YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 05350 2101

iMfflWMWia^^^^minin HmiUP««HaBflBg

Shea, J. G.
Why is Caaada not a part of the U. S,
1889.

"I give theft Bioks ¦. ,
fozMe-foyndBigefa CoUegt oithif Colony'1

Bought with the income
ofthe
Class of 189*1 Fund
1918

1

UNITED STATES CATHOLIC
HISTORICAL MAGAZINE.
Vol. III.)  (No. 10.
WHY IS CANADA NOT A PART OF THE UNITED
STATES ?
Read before the U. S. Catholic Historical Society, Nov. 25th
1889, by John Gilmary Shea.
Six score years ago England ruled supreme over all
the northern part of this continent. From Hudson Bay to
the Gulf of Mexico no flag but hers fluttered in the breeze.
From the region of perpetual snow to the region of Spring
in North America, no rule was recognized but George's
of England. All, however, was not peace and calm. Discontent
pervaded the land. Men clamored for rights which they
claimed as the inalienable birthright of British subjects.
Delegates at last met from the various colonies. This body
assumed the title of Continental Congress, for it proposed
to represent not a few colonies only, but the Continent.
As the Continental Congress it finally met England in
battle and carried on a seven years' war. Nothing less
than the Continent satisfied the aspirations of the grand and
noble minds who planned the union of the colonies into a vast
republic. Why then did the close of the war find their plan
defeated, the republic dwarfed, confined between the north
ern lakes and shut off from the Gulf of Mexico, with Eng
land holding Canada as a perpetual menace to her peace
and prosperity ?
Perhaps Canada was settled by men full of devotion to
the house of Hanover, grateful for favors, eager to show
her their loyalty. On the contrary, it was a colony where
England was hated as a power, alien in blood, alien in

2 United States Catholic No. 10.)
language, alien In religion; a power submitted to only after
a struggle in which the Canadians, left almost unaided by
France, had tested the resources of England to crush them,
and after being beaten to the earth had in a last desperate
effort, almost regained the day.
Canada was writhing under the yoke, her people were
too numerous to be torn from their homes by England and
scattered far and wide like the unhappy Acadians of Nova
Scotia: but if England made concessions, she was only
biding her time, to crush them utterly.
Canada was ripe for revolt. The Continental Congress
and its wise leaders counted surely on the adhesion of the
Canadians in their struggle with England, at first simply a •
struggle for the right to govern and tax themselves, a right
as essential to the prosperity of Canada as to that of any
other colony.
The Continental Congress issued "an address to the
inhabitants of the province of Quebec," inviting them to act
in concert with the other colonies. " We are too well ac
quainted," says this address drawn up by John Dickinson,
"we are too well acquainted with the liberality of sen
timent distinguishing your nation, to imagine that difference
of religion will prejudice you against a hearty amity with us.
You know that the transcendant nature of freedom elevates
those who unite in her cause above all such low minded
infirmities. The Swiss cantons furnish a memorable proof
of this truth. Their union is composed of Roman Catholic
and Protestant States, living in the utmost concord and peace
with one another, and thereby enabled, ever since they brave
ly vindicated their freedom to defy and defeat every tyrant
that has invaded them." *
* See address of Congress to the Oppressed Inhabitants of Canada.
Pennsylvania Packet. June 19, 1775. " We perceive the fate of the Catholic
Colonies to be linked together.'' Evidences teem in the papers of the day
of the active sympathy of the Canadians. "There is advice from Canada that
Governor Carlton having in vain endeavored by fair means to engage the
Canadians in the service against the Colonies, he attempted to compel them

No. 10.) Historical Magazine. 3
Among the Canadian clergy many were openly in favor
, of the Colonies. One * was driven out of the province by
the British officials, others were kept under strict watch,
one a man of high social position, and member of a religi
ous order, threw himself into the movement, and when
Canadian regiments were raised for the Continental service
this priest, the Rev. Mr. Lotbiniere was commissioned by
Congress as chaplain, and served during the whole war of
the Revolution.!
The two Canadian regiments were constantly kept up
by recruits, and maintained their organization till the army
was disbanded at the peace.
Canada evidently was ready to join the cause of
American freedom. Jesuit and Recollect and Secular
priest favored it ; the Canadians themselves shouldered
the musket as the best proof.
In the outlying parts of the old French province the
same feeling prevailed. The Indians in the province of
Maine, who had been converted to Christianity by the
French missionaries from Canada, at once sided with the
colonies, and their Catholic Chief Orono had a commission
from Congress.
In the west, the French in Indiana and Illinois, with
by force, in which there was an insurrection of 3,000 men to oppose that
force. . . . It is said they are determined to observe a strict neutrality."
Pennsylvania Packet, Aug. 14, 1775 "A party of regulars went out in afloat.
ing battery '' (near Ticonderoga,) "to drive off our Canadians about 500 in
number, who were at work on the east battery but were • repulsed three days
successively." Pennsylvania Packet, Oct. 30, 1775. " A party of our troops
with the Canadians took possession of Chambly." Letter of Oct. 23d in
Pennsylvania Packet, Nov. 13, 1775, "The Canadians in general, on this side
of the St. Lawrence are very friendly to us, almost unanimously so alongthe
river Sorel, where they ara actually embodied and in arms, altogether to
the number of more than 1,000." Pen. Packet, Nov. 20, 1775.
* Rev. Peter H. de la Valiniere. See Gen. Haldimand's order expelling
him. U. S. Catholic Hist. Mag. III. p. 88.
\ Hamersly "Army Register," Washington, 1881, p. 32. "Life and Times
of Archbishop Carroll," New York, 1888, p. 144.

4 United States Catholic No. 10.)
their priest, Rev. Pierre Gibault, received Clark with open
arms and aided him to drive the English out of that part of
the country. The flower of the young Frenchmen of the
West perished in gallant attempt to drive the English be
yond the lakes.* Even in the heart of Canada, the Indians,
converted by the French priests, were so friendly to the
Americans, that Burgoyne, who could use Brant to massacre
the settlers of Cherry Valley, Wyoming and Esopus, failed
to enlist these Catholic Indians in his work of blood, and in
an address of reproach he loaded them with abuse.
Why then, if the Continental Congress wished the co
operation of Canada, if Canada and her French and Indian
population were full of sympathy for the cause, why is it
that England was able to secure that province and so gain
its discontented people as to make it a stronghold against
us, the base of constant operations ?
The answer of history must be, that this great blow
to American hopes, this disastrous result was due to an
anti-Catholic bigotry fostered in New York, of which John
Jay was. the prime mover and instigator, and which as a dele
gate to the Continental Congress he succeeded in foisting
into some of the acts of that body. That man stands out
in history as the embodiment of narrow and short sighted
,views, who was willing to sacrifice to their unholy gratifica
tion, the best interests of America.
To see the man as he really was, we need only
open the Journal of the Convention which framed the
first Constitution for the State of New York in 1777, and fol
low the actions of Jay.
There was bigotry in New York. Public policy demanded
that in the struggle with England all such feelings should
be buried. Real statesmen sought to dispel this feeling,
but Jay fostered and stimulated it. He was in full accord
with those who ran up a flag in New York with "No
Popery" inscribed upon it. He was in full accord with
those whose anti-Catholic feeling led them to drive the
* In the Expedition of Mottin de la Balme.

No. 10.) Historical Magazine. - 5
Catholic MacDonalds from the Mohawk and force them to
place themselves under the flag they hated, the flag of the
Hanoverian— in full accord with those who sent those stal
wart Highlanders within the British lines when they would
gladly have avenged Culloden !
In the Constitutional Convention of 1777, Jay appears
as the advocate of blind unreasoning bigotry, as Governeur
Morris was the champion of toleration, liberality and all that
is broad and farseeing in statesmanship. The County of
Westchester gave the leaders of the two policies.
When the question of naturalization came up, the para
graph in the proposed Constitution excited the wrath of Jay.
He sprang to his feet at once to offer an amendment re
quiring the applicant " to abjure and renounce all allegiance
and subjection to all and every foreign king, prince, potentate
and State in all matters ecclesiastical and civil."
Morris opposed the amendment with all his eloquence
and proposed a substitute committing naturalization to the
legislature : but Jay had evoked the hostile feeling, and his
amendment was carried. In vain did Morris, battling in the
cause of human freedom, endeavor to alter the clause, the
amended section was carried, and though Livingston ap
pealed for a reconsideration, the Constitution was adopted
with Jay's amendment, and till the Constitution of theUnited
States vested the entire control of naturalization in the Fed
eral government, no Catholic immigrant could become a citi
zen in the State of New York — though he might show wounds
received in battle against England, for he could not on oath
renounce allegiance to the Pope, as head of the Church.
When the clause of the proposed Constitution came up
for debate, in which it was declared " that the free toleration
of religious profession and worship shall forever hereafter be
allowed to all mankind," Jay found it too broad. He intro
duced an amendment giving the legislature power at any
time to deny toleration to any denomination at its op
tion. Debates followed, and a majority seemed loth to con-

6 United States Catholic No. 10.)
cede such a power; but Jay dropped the mask and proposed
a new amendment showing his real object : " Except the
professors of the religion of the Church of Rome, who ought
not to hold lands in or be admitted to a participation of
the civil rights enjoyed by the members of this State,
until such time as the said professors shall appear in the Su
preme Court of this State, and there most solemnly swear
that they verily believe in their consciences that no pope,
priest, or foreign authority on earth hath power to absolve
the subjects of this State from their allegiance to the same.
And further, that they renounce and believe to be false and
wicked, the dangerous and damnable doctrine that the Pope
or any other earthly authority hath power to absolve men
from their sins, described in and prohibited by the Gospel of
Jesus Christ : and particularly that no Pope, priest or foreign
authority on earth hath power to absolve them from the obli
gation of this oath."
We can almost picture him to ourselves in wild frenzy,
with bloodshot eyes, foaming at the mouth and gesticulating
like a madman, as he read this proposed amendment, the rig
marole of stupid ignorance.
The amendment found advocates in the body, such
anti-Catholic feeling had Jay evoked, and it was lost by a vote
of 19 to 10, not two-thirds voting for it.
Still unappeased, Jay moved another amendment; Liv
ingston insisted that it was virtually the same as the last; but
the house held otherwise, and though modified by an amend
ment of Morris, it was passed in a form which gave Jay
hope that Catholicity could never gain a foothold in this
State. The grand, broad charter of toleration as proposed at
first was blotted from the Constitution of New York.
When we consider that at this moment men, as Bancroft
drily remarks, had outgrown the silly anti-catholic raving
about the Quebec Act;* that the United States were using
* As soon as the Quebec Act was proposed in Parliament protests against
it appeared in the American papers. It was after the Boston Port Bill con-

No 10.) Historical Magazine. 7
every effort to gain Catholic France as an ally, and that a
show of amity to professors of the faith of Rome in the sev
eral States' would have aided the cause of Independence,
we can imagine what bitter hatred of Catholicity seethed
in the heart of John Jay, where no consideration of public
policy could whisper a counsel of moderation.
If his spirit showed itself in this shape in 1777, we
can imagine what it was three years earlier. And yet,
unfortunately, it was to this man that Congress gave a
fatal power by confiding to him the preparation of the
" Address to the People of Great Britain," and this at the very
time when the wise and judicious Dickinson framed the con
ciliatory address to the Canadian people, and Congress sent
Commissioners with a Catholic priest to influence Canadian
adhesion to the common cause.
A man of Jay's temper could not lose the opportunity
of introducing his favorite topic. The Quebec Act, by which
the Canadian French were left in the enjoyment of their re
ligion and their former laws, in Canada, and at the feeble set-
sidered as the greatest of their wrongs. See Postscript to Philadelphia
Packet, Aug. 15, 1774.
The following stanza from a song shows the temper of the times, to the
tune of "0 my Kitten, my Kitten:
" Then heigh for the penance and pardons,
And heigh for the faggots and fires ;
And heigh for the Popish church wardens,
And heigh for the priests and the friars;
And heigh for the rare-e show relics
To follow my Canada Bill-e
With all the Pope's mountebank tricks ;
So prithee, my baby, be still-e
Then up with the papists, up, up,
And down with the Protestants down-e
Here we go backwards and forwards •
And all for the good of the Crown-e,"
Philadelphia Packet, Aug. 29, 1774.
The Act was given in full in the same paper in the Supplement to No.
150, Sep. 5, 1774 and in the paper itself, the violent Protest of the City of
London.

8 United States Catholic No. 10.)
tlements of Detroit, Vincennes and Kaskaskia, afforded Jay
the means of counteracting the whole beneficent policy
of Congress. He was one of those who pretended that the act of
justice to the conquered French by which they were al-
allowed to enjoy religious freedom, and live at least for a
time under their own system of laws, was a subtle scheme
of Great Britain to compass the ruin of her old colonies.*
The experience of more than a century shows that England
acted wisely.
But Jay, then a young fanatic of twenty-nine, could see
nothing but the triumph of the Catholic religion. As to
his authorship of the Address there is no doubt. " The
Address to the People of Great Britain," says his biogra
phers, '' was assigned to Mr. Jay. To secure himself from
interruption, he left his lodgings and shut himself up in a
room in a tavern, and there composed that celebrated
state paper, not less distinguished for its lofty sentiments,
than for the glowing language in which they are ex
pressed," Unfortunately, we cannot agree with this opinion. The
Address is narrow-minded, bigoted, fanatical and short
sighted. Congress was at first led away by the silly preju
dice aroused by the Quebec Act, and it took some time
before it outgrew the feeling. Though Congress did at
last, Jay never did.
In this address, unfortunately issued in the name of
Congress, Catholicity is branded as " a religion fraught
with sanguinary and impious tenets." Then developing
* Influenced by men like him, Congress in Sept. 1774, said: "The late Act of
Parliament for establishing the Roman Catholic religion . . is danger
ous in an extreme degree." Philadelphia Packet. Sept. 19, 1774. The paper
of the 12th, contained a contribution against the Act addressed to the King.
But the subject was soon dropped with only an occasional reference to it, and
in the papers of June 19, 1775, we find an address of Congress to the oppress
ed inhabitants of Canada, and that of July 10, gives a bill introduced into the
House of Lords by Lord Camden for the repeal of the Quebec Act.

No. 10.) Historical Magazine. 9
his idea, Jay adds : "By another act the Dominion of
Canada is to be so extended, modelled and governed,
as that by being disunited from us, detached from our
interests, by civil as well as religious prejudice,
by their numbers daily swelling with Catholic emi
grants from Europe, and by their devotion to administra
tion, so friendly to their religion, they might become for
midable to us, and on occasion be fit instruments in the
hands of power to reduce the ancient free Protestant col
onies to the same state of slavery with themselves 
" Nor (the address continues) can we suppress our astonish
ment that a British parliament should ever consent to
establish in that country a religion that has deluged your
island in blood, and dispersed impiety, bigotry, persecution,
murder and rebellion through every part of the world."
" This being a true state of facts, let us beseech you
to consider to what end they lead.
"Admit that the Ministry by the powers of Britain,
and the aid of our Roman Catholic neighbors should be
able to carry the point of taxation, and reduce us to a
. state of perfect humiliation and slavery. Such an enterprise
would doubtless make some addition to your national
debt," etc.
In a few words : nothing would satisfy John Jay but
penal laws against the Catholics in Canada, and the estab
lishment of English laws there. He wished no part or
fellowship with them, and would rather see the Canadians
remain under English rule, than have Catholics on our
side. Such was not the view of Congress. On the 15th of
February, 1776, it was — "Resolved that a committee of
three— two of whom be members of Congress — be ap
pointed to repair to Canada, there to pursue such instruc
tions as shall be given them by that body."
Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Charles Car
roll, of Carrollton were chosen, and, the last named was de
sired by Congress " to prevail on Mr. John Carroll to assist

10 United States Catholic No. 10.)
them in such matters as they shall think useful."
The Catholic priest responded to, the call and accom
panied the Commissioners to aid them " to promote or to
form a union between the colonies and the people of Can
ada." The instructions to the Commissioners all tended to
this. "To convince the Canadians of the uprightness of
our intentions towards them, they were to declare that
it was the inclination of Congress that the people of
Canada should set up such a form of government as
would be most likely in their judgment, to promote their
happiness. And the commissioners were, in the strongest
terms to assure them, that it was our earnest desire to
adopt them into our union as a sister colony and to secure
the same system of mild and equal laws for them and
for ourselves, with only such local differences as might
be agreeable to each colony respectively."
" They were directed further to declare that that we
held sacred the rights of conscience; and should promise
to the whole people solemnly, in the name of Congress,
the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion; and
to the clergy the full, perfect and peaceable possession
and enjoyment of all their estates; that the government
of everything relative to their creed and clergy should be
left entirely in the hands of the good people of that
province, and such legislature as they should constitute ;
provided however, that all other denominations of Chris
tians should be equally entitled to hold offices and en
joy civil privileges, and the free exercise of their religion
as well as be totally exempt from the payment of any
titles or taxes for the support of religion." *
Congress had been forced by the bigotry of a few to
denounce the Quebec Act in terms which showed more
religious hate than sound political wisdom, but good sense
* This was asking Canada to give Protestants greater rights than Massa
chusetts or New York gave Catholics in 1800 ; or New Hampshire did in
1876.

No. 10.) Historical Magazine. n
was gaining the day, and the allusion to the Quebec
Act in the Declaration of Independence of 1776 is so obscure
that few now understand it, and on the point of religion it is
silent. At the time of the appointment of the Commissioners
everything indicated the possibility of securing the co-op
eration or at least the neutrality of the Canadians. At
Montreal, the King's statue was smeared over and decorated
with a necklace of potatoes; a leading Canadian gentleman
was insulted and struck; and the feelings of the people in
favor of Congress was so clearly shown that the British
Colonel stationed there threatened to use the powder he
had to blow up the city.
The parishes around Chambly, openly joined the Am
erican cause ; those in the government of Three Rivers,
Nicolet, Becancour, Gentilly and St. Pierre refused to send a
man in response to the call for militia to fight against the
Americans. Carleton's proclamation was disregarded, f The
Caughnawaga Indians sent all their warriors to the Ameri
can camp, and the British agent appointed to that tribe con
fesses that he could find no one to side with him, except one
miscreant who had been expelled from the village for
his notorious vices.
It might be thought that as the Canadians and colon
ists to the South had more than once served in arms
against each other, there must have been a feeling of
hostility. But it should be remembered that they never
took up arms for any quarrel of their own, they had both
been forced to expend their blood and their means, be
cause France and England chose to go to war, and Ameri
ca became the scene of hostility for disputes in which it
had no interest, and when it really needed peace.
The colonists, whether of French or English origin,
jf "This Proclamation so far from compelling the Canadians to take up arms, only
produced the greatest aversion and repugnance to his orders. " Smith, ¦' History of
Canada," Quebec, 1815, p. 76.

12 United States Catholic No. 10.)
whether in Canadian or the old British colonies had com
mon interests, and had a common history. They had re
claimed the wilderness by their sturdy labor, reared their
modest homes, and spread their rich fields of grain, their
fisheries, their manufactures crippled only by the policy of
the home government. Both trained in the same hard nur
sery of frugal industry had been compelled to defend their
hard bought property against Indian foes; both saw advan
tages in peaceful trade and free intercourse.
From the first, Canada had sought to bind herself
closely to the English colonies by the bonds of com
merce, and amity; she had proposed a plan of neutrality
so that, though France and England might in the ambi
tious projects of their state-craft, make Europe one vast
charnel house, peace should reign amid the settlements in
America, and each man pursue his avocations undisturbed
by the sound or even the thought of war. Canada asked
that Indians should not be employed in war; and not. till
the streets of her thriving town of Lachine were lighted
by the flames of the burning houses, and strewn with
the mangled corpses of men, women and children slaugh
tered by Indians sent from New York by the bigotry
roused by the English Revolution of 1688, did Canada
summon to her standard the multitudinous tribes to which
her influence reached.
Between Canada and the Colonies there was and never
had been but one bar, an insensate anti-Catholic feeling.
When the Commissioners appointed by Congress to
undo the mistakes of the past and form a close union reached
Canada, General Arnold was in command of Montreal; Cana
dians were flocking to the American standard, and all seemed
to promise the speedy union of Canada with the other col
onies, but just then Jay's handiwork, the Address of Congress
to the people of Great Britain, was translated and scattered
among the people of Canada.
There instead of flattering words of harmony, toleration
and union, they found themselves denounced, their religion

No. 10.) Historical Magazine. 13
execrated, the very idea of union with them scouted. A
general burst of indignation followed. " O the perfidious
double faced Congress ! " cried the people. " Let us bless and
obey our benevolent prince, whose humanity is consistent,
and extends to all religions; let us abhor all who would
seduce us from our loyalty." From that moment the tide "
of opinion changed. Doubt and suspicion prevailed; the
leaders of the Canadians threw their influence in the British
scale, and Canada was lost. In vain did the Commissioners
labor to efface the impression produced by the spirit which
dictated the Address to the People of Great Britain
The Canadians as a body could not be induced to send
delegates to a Congress which could put forward two doc
trines so utterly irreconcileable, one all friendship and brother
hood; the other unjust, vindictive, oppressive and malignant.
Events soon occurred which made their conviction deeper.
that the colonies as a whole were imbued with bitter hatred of
Canada and her religion. The fugitive Scots from the
Mohawk told their tale; the debates in New York con
vention became known. Gradually all or nearly ali Can
ada became alienated, indifferent to our cause. Yet never
had there been a greater opportunity. As Colonel Barre
declared on the floor of Parliament reading from a letter
written by a military friend in Canada, the French there
would not fight against the Americans. When the British
authority summoned them to train as militia, they hid their
guns in the woods and came with sticks, declaring that if they
must fight, it would be against the English, and not for them.
Down to the Battle at the Cedars, the Caughnwagas
fought under the Continental flag, at severe loss.
Canada was assured to England. It became the basis
for operations against this country in the East and West.
Burgoyne was sent over with an army : the Canadians, over
awed and overpowered, were forced into service ; the hostile
Indians in New York and the West were organized against
our frontiers, and went forth to destruction led by white men
in English pay. From Quebec to Green Bay every post was

14 United States Catholic No. 10.)
a fomenter of Indian raids on the homes of the hardy sett
lers. A broad belt of fire and blood marks the scene of
their inhuman warfare, and all this misery and woe
were brought upon the country by the hostility to the
Catholic Church, a hostility which deprived us of Canada, and
esteemed the welfare of America, as of no account, when
weighed against the gratification of religious hatred.
When, by the aid of the army and fleet of a Catholic
ally, an English army was forced to yield at Yorktown and
Great Britain lost all hope of reducing the United States
to their old colonial condition, Canada might still have
been secured, and would have been, but for John Jay, who
was unfortunately one of those appointed by Congress to
negotiate with England.
Franklin and Adams were fully alive to the necessity
of securing Canada, for Americans ever to have a real
peace with England. This too, was the feeling in the Con
tinental Congress, which wrote to its envoys in August,
1779, "It is of the utmost importance to the peace and
commerce of the United States, that Canada and Nova
Scotia should be ceded." To secure Canada, Franklin
even proposed to indemnify the loyalists for their losses,
•but when John Jay joined the others in Paris, he threw
his whole weight on the English side. He was opposed to
the annexation of Canada, true to his old anti-Catholic in
stincts rather than to the welfare of America. He opened
correspondence with the English ministry without the
knowledge of his fellow negotiators, and he was not only
willing to give up Canada to England, but offered her an
equal right to the navigation of the Mississippi River, and
insisted on making the new republic assume the payment
of debts due by persons residing in the colonies to credi
tors in England before the war, although he was well aware
that the Continental Congress was utterly powerless under
the Articles of Confederation to compel the payment of
such claims. The very failure of the United States on this

No. 10.) Historical Magazine. 15
point was made by England a pretext, for maintaining a
hold on our western country, which cost thousands of lives,
checked settlements, and desolated the homes of jthe brave
frontiersmen.* The result was soon seen. England held Canada, and
not only that, but from Canada maintained posts at Niag
ara, Detroit, on the Maumee and on Lake Michigan, which
by the treaty of peace were territory of the United States.
Her Indian agents gained the Western chiefs and supplied
the tribes with arms, while constantly fostering their hos
tility to the United States. The defeats of Harmar and St,
Clair were due to English arms and English guidance.
And if Wayne defeated the Indians on the soil of Indiana,
it was under the very guns of a fort which England had
planted on our soil.
At last John Jay, one of the most prominent among
those who caused this terrible and lasting scourge to Am
erica was sent to England, and he, in order to induce
England to retire within her own Canadian boundaries, signed
a treaty which excited universal execration.
Thirty-six years passed, and we were again at war
with England : Canada had become thoroughly submis
sive under the British yoke. Her increasing population
gave soldiers and officers to maintain English supremacy, and
to aid in repelling the forces we sent to reduce the province.
England still exercised an influence over our Western Indians
and again incited them to massacre and arson, while Tecum-
seh, with a royal commission, fought with his Indian braves
beside the British regulars.
Deeply, deeply has the country atoned in blood, for the
error of 1774. Had the liberal and Christian spirit of a Mor
ris and a Livingston been able to counteract the malignant
purblindness of Jay, the flag of the United States would have
floated for the last century over the Continent.
*Bancroft, History ofthe United States, v. pp. 537, 508, 371, 575.