen years : so the days of Ya'aqdb, the years of his life,
were an hundred forty and seven years.
XLVIH. 1 And it came to pass after these things,
that one said to Ydsdph, Behold, thy father is sick : and
he took with him his two sons, Menassheh and Ephraim.
1 As to these numbers see the note on chap. xlvi. 27.

332 THE BOOK OF GENESIS
2 And one told Ya'aqdb, and said, Behold thy son
Ydsdph cometh unto thee.
3 And Ya'aqdb said unto Ydsdph, El-Shadday (Goc
Almighty) appeared unto me at Luz, in the land o
Kena'an, and blessed me,
4 And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruit
ful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a com
pany of peoples ; and will give this land to thy seed
after thee for an everlasting possession.
5 And now thy two sons, which were born unto thee
in the land of Migraim before I came unto thee in
Migraim, are mine ; Ephraim and Menassheh, even as
Eeubdn and Shime'dn shall be mine.
6 And thy issue, which thou hast begotten after
them, shall be thine ; they shall be called after the
name of their brethren in their inheritance.
7 And as for me, when I came from Paddan, Ea'hdl
died by me in the land of Kena'an in the way, when
there was still some way to come unto Ephrath : and I
buried her there.1
XLIX. 28 [Ya'aqdb called his sons together] and
blessed them ; every one according to his blessing he
blessed them.
29 And he charged them, and said unto them, I
am to be gathered to my people : bury me with my
fathers in the cave that is in the, field of 'Ephrdn the
'Hitty,
1 Ya'aq6b's speech comes to this abrupt termination in the text as we
have it, and there is no close to this verse. It must evidently have hud
one, however — some charge, probably, which was contained in a verse now
lost.

THE GENEALOGIES OF YAAQ6B 333
30 In the cave that is in the field of Machpdiah,
which is before Mamrd, in the land of Kena'an, which
Abraham bought with the field from 'Ephrdn the 'Hitty,
for a possession of a buryingplace :
31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife :
there they buried Yige'haq and Eibqah his wife ; and
there I buried Ldah :
32 The field and the cave that is therein, which was
purchased from the Bend-'Hdth.
33 And when Ya'aqdb had made an end of charging
his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded
up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people.
L. 12 And his sons did unto him according as he
commanded them :
13 For his sons carried him into the land of Kena'an,
and buried him in the cave of the field of Machpdiah,
which Abraham bought with the field, for a possession
of a buryingplace, of 'Ephrdn the 'Hitty, before Mamrd.
22 And Ydsdph dwelt in Migraim, he and his father's
house : and Ydsdph lived an hundred and ten years.

PKJXTEB Bt
SPOXT1SWOODE AXD CO., KEW-STEEET SQ.TTAKE
LOXDON

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 05047 1987