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Translations and Reprints '

FROM THE

Original Sources of European History

PERIOD OF THE LATER REFORMATION
• _ ;< si -pvi' .'^
Edited by Merrick Whitcomb, a.b. '•-

: /". PUBLISHED BY . '
The Department of History of the University, f.4 Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia, Pa., 1896.
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^rP.Hr^*' use by 'readers and students of those; original' document? froriy:;.
JO- -. t1'^1'?^ ?u5 knowledge of "history is so* largely drawn lias cbnie to be
', "!valiieia. in recent limes at something like its -true worth". The sequence' of—
past events, the form and* spirit of institutions, the characters of men, the
prevailing habits of thought, obtain their greatest reality when we study
..them in the 'very'words used by the men to whom the past was the". living'
present. Even historians who have not been characterized by a close.de- ,;
', pendence on the results of patient investigation of the sources have rccpg-'
nized the superiority of an appeal to' original testimony. Mr. Froude says,
"Whenever possible, let us not be told about this man or that. I*et us hear.-'-'.
the man himself speak, let us see him act, and let us be left to form our own' .
' opinion about him..""" And in "Stones of Venice," Mr. Ruskin writes,' "the "
t only history worth reading is that written at the time of which it treats, the .
history of what was done and seen, heard out of the mouths of the men who
did and saw. One fresh draught of such history is worth more than a thou- *
sand volumes of abstracts, and reasonings, and suppositions and theories." ...:
'.;_ V' . Experience has proved, notvonly that the interest of students' can be -.
"more readily obtained through the vividness of a direct^ and first-hand prW.
sentation, and that knowledge thus gained is more tangible and exact ; but
thaf the critical judgment is developed in no" slight degree, and the ability *
" as.well as the Interest for further study thus secured."^ i • • ¦¦-¦ ¦,•', ¦'.
Ther utilization of the original sources of 'history has, however, been -
much restricted by their comparative inaccessibility. A great proportion of -
such documents as illustrate European history exist only in more or less un- .-.
familiar languages; many are to be found only in large and expensive col-".
lections, or in works that are out of print and therefore difficult to obtain or
consult. . > ¦ ¦*'"•' . -- --¦ ' .
The desire to overcome in some degree this inaccessibility, especially
for their own classes, led the editors of the present series of translations)
and reprints from the original sources of European history to undertake its] \
publication. During the past two years evidence has been given of the use- .
fulness of the documents in several directions. Their most considerable use .
has naturally been with college classes. One or more of the issues has been
"used in eighteen of the principal Universities and Colleges. In addition to
,' these and their use in lower schools they have been found to give increased '
'value to University Extension courses and reading circlesV -"• " ' ¦= . '¦<'¦.;
'- "¦ During the1 coming year the series will he broadened.sotnewhat in scope
and the number of editors increased. The separate numbers will be edited •
' respectively by Dana Carleton Munro, A. M., Roland P. Faliuier,. Ph. D.;
and Merrick Whitcomb, A. B., of the University of Pennsylvania, George.
L. Burr, A. B., of Cornell University, Edward P. Cheyn^y,.A. M., of the "
University of Pennsj'lvania, and James Harvey Robinson, Ph. D., of Colum- ¦
bia College. Titles of the numbers and further particulars are given on the
third coyer page.,1 ._,.- ¦/ : 'V--' i ¦''-''¦-- ' . ,' '• -."¦" ^•¦?_. .'.'-.:' , '.-''{¦¦?¦" ~ •"--¦'. ^

Translations and Reprints
FROM THE
ORIGINAL SOURCES OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.
Voi,. III. Period of the Later Reformation. No. 3.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
I. The Abdication of Chari.es V.
j. Speech of Charles V. at Brussels, . . . .'  2
2. The Library of Charles V. at San Yuste  4
3. The Gold of the Indies — 1559,  5
4. Revenues of the King of Spain — 1559  6
II. The Genevan Reformation.
1. Predestination,  7
2. Extract from the Genevan Catechism of 1541, ... 8
3. Decision of Consistory in Case of Heretical Practices, 9
4. Selections from Ordinances for the Regulation of the
Churches Dependent upon the Signory of Geneva,
1547  t  I0
5. Extract from Ecclesiastical Ordinances of 1561, . . 11
6. Complaint ofNicholasde la Fontaine against Servetus, 12
III. The Reformation in France.
1. The People of France— 1558  16
2. The French Propositions  19
3. The Colloquy of Poissy, . . . ,  23
4. Death of Coligny,  24
5. The Articles of the League  26
6. French Political Verses of the 16th Century  28
7. Extracts from the Edict of Nantes,  3°

2 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
I. THE ABDICATION OF CHARLES V.
I. SPEECH OF CHABLES V. AT BRUSSELS.1
Migne : Charles Quint : son abdication, son sejour et sa mort au monastere
de Ynste. pp. 93-98. French.
Although Philibert has fully explained to you, my friends, the
causes which have determined me to surrender these states and leave
them to my son Don Philip, in order that he may possess and rule
them, yet I wish to say certain things with my own mouth. You will
remember that upon the 5th of February of this year there had elapsed
forty years since my grandfather the emperor Maximilian, in the same
place and at the same hour declared my majority at the age of fifteen,
withdrew me from the guardianship under which I had remained up to
that time and made me master of myself. The following year, which was
my sixteenth, king Ferdinand died, my mother's father and my grand
father, in the kingdom over which I then commenced to reign, because
my beloved mother, who has but lately died, was left, after the death of
my father, with disordered judgment and never sufficiently recovered
her health to become mistress of herself.
At that time I went to Spain, by way of the sea. Soon came the
death of my grandfather Maximilian, in my 19th year, and although I
was still young they conferred upon me in his stead the imperial dignity.
I had no inordinate ambition to rule a multitude of kingdoms, but merely
sought to secure the welfare of Germany, to provide for the defence of
Flanders, to consecrate my forces to the safety of Christianity against the
Turk and to labor for the extension of the Christian religion. But
although such zeal was mine, I was unable to show so much of it as I might
have wished, on account of the troubles raised by the heresies of Luther
and the other innovators of Germany, and on account of serious war into
which the hostility and envy of neighboring princes had driven me, and
from which I have safely emerged, thanks to the favor of God.
This is the fourth time that I go to Spain, there to bury myself. I
wish to say to you that nothing I have ever experienced has given me
so much pain or rested so heavily upon my soul as that which I experi
ence in parting from you to-day, without leaving behind me that peace
and quiet which I so much desired. My sister Mary who in my absence

1 A full account of the circumstances under which this speech was made will
be found in Motley's "Rise of the Dutch Republic," Vol. I. Cap. I.

SPEECH OF CHARLES V. 3
has governed you so wisely and defended you so well, has explained to
you, in the last assembly, the reasons for my determination. I am no
longer able to attend to my affairs without great bodily fatigue and con
sequent detriment to the affairs of the state. The cares which so
great a responsibility involves ; the extreme dejection which it causes ;
my health already ruined ; all these leave me no longer the strength
sufficient for governing the states which God has confided to me. The
little strength that remains to me is rapidly disappearing. So I should
long ago have put down the burden, if my son's immaturity and my
mother's incapacity had not forced both my spirit and my body to sus
tain its weight until this hour.
The last time that I went to Germany I had determined to do what
you see me do to-day, but I could not bring myself to do it when I saw
the wretched condition of the Christian state, a prey to such a multitude
of disturbances, of innovations, of singular opinions as to faith, of worse
than civil wars, and fallen finally into so many lamentable disorders. I
was turned from my purpose because my ills were not yet so great, and
I hoped to make an end of all these things and restore the peace. In
order that I might not be wanting in my duty I risked my strength, my
goods, my repose and my life for the safety of Christianity and the defence
of my subjects. From this struggle I emerged with a portion of the
things I desired. But the king of France and certain Germans, failing
to preserve the peace and amity they had sworn, marched against me
and were upon the point of seizing my person. The king of France took
the city of Metz, and I, in the dead of winter, exposed to intense cold, in
the midst of snow and blood, advanced with a powerful army raised at
my own expense to retake the city and restore the Empire. The Ger
mans saw that I had not yet laid aside the imperial crown and had no
disposition to allow its majesty to be diminished.
I have carried out what God has permitted, since the outcome of
our efforts depends upon the will of God. We human beings act accord
ing to our powers, our strength, our spirit, and God awards the victory
and permits defeat. I have ever done as I was able, and God has aided
me. I return to Him boundless thanks for having succored me in my
greatest trials and in all my dangers.
To-day I feel so exhausted that I should not be of any aid to you,
as you see yourselves. In my present state of dejection and weakness, I
should have to render a great and serious account to God and man, if I
did not lay aside authority, as I have resolved to do, since my son, king

4 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
Philip, is of an age sufficiently advanced to be able to govern yon, and
he will be, I hope, a good prince to all my beloved subjects.
I am determined then to retire to Spain, to yield to my son Philip
the possession of all my states, and to my brother, the king of the Romans,
the Empire. I particularly commend to you my son, and I ask of you
in remembrance of me, that you extend to him the love which you have
always borne towards me ; moreover I ask you to preserve among your
selves the same affection and harmony. Be obedient towards justice,
zealous in the observance of the laws, preserve respect for all that merits
it, and do not refuse to grant to authority the support of which it stands
in need. Above all, beware of infection from the sects of neighboring lands.
Extirpate at once the germs, if they appear in your midst, for fear lest
they may spread abroad and utterly overthrow your state, and lest you
may fall into the direst calamities. As to the manner in which I have
governed you I confess that I have been more than once deceived, led
astray by the inexperience of youth, by the hasty conclusions of young
manhood, or by some other fault of human weakness. Nevertheless I
make bold to assert, that never of my knowledge or by my will has
wrong or violence been done to any of my subjects. If then any can
complain of having suffered such, I aver that it is unknown to me and
against my will : I declare before all the world that I regret it from the
bottom of my heart, and I beseech all present, and those who are not
here as well, to wish me well and to pardon me.

2. THE LIBRARY OF CHARLES V. AT SAN YUSTE.
Migne : Charles Quint: son abdication etc., pp. 217-218. French.
The Almagestus, the great astronomical work of Ptolemy.
The Imperial Astronomy, by Santa Cruz, who had given lessons in
mathematics to Charles V.
Caesar's Commentaries, in Italian1 [Tuscan],

1 Charles V. was not proficient in Latin. This study had been neglected pur
posely by his instructors, as inconsistent with the purposes of the prince's future
career. The Emperor in 1550 commenced to write his own "Commentaries." n
is likely that the manuscript was destroyed by Philip II. after the Emperor's death.

LIBRARY OF CHARLES V. AT SAN YUSTE. 5
History of Spain, ancient and mediaeval, edited by Florian de
Ocampo. The "Consolations" of Boethius, of which there were several copies,
in French, Italian and Latin.
Commentaries upon the German War, by the Grand Commander
of Alcantara.1 ,
Caballero Determinado, a poetical romance.2
Meditations of St. Augustine and two other books of pious medita
tions. The works of Doctor Constantin Ponce de la Fuente,8 and of Father
Pedro de Soto upon Christian Doctrine.
Sum of Christian Mysteries, by Titleman.
Two breviaries, a missal, two illuminated psalters,' the commentary
of Father Thomas de Portocarrero upon the Psalm: "In te, Domine,
speravi." Selected prayers from the Bible.

3. THE GOLD OF THE INDIES — 1559.
Michele Soriano : Relazione di Spagna. Ed. Alberi, I.-3. pp. 342-343. Italian.
From New Spain are obtained gold and silver, cochineal, (little in
sects like flies,) from which crimson dye is made, leather, cotton, sugar
and other things ; but from Peru nothing is obtained except minerals.
The fifth part of all that is produced goes to the king, but since the gold
and silver is brought to Spain and he has a- tenth part of that which goes
to the mint and is refined and coined, he eventually gets one-fourth of the
whole sum, which fourth does not exceed in all four or five hundred
thousand ducats, although it is reckoned not alone at millions, but at

1 The war of 1546-7. This work had a particular interest for Charles V. It
had been written almost from his dictation by Luis de Avila y Zuiiiga, translated
into Latin by van Male and extensively circulated both in French and Italian.
2 This poetical romance was originally written in French by Olivier de la Marche,
to commemorate the adventurous life of Charles le Temeraire, great-grandfather
of Charles V. The Emperor made a great part of it into Castilian rhyme, and the
translation was finished by Fernand de Acufla. The copy at San Yuste was the
Spanish translation, printed in 1555 by Jean Sleitz, at Antwerp.
3 Whose bones and effigy were afterwards burned at an auto-da-fe in Seville,
October, 1559, upon the occasion of the marriage of Philip II. with Isabella of
France.

6 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
millions of pounds.1 Nor is it likely that it will long remain at this
figure, because great quantities of gold and silver are no longer found
upon the surface of the earth, as they have been in past years ; and to
penetrate into the bowels of the earth requires greater effort, skill and
outlay, and the Spaniards are not willing to do the work themselves, and
the natives cannot be forced to do so, because the Emperor has freed them
from all obligation of service as soon as they accept the Christian religion.
Wherefore it is necessary to acquire negro slaves, who are brought from
the coasts of Africa, both within and without the Straits, and these are
selling dearer every day, because on account of their natural lack of
strength and the change of climate, added to the lack of discretion upon
the part of their masters in making them work too hard and giving them
too little to eat, they fall sick and the greater part of them die. 2
4. BEVENUES OF THE KING OF SPAIN  1 559.
M. Soriano : Relazione, etc., I-3. pp. 363-364. Italian.
From these his realms his majesty receives every year an income
of five millions of gold in times of peace : 3 one and one-half millions from
Spain ; a half-million from the Indies ; one from Naples and Sicily, and
another from Flanders and the Low Countries. But his expenses are
six millions, and this excess is covered by extraordinary taxes according
to his pleasure, whence it appears that he could control only a small

1 According to Humboldt, Nouvelle-Espagne, IV. p. 562, the annual export of
gold from America to Europe, between 1500 and 1545 amounted to 3,000,000
piasters ; from 1545 to 1600, to 11,000,000 piasters. 1545 was the date of the
opening of the Potosi mines. Ranke (Fiirsten und Volker, I. 347 ff.) estimates the
amount introduced into Spain, about 1525, at not much over 2,000,000 francs, and
after 155°, at srx times as much.
2 Earlier, in 1532, Niccold Tiepolo, Ambassador to Charles V, writes concerning
the Indies : "It is impossible to say anything certain about the Indies, because the
income they afford varies greatly, so that in some years it has amounted to 150,000
ducats, and in other years it has not exceeded 30,000 ducats, and in this way it is
more or less, according as there is brought from there in ships more or less gold and
other minerals, which pay one-fifth to the crown : but the average income one
year with another, might be put at about 150,000 ducats." A Venetian ducat was
estimated to be about 2^ francs.
3 In later years, when Philip's expenses, owing to his great projects, were some
fourteen millions, although greater revenues were extracted from his realms a con
siderable part of this outlay was covered by loans, obtained, so the Venetians relate
at high rates of interest, even at 24 per cent.

PREDESTINATION. 7
amount of money for special undertakings, since he consumes for his
ordinary needs everything that he derives from his realms. But looked
at from another point of view, the Emperor, his father, although he had
the same burdens, was nevertheless able to carry on extensive wars and
enterprises in Italy and outside of Italy, both by land and sea, and the
same king was able in these later years to maintain great armies in
Flanders, in Piedmont, in Lombardy and in the kingdom, and many
soldiers in Africa against the Turk. So that we may calculate that he
spent more than ten millions of gold ; wherefore it may be put down as a
fact that although expenses may exceed income, yet a way is not wanting
to great princes, whereby they may find large sums of money in times of
great need, particularly in the case of the king of Spain, not so much on
account of the mines which are found in Spain and the Indies, of which
the Spanish nation, according to its custom, makes no great account, as
from the fact that he has so many states and so many subjects and nearly
all are rich, and from them he has had so much aid, not through force
or violence, but for the most part with common consent of the people,
persuaded that public and private interest demanded such a policy.
It would appear that the great results which the Spaniards have
accomplished are not to be ascribed to the financial strength derived from
the mines, because you see on one side France and the Turk, extremely
rich without mines, and on the other the Emperor, with more mines in
his realms that all the rest of Europe possesses, always in need.
II. THE GENEVAN REFORMATION.
I. PREDESTINATION.
J. Calvin : Institutio Religionis Christianae. Liber III, Cap. XXI, §7. Latin.
The works of John Calvin have been translated into English and published by
the Calvin Translation Society in forty-seven volumes. Edinburgh, 1844-1854.
Therefore we say that the scripture shows that God, by His eternal
and immutable counsel once for all determined both those whom He
desired one day to admit to salvation and those whom He would give
back to destruction. We affirm that this counsel as to the elect is founded
upon His gratuitous mercy, without any respect to human merit: but to
those whom He has handed over to damnation, by His just and blame
less though incomprehensible judgment, the way of life is closed.
In the case of the elect we regard calling1 as an evidence of election,
JVocationem.

8 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
and justification another token of its manifestation, until they arrive in
glory, where its fulness shall be found. Just as God seals His elect by
calling and justification so by shutting out the rejected ones either from
the knowledge of His name or the sanctification of His spirit He makes
known to them the judgment that awaits them.
2. EXTRACT FROM THE GENEVAN CATECHISM OF I54I-
J. Calvin : Opera quae omnia supersunt. Ed. Baum, Cunitz and Reuss. Vol.
VI. pp. 127-130 French (and Latin).
The Genevan Catechism was first published in French in 1536, in Latin in
1538, (vide/. Calvin: Opera etc., Vol. V, pp. 313-362.) A later arrangement
was in French, 1541 ; Latin, 1545. In regard to the successive versions and their
extensive circulation Theodore de Beze, in his life of Calvin, writes as follows :
"Calvin also wrote a catechism in French and Latin, not at all differing from the
former one, but much enlarged and in the form of question and answer. This may
well be termed an admirable work, and has been so much approved in foreign
countries that it has not only been translated into a great number of living languages,
such as German, English, Scotch, Flemish and Spanish, but also into Hebrew by
Emanuel Tremmellius, a Christian Jew, and most eloquently into Greek by Henry
Stephen," It is to be noted that Beze records that Calvin's doctrinal statements suffered no
modification as the movement of which he was the head, progressed. In this
respect his intellectual history differed widely from that of the Wittenberg reformer.
Concerning the Lord's Supper.
The minister. Have we in the supper simply a signification of the
things above mentioned, or are they given to us in reality ?
The child. Since Jesus Christ is truth itself there can be no doubt
that the promises he has made regarding the supper are accomplished,
and that what is figured there is verified there also. Wherefore accord
ing as he promises and represents I have no doubt that he makes us
partakers of his own substance, in order that he may unite us with
him in one life.
The minister. But how may this be, when the body of Jesus Christ
is in heaven, and we are on this earthly pilgrimage?
The child. It comes about through the incomprehensible power of
his spirit, which may indeed unite things widely separated in space.
The minister. You do not understand then that the body is enclosed
in the bread, or the blood in the cup?
The child. No. On the contrary, in order that the reality of the
sacrament be achieved our hearts must be raised to heaven, where Jesus
Christ dwells in the glory of the Father, whence we await him for our

DECISION OF CONSISTORY. 9
redemption ; and we are not to seek him in these corruptible elements.
The minister. You understand then that there are two things in
this sacrament: the natural bread and wine, which we see with the eye,
touch with the hand and preceive with the taste ; and Jesus Christ,
through whom our souls are inwardly nourished?
The child. I do. In such a way moreover that we have there
the very witness and so to say a pledge of the resurrection of our bodies;
since they are made partakers in the symbol of life.
3. DECISION OF CONSISTORY IN CASE OF HERETICAL PRACTICES.
J. Calvin : Opera quae omnia supersunt. Ed. Baum, Cunitz and Reuss. Vol.
XXI, p. 387. French.
The following fragments, numbered 3, 4 and 5, may seem to afford a milder
view of the Genevan government than has been commonly accepted. It is believed
however, that they represent more accurately the average activity of the organs of
the Genevan state, than the exceptional cases which appear in the narratives of most
historians of the Reformation. It was only after all gentler methods had proven
ineffective, or where the aggressor received the support of one of the factions that
were seeking to destroy the state, that a resort was had to measures of violence.
Tuesday 31} Consistory. The sister of Sr. Curtet, Lucresse, to
whom remonstrances have been made on account of her going with cer-.
tain monies to have masses said at Nessya by the monks of St. Claire.
Questioned whether she has no scruples as to what she says. Replied
that her father and mother have brought her up to obey a different law
from the one now in force here : however she does not despise the present
law. Asked as to when was the festival of St. Felix, she replied that it
was yesterday. Asked if she had not fasted, she replied that she fasted
when it pleased her. Asked if she did not desire to pray to a single
God ; said that she did. Asked if she did not pray to St. Felix ; said
that she prayed to St. Felix and other saints who interceded for her.
She is very obstinate. Decision that she be sent to some minister of her
choice every sermon day and that the Lord's supper be withheld from
her. Calvin present.

1 August, 1546.
2 Annecy (?)

IO TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
4. SELECTIONS FROM ORDINANCES FOE THE BEGULATION OF THE
CHTJBCHES DEPENDENT UPON THE SIGNOBY OF GENEVA — 1547-
J. Calvin : Opera, Vol. X, p. -51 et seq. French.
Concerning the Times of Assembling at Church.
That the temples be closed for the rest of the time,2 in order that
no one shall enter therein out of hours, impelled thereto by superstition ;
and if anyone be found engaged in any special act of devotion therein or
near by he shall be admonished for it : if it be found to be of a supersti
tious nature for which simple correction is inadequate then he shall be
chastised. Blasphemy.
Whoever shall have blasphemed, swearing by the body or by the
blood of our Lord, or in similar manner, he shall be made to kiss the
earth for the first offence ; for the second to pay 5 sous, and for the third
6 sous, and for the last offence be put in the pillory for one hour.
Drunkenness.
1. That no one shall invite another to drink under penalty of 3
sous. 2. That taverns shall be closed during the sermon, under penalty
that the tavern-keeper shall pay 3 sous, and whoever may be found
therein shall pay the same amount.
3. If anyone be found intoxicated he shall pay for the first offence
3 sous and shall be remanded to the consistory ; for the second offence he
shall be held to pay the sum of 6 sous, and for the third 10 sous and be
put in prison.
4. That no one shall make roiaumes3 under penalty of 10 sous.
Songs and Dances.
If anyone sing immoral, dissolute or outrageous songs, or dance the
virollet or other dance, he shall be put in prison for three days and
then sent to the consistory. Usury.
That no one shall take upon interest or profit more than five per

1 The group of ordinances from which the following examples are taken was
intended for the village churches in the territory of Geneva.
2 Referring to ordinances regulating the holding of religious services.
3 ' 'Grandes fetes. " Godefroy .

ECCLESIASTICAL OEDINANCES OF 1561. II
cent., upon penalty of confiscation of the principal and of being con
demned to make restitution as the case may demand.
Games.
That no one shall play at any dissolute game or at any game
whatsoever it may be, neither for gold nor silver nor for any excessive
stake, upon penalty of 5 sous and forfeiture of stake played for.
5. EXTRACTS FROM ECCLESIASTICAL ORDINANCES OF 1 56 1.
J. Calvin : Opera, Vol. X. pp. 107-108. French.
How soon marriage must be consummated after the promise is made.
After the promise is made the marriage shall not be deferred more
than six weeks ; otherwise the parties shall be called before the consistory,
in order that they may be admonished. If they do not obey they shall
be remanded to the council and be constrained to celebrate the marriage.
Banns and Conditions.
That the banns shall be published three Sundays in the church
prior to the marriage, having first received the signature of the chief
syndic as a certificate of recognition of the parties ; in such a way, how
ever, that the marriage may take place at the third publication, and if
one of the parties be resident in another parish there shall be also a
certificate from the said place.
Concerning the Celebration of the Marriage.
That the parties at the time when they are to be married shall go
modestly to the church, without drummers and minstrels, preserving an
order and gravity becoming to Christians ; and this before the last stroke
of the bell, in order that the marriage blessing may be given before the
sermon. If they are negligent and come too late they shall be sent
away. Of the Common Residence of Husband and Wife.
That the husband shall have his wife with him and they shall live
in the same house, maintaining a common household, and if it should
happen that one should leave the other to live apart they shall be sum
moned in order that they may be remonstrated with and constrained to
return, the one ,to the other.

12 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
6. COMPLAINT OF NICHOLAS DE LA FONTAINE AGAINST SEBVETTJB.
Process of 14 August, 1553, before the Lesser Council of Geneva.
J. Calvin : Opera. Vol. XIII, pp. 727-731. French.
Among the possible reasons which prevented Calvin from appearing personally
against Servetus there was one which must have seemed of itself sufficient. The
laws regulating criminal actions in Geneva required that in certain grave cases the
complainant himself should be incarcerated pending the trial. Calvin's delicate
health and his great and constant usefulness in the administration of the state ren
dered a prolonged absence from the public life of Geneva impracticable.
Nevertheless Calvin is to be regarded as the author of the prosecution, and in
this and in the subsequent burning of Servetus his course met the approval of the
most advanced theologians' of the time. The idea that diverse religious views
might be tolerated in the same political area made little headway during the six
teenth century. The Peace of Augsburg and the Edict of Nantes are evidences
of this. In so far, however, as a broader concept was beginning to make its way, its
beginnings are not to be sought in the minds of those who were sharpening their
prejudices with acrimonious doctrinal disputation : and even when a glimmering
of the modern solution appears, as in the public utterances of Chancellor L'Hdpital,
its expression seems to have evoked no favorable response.
Nicholas de la Fontaine 1 asserts that he has instituted proceedings
against Michael Servetus and on this account he has allowed himself
to be held prisoner in criminal process.
1. I.2 In the first place that about twenty-four years ago the de
fendant commenced to annoy the churches of Germany with his errors
and heresies, and was condemned and took to flight in order to escape the
punishment prepared for him.3
2. II. Item, that on or about this time he printed a wretched book,
which has infected many people.4
3. III. Item, that since that time he has not ceased by all means
in his power to scatter his poison, as much by his construction of bibli
cal text, as by certain annotations which he has made upon Ptolemy.
4. IV. Item, that since that time he has printed iu secrecy another
book containing endless blasphemies.5

' Nicholas de la Fontaine was a refugee in Geneva and entered the service of
Calvin, by whom he was employed as secretary.
2 There were as originally conceived forty articles, but prior to the presentation
the number was reduced to thirty-eight, and both sets of numerals, Roman and
Arabic, are preserved in the original document.
3 It is impossible to substantiate this accusation except in so far as it may be
justified in the publication of a book : De Trinitatis Erroribus, 1531.
4 Dialogoruin de Trinitate, 1532.
5 Christianismi Restitutio, 1533.

COMPLAINT AGAINST SERVETUS. 1 3
5. V. Item, that while detained in prison in the city of Vienne,
when he saw that they were willing to pardon him on condition of his
recanting, he found means to escape from prison,
VI. Said Nicholas demands that said Servetus be examined upon
all these points.
VII. And since he is able to evade the question by pretending
that his blasphemies and heresies are nought else than good doctrine, said
Nicholas proposes certain articles upon which he demands said heretic
be examined. 6. VIII. To wit, whether he has not written and falsely taught
and published that to believe that in a single essence of God there are
three distinct persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, is to
create four phantoms, which cannot and ought not to be imagined.
7. IX. Item, that to put such distinction into the essence of God
is to cause God to be divided into three parts, and that this is a three-
headed devil, like to Cerberus, whom the ancient poets have called the
dog of hell, a monster, and things equally injurious.
8. X. Item, whether he has not maintained such blasphemies
most injuriously, as much against the ancient doctors, such as St. Ambrose,
St. Augustin, Chrysostom, Athanasius and the like as against all those
who sought in our times to elevate Christianity, even to calling Melanc-
thon a man without faith, son of the Devil, Belial and Satan.
9. XL Item, whether he does not say that our Lord Jesus Christ
is not the Son of God, except in so much as he was conceived of the Holy
Ghost in the womb of the virgin Mary.
10. XII. Item, that those who believe Jesus Christ to have been
the word of God the Father, engendered through all eternity, have a
scheme of redemption which is fanciful and of the nature of sorcery.
11. XIII. Item, that Jesus Christ is God, insomuch as God has
caused him to be such.
12. XIV. Item, that the flesh of Jesus Christ came from heaven
and from the substance of God.
13. XV. Item, that divinity was imparted to Jesus Christ only
when he was made man, and afterwards spiritually communicated to the
apostles on the day of Pentecost.
14. XVI. Item, that when it is said that Jesus Christ is of the
same essence as his Father, it is the same as saying that in this man Jesus
Christ there is the same Trinity, power and will as with God, and not
that the word of God dwells and subsists in his essence.

14 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
15, XVII. Item, whether he does not condemn those who seek in
the essence of God His holy spirit, saying that all those who believe in
the Trinity are atheists.1
16. XVIII. Item, that those who believe in any distinction of
property in the essence of God dissipate His nature and reduce it to
fragments. 17. XIX. Item, that the word of God is no other thing than the
flesh of Jesus Christ.
18. XX. Item, that the flesh of Jesus Christ was engendered,
out of the substance of God by a word which he calls "seminal."
19. XXI. That the essence of the flesh and of the soul of Jesus
Christ is the divinity of this word and of the breath which God has
breathed forth.
20. XXII. Item, that if Jesus Christ were the Son of God other
wise than on account of his humanity, because that is engendered out of
the substance of God, then he would not be really dead. For if he is
dead he is no longer the Son of God.
21. XXIII. Item, that when St. John says that the word was in
God, it is the same as saying that the man Jesus Christ was there.
22. XXIV. Item, that the essence of the angels and of our souls
is of the substance of God.
23. XXV. Item, that the substance of Jesus Christ is that which
was in the skies, and that this is the same substance whence proceed the
angels and our souls.
24. XXVI. Item, instead of conferring three persons in the es
sence of God, or three hypostases which have each His property, he says
that God is a single entity, containing one hundred thousand essences, so
that He is a portion of us, and that we are a portion of His spirit.
25. XXVII. Item, in consequence whereof not alone the models
of all creatures are in God, but also the material forms, so that our
souls are of the substantial seed of the word of God.
26. XXVIII. Item, that Jesus Christ is the Son of God because
he has the elements of the substance of the Father, to wit : fire, air and
water.

1 Servetus in the third interrogatory replies to this that he does not apply the term
atheist to those who believe in the Trinity, "but those who disguise it as some
thing which it is not, that is to say, those who make a real distinction in the divine
essence, for these in dividingGod remove the unity of the divine essence." Calvin
insisted that the distinction was a real one.

COMPLAINT AGAINST SERVETUS. 15
27. XXIX. Item, that the soul of man is mortal, and that the
Only thing which is immortal is an elementary breath, which is the sub
stance that Jesus Christ now possesses in heaven and which is also the
elementary and divine and incorruptible substance of the Holy Ghost.
28. XXX. Item, that the Fathers under the Law have never
received the spirit of regeneration.
29. XXXI. Item, that by the sin of Adam the soul of man as
well as the body was made mortal.
30. XXXII. Item, that little children are sinless, and moreover
are incapable of redemption until they come of age.
31. XXXIII. Item, that they do not commit mortal sin up to
the age of twenty.
32. XXXIV. Item, that the baptism of little children is an in
vention of the Devil, an infernal falsehood tending to the destruction of
all Christianity. 33. XXXV. Item, that the word of God is no longer that which
it was before the incarnation of Jesus Christ, because its substance was
the clearness of the skies and is now made flesh.
34. XXXVI. Item, that however much he confesses that the
philosophers have erred in saying that the word was God Himself, he says
that Jesus Christ, insomuch as he is a man, was always in God and that
from Him is the divinity of the world.
35. XXXVII. Item, that the air is the Spirit of God and that
God is called Spirit, because He breathes life in all things by His spirit
of air. 36. XXXVIII. Item, the soul of man insomuch as it possesses
many divine properties is full of an infinity of Gods.
37. XXXIX. Item, that in the person of Msr. Calvin, minister of
the word of God in the Church of Geneva, he has defamed with printed
book the doctrine which he preached, uttering all the injurious and blas
phemous things which it is possible to invent.
38. XL. And because he knows well that his said book could
not be tolerated even among Papists, insomuch as it destroyed all the
foundations of Christianity, therefore he hid himself at the house of
William Guerou, at that time proof corrector, as said Guerou has testified.
39. Said Nicholas demands that the said Servetus should be com
pelled to respond as to the fact of the articles here presented, without
entering into dispute as to whether the doctrine is true or not, because
that will appear later on.

16 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
In the articles of the Procureur General are to be found several charges not
incorporated in the complaint of Nicholas de la Fontaine. Among these are the
following :
18. Item, whether he has married, and if he answers that he has
not, he shall be asked why, in consideration of his age, he could refrain
so long from marriage.
21. Item, whether he did not know that his doctrine was pernicious,
considering that he favors the Jews and Turks, by making excuses for
them, and if he has not studied the Koran in order to disprove and con
trovert the doctrine and religion that the Christian churches hold, together
with other profane books, from which people ought to abstain in matters
of religion, according to the doctrine of St. Paul.
22. Item, whether the said book Koran is not a bad book, full of
blasphemies.

III. THE REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
I. THE PEOPLE OF FRANCE — 1 558.
Relazione de Giovanni Sorano. Ed. Alberi. I.--.4., pp. 406-409. Italian.
The Reports of the Venetian Ambassadors offer an invaluable source of infor
mation regarding the affairs of Europe during the sixteenth century. They differ
in character from the French accounts of the time, in which the interest of the
narrator was centred principally upon the political activity of individuals. With
the growing tendency to discover the economic facts that underlay and actuated this
individual activity the Venetian Relations are likely to enjoy an increasing share
of the attention of students.
The inhabitants of the kingdom are divided into four classes of per
sons, viz : nobles ; men of the long robe ; peasantry ; and clergy. The no
bles, under which designation are included lords and princes, do not
dwell in the cities, but in the villages, in their castles, and for the most
part give little attention to letters, but are either soldiers or follow the
court, leaving the management of the house and the revenues to their
wives. The French are, generally speaking, suspicious, high spirited and
impatient of restraint, wherefore it is noticeable that in war, after the
first dash is over, they are almost useless. They are more liberal away
from home than at home ; nevertheless, whoever accommodates himself
to their moods will find them for the most part courteous. They avoid

THE PEOPLE OF FRANCE — 1558. 17
labor in so far as they are able, and above all it is a peculiarity of the
Frenchman that he reflects little, and therefore very many of their con-'
elusions are hastily arrived at ;' whence it often happens that they have
no sooner finished an undertaking than they perceive its error and repent
of it ; but the strength of the kingdom is great enough to overcome all
these errors.
There is no special burden upon the nobility beyond that which
arises from their feudal holdings, which is to go to war at their own
expense with such a number of horsemen as may be determined by the
conditions of their investiture, in default of which they are condemned
to pay money, and now the burden has become so great by reason of
continued warfare that the nobility of France is seen to be almost wholly
impoverished. This militia is called the arriere-ban, because those who compose it
are the last who are obliged to go to war and are for the defence of the
kingdom. They are able to bring out about 16,000 horse, and they do
not all come out at one time, but only that part for which an immediate
need is felt ; and from the fact that it is a very inferior soldiery, since
the lords do not themselves go to war, but send their retainers and these
badly equipped, it is understood that the king intends to do away with
the obligation to send men to war and substitute a proportionate money
payment, with which he may increase the number of his men-at-arms.
The second class embraces those who are called men of the long
robe, and is divided into two groups. The first, which is the better bred,
is made up of those, who occupy j udicial positions and all the other officials
of the palace and those as well who manage the finances and accounts of
the king. All these offices his majesty sells for the lifetime of the pur
chaser, and their honor and advantage is so great that they are bought
at high prices. They enjoy also many important privileges, as though
they were nobles, and easily secure the same for their descendants.
The other group is that of the merchants, who have personally no
way of gaining a share in any sort of 'distinction, but if they wish to give
a certain position to their sons they have them made doctors, whereby a
judicial career is open to them equally with tile members of the former
group ; and it may be said moreover that in them principally the wealth
of France is to be found. No special burden is laid upon this class
beyond the maintenance of 50,000 infantry for four months, for the
defence of the kingdom in time of war, which contribution has been for
some time so modified that all the inhabitants of the cities and other

1 8 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
walled places now contribute to it. But because the greater part of
these who have offices from the king are exempt by special privilege the
burden has come to rest wholly upon those who are least able to bear it.
The third class is the peasantry, who are extremely poor, principally
on account of the heavy taxes which they pay to the king, since they
are obliged to pay an ordinary taille of four millions of francs ; and also
on account of the aides, which amount to six hundred thousand ; in
addition to this a million francs to augment the number of men-at-arms ;
and, outside of all this, in times of war, the taille has at times been
increased in amount two millions of francs ; to which burdens those peas
ants alone contribute who work the soil. The assessments are made first
upon the provinces, are then distributed by villages, and the peasants
arrange the further per capita assessment, each one being responsible for
the others, in such a way that the king actually receives the whole
amount that he has demanded.
The fourth class is the clergy, in which are comprised the 117
bishoprics, 15 archbishoprics and 1230 abbacies, besides an infinite
number of priories and benefices, which altogether amount in value to
six million francs of income, and in ordinary time the king levies upon
these an annual tax of four tenths ; and sometimes, in case of war, even
up to six tenths. But from the fact that the assessment is made very
loosely and upon an estimate of incomes as they existed many years ago,
they do not render more than 300,000 francs for each tenth. The dis
position of all these benefices belongs to the king, except in the case of
those which become vacant through the death of those prelates who die
at the Roman court, and these belong to the pope. The authority for
this disposition was first granted by pope Leo ; then enlarged by Clement
and finally confirmed by pope Julius II.; nor shall I omit to say that
these benefices are for the most part awarded with little respect for sacred
things and by simple favor, or to recompense benefits conferred, with little
consideration for the personality of the applicant ; in such a way that
whoever has served the king in war or otherwise desires no better thing
by way of being rewarded than with benefices ; wherefore it is a common
thing to see a man who yesterday was a soldier or merchant, to-day a
bishop or abbot : and if he has a wife and cannot assume ecclesiastical
garb he is allowed to put his benefice under the name of another and
retain the revenues for himself. And it is on this account, as well as
through the evil tendencies of the time, that heresy has increased to such
an extent in this realm, that they say there are at present 400,000

THE FRENCH PROPOSITIONS. 1 9
Lutherans, 1 so united by intercourse and mutual understanding that it
is with great difficulty that any method may be found of remedying this
state of affairs. <

,2. THE FRENCH PROPOSITIONS.
Paolo Sarpi : Istoria del Concilio Tridentino. Vol. II, pp. 429-431. Italian.
The French propositions are presented as setting forth the program of the con
servative element which aimed at reform without doctrinal division. The proposi
tions are described as representing the desires of the court party in France, which
at this time earnestly desired to arrive at some substantial bases of national religious
union. The propositions were offered to the council of Trent in 1563, but had
little influence upon the decisions of that body. Contemporary writers have
expressed their doubts of the vigor exhibited by the French prelates in pressing a
series of reforms whose adoption would have been so prejudicial to their pecuniary
aspirations. 1. That priests shall not be ordained until of mature years, well
recommended by the people, and their merits proven by a good past life ;
that their carnal offences shall be punished, and their transgressions,
according to the canons.
2. That the sum of holy orders shall not be conferred in one day
or at one time, but that he who is to be ordained to the higher shall first
be approved in the lower.
3. That no priest shall be ordained, to whom is not given at the
same time a benefice or ministry, according to the Council of Chalcedon,
at which time a presbyterial title without its office was unknown.
4. That due functions shall be restored to deacons and other
sacred orders, so that they may not appear to be empty names and
merely ceremonial.
5. That priests and other ministers of the church shall attend to
their vocations, and not meddle in any office except in the ministry of
God. 7. That no one shall be made bishop who is not of lawful age,
manners and doctrine, that he may tfcach and give an example to the
people. 6. That no one shall be made a parish priest who is not of approved

1 In the early period of the religious -disturbances in France all adherents to
heretical confessions were called Lutherans, whether their inspiration came from
Saxony or Switzerland.

20 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRrNTS.
honesty, that he may teach the people, celebrate the sacrifice, admin
ister the sacraments and teach their use and effect upon recipients.
8. That no one shall be created abbot or conventual prior who
has not studied the sacred letters in a university of note, and obtained
the master's degree or some other.
9. That the bishop, of himself or by means of others, as many as
are needed, according to the extent of the diocese, shall be obliged to
preach every Sunday and Holy Day, in Lent, upon the days of fasting,
and in Advent, and always when it is desirable.
10. That the parish priest shall do the same when there are
hearers. 11. That the abbot and conventual prior shall read the scriptures
and found a hospital, in order that the ancient schools and th& care of
strangers may be restored to the monasteries.
12. That bishops, parish priests, abbots and other ecclesiastics who
are unable to perform their office, shall receive for this purpose coadju
tors or surrender their benefices.
13. That there shall be ordained concerning the catechism and
summary instruction in Christian doctrine that which His Imperial
Majesty has proposed to the Council.
14. That a single benefice shall be conferred upon one person,
doing away with the distinction of quality in individuals and the compa
tible and incompatible benefices, new distinctions unknown to the ancient
decrees, and the cause of great disturbance in the Catholic church; and
the regular benefices shall be given to regular, and the secular benefices
to secular clergy.
15. That whoever at the present time has two or more benefices
may retain that one only which he shall choose within a brief period of
time ; otherwise he shall incur the penalty of the ancient canons.
16. That in order to remove all cause of avarice from the sacer
dotal order nothing shall be demanded, under any pretext whatsoever, for
the admistration of holy things; but it shall be provided that the curates1
and two or more clerks shall have sufficient for them to live upon and
exercise hospitality ; the bishop shall accomplish this by the union of bene
fices, or by assigning tithes for this purpose, or where this is not possible

1 Curati, not in the sense of the French curt, i.e., parish priest ; but assistants
to the priest.

THE FRENCH PROPOSITIONS. 21
the sovereign may make provision by subvention or by collections imposed
upon the parishes.
1 7. That in the parish masses the gospel shall be clearly expounded
with reference to the capacity of the people, and the prayers which the
parish priest recites with the people shall be in the vulgar tongue, and
«, when the sacrifice has been finished in Latin public prayers shall also
be said in the vulgar tongue, and at the same time, and at other hours,
spiritual hymns or psalms of David, approved by the bishop, may be
sung. 18. That the ancient decrees of Leo and Gelasius, for communion
under both kinds, be renewed.
19. That previous to the administration of each sacrament there
shall be given an explanation in the vulgar tongue, in order that the
ignorant may understand its use and efficacy.
20. That according to the ancient canons benefices may not be
conferred by vicars, but by the bishops themselves, before the expiration
of six months, otherwise the collation shall pass to the next higher pre
late and so on to the pope.
21. That the mandates establishing expectatives, regresses, resig
nations in confidence and commendations shall be revoked, and banished
from the church, as contrary to the decrees.
22. .That resignations in favor shall be wholly done away with in
the Roman curia, since they are equivalent to the election or naming of
a successor, a thing prohibited by the canons.
23. That simple priories, from which, contrary to the conditions of
their establishment, the cure of souls has been taken away and assigned
to a permanent vicar with a small portion of the tithes or other income,
shall upon the first vacancy be restored to their former condition.
24. That in the case of benefices, with which is conjoined no office
of preaching or of the administration of sacrifices, or other ecclesiastical
burden, some spiritual function shall be assigned by the bishop, with the
advice of his chapter, since it is neither right nor permissible that a
benefice should exist without its office.
25. That pensions may not be imposed upon benefices and those
so imposed shall be abolished, in order that the ecclesiastical income may
be expended for the maintenance of pastors and the poor, and for other
pious works.
26. That ecclesiastical jurisdiction throughout the diocese shall be
restored in its entirety to the bishop and all exemptions removed, except

22 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
in case of the heads of orders and monasteries which are subject to them,
and those who constitute the general chapters, to whom exemptions are
granted by lawful title; with this provision however, that they may not
be exempted from correction.
27. That the bishop may not use his jurisdiction nor determine
the important affairs of the diocese except with the advice of his chapter;
and the canons shall reside continuously in the cathedral and shall be of
good habits, educated and at least twenty-five years .of age : for previous
to that age, since the law does not concede to them the control of their
own goods, they ought not be given as councillors to a bishop.
28. That the degrees of consanguinity, of affinity and spiritual
kinship be observed or reformed anew ; but it shall not be permitted to
grant dispensations in these cases except to kings and princes for the
public good.
29. That since many troubles have arisen on account of images
the synod shall provide that the people may be taught what they ought
to believe concerning them, and that the abuses and superstitions, if any
have been introduced into the worship, shall be removed. The same
shall be done in the matter of indulgences, pilgrimages, relics of saints,
and of companies or confraternities.
30. That the custom of public and ancient penance for serious and
public sins shall be restored to the Catholic church and put in use, and
also the custom of fastings and other sorrowful exercises and public
prayers, to appease the wrath of God.
31. That excommunication may not be decreed for any sort of
offence or contumacy, but only for the heaviest offences and those in
which the offender perseveres after admonition.
32. That in order to abbreviate or do away with suits at law con
cerning benefices, with which the whole ecclesiastical order is contam
inated, the distinctions of petitores and possessores, newly invented in
these cases, shall be removed ; the nominations of the universities shall
be abolished ; the bishop shall be instructed to confer benefices not upon
him who seeks but upon him who flees them and is worthy ; and the
deserving may be known if, after having received his degree from the uni
versity, he shall have employed some time in preaching, with the con
sent of the bishop and the approbation of the people.
33. That when a suit regarding benefices arises, a steward shall
be chosen, and the litigants shall elect arbitrators ; and in case they fail
to do so the bishop shall appoint them, and they shall determine the
case within six months, without appeal.

THE COLLOQUY OF POISSY. 23
34. That episcopal synods shall be held at least once a year;
provincial synods every third year ; and general synods, unless something
shall prevent, every tenth year.
3. THE COLLOQUY OF POISSY.
Theodore de Beze. (?) Histoire Ecclesiastique des Eglises Reformees au Roy-
aume de France. Ed. Geneva, (Antwerp) 1580. Vol. I, pp. 449 and 500.
French.
These are the equitable conditions which we request may be observed
in the conference or dispute touching the matter of religion : 1
That bishops, abbes and other ecclesiastics shall not be constituted
in any way our judges, in view of the fact that they are our opponents.
That it may please you, sire, to preside at the colloquy, accom
panied by the queen, your mother, the king of Navarre and other princes
of the blood and notable persons of good life and holy doctrine, who have
no interest in the case, in order that good order may be maintained and
all strife and confusion avoided.
That all points of difference may be judged and decided according
to the simple word of God, as contained in the Old and New Testament,
since our faith can be founded upon this alone, and that where any
difficulty arises concerning the interpretation of words, they shall use the
Hebrew for the Old and the Greek for the New Testament.
That two secretaries shall be chosen upon each side, who shall
arrange together the subjects of dispute for each day, and their lists shall
not be considered as determined until they have been examined and
signed by both parties.
Speech of the king at the opening of the Colloquy, September 9th, 1561.
Gentlemen, I have caused you to be assembled from the various
places of my realm, in order that you may afford me counsel upon that
which my chancellor will propose to you, praying you to put away all
passion, that we may arrive at such results as will tend to the repose of
all my subjects, to the honor of God, to the clearing of our consciences
and to the public peace ; things which I so ardently desire that I have
determined that you shall not depart hence, until you have established
good order, so that my subjects may henceforth dwell together in peace
and unity, which things I hope you may accomplish, and in so doing
1 These conditions formed the substance of a petition presented by the Reformed
leaders to Charles IX.

24 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
you will afford me occasion for extending to you the same protection
which the kings my predecessors have accorded you.
4. DEATH OF COLIGNY.
Histoire de M. de Thou des choses arrivees de son temps. Paris, 1659.
Vol. Ill, pp. 660-662. French.
Meanwhile Coligny awoke and recognized from the noise that a riot
was taking place. Nevertheless he remained assured of the king's good
will, of which he was persuaded by his credulity or by Teligny, his son-
in-law ; and he believed the populace had been stirred up by the Guises
and that quiet would be restored as soon as it was seen that soldiers of
the guard under the command of Cosseins had been detailed to protect
him and guard his property.
But when he perceived that the noise increased and that some one
had fired an arquebuse in the courtyard of his dwelling, then at length
conjecturing what it might be, but too late, he arose from his bed and
having put on his dressing-gown he said his prayers, leaning against the
wall. Labonne held the key of the chamber, and when Cosseins com
manded him in the king's name to open the door he obeyed at once
without fear and apprehending nothing. But scarcely was Cosseins in
the room when Labonne, who stood in his way, was killed with a dagger-
thrust. The Swiss, who were in the courtyard, when they saw this, fled
into the house and closed the door, piling against it tables and all the
furniture they could find. It was in the first scrimmage that a Swiss was
killed with a ball from an arquebuse fired by one of Cosseins' people.
But finally the conspirators broke through the door and mounted the
stairway, Cosseins, Attin, Corberan de Cordillac, Seigneur de Sarlabous,
first captains of the regiment of the guards, Achilles Petrucci of Siena,
all armed with cuirasses, and Besme the German, who had been brought
up as a page in the house of Guise ; for the duke of Guise was lodged at
court, together with the great nobles and others who accompanied him.
After Coligny had said his prayers with Merlin the minister, he
said without any appearance of alarm to those who were present, and
almost all were surgeons, for few of them were of his retinue : "I see
clearly that which they seek, and I am ready steadfastly to suffer that
death which I have never feared and which for a long time past I have
pictured to myself. I consider myself happy in feeling the approach of
death and in being ready to die in God, by whose grace I hope for the

DEATH OF COLIGNY. 25
life everlasting. I have no further need of human succor. Go then from
this place, my friends, as quickly as you may, for fear lest you shall be
involved in my misfortune, and that some day your wives shall curse
me as the author of your loss. For me it is enough that God is here, to
whose goodness I commend my soul, which is so soon to issue from my
body." After these words they ascended to an upper room whence they
sought safety in flight here and there upon the tiles.
Meanwhile the conspirators, having burst through the door of the
chamber, entered, and when Besme, sword in hand, had demanded of
Coligny, who stood near the door, "Are you Coligny?" Coligny replied,
"Yes, I am he," with fearless countenance. "But you, young man, respect
these white hairs. What is it you would do? You cannot shorten by
many days this life of mine." As he spoke Besme gave him a sword
thrust through the body, and having withdrawn his sword, another thrust
in the mouth, by which his countenance was disfigured. So Coligny fell,
killed with many thrusts. Others have written that Coligny in dying
pronounced as though in anger these words : "Would that I at least might
die at the hands of a soldier and not a valet." But Attin, one of the
murderers, has reported as I have written, and added that he never saw
anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly.
Then the duke of Guise inquired of Besme from the courtyard if the
thing were done, and when Besme answered him that it was, the duke
replied that the Chevalier d' Angouleme was unable to believe it unless
he saw it ; and at the same time that he made the inquiry they threw the
body through the window into the courtyard, disfigured as it was with
blood. When the Chevalier d' Angouleme, who could scarcely believe
his eyes, had wiped away with a cloth the blood which overran the face
and finally had recognized him, some say that he spurned the body with
his foot. However this may be, when he left the house with his followers
he said : "Cheer up, my friends ! Let us do thoroughly that which we
have begun. The king commands it." He frequently repeated these
words and as soon as they had caused the palace clock to strike, on every
side arose the cry "To arms," and the people ran to the house of Coligny.
After his body had been insultingly treated in every way, they threw it
into a neighboring stable and finally cut off his head, which they sent to
Rome. They also cut off his privates and his hands and feet and drag
ged his body through the streets to the bank of the Seine, a thing which
he had formerly almost prophesied, although he did not think of any
thing like this.

26 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
As the children were throwing the body into the river, it was dragged
out and placed upon the gibbet of Montfaucon, where it hung by the feet
in chains of iron; and then they built a fire beneath, by which he was
burned without being consumed ; so that he was, so to speak, tortured
with all the elements, since he was killed upon the earth, thrown into
the water, placed upon the fire, and finally put to hang in the air.
After he had served for several days as a spectacle to gratify the hate of
many and arouse the just indignation of many others, who reckoned
that this fury of the people would cost the king and France many a
sorrowful day, Francois de Montmorency, who was nearly related to
the dead man, and still more his friend, and who moreover had escaped
in time the danger, had him taken by night from the gibbet by trusty
men and carried to Chantilly, where he was buried in the chapel.
5. THE ARTICLES OF THE LEAGUE.
P. V. Palma Cayet : Chronologie Novenaire. Ed. Buchon. pp. 8-9. French.
In the name of the Holy Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, our
only true God, to whom be glory and honor.
I. The association of catholic princes, lords and gentlemen is
intended to be and shall be formed for the purpose of establishing the
law of God in its entirety ; to restore and maintain the holy service of
the same according to the form and manner of the holy Catholic Apos
tolic Roman church, abjuring and renouncing all errors to the contrary.
II. To maintain king Henry, third of this name, by the grace of
God, and his successors, very Christian kings, in the state, splendor,
authority, duty, service and obedience which are due him from his sub
jects, as is contained in the articles which shall be presented to him at
the meeting of the Estates, which he swears and promises to protect at
his consecration and coronation, solemnly asserting that he will do nothing
prejudicial to that which shall be ordained by the said Estates.
III. To restore to the provinces of this kingdom and the Estates of
the same the ancient rights, prerogatives, franchises and liberties, such as
they were in the time of king Clovis, the first Christian king, and still
better and more profitable, if such are to be found, under the protection
above named.
IV. In case there be any hindrance, opposition or rebellion against
that which has been stated above, let it come from whatsoever source it
may, the said associates shall be bound and obliged to make use of all

ARTICLES OF THE LEAGUE. 27
their possessions and means, and their very selves, even to death, in order
to punish, chastise and fall upon those who have sought to constrain and
hinder them ; and to see to it that all the provisions above related shall
be put into execution in reality and in fact.-
V. In case any of the associates, their subjects, friends and allies
should be molested, oppressed and made subject to investigation in the
cases above mentioned by any person whatsoever, the said associates
shall be bound to make use of their persons, goods and means, for the
purpose of obtaining revenge upon those who have been guilty of the
said oppressions and annoyances, whether by way of judicial process or by
force of arms, making no exception of any person whatsoever.
VI. If it should come to pass that any of the associates, after
having sworn an oath to the said association, should wish to retire or
withdraw from the same under any pretext whatsoever (which may God
forbid), such persons, falling away from their agreements, shall be injured
in person and possessions, in all ways which may be devised, as enemies
of God, rebels, violators of the public peace, without the said associates
being disturbed or subject to investigation, either in public or in private.
VII. The said associates shall swear absolute and ready obedience
and service to the head who shall be selected, to follow him and give
counsel and comfort, as much for the support and preservation of the
said association as for the destruction of those who set themselves against
it, without respect of persons : and defaulting and dilatory members shall
be punished by authority of the head and according to regulations laid
down by him, to which the said associates shall submit themselves.
VIII. Notice shall be given to all Catholics in incorporated towns
and villages and they shall be summoned secretly by the local governors
to enter into the said association and to furnish their due proportion of
arms and men for the purpose of the same, each according to his power
and ability. IX. That those who are unwilling to enter into the said association
shall be considered enemies of the same and be subject to all sorts of
injuries and annoyances.
X. It is forbidden to the said associates to enter into disputes or
feuds among themselves without permission of the head, by whose
decision offenders shall be punished, as much for the purpose of obtain
ing honorable satisfaction, as in other cases.
XL If for the protection or the greater security of the said asso
ciates any treaty should be made with the provinces of this realm, it

28 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
shall be in the form above indicated and under the same conditions
whether the association be extended to the said towns or demanded by
them, unless the heads shall hold another opinion.
XII. I swear by God the Creator, upon the Gospels, and upon
penalty of anathema and eternal damnation, that I have entered into
this holy Catholic association according to the form of the agreement
which has now been read to me, loyally and sincerely, be it to command,
to obey, or to serve ; and I promise upon my life and my honor, not to
spare myself up to the last drop of my blood ; and that I will not oppose
the association or withdraw from it on account of any command, pretext,
or excuse, whatever may be the occasion.
6. FRENCH POLITICAL VERSES OF THE l6TH CENTURY.
Pierre de Lestoile ; Memoires et Journal. Ed. Michaud, Vol. XIV, p. 16 etse"q.
French. Par l'oeil, l'espaule et 1'oreille,
Dieu a fait en France merveille ;
Par 1'oreille, l'espaule et l'oeil,
Dieu a mis troi rois au cerceuil ;
Par l'oeil, 1'oreille et l'espaule,
Dieu a tu6 trois rois en Gaule,
Antoine, Francois et Henry,
Qui de lui point n'ont en soucy.
By the eye, the shoulder and the ear God has worked wonders in
France ; by the ear, the shoulder and the eye God has brought three kings
to the bier; by the eye, the ear and the shoulder God has killed three
kings in Gaid : Anthony, Francis and Henry, who never troubled them
selves at all about Him. Cy gist (mais c'est mal entendu,
Le mot pour lui est trop honneste) :
Ici 1' admiral est pendu
Par les pieds, a, faute de teste.
Here lies — (but that isn't just the thing ; the word is too decent for
him) : — here is hung the Admiral, by the feet, in default of a head.
L'on demande la convenance
De Catherine et Jezabel,

FRENCH POLITICAL VERSES. 29
L'une, ruine d' Israel ;
L'autre, ruine de la France.
L'une estoit de malice extresme,
Et l'autre est la malice mesme.
Enfin le judgement fut tel :
Par une vengeance divine,
Les chiens mangerent Jezabel ;
La charonge de Catherine
Sera different en ce point
Car les chiens mesmes n'en voridront point.
If you ask the points of resemblance between Catherine and Jezebel
one was the ruin of Israel ; the other the ruin of France. One was
extremely malicious; the other is malice itself. In a word the judgment
would be like this: By an act of divine vengeance the dogs devoured
Jezebel ; the carrion of Catherine udll have a different fate in this respect,
because the very dogs will have nothing to do with it.

Registre-Joumal de Henri III. Ed. Michaud, Vol. XIV., p. 198.
TOUTE A TOUTES SAUSSES.
Le pauvre peuple endure tout,
Les gens d'armes ravagent tout,
La Sainte Eglise paye tout,
Les favoris demandent tout,
Le bon roi accorde tout,
Le parlement verifie tout,
Le chancelier scelle tout,
La Reine mere conduit tout,
Le Pape leur pardonne tout,
Chicot tout seul se rit de tout,
Le diable a. la fin aura tout.
The poor people endure all, the troops plunder all, the holy church
pays all, the favorites demand all, the good king yields all, the parlement
approves all, the chancellor seals all, the queen mother conducts all, the
pope pardons all to them, Chicot1 is the only one who laughs at all, the
devil will eventually have all.
•Probably a sixteenth century "Punch," who is supposed to recite the above.

30 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS.
7. EXTRACTS FROM THE EDICT OF NANTES.
Dumont : Corps Diplomatique. Vol. V, p. 545 et seq. French.
The Edict of Nantes, called the Edict of Henry IV. for the Pacification of the
troubles of his Realm, was given at Nantes in the month of April, 1598, and published
in Parlement February 15, 1599. It is of great length, containing 92 articles in
the body of the edict, to which are appended 56 special articles. Out of these a
few articles have been selected which seemed to embody the more important pro
visions concerning the settlement of the religious disorders in France.
III. We ordain that the Catholic Apostolic and Roman religion
shall be restored and reestablished in all places and localities of this our
kingdom and countries subject to our sway, where the exercise of the
same has been interrupted, in order that it may be peaceably and freely
exercised, without any trouble or hindrance. Forbidding very expressly
all persons of whatsoever estate, quality or condition, under the penal
ties recited above,1 from troubling, molesting or disturbing ecclesiastics
in the celebration of divine service, in the enjoyment or perception of
tithes, fruits or revenues of their benefices, and all other rights and dues
belonging to them ; and that all those who during the troubles have
taken possession of churches, houses, goods or revenues belonging to the
said ecclesiastics, and who retain and occupy the same, shall surrender
to them entire possession and peaceable enjoyment of such rights, liber
ties and sureties as they had before they were deprived of them. For
bidding thus very expressly to those of the said religion called Reformed2
to have preaching or perform other exercise of the said religion in
churches, houses and habitations of the said ecclesiastics.
VI. And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences
between our subjects we have permitted and herewith permit those of
the said religion called^ Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and
places .of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, without. being
annoyed, molested or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion
contrary to their consciences, nor for this reason to be subject to visitation
in houses and places where they desire to dwell, upon condition that they
comport themselves in other respects according to that which is contained
in this our present edict.
VII. It is permitted to all lords, gentlemen and other persons,
natives and others as well, making profession of the said religion called

1 Of punishment as a breaker of the peace and disturber of the public repose .
2 'Hadite Religion prUendue Riformee."

THE EDICT OF NANTES.

31

Reformed, having high justice or full military tenure1 [as in Normandy]
in our realm or in the countries of our sway, be it as proprietor or in
usufruct, in whole or in half, or for a third part, to enjoy in their houses
of said high justice or tenure as above mentioned, which they shall be
required to name before our bailiffs and seneschals, each one in his
jurisdiction, as their principal domiciles, the exercise of the said religion,
so long as they there reside ; and in their absence their wives, or indeed
their family, or any part of the same ; and even if the right of high justice
or full military tenure be in controversy, nevertheless the exercise of
the said religion may be enjoyed, providing the aforesaid persons shall
be in actual possession of the said right of high justice, even though our
own Procureur G6neral be a party to the suit. We hereby permit the
enjoyment of the said religion in their other houses of high justice or
military tenure as aforesaid only when they are there present, and not
otherwise : all this equally for themselves, their families and subjects as
well as for others who desire to be present.
VIII. In houses of fiefs, where those of the said religion have not
the said high justice or military tenure, the exercise of the said religion
may be enjoyed for the family alone. It is not however intended^ in
case there should happen to arrive other persons, up to the number of
thirty outside of the family, whether it be upon the occasion of a baptism,
visits of friends or otherwise, that this should be cause for investigation :
provided also that the said houses shall not be within the cities, towns or
villages belonging to Catholic lords other than ourselves, having the
right of high justice, in which the said Catholic lords shall have their
houses. In which case those of the said religion shall not be able to
enjoy said exercise in said towns or villages, unless by permission and
leave of said lords high justices, and not otherwise.
IX. We also permit those of the said religion to make and con
tinue the exercise of the same in all villages and places of our dominion
where it was established by them and publicly enjoyed several and
divers times in the year 1597, up to the end of the month of August,
notwithstanding all decrees and judgments to the contrary.
XIII. We very expressly forbid to all those of the said religion
the exercise, either in respect to ministry, regulation, discipline or the
public instruction of children, and otherwise, in this our kingdom and
lands of our dominion, of all that concerns religion, otherwise than in
the places permitted and granted by the present Edict.
1 " Fief de Haubert " a grade of nobility ranking next below barons.

32 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS;
XIV. As well from performing any function of the said religion
in our court or retinue, or equally in our lands and territories beyond the
mountains, or in our city of Paris or within five leagues of the said city :
at the same time those of the said religion who live in the said lands
and territories beyond the mountains and in our said city, and for five
leagues there about, may not be investigated in their houses, nor con
strained 'to do anything in respect to religion contrary to their consciences,
providing they comport themselves in other respects according to that
which is contained in our present Edict.
XV. And it will not be allowed to exercise the said religion in
the armies, except in the quarters of those chiefs who may be of that con
fession, not however in those quarters wherein our own person is lodged.
XVIII. We also forbid all our subjects of whatever quality and
condition, from carrying off by force or persuasion, against the will of
their parents, the children of the said religion, in order to cause them to
be baptised or confirmed in the Catholic Apostolic and Roman church :
and the same is forbidden to those of the said religion called Reformed,
upon penalty of being punished with especial severity.
XXI. Books concerning the said religion called Reformed may
not be printed and publicly sold, except in cities and places where the
public exercise of the said religion is permitted. And as for the other
books, which may be printed in other cities, they shall be examined and
investigated, as much by our officers as by theologians, according as it is
prescribed in our ordinances. We forbid very expressly the printing,
publishing and sale of all books, pamphlets and writings of a defamatory
character, upon the penalty indicated in our ordinances : and we enjoin
our judges and officers to carry out thi3 order.
XXII. We ordain that there shall be no difference or distinction
made in respect to the said religion, in receiving pupils to be instructed
in universities, colleges and schools ; nor in receiving the sick and poor
into hospitals, retreats and public charities.
XXIII. Those of the said religion called Reformed shall be obliged
to respect the laws of the Catholic Apostolic and Roman church, recog
nized in this our kingdom, for the consummation of marriages contracted
or to be contracted as regards the degrees of consanguinity and kinship.

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