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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

HISTOEY

OF THE

STATE OF OHIO,

NATURAL AND CIVIL.

BY CALEB ATWATER, A. M.
MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY ; OF THE RHODE ISLAND
HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; OP THE LYCEUM OF NATDRAL HISTORY OF
NEW YORK ; AND OF THE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL EOCI-
ety; adthorof WESTERN antiquities; TOUR
TO PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, ETC., ETC.

SECOND EDITION.

CINCINNATI:
STEREOTYPED BY GLEZEN & SHEPARD.

7a.. ^b?
Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and
thirty-eight,
BY CALEB ATWATER,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ohio.

Ci^.H \%

TO

THE YOUNG MEN

OHIO.
This volume is respectfully dedicated to you, and as the des
tiny of this great state soon will be, so this book is delivered
to you for safe keeping. In writing this volume, my thoughts
have always rested on you, in the full confidence that you will
carry out all the great measures of your fathers; that you
will rectify our errors, and keep pace with the age in which
you will live. Your fathers have done raore than they even
ask you to do. They have even gone ahead of the age in
which they lived. Their toils, sufferings and privations have
been but feebly depicted by me in this work, because, I did
not wish to boast in their names of what they had done, as a
duty which they owed to their children.
The liberties of this country, have been preserved by those
who achieved them; and their sons have also preserved them
until very recently ; but great efforts have been made, are
making, and will be made to pull from beneath it, all the main
pillars, on which our temple of liberty rests. So far as I could
in this volume, place before you the principles of your fathers,
as the cynosure of liberty, I have fearlessly done so.
I have every where, spoken exultingly of the future, but
my young friends, candor compels me to confess, that all such

4 dedication.
passages, in my writings, of late years, have been written
with a heavy heart. However, to you, under tbe direction of
a kind Providence, kind indeed to you, I commit my volume,
and all the aspirations which I feel, for your prosperity, in
common with your parents and friends.
If this Republic must be destroyed, it will be effected by
destroying the liberty of speech and of the press, on some par
ticular subject, at first; but extending its encroachments, all
freedom of speech and of the press will be blotted out. Iu
that case the party then in power will seize the occasion to
intrench themselves in the high places, and unless the people
shed rivers of blood, those in office will remain an incubus
on the body politic. When that day arrives, rather than yield
up the liberties of this country, to the men who are aiming at
their destruction, I would prefer to see our own Ohio, breasting
the storm of war, alone, if need be, and our citizens, either
maintaining their ground valiantly, and victoriously, or dy
ing gloriously. If Liberty ever quits this Union, may her last
footsteps, tinged with blood, be imprinted deeply on every
plain and every hill of Ohio. My young friends! we live
in an eventful period, and you can hardly expect to sustain
the liberties of this country, without the utmost vigilance.
Watch the men in power at Washington city. What I say to
you, I say to all — watch them, becau.se they need it — watch
yourselves — watch all parties, and resist every encroachment
on your rights. Beware of too closely following any party,
and be sure not to adhere too much to any popular favorite.
Bitter experience teaches us to do so no more.
Yours truly,
CALEB ATWATER.
Ohio, June 25, 1838.

PREFACE,

The history of this work, which has been on the au
thor's hands, more than twenty years, since it was origin
ally projected, demands a few remarks. That it has cost
me no small portion of an extended life, is true, but,
whether my friends will affix to it, a value commensurate
with what of labor, care, diligence, time and money, which
it has cost me, I do not know. Its plan is my own, and
was long since made known to the public, who appeared
to approve of it, twenty years since. Two portions of
the original history have been already published, relating
to our " ancient works," and to the " Indians" who once
inhabited the territory now included within the state of
Ohio. The Natural History has been greatly abridged from
my original manuscripts, with the hope of rendering that
part of my work, acceptable to common readers. My
Geological survey cost me much time and money, unaid
ed by any government patronage. Whether I shall pro
ceed to fill up my original plan, and continue the work,
in a second volume, must be, as it is, left for my friends
to determine, whose decision I will obey, and by which,
I will abide.
Truth has been my polar star in writing this, my last
volume. Method and perspicuity, have not been forgot
ten by me.
Two subjects, that is, a history of the legal and medical
professions, are omitted, in this volume. Charles Ham
mond, Esquire, is the person to write the history of our
laws, our lawyers and our judges; and to publish it, in

PREFACE.

his valuable volume of Reports. Dr. Daniel Drake is as
clearly indicajied by his position and information, to give
us a history of the medical profession in this state, in his
Medical Journal. To those gentlemen we naturally look
to fill up the chasm, which we have purposely left for them.
Relying on the patronage of our fellow citizens, so
liberally and so promptly extended to me, on all former
occasions, I have been at the expense of Stereotyping, this
first History of Ohio.
Its mechanical execution, shows what is daily doing in
Cincinnati, in the arts of book making. It is an Ohio pro
duction, in all its parts, fairly representing the views and
feelings of a large majority of the reading people of this
state. The number of copies of this work hereafter to
be issfled from the press, will depend solely on the pub
lic demand for it. I shall publish but one thousand copies
at a time, and deliver them, at any point in the state,
where there shall be a demand for them. None will ever
be left for sale, on commission.
On taking leave of my friends, who have so long en
couraged me to proceed in my literary labors, I have only
to thank them, for all their kindness to their old friend, i
CALEB ATWATER.
Cincinnati, June 25, 1 838.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Natural History.
Prefatory Remarks - . . .
Geology - - - - . -
Sandstone ------
Millstone— Flint Family - -
Marble — Lias - - -
Clintonite - - - - -
Iron ores — Clays . - - -
Coal 
Prairies in Ohio - - -
Reliquise Diluviauae - - -
Slate and Limestone Regions-
Limestone - - -
Mortar 
Organic Remains - -
Primitive Rocks . - - -
Rivers — Ohio river - - -
Muskingum ------
Hocking — Scioto - - -
Little Miami - - - -
Great Miami — Mad river - -
Maumee — Sandusky - - -
Huron — Cuyahoga - - - -
Grand river ------
Alluvial deposites -, -
Mineral springs - - - -

- 9
10
- 13
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 23
- 25
- 31
- 37
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 44
46
- 47
-49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 54
- 56
- 58

Delaware springs  Petroleum
springs  59
Lake Erie, its Islands and Min
erals  60
The Fishes, &c. - - - 63
Reptiles -------- 65
Wild animals, &c. - - - - 67
Botany — Trees — Oaks - 71
Walnuts — Maples — Dogwoods —
Coffee tree — Magnolias - 72
Pawpaw — BuUonwood — Pines —
Poplars, &c. - - - 73
The Frost Grape  76
Natii'e Flowering Plants - - 78
Medicinal Plants - - .81
Plants naturalized at Cincinnati 82
Naturalized Plants - - - 88
Naturalized Trees, &c. - - - 90
Grasses, native and naturalized - 92
Birds, resident.and migrating - 93
Medical Topography, Diseases,
Climate, Tornadoes and the
Winters in this state - - 96
Milk sickness - - - - - 97
Currents of Air - . - - 101
Our Winters - , , . 103

PERIOD I.

Civil and Political History
Lord Dunmore's War - - -

107 110

Indian Treaties .... - 125

PERIOD II

First settlement op Ohio - 128
Harmar's Campaign ... - 133
St. Clair's Campaign and Defeat 136
Wayne's War .-.--- 144

First Territorial Legislature- - 162
Remarks on the Constitution of
Ohio  171

PERIOD ni.

Organization op the state
government ... - - 176

Bun's Expedition - .
" Sweeping Resolution"

. 179
- 18a

CONTENTS.

PERIOD IV.

War with Great Britain - - 187
GAieral Tapper's Expedition - 197
Missisineway Expedition - - 199
Siege of Fort Meigs - - - - 215

Croghan's Defence of Fort Ste
venson ....-.- 22G
Perry's Victory on Lake Erie - 231

PERIOD V,
General Events ----- 249 Preparatory Measures leading to
School Lands aud Common tho Ohio Canals - . . . 263
School system of Education 253 DeWitt Clinton's Visit to Ohio 266
School Report --.--- 255
PERIOD VI.

Civil History . . _ . 274
Canals  275
The Miami and Maumee Canal 277
Cincinnati and White Water
Canal  279
Roads— Rail Roads - . - - 279
Turnpike Roads ----- 280
Common Roads and Highways - 283
Bridges --  284
The state of learning in Ohio 285
Colleges Academies and Com
mon Schools — ^Kenyon Col
lege  288
Miami University — Ohio Uni
versity - - - - - - 290
College of Teachers '. - . . 291
Medical College of Ohio -295
Woodward College of Cincinnati 995
Select Schools in Cincinnati - 297
Public Common Schools in Cin
cinnati - - - - . 298
Immigrants Friend Society -299
Common Schools in other parts
of the stale  300
State of the mechanic Arts - . 301
The Ohio Mechanics' Institute 302
State of Religion  303
Religious Sects . - - . . 305
Presbyterian Church - - - . 306
Methodist Church - . . 307

Protestant Episcopal Chuich . 307
Asylum for tbe Deaf and Dumb 308
Trade and Commerce— Exports 309
Our Imports ---..- 310
Banks in Ohio -.--.. 315
State of Agriculture, Price of
Lands, Produce and Labor 315
Raising of Hogs, Hoi-scs and
Caule  318
State of the Press  318
Benevolent Societies - . 322
Colonization Society ... 323
Cincinnati Orphan Asylum - - 332
Organization of Counties - - 333
Cities and Towns .... 335
Population and Remarks ... 348
Character of the People ... 352
Officers of the Territorial Gov.
ernment --.... 357
Senators of Congress ... - 359
Representatives of Congress . . 360
Members of Assembly . . .361
Members of Senate .... 362
Vote on Canals  363
Appendix No. I. — Ordinance of
July 13,« 1787 .... 365
No. II. — Constitution of the
State  377
No, IU.— Remarks from a Brit
ish paper  .397

HISTORY OF OHIO.

PART FIRST.
NATURAL HISTORY.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.
PREFATORY REMARKS.
This state is situated between 38° and 42° north latitude,
and between 3° 30' and 7° 40' longitude West of Washington
city. On the surface of the earth, within our limits, is, almost
every where, a rich vegetable mould, raade by the decay and
putrefaction of vegetable substances. Along the Ohio river
and all its larger tsibutaries in this state, are wide intervales
of rich alluvial soil, on which, when we settled in the country,
a thick growth of gigantic forest trees flourished. In the hilly
region hereafter to be noticed, there are two kinds of soil —
the siiicious and argilaceous. The former is made by the
disintegration of the sandstone, near the surface, the latter
by the clay slate which exists there. And where it is quite
hilly, as it often is, these two kinds of soils, become intimately
blended together. By a wise provision of nature, we see
here, the clay for bricks, and the sand in which to mould
them. The wild scenery, of this region, seventy, or even
fifty years ago, must have been eminently beautiful. If any
one, at that time, had ascended any elevated ground, near
the Ohio, or of any of its larger rivers, the prospect, of hill
and dal^, spread out, immense, must have been delightful to
2

10 HISTORY or OHIO.
the eye of the beholder. The spectator beheld tall trees,
covered with vines of the grape, and of wild roses, hanging in
clusters from near the ground to the topmost boughs. He
saw, too, a beautiful shrubbery of flowering plants, tall grasses,
and a great profusion of wild flowers in full bloom, of every
shade of color. All was silent and still, except the singing
birds of every variety, of wild fowls; — the paroquette, bob-of-
lincoln, quail, turkey, pigeon and mocking bird. If he ascended
the second bank of lake Erie, he saw, what appeared before
him, a boundless ocean, or bounded, only by the distant horizon.
When the lake was calm, he heard the same solemn, sublime
hum, that the Atlantic rolls to its shore. When the spectator
approached near to the lake in mid summer, he felt the land
and the lake breezes succeed each other, and felt all the in
conveniences produced by sudden changes of temperature.
While he stood on some lofty summit fronting the Ohio, and
near it, he saw that delightful stream moving slowly, but ma
jestically along, noiseless as the foot of time, and as resistless.
But, we will proceed, directly to our object, which is, to
consider for a moment our GEOLOGY.
The whole valley of the Mississippi, is what Geologists de
nominate " a secondary formation." Those who have written
on Geology, may be divided into two classes, Huttonians and
Wernerians, from Hutton and Werner, the founders of the two
sects of naturalists. The former, refer all the changes ob
served on the earth's surface, to the action of heat, the latter
to that of water. We may say, with great propriety to those
theorists: "Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites."
It belongs not to us to settle such disputes between you.
That both these causes, have operated on this globe, to pro
duce changes in its external surface, at different periods of
time;— and, that both these causes are still operating, is
equally certain. But, the great valley of the Mississippi, ex
hibits very few marks of volcanic action, whereas every thing
shows its Neptunian origin. From the Erie, Huron, Michi-

GEOLOGY. 1 1
gan and Superior lakes, to the Mexican gulph, this great
valley, every where exhibits, a deposite of great depth, evi
dently derived from the action of the ocean, upon the surface
of the earth, north of this valley, running in currents, so power
ful, that nothing of the kind, now in existence, resembles them.
This whole valley, is covered, to a vast depth, with the ruins of
a former world. This is the greatest valley, and the largest
tract of secondary formation, in the whole world. This vast
field has been but recently visited by geologists, and books can
afford us very little aid, in the remarks we are about to make,
on this subject. Having e.vamined no small portion of this tract,
we venture a few general observations on its principal out
lines, as Ohio is connected with them. On the south side of
Lake Ontario, we find the same formation. That the surfaces
of all our northern lakes were originally much higher than
they are now, appears certain, from indubitable evidence.
Ontario has been once so elevated, as to wash the edge of what
is now, a considerable ridge, about twenty rods south of what
is called the ridge road, between Rochester and Niagara river
That road, resembles a turnpike, consisting of sand and peb
bles, which the waves had dashed upon the shore, with such a
force, that these materials rebounded, and finally settled where
they now repose, forming the best natural road, in the Union.
In process of time Lake Ontario wore down its outlet, and set
tled its surface, to where we now find it. The falls of Niagara
began to be, at Queenston, and have ascended the river, seven
miles to the interesting spot, where they now roar.
The present bank of lake Erie, on the southern side, is about
seventy feet above the now, common surface of the lake.
Running all along the present southern shore and generally
about two miles and a half south of it, is another elevation of
about seventy feet. We have said generally, because there
are exceptions, as to the width of the strip of land, between
the old and new banks of Lake Erie. Cleaveland stands on
the present bank of the lake. And the earth, on which it
stanis, is made up of sand, and pebbles rounded and smoothed,
by the action of water. The first strip of land south of the

1 2 HISTORY OF OHIO.
lake, is, (where no stream has brought down its alluvial depo^
ite,) composed of pebbles and sand, water worn, abraded and
smoothed, by friction, in water. The whole belt of land, near
est the lake, is composed of sand and water worn pebbles, all
along its southern shore. The strip of land, which we have
described, is elevated about seventy feet above the present
surface of the Erie, and immediately south of, and touching
its waters, and generally about two or two and^ half mdes in
width, is succeeded on its southern side, by another elevation
of about seventy feet in height, above the la^nd, lying imme
diately along the present lake Erie. The second ridge con
sists of slate rock, which shows on its northern edges, every
where, marks of the violence of the waves and rocks, and ice
driven against it by the winds, in a storm. This slate rock,
which lies under the second rise of land, is evidently older
than lake Erie, and it is composed of secondary slate, crumb
ling into a blue clay, where long exposed to the action of the
atmosphere, rain and frost. This slate rock contains some few
remains of .small shells, but more frequently, we find in it,
zoophitae. Reposing on this old clay slate, east of Sandusky
city, in Ohio, we often see sandstone, of the same age, with
the slate, or perhaps of even a more recent date. West of
Huron river, in Huron county, limestone, lies upon the slate
rock. Among the sandstones, we have every variety, of sec
ondary, in colour, and hardness, cemented by much, or a little
lime. Some sandstones are cemented by iron. Its grains are
quartz, frequently very fine, but sometimes very coarse, so
much so, as to be called pudding-stone. Some of these rocks,
in the county of Huron, when first raised from their native
beds, may be conveniently sawed into suitable slabs for build
ings, for grind and whetstones. Some eight miles, or more,
south of the mouth of the Geauga or Grand river, at Fairport,
there are, what are called "the little mountains," consisting of
sandstone of a very coarse grain. At an early date of our set
tlement of that region, mill-stones were made of this pudding
etone. It proved not to answer that purpose very well, being

GEOLOGY. 1 3
destitute of the necessary hardness, and liable to crumble into
small pieces.
The height of the surface of the earth, in Ohio, above the
surface of the ocean, varies, from seven hundred, to fifteen
hundred feet. As a whole, it may be fairly estimated, at
eight hundred feet. Its surface is infinitely varied, in its
hilly region; sometimes it rises into abrupt precipices, in the
sandstone regions, and then again, falling off", into long plates.
It was generally covered with a thick growth, of forest trees,
while in its natural state. We have neither the highest hills
nor the deepest vales, but, generally, a surface undulating
enough, for every useful purpose. The dividing line, between
the sandstone and limestone formations, both of the same
age, begins on Lake Erie in the mouth of Huron river, the
sandstone lying on the east, and the lime stone on the west of
it. Running nearly south, it is about nine miles east of Co
lumbus, bearing rather westwardly it is four or five miles east
of the Scioto river, quite across Pickaway county, when, it ab
ruptly crosses the Scioto westwardly, almost as soon as it gets
fairly below Pickaway county, south line. Extending west
wardly, near to, but west of Bainbridge, on Paint creek, it
bears off', southwardly and westwardly until it strikes the Ohio
river at or near Aberdeen, opposite Maysville, Kentucky,
Thence turning southeastwardly it strikes the highlands west
of the Big Sandy river, some eighty miles above its mouth.
This line, as we have stated, which separates the sandstone
from the limestone region begins on lake Erie, at the mouth
of Huron river, and, passing through the town of Huron, in
Huron county, and extending to the Ohio river, at Aber
deen, thence to the Alleghany mountains, by the route which
we have indicated. SANDSTONE.
We proceed to remark upon, the minerals East of the above
mentioned line — and we begin with the sandstone, which of
ten lies nearest the surface of the earth. In raany parts of the

14 HISTORY OF OHIO.
region, in question, numerous interesting, and impressive
views present theraselves. Soraetimes the strata of sandstone
seem to have been broken down, into large tabular masses,
which are promiscuously scattered about, or they are piled on
each other, in wild disorder. In some places, this rock rises
into conical hills, as in Licking county, near, and also north,
and northeastwardly of the town of Granville. Here, these
mounds, of a very friable sandstone, resemble, in appearance,
at a distance, the limestone knobs, in the barrens of Kentucky.
Sometimes these rocks rise into pillars, as in Fairfield county,
whose Sumraits are high and their angles acute, and, standing
in piles not very distant frora each other. The sumraitsof
these hills and pillars are often, nearly on the same level, and
the seams which separate their strata, correspond through the
whole series.
Hence, it is inferred, that these hills and pillars, once con
stituted a continuous mass, traversed by perpendicular fissures,
and that the elements have operated the changes in them
which we now see. Along the Ohio river, in the counties
of Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia and Meigs, and in corresponding
parts of Kentucky and Virginia, the hills assume a lofty as
pect, of five and soraetimes, seven hundred feet, in height, ris
ing with acute angular sides. In front of the town of Ports
mouth, the sandstone hill, on the Kentucky shore, rises, five
hundred feet above the bed of the river. This rock consti
tutes the broken, and often abrupt surfaces of the hilly por
tions of Scioto, Lawrence, Pike, Jackson and Hocking coun
ties. It lies in beds, between three and four miles east of the
Scioto river, across Pickaway county, diverging from it, as we
travel north, until at Columbus, in Franklin county, these beds
are nine miles east of the Scioto river. From these beds
stone is procured for buildings of various sorts, and the great
aqueduct, across the Scioto river at Circleville, where the ca
nal crosses the river, rests on pillars of this sandstone.
It is easily quarried, and answers many useful purposes. It
underpins houses and barns;— audit is made into spring-houses,
m the sandstone region. Of it, fironts of houses are built, in

GEOLOGY. 15
Cincinnati, which look very well, though, it is not as durable
a rock, as granite, or very hard limestone.
This stone is frequently used for grind stones, whetstones,
(fee. and large quantities of these articles, are used in Ohio,
and begin to be carried beyond the limits of the State, for sale
to our neighbors.
In some places, it is finer, and others are coarse. They are
very fine grained, near Waverly, but they are a pudding stone
in Jackson county. Where this rock is hard, and where it
once stood in a perpendicular mass, with a rivulet running off"
it, caverns have been formed, in which the aborigines once
lived, and, before them, wild animals there, found a home, es
pecially in winter. Such caves exist in Jackson, Lawrence,
and Gallia counties. Many such caverns were often used, as
cemeteries, in times long past. The small eagle, finds a place
•of security, for itself and young ones, in the cavities, existing
in the perpendicular walls of this rock, fronting the Ohio river
and along it; — and hence, the name of the river, among the
Indians — Kiskepeela Seepee — Little-Eagle river. In some
places, the mass of sand, originally deposited, in this region,
by the ocean, for want of any cement in the mass, never be
came a rock, but is sand still, in which, trees are imbedded,
but not petrified. Such a tree, was found on the high land,
near Marietta, in digging a well, (manyyears since) forty feet
below the surface.
We suspect that it will eventually be ascertained, that the
whole sandstone formation northwest of the Ohio river, from
the Portage summit, south of it, dips towards the southeast,
about thirty feet to the mile: that inclination ends on that sum
mit, which is fhe cause of that summit's location where it is,
nearer the lake than it is to the Ohio River. Should that be
ascertained to be the fact, it answers to a general law, notic
ed in every thing, east of the Mississippi, which lies parallel
with the shore of the Atlantic ocean, and is inclined towards
it. Even the AUeghanies as a whole, obey the same law, and
the Atianfic rivers, originate in the most westwardly ridge of
that chain of mountains. The western edges of the Allega-

1 6 HISTORY OF OHIO.
nies, are more acute than the eastern ones, just as our lake
rivers have more descent in them, in a given distance, than
those have falling into the Ohio river. We say it is so, with
out knowing or caring, why it is so.
MlLLSTOJyE.
The burghstone, of which millstones are made, in considerable
numbers, in the counties of Muskingum, Hocking, Jackson
and Gallia, occurs in amorphous masses, partly compact, but
this rock always contains in it, more or less irregular cavities.
These holes are occasioned sometimes, by the seashells which
originally filled them having fallen out of their places in the rock.
The aspect of this millstone is somewhat peculiar, resembling
paste, which had been in a state of fermentation, when moist,
and warra; but when the the heat had ceased to act, the mass
became dry, hard and compact, with all the marks of fermenta
tion remaining in it. The cavities are soraetimes, filled with
crystals of quartz. The fracture of this burghstone is com
monly dull, and its colour is whitish or redish brown. Its hard
ness and cavities, when not too numerous, render it very use
ful for making mill stones, raany of which are raanufactured,
and sent all over this state, and to the western ones generally.
FLINT FAMILY.
We have, perhaps, every species of the flint family, in our
sandstone region. In the counties of Licking, Muskingum,
Perry, Hocking and Athens, the several species of this family
exist in considerable quantities. The nodules of flint, occur
in thin layers, between corapact limestone, and sandstone.
They are so connected with the rocks above and below them,
that the flint partakes of the color of the nearest rocks
with which it comes in contact. These flint rocks, are some
times made up of Zoophitae, or, of the most ancient sea shells.
which have now become siiicious. They generally lie in hon
zontal lines, though sometimes, gently declining, towards the
southeast. They are of every colour from a deep red or black

GEOLOGY. 1 7
to a pure white. Some of them are beautifully striped with
reddish and whitish streaks. MAKBLE,
Resembling that found near New Haven, Connecticut, exists
on Monday creek in Hocking county, in amorphous masses.
The texture of this beautiful marble, is fine, but granular.' Its
colors are grey, or blue, richly variegated with clouds of
white, black and green. Green pervades the whole mass, it
takes a fine polish and endures the action of heat very well.
It contains chromate of iron, magnetic oxide of iron, and ser
pentine. It is a most beautiful marble, and will, one day,
become as celebrated as that of Milford hills, Connecticut,
which had been used one hundred years, at least, for common
stone fences, before its value was discovered and raade known
by Professor Silliman, many years since.
LIAS.
There is a deposite of this rock near Kingston, in Ross
county, near the line, which separates the sandstone from the
limestone formation, and east of that line, it underlies the
surface of about fifty acres of land, belonging to a Mr. Richie.
On being exposed to the atmosphere', it shows reddish stripes.
When burned in a hot fire, until it assumes a whitish appear
ance, and then the heat ought to be taken frora it. Pound it
until it is as fine as coraraon slacked lime, it soon afterwards
assumes a dark appearance, and becomes, finally, a deep brown.
By mixing it with common slacked lime, in the proportions of
twenty eight parts of lime, to one hundred parts of the lias, it
hardens in water, almost instantly, and continues to harden,
until it is as hard as any limestone in this region. In the
burnt and granulated state, as before mentioned, by mixing a
certain proportion of salt brine with it, it colors every object
with which it comes in contact, a deep brown. Hence it is
3 B*

I 8 HISTORY OF OHIO.
ascertained to be a most valuable ore of manganese, useful to
the dyer and clothier.
In the same pulverised state, before described, it is inval
uable as a manure, or stimulant for vegetation, altogether
superior to sulphate of lime.
It is composed of silex, lime, sulphur and manganese, and is
a new mineral, which we call the
CLINTONITE.
This mineral was subjected to one hundred experiments,
by myself, in May and June 1828.
There is a lias, near the Portage summit, which makes an
excellent water cement. I know of no salt water in the in
terior of the United States, which does not issue from beneath
a lias limestone, and from a great many experiments, tried on
specimens of this rock, found in raany parts of the secondary
region, of the Western states, we are disposed to the belief
that our salt water, in the interior, is produced by this rock,
from below which, salt brine rises to the surface, wherever the
earth has been bored deep enough, to pass below this rock.
Throughout nearly our whole hilly region, equal to ten thou
sand square miles of territory, this lias, is deposited, declining
gently towards the southeast. There are about 100 salt works,
in the state, employed in the manufacture of salt, about seventy
of which, are located along the Muskingum river and its branch
es, in the counties of Muskingum, Morgan and Guernsey. The
other salt works are in Athens, Hocking, Meigs and Gallia coun
ties. The declination of this salt rock is ascertained to be at
least, thirty feet in a mile, towards the southeast. Many of the
salt wells in Morgan county are six hundred feet deep; some of
thera are two hundred feet deeper. The sarae declination, is
observed along the Ohio river, from the mouth of the Scioto
river, to that of the Muskingum, in all the rocks lying in place. It
is true, of all the strata in all that region, of iron ore, limestone,
sandstone, and clay. So it may be said, of the coal forraation.
This information is of importance, to the miner and the salt

GEOLOGY. 19
manufacturer, and should be always remembered by them,
when in search of either ores, or salt water.

IRON ORES,
Are found in quantities, sufficient for every useful purpose,
forever, in almost every county in our hilly region, from the
summit between the waters of the Ohio, and lake Erie, to the
Ohio river itself. In Tuscarawas county, the canal passes
through the iron ore, where it lies in inexhaustible beds, within
sight of the canal, and very near it. This ore melts easily,
and yields a soft malleable iron, suitable for castings and bars.
In some places, it is combined with sulphur, from which cop
peras was made, formerly, in considerable quantities at Zanes
ville and Steubenville.
The common red hematite exists in large quantities, in the
counties of Tuscarawas, Holmes, Coshocton, Muskingum,
Hocking, Athens, Meigs, Lawrence, Scioto, Adams, Ross, High
land, Licking and several other counties in the hilly region.
It exists, also, in Kentucky, opposite to Lawrence and Scioto
counties, where large quantities of iron are manufactured, by
the Messrs. Trimble, and others. To estimate the value of
the iron raanufactured in this state, now, is impossible from
any data in our possession, though we know that it does amount
to, frora seven to ten millions of dollars annually. Its value
and quantity are rapidly increasing, and will increase, for cen
turies to come, because the quantity of ore is inexhaustible.

In the counties of Lawrence, Perry and Muskingum, a white
clay is found, in abundance, suitable for pots and crucibles,
used in glass factories. It stands tbe heat very well, growing
whiter when it is exposed to the greatest heat. It will one
day, be used extensively, in the manufacture of Liverpool
earthen wares. It contains no iron, and is almost infusible be
fore the blow pipe.
The substances denominated clays, are mi.\tures of silex

¦20 HISTORY OF OHIO.
andalumine; and they sometimes, contain other ingredients,
which give thera various colors. Their hardness is never great.
They are easily cut with a knife, and may be polished by the
-finger nail. When thrown into water they crumble more
or less readily, and become minutely divided. Many of
¦our clays, when moistened, yield a peculiar pdour, called ar-
' gilaceous. Some varieties, by a due degree of moisture, and
1 by proper management, are converted into a paste, more or
less ductile, and constitute the basis, of several kinds of pot
tery. Other varieties, when immersed in water, are resolved
into a fine, loose powder, nearly, or quite, destitute of ductili
ty, and are employed as pigments. Such are found in Law
rence county, where they were formerly used instead of Span
ish whiting.
A few remarks on the uses of clays which are ductile, may
not here be out of place. These clays when duly moistened,
if they possess unctuosity, ductility and tenacity, are capable
of assuming various forms, without breaking. They possess
a strong affinity for water, hence their avidity for moisture,
and hence, they strongly adhere to the tongue or the lip.
To the existence of clay beneath the surface, we are chief
ly indebted, for all our springs, which rise and flow on the sur
face, because these clays resist the further progress down
wards, of the waters which falling on the surface, settle
downwards, until stopped by the clay beneath. They are then
compelled to rise in valleys, or run out of the sides of hills,
and descend into the valleys below them. They then form
rivulets and heads of rivers.
Of all the earthy matters, clays contribute most to the uses
of man. They constitute the basis of bricks, with which, our
houses are built; — they constitute too, the basis, of almost ev
ery variety of pottery, from the homely, common earthen
ware, up to the beautiful, translucid porcelain. On so exten
sive a subject, a few facts only, will be brought forward, as
more, would not be tolerated, by the general reader. Clays
are essentially composed of silex and alumine, and this mixture,
in any given proportions to each other, is infusible, in any fur-

GEOLOGY. 21
nace, whose fire, is supported by atmospheric air only. So,
also, pure alumine, or a mixture of alumine and lime, is infu
sible, but, a compound of these three earths, becomes fusible —
most easily, when the proportions are, alumine one part, lime
one part, and sand three parts. But if the proportions of sand
be increased it becomes infusible.
According to M. Alexandre Brogniart, Director of the
celebrated porcelain factory at Sevres in France, the general
process, in all kinds of pottery, made with washed clays, may
be reduced to the following six steps : subject to modification,
in different varieties. '
1. The washing of clays, by agitation in water. The
sand subsides, while the finer particles of clay remain suspend
ed in water, which is decanted, and the sandy particles re
main at the bottom, and are thrown away, while the water, in
which the finer particles remain, is left to precipitate its clay.
Thus the sand is separated frora the finer'parts of the clay.
Having gotten rid of the sand, the next process, is,
2, The coraposition of the paste. This paste, is the clay
that gives it consistency, when moist, and hardness when bak
ed; but to this clay, is added, either silex or hard baked clay,
in a state of powder, to prevent cracks while drying and bak
ing, to give firmness and solidity, and to enable the pottery to
resist the frequent changes of temperature. Soraetimes a
fusible ingredient is added to the paste.
3. This paste, after remaining for a time in water, is beat
en and kneaded, to render it ductile, and of uniform consisten
cy, and, to drive out the air, that may be in it.
4. The forming the several articles on a lathe or iu a
mould. 5. When the articles are sufficiently dried, they are baked
in a furnace or kiln; but, in most instances, they are put in
cases of infusible clay. The baking should be conducted slow
ly, and as the heat becomes more intense, the ware becomes
more dense and compact, but at the same time, more liable to
injury by alternate exposure to heat and cold. In this state.

22 HISTORY OF OHIO.
when merely baked, the finer wares are called biscuit, and, in
appearance, resemble white marble, or a tobacco pipe.
6. The last step, is the application of a coat of glazing to
prevent the ware from soiling, and from absorbing liquids, when
the vessels are employed in the arts of life. This enamel or
glazing is varied and modified, according to the' nature of the
ware. It generally consists of some oxide, or earth, and in
many cases, is vitrified before it is applied to the biscuit. The
oxide of lead, is the comraon ingredient, in these enamels, being
easily fusible. But its use is dangerous, when used in large
quantities, to the health, in consequence of the action of acids
upon it, or even of oils. The enarael is generally applied by
immersing the ware, in water, in which, the enamel, reduced
to a very fine powder, is suspended. The biscuit rapidly ab
sorbs the water, and thus, a thin coat of enamel is uniformly
deposited on its surface. Sometimes the same degree of heat
is required, to fuse the enamel and bake the ware. For the
benefit of our Zanesville manufacturers of earthen ware, we
have been to France, for information, for them, and now, step
over to England, on the same errand. In England, they have
employed a very ingenious method of applying colored figures
to their wares. The figures are first cut on copperplates, the
coloring matters, are mixed with a flux, and ground in oil, and
applied to the copper plate ; an impression is taken on a paper,
which is applied to the ware, or biscuit, which is at the proper
time, immersed in water, until by a gentle agitation, in the
water, the paper falls off, while the impression of the figures,
remains on the ware, which is then baked. By looking care
fully at some articles of queensware, we can discover, where
the ends of the paper, met, on the article. It is said, that this
art of printing figures on ware, was discovered by mere acci
dent. When an article was about to be put into the furnace, to
be baked, a printed paper, adhering to a vessel, the potter sup
posing that the fire would burn the paper, and destroy it, let
the paper remain on the vessel; but what was his surprise, on
seeing every figure and letter of the burnt hand-bill, on tho
baked ware!

GEOLOGY. 23f
It ought to be known and remembered by every family, that
no article, which is glazed with oxide of lead, can be safely
used, in the preparation of food or drink, in which, acids are
contained; — or, in which, an acid may be produced by fermen
tation. It is at the risk of health, perhaps of life, that pickles,
apple sauce, &c. are put into such vessels. Oils and fat ought
never to be put in such vessels, because, tbey act on the oxide
of lead, and endanger the lives of those who use them, in their
food. Bricks and tiles, are usually composed of common feruginous:
clay, sometimes ground, and but seldom washed. To prevent
absorption of water by bricks exposed to the weather, a glaze
may be applied, at a trifling expense, by throwing comraon salt
into thekiln, when at its greatest heat. The ancient Egyptians
and Babylonians dried their bricks in the sun.
The Hessian crucibles, are coraposed of a refiractory clay
and sand, moderately fine. Others are made of old pots, or,
crucibles reduced to a fine powder, or, a coarse one, in the
place of sand, then black lead is mixed with it.
Manufactories of fine porcelain, have long been established,.
in Saxony, and, at S6vres in France; — at Berlin, in Prussia;
at Vienna, in Austria, at Naples, and at several towns, in Eng
land. Tbey are, or have been established at Philadelphia, and
New York, and may soon be established in Ohio. Why the
manufacture of the common Liverpool ware, should not have
been yet established in America, is surprising, but, as we have
all the materials which enter into the composition of this ware,,
let us hope, that the ware will soon be made here.
It requires experience and skill, and the first manufacturer
may be ruined by undertaking to introduce this art, but it will
certainly be introduced into Ohio, before many years, we feel
assured. coaL,
Occurs in nearly every county east of the Scioto river, in
our hilly region, but, is most abundant, in Gallia, Lawrence,

24 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Meigs, Scioto, Athens, Hocking, Washington, Morgan, Mus
kingum, Perry, Licking, Coshocton, Guernsey, Belmont, Mon
roe, Jefferson, Harrison, Carroll, Columbiana, and Tuscarawas
counties. It is found in Portage county, near the Cuyahoga
river. It burns easily, with a whitish flarae, yielding a black smoke,
and a bituminous odour. Its color is black, and it soils the fin
gers, when touched. Sometimes, it is combined with sulphur
and iron. Some beds, especially, in Licking and Guernsey
counties resemble, in appearance and distinctive characters,
the canel coal of England.
We find the following minerals connected with our coal, in
this state, viz: 1. friable, micaceous and feruginous sandstones,
coEtrse or fine grained. 2. Shale, or argilaceous slate, some
times micaceous, and often bituminous, presenting impressions
of leaves and vegetables, sometimes of fishes. 3. Beds of
marl and compact limestone, flint rock, and hard clay. 4. Ar
gilaceous iron ore, or pudding stone, cemented by iron ore.
This coal is almost always found in strata, and there are three
such strata, extending from Zanesville, to Wheeling, in Vir
ginia. There is one stratum near the surface; — secondly, an
other stratum, a considerable depth below it, and a third one, a-
bout two hundred feet below the upper one. The upper stra
tum, in some places, is washed away, being near the surface.
It is a thin one ; — the second one is thicker and better, and the
lower stratum is not so good for fuel, as the two strata above it.
On the whole, we may safely conclude, that we have coal
enough, and raore than enough, to last forever, for all the uses^
to which, we shall put it, in all ages, yet to come. The coal,
iron ore, and salt water, are all abundant in the same region.
They form materials sufficient, to support and sustain millions
of industrious, healthful, happy human beings, so long as man
shall dwell on this earth.
These three articles, furnish sources of wealth, of health and
happiness, that will endure, and become, more and more valua
ble and useful, forever..

GEOLOGY. 25

PRAIRIES IN OHIO.

There are two species of natural meadow, which in popular
language, are called Prairies. The name is derived from the
early French travelers ; who, in their own language, called them
Prairies, or meadows. They are clothed with tall grass and
flowering plants in the spring, summer and autumnal months,
and on the whole, produce an aspect, in those months, on a first
view, very agreeable. It must be confessed though, from their
uniformity and sameness, having few or no hills in them, that
their beauties soon become tiresome to the weary traveler, who
traverses these plains ; for ^uch is their uniformity in appear
ance, that after riding all day across them, on looking around
us at night, we fancy ourselves exactly where we started in the
morning. Wet Prairies, generally, have a rivulet winding its devious
way through them. Its waters are of a reddish hue, of a disa
greeable flavor to the taste, and unfit for the use of man.
They are sometimes very wet and miry, and it is not uncom
mon for many of them during the winter and spring, to be cov
ered with water to a considerable depth. Lying, as they do,
either on almost a dead level, or surrounded by higher grounds,
the water which accumulates on their surface, runs off slowly,
while the main body of it is left, either to stagnate, or to evapo
rate, under the influence of a summer's sun.
On the north side of Circleville, commences a wet prairie,
extending northwardly, several miles. In width from east to
west, it averages from half a mile, to one mile. Its descent,
towards the south, is about one foot in a mile, as ascertained by
a competent engineer, employed for that purpose, by our Canal
Comraissioners. The Ohio and Lake Erie Grand Canal, passes
through it from north to south. A small rivulet winds its way,
from near its centre, towards its southwestern corner, where it
finds itself in the bottom lands near Hargus's creek; and a sim
ilar rivulet discharges its turbid waters into the Scioto river,
near the north western corner of this natural meadow. Near
4 C

26 HISTORY OF OHIO.
its centre, is its highest elevation, owing to the mouth of " Dry
run," being discharged there, from the east. A ridge of
land of considerable elevation, in some places, separates this
prairie from the Scioto, on the West, the river being from
one fourth, to a half mile distant from its western edge.
These particulars must supply the absence of an accompany
ing map.
Several years since, for the double purposes of making a
fence, and of draining a portion of these wet lands, a ditch was
dug in them of considerable length, and from appearance, we
should say, it was four feet wide, and as many in depth. By
examining this ditch, while the digging was going on, as well
as the materials e-xcavated from it, we ascertained that this
prairie contained a great abundance of peat. We have speci
mens of it, which burn briskly, and produce a good degree of
heat. Its quality is of the very best species; it exists in quan
tities entirely sufficient, amply to supply with fuel, the sur
rounding country, for ages yet to come. It is composed of
fibres, and is of that species called "compact." Similar peat
exists in a prairie through which the main road from this town
to Columbus passes, six miles south of the State Capitol. It
exists in all the wet prairies, which we examined for it, in this
county, and in those of Madison, Champaign, Clark and Mont
gomery. In December, 1814, we found it in the wet prairie,
adjoining to, and east of the town of Urbana. While on the
sarae tour, we saw similar peat, in the prairie skirting the Mad
river, from near to Springfield, Clark couuty, almost all the
way to Dayton, situate at the confluence of the Mad river, with
the Great Miami. The prairie north of Circleville, appears to
have been the bed of someconsiderable stream, the Scioto river
perhaps. In some places it is fourfeet from the 'present surface,
to the anxAent one. On the latter, once stood a thick forest of
white cedar trees; these trees now lie on the ancient surface,
in different stages of decay. Some of them appear to have
been broken down by violence, others were turned up with
their roots, entire, while others seem to have mouldered away,
and died of old age. We have a fragment of one of these

GEOLOGY! 27
trees*, which has on it, evident marks of an axe, or of some
other sharp edged tool. From its appearance, since the axe
was applied to it, this fragment must have lain many, very many
centuries in the earth, where it was interred four feet below
the present surface. There can be but little doubt, that the
axe used, was owned by one of the people, who erected the an
cient works here. The whole prairie was once a cedar swamp ;
and from undoubted sources of information, we are satisfied that
many of our wet prairies were once cedar swamps also. Near
Royalton, in Fairfield county, and in several places in the west
ern part of Pickaway county ; and, also in Warren county, sim
ilar proofs of the former existence of cedar groves in wet prai
ries, have been discovered. Time, and the accumulation of a
deep soil, on the former surface, have made these prairies what
they are.
We have seen the bones of deer and other animals reposing
on the ancient surface of these natural meadows; and we con
fidently expect to be able to find here, in great numbers, the
bones of the great mastodon of Cuviee. The bones of that
animal, found near Jackson Court House, in this State, were
discovered on the ancient surface of a wet prairie. A tooth in
my possession, disinterred in the bank of "Plum run," throe
railes west of me, was discovered in a situation exactly similar.
Many persons seem to have adopted the idea, that the mam
moths found in such places, were mired there and thus lost their
lives. That individuals of that family, might have thus died,
no one will pretend to doubt; but all the remains of that ani
mal, discovered in Ohio, so far as we know, seem to have be
longed to such as died a natural death; their bones having been
scattered about in confusion, in a raanner entirely similar to
those of our domestic animals which die of old age or disease.
I know of no skeleton of that animal's being found in this state,
though parts of them, especially the teeth, are very often dis
covered. They are washed out of the banks of sraall streams,
passing through wet prairies. The teeth of the animal being
* This specimen was deposited in Letton's Museum, Cincimiati.

28 HISTORY OF OHIO.
less destructible than other parts of the skeleton, may be the
reason why these are so often found; yet, I suspect, that, by
examining the earth around where the teeth are procured,
whole skeletons might be discovered— or neariy whole ones.
It is true, that teeth Of the mastodon are frequently found in
and about Pickaway Plains, lying on the present surface of the
earth; but these were doubtless brought and left where they
are now found, by the Indians. These teeth, thus found, were
near the dwelling houses of the aborigines, and no search has
been made for the remaining parts of the skeletons.
Where teeth are found in situ, further search ought always
to be made, which would doubtless lead to the discovery of
other relics, highly valuable. At the time when our wet prai
ries were cedar swamps, and presented almost impenetrable
thickets, it is evident enough, that they were frequented by
the great mastodon and other wild animals; and that man was
here also, then, or very soon afterwards, appears equally evi
dent, from the marks which he has left, of his labor and his
art, on the fragment of a tree, above mentioned.
The fear of rendering myself tedious to the reader, admon
ishes me to quit the ancient abode of the mammoth, and
describe The Dry Prairies. — ^They are not, as in Kentucky, under
laid with limestone ; nor have we, in this part of Ohio, any
barrens thus underbid. Ours are, so far as we know and be
lieve, in appearance like the bottom lands along our streams.
The surface is a rich, black, deep loam, underlaid with peb
bles, which are water worn, rounded and smoothed. Many
of these natural meadows, lie high above any stream of water,
now, or probably ever in existence. — If we have any tracts in
Ohio, very properly denominated Dilttvittm, Pickaway Plains,
three miles below Circleville, belong to that clasS of forma
tions. This is a dry prairie, or rather was one not many
years since. This prairie is about seven miles long, and near
ly three miles broad. It was in this plain, that a human skel
eton was dug up, which circumstance was mentioned by me
in a former volume of Silliman's Journal, to which I refer the

GEOLOGY. 29
reader. The works of man too, are often found in such prai
ries, at a great depth in the earth. Such natural meadows,
being for the most jiart, destitute of trees, have induced super
ficial persons, (who never reflect, and who are too indolent to
examine into the real facts in the case,) to coi^clude, that fires
had been employed by the aboriginals to produce that effect!
The formation of these diluvian plains is entirely different
from that of the country around them; as much so beneath
the surface as above it. In tracts of country, denuded of
trees by fire, briars and bushes, forthwitji, appear in their
stead. In faetj the growth of grass and flowering plants,
¦which cover these delightful plains, is abundantly able to pre
vent the taking root, of almost any forest tree. The falling
of a walnut, an acorn, or the seed of any other tree, is hardly
sufficient to disturb the possession of the present occupants of
these ancient domains. The plum sometimes gets a foot hold
in them: and the delicious sweet prairie grape is sure to take
advantage of the circumstance, and climb up to, and cover
the tops of the plum bushes with its vines, its leaves and its
clusters of purple fruit in due season, '
Besides, had fires destroyed the trees on Pickaway Plains,
charcoal would have been discovered there, which is not the
case, although the land, has been cultivated with the plow,
during from fifteen to twenty years past.
Charcoal is as indistructible, almost, as the diamond itself,
where it is not exposed to the action of the atmosphere. On
a surface so large, as that occupied by the plains, it is hardly
possible, if they had been denuded of their woods by fire, that
no charcoal should have been found. With me, this argument
is entirely a conclusive one.
The botany of these natural meadows is rich, and would
afford matter enough for a volume. A Torrey, a Nuttall, a
Mitchill, a Mulenburgh, a Barton, an Elliott, or evena Linnseus
might here usefully employ himself for years, without exhaust
ing his subject, or gathering all the harvest which these vast
fields present. It appears to me, that our botanists have neg
lected our prairies; but let us hope, that the day is not fax

30 HISTORY OF OHIO.
distant, when some future Linnseus will appear in them. If
the field is vast,. and the laborers are few, the harvest of fame
will be the richer.
Among the flowering plants, growing in them, the helianthus
oflfers, perhaps, the greatest number of varieties.
From a careful examination of our prairies, wet and dry,
^e are satisfied that the dry ones are the most ancient, of
the two — that fires produce neither of them — that in their na
tural state, a luxuriant vegetation is raising their present sur
face, every year; that the dry ones are extremely valuable
for cultivation, and that the wet ones will, at no very distant
day, furnish us with an abundance of fuel, in a country but
thinly timbered, indeed almost destitute of wood, and without
fossil coal, so common in our hilly region. If, as it is known
to be the fact, our hilly region be well supplied with ironstone,
and other useful minerals, together with salt water, nature has
supplied the sarae region with inexhaustible mines of coal
for their manufacture. If the level parts of this State,
where the dry prairies abound, contain large tracts of rich
land, the time is at hand, when they will be covered with well
cultivated farms, where the rich harvests will wave, and where
naturalized grasses will afford food for -large flocks of domestic
animals. These remarks on our Prairies, were written, originally,
more than twenty years since, and apply especially to that pe
riod of time. The reader will see, how our then predictions,
have since been verified, within the intermediate space of
time. They are now, well cultivated fields, cloathed with
tame grasses, and grains. Our herds of domesticated animals
feed and fatten, where, so recently only wild animals, and
Btill wilder men, roamed over the surface of these diluvial
plains. In the conclusion of this article we may say, that
this state contains the most and the best peat, of any state in
the Union.

GEOLOGY. 31
EELIQUIAE DILUVIANAE.
The relicts of the Deluge, though coraraon in all parts of this
state, yet, we will now confine ourselves, for the present, to
those belonging to the coal region of it. In the vicinity of the
Ohio river in the counties of Galli$., Lawrence and Meigs, also
in the counties of Muskingum and Morgan, on the waters of
the Muskingum river, these relicts are numerous and very in
teresting. Near Gallipolis, imbedded in sandstone, are not
a few trees of different kinds; such as the sugar maple, and
one such tree was found, that had been perforated, to all
appearance, by the the common red headed wood pecker. A
fragment of this tree, with the hole, for the bird's nest in it,
was, many years since, brought to Chillicothe, and presented
to Governor Edward Tiffin. Several trees, were discovered
in the sand rock, about three miles above Gallipolis, imbed
ded in the rock which there stood, in a perpendicular mass.
Among these trees, we discovered a black walnut, with its
roots projecting beyond the rock in which the trunk lay im
bedded. A black oak, was near it, projecting in the same raan
ner. The raass of rock, appeared to be, eighty feet thick, where
it was bare, uninjured and entire. In this mass on looking up
at it, from its h,ase, barks, loaves and branches of trees, ap
peared at different altitudes, all lying in tho rock, as they were
deposited with the sand, now become a hard sandstone. In a
ravine, where the sandstone had been washed away, by a riv
ulet, a whole tree was found, by a man, with an axe, which he
attempted, by a blow, to fasten in the tree, on which he had
seated himself to rest awhile, after a fatiguing walk. The
axe, struck out sparks of fire, rebounded and appraised him,
that this tree, was no longer wood, but a hard sandstone. We
saw, among the trees of Gallia county thus petrified, white
birch, sycamore, walnut, oak, and others not recollected.
Near Zanesville, indeed, in the very town, where a canal was
cut through the sand-rock, some twenty years since, there
was found among other things a considerable number of tropical
plants, such as the trunks, leaves, branches and roots of the

32 HISTORY OF OHIO.
bamboo; the leaves, large, full, fresh, uninjured and entire, of
cocoa-nut-bearing palm; the impressions of the tea leaf, of fhe
cassia plant; of ferns, a great many; of the leaves and flowers
of the bread-fruit tree, fully expanded, fresh and entire, and
perfectly uninjured, in appearance, as if they were in full
bloom. The bark, also, of the bread-fruit tree, much flattened
and compressed, we discovered in shale. Our Ohio fossil date
tree, is large, and has wide spreading branches. Such an one,
exists on the north side of the bed lying in the bed of the Mox-
ahala creek, not for below the stage road, nine miles, west of
Zanesville, on the road to Lancaster, Ohio. The sand
stone, in which these tropical plants are imbedded, contains
considerable mica, and, resembles exactly, the sandstone, in
which Mens. Brogniart found tropical plants, in France. The
iron-stone, at Zanesville, is sometimes composed almost wholly
of the roots, trunks and leaves of the bamboo. The sandstone
contains the same tree and its parts. Small trees are often
much flattened by pressure. The shale sometimes, contains
barks of trees, between different layers of shale ; the bark is now
fossil coal ; and these layers, alternate with each other, shale
and coal.
Fishes, are said to have been found, though we saw but one
fish, found at Zanesville,' and that one was a pike. Fossil
fishes are more frequently found, in sandstone, and we had
one, several years, in our possession, it was a red horse, a
species of perch, still living in our waters. That fish, perfect
and entire, fell out of a mass of sandstone, which was split with
wedges, by some stone masons, who were building a wall of a
cellar, at Burlington, on the Ohio river. It was a year since,
in Letton's museum, at Cincinnati. The shells of oysters,
sometimes, unchanged, are found, in beds of sand, an ancient
diluvian deposite, at Cmcinnatj. J. Dorfeuille's museum con
tains these shells. A few remarks, on the tropical plants, at
Zanesville, seem to be called for before we leave this town and
its environs. At this day, the bamboo, cassia, bread-fruit tree,
cocoa-nut-bearing palm, &c. &5C. are considered as tropical
plants, and grow only in such a climate, or in one, that is not

GEOLOGY. 33
very cold. That fact being admitted, two questions naturally
present themselves, to the mind : — Have these plants changed
their nature? Or, has our climate become colder, than it was
formerly? Tropical plants, that are annuals, without changing
their nature essentially, have been carried farther and farther
north, until they have become naturalized, to a northern cli
mate. This remark applies, perhaps, to the palma-christi,
and several other annuals. But, the bamboo, date, cOcoa-nut
bearing palm &c. found at Zanesville, are not annuals. Has
our climate become colder ? Some gountries have become
warmer, than they once were. We suspect, indeed, we know
from the writers of the Augustan age, that Italy, France, Ger
many and Britain, have become warmer, than they were, eigh
teen hundred years since. Horace, in the days of Augustus,
introduces, us to Soracte, a mountain near Rome,' covered
with snow, and gives us a picture of winter, and here that
picture is. " Vides, ut alta atet nive candidmn,
" Soracte ; nee jam sustineant onus
" Silvae laborantes ; geluque,
" Flumina, constiterint acuto?
" Dissolve frigua, ligna super foco,
" Large reponens."
What a picture of the winter at Rome, in the days of Augus
tus '. It would now best suit the meridian of Quebec. Who
now sees such snows breaking down the trees, unable to sus
tain their load, at Rome? Who now sees the Tiber one solid
bed of ice, so that its current is congealed by frost ? Who
now, in the Eternal city, needs such large piles of wood on
the hearth in winter ?
Are the snows along the Ister five ells in depth? Virgil tells
us they were so deep, in his time : That the largest deer,
could hardly push the snow aside with their breasts, so that
their horns, scarcely showed themselves above the snow's, sur
face. What a horrid picture does he give us, of the winters,
where Vienna now raises its imperial spires? The people
5

34 HISTORY OF OHIO.
there no longer, are compelled to Hve under ground, in the win
ter months, and be obliged to burn whole trees at once to keep
the people from freezing.
Europe, has certainly been growing warmer, not colder,
during the last eighteen hundrtd years, and we have no proof
that our climate, in Ohio, has been growing colder, during that
period. If these plants have not changed their nature, nor"
our climate become colder, within the last eighteen centuries,
at least ; were not these plants floated here, by the ocean
from tropical countries, in some remote period of time? The
very appearance of these plants, on a first view, answers such
a question. Had they been floated here from any great dis
tance, would their leaves, and especially their delicate blos
soms, been uninjured, fresh, expanded fully and entire, as they
were when in full bloom? Certainly not. Between the time
of their being in full bloom, in life, vigor and beauty, and
that awful raoraent, in which they were overwhelmed, buried
and imbedded, fixed fast and turned to stone, iron and shale,
where they now repose, and for. unknown ages past have re
posed; scarcely one day could have intervened; perhaps only
a few hours elapsed.
We state facts. And, besides, whole trees, turned into stone
with every root, limb, and the trunk; with the earth, where
it grew turned up, showing that the tree had been only pros
trated, not reraoved, otherwise than thrown down by violence;
such a tree, a hemlock, still remains, at Chitteningo, New
York, unless travelers have carried it away for specimens.
That tree grew in exactly such a formation as ours in Ohio,
and must be referred to the same period of time with ours,
and must have been overwhelmed by the same catastrophe,
which overwhelmed, our palms, dates, bamboos, and other tro
pical plants. Imagination can hardly grasp, the horrors of
that dreadful catastrophe, which scooped out those vast beds
of seas, bays and lakes, all around the northern end of our
globe, filling the vast space, between the Alleghany and the
Rocky Mountains, with the ruins of the northern portion of
our planet; — covering our once tropical region, with the ru-

GEOLOGY. 3d
ins of the old world. Well might he, who wrote our only
short history of the deluge, declare, that "the foundations of
the great deep were broken up." We throw out a suggestion,
for the consideration and reflection of our readers.
If we suppose quite the largest portion of our globe to be
water, and we have no reasons to come to any other conclu
sion (if we except to opinions, without proof, and even contra
ry to all evidence) and, that the eastern and western contin
ents and their islandic appendages, lie in the waters of the
ocean, like two icebergs in the sea, it is easy enough to under
stand, that whenever, and by whatever means, the centre of
gravity is lost which now keeps these continents exactly where
they are, a revolution of these continents will take place al
most instantly. By this catastrophe, the earth would be swept
of all its land animals, who would all perish, except such as
happened to be on the earth where the two new poles would
be formed, at the moment when the event happened.
If all the rivers and all the currents in the ocean also, run in
the same direction, not only every sea, and every ocean, but
every river, every brook, and every rill, and even every show
er of either rain, snow or hail — nay every dew would hasten
on another grand catastrophe of this globe. But the rivers do
not all run in the same, but opposite directions. The Red
River of Hudson's Bay runs northwardly, the Mississippi and
its branches southwardly. The waters of the northern lakes
move northeastwardly — and the current in the ocean along our
Atlantic coast runs in the same direction. The streams issuing
from the bases of the AUeghanies and the Rocky Mountains,
run in opposite directions. Wherever mountain streams are
shorter in their courses on one side of a mountain, than on the
other side, their descent is greater than the rivers on the op
posite sideof their coraraon sources; and the shorter rivers bear
ilong in their currents an equal weight of matter with the
longer and larger rivers. This is true, probably, of all the
rivers in the world, but where it is not so, a current in ah adja
cent ocean makes up the deficiency. We have been long since

36 HISTORY OF OHIO.
surprised that no author had noticed this exhibition of wisdom,
in the formation of mountains and rivers.
We will not say, that formerly, catastrophes of the globe
have been effected, by the running of rivers, which carried
along in their currents such a weight of matter, as, by that
means to change the centre of gravity in the earth, and pro-
iduce any one of the awful catastrophes, which haye several
times overwhelmed our world, with temporary ruin and desola
tion. All we say, is, that by exactly such means, it might
have been effected, almost in a mornent, and that all the effects
of such a revolution, are visible, all over the world. Every
portion of the earth, by such means, might have been, at some
day, a tropical region, and productive of tropical plants.
Man and his works, have been found in many places, in the
Valley of the Mississippi, in a fossil state. According to in
formation received eighteen or twenty years since, from the
Honorable Thomas Todd, then a Judge of the United States
Court, a human skeleton, buried in an ancient stone mound,
two hundred feet below the surface of a hill, was discovered
in Kentucky. The owner of the land, dug through the hill
at its base, for the purpose of uniting two small creeks, whose
United waters were sufficient to turn the machinery of a mill.
In perforating the earth, between the two creeks, an ancient
stone mound, consisting of many cart loads, was met with,
and on removing the stones, an entire human skeleton was
found at the mound's base. Judge Todd saw the place, the
stones and the human bones, but ray memorandum of the con
versation with my learned and revered friend, does not state
the place, where the discovery was made. The death of the
Judge, prevented my visiting the spot in question. We re
spectfully request his family, if they know where it is, to
inform us. To his worthy sons, Robert S. Todd and Charies S.
Todd, Esquires-we apply for an answer to this request.
In a natural mound of earth, near the high road, some
fourth of a mile, north of Circleville, seven human skeletons,
were found, about eighteen years since. These skeletons,
lay among earth and pebbles, evidently brought there and left

GEOLOGY. 37
by water — the sea. They lay in every inclination with the
horizon, and were deposited by the deluge, where they were
found.' At Louisville, Kentucky, when digging the canal there, on
the surface of a flat rock, many feet below the surface of the
earth, above the rock, the works of man, were found. Fires
had been made on the rocks andraen had dwelt there. Since
these fires had ceased to burn there, several feet of earth had
accumulated on the surface of the rocks, and trees, of the larg
est size, had been growing on that earth, during several cen
turies. SLATE AND LIMESTONE REGIONS.
West of the geological line, before mentioned, the minerals
are very different from those of the hilly region, which we
have been considering. Several of the counties, lying along
this line, west of it, are underlaid, with clay slate, such as
we have noticed near lake Erie. Such a slate underlays the
western parts of Pickaway and Franklin counties. It pre
dominates all over Madison county; mostly so in Fayette
county, and in Union county also; — as well as in the eastern
parts of Clark, and Clinton counties.
Where that blue slate underlays the surface, and comes to,
or near it, the slate dissolves into a blue clay, and produces
swampy lands. We refer our reader to the Licking summit;
and, indeed, to nearly all our sumraits, north of our hilly re
gion, or west of it, where he will find such clay, and such
swamps. Hence, the origin of most of our ponds, swamps
and wet lands, all over this state. They exist nearly all the
way across this state, from the Pennsylvania line, to that of
Indiana, on the summit level, between the Saint Lawrence
and Mississippi valleys. limestone.
Ours is a subspecies — the compact limestone, and is a very
valuable mineral. It usually occurs, in extensive, solid, com-
D '

38 BtlSTORY OF OHIO.
pact masses, whose fracture is dull, splintery and sometimes
though, rarely conchoidal. It is opaque, at the edges; its
more common color is bluish or grey; it is seldom a pure car
bonate, but contains from two, to ten per cent, of silex. Some
of these limestones, are so impure, that they melt, rather than
burn into lime. Our limestone is of a recent formation, gen
erally, and may be called, shell hmestone. It is either found
in hills, with rounded summits, or under a level country. Its
strata are often thin, lying between strata of clay slate and
is composed almost wholly of sea shells. This limestone of
ten presents fissures and rents, holes and caves.
In Kentucky, are caves of vast extent, and one of them,
has been explored twenty-one miles, under ground, called the
mammoth cave, in the vicinity of Green river. We have but
a few caverns, in our limestone region, and they are of no
great extent.
In Highland county, are some caverns, near the Sinking
spring, and a few sharks' teeth were found in it, several
years since. The most valuable bed of limestone, now known
to exist, in this state, is situated five railes above Columbus,
on the main branch of the Scioto river, the property of Mr.
S. G. Reniok. Large blocks are constantly taken from it, of
any desirable size, for pillars, and for fronts of houses. It is
a durable and beautiful building stone, and bears a tolerable
good polish. In Renick's marble quarry is stone sufficient, to
last raany centuries, for the Scioto country.
Our limestone, furnishes an excellent lime, for building.
Its calicination is now effected by wood, but the heat should
not be great.
Count Rumford, has invented an oven for burning lime. It
is a high cylinder, with the hearth at the side, and at some
distance above the base. The fire burns, with a reflected, or
mverted flame. The lime is taken out at the bottom, while
fresh additions of limestone are made at the top, so as to keep
the oven constantly heated. Limestone, either moistened or
just dug, calcines easiest. If dry, it should be moistened when
put into the kiln.

GEOLOGY. d9

We have a few remarks, on making it. This is commonly
a mixture of sand and slacked lime. When sand cannot be
had, pulverised dry clay or brick-dust, will answer as well.
To the sand and slacked lirae, if iron dust, or manganese be
added, a cement may be made, which will harden under water.
With such a cement, cisterns may be made, tan vats, and cel
lar walls, that will answer many useful purposes.
Compact lime, is often used, as a manure, and our shell
lime, is the best for that purpose. Soraetimes, the stone is
only pulverised, sometimes it is burnt. Many of ouir marbles
that are full of shells, are very beautifully variegated, with
spots of different forms and colors. Sand and emery, putty
and tin filings, with water, are employed in polishing this
limestone. As yet, we have discovered but few beds, of this
stone, which are used as marbles. Time and further research
may discover to us, other marbles, at no distant day, in our
liraestone region. It is quite probable, that the best marbles
fie deeper in the earth, than we have, as yet, sought for
them. Southwest of Springfield, on the road to Dayton, is a lime
stone cf peculiar appearance. Its structure and aspect re
semble, those in western New York, where gypsum and lime
stone abound. That near Springfield deserves examination,
by some one, acquainted with those minerals of western New
York. It is quite possible, that the liraestone near Spring
field may answer a good purpose for backs of chimneys, and
ought to be tried, by exposure to great heat, and, by then
throwing it into water, while thus heated. That it is an ex
cellent limestone, for producing mortar, we doubt not, and by
mixing with it a proper proportion of sand, it may produce a
cement that will harden under water.

4b HISTORY OF OHIO.
ORGANIC REMAINS,
Found in the limestone formation, in the Miami country and
above Columbus, on the Scioto river, in Renick's quarry.
R. Buchanan furnished us with the names of them.
ZoophittB.'
family.
Calumopora — four species.
Cyathophyllum — three species.
Syringopora— one do.
Casinopora.
Thestra. Radiara.
Encrinies — many species. ConcMfera.
Spirifer — many species.
Terrabratula— many species.
Producta do. do.
Modiola — three species.
Mytilus. Molusca.
Trochus. Turritella.
Turbo. Orthoceratites
Crustacea,
Calymena — several species
Isotelus do. do.
The organic remains found in Tennessee and Kentucky,
and probably in Ohio, not mentioned above, viz :
FAMILIES. SPECIES.
Astrje, Delphinata.
Pentremites, Enomphalus.
Bellerophon, Natica.
Nautilus, Ampuliaria.
Hamites, Asaphus.
Ammonites.
Of Favosites, we have a great many along tho Scioto
valley.

GEOLOGY. 41

PRIMITIVE ROCKS.

These are discovered, as soon as we have ascended the sec
ond ridge, south of lake Erie, as we travel southwardly.
They consist of granite, sienite, black mica, and indeed eve
ry variety of mica slate, gneiss, and all the primitive rocks
of this continent. They occur in amorphous masses, abrad
ed, and smoothed, by friction, and show conclusively, that they
are out of place, and are unconnected with any other rocks
in, or near, where they now lie. They are generally, at an
elevation of about seven hundred feet, above the present sur
face of the ocean. But where the earth has been worn away
by some stream of water, near them, they have, in some in
stances, been undermined, and have fallen down, on a lower
level. These boulders, are found in large masses, covering
in some places, several acres, reposing on the north sides of
hills, of a diluvial deposite. They are rarely found on the
southern ends of hills, unless removed thither, by some more re
cent revolution, than the one which deposited them originally in
this country. These primitive rocks, we have seen all along
the southern shores of the northern lakes, from the east end
of lake Ontario, to the western side, of the southern end of
lake Michigan. They are uniformly found at about the same
height, unless removed by some force more recent, apparent
ly, than that, which, originally deposited them in this region.
From east to west, they extend, at least eight hundred miles,
in a right line. Their elevation is everywhere, nearly the
same, above the present surface of the ocean, and they are
most numerous, on the northern ends of hills, pointing a little
east of north — about three points of the compass.
When we say, that these rocks are found, thus, in a line
extending from the lower end of lake Ontario, to the western
side of the southern end of lake Michigan, we do not say,
that these rocks are not found, east and west of these limits.
But, thus far, we have seen them, and have carefully examin
ed them, in person, and have noticed, carefully, every circum-
6 „*

42 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Stance attending them. We saw none of them, west of lak^
Michigan, between that lake, and the Upper Mississippi.
They are found, in some instances covering half an acre of
surface— and soraetimes, three acres. There is such a depos
ite, resting on the northeastern end of a diluvial hill, just south
of the road leading from Dayton to Cincinnati, about three
miles, perhaps less than three miles, southerly of Dayton.
There is such a deposite, in the northwestern corner of the
town plat of Circleville, partly covered with earth, by some
laterevent than the one which brought these rocks here. There
was, when this town was first settled, such a deposite, on the
north side of the great mound, in this town. These rocks
are found in considerable numbers in Madison county, rest
ing on the surface of that elevated, diluvial plain.
Considerable numbers, may now be seen, resting on the bed
of the Olentangy creek, several miles below the town of Del
aware between that town and Worthington. They have been
undermined by the washing away, of the clay slate under
thera. These rocks, have been often used, for millstones and
sometimes, one boulder, is so large, as to make several mill
stones. These are granitic rocks. They are used too, for
underpinnings of houses and barns. The court-house in Mad
ison county, stands on these old rocks.
By what means, were these rocks, transported here, and
left, on our surface? That they have been brought here, long
since the revolution, which deposited our sandstone and slaty
rocks, of secondary forraation; seems evident, from the fact,
that they rest on the surface of a diluvial deposite of rolled
pebbles. This diluvial deposite of pebbles, &c. is more recent
than the sandstone and slate rocks. It seems evident, too,
that the force which transported our priraitive rocks here, was
not so great as the one which transported the rounded pebbles,
otherwise, the large boulders would have been whirled around '
the hills, and left at the southern ends of them.
Northern navigators, often tell us, of iceberges, floating in
polar seas, with rocks, imbedded in them. We see the same

GEOLOGY. 43
thing take place, on a small scale, in all northern countries,
where the ice adheres to the beds of the rivers, on the re
turn of the spring, when the current breaks up the ice. At
its bottom, pebbles adhering to the ice, are bdrne downwards,
by the current, and transported, until the ice is dissolved by
the warmth of the sun. So, in polar regions, powerful winds
and waves, break up the ices, the rocks at their lower surface
adhere to the iceberges, and are borne away, to climes far dis
tant from their native beds. What adds to the evidence, in
favOr of such a transportation of our priraitive rocks, is the
fact, that their lower surfaces, show evident raarks of having
been scratched, raked and injured, by coraing in contact with
obstacles, on their journey hither. The upper surfaces and
sides, have not on them, marks of equal violence. The last
revolution or catastrophe of our globe, brought these rocks
here, and they moved slowly over the surface of the ocean,
then elevated only seven or eight hundred feet, above its pres
ent level.
If the same catastrophe, at its commencement deposited the
round pebbles, in oblong, narrow hills, their ends pointing a lit
tle east of north; our primitive rocks, though brought here by
the same current of water, yet it had, by that time, lost nearly
all its force, and had settled its surface, five hundred feet, at
least, at that time, and, soon afterwards, subsided altogether,
and left our present lakes and rivers, to accomplish what they
have done since. Lake Erie has settled its surface one hun
dred and seventy feet, since that period, and raany of our riv
ers have also lowered their beds, in' the same time. Thesa
rocks, are Fragments of History, not to be overlooked, by
the historian. They speak a language not to be misunder
stood. The masses of rocks, in the hills of our sandstone
region, show on their northern ends, and sides, marks of vi-
ofence; — they are scratched, raked and injured by violence.
We have examined these points of rocks, on the northeastern
ends and sides of hills, in Scioto, Lawrence, Jackson, Fairfield,
Hocking and Meigs counties, and we always found the same
evidences, of violence done to their northern extremities.

44 HISTORY OF OHIO.
The primitive rocks, were generally stopped, in their slow
progress, southwardly, by the hills, in the State of Ohio, be
cause, we never saw one of them, in Kentucky or Tennessee ;
nor did we find them in the southern parts of the State of
Illinois. The same current seems to have swept over all the country,
west of the AUeghanies, but it remains doubtful, with the wri
ter, whether any primitive rocks, were transported by it,
west of the Mississippi river. Whether primitive rocks are
found, between Fort Winnebago and lake Superior, we do not
know, not having visited that elevated tract of country, in
person. RIVERS.
The streams of water, which we call rivers, and which orig
inate in this State, are the tributaries, either of Lake Erie or
of the river which gives its name to the state.
THE OHIO river.
Assumes that name at Pittsburgh, in western Pennsylvania,
at the confluence of the rivers Alleghany" and Monongahala.
From Pittsburgh, it flows in a gentle Current, southwestward-
ly, nine hundred miles, to the Mississippi river, in latitude 37°
north, where it is lost, in the « great water" as the Indian
name implies — Meesyseepee. In a straight line from Pitts
burgh, it is six hundred and forty miles to its mouth, in longi
tude, 12° west of Washington city. Its mean breadth, is
about eight hundred yards. Its gentle current, in a common
stage of water, is no where great, except at Louisville, m lati
tude 38° 10' northj where,in about two miles' distance, it de
scends twenty-two feet. The Louisville canal, obviates these
rapids, and promises to be forever useful to all the towns locat
ed above it, on the Ohio river. Towards the upper end of this
river, are several islands, the largest of which, are Blanner-
hassett's, below the mouth of the Little Kanhawa; Zane's near
Wheeling; and one, a few miles above Steubenville, formerly

RIVERS. 45
owned by General Darke. Between the states of Ohio and
Kentucky, there are no islands in this river, worth naming.
Those near Manchester, are mere collections of mud. Ten
states of the Union, contribute to the volume of water, flowing
along in the channel of the Ohio river, — to wit : New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Virginia, North Carolina,
Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama. Its valley occupies
eight degrees of latitude, and eight degrees of longitude. It
remains impeded by frost, but about two months in the year,
from Cincinnati to its mouth. So many of its tributaries rise
on its southern side, that it closes late in the year and opens
early in the succeeding one. These southern streams have
freshets in them, one after another, so as scarcely ever to be
all up, at any one time.
When the freshets in the southern branches have done
pouring their increased waters into the Ohio, the northern ones
begin to pour theirs into it, though, inasmuch as the streams
in Ohio state, all rise in about the same latitude, and on the
sarae elevation, they often rise about the sarae time. The Al
leghany and Monongahala branches rise in the Alleghany
mountains, among the snows and ices of that Alpine region, and
these are the last to swell tho Ohio. Those who dwell along
the banks of this fine river, know, from the drift-wood, and oth
er indications, what particular stream, has produced the fresh
et. The Big Sandy, soraetiraes brings down frora its sources,
in North Carolina, the reed cane. The heralock floats from
the head waters of the Alleghany, When this last river is
up, and it is the last to rise, the rafts of pine boards, descend
the Ohio, covered with families, removing into the Western
states. These bring along with them, their all — their wives,
children, horses, cattle, dogs, fowls, wagons, and household fur
niture, of all sorts. Sometimes from four to seven rafts, after
they have descended to Pittsburgh, unite all together, and float
onward to Cincinnati, before they are separated. Wherever
the raft is sold, the immigrants either settle down, or land, and
move forward in their wagons, to where they wish to settle.
Since the introduction of steam boats, the old keel boat, is

46 HISTORY OF OHIO.
seldom seen on the Ohio. And, even the old Orleans ark, is
less and less used, every year, while the steamer is employed
more and more, to convey persons and their property.
If the surface, drained by any river, gives a very correct
idea of the quantity of water, passing off through its channel;
the Ohio is as large, as all the rivers in Pennsylvania, New-
Jersey, New- York and the six eastern states. It rises early
in February, and continues up, generally in good order: for
steamers, until in July or even in August. From that raonth
and frequently, even earlier, it is too low for the navigation
of vessels of much burden, during two, or even three months,
until the autumnal rains raise it, so as to be in a good' naviga
ble condition. It rises and falls, about sixty feet, on an aver
age, along the coast of the state of Ohio. ¦ Indeed it rises,
even more than sixty feet, sometimes, as it did, early in the
spring of the year 1832, when it rose sixty-five feet, and produced
immense injury, by carrying off" fences, houses, hay and grain.
It carried off the bridges on, or near it, across its tributaries.
From Wheeling to Cincinnati, this freshet did a vast deal of
damage, to all sorts of property. It flooded the lower part of
Cincinnati, and drove away, for several days, nearly all the
people, residing in the lower part of the city. This was the
highest freshet ever known, since the settlement of the west
ern states, by the English. This extraordinary rise, was occa
sioned, by a rise of all the streams at the same time, which
empty into the Ohio, whether originating north or south of its
channel. This circumstance was never known to have occur
ed before, and may not occur again, within a century to come.
But, we must leave this beautiful river — this Belleriviere, of
the eariy French missionaries and traders, and, notice some
of its branches; especially such as originate, in "The Thriv
ing State," and we begin with the
MUSKINGUM,
Which rises and runs wholly within the limits of this state.
In Richland county, it originates in a swamp, not over thirty

RIVERS. 47
miles, in a direct line, from lake Erie, The ponds in Portage
county, (from whence the Tuscarawas issues, southerly and the
Cuyahoga northerly,) are little more than thirty miles distant,
in a straight line, from lake Erie. The surface drained by the
Muskingum, may be fairly estimated, at about two hundred
miles from east to west. It passes wholly, through a hilly re
gion, abounding in the minerals, most useful to man. Its cur
rent is gentle, with few rapids in it, and these will soon contri
bute to put in motion, the machinery of a great number of mills
and factories.
On the banks of this river, from its utmost sources to its
mouth, fossil coal and iron ore are abundant. In Tuscarawas,
alone, these minerals exist in sufficient abundance, for this
state during a century to come.
Next, lower down the Ohio river, the
HOCEHOCKING,
Pours its tribute into its parental stream. The Hock-hock-uk,
[Bottle river] of the Indians, rises rather north of Lancaster,
and after meandering along eighty or ninety miles, finally en
ters the Ohio river, in Meigs county, some distance below
Blannerhassett's island, and twenty-five miles below Marietta.
Its size, may be estimated from its valley, which is eighty
miles, from north to south, and averaging about fifteen or twen
ty miles from east to west. Its only rapids are near the town
of Logan, called the falls of Hocking.
This strieam runs wholly through a mineral, hiUy region,
where fossil coal, iron ore, and salt water abound.
Into the Ohio river, at Portsmouth far to the west of the
Hockhocking, flows the beautiful, mild and gentle
^" SCIOTO.
It rises, on the high, marshy summit level, between the Erie
lake, and the Ohio river, in the counties of Hardin, Marion,
Crawford, Union, Delaware and Richland. Its branches

48 HISTORY OF OHIO.
are long and numerous; hence its Indian name, Seeyo toh!
"Greatlegs." On the east side of it, empty into it, the Little
Scioto, Olentangy, Gahannah, or Big Walnut, Little Walnut,
and Salt creeks. On the west side, are Rush creek. Mill
creek, Boke's creek. Darby, Deer and Paint creeks, and these
are all " longlegs,''^ for their size. They all rise in a compar
atively level and a)luvial country, except Salt creek.
Where they rise, and also where they flow, the surface of
the country, is either level, or very gently undulating. The
soil, where these branches rise and run, is as fertile as any
can be in the world, producing maize, grass, and grain of all
the kinds which are cultivated in this state. At Chillicothe,
the Scioto, enters the hilly, sandstone region, and passes through
it, to the Ohio river, in a valley, of several miles in width.
Above Chillicothe, the Scioto spreads its branches, like the
frame work of a fan fully expanded, forming a semicircle, of
about seventy miles in diameter at its upper extremity. The
Scioto may be estimated by the contents of the surface of its
valley. It is one hundred and thirty miles in a direct line,
from its summit to its mouth, at Portsmouth. Its breadth
from east to west, will average seventy miles. From the town
of Delaware, to Chillicothe, a distance of seventy miles, from
north to south, ife the summer months, the traveler sees the
most beautifiil country, in Ohio. It is a perfect paradise, wav
ing with grass and and grain as far as his eye can see. The
country is animated by a people, living either in beautiful towns,
or along the road side on farms. Sometimes are presented to
view, large droves of cattle, horses and hogs. From Delaware
to Columbus, the road runs near the Olentangy, From Colum
bus downwards, the traveler almost every where sees the canal,
with its boats, he hears the sound of their horns, and sees the
Scioto winding its way along to the Ohio river. This is the
Scioto country, famed, in all time, since man dwelt on its
surface, for its beauty and fertility. That ancient race of
men, who were the earliest inhabitants, dwelt here in greater
numbers, than any where else, in the western states, Th©
Indians of the present race, preferred this country, to any other.

RIVERS. 49
and lived here in greater numbers, in towns. Here, the wild
animals lived in the greatest numbers, and we have placed our
Capitol, on the most beautiful spot of the whole Scioto country.
Nature has already -done her part, for this region, and man
has done, is doing and will continue to do his, to make it all
that man can ever desire it to be, forever, " a home, sweet
HOME.^' Next in order, as we descend the Ohio river, one hundred
miles below Portsmouth, near the small town of Columbia, the
little MIAMI
Pays its constant tribute, to the Belle Riviere. It rises in
Madison county, in a small spring, a few miles from London.
Some of its branches, rise in Clinton, but most of thera in
Green county. This river passes through a limestone region.
Its length is nearly eighty miles, and its average breadth of
valley, may be estimated, at about twenty miles. Originating
in durable springs, it is for its size, one of the best raill streams,
in the state. Though its valley is not much longer than that
of the Hockhocking, yet, in suramer, while the latter is dry
in its bed, at its mouth, and for raany miles upwards, the Little
Miami rolls along, its good sized volume of water, to its mouth,
fertilizing and adorning the earth along its banks, and furnish
ing a water power, which the people of that region, are con
stantly using for mills of all sorts, and for Other machinery,
moved, by ifs power. On this river, Jeremiah Morrow, our
former member of both houses of congress, canal comraissioner,
and governor of the state, owns and superintends, hiraself, sev
eral excellent mills. Along this stream, raore sea shells are
found, than any where else, in the liraestone region of Ohio,
Many specimens of them, are perfectly uninjured and entire.
The soil of this region is warm, especiaUy on its western
side and is very productive of grass and grain. Green and
Warren counties, lying in the Little Miami valley, are among
the best watered,, most fertile counties in the state, and they
7 E

60 history OF OHIO.
are as healthful, and their people as good, and live in as easy
an independence, as any farmers in this state. Towards the
head of this river are some remarkable falls and rapids.
Descending the Ohio river, thirty miles below the mouth of
the Little Miami, we come to the mouth of the
GEEAT MIAMI,
It rises on the same summit, as the Muskingum and Scioto,
in wet, marshy grounds, or in ponds, and small lakes.
The main branch of this river, rises in Hardin county, and
some of its waters interlock with the Au Glaize, a tributary of
the Maumee, so that by a portage of only five miles, we may
pass from the waters of the Mississippi, to those of the St. Law
rence. The Cincinnati and Dayton canal is progressing north
wardly, and will soon make a line of communication, by canal
navigation, frora the Ohio river to Lake Erie.
MAD RIVER,
A tributary of the Great Miarai, rises in some ponds, from
which, not only the Great Miarai flows but the Scioto also. Mad
river empties its waters into the Miami, at Dayton, a thriv
ing town of 5000 people. The Miami valley has always been
admired for its beautifully variegated and fertile surface; Its
valley may be estimated at one hundred and ten miles from
north to south, and forty miles, or more, from east to west.
Some of it lies in Indiana. This is called the Miami country,
and take it, all in all, for soil, climate, water-power, but more
still, for its improvements in agriculture, and for its denseness
of population, compared with any part of this state, and it is
unsurpassed. Cincinnati is a large city, with all the arts
of one — all the institutions which are calculated to enoble, exalt
polish, refine and render happy, the human family.
Dayton, Xenia, Hamilton, Springfield, Urbana, Troy, Piqua
and Rossville are thriving towns, in this region.
But, we must leave for awhile these towns, and the waters

RIVERS. 51
of the Mississippi, and pass over the miry, marshy summit, at
their heads, and visit the Great Valley of the St. Lawrence,
And, we will cross over to the
MAUMEE,
Of lake Erie, The surfaces of the states of Ohio and Indi
ana, have, in a friendly way, contributed equally to make
this river, as the citizens of the same states now are uniting
their efforts to make a splendid canal along its whole length.
It assumes its name, at Fort Wayne in Indiana. The town
of Fort Wayne stands at the confluence, of the St. Mary's,
which rises in Ohio; and the St. Joseph's, a stream of Indi
ana. After this junction of waters, the Maumee, flows onwards,
crosses into the state of Ohio, and feeling new life, after it has
moved along slowly awhile in our territory, it finally leaps
madly from rock to rock forming for eighteen miles above
Perrysburgh one of the best, if not the very best mill stream,
in the state. At the latter town, it finds itself on a level
with lake Erie, and is at rest. The lake vessels will ascend it
to Perrysbugh. The Maumee, is one hundred miles, in length,
and for the first fifty miles from its mouth upwards, it is sev
enty rods wide. It is one of the largest rivers in the state.
Its banks are high, and begin to be very well cultivated.
Along its borders, are fine bottom lands and its waters are stor
ed with fine fishes from the lake.
The state of Ohio, is about to make a canal along it, from its
mouth upwards, sixty feet wide, six feet deep, with a double
set of locks, so as to adrait lake vessels to navigate it to Fort
Wayne. At no distant day, the Maumee valley will be thickly
settjed, and well improved; and, this canal will be studded
with flourishing villages, towns and cities,
SANDUSKY
River, rises in the western part of Richland county, on the
same summit level, with the head waters of the Muskingum
river, and turning westwardly, crosses Crawford, Seneca, San-

52 HISTORY OF OHIO.
dusky and Huron counties, and finally discharges its waters
into Lake Erie, at the mouth of Sandusky bay. It is about
eighty miles long including its windings from a straight line,
and its volume of water is about equal to that, of the Little
Miami, Its Indian name, imports a water with whirlpools in
it. It abounds with lake fishes, and it has a S'afe and excellent
harbor, for lake vessels, at its mouth. We proceed to
HURON
River, whose mouth is a few miles east of the Sandusky
bay, Huron river rises in Richland county near the heads of
the Sandusky and Muskingum, Running slowly out of Rich
land into Huron county, which it crosses, it pays its tribute
to the lake, at the town of Huron, It is forty miles long and
turns many water wheels, in its course.
Sailing eastwardly, sixty miles, along an iron bound, and
rocky shore, mostly; we arrive at the mouth of the Cuyaho-
ghan-uk, of the Indians.
In our voyage, we have passed two sraall rivers, rising in
Medina county, and running quite across Lorain county, in
to lake Erie. They are fine mill streams, for short ones — ^forty
miles long. These are Black river and Rocky river. But we
are now at the mouth of the CUYAHOGA,
Or, as the Indians called it " Cuyahoghan-uk," Lake river.
It is emphatically lake river; it rises in lakes, and falls into a
lake. Rising in Geauga county, on the summit, it proceeds
along on that second level above the Erie in doubt, whether to
unite its waves with the Mississippi or St. Lawrence, until, it
wends its way cautiously along, across Portage county, to its
falls, which are about thirty miles, in a direct line, from the
lake, where having determined which way to go, it leaps exult
ingly, frora rock to reck one hundred and twenty five feet, in one
mile, pouring along its channel, even in a dry time, five thousand
cubic feet of water, in a minute, creating the very best water

RIVERS. 53
power, in the state, within so short a distance. These are
THE Cuyahoga falls, on which, mills of all sorts are erected,
and erecting; creating an active, thriving and prosperous vil
lage. The people seem to be emulating the activity of the
mills, and water, near thera. The saw, the plane, the hammer,
the trowel and the axe, are rivalling in speed, the roaring,
tumbling, descending waters. Turning abruptly, here, away
from the dull homely ponds, on the south, the Cuyahoga runs
eagerly and rapidly to join lake Erie, falling on an average,
eleven feet in a mile. The Cuyahoga, is about eighty miles
in length, forty miles of that distance, or more, are on the same
summit, with the Mahoning and Tuscarawas. The former runs
into Pennsylvania, and enters the "Ohio at Beaver. The lat
ter is the main branch of the Muskingum river.
From these falls to Cleveland, the water power is great; and
on the canal, at Akron, not very far distant from these falls, the
same descent, is already under the control of man, creating
twenty-eight locks, within the distance of about six miles.
From Akron to Cleveland, there may be, and soon will be, one
continued village, for the distance of thirty-eight miles. At
the very falls, themselves, are iron ore, sandstone of different
colors, of a fine grain, and of good texture, suitable for build
ing stone, grindstones, whetstones and many other articles,
useful toman. Fossil coal exists also, on the spot; — so that,
here are all the materials of industry, health, happiness and
prosperity. The forest presents its trees, the earth holds out
her minerals, and the water offers its never failing power, in
aid of industry in all its forms, to produce wealth in all its
shapes ; and happiness in all its modes of existence, either cor
poreal, mental, or mixed. From Akron and Cuyahoga Falls,
to Cleveland, including fhe last naraed town; and all the space
between them, there will be eventually, one great city of five
hundred thousand people. The river, the canal, the coal, the
iron ore, the sandstone, and, finally, the most beautiful inland
sea, in the world, all conspire, to produce the sarae great' result.
The harbour of Clfcveland now presents, in suramer, a port as
bustling, active and heart-stirring, as the port of Baltimore,
E*

54 HISTORY OF OHIO.
The canal boats, the lake vessels, the steamer of seven hun
dred tons, with its taU masts, ite wide expanded sails, with tho
sailor's " ye up ye o," fill the mind of the spectator, with
life and energy. GRAND EIVEE,
Rises in the northwestern part of Trumbull county, and
proceeds cautiously along towards the lake, turning, some
times to the right and then again to the left hand, a distance of
thirty miles, to Austinsburg in Ashtabula county, where its
course being arrested in that direction, it turns abruptly off to
the westwaard after its repulse at Austinsburg, and runs more
rapidly twenty miles farther onward and enters lake Erie, at
Fairport. General Painesville, three miles from its mouth, is
the largest town, on its.banks. Iron ore abounds along its
shores, in some places, and a furnace for its manufacture is
erected, in its vicinity. Mills are erected on this river at Aus
tinsburg, and at some other places.
Fairport, is as good a port as its name imports, and both sides
of the river, at its mouth, are improving. The United States
have improved the harbor, which is constantly visited by lake'
vessels. It is thirty-two miles east of Cleveland.
Thus we have noticed, very briefly indeed, all the principal
streams, along lake Erie, within the State of Ohio. The
Maumee is much the largest — the longest, widest and deepest
The Cuyahoga, in size ranks next, and is the best for mills and
machinery, moved by water power. It has the most min
eral wealth on its banks, or near thera. As to canal naviga
tion, the Cuyahoga has the start of the Maumee, though the
scene will be shifted within a few short years, when the Ohio
canal, ending at Portsmouth and Cleveland, three hundred and
nine railes in length, will be surpassed by the Wabash and
Maumee canal, extending from Evansville, near the mouth of
the Wabash, quite to lake Erie, at the entrance of the Maumee
river, into the lake. The lower end of the Maumee bay, is
several miles in width, and this canal mingles its waters with

SUMMIT LEVELS. 55
those of the lake, at Manhattan. If the rivers which descend
into the Ohio river, from the same summit level, where the lake
rivers originate, are longer than the latter, yet, they are not so
useful as mill streams. The rivers descending into the Ohio
river, seem to have been intended to produce, by their slug
gishness, a rich alluvial country, where grain would best come
to maturity, and the lake rivers, by their great descent and
constancy of volurae, were designed to furnish a water power,
to grind their neighbors' grain, and to manufacture the south
ern minerals into all the articles, that a whole great state shall
eventually, and, forever need.
Here, a few remarks on the summit level of all our longer
rivers, may not be improper.
Lake Erie is five hundred and sixty-five feet above the sur
face of the sea. The summit between Grand river and Mahon
ing is three hundred and forty-two feet above lake Erie — that
is the lowest summit, and two hundred and twenty-four feet
above the Ohio river at the mouth of the Mahoning.
The summit between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas in Por
tage county, is in a swamp, from which, streams run northerly
into the St. Lawrence and southerly into the Mississippi — it is
there four hundred and four feet above lake Erie and four hun
dred and twelve feet, above the mouth of the Muskingum, at
Marietta. The summit of Black river of lake Erie, and the Killbuck, a
branch of the Muskingum, is three hundred and thirty-seven
feet above the lake, and three hundred and sixty-one feet above
the mouth of the Muskingum, at Marietta.
The sumrait between the sources of the Scioto and Sandus
ky rivers, is three hundred and fifty-four feet above the lake,
and four hundred and fifty-five feet above low water in the
Ohio river at Portsraouth.
The summit between the Maumee and Great Miami rivers
is three hundred and fifty-four feet above the lake, and six hun
dred feet above the mouth of the Miami river.
These are the lowest summit levels between the waters of
the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence in the state of Ohio. The

55 HISTORY OF OHIO.
highest lands in the state, are along these summits and on the
sumraits between the valleys of the largest rivers— such as
the Muskingum, and the Scioto— the latter, and the Little
Miami river. Jackson, Highland, Lawrence and Guernsey
counties contain as highly elevated grounds as any in the
state. The high grounds, on the sumraits near lake Erie, are
swampy and wet; but, in the counties lying in the southern
parts of the state, the summits are dry, mountainous, or hilly
tracts. The swampy lands in the state, (excepting those near lake
Erie, over which, the lake flows so as to drown them) are
mostly underiaid, with blue clay, of such a thickness and
compactness, as to prevent the water's descent below it. We
except, too, the swampy grounds along the rivers, which are
too low to be drained. ALLUVIAL DEPOSITES,
Those beds of clay, sand, gravel and pebbles which consti
tute so large a portion of the earth's surface along all our riv
ers, which fall into the Ohio river, are called alluvial depo
sites- These substances, which have been disintegrated, by
the action of the atmosphere, frost and water, have been
transported subsequently by the rivers, and deposited in hori
zontal beds, in valleys, in the beds of streams, or in plains.
These deposites are of a comparatively recent date. Some
of them have been deposited within our own memory and others
are now forming, under our own observation. They are pe
culiarly interesting, indicating important changes in the earth's
surface; and the examination of these deposites, is important
to many classes of men ; — to the farmer, miner and manufact
urer. Their contents are sometimes very valuable, because
they often contain beds of clay, which are useful to the brick-
maker, the potter and the clothier. Besides peat, they often
contain bog-iron ore, and calcareous tufai
Besides trees, the remains of extinct animals are sometimes
found in these deposites. Numerous organic remains, the

ALLUVIAL DEPOSITES. 57
shells of the oyster, and the muscle, the teeth of sharks, and
of the elephant, are sometimes found in them. A tusk of the
Asiatic elephant, several feet in length, was found on Walnut
creek, not many years since, by the late Thomas H, Gibson,
M. D. Walnut creek is in the upper part of Pickaway county.
The teeth of the Mastodon were formerly found, along the
bed of the Scioto river. A whole skeleton was found north
of Lancaster, when the Lancaster laternal canal was digging,
four or five years since. Another whole skeleton was found
a few years since, near Massillon, in alluvial earth. The
remains of the Asiatic elephant were discovered, while the
the canal was excavating, a mile or two above ChiUicothe.
But, the greatest collection of the bones of all sorts of ex
tinct and non-extinct animals have,been found at Bigbonelick,
forty railes, by water, below Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side
of the Ohio river. The licks are a few miles from Colonel
Robert Piatt's house, situated at the point, where travelers
should land from the stearaer, if they wish to visit this inte
resting spot.
Of the animals, whose bones have been disinterred, at the
Bigbone, are those of the mastodon, of the megalonyx,of the
deer of several species, and, even of the common horse!
Tono of these remains, have been dug up, and carried away,
to all parts of this country, and, to Europe. A nephew of
Chief Justice Marshall, we believe, owns the land — James
Marshall, Esquire.
One of the most stupendous animals of the extinct race, or
rather its skeleton, was discovered several years since, in allu
vial earth, below New-Orleans, near the Mississippi river.
About ten years since, its bones were brought to Columbus,
and there exhibited, by their owners. This individual of an
extinct species of alligator, was at least, when alive, one hun
dred and eighty feet in length, and its body was thirty feet in
diameter ! This river-god of the greatest river in the world,
as a heathen would say, must have lived in the times of the
mastodon, megalonyx and Asiatic elephant, of this region.
8

58 HISTORY OF OHIO.
The skeleton of this ancient and venerable chelonian reptile
was found in the ancient aUuvion of the Mississippi, and near
the mouth of that river.
Of the mastodon, thousands, doubtless of their skeletons
repose, in our aUuvial deposites, which will be yet discovered.
They are all on what was once, the surface of the earth,
and are now, from four, to thirty feet below the present sur
face. The bones have been preserved in many places, by the an
tiseptic nature of the earthy matters which cover them.
Trees are often found imbedded a great many feet below
the present surface. Such were found at the junction of the
Ohio and Erie canal, with the Ohio river at Portsmouth. Se
veral trees entire, were discovered many feet under the
ground, on the surface of which, trees of the very largest
growth, had grown up, since this subterranean forest had been
buried. Doctor Moss is our authority for the above facts.
Man's works, such as arrow heads, are often found in our
alluvial earths. Such an article — an arrow head, was found
ninety feet below the surface, while digging a well for the
Hon. Jacob Burnet, at Cincinnati. That well was dug on the
high plain, where the upper portion of the city stands. That
plain is diluvial, not alluvial. The upper level of Cincinnati
belongs to the sarae age, and to the same catastrophe of our
globe, that the sandstone of our hilly region does. The cur
rent which raoved the sand along in it, being checked in its
course, by the hills on the Kentucky side of the river, depos
ited its load here, creating a spot, for one of the most beautiful
cities of the west, to stand upon, where the citizens could be
high, dry and healthful — forever.
JMINERAL SPRINGS.
THE YELLOW SPRINGS.
Nine miles north of Xenia, and the same distance south of
Springfield, on the stage road from Columbus to Cincinnati,
possess strong medicinal qualities. The water is a chalybeate,

MINERAL SPRINGS. 59
and is resorted to, more and more, annually, by persons in
health, as well as by invalids. The accommodations, at the
springs, are as good as could be expected, in a country so
new as this. There is a post office there, as well as a tavern,
with one hundred guests, frequently, in the summer months.
The proprietor has laid out some beautiful gardens on his
grounds, and has erected suitable buildings.
THE DELAWARE SPRINGS,
Are in the town of Delaware, twenty-four miles north of Co
lumbus. Here are accoramodations for a considerable number
of guests. The water in the springs is strongly impregnated
with sulphur. This watering place is raore and more resorted
to, annually, by those who are in pursuit of health or pleasure,
or both, at the same time.
There are many chalybeate watering places in the state.
There is one at Williamsport, ten miles west of Circleville,
on Deer creek. A similar one at Chillicothe, aLso, is coming
into repute. It is situated on an acclivity west of the town.
At the spring, a good view of the town is obtained, as well
as of the adjacent country, above and below Chillicothe.
It belongs to Thomas James, president of the Bank of Chilli
cothe. PETROLEUM SPRINGS.
Four or five miles above the north line of Washington coun
ty, on a water of Duck creek, and within the limits of Monroe
county, petroleum was found by boring for salt water. This
Seneca oil, rises about four hundred feet. It is subject to such
tremendous explosions of gas, as to force out all the salt water
in the well. The sale of the petroleum affords considerable
profit, and the article begins to be used in lamps, workshops,
and in manufactories. It affords a clear, brisk light, and
will be a valuable article for street lamps in our future large
cities. There is a petroleum spring,:in Chatauque county. New York,

60 HISTORY OF OHIO.
from which the light house at Portland, is supplied with all the
oil, used in that establishment. This spring indicates coal in
that region.
There are many other such springs, all over the coal region
of this state. Such springs issue from beneath beds of either
coal or shale, and, we doubt not, many such springs will be
found, in the same region, from which, vast quantities of petro
leum will be obtained. Large quantities of this petroleum are
sold in bottles labeled " American Oil," and used for sprains,
rheumatism, gout, &c. &c. It has acquired considerable cele
brity, already, and should it fall into the hands of some enter
prising " water doctor," or some, Swaim, a large fortune, would
be realised by the sale of it,
LAKE ERIE, ITS ISLANDS AND MINERALS,
Lake Erie bounds this state, from the western limits of
Pennsylvania, in the middle of the lake, extending westward
ly, along to a point in the water, north of Maumee bay.
Lake Erie bounds this state, in a direct line, about one hund
red and sixty railes.
The lake itself, is nearly three hundred miles in length, and
is one hundred raUes in width, in the widest place. Its aver
age breadth, is about fifty miles, and its circumference is at
least seven hundred miles, following the various windings of
its shores. Its surface occupies, about eight millions of acres
of water. It is a beautiful inland sea, and is as useful as it is
beautiful. It has many landing places, and, since the United
States have begun to improve the harbors, along its southern
shore, it has several excellent harbors, for such vessels as nav
igate it. Towards its western end, from Sandusky bay, west
ward, it contains in it, several valuable islands. Their names
follow, viz :
Cunningham's island, Put-in-bay island,
Bass island, GuU island.
The three Sisters, Ship island.
Rocky island, Pick pocket island,

LAKE ERIE. .61
Point Pole island, Bolton's island.
Middle island, Hen and chickens,
Strontian island, Turkey island.
Snake island. Cedar island.
Besides, many islets, when the lake is low.
All these islands are west of the line, which separates the
sandstone from the limestone formation^ — so they are either
underlaid with the latter rock, or some of its kindred miner
als. Some of them contain beautiful sulphate of lirae, or
crystaline gypsum.
One island contains so much sulphate of Strontian, as to
give the whole island the name it bears. In the summer of
1828, while in that region, we procured hundreds of specimens
of this mineral, which we brought home, and iww describe
them, as they lie before us. They occur both massive and
regularly crystalized. The crystals are usuaUy four-sided
prisms, variously modified, and terminated by two, four or
eight sided summits, sometimes compressed into tables.
Its most common form, is an oblique four-sided piism, ter
minated at both ends, by four faces, .standing on the edges, at
the sides. The crystals are frequently long and slender, col
lected into fascicular groups, whose faces have a strong lustre,
but are not transparent, though translucent. Its fracture is
foliated and glistening; — its color varies, but is either, bluish,
milk-white, gray or reddish.
Strontian island, is about twenty miles from Sandusky City,
and is well worth visiting, by the mineralogist. This lake
rises Seven feet higher in some years than in others, so that
islands one year may be covered with water the next. . We
have said raany of these islands contain , gypsum, but, that
mineral is found in great abundance under the waters of San
dusky bay, and on the point of land which lies between that
bay and the lake. This is a granular gypsum, crystalized,
and beautifully variegated by streaks of blue, red and white.
Large quanties of this gypsum are dug and carried away,
do*n our canal, as far as Muskingum county. It is used as
a cement and as a manure, or stimulant for vegetables; for
F

62 HISTORY OF OHIO.
we cannot say which, though we do know, that it acts very
beneficially on all sorts of vegetables, in certain soils, though
not on others. It acts most beneficially on vegetation, in a
sandy soil, and in a time of drowth. We have reason to be
lieve, that this beautiful variety of gypsum, exists in great
abundance, on many of the lake islands, far westwa,rdly, all
the way possibly, to lake Superior, or even, on the islands of
the Superior — itself.
The compact limestone of these islands, so easily approach
ed by vessels, will soon become very valuable, and be trans
ported all along the eastern end of lake Erie, where that rock
is not found. The beautiful red cedar, of these islands, too,
will be sought for, and transported, to the lake cities and towns,
on the southern shore.
It is now one hundred and fifty-seven years since the first
white man sailed across lake Erie, in the Griffin, Our har
bors, along lake Erie, are already visited by a mercantUe ma
rine, of no little value and importance.
Beginning at the west end of the lake, we have Maumee bay
at the entrance of the Maumee into this inland sea. This bay
is several railes in width, and deep enough for all the lake
vessels. Next to this bay eastwardly, is Port Clinton. The
next fort eastward, is Sandusky bay, which is sheltered from
all ¦!i'inds, and is an excellent harbor. There is a light
house here, as in Mauraee bay, built and under the control
of the United States. Next eastwardly, is the mouth of
Huron river, where the United States have done much for
its harbor. At the mouth of Black river. Congress have
/expended money very usefuUy to make a harbor. Next go
ing eastward, we come to Cleveland harbor, where a great
deal of lake shipping resorts. This is the mouth of the Cuy
ahoga river, and the end of the Ohio grand canal.
So long ago as August 1834, we counted, twenty-eight
canal boats, twelve lake schooners, and four large steamers
each averaging four hundred and fifty tons, lying in Cleve
land harbor, at one time. The steam vessels had tall masts,
and they carried sails.

THE FISHES, ETC. 63
Our commerce is constantly increasing on this lake, and
will increase, annuaUy, for ages yet to come. There is a
light house at Cleveland, and there ought to be, a marine
HOSPITAL, for disabled seamen. Proceeding eastwardly, the
distance of thirty mUes, we arrive at the harbor of Fairport,
where there is a light house, and an increasing commerce.
Conneaut and Ashtabula are ports farther eastward. The
beforementioned, are the principal ports, in Ohio, on lake
Erie, upon which the United States, have wisely expended
money, to improve them.
To the officers who have disbursed the public money, at these
ports, we are compeUed to award our unqualified approba
tion, for the science and skill, industry and enterprise, econ
omy and good management, which they have displayed, in
all which they have done, in improving these harbors. We
regret that we cannot name thera, being ignorant on
that point, not knowing even one of them, — but their labor.'.
praise 4lvein much.- —
Lake Erie has its land and sea breezes, in summer, and
it presents the same boundless prospect to the eye and the
same solemn, sublime bum to the ear, in a calm, as the
ocean does. In a storm, lake Erie, to all the senses, pre
sents the same aspect as the Atlantic, when swept by a gale
of wind. This inland sea is not rivalled by any other, in the
world, for beauty or usefulness. Its cities will soon rival the
Atlantic ones, in size, commerce and wealth.
the fishes, in oue EIVERS, PONDS AND LAKES, AND THE
DIPPEEENT modes op taking THEM.
When this country was first settled by us, fishes were found
in all our waters, in great abundance, but since so many steam
boats are employed on the Ohio river, and so many dams have
been erected on all our other rivers, these fishes have become
scarce and more difficult tb take. The kinds usually caught,
are black, yellow and white perch; spotted perch, pike, trout,
buffaloe, several species of sucker, two species of sturgeon,

64 HISTORY OF OHIO.
one is the shovel nose sturgeon, eels and herrings, (not the
eastern herring, but larger,) and taken in nets; garfish, chubs
and minnows; catfishes of two species, black and yellow.
Along the Ohio and its branches, many fishes are taken in the
spring months; by setting what is called, a trot line, where the
water is deep and still. The line is usually from forty to sixty
yards in length. The middle of it is supported by buoys, whUe
its ends are fastened down, by large stones. To this line, a
large number of short lines are fastened, with hoc^s attached
to them well baited, with minnows or craw-fishes. This line
is visited morning and evening, or even oftener, by a man, in
a canoe, who takes hold of the main line, and pulls himself
along by it until he comes to one of these shorter lines, which
he pulls up, and takes off" its fish, baits it again and so proceeds
along the whole length of his main line, taking off the fishes,
and rebaiting the hooks. In this manner catfishes are some
times caught, weighing one hundred pounds. When the waters
are low, m the summer montlua, eoinee, are dr-a.-wn^ and largQ-
quantites are taken by them. Pikes are sometimes caught in
nets weighing thirty, forty and fifty pounds. There is another
method used, in taking fishes which is with a spear; soraetimes
by torch light. Of this method of fishing, the Indians were
extremely fond. The fishes are attracted to the surface of the
water, by the light, and the expert spearshian darts his spear
into hira, and drags him into the skiff or canoe.
In lake Erie, are found all the fishes that we have named,
as being in the Ohio, and branches. And in addition to these,
there are many others whose names we do not even know. The
white fish, of lake Erie, is a valuable fish and a delicious one
too. Vast numbers of them are caught in Detroit river with
seines. The speckled trout is in lake Erie near Buffaloe,
The salmon trout of Michigan, the muskelunge of the Erie,
Michigan, Huron and Superior, are valuable fishes, millions of
which are taken, salted, barrelled up, and some of them sent
down our canal, to the towns along it. But there are not
enough caught, nor one half enough for our population. Not
a few barrels of shad, mackerel, salmon, as well as dried cod-

REPTILES. 65
fishes, haddock, &c, are annually brought here and sold from.
the Atlantic cities.
If we cannot now get a full supply, from our rivers, ponds
and lakes, what will be our need in twenty five years hence,
when our population, in Ohio alone, will exceed, four mUlions
of people? Since our canal is opened between the Ohio river
and lake Erie, the fishes of the lake are making their way to
wards the Ohio, while those of the river are traveling towards
the lake in the canal. REPTILES,
Have been, or rather ought have been divided by Naturalists
into four orders [viz.] 1. Chelonian, 2. Saurian, 3. Ophidian
4, Batracian. In common language, these animals are, 1, tor
toises and turtles, 2, lizards and crocodiles, 3. serpents, and
4. frogs and salamanders.
These orders are divided into several genera and these are
again subdivided into several species. The batracians are
divided into nine genera (to wit:) Bufo, Pipa, Hyla, Rana, Sal-
araandra, Menopoma, Amphiuma, Siren and Proteus. All the
orders and most of the genera, and their species live in this
state. We are satisfied that they are imperfectly described
by authors, at best, and not a few species are not even known
to them. To any one who wishes to examine and describe
them, Cincinnati should be visited by him, where he can see
them, in Dorfeuille's Museum. Of batracians we have several
new species, if not genera. Wo speak understandingly on
this subject, when we say that they are imperfectly described at
best. European Naturalists have shown much ignorance of our
animals, and the authors of our Atlantic states are about equal
ly ignorant. In a volume like this, intended for common read
ers, we have neither the space for a full view of this subject, nor
the inclination to indulge our own taste in pursuing it, into
details. We have divided our reptiles as we know that they
should be divided and leave it to the young men of Ohio to ex-
9 ' „*

Ijf^ HISTORY OF OHIO.
tend their researches into this obscure, and as yet, quite mis
understood subject.
Having said what we have, for scientific readers, we proceed
in the common method to treat this matter, in a way, to suit
common readers.
We have taken but a few steps into the path of Natural His
tory leading the way and pointing ahead, for the young men
of this state, to follow us, and when we stop short, and stand
by the way side, we pray them to march forward to the end of
the path. Any one of them who feels within his own bosom,
that he holds an appointment, to make a correct survey of Na
ture, not from any civil ruler, but frora Nature's God, let such
an one move onward, and fame and glory will follow his labors.
No governor will appoint him, nor Legislature pay him. The
Creator will reward him.
We have fresh water clams — (unio) in all our tributaries of
the Ohio river,, as well as in that river itself. We have strong
reasons for beUeving that this family of shell fishes inhabit aU
the streams in the Mississippi valley. Thirty or forty years
since, this family were divided by conchologists into four species
of unio. Since that time one naturalist, makes them three
hundred species! We have seen this animal in all the larger
streams of the Ohio river; in that stream, in the Wabash, Bli-
nois, Missouri, Upper Mississippi, Rock river, loway, and Wis
consin rivers, but we behove that every species of this family,
existing any where in the western states and Territories,. may
be fbiind in the Scioto river. We are not among those who be
lieve that natural history gains any thing by multiplying spe
cies of animals, on paper, which have no existence any where
else. Linnaeus simplified science, and rendered it easy to under
stand, so that any child of twelve years old could understand
and comprehend it. Miss Elizabeth BucHANAN^of Cincinnati
is an exceUent botanist. Since the days of Linnaeus, weak
men have often been, the pests of science, by using terms not
understood by common readers. These quacks in science,
would be quite below ournotice,did they not impose upon those

wild ANIMALS, ETC 67
in power, who are sometimes quite as ignorant as these pre
tenders. No man more scorned such quacks than Governor
Clinton, who often condemned them in his writings.
We have ten species of snail, or, exactly the sarae num
ber found east of the AUeghanies.
We have the gopher which lives in our wet barrens. The
prairie wolf never lived in Ohio, nor east of the Wabash coun-'
try, for which we feel quite thankful, and we have not eiAer, ,
the green prairie fly, of the far-west, which is there so trou
blesome as to render it difficult, in the warm weather, to trav
el across those immense prairies where they dwell, unless it be
in the night season.
But our wild animals will soon be destroyed, indeed, they
are mostly kUled oflf already.
WILD ANIMALS, SERPENTS, TORTOISES, AND OTHER AMPHIBIOUS
ANIMALS, aUADRUPEDS AND INSECTS.
The wild animals of this state, are such as were formerly
inhabitants of Kentucky, Tennessee and Indiana. Among
the camiverous animals we have the bear, black and yeUow
wolf and the panther, and the black and gray fox.
Of those animals, that are camiverous and herbiferous, we
have the opossum, raccoon, polecat and mink. The wood-
chuck or ground hog, and rabbit, are herbiferous. Of squir
rels, we have the black, gray, striped and fox squirrels. We
have too, the red, and flying sqirrels. The native rats are
black and small, but the boats on the Ohio river have long
since introduced the wharf rat. Mice are of the same species
with those in the eastern states. We have the weasel, and a
small porcupine. Beavers were once here, in large numbers
on the high lands, at tbe heads of our rivers, but with those
who caught them, they have long since disappeared from among
us. A few otters remain, along our rivers, and the muskrat is
more common, doing injury, to our canals in places.
We had once the bison and the elk, in vast numbers all over
Ohio. When Circleville was fii'st settled, the carcasses,, or

68 HISTORY OF OHIO.
rather skeletons, of fifty individuals of the famUy of elk, lay
scattered about on the surface, which the Indians had left
here. We had an abundance of deer, and they are numerous
still in the newer parts of the state. They are the common
red deer.
Our serpents are rattlesnakes, of two species, one is a
large one, the male black and the female yellow. These inhab
ited all this state, especially the hUly regions, and they are
there now. The sraall spotted rattle snake, dwelt in the north
western corner of the state, in the prairies there. It is scarce
ly twenty inches in length and is quite venoraous. Cap
tain Jaraes Riley encountered not a few of them, while trav
eling in that region. Wherever hogs run in the woods, they
destroy the rattle snalie. At an early period of our settle
ment, the large rattlesnake was found along the Scioto, in
considerable numbers, but the newly settled inhabitants, as
certaining that these serpents burrowed in a large stone mound
a few mUes northeastwardly from Circleville, after the ser
pents had gone into their winter quarters, fenced in the
mound, and, as the serpents came out of it in the spring of the
next year, they killed them, so that it is a rare thino' now,
to find one in this region. Five miles above Columbus, on the
main branch of the Scioto river, there was, formerly, a den of
serpents, of the rattlesnake family, an^ a Mr. Thomas Back
us, who then owned the land there, endeavored to destroy
the serpents, by keeping a fire, during the winter months,
in a cave, where the snakes had entered their den. This
expedient, not succeeding, he fenced in the den, and put a
large number of hogs into it. This effected his object, and
very few of these serpents are now found at, or near the
place. Why the bite of this serpent should not injure the hog, we
do not know, unless it be, on the principle, that oU is an
antidote to the poison of the serpent. The oil of olives, is
known to be an antidote, and the fat of the hog may be so,
likewise. The hog is fond of eating the serpent, and his poison is no

WILD ANIMALS, ETC. 69
protection against this, his worst enemy. We have two or
three species of black snake, very long and slender, one with
a white ring around his neck. We have water snakes of sev
eral species and the common garter snake, but none of our ser
pents are poisonous, except the rattle snake, and the copper
head. The two latter, are mostly confined now, to our hilly
region, and will soon be gone. We have three species of tor
toises, viz: large black, small brown, with yellow spots on its
shell, and the soft shelled tortoise. The latter lives wholly in
the water, and is equal to the sea turtle, for food. It weighs
from six to ten pounds, sometimes more.
Lizzards are common in the woods, and in pleasant weather
bask on old logs, in the sun shine. Newts are common, in our
waters. And in the Ohio river, and indeed, in all our rivers,
is an animal, between the newt and alligator, and is often talc-
en on hooks set for fishes. It is sometimes two, or, even three
feet in length, and of a most disgusting appearance. Is it the
Prpteus-lateralis ?
Cray fishes are quite abundant, in our low lands, some of
which are six inches long, weighing eight ounces. They taste
like the lobster, and have the property of reproducing their
antennae, when broken off. Their limbs when cooked, taste
like the lobster or oyster — saltish. We have all sorts of frogs
and toads. Our bull frogs are larger than any east of the
mountains. Our insects are too numerous to be even enu;nerated, unless
we devoted a large space to them. One of the most interest
ing and curious, is the cicada. It is somewhat smaller than
the harvest fly. They are said to appear at regular periods,
which some persons have fixed at once in seven years. Others
have asserted, that these periodical returns are once in four
teen years — others say, once in seventeen years, His com
mon name is "locust," he appears by the middle of May, and
they are aU gone, early in July, When he flrst appears, on
the surface of the earth, he resembles a grub worm; is half an
inch long, and three-eighths of an inch in diameter. He rises
from the earth, perpendicularly, by a hole, which he raakes,

70 HISTORY OF OHIO.
with equal ease through any kind of soil, whether of sand or
of clay. They first appear on the surface, in the night, and
are then white and soft. They crawl up some bush, tree or
limb, and wait until the sun dries their shells, which envelope
them. This shell bursts on the insect's back, out of which
prison the locust crawls. Their bodies are very tender at
first, and they cannot then, either crawl or fly far. In this
state they remain one night, their bodies still moist, their
wings expanding, and during the day following, they begin to
fly a few feet, at a time, and by the first night, they can fly
several rods. The insect has now arrived at full maturity.
When the state was first settled by us, and during twenty
years afterwards, wild bees were very numerous. The Indi
ans collected great quantities of honey, and sold barrels of it
to the white settlers. In the woods along the Ohio river, but
more still in the forests immediately around all our prairies,
bees lived in the hoUow trees. During all the warm weather,
these useful and industrious insects hovered over the profusion
of wild flowers in these meadows, and flew through the air to
and from their homes. Along the intervals of all our rivers
among the wild roses and <!weet briars, they plied thoir busy
work, spun through the air like so many wires, in right lines,
and lulled to rest, the wild man, by their buzzing, humming
music. But they are become scarce, and tame bees have not,
as yet supplied their place. We rear but few bees, and honey
is not often seen in the state. Why. we do not know.

BOTANY.

71

BOTANY. TREES.

OAKS.

White oak,
Common European oak,
Mossycup oak,
Over cup, white oak.
Post oak.
Over cup oak,
Swamp, white oak,
Chesnut, white oak,
Rock chesnut oak,
Yellow oak,
SmaU chesnut oak.
Willow oak,
Laurel oak,
Upland willow oak.
Running oak,
Bartram oak.
Water oak,
Black Jack oak,
Bear oak.
Barrens scrub oak,
Spanish oak,
Black oak.
Scarlet oak.
Grey oak,
Pin oak.
Red oak,

Quercus alba.
Quercus pedunculata,
Quercus olivaformis.
Quercus macrocarpa.
Quercus obtusiloba.
Quercus lyrata.
Quercus prinus discolor.
Quercus prinus palustris.
Quercus prinus raonticola.
Quercus prinus acurainatus.
Quercus prinus chincapin.
Quercus prinus phellus.
Quercus prinus imbricaria.
Quercus prinus cinerea.
Quercus pumila.
Quercus heterophilla.
Quercus aquatica.
Quercus ferruginea.
Quercus banistera.
Quercus catesbcei.
Quercus falcata.
Quercus tinctoria.
Quercus coccinea.
Quercus borealis.
Quercus palustris.
Quercus rubra.

72

HISTORY OF OHIO.

WALNUTS.

Common European walnut.
Black walnut.
Butternut, Pecawnnut hickory,
Biftter nut hickory.
Water butternut hickory,
Mockemut hickory,
Shellbark hickory.
Thick shellbark hickory.
Pignut hickory.
Nutmeg hickory.

Juglans regia.
Juglans nigra.
Juglans cathartica.
Juglans olivoeformis.
Juglans amara.
Juglans aquatiqua.
Juglans tomentoso.
Juglans squamosa,
Juglans laciniosa,
Juglans porcina,
Juglans myristicoe porcinis.

MAPLES.

White maple.
Red flowering maple.
Sugar maple.
Black sugar maple,
Norway maple.
Box elder.
Mountain maple.

Acer erocarpum alba.
Acer rubrum.
Acer saccharinum.
Acer nigra.
Acer pseudoplatanus.
Acer negundo.
Acer montanus.

White flowering.
Yellow do.

DOGWOODS.

Cornus florida alba.
Cornus flava.

Coffee tree.

COFFEE TREE.

Gymnocladus canadensis.

MAGNOLIAS.

Big laurel.
Small magnolia.
Cucumber tree,
Heartleaved cucumber,
Umbrella tree,

Magnolia grandiflora.
Glauca. Accuminata.
Cordata. Tripetela.

BOTANY.

73

Pawpaw,

Button wood, or )
Sycamore — two species, )

PAWPAW. Annona triloba.
button wood. Platanus occidentalis.

Yellow pine.

Poplar,Cotton tree.
Balsam poplar,
Heartleaved,
White poplar,
American aspen.

PINES. Pinus flavia.
POPLARS. Populus.
Populus argentea.
Populus Balsamifera.
Populus Candicans.
Populus canescens.
Populus tremuloides.

TREES NOT VERY COMMON.

Crab apple.
Mountain laurel,
Black birch,
YeUow do.
Black alder, or Alnus,
Buckeye, two species.
Sweet buckeye.

Malus coronaria.
Kalraia latifolia, rare.
Betula nigra, do.
" flava, do.
Alnus ohiensis.
Pavia lutea.
Pavia ohiensis.
Besides the above named trees, we have many more.
Among the trees enumerated above, the over-cup-acorn oak,
the white and black oaks, the sycamore, the beech, the black
walnut, the white wood, the sugar maple, the shell barked
hickory, the chestnut,the yellow pine, the common European
walnut and several others are the largest trees we have grow
ing in this state. Their height is often one hundred feet,
and their diameter, from three to four, or five feet. We have
two or more species of mulberry and so congenial are our soil
10 G

74 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and climate to their growth, that this state might, with more
propriety, than any portion of Greece, be called " Morea."
We have about four thousand plants natives of the state, and
we know of no plant, either in Tennessee or Kentucky, not a
native of this state. Of the oak family, we have more spe
cies, than any other state has, and if any native tree deserves
to be an emblem of it, the oak, deserves that distinction.
The walnut has the next claim on us.
Whether we consider our latitude, our climate, our soil, our se
condary formation, or our low elevation above the sea, we readi
ly ascertain that our botany is rich. To those of our patrons,
who, are thorough botanjsts, and possess all the large works on
botany; any remarks which we can make, in this volume, ne
cessarily brief on all subjects, would be useless. To common
readers they would be equally useless. We shall therefore con
fine the remarks which follow, to our grape. vines, flowering
shrubs and plants, and to such as are medicinal or useful in the
arts of life.
And we begin with a, parasite and lover of all the trees, and
shrubs, which we have noticed, under this head of botany.
That parasite and courtier is the grape vine.

FAMILY.

BOTANICAL NAMES.

Grape vine.

Vitis.

SfECIES.

SPECIES.

Fox grape.

Vitis Vuipina.

Sweet prairie grape,

Vitis Sciotoensis.

HiU grape.

Vitis Accuminatis.

White grape.

Vitis Alba maxima.

Red large grape,

Vitis Rubia maxima.

Frost grape.

Vitis Gigantea ohioensis.

Besides these, there are a great many varieties, of these
vines. The pox grape has a large fruit, as big as an ounce
ball, it is whitish in color, and produces abundantly. It ii
cultivated in many places.
The WHITE grape, is the largest grape and the shortest vine,
growing in rich, wet and swampy grounds, in Brown and Cler-

botany. 7*
mont counties. Its fruit is transparent, showing every seed,
in the grape, which is nearly an inch in diameter. The vine,
attains a height of only ten feet, and half an inch in diameter.
It deserves to be extensively cultivated, by Longworth of Cin
cinnati, who has been long worthily employed, in cultivating
all sorts of vines, native and naturalized.
The next valuable native vine, now attempted to be introduc
ed to public notice is the sweet prairie grape. Its fruit is red,
and when wild, grew extensively along the banks of the Scioto,
in our once extensive natural meadows. It never grew raore
than twenty feet in height, and its vine, was only one inch in
diameter. It grew near the plum bushes and covered them, in
the proper season, with its vines loaded with the delicious, sweet
clusters of its fruit. Twenty years since, we have seen at one
view, (near us on fhe Scioto,) treeless meadows, with whole
acres of these vines, loaded with fruit, and covering the low
plum bushes. Packed in sugar, these grapes produce excel
lent raisins, and pressed, their juice makes a raost delicious
wine, which we prefer to any iraported frora Europe. A Mr.
Myers near us, raises raore and raore of thera annually, which
in appearance and flavor reserable the grapes brought from
Lisbon, They are exactly alike, except ours is a native, and
thrives best here, of the two.
There is a larger grape than these, found originally on Deer
creek, some twenty miles southwest of Circleville. The
fruit is larger, but hardly so sweet as our Scioto, sweet prairie
grape. The last one, or deee creek grape, is naturalized and
thrives weU.
The Scioto hill grape vine, grows on gentle acclivities,
in this region, and attains, twenty or thirty feet in height, and
its stem is half an inch in diameter. It grows on sunny Sides
of hills, among under-brush, and bears fruit well, when not too
much shaded by trees. Its fruit is not so large, as either of
the forementioned grapes, and it is rather too well stored with
seeds. For a tart or jelly, it has no rival in any country, so
delicious and pure is it, to the taste. It makes an excellent
fireserve, and is highly prized by all who knov^ its worth.

¦^g HISTORY OF OHIO.
AH these vines, we cheerfully, and pressingly and warmly
introduce to our friends, N, Longworth, Esquire, of Cincinnati,
and to WiUiam Prince and sons, of theLinnsan garden. Long
Island, We wish also to introduce it to all other lovers of a
vine, of modest merit, genuine and modest worth. Having
brought forward these vines, humble, as to pretension, show
and parade, which they avoid, like those of the human family,
who rely solely on their own intrinsic goodness and worth; we
now mention THE FROST GRAPE,
Whose vine, in diameter, is from twelve to eighteen
inches, and whose topmost boughs often tower more than
one hundred feet on high, covering the tops of the largest
trees, along the Ohio river, and, all its tributaries. This
most stately vine, after climbing to so great a height; after all
its lofty pretension, show, effort and parade, produces a fruit
that is small, of a sourish-bitter taste, and is of little or no val
ue. It resembles, in all respects, a cold, heartless politician,
who flatters, some foolish, weak man in power, to help him
up to the highest station, in astate,, which the parasite merely
shades with his luxuriant foliage, without producing in return
for the favor, a single cluster of any value. But we dismiss
the whole grape family, with a few remarks.
We have,in Ohio, not only one of the best regions for the grape
vine, but the very best grapes, now already, for wine or for rai
sins, and these are natives of our own soil and climate. Lying
in the same parallels with those countries of Europe, where the
vine flourishes best, our soil is even superior to theirs, for our
own raost delicious grapes. Having the fruit, the soil and the
cliraate best adapted to these grapes, all that is now needed, is
the disposition to cultivate our own vines! Every family in
this state, who own a few acres of land, might raise, annu
ally, all the grapes which they need. Properly trimmed, and
taken care of, the vine never grows too old to bear fruit, and
there are vines now in Italy, which are two thousand years old.
Such a vine might be laid on a stone wall, on any sunny side

botany. 77
of a hill, in our hilly region, and be trained along, for railes in
length. Even one such vine, might in time support a great
number of persons, by the sale of its grapes, wine, vinegar,
brandy, fuel, &c. &c, A volume would hardly suffice to tell
all the advantages, which this state might derive, frora the cul
tivation of the vine. Our hilly region is, in places, fit for noth
ing else, yet it is adapted best of all places, to the cultivation
of the vine.
The vines, imported from Switzerland and the Cape of Good
Hope, cultivated at Galilopolis by our old friond, Menager and
others ; by N. Longworth Esquire of Cincinnati ; and, by the peo
ple of Vevay, Indiana, thrive very well., and produce abun
dantly, but, we prefer our own Ohio grapes, to-aU others, in
the world. The wines of the places which we have named,
are hard, and contain so much spirit in thera as to make one's
head ache, severely, after drinking a bottle of it at dinner,
whereas, our wines, made along the Scioto and Miami rivers,
from our own grapes, never produce any disagreeable effects,
on those who drink them. This wine is as delicious as cham-
paigne or Burgundy, It raakes one's lips water to even think
of our own delicious wines, made of our own native grapes,
without either sugar or spirits of any sort, in them.
Our cider-wine, is composed of cider, twenty eight gallons,
and grape juice, three or four gallons. In such cases, sweet
apples are used to make the cider, and this mixture sells at
about fifty cents a gallon. It is used in the upper Miami coun
try, as well as all along the Scioto river.
Besides the grape, we have the currant, in our gardens,
whose berries are often used in the fruit, either new, preserved
in pots, or made into wine. This plant, thrives no where, better
than in this state, and no where produces more or better ber
ries. They make an excellent wine, but, require a great deal
of sugar to render the wine palatable,

78 HISTORY OF OHIO.
NATIVE FLOWERING PLANTS.
We mention only a few of them, not for the mere botanist,
but for all other readers. Those who want technical terms,
are referred to Nuttall's Botany of the United States.
FAMILY. BOTANICAL NAME. SPECIES.
Red bud. Cercis, Canadensis,
This plant is between a shrub and a tree, and it is every
where dispersed through the woods, along the Ohio river, and
all its tributaries. Whoever sees, but even once, the red-bud,
in early spring, wiU never lose the impression, made on his
mind, through the eye. The tree is then, one surface of beau
tiful, red blossoms. It is redder than the peach blossom, which
it much resembles, in aspect. Its whole top appears to be one
mass of red blossoms, forming a delightful contrast, with the
dull, brown wobds around it.
To any lover of nature, who passes along the Ohio river, in
a steamer, the red-bud, offers a rich treat, in early spring. In
stantly, almost, after this tree shows its red blossoms, the fami
ly of dogwood, cornus florida, of two varieties, one with white
and the other with pale-yellow blossoms, opens its flowers and
adds much to the beautiful aspect of the woods. These two
trees or shrubs, as we please to call them, are nearly of the
same size. One species of dog-wood has a white and the other
a pale-yellow flower, and they both expand their large blossoms,
about the same time. Thus, we have red, white and yellow
flowers, in every direction in the woods, at the same time. At
a distance, each tree resembles in aspect, so many large
bunches of flowers every where dispersed in the woods.
In autumn, the red-bud, is loaded with its pods, fiUed with
seeds. The pods, siliquae, are about as large as the pods of
a sraall bean, whereas, the cornus, is loaded with red berries,
rivalling in its aspect, the red-bud, in spring. Thus each tree,
takes its turn, in wearing its beautiful scariet livery.
Several birds live on the berries of the cornus florida in win
ter, and man uses the bark of its roots, as a medicine. It is
denominated the " yellow bark," and is as valuable, as the quin-

BOTANY. 79
quinna of South America, and is often sold in the shops, under
that name. The wood of the same tree " the American box
wood" is a very valuable wood of which, to make fiutes and other
musical, wind instruments. It is used also by the engraver of
wood cuts, in his trade. It is equally valuable as the English
boxwood, which it very much resembles.
FAMILY. BOTANICAL NAME. SPECIES.
Pawpaw, Annona, Triloba,
This is a beautiful bush, between a shrub and a tree. Some
of them grow thirty feet high, and are three or four inches in
diameter. Its trunk is straight and smooth, its leaves are long,
and they are shaped like those of the tobacco plant. Their co
lor is a bright green. Before ripe, its fruit resembles in ap
pearance, that of the date of Austral Asia. This resemblance
exists too, in its shape, size and color. The fruit grows in
bunches of three, four and five in' number, and sometimes, they
are twelve inches long and are three inches in diameter. Its
flower is trumpet shaped and is of a pale red color. Its blos
soms appear about the same time, with those of the dog-wood and
the red-bud. The pawpaw grows all along the Ohio, and its
tributary waters, in the richest soils. For the size of the tree,
it bears the largest fruit of any plant in our own forests. The
seeds of the pawpaw are of a dull-brown color, they are fiat,
and of a large size. When ripe, its fruit furnishes the opos
sum with a delicious food. The squirrel prefers it, when near
ly ripe. When fully ripe, the fruit is yellow, and resembles
the custard in taste and aspect.
Thus far, we have followed the season in its advances, as to
time, but having mentioned one trumpet-shaped flower we wil
lingly refer to others which bear similar shaped blossoms. Of
these, there are ten or fifteen species. The largest one, the
Creeper has a stem several inches in diameter. It is a vine,
ascending our loftiest trees, to the tops of their highest boughs.
Itis already extensively domesticated. This creeper and crafty
politician can climb up the side of any house, and cover the
whole roof, with its vines, leaves and bunches of blossoms. These
vines have flowers, several inches in length, trumpet-shaped,

'¦80 history of OHIO.
of a beautiful red color. When the flower faUs off, a pod, (sili-
qua) appears on the vine, instead, which grows several inches
m length. The seeds are all winged, very light and are easily
transported by the winds, to a great distance. These plants
will soon cease to be wild, where our cattle can get at the
vine, which they are fond of eating, at least its bark, which
being destroyed, the vine dies
There are other trumpet-flowers, of a white color, as large as
the one which we have described These are all about to dis
appear from the same cause with the red flowered one.
We have less ambitious trumpet flowers, than these of every
color, tint and shade the red, the white, the blue, the green,
the yellow and of every intervening shade of color. The vines
of ths latter, are some of them longer, others shorter, running
along upon the ground, or ascending any little eminence, where
they can show themselves and breathe a purer, air. These
flowers are indeed very beautiful. , Besides these, we have
two species of honey suckle, which climb the highest trees of
our forests, in our bottoms, and show an abundance of flowers.
But, we have a rose, a multiflora, growing in our richest,
moist lands, which ascends the very highest tree, it can find,
in all the woods, to the very topmost bough of a tree. It blooms
for months together, hanging in festoons, from branch to branch,
and even, frora tree top to tree top, clothed with its gorgeous
bunches of roses. Its aspect regales the eye, the bees that
hover araong its blossoms, charm the ear with their humming
noise, while its odors fill all the air, with their delicious per
fumery. This rose is domesticated. How many other wild
ro.ses we have, besides many sweet briars, we cannot say,
but we know, that we have raany growing in every Fort of
soil, and accommodating themselves to each, in size, color, and
aspect. Bjt, for the present, enough of these ambitious flow
ers, that boldly challenge our observation, and compel us, to
notice thera, and celebrate their praisss.
We have three species of lily. They first appear in July
and A'ig.ist, The largest one, is red, its stem rises frora three
to five feet, in height and throws out, from five, to twenty bios-

botany. 81
aoms, in succession one after another, or two or three at a time.
The second lily, is of a paler red, and grows three feet high,
and throws out, in succession, eight or ten blossoms; whereas
the third species of lily, is yellow, and grows only two feet
high with three, and soraetimes only two flowers. In their
various shades of every color, imperceptibly running into each
other, dotted with dark spots, these three species of lily, rival
the rainbow in beauty, and truly was it said by our Saviour,
of this flower, that " Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed
like one of these." They grow in shady, retired places, and
seem to avoid the public gaze ; fit erableras of the few of our
race, who love goodness, for its own sake, reserving their all,
for those who best know their real, intrinsic value and worth.
medicinal plants, and such as are used in the arts.
The bark of the yellow oak, is not only used in tanning
leather, but it affords a beautiful yellow color, which is perman
ent. It is used much by clothiers for that purpose. The bark
of the butternut is used also by dyers, for coloring every shade
of brown, to almost a black. An extract prepared frora this
bark, makes a physic, and its wood, is used by cabinet mak
ers. The bark from the roots of the box tree is a good tonic
medicine. The bark of the yeUow poplar is used in the same
way, and is equally useful and more pleasant to the taste.
The bark of the aesculus flava, (buckeye) is said to be a valu-
ble tonic, and its wood macerated fine and soaked in water, is
used in the manufacture of paper. Formerly large quantities
of ginseng roots were dug, dried, and sent to the eastern cities
for sale, but it is so no longer. The roots are gone before the
hand of cultivation, Seneca snake root, the puccoon, or blood
root, and many other roots are stUI used in medicine. So of
the wild ginger, wild ipecac, lobelia, pleurisy root, sweet flag,
dodder, and many others. The crab apple is in high repute for
a preserve or sweet meat. So of the cranberry, large quanti
ties of which are yearly gathered in the swamps, along the
11

82 HISTORY OF OHIO.
summit level, in the northern part of the state, and carried all
over it and oflTered for sale at high prices, which they readily
bring. Many other useful, wild plants might be mentioned^
such as the senna of two species, one large and tall, growing
in rich grounds, the other low and small and which grows in
our hilly country. They are both used in medicine. As as
tringents some persons use the bark of the red maple, the bark
and unripe fruit of the persimmon (dies piros virginiana) craw-
foot, beech bark, and beech drops, the bark of the wild cherry
tree, and several other barks and roots. The leaves of hops
are often used both externally, applied warm to the body, and
internally in a tea to prevent putrefaction. This we know to
be a most valuable remedy, in such cases, it having been the
means of lengthening our life, ever since the suramer of 1823,
when appalling disease and death swept off great numbers of
our people in all the Western States.
Besides these, we have a vast number of flowers from ear
ly spring to late autumn, appearing in succession, day after
day, and month after month, ever new, and always beautiful.
Some persons have naturalized many of these wild flowers.
Mrs, Mary Douglas, and several other lovers of botany in
Chillicothe have introduced these wUd flowers into their gar
dens. plants naturalized at CINCINNATI,
SCIENTIFIC NAMES. COMMON NAMES,
Eriginia bulbosa, Turkey pea.
Anemone thalictroides, Rue anemone.
Anemone Virginiana, Thimble weed,
Erytheonium albidum, Dogstooth violet, white.
Erytheoniura Americanum, Dogstooth violet, yellow.
Trillium sesile. Wake robin, purple.
Trillium pendalum. Wake robin, white.
Trillium grandiflorum, Wake robin, white.
Corydalus cucuUaria, Colick weed.
Corydalus glauca, Colick weed.

BOTANY.

8S

Delphinium tricolored.
Delphinium exaltatum,
Viola CucuUaria.
Viola pubescens,
Viola striata,
Viola canadensis,
Eneneion biternata,
Leptandra Virginica,
Monarda didyma,
Monarda oblongata.
Iris versicolor,
Coramelina Virginica,
Houstonia cerulea,
Houstonia purpurea,
Pulmonaria Virginica,
Batschia canescens,
Lysamachia ciliata,
Lysamachia quadrifolia,
Lysamachia hybrida,
Dodecatheon integrifolium,
Sabbatica angularis,
Hydrophyllum Virginicum,
Phacelia fimbriata,
Spigelia Marylandica,
Phlox divaricata.
Phlox aristata.
Phlox paniculata.
Phlox pyramidalis.
Phlox maculata.
Phlox reptans,
Polemonium reptans.
Campanula Americana,
Lobelia cardinalis,
Claytonia Virginica,
Ceaonothus Americana,
Gentiana saponaria,
Gentiana ochrolenea.

Larkspur, early flowering.
Larkspur, tall late flowering.
Blue violet.
Yellow violet.
White violet.
Changeable colored.
Wind flower.
Culver's physic.
Bergamotte.
Bergaraotte. Blue flag.
Day flower.
Dwarf pink.
Dwarf pink.
Blue bells.
False buglos.
Money wirt.
Money wirt.
Money wirt.
False cowslip.
Centaury plant.
Burr flower.
Miarai raist.
Pink root.
Early sweet william.
Ea^ly prairie sweet willam.
Tall meadow sweet williara.
Tall meadow sweet william.
Spotted stem sweet william.
Creeping sweet william.
Greek valerian.
Bell flower.
Cardinal flower, scarlet.
Spring beauty.
New Jersey tea.
Blue gentian.
Marsh gentian.

84

HISTORY OF OHIO.

Gentiana quinqueflora,
Gentiana crinita,
Eryngiura aquaticum
Tradescantia Virginica,
Allium Canadensis,
Pontederia cordata,
Phalangium esculentum,
LUium canadensis,
Lilium superbum,
LUium catesbei,
Convallaria racemosa,
Convallaria grandiflora,
Melanthium hybridum,
Helonias dubia,
Saururus ceruleum,
Oenothera grandiflora,
Oenothera biennis,
Guara biennis,
Cassia Marylandica,
Cassia chamachrista,
Baptisia cerulea,
SUene Virginica,
Silene regia,
Sedum ternatum,
Spirea lobata,
Spirea aruncus,
Gillenia stipulacea,
Gillenia trifoliata,
Rosa parviflora,
Rosa rubifolia,
Rosa lucida,
Rubus odoratus,
Meconopsis diphylla,
Sanguinaria canadensis,
Saracenia purpurea,
Nymphae odorata,

Marsh gentian.
Fringed gentian.
Button Snake root.
Spider wort.
Meadow garlic.
Pickerel weed.
Wild hyacynth.
Meadow lUy.
Superb lily.
Catesby's lily.
Solomon's seal.
Large flowering.
Black flower.
Black flower.
Lizard's tail.
Large prim rose.
Evening rose.
Virginia loose strife.
Senna.
Senna,
Indigo weed, blue.
Catch fly scarlet color.
Catch fly meadow pink.
Stone crop.
Pride of the meadow.
Pride of the meadow.
Indian physic,
Indian physic.
Small rose.
Small rose.
Many species.
Rose flowering raspberry.
Celandine.Blood root.
Side saddle plant.
White pond lily.

BOTANY.

85

Naphar advena,
Aquilegia canadensis.
Clematis Virginica,
Clematis viorna,
Caltha palustris,
Hepatica acutiloba,
Lynandra grandiflora,
Dracocephalum Virginianum,
Scutellaria cordifolia,
Euchroma cocinea,
RueUie strepens.
Antirrhinum linaruia,
CoUinsia verna,
Chelone glabra,
Pentstemon levigata,
Martynia proboscidea,
Dentaria lacihiata,
Geranium maculatum.
Hibiscus militaris,
Liatris scariosa,
Liatris spicata,
Eupatoriura coelestinura,
Eupatorium,Aster nova anglica.
Aster shortii.
Aster, various species of
Solidago, various species,
AchiUea miUefolium,
Helianthus, twenty species,
Rudbeckia purpureum,
Rudbeckia, various species.
Coreopsis tinctoria.
Coreopsis, Silphium perfoliatum,
Habenaria psychoides,
Habenaria incisa,
Cacabatus stellatus.

Yellow water lily.
Wild columbine.
Virgin's flower.
Leather flower.
American cowslip.
Liver leaf.
Liver leaf.
Dragon head.
ScuUcap. Painted cup.
Painted cup.
Snap dragon.
Snap dragon.
Snake head.
Beard tongue.
Unicorn plant.
Tooth root.
Crowfoot. Swamp hibiscus.
Blazing star.
Gay feather.
Blue eupatorium.
Various species.
N. England aster raany spe.
Star wort.
Star wort.
Golden rod.
Yarrow.Wild sunflower.
Wild sunflower.
Wild sunflower.
Sick weed.
Several species.
Ragged cap.
Ragged cap.
Ragged cap.
Campion. H

S6 HISTORY ©*• OHIO.
Orchis sptectabilis, Gay orchis.
Aplectrium hyemale. Putty root.
Cypripedium spectabile, Mocasin flow&r,
Cypripedium pube^cetis, Mocasin yellow flower.
Cypripedium Candiduih, Small white.
Asclepias tuberosa, Swallofr wort.
Asclepias quadrifolia. Swallow wort.
Asclepias verticilata. Swallow Wort.
Apoeinema canabinum, Indian heinp.
Amoonia salixifolia, Indian -hemp.
Asarum canadensis. Wild ginger.
< The foregoing list of iiative plants of Ohio, was furnished
me by R. Buchanan of Cincinnati. The most of them have
been cultivated in his own garden. Many of them are found
in the gardens of Mr. Joseph Clark, and flf Mrs. G. Lea, and
all of them in the beautiful grounds of N. Longworth, Esquire.
This gentleman's taste for the collection of the elegant and
curious plants of our own region, is deserving of aU praise.
Why should we be indebted to other climes, for sickly exotics,
whilst the woods and prairies of our own state, furnish the
most beautiful variety of flowering "plants, throughout the sea
son? They are all perfeetly hardy and are cultivated with
hut little trouble.
The misletoe grows on the banks of the Ohio, and near
them. By procuring its seeds in September, it might be
transplanted into the trees of our Woods, where it would grow
well, any where almost, in this state.
We see all along the bottoms of the Scioto and the Great
Miami rivers, all the plants that we do along the i)ottoms of
the Cumberland atad Tennessee, excfepting the reed Cane,
growing still, near these latter rivers, where protected from
cattle. Such plants as require a very poor soil are rare in Ohio, be
cause, we have little such soil; so of those that grow in very
high latitudes, or in elevated grounds. Such is the arbor vi-
tae; it is found near the Yellow springs, in Greene county.

BOTAIjJY. 87
thqtjigh with the hamamelis, or witchh9.zel, the alder, and Ca
nadian yew. The red cedar is found in several places on the
high cliffs, along the, larger tributaries of the Scioto near their
heads, in Delaware county. The white cedar or cypress is
found on some few cliffs near the head of the Scioto. It once
grew along the wet, old beds of the Scioto, but that was long
since, and while the mastodon frequented our swamps, which
were then almost impenetrable thickets.
Most of our timber trees, will soon be gone, and no means
are yet resorted to, to restore the forests which we are de
stroying. In many places even now, woodlands are more
valuable than cleared fields. It is true, that in the northwest
part of the state, we have vast forests yet, but it is equally
true, that their majesty is bowing before the wood chopper's
axe, and will soon be gone. We do not regret the disappear
ance of the native forests, because by that means, more hu
man beings can be supported in the State, but in the older
parts of Ohio, means should even now begin to be used to re
store trees enough for fences, fuel and timber, for the house
ibuilder and joiner. In our forests we are by far better off
than Illinois state, Wisconsin, or Iowa Territories, where wood
is scarce, even now, and coal is equally so, at this early date
of their settlement.
Though fifty years have passed by, since this state began
to be settled by us, yet we have vast forests unfeUed in our
hUly region, and in the northwestern corner of the state.
Even along the Ohio river, an European, as he passed along
the stream, would naturally suppose from what he saw of it,
that our interior was occupied by one unbroken forest, tenant
ed only by wild beasts and wild men.
Mankind in all ages, even before the fall of man, and
in all communities, have first settled along the rivers, and,
their banks are even now, most densely populated. Paris,
London, Vienna, and aU the great cities of Europe, rear
their tall and glittering spires on the margins of rivers.
This remark holds good in every region of our globe
where a dense population " do congregate." Canals are

88 HISTORY OF OHIO.
but artificial rivers, and attract to them a dense population.
Good roads come in competition next, after rivers, either natu
ral or artificial, in attraction. We are multiplying them, and
thereby, increasing our numbers, our wealth, and our moral
power. But we return to travel in our narrow path, out of which,
we have taken two or three steps. From the wild woods, we
come back to continue our botanical journey. We next treat
of such plants as have been long cultivated. This we do un
der the head of NATURALIZED PLANTS.
The cultivation of the yellow leafed tobacco has been
attended with signal success, in our hilly region. This
kind of tobacco, sells higher than any other, in several
European countries, such as Holland and Germany. It
has sold even in Ohio, soraetimes as high as ten doUars
a hundred, in the leaf. It is cured in a particular man
ner, and grows only on rather a thin soU, such as exists in our
hilly region. It grows on new lands, just cleared of their
woods. A crop of wheat does well on the ground where the
tobacco had grown in the preceding season. Instances like
the foUowing have often been known. With, one hundred dol
lars, a farmer has purchased eighty acres of hilly land, in the
woods, which he, and his family, cleared off, or deadened what
timber he and they did not clear off. He then planted the
whole in yellow leaf tobacco, the first year, except such land
as he reserved, for corn and vegetables. He erected his hous
es of logs, in which he dried his tobacco, by the aid of fire. In
the winter following, he sold tobacco enough to enable him to
purchase six hundred and forty acres of the most fertUe land,
in some other part of the state. In the meantime, he had a
crop of wheat coming forward on the same land where the to
bacco had grown. The latter crop, which when arrived at
maturity, he sold for money enough to enable him to remove to
his large farm, and to go forward with his improvements there.
In a few years he became a wealthy and independent farmer.

BOTANY. 89
This yellow leaf tobacco, is cultivated in Fairfield, Hocking,
Perry, Licking, Guernsey, Belmont, Starke, Muskingum, and
many other counties in our hiUy region. In the Miami valley
the cultivation of the palma christi has been attended with
great success, and the manufacture of castor oil from it, cold
pressed. It has been found quite profitable to those who made
it. The annual value of this oil, thus made, we do not know,
but we do know, that it is considerable.
The cultivation of the sweet potatoe, along the Ohio river,
and all its tributaries, as high as latitude 40° north, has suc
ceeded extremely well. They are a very profitable crop. Its
value soraetiraes is worth three hundred dollars, on an acre,
' In Lawrence county, cotton has always been raised, for
family use. We raise the green seed, mostly, such as grows
in Kentucky, below latitude .37° north. This plant is more cul
tivated on the Wabash as high as Vincennes, but, in so high a
latitude it is not a certain crop, and it has to be topped in Au
gust to check its further growth. The largest field which we
ever saw, along the Wabash, contained only twenty aires.
Hemp is cultivated in places, and produces very well, but
our people, as well as raany others, do not like to handle it.
Our Irish people prefer to it, th'e potatoe, just as our yankees
do the pumpkin.
Flax seems to be going out of use, and our people cultivate
less of it every year. They prefer cotton to flax, and they
prefer too, the cotton cloths of Rhode Island and Massachu
setts to their own manufactured cloths. The spinning wheel, the
reel, and the loom are not much used in Ohio, especially the
two former. Our people prefer buying their cloths frora the
east, to raaking thera here, and they are right. The production
of the articles of food — meat and bread, for the hungry labor
ers of the east, best suits our present condition.
12

90 HISTORY OF OHIO.
NATURALIZED TREES, ETC.
Besides our native trees, shrubs, plants, flowers, vegetables,
and grasses, we have imported nearly all those, which are cul
tivated, in the eastern states. When introduced, from places
lying in our parrallels of latitude, they even improve by the
change, of soil and longitude.
The apple, pear, cherry, peach, quince, &c. do well here,
and produce new varieties, sometimes, which it would be well
to give back, to our eastern friends, as a restored loan, and as
the interest on the principal which we have borrowed from
thera. Our western fruits, are delicious, and they are. emi
grating, like their owners, to the far west, where we hope
their fortunes will be made better, by their removal. Tho
peach, pear and plum tree, are often destroyed, in old grounds,
by a white worm existing in vast numbers about its roots.
A thorough washing of the tree, with hot water, and by digging
away the earth from the roots, early in the spring, and as often
as necessary, pouring on the ground and on the very roots of
the tree, boiling hot water, will certainly kill the worms and
preserve the trees. In Tennessee the same worm, we be
lieve, destroys the apple tree.
The peach, originaUy brought from Persia, perhaps, flour
ishes most, in a. southern climate. It does better in west Ten
nessee, and in Alabama, than in Ohio. The tree grows larger,
lasts longer, and the fruit is larger and better, there also;
whereas our apple tree, and its fruit do best here. We can
exchange with those neighbors, by means of our steamers.
We can carry them, our apples, and bring back their dried
peaches and their cottons.
The potatoe, (which we believe, was found in latitude 40'*
south, in South America, which in temperature, is equal to 45"
north latitude,) does not always succeed here as well as it does
farther north, either in quantity or quality. Our summers are
too long for its growth. It is quite disposed to grow awhile,
stop, start again and grow, and start again, producing a rotten
inside; an unpleasant and unhealthy plant. This depends on

BOTANY. 91
the season; some years it does better, but, on the whole, our
Irish potatoe is unequal to those raised in a colder region, in
Western New York, or Canada.
Our Indian corn is unsurpassed, by all the other corn in the
world. We raise the gourd-seed corn, with twenty four, or
or even with thirty rows on the cob. One bushel and a half
of ears, produce one bushel of sheUed corn. It excels all
other corn, in sweetness, and produces two quarts more Whis
key to the bushel, than the New York corn. This plant grows
only in the richest land, and requires so long a suraraer, as
rarely to come to perfection, above 41° 30' north latitude.
This corn was originally cultivated in this region, by the Indi
ans, from whom we derived it. It grows on the most fertile
lands, frora lake Erie, to the Mexican gulph. It grows, along
the Mississippi, from Rock Island, downwards, and indeed, in
the whole valley of the Mississippi, below 41° 30' north. It
produces, sometimes in favorable seasons, ninety bushels of corn
to the acre, in the Miami and Scioto vaUies; but fifty bushels
are perhaps a coraraon crop. The ground is plowed, but the corn
is never hoed. Four boys, and four good horses, can cultivate
one hundred acres of this corn, after it is planted. If hoed, as
in the east, this grain would be better in quality, and the
product would be one third greater, for the better culture.
Wheat succeeds well within one half of our territorial
limits. Our country produces from twenty to forty bushels to
the acre, on all good lands well cultivated. It is now, April
1837, worth one dollar a bushel, it sells even higher. Let us
calculate, a farmer's profits, in the Scioto and Miami valleys:
if he raises corn, or wheat, it does not cost him, more than ten
dollars an acre to cultivate, get out and carry his' crop to a
raarket. If a crop of corn, at fifty bushels to the acre, at fifty
cents a bushel, is twenty-five dollars; deduct ten dollars, leaves
fifteen dollars an acre, clear profit. Suppose, that he raises
three hundred acres of corn annually, which amounts to four
thousand five hundred dollars. If he raises wheat, say one
hundred acres, at forty dollars an acre, deducting ten doUars
for expenses, leaves thirty doUars an acre, three thousand del-

92 history OF OHIO.
lars more, in all seven thousand five hundred doUars a year,
besides all his pork, beef &c, say, two thousand five hundred
dollars besides supporting his family. So that, a farmer, who
owns a thousand acres of land in the Scioto or Miami valleys,
can lay up, they generally each lay up, or rather lay out, near
ly or quite ten thousand dollars a year, in buying congress
lands, in lUinois, for their children. These are our wealthiest
farmers who own large farms.
If any farmers are prospering more than ours, then we know
not where to look for them. Farms which produce such a pro
fit, could be purchased for forty dollars, an acre. It is easy to
see, that they are now worth, twice the sum for which they
might be bought. GRASSES, native and NATURALIZED,
When first settled, Ohio was a great grass country, especi
ally, along our rivers and in our prairies and barrens. Even
in the woods, in raany parts of our country, grasses grew every
where. In prairies, there were grasses, intermingled with
flowers, in endless numbers. There was a clover, called " buf
faloe clover," but, our native grasses have disappeared, mostly,
and the naturalized, red top, blue grass, herds grass, red clover
and white clover, have conquered and expelled the natives
from our soil, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Missouri, and
the farthest-west, are still covered with wUd grasses ; but the
tame grasses will one day banish thera along with the Indians,
over the Rocky mountains. The decree has gone forth, and
it is in the course of a speedy execution ;— " That all the west
shall be covered by well cultivated farms," all this country
was intended for cultivation, and all those rivers of the far west
wUl be navigated by the steamer, and the largest cities in the
world, will one day, be in the west, aud exert a vast influence
on the destiny of this nation. This decree is registered and
recorded.

BIRDS, RESIDENT AND MIGRATING. 93

BIRDS, RESIDENT AND MIGRATING.
These are nearly the same as those of Pennsylvania and
Maryland, in corresponding parallels of latitude,
OUR CONSTANT RESIDENTS,
Are the turkey ; turkey buzzard ; hawk, three species ;
pheasant; partridge, or quail; blue jay; wood duck, seven
species; sparrow; redbird; wood-pecker, five species, Araong
these are the wood-cock and yellow-hamraer. The eagle,
large baldheaded; small eagle and grey eagle, raven and
crow. King-fisher; sap-sucker; wren; snow-bird; owls, two
species ; prairie hen or grouse, and turtle dove.
The blue-bird is seen in the southern parts of the state,
every pleasant, warm day in the winter.
MIGRATING BIRDS.
The wild goose visits us on the Scioto, early in the autumn,
and tarries with us until spring, living on the corn in the fields,
and feeding on the green, newly sown wheat. Many of them
are domesticated, though they have the air of a wild fowl, and
sometimes join the wild ones, unless restrained by cropping
their wings. This bird lives all winter about Sandusky bay,
and from thence southwardly to Pickaway plains. Several
species of duck appear among us in the spring, as they are
passing northwardly, on their annual journey to the far-north.
The wild pigeon comes in the spring, sometimes in March,
or even earlier, on his journey north, and after paying us a
visit, of about a month, passes on his journey. In September
he returns to see us again, spending six weeks with us,
feasting on the pigeon berry, phytolacca decandra, the new
acorns, and other nuts, and such food as the country produces
for his use.
Formerly the pigeons tarried here all summer, building

¦9,4 HI9T0RY OF OHIO.
their nests, and rearing their young; but the country is too
well settled for them now; so, like the trapper for beaver, and
the hunter, they are off into the distant forests, where their
food is abundant, and where there is none to disturb them in
their lawful pursuits.
Loons are seen along the Ohio river, but they are seldom
killed. The heron and the crane visit us in the spring, and
tarry here all summer, and rear their young. The sand-
hiU crane lives on the Scioto, and tarries there nearly aU the
year. The robbin-red-breast, black bird, and Baltimore oriqle
visit us early in the spring, and tarry here through the sum
mer. Four species of swallow visit us: the barn swallow, the
chimney swallow, the martin and the ground swallow. They
spend the summer with us, until their young are reared, when
they leave us abruptly. The magpie coraes in April or May,
We call him bob-of-lincoln. He is not much of a musician,
though that is not his fault, as he labors hard to sing as well
as he can.
We have the yellow bird, resembling the canary bird, ex
cept in his color. It is undoubtedly of the same family. We
have several species of humraing-birds and the goldfinch.
The whip-poor-will visits us not very early in the spring.
The king bird coraes as soon as he thinks the bees, hovering
about the flowers, are numerous enough to feed himself and
his young ones. This Head of a Department, lives only on
the most industrious classes of insects.
After a long storra from the southwest, many birds of diffe
rent species are often seen here, of a most beautiful plumage,
which disappear again after a week's fair weather. We do
not even know their names. The pewee coraes early and
retires early. Gulls, or stormy petrels are often seen along
the Ohio river, before a southwestern storra. A few years
since, paroquetts, in large flocks lived in the woods, along the
Ohio river, from Miller's bottom downwards, and along the
Scioto river, upwards from its mouth, to wher.e Columbus now
stands. They are still in the woods along the bottoms below

BIRDS, JIESIDENT and MIGRATING. 95
Chillicothe near the river, where there is tbe proper food for
them to eat, and birds enough for them to torment by their
sqalling noise. We have the cat-bird of two species, snipes,
and the real ortolan.
We have four species of thrush, but the brown one deserves
our special notice for his singing, and his imitative powers.
He delighted once to live along the Scioto river, among the
great variety of feathered songsters, that then dwelt along
the banks of the Scioto. As we hav« often, more than twenty
years since, while traveUing in the then woods along the banks
of the Scioto, stopped awhUe to hear hira sing, and see hiin
act his several comedies and tragedies ; it seems no more
than right to give our readers some idea of his several per
formances on such occasions. This Shakspeare araong birds,
seats himself on some tree, where the greatest variety of all
sorts of birds dwell, and raakes it his business to mock and
disappoint them. Hence, his comraon name of mocking
bird. Having seated himself in a proper place, he listens in
profound silence to the songs of the several sorts of birds
around him. In the vernal season he makes the love call of a
female of some near neighbor, with heart-stirring melody,
until the males come in flocks to caress their loved mate,
when lo! no such lovely bird is there. They find instead of
the lovely fair one, a homely brown thrush. Having succeed
ed in imposing on one species, ^he -proceeds to play off simUar
" tricks upon other travellers." He continues his play, until
he is satisfied with his own mischief and his neighbors' disap
pointments. When the other birds have young ones, he watches their
nests, until the parents have left them in quest of food, when,
seating himself near their domiciles, he imitates the scream
of the hawk or some other bird of prey. If the parents heed
this scream and come horae, very well, but if not heeded by
them, he proceeds to imitate the voice of the young ones in
the utmost distress and agony. He utters their shrill cry and
their dying groan, when the affrighted and afflicted pa
rents come flying in the utmost haste and trepidation to re-

96 HISTORY OF OHIO.
lieve their suffering, dying young ones, but behold! no one is
near them, but the innocent, the plain, the honest and candid
Me. Theush, who retires as if laughing in his sleeve, at the
trick which he has played off upon the parents.
In the evening, after the birds have reared their young ones,
and when all join to raise their several hymns of praise,, the
thrush seats himself in this woodland orchestra, and begins by
singing in succession, the notes and songs of all the birds
around him, beating all of them, using their own notes, and
singing their own songs.
Having thus, as he supposes, carried off the prize in this
musical contest, he prepares for his Jinale, by taking his seat
on the topmost end of the highest bough of the loftiest tree,
standing on the highest ground in all the grove, and then he
commences to sing his own clear notes, and his own most
delightful song. At times, his wings are expanded, his neck
is extended, every feather on his whole body, quivers with
bis exertion of every limb, and his whole soul is exerted to its
utmost power, to produce the most perfect melody that was
overheard in the woods of Ohio. He continues his delightful
music, until after all the other birds are silent and still, so
that his own song is the only one, then heard in all the grove,
far and wide, all around him, for a long time.
Thus we see, that he can act a principal part in the beggar's
opera, or in the comedy of errors. He can play Falstaff in
the Merry Wives of Windsor, the Ghost in Hamlet, or, Mac
beth in tragedy, and well deserves to be called William
Shakspeare among the birds, not of Stratford upon the Avon,
but of Chillicothe upon the Scioto,
MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY, DISEASES, CLIMATE, TORNADOES
AND THE WINTERS IN THIS STATE,
In the Autumn of 1806, a fever of the remittent type, made
its appearance, extending from the Ohio river, on the south, to
Lake Erie on the north.
Its symptoms were chills in the forenoon, between ten and

diseases, etc. 97
eleven o'clock, which were succeded by violent fever, afterwards
in an hour and a half. The fever continued to rage till about
six o'clock, in the evening. During the exacerbation, great
pain or oppression was felt in the brain, liver, spleen or stomach,
and frequently, in all these organs. The sweating stage took
place about midnight. By daylight, there was a respite, but
not a total exemption from the urgency of these symptoms.
This was the common course of the disease, but there were
occasionally found, distinct interraittents and a few cases of
continued fever. The first cases raentioned afforded no oppor
tunity for interposing tonicks. In the second order, every
common man as well as the physician was acquainted with the
proper, and certain remedy ; and the third form of the epidem
ic, was most safely left to the healing power of nature.
Such however, was the malignancy of our autumnal diseases,
that from the best information we can procure, the Hockhock
ing country, (now called Lancaster,) in a circle of five miles
around Lancaster, the one fifth of the inhabitants died, in that.
year! From information given us by many in the same circle
around Chillicothe, one sixth part of the inhabitants were swept
off by death.
As a sequel to this epidemic, a most annoying and incorrigi
ble affection of the skin took place; nor have there been want
ing cases of the same description in any year since the above
mentioned. The emigrants from the Atlantic states could not
be persuaded, that it was not the same disease which in their
country, is denominated itch. But in this opinion they are
certainly mistaken, inasmuch as it resists all the remedies
which are ^successfully employed in that disease.
MILK sickness.
Its most prominent symptoms were first, a sense of uncom
mon lassitude, and a listlessness, and aversion to muscular mo
tion, A slight pain about the ancles, which seemed gradually
to ascend to the calves of the legs, and in a few hours more, a
13 I

98 HISTORY OF OHIO.
dull pain, which soon terminated in a spasm, or a cramp of the
stomach. This was quickly followed by violent efforts to vom
it, which continued for four, five, six or seven days; or until
death closed the scene. If the patient recovered it was only to
receive at no very distant period, another shock, equally terri
fic and appalling. The geographical range of this fell disease,
was confined mostly to the barrens.
The diagnosticks between this disease, and the Cholera
Morbus, was the obstinate constipation of the bowels from first
to last. Many treatises have been written concerning the dis
ease, but as yet, our knowledge of either its causes or cure is
imperfect. Where the cattle are kept from wild grass, this dis
ease is never found. It is now no longer known, only in his
tory, we believe.
The description of Autumnal diseases, as just given, has been
without variation; except in the violence of the symptoms in
any of the succeeding years, until 1823.
In 1813 and 14, the disease, which prevailed as an awful
epidemic, in these two years, was not peculiar to the Western
country. We mean the disease named in some sections of the
United States — " pneumonia typhoides" — or " typhus pleurisy;"
in other sections, pneumonia " bUiosa" — but in this country
called, the " cold plague."
Heavy and long continued rains, commenced about the four
teenth of November 1822, and continued almost daily, until the
first day of the ensuing June,
It was computed by some persons, that the country lying be
tween the Scioto and Miami rivers, had the twentieth part of
its surface covered, during the months, of March, April and
May, with water. A fever commenced its ravages, and con
tinued its course, during the months of June, July, August,
Septeraber, and during the early part of October. It was of
the reraittent and continued type, affecting more or less, many,
perhaps, nineteen twentieths of the people. No intermission
was noticed in the course of twenty-four hours, nor was the
low country of the Scioto and Miami, the only location of this
form of fever. In north latitude between 39° and 40°, this dis-

diseases, etc. 99
ease was found, over a great extent of country, without ex
cepting the Alleghany ridge, itself. Previous to this year,
pulmonary consumption was rarely seen, and epilepsy was a
rare disease in Ohio. These diseases are now as comraon as
in the Atlantic states. Dyspepsia has become a very common
disease, and doubtless, has been a sequel, to long continued in
termitting and remitting fevers, by exhausting the powers Of
the liver.
In 1824 there were very few cases of intermittent or remittent
fever, nor has there since been a general epidemic. In 1827,
it was known, that while the river country was healthful, the
small streams had the inhabitants of their banks, affected with
dysentery. It might be profitable, to our citizens, to mark out the wide
difference between, what is, by coramon people called dysen
tery, — and the true dysentery or flux. These diseases of dys
entery and diarrhoea, are confounded with each other, as being
one and the same, whereas they are as opposite, in their na
ture, and in their appropriate remedies, as any two diseases)
that affect the human body. The first, consisting of a continu
ed stricture and constipation of the bowels, from first to lastj
and requiring evacuants for their remedy, while the last con
sists in a relaxation of the intestinal fibres, and requires astrin
gents for its cure. Much mischief has occured from a want
of discrimination in these diseases. We find accordingly that
upon the approach of cold weather, a congestion and disten
tion of the liver or spleen, take place, and frequently, a painful
affection of the joints, which is called rheumatism, arising from
the use of astringents in dysentery or flux.
We have only further to add, that since the year of 1827,
the health of our state, has been unparalleled by that of any
other state in the Union, scarcely a case of fever to be seen
among the residents of Ohio,
From 1827 to 1837, south of the summit level, between lake
Erie and the Ohio river, fevers have been very rare. The Asi
atic cholera was in Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Columbus, and sev
eral other towns in two summers, while that desolating scourge

100 HISTORY OF OHIO.
prevailed in the United States, We have enjoyed a degree of
health unparalleled in the whole Union during the last ten
years. Our autumns almost without a cloud in view, have been
truly delightful. We see the rosy cheek, the cheerful counte
nance, the quick, light, elastic step, and hear the sound of in
dustry in all its life and vigor, in all our growing and prosper
ous towns. We no longer have a sickly season, every year,
as all new countries have, but in their stead, health, happi
ness and prosperity prevail. From all we hear, see, and know,
of our country and its cUmate, we have reason to beUeve,
and do believe, that Ohio will be one of the healthiest regions
in the world. The forests are cleared off, to a great degree,
over a large portion of our territory, and the grass and weeds,
in the woods, have been ate down by the cattle. Tbe whole
surface of our soil, even in the woods, has become dry, com
pared with what it was twenty years since. The whole at
mosphere is drier than formerly, and the fogs and mists which
once rose from the earth every morning, and fell down upon it
again in the evening in the form of a heavy dew, are no lon
ger seen, felt, or known among us. Those Who wish to find
these things, must travel beyond us to the west. Our roads,
twenty years since, were mostly shaded by a dense forest, and
the mud was abundant in thera., even in August, Those for
ests, are mostly destroyed, and our roads, are dry eight
months in the year. Within a few short years, Ohio will pre
sent the aspect of an old settled country, traversed hy canals
and roads, thronged with travelers and animated by a dense
population. Our winters have very Uttle snow, and what we
have soon disappears before the rays of the sun. While the
people of New York an^ all the eastern states, even Philadel
phia, are suffering from deep snows, and intense cold, it is not
uncommon with us to have warm weather, freezing a little m
the night, and thawing during the day, opened by a white frost
in the morning.
Thus our winter proceeds, until early in March, when the
former plows his fields, and sows his oats and other spring
grains.

CURRENTS OF AIR. 101

CURRENTS OF AIE,

The current which prevails raost in all that part of the state
lying south of the summit level between Lake 'Erie and the
Ohio river, coraes from the Mexican Gulph. This current fol
lows the Mississippi upwards, and the Ohio river and its tribu
taries, to their sources, where it comes in contact with a cur
rent of air descending the lakes, from lake Superior and the
Frozen Ocean. These two currents having united their for
ces, pass down lakes Erie and Ontario, and through the St.
Lawrence to the sea. Where these two currents meet, va
ries from forty miles south, to as many railes north of the sura-
rait level, between the waters of the Mississippi and those of
the St. Lawrence. At the town of Delaware we have often
seen both these currents, bearing along the clouds. Sorae
tiraes one current was uppermost, soraetimes the other, as ei
ther set of clouds happened to be the most loaded with raois-
ture. When those two currents of air impinge on each other,
meeting at an oblique angle they both move with a very great
force. A tornado, is the necessary result. Such an one
touched Urbana, and rising, swept across Licking and Knox
counties, a few miles below Kenyon college; then rushing
along eastwardly, touching New Lisbon in Columbiana county,
it passed onward, occasionally touching the earth, until it rose
over the AUeghanies, and we heard of its ravages no farther
in the United States. Across Licking and Knox counties its
width was scarcely one mile, but where it moved, it prostrated
every forest tree, or stripped it of its limbs and left it stand
ing as a monument of its inexorable wrath. This tornado hap
pened on the 18th of May, 1825.
On the other or northern side of the summit level, before
mentioned, there was such a tornadoe in the year 1788, and it
passed the Maumee river, about five miles below the head of
the rapids, and moved eastwardly quite across the now state of
Ohio, occasionally touching the earth and prostrating the forest
wherever it descended to the ground.
Another effect, resulting from the impinging of these two,
I*

102 HISTORY OF OHIO.
currents of air, is the cooling of the waters held in suspension
by either of them, and the consequent descent of the water in
the form of rain, snow, hail, or dew. There is more rain on
the summit level, than there is either north or south of it; more
frost and snow.
The southern current of air is always warmer than the north
western one, and those who live where these currents alter
nately prevail, sometimes changing several times in a day,
feel all the inconveniences resulting from such frequent chan
ges of temperature. This difference is frora three to twenty,
or even more degrees of Fahrenheit. Where these changes
occur in very warm weather, the eftect on the human system
is very sensibly felt. Our westwardly wind, in the lower part
of the state, is generally a dry one, and a gentle current of
air. The effect produced by this wind from the Mexican Gulph,
13 very sensibly felt by us in winter. It is the principal cause
why our winters in Ohio, are much warmer than they are east
of the mountains. In the winter of 1827-8 we had the south
western current of air all winter. It carae loaded with water,
which fell in torrents, during that winter, and on the eighth of
January, there was the greatest freshet which we had had for
years before. And on the Scioto, we had no ice that winter,
raore than three-eighths of an inch in thickness.
During all that winter, while the rain was faUing in tor
rents, ill Ohio, there was no rain and but little snow on the
Upper Misssissippi, in the Wisconsin country, and in all the
region west of lake Michigan. In the following spring and
suraraer, there was no rise in the streams of that region, worth
naming. The whole winter there, was fair, almost without
a cloud, and it was excessively cold, more so than comraon
in that coldest of all countries in the world, for its latitude.
So much for the difference of climate, between Ohio and Wis
consin Territory.

OUR WINTERS. lOS
OUR WINTERS.
We have been at considerable pains to get as accurate in
formation as possible, as to our winters, before we came into
the state ; and our own recollection is relied on, for a pe
riod of twenty-five winters past. We proceed to state our
information, as well as our recollections, as to the winter ^
since 1785.
1785 mUd. 1799 severe. 1813 cold.* 1826 mild.
1786 mild. 1800 severe. 1814 raild. 1827 raild.
1787 raild. 1801 mild. 1815 mild. 1828 mild.
1788 raUd. 1802 mild. 1816 mild. 1829 raild.
1789 mild. 1803 mild. 1817 mild. 1830 cold.
1790 raild. 1804 raild. 1818 mild. 1831 cold.
1791 severe. 1805 raild. 1819 mild. 1832 mild.
1792 severe, 1806 mild. 1820 mild. 1833 raild.
1793 raild. 1807 mild. 1821 mild. 1834 mild.
1794 mUd. 1808 severe. 1822 mild. 1835 mild.
1795 raild. 1809 severe., 1823 mild. 1836 mild.
1796 severe. 1810 mild. 1824 mild. 1837 mild.
1797 severe, 1811 mild, 1825 mild, 1838 mild.
1798 severe. 1812 raild.
The winter of 1791-2 was severe, and Governor Sargeant
computed the snow that fell in the month of January, at twen
ty-four inches ! On the 23d of January 1792, the thermoraeter
sunk seven degrees below zero. The winter of 1796-7 is
considered the severest one ever known in this state. On the
morning of the 8th of January, 1797, the thermometer sunk
eighteen degrees below zero. During that winter, the ther*
mometer sunk below zero seven other mornings. The winters
of 1791 and 1792, were quite cold, but not severe, like 1796
and 1797, During these last mentioned years, the Ohio was
frraen over, four weeks, and frost occurred so late as the
twenty-fourth day of May.
In the spring of 1834, we had a frost all over Ohio, Ken
tucky and Indiana, as late as the sixteenth day of May, which
* Snow twenty-four inches deep at Fort Wayne.

104 HISTORY OF OHIO.
killed the leaves on the trees, the wheat, &c,, in Kentucky,
along the Ohio river. It destroyed all the fruit, far and wide,
and extending its ravages beyond the mountains, to Pennsylva
nia, New Jersey and New York. There was ice at LouisviUe,
Kentucky, an inch in thickness, two mornings in succession.
November is often one of the most pleasant months in the
year, and such weather often extends nearly through De
cember. February is frequently a pleasant month. Tbe
quantity of snow that falls in the southern parts of Ohio, is
quite inconsiderable, never enough for any good sleighing.
Hoar frost is often seen on a pleasant winter's morning.
Snow has been known to fall two feet deep at Fort Wayne,
while rain only, fell in the southern parts of Ohio. All the
snows which we do have, in the Scioto valley, below Big Wal
nut creek, generally follow, a rain, and melt as they fall.
The southwest wind brings the rain, which being turned aside
by the northern current of air, the latter lets fall its light load
of snow upon us.
Northeastern and eastern winds are scarcely ever known
here. From their rage, the AUeghanies interpose a barrier
which effectually defends us from all their violence and fury.
While all the Atlantic cities feel the direful effects of those
storms which sweep across the Atlantic, from Europe, we in
this valley of the Mississippi, feel not even one gentle puff of
air from the east. This whole valley, on such occasions,
smiles in peace. When we bave often crossed the AUegha
nies east and west, we saw little difference in summer in the
forwardness of the crops, in the same latitude; but in winter,
we always found more snow on, and east of the mountains, than
west of them. And near the eastern base of the moun
tains they have occasionally, cold currents of air from the Al-
leghanies sent down to cool the courtiers and courtezans, who
visit Washington city every winter, which we neither need
nor wish to have, in Ohio, . ;
As to humidity, our atmosphere has undergone a wonderful
change for the better within the last ten years.
We have mentioned two several tornadoes which have oc-

CURRENTS OF AIR. 105
curred in Ohio, within the last fifty-two years, to which we
add oiie, that occurred from the west and southwest winds
coming in contact with each other. On the 28th of May,
1807 the wind blew down the Ohio river with violence, in the
morning. One current of air bore its clouds, to the north, an
other current was carrying its clouds to the east The dif
ferent currents prevailed at different altitudes. The western
current traversed the southern one at right angles. Before
noon, both currents had united their volume and were moving
towards the east, or up the Ohio river. Soon after this, the
west wind was at the surface of the earth. Before two o'clock
P. M, a narrow whirlwind, or tornado, swept over the eas
tern part of Cincinnati, demolished a few, old, ruinous houses,
threw down some old tops of chimneys, and finally prostrated
several fruit trees, in the vicinity of the town. Similar phe
nomena were observed over the western country, north and
south of Cincinnati, for a distance of one hundred miles.
These whirlwinds moved along in narrow veins, in the direc
tion of the AUeghanies until they were stopped in their
course. These two currents of air, the southwest and west
ern, produce tornadoes as low down as Tennessee and Upper
Alabama. And we have had three such, it appears, within
fifty two years, Two were produced by the northwestern and
southwestern currents of air, coming in contact, and one was
produced by the western and southwestern currents. The
whole three were just about equal to one northeastwardly
storm along the Atlantic coast, such as prevail there every
year. But, inasmuch as the storms do not, and will not visit
us oftener than once in eighteen years, on an average, the au
thors of geographies in the eastern states visit us with them,
on paper, and represent our peaceful valley, as peculiarly sub
ject to tornadoes ! With what truth, the w^orld may judge
frora our statement of facts, which is beyond the reach of all
contradiction. As to our warm weather, we have about two months more
of it in Ohio, than the people of western New York, Vermont
14

106 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and New Hampshire have in any one year. Our house build
ers work out, on an average, nine months in the year, and
then work indoors, the other months; or they travel south, and
there spend the winter, at their business,. where the weather is
warmer and their wages higher.
Immediately on the shore of lake Erie, the weather in win
ter, is about three degrees colder than it is twenty miles south
of the ridge, where the lake rivers rise. And it is about ten
degrees colder at Cleveland than at Cincinnati, in winter.
Traveling from the lake southwardly, a very sensible differ
ence is experienced on reaching the Scioto valley. So in the
heat of summer, in traveling to the lake, a coolness, highly
invigorating is felt by the traveler from our valley. Hence,
a tour to the lake, is advisable in summer, for those who suf-
ferfrora the heat of the south.
Whether our atmosphere will continue to become raore and
more dry, as our forests disappear before us, we cannot posi
tively say, though we can see no reason why it should not be
the case. All the effects which the cultivation of the whole
vaUey of the Mississippi, will produce on our climate, cannot
be certainly foreseen, but we believe, that our seasons will be
come warmer and drier. They will be more healthful in the
states west of us, warmer, drier and more equable in temper
ature, and possibly, the soil will be less productive, in this
state, than at present.
[To all human appearance, this great valley is intended by
its great, good, and wise Author, for a vast number of people
in which to live, move about, and act, and eventually, to con
trol forever, the destinies of the most powerful nation on the
globe. After the next census, will be the time to fix on the
course which we and our posterity wiU forever pursue, in
governing ourselves and the eastern people. Thus far we
have been mere "hewers of wood, and drawers of water" for
the east. As the wheel of time revolves, we, who are now
at the bottora, shall be on its summit. We shall do ourselves
justice, in due time, and be, what we must be, an overwhelm
ing majority of this nation,]

CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY,

PERIOD FIRST.

THIS PERIOD EXTENDS FROM THE FIRST DISCOVERY AND NAVI
GATION OF LAKE ERIE, BY THE FRENCH, IN 1680, TO THB
SETTLEMENT OF MARIETTA, APRIL 7tH^ 1788. IT COMPRISES
ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHT YEARS.
The first Europeans who visited this region, were the French.
In 1680, La Salle, a Frenchman, started on an expedition, and
passing up Lake Erie and Lakes St. Clair and Huron and
cruising along Lake Michigan, disembarked near where fort
Chicago now stands. He traversed the intermediate country
between that place and the Illinois river. He descended that
stream to its mouth. Descending the Mississippi, he arrived at
length, at its mouth, after passing through many dangers and
great hardships. Going home to France, he returned by sea, to
the mouth of the Mississippi, and in endeavoring to pass through
the country by land, to Canada, he lost his life, being murder
ed by one of his own party, somewhere in what is now the
state of Illinois, as near as we can judge frora his narrative-
From this period, forward, the French Missionaries, visited the
Talley of the Mississippi very frequently, and their government
was engaged in sending persons among the Indians to concili
ate thera ; and military men were sent to examine the country,
and select the most eligible sites for fortifications. Whoever
looks at the map of the country traversed, will at once per
ceive with what prudence they executed their commissions.
Quebec, Montreal, Oswego, Niagara river, Presque-Isle, De-

JQ8 HISTORY OF OHIO.
troit, Mackinaw/ the Straits of St, Mary, Chicago, Pittsburgh,
St, Louis, (^c, (Sec, were as weU selected for mihtary posts, as
could possibly' be done, even at this day, when this country is
well settled and of course, well known.
. The fifst vessel ever launched by Europeans, on the upper
lakes, was the Griffin, built by La Salle, in 1680', and was lo^on
its return voyage from Chicago to Niagara river. After its de
parture it was never heard of, nor is .the fate of any of its crew
known. Not a white man dwelt on the borders of that lake, nor
in the Western States. Sixty years had elapsed since the
landing of the pilgrims on Plymouth rock. -The western states
were one vast wilderness, inhabited only by savages and wild
animals. The contrast is consoling to all the friends of hu*.
man happiness.
The French intended to keep possession of the Canadas and
of the whole valley of the Mississippi, which they> claimed ei
ther by actual settlement, or by discovery; as well as by their
treaties with the Indians, and confirmed to thera, as they said,
by the treaties of Aix La Chapelle &c. with the European
governments. That they intended to erect a great and pow
erful State in the new world, is evident from the vast expenses
they were at, in building forts at all" the proper points of com
munication; from the great extent of their church establish
ment; their large endowments for coUeges and other schools
of learning. Their extreme anxiety, to keep possession of
this vast territory is seen in every thing they did respecting
it. Professor Silliman in his " Tour between Hartford , and
Quebec," justly remarks, that "he knows nothing that has
excited his surprise more in Canada, than the number,, extent
and variety of the French institutions, many of them, intrin
sically of the highest importance, and all of them, according to
their views, possessing that character." " They are the more
extraordinary," he remarks, " when we considepthat the raost
of them are more than a century old, and. at the time of their
foundation, the colony was feeble and almost engagedLin war.
It would seem from these facts, as if the French- contemplated
the establishment of a permanent, and eventually, of a great

CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. 109
¦empire in America; and this is the more f robable, as most of
these institutions were founded during the ambitious, splendid
and enterprising reign of Louis XIV." We add, that Louis
XV., pursued the sarae policy towards his .iA.merican empire
as his predecessor had done. The Marquis Gallisonere, Gov-.
ernor General of new France, (as all this western country
was called by thera) in the year 1749, sent out an expedition,
coraraanded by Louis Celeron, for the purpose of depositing
medals at all important places, such as the mouths of the most
considerable streams, and at remarkable places, such as the larg
est mounds, and other ancient works. Most of these medals,
perhaps all, which were made of lead, containing " a proces ver-
bal,'''' drawn up by order of the Governor General, contained
blanks to be filled up with the date of the time of depositing
thera, and the names of the places, rivers, or objects where they
were deposited. I had, for a considerable time, in my possession,
«uch a medal, which stated it to have been left at the mouth of
Venango river. Where that stream empties into the Belle riviere
or river ' ^o,' as the Ohio was caUed by them. This medal
was a thin plate of lead, and the; lettering was rudely done.
It a.sserted the claims of Louis XV., to all the country wa
tered by the " riviere Oyo" and branches, and was deposited
at the mouth of " Venango riviere," Aout 16th, 1749.
Such medals as the above were deposited in many places
over the western country, and many ancient coins, belonging
to the Greeks, Romans, Gauls, Germans, &c., were also left at
many places. It is one hundred and fifty eight years since ths
Griffin sailed across Lake Erie,
The French began to erect a line of forts, for the purpose
of connecting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi, ns
early as 1719, and continued to extend thpm into this' country,
until they had iestablished thera, at all the most important
points. After erecting Fort DuQuesne atPittshurgh, they es
tablished pcfets in the direction of the Potoraac, but, the Eng
lish finally conquered Canada, and raoSt of their western posts,
aU indeed, along lake Erie, and on the waters of the Ohio, fell
with Canada and' were surrendered at the peace of 1763, It was

110 history OF OHIO. ¦
this war, in which the Indians engaged, on the side of the
French, against us, of which Logan spealcs, in' his address to
Lord Dunraore, It was, indeed, a long and bloody war, in „
which, Louis XIV,, XV. lost Canada, and all the country wL
tered by the Ohio river.
From 1764 up to 1774, there was no Indian war, on this
frontier, between the whites and the Indians ; and had it not ¦
been for some badly disposed, and bloody minded men, perhaps,
those scenes of cruelty and bloodshed, which we are ccmipell-
ed to notice, though slightly, might possibly have been avoided
altogether. But so it was, and pur regrets, cannot alter the
facts, which now form a portion of history, and having been
acted on our territory, belong to Ohio's history, ,
LORD DUNMORE'S WAR OF 177^. '
From the peace made with the Indians by Sir WiUiam John
ston, at the German Flatts, on the Mohawk river,,in the 1764,
until the spring of 1774, thqre was no Indian War on the Ohio
river. On the 27th of April, 1774, Captain Cresap, at the
head of a party of men, at Wheeling in Virginia, heard of two
Indians and some of their families, being up^the river hunting,
not many mUes pff; Cresap and his party followed thera, and
kiUed them, without, prdvocation, in cold blood and in pro
found peace! .^ftcr committing these murders, on their return
to Wheeling that night, in their bloody canoes, they heard of
an Indian encarapraent down the river, at the mouth cif Cap-
tina creek, and they iramediately went, attacked and murder
ed all these Indians, After these unprovoked and cruel mur
ders, a party under Daniel Greathouse, forty seven in num
ber, we believe, ascended the river above Wheeling, aboul forty >¦
railes, to Baker's station, which was opposite the mouth of Great
Yellow creek,. There keeping his men out of the sight of the
Indians, Captain Greathouse, went over the river, to recpnoitre
the ground, and to ascertain how many Indians were there.
He fell in with an Indian woman, who advised.him, not to stay
among them, as the Indians were drinking and angry. On re
ceiving this friendly advise, he returned over to Baker's block

LORD DUNMORe's WAR. Ill
house, and he induced the persons at the station, to entice over
all the Indians, they could that day, and get them drunk. This
diabolical stratagem succeeded, many of the Indians came over,
got drunk and were slain by the party of Greathouse. Hearing
the guns, two Indians came over to Baker's, to see what the firing
of the guns meant. These were slain as soon as they landed.
By this time, the Indians at their camp, suspecting what was
going on at Baker's, sent over an armed force, but these were
fired upon while on the river, and several of them were kill
ed. The survivors were compeUed to return to their encamp
ment, A firing of guns then commenced across the river,
but not one of the whites was even wounded. Among the
murdered, was the woraan who gave the captain the friendly
advice; and they were all scalped, who were slain! Among
the raurdered, at Captina and Yellow creek, was the entire
family of Logan, the friend of the whites.
Knowing that these cruel and unprovoked murders, would
be speedily avenged by the Indians, all the whites along the
whole western frontier, either left the country, instantly, or
retired into their block houses and forts.
An express was sent to the governor of Virginia, at Williams-
burgh, the seat of government, to inform hira what had happen
ed. The colonial legislature were in session, and raeans were
iramediately used to comraenee a campaign against the Indians,
and penetrate into the heart of their country on the Scioto
river. The plan of this campaign was soon determined on. Gen
eral Andrew Lewis was ordered to raise a military force, and
rendezvous at fort Union, now in Greenbriar county, and from
thence, descend the Great Kenhawa to its mouth, on the Ohio
river. The Earl of Dunmore intended to raise troops in Lower
Virginia, and raarching up the Potomac to Cumberland, in
Maryland, cross the AUeghanies, until he struck the Monon-
ghahela, thence, following that stream downwards, reach
Pittsburgh, and from Fort Pitt, to descend the Ohio to Point
Pleasant (as we now call it) and form a junction with Lewis,

112 HISTORY OF OHIO.
This was the original plan of operations, and, in accordance
with it, General Lewis raised troop^ in Botetourte and AUgus-
ta counties, on the high grounds, near the head waters of the
Shenandoah, James river, and Great Kenhawa. These coun
ties were then, on the very frontiers of the colonial govern
ment of Virginia in which so many celebrated springs exist,
such as "The White Sulphur," "The Warm," "The Sweet
Spring," &c., and in a country too, then occupied by sharpshoot
ers, hunters, and riflemen. Collecting from all parts of this
country, two regiments of volunteers, at camp Union, now in
Greenbriar county, General Lewis, on the 1 1th day of Septem
ber, 1774, marched forward, towards the point of his destination.
His route lay wholly through a trackless forest. AU his bag
gage, his provisions, and even his ammunition, had to be trans
ported on packhorses, that were clambering about among
the tall cliffs, or winding their way through the danger
ous defiles, ascending or descending the lofty summits of
tbe AUeghanies, The country at this time, in its aspect is
one of the most romantic and wild in the whole Union. Its
natural features are majestic and grand. Among these lofty
summits and deep ravines, nature operates on a scale of gran
deur, simplicity and sublimity, scarcely ever equalled in any
other region, and never surpassed in the world. At the time
of this expedition, only one white man had ever passed along
the dangerous defiles of this route. That man was Cap
tain Matthew Arbuckle, who was their pilot on this painful
and slow march. During nineteen entire days, this gallant
band pressed forward descending from the heights of the Alle
ghany mountains, to the mouth of the Kenhawa, a distance of
one hundred and sixty miles. This march was more painfal
and difficult than Hannibal's, over the Alps. On the first day
of October, 1774, Lewis reached the place of his destination,
but no Earl Dunmore was there. Despatching two messen
gers in quest of Governor Dunmore, Lewis and his Virginians
continued at Point Pleasant. On the 9th of October, three
messengers from the Earl arrived at Lewis's camp, and inform
ed him that the Governor had changed his whole plan— that
the Earl would not meet Lewis at Point Pleasant, but would

LORD DUNMORe's WAR. 113
descend the Ohio to the raouth of the Hockhocking river-— as
cend that, to the Falls, and then strike off to the Pickaway
towns, along the Scioto, whither Dunmore ordered Levi^is to
repair and meet hira, as soon as possible, there to end this
carapaign. On the 10th of October, two of Lewis's soldiers
were up the river Ohio, hunting, some two raUesabove the ar
my, when a large party of Indians attacked thera. One hunt
ing soldier was instantly killed, but the other fled and safely
arrived in the carap, and gave notice of the near approach of
the eneray. General Lewis instantly gave orders for two de-
tachraents to meet and repel the enemy. Colonel Charles
Lewis coraraanded the detachraent of Botetourte militia, and
Colonel Flemming commanded the other detachment, of Au
gusta militia. Rushing out of their carap, they met the ene
my, about four hundred yards from it. The enemy instantly
fired upon our men, a whole volley of rifles, and furiously convn
menced the battle, At the first onset, our men faltered, a
moment, and began to retreat, but the reserve came up from
the camp, and the" enemy in turn, gave way, apparently, but
in doing so, extended his line of battle from the Ohio to the
Kenhawa, and by that means, completely heraraed in our
men, in the angle forraed by the junction of these rivers.
There the enemy posted his warriors behind old logs, trees and
drift wood, and fought with desperation, and without cessation,
from the rising of the sun, when the battle commenced, until
the sun sank below the horizon, when the enemy drew off his
forces, and retired from the field of battle. In this desperate
action we lost two Colonels, viz j Charles Lewis of the Bote
tourte volunteers, who was mortally wounded in the first fire
of the enemy. He was enabled to just reach his tent, where
he imraediately expired. And Colonel Fields was also killed
in battle. We lost in kiUed, five captains, viz; Buford, Mur
ray, Ward, Wilson, and MoClenehan ; three lieutenants: Al
len, Goldsby and Dillon, and many subalterns, besides seventy-
five private soldiers who were killed in this hardly fought bat
tle. The wounded amounted to one hundred and forty officers
15 J*

114 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and soldiers, many of them severely, who afterwards died of*
their wounds. The loss of the eneray was never certainly
known, but thirty-three of their dead bodies were found on or
near the battle ground, and it was not doubted that the enemy
had thrown many of his dead into the rivers, on both of. which
his warriors were posted, as we have seen. From the char
acter of our troops, being all sharpshooters, and backwoods
men, it is probable that the loss, in killed and wounded was
about equal, on both sides. The numbers of the two armies, '
were probably about the same, judging from their extended
line of battle, and the constant firing all day, along that line,
from river to river. The next day after the battle, Lewis for
tified his encampment, (he should have done so before the ac
tion, as soon as he arrived there,) with logs on the outside of
it, and by digging an entrenchment. Here, after burying his
dead, he left his wounded men under a strong guard, aild
marched up the Ohio river, in obedience to his recent orcjer
from Governor Dunmore. Moving forward, through the dense
forest along the Ohio bottoms, we leave him and his gallant
band of patriotic western Virginians, until we have found the
Earl of Dunmore, whom we left at Williamsburgh, the then
seat of the colonial government.
The governor, after despatching Lewis into Botetourte and
Augusta counties to raise two regiments of riflemen; himself
raised about one thousand troops among the old Virginians,
east of the Blue ridge, for this expedition. With these men,
he marched, by the Old route in which Washington and Brad
dock had passed the AUeghanies. He marched up the Poto
mac to Cumberland, thence across, the remaining mountains,
to Fort Pitt. Here, procuring boats, he descended the Ohio
river to Wheeling, where he rested sometime, that is, several
days, and concluded, to change his whole plan. Instead of
meeting Lewis, at Point Pleasant, he determined to descend
the Ohio tathe mouth of the Hockhocking, ascend that stream
to its rapids, and then strike off, westwardly, and reach the ob
ject of his ultimate destination, which was the Shawneetown,
at the southern end of Pickaway Plains. In accordance with

LORD DUNMOReJs WAR. 115
this new plan of operations, the Earl and his army in one
hundred canoes of all sizes, and a few boats of larger dimen
sions, left Wheeling and descended the Ohio to the raouth of
the Hockhocking. Here leaving his water craft, and a guard
to protect his flotUla, he and his army followed up the Hock
hocking to near where the town of Logan now stands. Here
he left the river, and passed over the surarait between th(
Hockhocking and Scioto rivers, and reached the place of hit
destination. Within three miles of the Shawnee town, and a
little east of south of .it. Governor Dunmore encamped, in
the woods, then, but now on the farm of George Wolf. Enclo
sing about twelve acres, with a strong breastwork of trees
and logs, he named his camp Charlotte, in honor of the then,
young Queen of England. In the centre of this encampraent
a deep ditch was dug, the earth was thrown up, and logs were
piled up, so as to render this spot of about one acre of ground,
impregnable. In the centre of this citadel the Earl pitched his
marquee for himself and the superior officers of his army.
The enemy sued for peace after ,the battle at Point Pleasant-
Messengers met hira, before he reached the place of his en
campment, desiring peace, and after his strong camp was
completed, the enemy became more and raore importunate, to
•effect an object so necessary to his very existence. Dunraore
was determined to grant a peace, but he was also determined
to prevent being taken by surprise. He therefore permitted
only eighteen warriors to enter his outer gate, at a time, where
all their arms had to be deposited with a strong guard there
constantly posted. When all things were arranged for the
purpose, the council was opened by a powerful, and impressive
speech, made by Ooenplanteb (not Cornstalk), who, in a tone
of voice so foud, as to he heard over the whole encampment,
of twelve acres of ground, by all the army, boldly charged the
whites with being the sole cause of this bloody war, Logan,
whose faraUy had been all murdered, the preceding spring, ^^
partly on the Captina, and, partly at Baker's station, was in j
the Sjiavyigetown, four miles south of where this is written, "*
Though he would not attend on Dunraore's council, in person.

116 HISTORY OF OHIO.
yet, being urged by the Indians, who were anxious to be re
lieved from Dunraore's army, he sent his speech, in a belt of
wampum, to be delivered to Earl Dunraore, by a faithful
interpreter. Under an oak on the farm of Mr. Wolf, this
splendid effort of heart stirring eloquence was faithfully deli
vered by the person who carried the wampum. The oak tree,
under which it was delivered to Lord Dunmore, stUl stands in
a field, seven miles from Circleville, in a southern direction.
An interpreter delivered it, sentence by sentence, and it was
written as it was delivered. Its authenticity is placed beyond
the shadow of a doubt, and it of right belongs, and forever
will belong to the History of Ohio.

I appeal to any white man to say, if he ever entered Logan's
cabin hungry, aud he gave him not meat ; if he came naked
and cold, and I clothed him not. During the last long and
bloody war, Logan remained idle, in his cabin, an advocate
for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my coun
trymen, as they passed me, pointing at me, said, ' Logan if
the friend of the whites.' I had thoughts of living among you
but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap,* last spring,
in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of
Logan, not sparing even my women and children. There
runs not one drop of my blood in the veins of any living crea
ture. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it; I
have kUled many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For
my country I rejoice in the beams of peace. But, do not har
bor the thought, that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never
felt fear. He wiU not turn on his heel to save his life. Who
is there to mourn for Logan? not one.
The terms of peace, were soon agreed upon, and a peace was
?Logan was misinformed in part, as to the murder; it was not Captain
Cresap, but Daniel Greathouse who murdeied a part of his family, at Baker'*
station, as we have related.

LORD dunmore's war. 117
made. Prisoners were exchanged, and Dunmore returned tO'
Virginia by the route in which he came.
We now return to Lewis and his array, raarching up the
Ohio, on its southern shore, to the mouth of the Hockhocking.
Having reached this point, Dunmore's flotilla of boats, perogues
and canoes, ferried Lewis and his troops across the Ohio
river, and having halted here long enough to take a heartj'
meal, out of the provisions, here left by Dunraore, they rushed
forward up the Hockhocking, along in Dunraore's trail, and
they were rapidly approaching Camp Charlotte. During this
rapid movement, of Lewis, he was met by messenger after
messenger, from the Governor, ordering him to retreat, not to
march forward. To these messages, neither Lewis nor any
of his men, paid any attention. In those days "Virginia nev
er tired." In addition to the exasperation which the loss of so
many friends, in the late bloody action at the Point, had natu
rally produced in their rainds ; not a few of thera had lost
friends and relatives, who had been recently murdered by the
Indians, at different places on the frontiers. They therefore
pressed forward, determined on the destruction of the Picka
way towns, along the Scioto river; since, now, it was so
entirely within their power. Lewis had now approached
Camp Charlotte within a few miles, (on Thomas J. Winship's
land,) where Dunmore and his principal officers, met Lewis, at
the head of his troops. Here Dunmore in the presence of his
officers, ordered Lewis and his army to retreat, and return to
Point Pleasant. To this order, delivered in person, by the
Governor, Lewis and his exasperated army, most reluctantly
rendered obedience. Having sent Lewis back, Dunraore, tar
ried here, until his final arrangeraents were concluded with
the Indians. What all those were, we neither know, nor
have the means of certainly knowing, only by after events .
That Earl Dunmore, the last royal governor of Virginia,
rendered hiraself excessively unpopular, by ordering Lewis
back, is certain, and it hastened, his final abandonment of the
colony, when he fled to a British fleet for protection, from his
not very loving people. Whether his object, while at Camp

118 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Charlotte, was to make the Indians friendly to the British
crown, and unfriendly to the colonists, in case of a war be
tween the two countries, which so soon followed this campaign,
we can never know, with absolute certainty. We are well
aware though, that General George Washington always did
believe, that Dunmore's object was to engage the Indians to
take up the tomahawk against the colonists, as soon as war ex
isted between the colonies and England, So believed Chief
Justice Marshall, as we know, from his own lips.
Thus ended, this campaign of Earl Dunmore, in November,
1774, by which, a cessation of hostilities was obtained, and a
few prisoners were exchanged, but this was all. The unpro-
\ voked, cold blooded murders, at the mouth of Captina creek,
and of the Indians who were encamped at the mouth of Great
Yellow creek, within the now liraits of Columbiana county,
Ohio, produced this war, which in the end cost many lives, as
well as much money.
It appears, that the Indians knew the plan of Dunmore's
campaign, and took the best raeans of defeating it. Their
operations were so secretly raanaged, that Lewis knew of their
approach only flfteen rainutes before they attacked him. By
hemming him into a corner, they intended to destroy Lewis
and his army ; and had that been effected. Lord Dunmore, with
his thousand men, would, in all probability, have been destroy
ed also. Cornplanter intended to prevent the junction of
Lewis and Dunraore. The Virginians, (with what truth we do
not positively now know,) did believe, that Dunmore, ¦while at
Wheeling, received dispatches from his government, in which,
he was instructed to patch up a peace with the Indians, and
make them friendly to England, and unfriendly to the colonists.
Those who thought so, said, hence, the change of his plan, in
not joining Lewis, at Point Pleasant. That Dunmore had a
good understanding with the principal Indian chiefs, before
Lewis reached him near Charlotte, is certain, otherwise he
would not have ordered Lewis back with a force, which might
have been otherwise greatly needed.
Before Dunmore had reached the Ohio river the people about

LORD dunmore's War. ligt
Wheeling, in the early part of the month of June, had sent out
a force under Colonel Angus McDonald of about four hundred
men, who penetrated into the Indian country, as far as the"
raouth of the Wappatoraica, near where Dresden now is, on the
Muskingum river. Jonathan Zane, Thoraas Nicholson and
Taddy Kelly were their pilots. They destroyed the Indian
towns along the Muskingum river, exasperated the Indians
greatly, killed one Indian, and returned as they carae, carry
ing with them, a few prisoners, which were exchanged in the
autumn, at the treaty of Dunmore's camp Charlotte, near Pick
away Plains,
After his Carapaign was ended. Earl Dunmore soon abandoned
his colonial government, and went off to England.
Congress declared us an independent nation 4th July 1776,
and in 1778, they sent out a small force under Gen eral Mcin
tosh, for the defence of the western frontiers. This force
arrived at Pittsburgh, and descended the Ohio, thirty miles,
and erected a fort at the mouth of Beaver creek, where Beav
er is now, and called it 'fort McIntosh'. This little fort, was
well supplied with provisions, and had in it, a six pounder. In
the autumn of that year, Mcintosh was ordered, by Congress,
to penetrate the Indian country and destroy the towns on the
Sandusky river. With one thousand men, he attempted to ^
obey his orders, but on reaching the Tuscarawas river, near
Zoar he concluded to go no farther, but erect a fort and tarry
there. He erected a fort and called it Laurens, in honor of .
the president of Congress,
Provisioning the fort, and leaving colonel John Gibson and one
hundred and fifty men in it, to stay there until spring, Mcin
tosh returned to Pittsburgh, with the reraainder of his force. .
This fort was on the bank of the Tuscarawas, in the present
county of Tuscarawas, near the canal, three miles north of
Zoar. The Indians soon learned the existence of this fort,
and in January 1779, they approached it, stole the horses, in
the night, belonging to the garrison, and taking the bells off
them, sent the horses to a distance from the fort, and secreted
themselves beside the path which led through the high prairie

120 HISTORY OF OHIO.
grass near the garrison. Having thus secreted themselves, in
the high weeds and grass, they rattled the horse bells, at the
€nd of the line of those farthest from the fort, who formed this
ambuscade. The stratagem succeeded perfectly : sixteen men,
from the fort, were sent out for the horses, and of these, four
teen, werekiUed by the Indians, the other two, were made prison
ers, and but only one of them returned, after the peace, or was
ever heard from by his friends.
On the evening of the same day, the Indians, marched
slowly, in single file, across the prairie, in full view of our people
in fort Lawrens. Dressed and painted, in their best war style
they thus marched along, in fuU view, to the number of eight
hundred and forty seven warriors. Having shown themselves,
they took their position on a high piece of ground, on the oppo
site side of the river, south of the now town of Bolivar, and
so near the garrison, that they could be heard distinctly, and
easily from the fort. This body of Indians continued to invest
the fort, during six weeks, at the end of which time, they pre
tended to go off, but, in reality, divided into small parties, they
continued in the vicinity, for the purpose of doing mischief,
more effectually, in which, they but too well succeeded. Colo
nel Gibson and his men, supposing the Indians to be gone off,
started off Colonel Clark, of the Pennsylvania line, with some
twelve or raore invalids, to Fort Mcintosh, but being way
laid, the most of them were killed by the Indians, about two-
miles frora the fort. The Colonel and three others, saved their
lives, by running to the garrison. A party from the fort, on
the same evening, made a sortie and recovered the dead bodies
of the invalids, and buried them in front of the gate, at the fort.
Three or four days after this disaster. General Mcin
tosh, with seven hundred men, arrived, bringing provisions.
Overjoyed at the sight of this relief, Gibson's command,
fired volleys, of firearms in honor of the occasion. The pro-
Tisions were on packhorses, and these horses taking fright
at the firing of the guns, ran off into the woods, and scat
tered the provisions through the forest and prairies, far and
wide aU around the fort. Thus it was mostly lost or feU into

LORD dunmore's WAR. 121
the hands of the Indians. After Mcintosh arrived, he recov
ered the bodies, or rather skeletons of those who fell, when
the horses were stolen. These bodies had been mangled
by wolves and other wild aniraals. To revenge themselves
on the wolves, the raen raade a pit, put the dead bodies of the
soldiers into it, and covered thera so as to leave a pit, soshght-
ly covered as not to bear a wolf. On the summit of the pile,
they placed a piece of meat. Next morning, they found seven
wolves in the pit, which after shooting the wolves, they then
covered up and made it the grave of the soldiers and the
wolves. For two weeks before Mcintosh arrived, the garrison had'
been on short allowance of sour flour and bad meat. Two
men had died from eating wild parsnips, and four others nearly
shared their fate, but were saved by medical aid. After the
arrival of the provisions, forty of the men made themselves
sick by eating to excess. Those who had suffered so much,
and so long, were now relieved, and raarched back to Fort
Mcintosh. On the second day of their raarch, great num
bers of their friends met them, bringing provisions, and con
solation for the sufferers. Major Vernon now took the com
mand of Fort Laurens, but abandoned it altogether in the au
tumn of 1779. We find, though, that this fort was occupied
again, so far as to hold an Indian treaty here, in the winter
of 1785. And the same winter George R. Clark, Richard
Butler and Arthur Lee, comraissioners, held a treaty at Fort
Mcintosh, 21st January, 1785, which was ratified 2d June,
1785, as the journal of the old congress shows, unless it be
expunged by order of the United States senate.
There was a carapaign against the Indians, in 1782, in the
spring, only six years before the first settlement at Marietta,
This expedition was commanded by Colonel Williamson, In
1772 the Moravian missionaries established a missionary sta
tion on the upper part of the Muskingum river. They built
several villages, and induced raany christian Indians to settle
in the now counties of Tuscarawas and Coshocton, These
16 K

122 HISTORY OF OHIO.
christian Indians, were finally, either all raurdered, or driven
away by Colonel Williamson and his party, in 1782. Anoth
er expedition immediately afterwards started from Wheel
ing under Colonel Crawford; it pressed forward to Upper San
dusky, was finally defeated; Crawford was taken prisoner and
burnt to death at the stake, within the now limits of the county
which bears his name. Those who wish fora full account of this
last expedition, in all its horrors of detail, may consult Dod
dridge's notes, Heckewelder' s narrative, Loskiel's Moravian
missions, or any similar publication, relative to that perJoi
For ourselves, we wish a moment's respite, from Indian war
fare, and to say, in conclusion, that there was one espedition
after another, year after year, from about Wheeling, and
along the Ohio river, above that point, into the Indian country,
from the year 1774, up to 1782-3. All these expeditions were
unauthorized by law, they began wrong, '(vere badly conducted,
and ended in nothing beneficial to the white settlements.
These expeditions were undertaken at the expense of indivi
duals, without the aid of the nation or of any state authority.
There was no good discipline among these militia, who suffer
ed dreadfully, on their painful marches, without a sufficiency
of food, raiment, or of arms and ammunition. They exaspe
rated, but did not conquer the enemy. The Indians managed
their affairs pretty much in tho same way until the nation final
ly put an end to the whole business under General Wayne.
For the honor of human nature would that these things had
never been. Having related briefly indeed what was going.
forward in the eastern half, of what is now Ohio, ever since
the French were expelled from the country, in 1763, up to
1782 or 3, which was the last of those fatal efforts to estab
lish our dominion over the Indian nations, during that period;
we now descend the Ohio river to ascertain what had been
doing in that part of Kentucky, adjacent to us.
In 1754, James McBride had traversed some part rf
Kentucky. His flattering account of the country, when he
returned home, induced Daniel Boon, thirteen years af
terwards to visit the same country, in company with McBride

DIFFERENT LAND CLAIMS 123
and others The whole company were slain by the Indians,
except Boon, who returned to North Carolina in 1771. Eight
years afterwards, Boon, accompanied by his family and forty
men, from Powel's valley in North Carolina, traversed the wil
derness and finally settled on Kentucky river, at a place which
they named Boonsborough.
Imraediately after the declaration of Independence, Con
necticut set up a claira, to what is now New Connecticut, m
common parlance ; that is, the north part of Ohio, above latitude
41° north. Virginia claimed Ohio below that line, as being with
in the limits of her charter. The United States claimed all
the territory within our limits, as having been conquered by
comraon exertions and comraon treasure, which congress wan
ted with which to pay off the national debt. In the mean
time, Virginia passed an act, forbidding any one to settle on
this territory, until this dispute should be settled. Congress
contended that all the territory which belonged to the British
crown, had passed of right into the possession of the whole na
tion, as a sovereign. Virginia contended, that to deprive any
one state of any portion of its territory, was to dissolve the
whole Union. Having thus had the best of the argument, with
true Virginia liberality, she consented to give away, the whole
sovereignty to the nation, of all the lands which lay northwest
of Ohio river, on condition, th-at Virginia should retain the
right of soil of all the country between the Scioto and Little
Miami rivers. With this land, Virginia intended to reward
her soldiers of the revolutionary war. But Virginia requir
ed other states to do the same, by their soldiers. This sub
ject at that day, greatly agitated the public mind, but,
finally Virginia by a formal deed, relinquished all her right
and title, to all the country northwest of the Ohio river, ex
cept as before excepted. Thus congress became the peacea
ble owner of allfthis vast region of country.
Congress had an eye, to this country, as a fund with which,
to discharge the national debt of gratitude to our able defend
ers, in the war of the revolution ; to those who were the na
tional creditors, for money borrowed of them, or others claim-

1 24 HISTORY OF OHIO.
ing payment of the nation, for sums due to thera. As soon as
the war was fairly ended with England, the country north
west of the Ohio river became the subject of public discussion,
for the reasons which we have assigned; hence the attention
of the old congress to this country at so early a period. The
very first thing to be done, was to acquire the country from
the Indians. This was attempted by congress, by appointing
commissioners to treat with them. Such commissioners had
already repeatedly been appointed and had met the Indians at
Pittsburgh, Fort Mcintosh, &c., and after this as we shall see,
constant efforts were raade by congres? to treat with the Indi
ans. It is hardly necessary to relate all the circurastances
attending these treaties, so we will only mention the several
times of holding them. Those who wish to see all these trea
ties, may consult the volume of Indian treaties, now lying be
fore us, published by congress a few years since.
At a very early day, in our revolutionary war, Virginia had
promised all her soldiers, who served in that war, lands, wheth
er they were regulars, militia, or belonged to the navy. As
soon as that contest was closed, the legislature convened at
Richmond, on the twentieth day of October, 1783', and during
that session passed " an Act for surveying the land given by
law to the officers and soldiers on continental and state estab
lishment, and for the navy." This act passed on the seven
teenth day of December 1783. It authorised deputations from
these lines — continental, raUitia and navy to appoint a survey
or for each line. This act recognized the officers, deputed by
those lines, by name, and authorized those officers or any
three of them to appoint their surveyors. On the same day,
on which the act passed, Richard C, Anderson, a Colonel in
the army, was appointed principal surveyor for the continental
line of the army, by the officers named in the act, as authoriz
ed to appoint the surveyor. On the 20th day of July, 1784,
Colonel Anderson opened his office, for entries, at Louisville,
Kentucky. The tract appropriated to these soldiers, in Ken
tucky, lay between Green and Cumberiand rivers. Having
exhausted that tract, Colonel Anderson closed his office for

INDIAN TREATIES. 125
Kentucky, August 1st, 1787, and opened it for entries of land
in Ohio. This land lay between the Scioto and Little Miami
rivers. Colonel Anderson died, in October, 1826. The office
was closed until Allen Latham, Esquieb, his son-in-law, re
ceived the appointment of principal surveyor, and opened his
office at Chillicothe in July, 1829.
INDIAN TREATIES, BY WHICH THE LANDS IN OHIO WERE
PURCHASED.
By the , treaties with the Indians of 1785-6, congress ac
quired the lands watered by the Muskingum, Scioto, Little and
Great Miami rivers. In 1788, another treaty was raade, by
which the country was purchased, from the raouth of the Cuy
ahoga river to the Wabash, lying south and east of a certain
line, raentioned in the treaty. The Indians were dissatisfied
with this treaty, and it was not relied on by our government.
In 1795, twelve tribes attended on General Wayne and treat
ed with him, for the sale of a considerable portion of the now
territory, included within our limits. In 1805, seven tribes
sold to the United States, all that part of New Connecticut,
lying west of the Cuyahoga river. In this treaty the Connec
ticut people joined and paid four thousand dollars to the Indi
ans, and agreed to pay them twelve thousand dollars more. In
1807, that part of Ohio which lies north of the Maumee, and
east of a meridian line, passing through the mouth of the Au
glaize rivers was purchased of the Indians. In 1808 a slip of
territory two miles wide, was acquired by treaty, running
from the western boundary of the Western Reserve to the
Mauraee river, at the rapids. And in the sarae treaty another
slip one hundred and twenty feet in width, was acquired also,
running along the bank of the Mauraee. These cessions
were intended for roads. By all these several treaties, the
United States acquired four-fifths of this state. That portion
of the ceded tracts above latidude 41° north, extending from
Pennsylvania on the east, to the western limits of Sandusky
and Seneca counties, was given by congress to Connecticut,
K*

126 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and is called, the Western Reserve, or New Connecticut, It
extends one hundred and twenty miles from east to west, and
on an average is fifty miles in width, from north to south. Its
area contains about three mUlion eight hundred thousand acres.
Five hundred thousand acres of this tract, off the west
end, the state of Connecticut gave to certain sufferers
by fire, in the revolutionary war. A part of the ceded
lands, lying along the Ohio river, including ,the raouths of
the Muskingum and Hockhocking rivers, was sold by
the old congress, to the Ohio Company. This was the
first sale of lands before the present constitution of the Uni
ted States was adopted. It was sold for one dollar an acre,
payable in congress notes, at twenty shillings in a pound,
whereas the interest on those notes made them worth twenty-
eight shillings and sixpence on the pound at that time. These
securities were funded under the constitution of the United
States, and became a part of the national debt, frora that time
forward until paid off within the few last years. So the Ohio
company made a very bad bargain for themselves with con
gress . John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, was the next
purchaser of land in Ohio — he bought of the old congress, the
land lying between the mouths of the two Miamies, and extend
ing northerly, so as to contain six hundred thousand acres.
Symmes gave sixty-six cents an acre for his land.
On the 13th day of July, 1787, congress assumed the juris
diction of this territory and passed an ordinance for its gov
ernment, by the provisions of which ordinance, the territory
was to be governed by a Governor, Secretary, and three
Judges. The President appointed these officers. These per
sons were to make the laws and execute them. This form of
defective government was to continue, until the North Western
Territory contained five thousand free white male inhabitants
over twenty-one years of age, when the people were authoriz
ed to elect a legislative house of assembly. The house of
representatives of the United States' congress, were to nom
inate a legislative council, and this legislative council and the
assembly were authorized to appoint a delegate, to congress.

DIFFERENT LAND CLAIMS. 127
This second grade of colonial government was to continue un
til the population of each part of the North Western Territory
into which it was eventually to be divided, (not less than
three nor more than five states) amounted to sixty thousand.
Then this colonial government was to cease, and such territo
ry was to become a state, and be admitted into the Union, on
the sarae footing with the original thirteen states. This act
of the old congress of 1787 contained other provisions of the
greatest value. By that ordinance there was never to be either
slavery or involuntary servitude in the territory northwest of
the Ohio river. All the larger strearas were declared forever
to be highways, and reraain free frorii all obstructions, to all
who wished to navigate them. They were declared to be
highways, and so to reraain forever. These are the most ma
terial provisions of this ordinance of the old congress,
Virginia had reserved the land lying between the Scioto and
Little Miami rivers, which she gave to her soldiers of the rev
olution, belonging to the continental army, as a reward for
their services. This we call the Virginia military tract.
And the United States had promised her soldiers who served
during the war of the revolution, lands for their services ; so
congress laid ofi' a tract for that purpose lying south of New
Connecticut, extending from the Ohio river on the east, to
the Scioto on the west. This is the United States military
tract. There were some refugees, during the revolutionary
war, from Nova Scotia, to whom congress gave a slip of land
extending from the Muskingum opposite Zanesville to the Sci
oto, at Columbus ; it is several railes in width. The reraain-
ing part of the state was surveyed by congress and is now
mostly sold. That portion of our state, not untU then pur
chased of the Indians, was ceded to us during Mr, Monroe's
administration, except some sraall reservations. In the Uni
ted States' lands, the Virginia railitary, and in part of Symmes'
purchase, the original owner obtains his patent from the Uni
ted States' land office. Lands ceded to Ohio, by congress,
on condition of raaking certain canals, our Governor and Se
cretary of state give deeds to the purchasers of those lands.

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO,

PERIOD SECOND.

THIS PERIOD COMPRISES THE TIME DURING WHICH THE TERRI-
TOEIAL GOVERNMENT EXISTED, COMMENCING APRIL 7tH,
1788, AND ENDING ON THE ADMISSION OP OHIO INTO THE
UNION, AS A STATE, FEBRUARY 19th, 1803,
The Ohio corapany, and John Cleves Symmes, having pur
chased, the lands, as we have stated, the company havijig
purchased the tract on the Ohio river, including^ the raouths of
the Muskingum and Hockhocking rivers; and Symmes, the
country between the Miamies — the Ohio company, early in
AprU, 1788, took possession of their land at the mouth of the
Muskingum, and Symmes, in the autumn of the same or next
year, settled near the mouth of the Great Miarai at the North
Bend, where General Harrison, his son-in-law, now resides, on
the sarae farra.
Under the act of congress of July 13th 1787, Arthur St.
Clair was appointed Governor of the North Western Territory.
Samuel H, Parsons, Jaraes M. Varnura and John Armstrong
were appointed Judge?. The- latter not accepting the office,
John Cleves Syrames was appointed in his place. Winthrop
Sargeant was appointed Secretary,
The Governor and Secretary, and Messrs, Parsons and Var
num followed Rufus Putnam and associates, to the mouth of
the Muskingum where they had settled on the 7th of April
preceding. These officers landed at Marietta on the 9th of
July 1788. Judge Symmes joined them soon after their arrival.

FIRST settlement. 129
It was on Wednesday morning July 9th 1788, that Arthur
St, Clair, governor of the North Western Territory, arrived at
Fort Harmar, This fort had been previously erected by Gener
al Harmar, on an elevated piece of ground, opposite, and west
of the mouth of the Muskingum river. On the ISthday of July,
the governor published the ordinance, of congress for the gov
ernment of the Territory, He published also the commissions
of hiraself, of the secretary, and those of the Judges, Sarauel
H, Parsons and James M, Varnura.
Having asserabled the people of Marietta, he addressed them
in a speech of some length, explaining to them, the ordinance
of congress under which they had settled down in a vast wilder
ness. Three days after the delivery of this speech, St, Clair
sent a letter to the judges, calling their attention to the subject
of organizing the militia. Instead of attending to this all impor
tant matter, and without even answering the governor's letter,
these Judges on the 27th of July, sent St. Clair, what they
called "a projet" of a law for dividing real estate. This bill
was so loosely drawn up that had it become a law, the non-resi
dent owners of land, would have been swindled out of all their
lands, by the resident proprietors. This projet was rejected
by the governor. On the 26th day of July, St. Clair by pro
clamation, created the county of Washington, having within its
limits, about one half of the present state of Ohio. He erected
a court of probate about this time. He divided the militia
into two classes "senior" and "junior" and organized them,
by appointing their officers.
In the senior class, Nathan Cushing, captain; George Inger
sol, lieutenant; Jaraes Backus, ensign.
In the junior class, Nathan Goodale, Charles Knowls, cap
tains; Wanton Casey, Saraual Stebbins, lieutenants; Joseph
Lincoln, Arnold Colt, ensigns.
The governor proceeded to appoint civil officers, to wit : Ru
fus Putnara, Benjarain Tupper, and Winthrop Sargeant, jus
tices of the peace. On the 30th of August, the governor es
tablished a court oPQuarter Sessions, and appointed several
17

1 30 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Other justices of the peace, viz: Archibald Cary, Isaac Pierce,
and Thomas Lord, Esquires, giving them power to hold the court
of Quarter Sessions. They were in fact, judges of a court of
common pleas. Return Jonathan Meigs, (our late governor)
was appointed clerk of this court of Quarter Sessions. Ebenezer
Sproat was appointed sheriff of the county of Washington,
WiUiam Callis was appointed clerk, of the supreme court,
Ebenezer Sproat was appointed colonel of the militia. Rufus
Putnara was appointed Judge of Probate, and R. J. Meigs,
junior, clerk of that court.
St. Clair by his proclaraation, ordered the 25th of Decem
ber 1788 to be kept as a day of thanksgiving.
Onthe 2d day of January 1790, St. Clair, at Fort Wash
ington, now Cincinnati, organized the county of Hamilton, con
taining within its limits, the western half of this state.
He created the sarae offices at Cincinnati, that he had at
Marietta; and he filled them as follows, viz.
William Goforth, William Wells, William McMiUian, Judges
of the common pleas and Quarter Sessions ; Jacob Topping,
Benjamin Stites, John S. Gano, justices of the peace; John
Brown, sheriff; Israel Ludlow, clerk of the court of common
pleas. Israel Ludlow, James Flinn, John S. Gano, Gershom
Gard, captains of the militia. Francis Kennedy, John Ferris,
Luke Foster, Brice Virgin, lieutenants^ Scott Traverse,
Ephraim Kibby, Elijah Stites, John Dunlap, ensigns.
On the 5th January 1790, a law was enacted ordaining, that
the courts should be held four times in the year; on the first
Tuesdays in February, May, August and November.
From Fort Washington St. Clair and Winthrop Sargeant,
his secetary, descended the Ohio, and on tho 8th day of Jan-
uary they were at the falls of that river, commissioning offi
cers there, and proceeding as they had done, in the two coun
ties of Washington and HamUton. From ClarksviUe, they
proceeded westward, and at Cahokia, erected the county of
St. Clair, and created and fiUed all the necessary railitary and
civU offices, in that county. The dangers of those times may
be learned frora an ordinance of the territorial ffovernment en-

FIRST SETTLEMENT. 131
acted at the period, which we have under consideration; which
strictly prohibited all tho citizens frora entertaining any Indi
an or negro, without inf )rming the railitary commandant in the
vicinity, of the fact of the stranger being in the citizen's house.
AU the males capable of bearing arms, were ordered to con
stantly carry them, or keep them near by, even while attend
ing public worship. By neglecting, sometimes, to obey this
order, not a few men lost their Hves.
We return to the feeble settlement at the mouth of the Mus
kingum. As we have already stated, the Ohio company, began their set
tlement, at the mouth of the Muskingum, on the 7th day of
April 1788, and named their town Marietta, in honor of the
then queen of France, Maria Antoinette. The settlement
was commenced under the superintendence of General Rufus
Putnam, a son of the Revolutionary General Putnam. The
first settlers were forty seven in number, emigrants from tho
states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. That
season, they planted fifty acres of corn, and erected a milita
ry work of sufficient strength to protect them from the^ Indi
ans. During the sum.Tier and autumn of that year, they
were joined by about twenty more families. The first settlers
were mostly military officers and soldiers of the revolution, in-
nured to fatigues and hardships, and habituated to dangers and
difficulties of all sorts. They always went to their work, with
their guns near them, and had sentinels posted also near thera,
on sorae high stump of a tree. Such were their watch towers.
On the 11th April 1789, settlements were begun at Belpre,
and Newbury; the first was fifteen miles below Marietta, and
the latter, twenty-five railes below, on the Ohio river. Strong
garrison-houses were erected, in each settleraent, to which,
the settlers fled for safety, when attacked by Indians. Con
siderable numbers lived in these houses. There were three
such houses in Belpre, the largest one was called the Farraers'
castle. Other .settlements were made on the Muskingum river
also. Here these first settlers of this state were, fifty years
since, few in number, far distant from any other settlers and

132 HISTORY OF OHIO.
shut out, almost, from the civilized worid, without a mill, a
road, a bridge or any thing beyond their own immediate
resources. No steam boat, then navigated the Ohio river; they had no
nearer neighbors than a few settlers, on the Upper Ohio, far
above thera; none lower on the river, until they descended to
Limestone, now Maysville, and these far distant neighbors had
enough to do, to defend themselves against the savages. The
means of traveling were iiot then as they are now, and they
were surrounded by warlike and savage nations. To one who
now sees the growth of any ne-w town, favorably situated, in
Indiana or Illinois, the true situation of the new settlers on the
Ohio Company's Purchase in 1788-9 can hardly be conceived.
But we leave thera, and descend the Ohio to the raouths of the
two Miamis. On the 16th day of November 1789, Major
Stites, from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, at the head of twenty-
five others, settled near the mouth of the Little Miami river,
and erected a blockhouse. They afterwards laid out a town,
six railes above Cincinnati, and called it Colurabia.
Symmes and Stites had become acquainted, in New Jersey,
and united their interests so far that Stites had purchased a
part of Symraes, tract, and settled on it, at this early day.
Symmes preferred the North Bend near the Great Miami's
mouth, and settled there.
But, leaving these weak settlements just begun, we are call
ed off to treat of the Indian war which followed these settle
ments. At the very time, that Stites and his twenty-five brave raen,
were erecting their blockhouse. Major Doughty was at Fort
Washington, nine miles below the mouth of the Little Miami
river, and six below the town of Columbia.
Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Harraar, a brigadier general, by
brevet, who comraanded the first United States regiment of,
infantry, had been ordered to this frontier, by the old congress,
and he was here at a very early day. He seems tP havebeen the
highest military officer, originally, on this frontier, about that
time, but his force of regulars, could not have been, scarcely

harmar's CAMPAIGN, 133
one thousand men. Major Doughty was a Very efficient officer
under Harmar. It was soon discovered, that the site where
Cincinnati stands, was a very important point, suitable for a
fort. This place was opposite the mouth of Licking river, in
Kentucky, where the Indians crossed the Ohio river, and as
cended the Licking river, in order, to penetrate into the heart
of Kentucky. And there was a road, which the Indians call
ed " the old war path," extending from the British garrison, at
Detroit, to the Maumee, up that river, and over on to the Miam
ies of the Ohio. All. the Indian paths from lake Erie, led into
this path, near Springfield, in Clark county, and then extended
to the Ohio river, opposite Licking, so that the place where all
this Indian travel struck the Ohio river, was a very iraportant
point. At such an important place, it was correctly judged
best, to erect a fort, and station a military force to protect Ken
tucky. HARMAR'S CAMPAIGN IN 1790.
the INDIAN WAR IN THE NORTH WESTERN TERRITORY, ENTIRE,
COMMENCING IN 1790, AND ENDING .4.UGUST 3d, 1795, BY THB
TREATY OF GREENVILLE, MADE BY GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE,
Thus we see that Major Doughty erected a fort opposite
the mouth of Licking river, where Mrs. Trollope's bazaar _
now stands, and called it Fort Washington. The fort was erect
ed by the Major, who comraanded one hundred and forty men.
In December, 1789, General Harmar joined hira with three
hundred men, the whole making four hundred and forty
raen, in Fort Washington, in the raonth of Deceraber 1789.
Next suramer. General Josiah Harmar encamped on the
south side of the Ohio river where Covington now is. Gen
eral Washington, the then President, used all the means in
his power to increase the force under Harraar, but enlistments
were slowly made, and, it was as late as the 30th of Septem
ber, 1790, before General Harmar was prepared to cross the
river. He had been joined by Colonel John Hardin of Ken-

134 HISTORY OF OHIO.
tucky, with his volunteers. Major James Paul, of Uniontown,
Pennsylvania, who commanded a battalion of volunteer mili
tia, from western Pennsylvania, and Virginia, also joined this
army. General Harmar having completed all his prepara
tions, crossed the Ohio river, and following the old Indian war
path, visited the Indian villages on the head waters of the
Little Miami. From those towns, he struck across the woods,
on to the Great Miarai, where Piqua now is, and marching
forward when he carae to where Loramies's station has since
been, three Indians were discovered early in the morning view
ing his encarapraent. These were followed by sorae mounted
men, one Indian was taken prisoner, but the other two escaped.
Next morning, the army crossed the St. Mary's river, and Colo
nel Hardin and Major Paul, beat up for volunteers, to go to the
Indian town, ahead, supposed to be about forty mUes distant.
Six hundred volunteers marched forward under these officers, in
advance of the main army, and arrived at the Indian village
on the second day afterwards^ The Indians had mostly fled,
on the approach of Hardin and Paul, but sorae savages remain.
ed, and exchanged a few shots with our raen. The Indians
had burnt their wigwaras. This detachment remained in the
Indian town four days before Harmar came up with his bag.
gage, having had to cut a road along which his teams and wag.
gons could travel. After Harmar arrived, he tarried one
week in the deserted town. In the meantirae, the Indians
were collecting from all quarters, around him. Every party
sent out from our army, was waylaid and defeated, A par
ty under Colonel Hardin, fell into an arabuscade and many
of his men were killed. Twenty three out of thirty fell in
that skirmish. General Harraar finally concluded to return to
Fort Washington, and actually marched eight miles on his
return, when he received information that the enemy had taken
possession of their town as soon as he had left it, Harmar
ordered Hardin to return and attack the enemy. This officer
beat up again for volunteers, and a considerable number of
raen volunteered their services. Hardin, and his Kentucky
and Pennsylvania volunteers, returned, attacked and drove be-

harmar's CAMPAIGN. 135
fore him, the enemy, until they had crossed the Maumee, in
their front, and the St. Mary's on their loft. Hardin had march
ed down the St. Mary's on its northern bank, to its junction with
the St. Joseph's. Here Captain William Crawford who com
manded the Pennsylvania volunteers, crossed the Maumee,
and attacked the Indians who lay on the north bank of the St.
Joseph's, and drove the enemy up that river, several mUes, and
returned triumphantly, over to Fort Wayne, or rather where
that town now is.
Colonel Hardin, with his raen crossed over the St. Mary's
and followed the Indians up the St. Joseph's on the south side
of that river, but raarching carelessly along, on the low lands
adjoining the river, he perraitted the Indians to take posses
sion of the high grounds, south of him, by which raeans, he
• got defeated with great lose, considering his sraall command-
In these different engagements, Harmar lost one hundred
and eighty raen, frora the time of his leaving Covington, until
his return to Fort Washington. Some accounts place the
loss even higher than that number. On the whole, though
Harmar boasted of a victory, yet in common parlance it is
called Harmar's defeat. Major Wyllis and Lieutenant Far-
thingham, of the regulars, fell, fighting bravely; and fifty of
their men, were left dead on the field. Of the militia under
Hardin, nine officers were killed, and one hundred private sol
diers, whereas Captain William Crawford lost very few men.
Why Colonel Hardin left the heights south of him, unoccu
pied, we never could learn. After this severe action, Hardin
and Crawford joined the main army, and it returned to Fort
Washington. The effects of this unfortunate expedition, were very soon
severely felt, along the whole line of the Kentucky and Ohio
frontier. All the counties in Kentucky, and Western Virgi
nia, immediately petitioned General Washington to commit the
entire defence of the frontier to their militia, unmixed with
regulars ; so that these troops might be forthwith drawn out to
punish the exulting foe. Though General Washington return
ed a conciliating answer to these petitions, preseri'^ed to him.

136 HISTORY OF OHIO.
by their representatives in congress, yet he did not yield to
thera. But he had the good fortune to persuade congress to
authorize him to raise a regiment of regulars, and two thousand
volunteers for six months ; to appoint, also, a MajOr General,
and a Brigadier General, to be continued in coraraand so long
as necessary. This was in the session of 1791, which ended
3d of March in that year.
Under this act of congress. General Scott of Kentucky,
was sent out in May, with a body^ of troops against the Indian
towns on the Wabash, And another expedition was sent to
the same towns in September, of that year, under the com
mand of General Wilkinson. Some Indian villages were
burnt, their corn destroyed, and some few warriors were kill
ed ; some old raen, woraen and children were captivated, but
all this rather exasperated, than conquered the hostile spirit
of the enemy, ST. CLAIR'S CAMPAIGN AND DEFEAT.
Under the authority of the act of congress of 1791, Arthur
St. Clair, Governor of the North Western Territory, had been
appointed Major General and Comraander-in-chief He was
empowered to treat with the Indian tribes ; to be in fact a
military, as well as civil Governor of the Territory. Presi
dent Washington did his duty faithfuUy; he appointed all
the officers, for the campaign, but the nation was poor and
weak, especially in the west. Every exertion was made to
raise an army and provide provisions and arms for it, and to
concentrate it as early as possible in the season, but it was
September before it was ready to march; nor was it even
then completed in any respect as it deserved to be. It assem
bled at Fort Washington. On the 17th day of September,
1791, the army left Fort Washington, and cut a road through
the wilderness, to where Hamilton now stands. Here a
fort was erected, and called Fort Hamilton, It was on the
east bank of the Great Miami river, about twenty miles with
in the present limits of this state. Having completed this fort

ST. CLAIr's CAMPAIGN. 137
and garrisoned it, St. Clair marched sorae twenty railes north
ward and erected Fort St. Clair, and marching twenty miles
or raore, farther, due north, he established another mijitary
post, and called it Fort Jefferson, It is some six miles south
of t|ie present town of Greenville in-Darke county. Having
garrisoned this post. On the 24th day of October 1791, St.
Clair's force, was reduced to less than two thousand raen with
whora he marched, in the direction of the Indian villages on
the Mauraee, which Indian towns it was his object to destroy.
This inarch was slow, over a wet country, covered with a
dense forest, which had to be cleared, for his baggage wag
gons and artillery trains. The Indians began to hover about
his army, and skirmishes became more and more frequent.
To increase his difficulties, desertions took place daily, and
finally, sixty men deserted in a body, and returned on their
way to Cincinnati. To bring back those deserters, and pro
tect the provisions, which were behind the army moving for
ward slowly, St. Clair despatched Major Hamtramack, with a
sufficient force. By this time, the main army was only four
teen hundred strong, which raoved forward to where, after
wards Fort Recovery was erected, within the liraits of Mer
cer county, or,,on the line, between it and Darke county.
Here, on the head waters of the Wabash river, araong a
nuraber of small creeks, thirty feet in width, on the third day
of November 1791, Governor St. Clair, who was sick at the
time, encamped with the remaining troops. The right wing
of the army, under the coraraand of General Butler lay in
front of a creek, twelve yards wide, and this force formed the
first line. The second line, seventy yards behind the first,
was. commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Darke.
There were two rows of fires between these lines, and there
was snow on the ground. The right flank was supposed to be
protected by a small creek, with high steep banks, and a
small body of troops. The left flank, was covered by a body
of cavalry, and by piquets. The nfilitia crossed the creek,
and advanced about eighty rods, in front of the raain array»
18 ' L*

138 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and encamped in two lines, and they had two rows of logs on
fire. When the militia crossed the creek in front of the regu
lars a few Indians appeared, but they precipitately fled, on
the approach of the militia. At this place^ St. Clair intended
to have thrown up a breast work, as soon as Hamtramack
returned, with the baggage, while the main body of the army
pressed forward to the Indian towns on the Maumee, leaving
the baggage here, under Hamtramack's care. This he said,
afterwards, was his then intention. About half an hour after
daylight, iraraediately after the railitia were disraissed frora
parade and roll call, they were attacked by the enemy, with
the utmost fury. The militia fled, in an instant, and came
running into tbe regulars' camp, and spread terror and confu
sion where they ran. These flying militia, rushed quite
through Butler's line, and were hardly stopped by the second
line of regulars. The officers exerted themselves, to the ut
most, to restore order, which though, was not entirely done.
The Indians pressed close upon the very heels of the flying
militia, and instantly engaged Butler's command, with great
intrepidity and fury. The action forthwith became warm, and
the enemy passing round the first line within fifteen minutes
after the first attack, the whole army Was Surrounded by the
Indians. The artillery was posted in the centre of each wing
which the enemy attacked with the greatest violence, mow
ing down the artillerists, in great numbers. The enemy fired
from the ground, and froin every tree around, and were only
seen when flying from covert to covert. At length, the ene
my boldly marched up to the very mouths of the cannon, and
fought with the daring cOurage of men, whose trade is war,
and who are impelled to vigorous exertions by all the motives
which operate on the savage mind. It was soon perceived
that while our soldiers were falling every moment before the
bullets of the eneray, yet, hidden, as that enemy was, little
impression was made on the Indians, It was then resolved,
that Lieutenant Colonel Darke, should charge the enemy with
the bayonet, at the head of the second line, which he com
manded. This charge was made, by nearly all thst Hne,

139
with the utmost fury, and with so much effect, that the Indi
ans were driven about thirty rods; but no sooner had Darke
returned to his position than the Indians were there also; this
was owing to a want of rifleraen to press the advantage, which
Darke had obtained by driving off the enemy.
Instantly after this charge. General Butler was mortally
wounded, the right wing was . broken, the artillerists were
nearly all killed, the guns were taken by the enemy, and the
carap was everywhere penetrated by his ferocious warriors.
Major Butler, though his leg was broken by a ball, raounted
his horse,'and bravely led his battalion to the charge. Majors
Darke and Clark led theirs also to the charge. They charged
the eneray with the bayonet, drove the Indians out of the
carap, and restored the guns. But while the Indians were
pressed with the bayonet at one point, they kept up their con
tinual fire from every other point, with fatal effect. Every
charge, when made, drove the enemy back, at the point where
it was raade, but, no general effect was produced, on the ene
my. Instead of- keeping their ranks and fighting, the troops
huddled together in crowds, about the fires, and were shot
down, without resistance. The officers did their duty bravely,
and were shot down in great numbers, by the enemy, who
took a sure and fatal aim at them. The Indians always shoot
at the officers.
All this time, St, Clair was so worn down by fatigue and
disease, gout and rheumatism, that he was not able to mount
or dismount his horse, without assistance.
All that now remained to be done, was to bring off the
reraains of the army. General St. Clair ordered Lieutenant
Colonel WiUiam Darke, with the second regiraent to clear
away the enemy from the path in which the army had march
ed to the spot where they were fighting; . and, he ordered
Major Clarke to cover the rear of the array. These orders
were obeyed, and a most disorderly flight comnaenced, and con
tinued for about four miles. It was now ten o'clock in the
forenoon. All this time, the carnage was dreadful. Our
soldiers finally threw away their arms, and fled for their lives.

140 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Many were killed in the fight," tomahawked and scalped;;
many were captivated and afterwards roasted alive, at the
stake. The elder Caray Maunee,of the Winnebago^,. was
there, and informed us of aU the particulars, when we were at
Prairie du Chien, in July, 1829. ,
After glutting their savage vengeance, by killing many of
our men ; and, having taken as many prisoners as they could
well manage, the Indians left off their pursuit, and returned to
the battle ground. There lay the dying and the dead; there
stood the artillery and trains; and there also stood the baggage
wagons. Here, the enemy now glutted his vengeafte to the
very utmost, on the dying, the dead, and the living. But, we
leave the horrid picture for sorae other to fill up, not we.
Our troops, who remained of the fourteen hundred me,n,, that
morning, at early dawn, fled to fort Jefferson, a distance" of
thirty railes or more. "
In this raost unfortunate battle, we lost thirty-eight commis
sioned officers, who were killed on the battle ground. Six
hundred non-comraissioned officers and private soldiers, were
either killed, or missing. Twenty-one comraissioned officers
were wounded, not a few of whom died of their wounds. Two
hundred and forty-two non-commissioned officers and privates
were wounded, many of whom died also of their wounds.
Among the dead, were General Butler, and Major Ferguson,
two brave officers, who had served with great distinction,
through the whole of the revolutionary war. General Butler's
death, was justly and severely lamented by the whole nation,,
as an irreparable loss. In the list of those who shared his
fate, were many who had participated largely, in the toils,
dangers and glory of the war of the revolution. They fell
nobly doing their duty to their country,- they rest in honor,
and deserve our gratitude.
At the head of a list of the wounded, stood the names of
lieutenant Colonels Thomas Gibson and William Darke, Major
Butler and Adjutant General Sargent, all of whom were
veteran officers, of great merit, and who had behaved with
distinguished gallantry in this disastrous battle. General St*

ST. CLAIR S CAMPAIGN. 141
Clair, thought that he had been overwhelmed by numbers, be
cause he was attacked, on all sides, by the enemy, though
from all the sources of information in our power, we presurae
the numbers of the two armies were about equal. The Indi
an loss it is presumed, bore a small proportion to ours.
We close our account of this disastrous defeat, by saying,
that, the first line of the second regiraent, as encaraped, was
commanded by General Richard Butler, by Patterson and
Clarke. The second line was commmanded by Gaither, Bed
inger and Darke, Of the first line, all the officers were either
killed or wounded, except three, and of the artillerists, all
were killed except four privates!
Of the regulars, the foUowing officers were kiUed, viz:
General Richard Butleb, Ferguson, Bradford, Spear, Ford,
Morgan, Bines, Butts,. Hart, Kirkwood, McCrea, Thorapson,
Phelon, Warren, Balsh, Newman, Kelso, McMickle, Purdy,
Anderson, Lukens, Burgess, Crawford, Moorehead, Cribbs,
Smith, Piatt, Van Swaringen, Tipton, McMath, Reeves, Doyle,
Brooks, Greyton,Cumraings, Beatty, Doctors Chase and Beatty.
Wounded officers of the regulars, viz: Lieutenant Colonel
George Gibson, Major Thomas Butler, Captain Price, Colonel
Sargent, Captain Darke, Buchanan, Lysle^ Boyd, Trueman,
Malartie, Cobb, Wilson, Ensign Purdy, Lieutenant Colonel
Darke, and others.
Of the militia, kiUed, viz: Oldham, Lemon, Briggs and
Montgomery, Wounded: Captain Thomas, Captain Madison,
Lieutenant Stagner, Lieutenant Owens, Lieutenant Walters,
and Lieutenant Gano,
The fugitives arrived at Fort Jefferson, about sunset, and
continued their march, that night, at ten o'clock. The ground
was covered with snow, two or three inches deep. They
marched to Fort .Washington, by the way of Fort Hamilton.
Before the troops hegan their march, a large number of the
sentinels of Fort Jefferson deserted and fled, such was their
terror at what they had heard of this dreadful disaster. The
march was a very disorderly one, from Fort Jefferson to Fort
Washington.

142 HISTORY OF OHIO.
There were in the army, at the commencement of the
action, about two hundred and fifty women, of whom, fifty-six
were killed in the battle, and the remainder were raade pri
soners by the enemy^ except a small number who reached
Fort Washington. One of the survivors, lived until necently
in Cincinnati, a Mrs. Catharine Miller. This woman ran
ahead of the whole army, in their flight frora the field of
battle. Her large quantity of long red hair, floated in the
breeze, which the soldiers foUowed through the woods, as their
fore-runner that moved rapidly onward, to the place of their
ultimate destination. ' <,
On reaching Fort Jefferson, General St. Clair, met Hamtrar
mack, with the first regiment, whom we have raentioned, as
having been ordered to bring back the deserters, and protect
the provisions, and heavy baggage^wagons which had been
left slowly making their way along, in the rear of the army.
A council of war decided that they would not return to the
battle ground, so leaving the wounded in Fort Jefferson,' St.
Clair, with a raere remnant of his army, returned to Fort
Washington. While congress was in session at Philadelphia, early in De
cember, President Washington received the official account of
this raost calamitous battle of the 4th of November, which
information was forthwith communicated by him to the national
legislature. Nothing could have been more unexpected, than
this disaster. The public raind was exasperated, in a high
degree against St. Clair, but for want of officers of a rank
high enough to try hira, no court martial could be, or was
called upon his conduct. Late in the session of 1792, con
gress appointed a committee to inquire into it, but, that civil
comraittee, acquitted hira,
The Indian war now assumed a serious aspect, and the
reputation of the nation required to be retrieved from the dis
grace it had sustained. The whole western frontier, lay .
exposed to fresh inroads of the enemy, now flushed with so
dreadful a victory.
General Washington wished to have congress give him

ST. CLAIR S CAMPAIGN. 143
authority to raise three additional regiraents of foot, and a
squadron of horse, for three years, unless peace should be
sooner raade with the Indians. A bill containing these provi
sions, was introduced into the house of representatives, but it
raet with great opposition there. It was objected that the na
tion had not the raoney to carry on the war, upon such a scale ;
that while the British held the western posts, we were not
able to protect so large a frontier; that, by withdrawing from
the North Western Territory, and by making the Ohio river
the boundary ; and, by treating with the Indians, a peace
might be restored to this frontier.
Such were some of the reasons, assigned by the opposition
to General Washington, in congress. They strove with all
their might, to defeat the bill, for the defence of the North Wes
tern Territory.
Those who supported the measure, urged the necessity of
self defence and self preservation ; they presented to congress,
a picture of the bleeding frontier — and they proved, that not
less than fifteen hundred Kentuckians, men, woraen and chil
dren, who were peaceably, pursuing their avocations, had been,
either slain or carried into captivity by the eneray, within the,
then, last seven years ; and it was not doubted, that the fron
tier settleraents of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had suffered
quite as much, within the sarae period of tirae. The measures
of General Washington they said, had always been conciliato
ry, towards the savages. It was shown, that Harraar offered
to treat with the savages in the villages of the Mauraee river,
but the Indians, at first, refused to treat, and then, asked for
thirty days, to consider, on the subject, which was granted;
This was in the suraraer of 1790, and at the end of the thirty
days, the savages refused to give any answer, to the proposals
to treat. In that sarae thirty days, however, while Harraar,
forbore all hostilities, by the express orders of General Wash
ington, to that effect, the Indians, in the meantime, had either
killed or captured one hundred and twentypersons on our fron
tiers. Many of the prisoners had been roasted alive by a slow
£re.

144 HISTORY OF OHIO.
The bill was passed and became a law, St, Clair resign
ed his military command, and General Anthony Wayne was
appointed commander-in-chief. This was in the spring of
1793. WAYNE'S WAR,
Among the several considerations which now operated on
the raind of General Washington at this trying period of our
national history, which we are corapelled to consider for a
moment, was the poverty of the nation, loaded with debt, with
out much commerce, and the general poverty of the people.
The people of the east, looked upon this western war, as a bur
den, which the western people ought to bear. Hence the duty
on distilleries, owned mostly in the west, which grew out of the
expenses of this Indian war. This tax, led directly to the whis
ky insurrection, in Western Pennsylvania. And, it need not
be disguised, that the opposition to the present constitution,
laid hold of every thing within their reach, to render General
Washington unpopular. They pretended to fear, so large a
standing array, of five thousand four hundred men ! they saw
too, with alarm, Mrs. Washington's levees, and the pomp of
Colonel Pickering, General Knox, and other heads of Depart
ments, with salaries of three thousand dollars a year! though
the compensation was so small, that they, and their families
could not live decently on it. The French revolution too, was
raging, and Genet was busily engaged, in his endeavors to
draw us, into the vortex of European politics. General
Washington was beset on all sides; French agents and partis
ans, on the Atlantic border, were fomenting discontent; the
British and their Indians, were desolating our western frontier,
with fire and the tomahawk, and the war whoop waked the
sleep of the cradle.
It was early in this year, we believe, that . General Wash
ington after appointing General Wayne and other officers to
coramand the western army, and doing all that he had the
power to do, made a tour to the Indians of Western New

Wayne's war. , 145
York, in corapany with Colonel Pickering. Colonel Pickering,
tarried one night at the writer's father's, while General Wash
ington put up at a near neighbor's, a Mr. Bloom. This was in
Western Nevv York. General Washington and Colonel Pick
ering visited all the New York Indians, held councils with
them, and delivered talks and speeches to them; sorae of
which, we saw, among these Indians in 1828, v. hile we were
on a visit to our old friends still living in the Indian villages.
This visit was raade by General Washington, to conciliate
those savages', and to prevent their joining in the war, with the
British Indians, as they had done all along before this period.
Many New York Indians were present at St. Clair's defeat,
and sorae of them, still went off, and fought against General
Wayne, in 1794, when they were defeated, and mostly killed,
on the Miumee river. In the summer of 1793, Wayne tried
to treat with the Indians. Fort Massac was built, under hira,
to prevent an expedition against New Orleans, which Genet
was planning. General Wayne sent out, in succession. Colo
nel Hardin, and Major Trueman with a flag of truce, medals,
talks and presents to the Indians in order to make a peace
with them.
These messengers of peace were killed in succession, as
soon as they arrived araong the savages. Their medals, and
speeches, sent by them, and all they had with thera, were taken
by the Indians who slev the bearers of them. We saw these
raedals and speeches in the possession of the elder Caray Mau-
nee, principal chief of the Winnebagoes at Prairie du Chien,
in July 1829,
The medal was a large one, of copper, six inches in diameter,
and purported, no doubt truly, to have been made, at tho
expense of a gentleman of Philadelphia, and by him, sent as
a token of General Washington's friendship, to the Indians.
Every other effort was made by General Wayne, that summer,
to bring about a peace with the savages, but all in vain, and
worse than in vain. But notwithstanding all the efforts to
make a peace, yet, nothing was omitted that could be done, to
19 M

146 HISTORY OF OHIO.
prepare for a vigorous war against them. Although General
Wayne promptly accepted his appointment, and entered on its
arduous duties, yet, it was found no easy matter to fill up the
minor appointments, even the very next in grade to the Comman
der-in-chief, of this army. Several were appointed to these offi
ces who refused to accept them. It was found difficult too, to
enlist soldiers for this hazardous service. Every thing moved
along slowly, and the season was spent in doing very little, to
any good effect. The British commander of the fort at Detroit,
had erected a fort at the head of the Maumee Bay, for the pur
pose, it would seem, of protecting the Indians, in alliance with
them. Here the Indians resorted for protection; here they
sold their furs, peltries and skins, received their annuities,
and, we doubt not, that they received here, also, the price paid
for the scalps of our murdered countrymen.
General Wayne was not idle, but urged forward all his
measures, vigorously, prudently, and in the end, effectually.
On the 5th of November 1793, congress met at Philadel
phia, to whom the President said in his speech at the com
mencement of that session, "That the reiterated attempts
which had been made to effect a pacification with the Indians,
had issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering
hostility, on the part of the tribes, with whom we were at war."
He alluded to the destruction of Hardin and Trueman, while
on peaceful missions, under the sanction of flags of truce;
and their families were recommended to the attention of con
gress. Notwithstanding all these efforts of General Wash
ington, in favor of this bleeding frontier, congress and the
nation, were too much engaged with other objects to bestow
much attention on this distant war.
The French revolution had turned the heads of many mem
bers of congress towards that dazzling object. They were of
the opinion that mankind were all to be regenerated by it;
that by some secret magic it would make mankind new beings;
and that the whole wbrld would soon become something more
than its Author ever designed it to be.
The spring and summer of 1793, having been employed, by

Wayne's war. 147
General Wayne, in endeavoring to make peace, and in pre
paring for war, so that it was Septeraber, before he was ready
to raove forward into the heart of the Indian country. Gen
eral Wayne coUected his array and raarched six railes north of
Fort Jefferson, where he established a camp, and fortified it,
and called it Greenville. The town of Greenville is not
far from where this carap was. General Wayne, having
made this encampraent and wintered in it, early the next
spring he raarched forward to the ground where St. Clair had
been defeated, on the 4th of Noveraber 1791, where he erect
ed a fortification, and called it Foet Recovery.
Leaving this post he moved forward to the ground where
Harraar had been defeated in 1790, and erected a work of de-
fence'and called it Fort Wayne, which narae the town now
there, bears. It is situated at the head of the Mauraee river,
at the confluence of the St. Joseph's and the St. Mary's riv
ers. On the 8th of August 1794, General Anthony Wayne with
his array reached the mouth of the Auglaize, a tributary of the
Maumee, forty five railes, or more below Fort Wayne, and the
same distance, by his coraputation, above the British post, on
the Mauraee, Here, in the forks of these rivers. General
Wayne erected a strong military work, and called it by a very
appropriate narae, (as he did all his posts) Fort Defiance.
The General fully inforraed hiraself of the strength of the en
emy, and that the British and Indians, numbered only about
two thousand, whereas his own regulars, were about as nu
merous as the eneray, besides eleven hundred raounted raen,
whora he had with him, frora Kentucky, under the command
of General Scott. This gave General Wayne a decided ad
vantage over the enemy, as he thought, and as it proved to be.
But notwithstanding his superiority, in numbers; notwith
standing the high discipline of his troops, and their patriotic
ardor, for a battle; yet he offered terms of peace to the ene
my and waited for the answer. The enemy wanted war,
not peace; so on the 15th day of August, 1794, General
Wavne left Fort Defiance, and marched down the Maumee,

148 HISTORY OF OHIO.
his right being Covered by the river. On the 18th he arrived
at the head of the rapids. Here he lay on the 19th erecting
some teraporary works to protect his baggage, and to reconnoi
tre the enemy. He found the Indians advantageously posted
in front of the British fort. On the 20th, at 8 o'clock in the
morning of that day, the army advanced in colurans; the le
gion along the bank of the Maumee General Todd's brigade
of mounted volunteers formed the left flank. General Bar-
bee's mounted brigade of volunteers, marched in the rear of
the army. Major Price's select band moved in front of the
whole army, so as to give timely notice of an attack. Thus
marching forward, five miles where Major Price received a
heavy fire from the Indians.
The enemy had formed in three lines, within supporting dis
tance of each other, in a windfall, extending frora the west bank
of the Maumee, westwardly about two miles, in front, resting
on the Mauraee and protected by the British garrison. This
prostrated forest extended five railes west of the river, in
which fallen forest the Indians lay in three lines, two railes in
length resting on the Mauraee. They could not have been
better protected from such a raounted force as Wayne's, than
they were by their extended position, of fallen tiraber. The
first effort of the enemy, thus extended two miles, in length,
was to turn the left flank of our array. At the very first dis
charge of a rifle, the legion was forraed in two lines, and the
front was ordered to advance with trailed arms, and rouse the
enemy from his thicket at the point of the bayonet; then, but
not till then, deliver the first fire, and press the enemy so close
ly as not to give him time to reload his guns. Seeing the
strength of the enemy, and that he was endeavoring to turn
our left flank. General Wayne ordered the second line, to
support the first, already engaged with the enemy. The le
gionary cavalry was ordered to press forward upon the enemy
who lay on the river's bank, and where there was no timber in
their way. General Scott was ordered to make a circuit, so
far, as to outflank and turn their right flank. All these orders
were promptly obeyed, but such was the fury of our first

149
line that the second line, could scarcely find any thing to do.
The enemy was broken, routed and slain, or driven two miles,
in one hour, through this windfall and thicket, until they were
within pistol shot of the British garrison. Here the battle
ended, and here General Wayne remained in front of the field
of battle, destroying the Indian houses, their corn, and every
thing else, which he found there belonging to thera. He
burnt their houses within pistol shot of the British garrison.
There was a correspondence between General Wayne, and
Major Carapbell, the British commandant of the fort in which,
the latter very wisely acquiesced in the destruction of the Indi
ans, and their property, within the range of Major Camp
bell's guns. On the 28th of August, General Wayne return
ed by easy marches to Defiance, from whence he came on
the 15th of the sarae month. He destroyed all the Indian vil
lages, corn and property, within fifty miles of the Maumee
river. In this most decisive battle. General Wayne lost, in killed,
wounded and missing, only one hundred and seven raen,
officers included. Among the dead, were Captain Campbell,
of the cavalry, and Lieutenant Towlsof the Infantry. They
fell in the first charge. General Wayne bestowed great
praise on the courage and alacrity, displayed by the whole
army. Of his aids, H. De Butts, T. Lewis and William H.
Harrison, General Wayne spoke in the highest terms of ap
probation. The Indian hostUity stiU continuing, their whole
country was laid waste and desolated. All the fortifications
were soon erected in it, that were needed, to protect it, from
Indian warfare. This great, and decisive victory, saved the
nation from one general war, with all the Indians, who lived,
any where near our frontier lines, between us and Canada,
and between us and Spain, The Indians were just on the
point, of making one general war, when this timely victory
saved all.
This campaign tranquUized the whole Indian frontier from
Florida to the northern lakes.
On the opening of the next session of congress, General

150 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Washington in his speech, before congress, mentioned Wayne's
operations with well merited applause, but congress in their
reply, refused even to allude to them, Mr, Madison then led
the opposition in the house, and though he offered something in
lieu of it, yet, it was couched in such offensive terms, that the
President's friends would not vote for the amendment. The
whiskey insurrection, which grew out of the expenditures to
carry on this war, had soured the minds of some members; and
the wonderful French revolution, which was to make aU hon
est men happy, by shedding their blood, had poisoned the
minds, of still raore. No mention was raade of Wayne, nor of
his raeritorious services, by congress.
Next summer Wayne held a council with all the Indians
living in this territory, and on the third day of August 1795,
at Greenville, he purchased all the territory, not before ceded,
within certain limits, comprehending in all, about four fifths of
the present state of Ohio, The line is called to this day, " the
GreenvUle treaty line." The Indians were left with about one
fifth part of the territory which is now Ohio, lying in its north
west corner. Thus ended all the Indian warfare, in Ohio,
worth naming, which we here put together, for the sake of
unity. After all these great, splendid and meritorious services of
General Wayne, congress took no notice of hira, not so much
as to allow, even his name to be mentioned on their journal!
On his way home, in Pennsylvania, he died, almost unattend
ed, at a wretched hovel of an inn, in the then paltry village of
Presque Isle, He was there interred, without a stone to tell
where he was buried. Years afterwards, his son Isaac
Wayne accompanied by a few of his old friends and neighbors,
transferred his bones, to the place of his nativity where they
now rest in peace.
That General Anthony Wayne was a man, of most splendid
talents, both natural and acquired, no one can doubt for a
moment, who reads his history. Every action of his life, from
youth to age, shows this fact; and no panegyric of ours can
render it more plain or make his character shine brighter.

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 151
i*olitical demagogues, might treat him with contumely and
base ingratitude, but they cannot obliterate a single syllable,
which records his brUliant actions. His fame will never fade,
but grow more fresh and green to the end of tirae. Every son
and daughter of Ohio, Kentucky, and of all the West, wiU for
ever cherish, in their hearts, the ever dear memory of Antho
ny Wayne. Forty two years have passed away since his
decease and this is the first full account that the writer has
seen of his services on this theatre of his feats, in arms,-
Ohio has paid the debt which we owe him, m part with others,.
so far as calling a large county after him goes; and we have
twenty-three towns or townships named after hira.
He lives in the recollection of his countryraen to lead fu
ture patriot warriors to glorious victory. Death has purified
his fame, and placed it beyond the reach of calumny. Party
politicians^ those meteors may rise and fall, flash and expire,
in a moment ; but the sun of Wayne's glory wUl never set in
our western horizon, of Mississippi's wide valley, until the
archangel's trump shall call his body from the grave to life
everlasting. Having, for the sake of unity, related the most important
events of the old Indian war, on this frontier, we now go back
to the infant colony, on the Ohio company's lands, and inform
the reader what had been passing there during this period.
During the whole Indian war, the settlers kept constantly on
the alert, from four to six rangers, who were called " spies,"-
whose duty it was, to scour the woods, and if any Indians
were discovered in the vicinity, togive the alarm; that being
done, the alarm gun was fired at the fort, and every person
hastened into the garrison. The gate was closed and every
preperation was instantly made to receive their enemies.
The settlement at Belpre lost several individuals who ventm--
ed too far into the woods, when no Indian signs had been recent
ly discovered in the neighborhood.
In 1793, Major Nathan Goodale, a native of Massachu
setts, and an officer of the old continental army, went out into
the forest to haul sorae timber with an ox team. He was

152 HISTORY OF OHIO.
taken prisoner by the Indians, and carried off into captivity.
The supper was long kept waiting for him on the table by his
anxious wife and children, but he never returned to eat it.
His team returned home, but of him nothing certain was ever
heard for a long time. From an examination of the ground
where Major Goodale was taken prisoner, it appeared that two
large Indians, had secreted theraselves behind a pile of brush
wood; that these Indians sprang upon the Major and binding
his hands with cord s, they led him off into the forest. The tracks
of two Indians with mocasins on, and those of the Major with
shoes on, between the Indians' tracks, showed the manner in
which he was led oft' into captivity. He was taken to Upper
Sandusky, wh.ere he died of a fever some six weeks after he
was taken prisoner. His neighbours followed his tracks six
miles and then gave up the pursuit.
Captain King, originally from Rhode Island, was shot and
killed while cutting wood. He left a wife and two children.
Jonas Davis was kUled and scalped about a mUe from the
garrison, at the mouth of Congress creek. Benoni Huribut,
one of the spies, was killed at the mouth of the Little Hock
ing in 1791, while returning from a scout.
These were the principal losses of the Belpre settlement.
Major Goodale was the principal man at Belpre, a brave, enter
prising man, whose destruction was justly and deeply lamen
ted by all who knew him. He had passed through the war of
the revolution, whose dangers he had shared, and whose lau
rels adorned his brow. He left a widow, two sons and five
daughters, orphan children, to mourn his loss, and who do hon
or to his meraory.
The Newberry settlement, experienced some losses, and was
harrassed continually. One woraan and two children were
killed. One child was tomahawked in the mother's arms, but
survived. The woman and chUdren were going to a party at
work in a field, near the garrison, to carry them food. Pursuit
was instantly made, but tbe murderers escaped unhurt.
In 1790 a settlement was began at Big Bottom on the Mus
kingum river, about thirty-five miles above Marietta, On the

FIRST settlement OF OHIO. 153
2d day of January 1791, the settleraent at the Big Bottom was
attacked by the Indians; fourteen persons were killed and five
persons were carried into captivity. Among the slain, at Big
Bottom, January 2d 1791, were a woraan and two children;,
the remainder were young men. The Indians, up to this time,
had often visited the settlement in a friendly manner, and the
Indian war had been confined to parts distant frora this settle
ment. The settlers were ofl' their guard. The Indians from
the summit of a neighboring hill, had watched our people all
day, and just at the twilight of the evening, comraenced their
attack. One party visited a cabin in a friendly manner while
another party visited the block house. The cabin was occu
pied by four men of the name of Cheat, The Indians entered
the cabin, beckoned to the raen to keep silent, bound thera with
cords and made them prisoners. Another party of the Indians
had reached the block house, where the occupants were at sup
per who had their arms standing in a corner of the room. A
large Mohawk opened the door, while his companions fired upon
the astonished men at their supper table, A woman assailed
the big Mohawk with an axe, and cleaved the flesh from the side
of his scull down to his shoulder. She was kiUed, and aU the
persons in the room as the Indians supposed, shared her fate.
After the slaughter was over, the Indians plundered the house.
Under the beds in a corner of the room, they found a boy,
fourteen or fifteen years old. Him they made prisoner and
carried hira off to Detroit, with thera. Another cabin was oc
cupied by two raen of the narae of Ballard, who hearing the
guns, rushed out of the house, and made their escape to the
settleraent at Wolf creek whichhad been begun siraultaneously
with the one at Big Bottora. Reaching that settlement, the
Ballards gave the alarm, so that being prepared for their re
ception, when they appeared there early next morning, the
Indians raade no attack on the Wolf creek settleraent. The
Indians next attacked the settlement at Waterford, but were
beaten off without loss of lives, though the Indians destroyed
their cattle, In 1794, Abel Sherman was kiUed at Waterford,
20

154 HISTORY OF OHIO.
a settlement some twenty miles above Marietta, In 1795,
Sherman Waterman was killed, on little Wolf creek.
The settlement at Marietta, suffered, some in the loss of
cattle that were shot by arrows. Sometimes the cattle returned
home with Indian arrows sticking in them. Robert Warth,
was killed, in open day, in 1792, while cutting wood, in a field,
near fort Harmar, and Mathew Kerr was killed in a canoe while
crossing the mouth of Wolf creek. William Rogers, one of the
spies, while returning from a scout, in company with another
ranger, by the name of Henderson, was shot and killed, whereas
Henderson escaped unhurt, with a bullet hole through his
blanket, which hung loosely upon him. He escaped by outrunn
ing his pursuers.
In June 1792, Return J, Meigs, afterwards Governor
of the state, and Postmaster General, of the United States,
had a very narrow escape, when attacked by two Ind
ians, In corapany with young Mr. Meigs, were a Mr. Symonds,
and a black boy, who had been hoeing in a corn field. The
Indians had secreted thenaselves behind the path, near the
Muskingum, on its west bank, where they had the river to
cross. At a turn in the road our laborers having their backs
towards the Indians, were fired upon. Symonds was shot
in the shoulder, when Meigs rushed on the largest Indian
with his tomahawk raised to throw it. Meigs rushed upon him
and attempted to fire his gun at the savage, which raissed fire.
Mr. Meigs then partlyknocked down the Indian, and escaped
by plunging into the river and swimming it. The Indian
threw his tomahawk at Meigs, which grazed its object. Sy
monds plunged into the river, and floated down to the
fort, though one arm was useless in swimraing. He was
taken up by the men of fort Harmar, and eventually recover
ed of his wound. The black boy, twelve or fourteen years
old, attempted to escape, but was tomahawked, killed and
scalped by the Indians. Mr. Meigs .-aved his Ufe by his daunt
less attack of the Indian, and when his gun missed fire, by
knocking down his antagonist, and then out running the other
Indian.

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. ] 65
These Indians were immediately pursued, by the spies, but
gaining the adjacent hill, they escaped by flight.
During all these murderous attacks, very few of the Indians
lost their lives, Henderson, the spy, killed one of three Indi
ans, in a company , on the Little Muskingura ; and one was killed
ou Duck creek, about three miles from Marietta, Hamilton
Kerr, a son of Mr. Kerr who was killed at the mouth of Duck
creek, killed an Indian, also.
Although signs of Indians were often discovered near the
settlements, and although, the Indians were pursued instantly
afterwards, yet, being well acquainted with the country, they
generally escaped unhurt. Another reason why the Indians
escaped, is found in the fact, that Indians select their bravest,
best warriors for such enterprises,-
John Armstrong, in April 1793, lived on the Virginia side
of the Ohio river, opposite the upper end of Blannerhassett's
Island, He owned the floating mill, which ground the grain
raised on both sides of the river, any where near him. A par
ty of Indians, about twenty in number, crossed the Ohio, from
the mouth of the Little Hocking, twelve miles below Arm
strong's, secreted their canoes under the willows on the south
ern side of the river, and reaching the second bank, traveled
up the stream, until they were in sight of Armstrong's house,
aud there lay concealed through the day. In the night, they
approached the house, watching it, during nearly all the night,
until the family were all asleep, when they made an attack
upon it, and killed Mrs, Armstrong, and three of her children.
Mr. Armstrong raade his escape, and two of his sons, who slept
in the raill, were unmolested by the savages. Having killed Mrs.
Armstrong and her three youngest children, they carried off,
captive, three older children; Elizabeth aged about eleven or
twelve years, John about ten years old, and Jeremiah aged eight
years. Having regained the hill from which they came, and
marching westwardly, a mile or two, the Indians halted, formed
a circle, around their three prisoners, and lighted their pipes.
Speech after speech was made, in a low tone of voice, which
the children did not then, understand, but which was after-

156 HISTORY OF OHIO.
wards explained to them by one of the Indians then present.
The Indi.ans were apprehensive of being pursued by the peo
ple of Belpre, early in the morning, as soon as Armstrong's
mill should be visited; and it was contended, that one of the
children, was too young, to travel fast enough, to keep up with
the party. It was suggested, that now was the time to kill
hira. One Indian, however, who had led the child, seeing him
jurap over the logs, in his way, and otherwise, showing great
activity and sprightliness, interposed his good offices, and even
offered to carry Jereraiah on his back, should the child grow
tired, on their march. This offer, saved his life, and, marching
rapidly forward, they found their secreted canoes, crossed the
river in thera, and running thera into the mouth of the Little
Hocking, they there secreted them, ascended the bank, and
gave the Indian yell, in token of success.
Hastening forward, they crossed over the high grounds,
between the Little and Great Hocking and ascending the lat
ter, to, not far frora where Lancaster now stands, they reached
their encarapraent. Here they had left a young man, by the
name of Cox, whom the same party had previously taken pris
oner, a few miles above Armstrong's, on the same side of the
Ohio. He belonged to the Marietta settlement, and he and
his brother had killed a deer, just above Parkersburgh, and one
of them had returned to Marietta for a horse, on which to ca^
ry in their deer. When attacked, he had the deer, on his horse,
carrying it home, when one of the young men was killed, by
the Indians ; but the other, with the horse and venison, was
carried off by this same party of .ravages.
These Indians with their four prisoners, moved forward, from
near where Lancaster is now, to Lower Sandusky, After run
ning the gauntlet, they were adopted into the Indian nation, as
their children. Young Cox, made his escape from captivity
in about six months after he was made a prisoner.
Elizabeth Armstrong was placed in the family of Simon Gir
ty, on the Maumee river. She was afterwards rescued from
the Indians, at Detroit, went over into Canada, and there mar
ried a Mr, Dolson, on the river Thames. At Dolson's ferry,

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 167
she lived a life of piety, and died lamented, a few years since.
Her biography has been published by the Methodists, to whom /
she belonged.
John lived, sorae four years in an Indian family, at Browns
town, but finally left the Indians, and now resides in Licking
county, Ohio. Jeremiah was recovered by his elder brother
frora Billy Wyandot, with whora he then lived. He now keeps
a tavern, in Colurabus. The two boys, had not their relatives
taken them from the Indians, by force, at the end four years'
captivity, never would have left the savages, so enamoured
were they, of the Indian's raode of living.
In the meantirae, from the 7th of April 1788 to the 3d of
August 1795, during these Indian depredations and wars, the
settlements on the Ohio Company's lands, increased gradually
in numbers, and even in 1790, these settlements could muster
four hundred and forty seven raen, one hundred and three of
whora, had farailies. As these heads of families were all young
people, they had raany children, who have raade respectable
citzens of the state, in which they were born.
At the coramenceraent of the Indian war, these settleraents,
at tiraes, suffered severely for the want of provisions. The
war broke out before the settlers had cleared land enough on -
which, to raise their bread, which had to be procured at Pitts
burgh., It was a very hazardous business to navigate the Ohio
river. Often were the boats taken by the enemy, and every
one on board, destroyed by the Indians. And if the settlers
attempted to clear new fields, they did it at the peril of their
lives. Guarded by sentinels and carrying their arms, they
hoed their corn fields. These dangers very nearly produced
a famine, but, by the kind interposition of a benevolent Provi
dence, many of these men were preserved, to see Ohio, become
a great, populous, powerful, and wealthy state; outnumbering,
in population, all the states frora whence they came. Sur
rounded as they were by numerous savage nations; settled as
they had, in a spot far from the abodes of civilization, they
were preserved from destruction, and forraed a nucleus, around
which, has grown up, this great and flourishing state, of one

158 HISTORY OF OHIO.
million six hundred thousand people, within the short space of
fifty years.
In the session of congress of 1800, the North Western
Territory was divided into two territories. Ours, now con
stituting the states of Ohio and Michigan, retained the old
name ; but what are now, Indiana,Illinois and Wisconsin, was
erected into a territory and called Indiana. The former, (or
this territory) contained eighty thousand square railes of surface,
whereas Indiana as it then was, contained one hundred and eigh
ty thousand square railes. St. Clair continued to be the Gover
nor of this territory, but Williara H, Harrison, our then delegate
to congress was appointed the first Governor of Indiana territory.
Winthrop Sargeant, our first territorial Secretary, on being ap
pointed Governor of Mississippi Territory, resigned his office
here, and we had Charles Willing Byrd, Williara Henry Har
rison and Francis Dunlevy, in succession as Secretaries. The
Judges, too, were changed — John Arrastrong never served,
though appointed at first, with Messrs Varnum and Parsons.
John Cleves Symraes was appointed in the room of Armstrong
and retained his seat to the end of the territorial government.
When Indiana was erected into a territory Return J. Meigs
became one of its Judges,
After Wayne's decisive victory, on the Maumee, in July
1794, the savages ceased to murder the whites. Spreading
themselves over the territory, thsy hunted where they pleased,
and often exchanged their furs, skins, fish, wild meats, sugar
and honey, for our powder, lead, pork, bread and blankets.
They became perfectly friendly to our people, or those who
were not so, went over into Canada and settled there. From
the British, they received annuities, as allies, and held them
selves in readiness to attack us, in case of a war between us
and England,
At the end of the territorial government, the Indians own
ed about one fifth part of our territory, lying in its northwest
ern angle. At that time, only a small portion of our lands
had been surveyed by the United States, And our settle
ments were weak, and the people were mostly poor. They

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 159
did not want food after the war was over, as the country pro
duced a never failing abundance. It is hardly possible for any
one, who now, for the first time, sees this country, to iraagine
one half the hardships to which the settlers were then subject
ed; but " the times have changed, and we have changed with
them," The Indian war commenced, and the Governor was called
off into that, as we have seen, until after he resigned the mil
itary command. During that period very little was done in
the way of civil government.
In 1791, some French immigrants settled on the Ohio river
at a place, whioh they appropriately called Gallipolis. They
had been swindled out of about one hundred thousand crowns
in silver, by a few arch knaves, who, visiting Paris, pretended
to own a large tract of land, immediately adjoining on the
west of "the Ohio company's land." There was, some
few years since, one of the deeds of the pretended " Scioto
land company" in existence among these innocent Frenchmen,
and we saw it at GaUipolis, signed, Joel Barlow! These
people lived at Gallipolis during the old Indian war, and suf
fered some from the Indians as well as from sickness, and ma
ny privations in a far wilderness. In consideration of losses
by the swindlers, congress gave these settlers, twenty-four thou
sand acres of beautiful land at the "French grant," in Scioto
county, and sold them all they wanted elsewhere, at a low price.
Many of these immigrants, finding theraselves iraposed on, by
the swindlers calling theraselves the " Scioto land corapany"
went off to Vincennes, Kaskaskia, St. Genevieve and St. Louis,
and settled there. Sorae went to Philadelphia, and other places,
so that those who remained, and petitioned congress for relief,
succeeded very well in tarrying at their town on the Ohio
river. As we have already stated, on the 2d of January 1790,
Hamilton county had been organized by the territorial gov
ernment, and the sarae authority made what is now Cincinnati,
the seat of justice for that county. During the next seven
years no new county was organized, but so many persons af-

160 HISTORY OF OHIO.
ter the Indian war was ended, settled along the Ohio river,
opposite the white settlements above, opposite, and below
Maysville, in Kentucky, that a county was organized where
they had settled, and it was called Adams. This was done
on the 10th day of July 1797. Settlers during the same pe
riod, had been crossing the Ohio, and settling on its west siile,
opposite Wheeling and Brooke county, in Virguiia, this terri
tory was organized into a county, and called Jefferson county.
This was done on the 29th day of July 1797. In the mean
time, the Scioto country had attracted the attention of the
Virginians, and they had surveyed a great deal of their milita
ry lands, between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers. Gene
ral Nathaniel Massie, acting as the deputy of Colonel Rich
ard Anderson, the Surveyor General of this tract, was busily
engaged in surveying and locating military warrants, durmg
the very time of the Indian war, and imraediately afterwards.
In 1796 General Massie, assisted by Duncan McArthur (fate
governor of the state, and a general in the army of the Unit
ed States) laid out a town in a dense forest on the west side
of the Scioto river, and called it Chillicothe. The territo
rial Government organized a county on the Scioto, and called
it Ross.. This act passed on the 20th day of August 1798,
and it made Chillicothe its seat of justice.
By this time many settlers had come into the state in many
parts of it. In 1796 New Connecticut began to be settled.
As early as 1796, a settlement was made at the mouth of
Conneaut creek, Cleveland was laid out — the lands began to
be surveyed in New Connecticut. The whole of that region
was organized into a county, and called Trumbull. This act
passed on the 6th day of December 1800. The Hocking
country had been settling for some time, and on the 9th of
Deceraber, Fairfield county was organized, and Lancaster was
made its seat of justice. So dense and extensive had the pop
ulation become, opposite Wheeling and WeUsburgh, in Vir
ginia, that Jefferson county was divided, and the county of
Belmont (it should be Beaumont) was organized and St Clairs-

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 161
Tille made its seat of justice. This act became a law on the
7th of September 1801.
During all the period from July 1788 to 1799, the popula
tion had only increased so as to enable the people to elect
their house of representatives. During that period there was
contest after contest between the judges and the governor.
The peoJ)le were dissatisfied with all parties, and they looked
forward with anxiety to the time, when their nurabers would be
sufficient to enable them to have a voice in making their own
laws. Having ascertained that they had five thousand free
white males over the age of twenty-one years, in the whole
North Western Territory, Governor St. Clair, on the 29th day
of October 1798, issued his proclamation, directing the electors
to elect representatives to a general assembly. This meeting
of the representatives he ordered to be held at Cincinnati, on
the 22d day of January 1799.
On the third Monday of December 1798, the people
cheerfully obeyed this proclamation, and elected their repre
sentatives, who met when and where they were ordered to do.
The representatives so as aforesaid, asserabled at Cincinnati,
on the 22d of January, 1799, performed their duty, by nomi
nating ten persons to the president, from whom he selected
five, who were, in due season, appointed members of the legis
lative council, or upper house of assembly. This meeting of
the people's representatives, on the 22d of January, having
nominated ten persons, as councilors, the governor prorogued
the meeting to the 16th day of the next September, 1799, at
at which tirae, he ordered thera to appear at Cincinnati, then
and there to hold a General Assembly, for enacting laws for
the future government of the people of the territory.
During all the preceding period of the North Western Ter
ritory's existence, the people had been governed bylaws made
by the governor and judges, or by proclamations of the gover
nor, St. Clair claimed the right, under the act of congress
which created the territory, to organize counties, to create
offices and fiU them, to license keepers of taverns and ferries,
21 N*

1 62 HISTORY OF OHIO.
license attorneys at law, and commission all the military and
civU officers. For every license and every commission he
exacted large fees from those who received them. The peo
ple were excessively dissatisfied, at what they called, selling
all the offices, to different individuals. The first license to
keep a ferry, was granted to Robert Benham of Cincinnati, to
be kept at that place, across the Ohio river. The governor
created the office of attorney general, for the whole territory,
and appointed his son, Arthur St. Clair, junior, to that office.
This officer, aud the clerk of the supreme court, went around
the territory, from county to county, holding courts. But we
hasten to an event, which the people of that day hailed with
pleasure. the FIRST territorial LEGISLATURE,
Began its session at Cincinnati on Monday the 16th day of
September, 1799. The legislative council consisted of Jacob
Burnet of Cincinnati, Henry Vanderburgh of Vincennes, now
in Indiana, David Vance of Vanceville, in Jefferson county, and
Robert Oliver of Marietta.
Henry Vanderburg was elected president of the council,
William C. Schenk, secretary,
George Howard, doorkeeper, and Abraham Cary, sergeant
at arms.
The first house of representatives, under the Territoral gov
ernment consisted of William Goforth, William McMillan, John
Smith, John Ludlow, Robert Benham, Aaron Cadwell and Isaac
Martin from Hamilton county.
From Ross county, Thomas Worthington, Samuel Finley,
Elias Langhara, Edward Tiffin,
Wayne county, now state of Michigan, Solomon Sibley,
Charles F. Chobert de Joncaire and Jacob Visger.
Adams county, Joseph Darlington, Nathaniel Massie.
Knox county, now Illinois, Shadrack Bond.
Jefferson county, in Ohio, Jaraes Pritchard.
Washington county. Return Jonathan Meigs.

first TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. 163
They elected Edward Tiffin Speaker; John ReiUy, clerk;
Joshua Rowland, door keeper, and Abraham Cary, sergeant at
arms. This was the first legislature, elected by the people, for the
old North Western Territory, now embracing the states of Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan ; and Wisconsin Territory.
Being fully organized, both Houses were addressed by Gov
ernor St. Clair, on the 25th day of September 1799, in a speech,
in which he brought forward all his peculiar views of govern
ing the territory. After adverting to the several objects
which he recommended to their attention, he closed his speech
by saying, " A large field of business has been here opened to
your view, gentlemen, and it calls for a patient, but I hope not
a painful exercise of your faculities, and it may be added to,
in the course of the session by occasional messages. (The
governor was fond of thera.) The providing for, and the regu
lating the lives and morals of the present and of the rising
generation, for the repression of vice, and imraorality, and for
the protection of virtue and innocence, for the security of pro
perty, and the punishment of crimes, is a sublime employraent.
Every aid in my power will be afforded, and I hope we shall
bear in mind, that the character and deportment of the;
people, and their happiness both here and hereafter, depend
very much upon the genius and spirit of their laws."
Ae. St. Claie.
His excellency withdrew and the two houses separated.
On the next day, Jacob Burnet was appointed to prepare a
respectful answer to the governor's speech. On the 28th, Mr.
Burnet had prepared and introduced his answer to the gov
ernor, and it was instantly agreed to and signed by their
speaker. Being sent to the House they concurred in it, and it was deliv
ered to St. Clair, who instantly replied to it. Joseph Carpen
ter, was appointed on the 30th day of September, public printer,
and he was the first one, ever appointed to that office north
west of the Ohio river.
On the third day of October, both houses met, and elected

164 HISTORY OF OHIO.
a delegate to congress, WiUiam Henry Harrison, receive!
eleven votes, and was elected. Arthur St, Cla^r junior, receiv
ed ten votes for the same office. This was St. Clair's son.
Harrison being the secretary of the territory at the time,
resigned that office, and the governor took charge of his official
papers, untU a successor was appointed. Any act, which pass
ed both houses, was sent to the governor, for his approbation.
If he approved', it was returned by him, to the house in which
it originated, where it was signed by the committee of enroU
ment, the great seal of the territory was affixed to it, and
then it was deposited with the governor, for safe keeping.
But if the act was not approved by the governor, he kept it
in his possession until at the end of the session, he assigned
his reasons for not approving it. In this way, St. Clair retain
ed the act regulating marriages, one regulating taverns, one
to create the office of county surveyor, one to take the census
of the eastern division of the territory, (all east of the Scioto
river,) and all the acts for erecting new counties, or changing
the lines of old ones. St, Clair, in true military style, said,
in his proroguing speech, " it appears to me, that the erecting
new counties, is the proper business of the executive," In as-
eigning his reasons for not approving the erection of the county
of Clark, St. Clair expressed his doubts whether thepec^le in it
were able to support a county. And he expressed hk belief
that nearly every man in the county had signed the petiition
for it, and their number was only about one hundred. This
territorial legislature, which conamenced its session on the
lt5th day of September, continued to sit until the 19th of De
cember, when the governor, in true British style, prorogued
them. During this term, of about three months, they passed
about thirty pubUc acts, many of them long and complicated
ones. From these first laws of the territory, we have derived
many of our present ones. Hence the value of Chase's stat
utes, in which volumes they are collected, and to which, we
respectfully refer the reader. Near the close of the session,
this general assembly, prepared an address to the people of
the territory. It was drawn up by Return J. Meigs, of the

FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. 165
house ; after passing both branches of the legislature, it was
signed by the president of the council, and speaker of the
house, and countersigned by the clerk. Jacob Burnet who
was a member of the council frora Hamilton county, was the
most efficient member of this first legislature, northwest of the
Ohio river. He drafted the rules by which this legislature
were governed, the address to the governor, and the address
to the president of the United States, He drafted raost of
the complicated laws which passed both houses. The amount
of his labors, is truly wonderful, when we compare them
with the labors of members of our legislature. The amount of
useful legislative labors, which were pei:formed by Mr, Bur
net, during this session, was greater than is now performed
by sorae whole general assemblies of the present times.
These acts of the old territorial legislature, have had their
effect on our system of laws, to the period in which this is
written. Jacob Burnet was born in Newark, New Jersey, educated at
Princeton, in Nassau Hall where he regularly graduated. He
studied law one year with Richard Stockton, Esquire ; and the
remainder of his tirae devoted to the study of his profession,
preparatory to his adraission to the bar, was spent with Elisha
Boudinot, Esquire. Having completed his classical and legal
studies, and on being admitted to the bar, as a lawyer, he im
migrated into the North Western Territory, and settled at
Cincinnati, in 1796. He immediately rose into eminence in
his profession. He attended the supreme court at Cincinnati,
Marietta and Detroit, in each year. The judges, and their
officers, to wit: Daniel Symmes their clerk, Arthur St, Clair
the attorney general, and Mr. Burnet and other lawyers, tra
versed the country, then a dense forest, without a house, after
they had left each town more than twenty miles. These
judges, and their officers, traveled on horseback, from court
to court, carrying with them, blankets, horse-feed and food for
themselves. They camped out at night, in the woods, and
there was neither tavern, bridge, ferry nor even a road, in
their route. Starting at Cincinnati, they wended their way in

166 HISTORY OF OHIO.
October, to Marietta, Returning from thence to Cincinnati,
they penetrated through the forests and swamps- of the north
west, to Detroit. Having held this court, they returned to
Cincinnati. After being a member of the legislature of this- state repeat
edly, Jacob Burnet was elected a judge of the supreme court
of this state, in 1821-2. This station he filled with distin
guished abiUty. From this station, he was transferred to the
United States senate, where he exhibited the same traits of
character, for which he has always been remarkable — clear
ness, and depth of understanding, sound reasoning, equable and
happy temperament ; in fine, for real wisdom, great learning
and singleness of purpose.
After this first session of the territorial legislature, the seat
of government was removed to ChiUicothe,. where it remained
while the territory existed- Here the state Constitution was
framed, and the state government continued here until 1810,
when the "sweepers"^ removed it to Zanesville, During the
remaining period from 1799 to 1803, the territorial legislature
annually met, but made not many laws, owing lo the extraor
dinary powers conferred on the governor, by the act of con
gress of July 13th 1787. The governor was obstinate, and
the people disliked him. How far his defeat, while at the
head of the North Western Terrritorial array, contributed to
his want of popularity we do not know. That doubtless had
its effects on the public mind.
Settlers slowly came into the country, extending their settle
ments into the interior, and preparing, in that way, for a
change in the form of government. During the time of our
territorial pupillage, congress passed an act dividing this coun
try by the Scioto river; all east of that line was to be a terri
tory by itself. Of the western division, the Wabash was its
western boundary, St, Clair was accused of getting that act
passed, so that he might be the governor of the eastern di
vision during his lifetime. The people informally sent Thomas
Worthington to congress to get it repealed. Governor Wor
thington was successful and got the obno.xious act repealed.

FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 167
"We are aware that St. Clair was not the only one, if one,
who procured the passage of that act, but, it is not worth the
trouble of giving their names. It was promptly repealed,
'through the agency of Thoraas Worthington, During the two
or three years between the first territorial legislature and the
forraation of our constitution, most of the business, usuaUy
now done by our general assembly, was done by the governor
of the territory. He erected new counties, fixed county seats, i
and commissioned all the higher officers. He was an active
stirring man, and often went over the raountains, but when
he returned he issued all sorts of proclamations announcing
new acts of legislation, enacted by hiraself. No raan was
fonder of exercising aU the powers that he had, and no raan
was less liked than he was by those whora he governed. But
worse than all the other acts of his, he granted large tracts
of land in the now state of Illinois, to his near relatives.
These acts being utterly void were of no value to the gran
tees. But we forbear, he is no raore.
During this period. New Connecticut began to be settled,
but the state was, except here and there a little spot, one vast
wilderness, with few roads, and still fewer bridges, raUls,
•churches or school houses.
What few mails reached the territory were carried on horse
¦hack, and they were so carried until after the late war; in
1815, carriages began to be used in conveying the malls and
passengers. There being no bridges across the water courses,
"the mails were not only often thoroughly wetted, but the hor
ses that carried them were drowned, with those who rode
them. Only twenty years have passed away since such ac
cidents often occurred in this state.
Many articles, such as iron and salt, during the territorial
times, were excessively dear and not easily nor abundantly
obtained at any price For a farraer to send an ox team one
hundred mUes for a load of salt, to the Scioto salt works,
where he gave three or four dollars a bushel for the article,
and be on his road one month, knee deep in mud, it could not
he^expected of him to sell it for less than six or seven doUars a

168 HISTORY OF OHtO.
bushel on his return home, to his neighbors. When the car
riage of iron cost two hundred doUars a ton from Baltiraore to
Ohio, that article was dear. As to foreign cloths, they were
dispensed with by the raass of the people. The homemade
hunting shirt, a cap and moccasins, were not very uncommon
in the western country. Those times are passed away ana
with them aU these articles of dress. Our people now dress
as well, if not even better, than those of any other state.
And as a whole they are quite as able to do so. They work
hard and earn the clothes, and use the right to wear them.
At the early day we speak of, our houses were logs, not
always laid very close together. Before our people had time to
clear fields that would produce a harvest, the woods furnished
nuts on which their hogs fed and fattened. The wild grasses
fed the cattle and horses abundantly, winter and summer.
Better beef or sweeter pork, never was tasted, than the wild
grasses and the nuts fattened, in almost all parts of this now
state of Ohio, Many of our old settlers, raourn the loss of
that breed of hogs, which ran wild in the woods, and lived
on nuts, acorns and wild roots. The beef too, of that period,
the old settlers think, was sweeter and more Hke wild animals'
flesh than ours now is. In this opinion we agree with them.
The honey of those days, was made by wild bees. The Indians
abundantly procured it, and often sold it to our people. Our su
gar was made from the maple tree, and not a few of us even
now, prefer it, to that which, at a low price, we now procine
from Louisiana. Wild turkeys were abundant all over the
woods, and were so easily taken, that they sold in market for
only twelve and a half cents each. A good deer sold for one
dollar, or even less. Hogs were almost as easily raised as the
deer, and thousands were never seen by their owner until with
his gun he went out to kill them.
The friendships of those days were pure and disinterested;
and no small portion of the pure friendship, now existing in
this state, araong the people, is found among the old settlers
and their posterity. Even in these days of party feeling,
this ancient friendship breaks down, all party distinctions and

FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. 169
«lccts the old settler to congress, or the legislature. In the
congressional district where we live, and in which there is a
majority of one thousand six hundred and upwards, opposed
to this adrainistration, yet Jereraiah McLene of the other par
ty, was repeatedly elected to congress, in this same district.
General McLene was an old Settler, and the warm friend of
all the people of the district, of all parties. So of Major Wil
liam Oliver of Cincinnati, he was recently elected over an
opponent where the numerical strength of the political par
ties in the county would seera to indicate a very different
result. These are the reraains of that pure and disinteres
ted friendship, of our Ohio "olden times."
As we have already stated, St, Clair was unpopular, and
the people were tired of his arbitrary way of doing business.
By the census of 1800, we had forty-two thousand inhabi
tants and our people seriously applied to congress for admis
sion into the Union, as a state. To this application serious
opposition was raade, but DeWitt Clinton, in the Uniied
States senate, contended powerfully and effectually for us.
In the other house, we had good friends, and our application
prevailed there also. This law was enacted on the 30th day
of April 1802.
FrOra the landing of Rufus Putnam and associates at Mari
etta, it was raore than fourteen years to the passage of this act of
conoress. The people eagerly seized the occasion, to elect
delegates to a convention to frarae a constitution. At Chilli
cothe, on the first day of November 1802, the convention
met, elected Edward Tiffin president, and Thomas Scott sec
retary. On the 29th day of its session, having finished
their labors, the convention adjourned without day.
Our Constitution was never submitted to the people, for
either their approval or disapproval.
But it was submitted to congress for their approbation, and
on the 19th day of February 1803, that body passed an act
entitled " An act to provide for the due execution of the laws
of the United States^ within the state of Ohio." By this act
22 O

170 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Ohio was admitted into the Union, and became a sovereign
state. We go back and make a few remarks on the act of the 30th
AprU 1802,
In the act of congress which enabled the people of that portion
of what remained of the North Western Territory, to form a sepa
rate state government, after leaving out, what is now the state
of Michigan, congress offered certain inducements, to the peo
ple to comply with, certain requisitions, after the state was
formed, and admitted into the Union, as a component member
of the confederacy. Congress offered the people, one thirty-
sixth part of their whole territory for the use of schools, Thej
offered thera also, certain lands, on which they supposed salt
water raight be procured ; they offered them five per cent, of all
the net proceeds of sales of lands, owned by congress; three
per cent, of which, was to be laid out, in making roads, in the
state, and two per cent, on a road to be made from Cumber
land, in Maryland, to the state. These were the principal
offers, which congress held out to the people, but, congress
required of the people of the territory a constitution, which
should be founded on republican principles ; which should adopt
as part of their constitution, the ordinances of 1786, 1787, so
far as was consistent with their being a separate state. The
state constitution, was to be in strict accordance with the con
stitution of the United States. The state was prohibited from
levying any tax, on the lands of the United States, lying in
Ohio, before they were sold, and for five years afterwards.
Lands for a coUege in the Ohio company's purchase ; and a town
ship, in Symmes's purchase, had been given before this time,
granted to the purchasers of those lands, wherewith to endow an
academy. Such were the offers, and such the requisitions of
the act of the 30th April 1802. We state the substance.
And the convention when met, accepted these conditions, and
complied with thera. In twenty nine days, after they assen>-
bled, the convention finished their labors, and adjourned,
making Chillicothe, the seat of government for the new state^
during a certain period. Not wishing to stop our narrativey

REMARKS. OK THE CONSTITUTION. 171
we throw the constitution, into the appendix, and proceed with
a few remarks, on its history, its provisions, and defects.
EEHARES ON THE CONSTITUTION OP OHIO.
The framers of this constitution, were as well qualified, per
haps, even better qualified, for their task, than any other men,
ih the then territory. But, they were generally, young
men, who had been little engaged in legislation. They did
not, and they could not, take a very wide survey of human
societies. And, besides, government is not like some machine
framed after a model. It is nothing more than a bundle of
habits ; but not, as a fourth of July orator would make it, a nose
gay. It is a rule of action, laid down by the supreme power
of a state, commanding sorae things and forbidding others.
Good government, consists, not so much in laying down good
rules, as,. in constantly practising, on those rules, until good
habits are firmly fixed, and invariably adhered to, by the peo
ple. In older countries, mere accident, expediency for the
moment, or dire necessity, have set up governments, or given
them some new direction, which time, experience, and custom
have finally sanctioned, and made permanent. A system of gov
ernment, is not like a building, which may be constructed entire
ly according to a previous plan. It must be improved by skill
and care, and may be grievously injured by neglect, or even
destroyed by violence. Governments cannot be infused into
comraunities, by any sudden act of the lawgiver, nor do they
always follow the conviction of their propriety. Many causes
have more power over the human mind, than any written laws,
and it is extremely difficult, nay, impossible, to foresee, what
any new form of government, will produce, until it is reduced
to practical experiment. For persons^ not actually living
iinder any forra of governraent, to pronounce aUthoritively con
cerning its operation, would be like a fly, sitting on the outside
of our capitol, at Columbus, and seeing only an inch around
him, to applaud or condemn, William Ludlow's bombast, over
the outside doors, the taste, with which, fhe whole structure

172 HISTORY or OHIO.
is erected, and the councils of state, assembled within doors.
These truths are applicable to all men, and for a few survey
ors, lawyers, farmers and school masters, assembled in conven
tion, to forsee all future emergencies ; or, that any people should
be so reasonable as to forego all their inveterate habits of
thinking, acting and feeUng, for the purpose of giving any new
form of government, a fair experiment, ought not to be expected;
or, if we do expect it, that will be found a vain expectation.
Our system was borrowed from various sources and the
¦everal parts, show clearly from whence the framers sever
ally emigrated; from New England, Pennsylvania and Vh-
ginia. Time and experience have shown clearly, that there are
some provisions, which not being inserted in the instrument,
their absence calls loudly for their speedy insertion, by a new
convention. And what is surprising, iis the fact that no efforts have yet
been made, to obtain, the greatest and principal amendment,
imperiously demanded, if we wish for permanency of a repub
lican form of government, in Ohio.
Our general assembly have too much power, and, in tiraes
of peace, they assemble quite too frequently, and sit too long.
Whole millions have been wasted, in useless legislation. With
out more restraints, on the lawmaking power; without an
absolute prohibition, against electing their own members to
offices; this constitution, cannot last long, because, our repub
lican forra of government, can only last, while the people are in
love with it. , Take from it, the affections of the people, and^
like a mist, in a clear morning, it is gone, in an hour,. We
will not attempt to point out all the evils, which this power,ia
the general assembly, has produced. A volume, would barely
enumerate them. During the term, for which any member
is elected, he ought to be ineligible to any other office.
Owing to their ill will towards Governor St, Clair, the
members of the convention, made our governor a mere cypher-
He can pardon criminals, appoint the adjutant general, sign
commissions, and fill temporary vacancies, but he has no voice

BEUARKS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 173
in making the laws, no veto power, nor has he the power, to
interfere in appointing any of our officers. That the veto
power, may be shamefully abused, by an executive officer, the
people, know, but, when used only as Washington used it, and
as the King of England always uses it, it can do no harm, and
may do great good. It ought to have been, often used, in this
state. Unconstitutional acts, have been passed, in every pe
riod of our short history. Acts have been passed, worded
exactly like former ones, without repealing the former ones.
Criminal laws have been repealed (a whole criminal code),
without anjr saving clause, as to crimes committed under
them, so that the greatest criminals have escaped punish
ment. Laws have been amended and made worse, merely for
the sake of making a good, sized volume, and as a mere excuse
for members of assembly staying at the seat of governraent,
and drawing their three dollars a day. In all such cases, a
power of prorogation, in the governor, or of rejecting such
acts, as unconstitutional, as inexpedient, or unnecessary,
would have saved to the people, at least, large sums of
money. Our officers, now appointed by the general assembly, ought
to be nominated by the governor, and appointed, by, and with,
the advice of the senate; excluding from such appointment,
all members of the general assembly, during the term for
which they were elected. As salaries are raised, and the
love of office waxes warmer, members of assembly wUl wear a
:Jess shameless front, in seeking offices, from themselves. The
governor can execute the laws, and he commands the militia,
in a tirae of war. It is his duty, to do any other act which the
general asserably direct hira to do, but it is hardly to be
e.xpected, that the governor wUl be allowed to appoint any one,
to any office of importance, unless that appointment is to be
given to some member of the general assembly, A session of
four weeks in one year, or of twelve weeks once in three years,
in time of peace, for our legislature, would be a vast improve
ment, m our constitution. And the power of changing gen«-

17*4 HISTORY OF OHIO.
ral laws, should not be permitted to them, unless there wags
majority of the whole people, calHng for the change.
The judges of the supreme court, should never sit, any
where, except as a court in bank, and then only once a year, in
each judicial circuit.
Whoever shall be instrumental in procuring these amend
ments to our constitution, will deserve the everlastmg gratitude
of the people of this state.
But, these highly desirable amendments, may be long wish
ed for, rather than expected; at least very soon.. Ever since
the existence of this American Union, the political current
has run in one, and the same channel. Every tendency has
been towards a perfect democracy. Every new state consti
tution which has been framed, as new states have been from
time to time admitted into the confederacy; and every amepd-
ment to any older constitution, have exhibited this feature
more and more, untU the constitution of Michigan, has
approached to the very edge of the crater; it admits aliens to
vote, as soon as they are disgorged from the jails, workhouses,
penitentiaries, and prisons of Europe, and landed on the soil
of Michigan.The love of liberty is a natural impulse; but to be true hb-
erty, it should be regulated by wholesome restraints. We
may do as we please, so long as we injure no one. As much
liberty as we can bear, use, and not abuse, is genuine liberty.
Beyond this point, it is licentiousness, not liberty.
The love of liberty, properly managed, and mildly treated,
has an affinity to law, and is calculated to pour a healthful
stream through the whole body politic, renovating every limb,
and eradicating every symptom of paralysis, which misgovern-
ment produces. All we need in this state, are the amend
ments to the constitution which have been glanced at, to ren
der this state governraent a wise and good one. Without
these amendments, we may become, wealthy, numerous and
powerful. Our ponds may become swamps, and finally good
meadows. Our forests may be cleared away, and farms,
towns, villages and cities may appear, as if by magic, in those

REMARKS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 175
parts, which these forests now shade. Our iron ores, by means
of the coal, reposing always near them, may be manufactured
into all the articles, into which iron is converted. Canals
may be made by the side of every river, and pass near every
man's door. Rail roads may be made, in all directions, all
over the state. Lake Erie and the Ohio river may be naviga
ted hy ten thousand of our steamers, and every port be throng
ed with them, and the millions who own them. Steamers,
canal boats and rail road cars, may, as they certainly will,
throw the people and their property into masses, in cities and
towns. In fine, the whole state may be made to resemble in
appearance, a garden — a perfect paradise, and yet, unless
good government is maintained, those who live under it, may
be truly miserable.
Germany is a perfect garden, and yet hundreds of thousands
are flying from it, as they would from the direst pestilence.
Let us hope, that some honest patriot may show hiraself in
our general assembly, who wUl urge that body to place these
amendraents before the people for their approbatipn, and, Ohio
may obtain a constitution, at no distant day, which will guar
antee to us, what, until then, we cannot have, a well grounded
hope of better officers, better laws, and less danger of being
ruined by unprincipled demagogues. As it now is, during
many a session of the legislature, all well informed men, live
in fear, of some new efforts being made, to almost ruin the state.
As the state increases in wealth; as the legislature becomes
more and raore selfish, or rather as that selfishness has more
opportunities of gratifying its depraved appetite for legal plun
der; the longer such tremendous powers remain in the gene
ral assembly, the more difficult wiU it become, to wrest such
powers from so dangerous a body. The more apparent the
duty of all good men becomes, to unite, in such measures as
will lead to reform, before it is forever too late to obtain it.
Place the amendments before the people, article by article, to
be voted for and against, and we should stand some chance of
having a better constitution.

ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE
GOVERNMENT.

PERIOD THIRD.

THIS PERIOD EXTENDS FROM 1803 TO 1812.
The first general assembly under the constitution, raet at
Chillicothe, on Tuesday March 1st 1803. Michael Bald
win was elected speaker of the house of representatives, and,
Nathaniel Massie speaker of the senate. This general as
sembly proceeded to appoint, all the officers, necessary to carry
on the business of governing the state. The offices were filled
as follows, viz:
Secretary of state, William Creighton, junior.
Auditor of state. Colonel Thomas Gibson.
Treasurer, William McFarland.
Judges of the supreme court. Return J. Meigs, junior, Sam
uel Huntington and William Sprigg.
President Judges of the first, second and third districts,
Francis Dunlevy, Wyllys SUliman and Calvin Pease.
United States Senators, Thomas Worthington; John Smith.
First Governor elected by the people, Edward Tiffin, who
appointed the first adjutant general, Samuel Finley,
First member of congress, Jeremiah Morrow, was elected
by the people.
First United States District Judge, Charles WiUing Byrd.
The first legislature proceeded to enact such laws, as seemed
to be needed. They proceeded to organize seven new coun-

ORGANIZATION. 177
ties, viz: Gallia, Scioto, Geauga, Butler, Warren, Greene and
Montgomery. Those parts of the state had suffered much for want of an
organization into counties, St, Clair had uniformly refused to
have these counties erected, and he had the power to pre
vent it.
Next year, 1804, Muskingum and Highland counties were
organized. These new counties, show where the country had
been filling up with people. Every thing moved forward as
well ns could be expected, considering our remote situation
frora the older states. Mills, though poor ones, were erected,
bridges were built, roads were cut out, though not worked on
much as yet.
Some general remarks seem necessary here, on the man
ners, and situation of the people of that time. The presi
dent judge and the lawyers traveled their circuits, holding
courts. When arrived at the shiretown, the lawyers and judges
were all, generally, thrown together, into one room, in a log
tavern, and slept under the roof, and sorae of thera very near
it. The food was generally, cooked out of doors. And the
court house not unfrequently' was sorae log cabin in the woods,
without a floor in it.
We have seen a constable with a grand jury, sitting under a
tree, and the constable keeping off the crowd, so as to prevent
their hearing the testimony of witnesses before the jury..
Another constable was guarding a petit jury under some oth
er tree, while they were deliberating on their verdict. And
when a new county was organized, the newly elected officers,
such as sheriff, clerk, judges, juries, &c., had to be instructed
in their duties by the president judge and the state's attorney..
These things are all in our recollection, fresh and distinctly
remembered. The people were quite uncouth in their aspect,
but not so unhappy as one would suppose. The greatest diffi
culty which the people had to contend with, was sickness, in
many parts of the country. The farmer kept many dogs to
guard his sheep, hogs, fowls and himself. His fences were
23

178 HISTORY OF OHIO.
very high ones, and his dogs were always ready to defend
their master's family and property. Hogs became so numer
ous in the woods, that many of them became wild, and multi-
pHed until the war of 1812 gave their flesh a value, and they
were killed. Cattle and horses multiplied greatly in the
meantime, and the people had begun to drive them over the
mountains, at an early day, to a market. The people lived-,
in log houses, raised Indian corn for their bread, and as to
meat they found wild turkeys and deer in abundance in the
woods. Domestic fowls and hogs multiplied wonderfully, in
a country where there was so little winter for which to provide.
And as for pleasure-carriages, we do not believe there was one
in the state when it was first organized. Not a few persons,
wore moccasins, instead of shoes, and leather made of deer
skins for coats or hunting shirts and pantaloons. Thus dress
ed, equipped with a large knife, and a good rifle gun, the men
went about their daily business. When the state was flrst or
ganized, we do not believe that there was even one bridge in
the state. The roads were few and it was no easy matter for
a stranger to follow them. For ourselves we preferred follow
ing the pocket compass or the sun, to most of the roads, in the
Virginia Military tract ; and this even ten years after the or
ganization of the state government. Travelers carried their
provisions with them, when starting from any of the towns
into the then wilderness, now thickly settled parts of the stale.
Judges and lawyers rode from court to court, through the for
est, and carried their provisions or starved on their route.
Though they generally got into some settlement before night
fall, yet not always, as we shall long remember. 'When the
strearas were swelled with rain, they swam every stream in
their way.
The people of that day were greatly attached to president
Jefferson and DeWitt Clinton, because they had favored the
admission of Ohio into the Union. The then administration
of the general government were almost worshiped by our peo
ple, and were greatly caressed in return, by the objects of
their reverence. We were then weak, and not feared; but

burr's expedition. 17£)
now we have become great and powerful. So we are oppress
ed in all the ways in which littleness seated on high, can reach
us. But we will stand our ground on our own legs, on our
own soil, relying on our own vast resources. It is, however,
honor enough for any common man to he a good and worthy
citizen of Ohio, travel where he may, in the Union. We may
well contemn all the attempts now made and making to oppress
and degrade us. This state of things cannot last. long, before
Ohio has a voice, and an influence at Washington, No presi
dent or attorney general will dare, then, to treat with con
tempt our citizens, and our members of congress.
During this third period of our history, but two events
drew much public attention to them after our state had be
come properly organized. Of these events we shall treat in
their order of time. burr's expedition in 1806.
The first event, which agitated the public mind, in this
state, after its constitution took effect, and was carried into
complete operation, was Burr's expedition. Early in the spring
of 1806, rumors of all sorts began to spread throughout this
and the adjoining states of an expedition of sorae sort, about to
be set on foot, by Colonel Aaron Burr and his associates.
These ruraors were circulated through the western country
by letter writers in the east, at first, but they soon found their
way into the newspapers of that period. In the summer. Burr
himself appeared among us awhile, then went to Lexington,
Frankfort, and we believe to Nashville, Tennessee and to the
Hermitage. The papers were filled with conjectures, as to
the Colonel's intentions, views, and ultimate objects. John
Smith, one of our senators in congress, was suspected of being
in the horrid plot, whatever it raight be, as he had been, all
along, on friendly terms with Burr, while the latter presided
in the United States senate ! Affidavits of conversations with
Colonel Burr, were gotten up against him. Many of these
wiUing witnesses, we knew, and would not believe them, even

1 80 HtSTORY OF OHIO.
under oath, then, or at any other time, during their lives,
John Smith was beset, on all sides, for his supposed friendship
to the late Vice President, He wrote to Burr, then at Frank
fort, Kentucky, inquiring " what his real objects were in vis
iting the western country?" Burr, answered, and as he said
in that answer it would be, so it was ; the only one that he
ever vouchsafed to give any one, relative to his business in
the western country. He said, in substance, " that, he had
purchased a large tract of land in Louisiana, on the Washita
river, and he wished to engage emigrants, to settle on it.
That the position would be a good one for mercantile and agri
cultural purposes. That these, and these only, were his
objects," Early in the autumn, perhaps, sooner. Burr's associates, be
gan to build boats, along the navigable waters connected with
the Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. Provisions Were purchased,
such as pork, beef and flour, with which to load these boats.
The administration of the general government, sent express
after express to the west, in order to save the country, from
the ruin, which these boat loads of provisions, and nearly
seventy men, without arms, could do by descending the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers, possibly, even to New Orleans !
The legislature of Ohio, full of patriotic devotion, to Mr,
Jefferson's adrainistration, passed a long and complicated act,
to detect and punish the boat builders and all connected with
them. This was in their session of 1806-7,
To look back upon this farce, now, is like reading an ac
count of the Massachusetts witchcraft; or of the plots during
the reign of Charles II, of England, Sergeant Dunbar is a
fine parallel of Titus Oates,
At the session of the United States' courts for Ohio, at
ChUlicothe, in the winter of 1807, a vast concourse of people
attended, expecting many indictments would be found against
all who belonged to the expedition, especially if they had been
in the state! and of all, too, who had built boats or sold provi
sions to load them. Michael Baldwin, a great wit, then our
marshal, seeing a citizen of Ashtabula county, in attendance

181
on court, in expectation of an indictment against him, for some
connection with Burr, (never known what it was) contrived to
convey the idea, to this man, that a bill was actually found
against him, and that he, the marshal, was actually on the
point of arresting the culprit. The terrified man fled, as he
supposed, from justice, with great speed, seventy miles, to
Zanesville. Burr's boats started from Blannerhassett''s island, in the
Ohio river, early in January, 1807, and Blannerhassett, his
family, and Burr's friends descended peaceably doWn, we
believe to Natchez, in the Mississippi Territory. His other
boats, along both rivers, descended likewise, towards the same
point of destination.
Before this time, the president had called on this state for
troops, to repel the threatened — (we know not what to call it)
A great many troops had eagerly come forward, and offered
their services to tbe government, and were joyfully accepted
and enrolled, and held in readiness for instant action.
In January 1807, Burr himself had descended to Natchez,
and there was summoned to appear before the supreme court,
of the Mississippi Territory. Having heard that his agents
were arrested al New Orleans, and along the river, he did not
obey the summons, but fled from Natchez in disguise. He was
arrested, we believe on the Tombigbee river, wending his
way, on horseback, across the country, to Georgia. The man
who arrested him, had never seen him before, but knew him
by his brilliant eye, which shone like a diamond, beneath an
old, broad-brimmed, flapped hat, under which Colonel Burr sat,
warming himself, by the fire, at a small inn.
Colonel Burr was tried before Chief Justice Marshall, at
Richraond, Virginia, in the summer of 1807, on two indict
ments, to wit : one .for treason against the United States ; the
other for setting on foot, an expedition against the Spanish
provinces. On both indictments Burr was acquitted, but he
was recognized, we beHeve, in the sum of five thousand dollars,
to appear at Chillicothe, before the United States court to an
swer to any indictment to be found against him, in Ohio, Not

182 HISTORY OF OHIO.
choosing to appear there, he paid the forfeiture, and went ©ff
to Europe, There he wandered about from one monarch's
court to another, until 1811, when he returned to his native
country. During the reraainder of his life, almost twenty-five
years, he lived in retirement, until he recently died, and was
buried, by the students of the college, of Nassau Hall, Prince
ton, New Jersey, in their burying-ground, with every mark of
respect. There he was born and educated, and there his mor
tal reraains rest. ^
Whatever his projects were, whether for conquest or settle
ment, they were defeated almost as soon as they were form
ed. Late events on this same, theatre do not hold out the
same terror to ambitious men, who would conquer adjoining
provinces, that Burr's fate did, in 1806-7. But Burr is now in
his grave. "No farther seek his merits to disclose,. ,
"Nor draw his frailties from their dread kbode,
"There they alike, in trembling hope repose ;
" In the bosom of his father and hi.» God."

Ghat.

sweeping resolution of 1810.

The next subject which during three or four years, produ
ced a great excitement, in the minds of our population, was in
its day, called, the " Sweeping Resolution." -Our legislature
had passed an act, giving justices of the peace, jurisdiction with
out the aid of a jury in the first instance, in the collection of
debts, in all cases, where the demand did not exceed fifty dol
lars. Inasrauch as the constitution of the United States, giVes
a jury in all sUch cases, where the amount claimed, is twen
ty dollars; and inasrauch too, as any thing in our laws or con
stitution, contrary to the provisions of the national constitu
tion is utterly void, and of no effect; the judges of aU our
courts, declared this act of our legislature void and of no
effect. This independence of our judges inflamed the legisla
ture to a high degree. So they proceeded to punish these hon
est and conscientious officers of justice. The house of rep-

sweeping RESOLUTION. 183
tesentatives impeached the judges, and having a majority of
two thirds in the senate they proceeded against them in due
form and removed them from office. Judges Sprigg, Tod and
Pease were successively removed in the years preceding
1809-10 for this cause, and in this way. All things seemed
to bend before the arbitrary will of the omnipotent general
asserably; but in the auturan of 1809 the people did not elect
" sweepers" enough to the senate to enable the house to car
ry an irapeachment through the senate. There were fourteen
" sweepers" and ten conservatives. Maturing their plan of
operations and having deterrained at all events, " constitution
or no constitution," as one of them said, on the floor of the
house, to remove not only all who opposed their wUI, but all
other civil officers in the state, they raoved forward to the
work. They set up a new doctrine, " that in a short time it
would be seven years, since the constitution went into opera
tion and certainly all civil officers ought to go out of office
every seven years, and so have the field entirely cleared off
for new aspirants to office." In accordance with these " repub
lican ideas," (if they could be believed,) on the 27th day of
December, 1809, Samuel Dunlap, a representative from Jef
ferson county, presented a resolution to the house in these
words, to wit: "Resolved, that all civil officers, of govern
ment, within this state whether elected to office by the legis
lature, or by the people, to fill vacancies, shall hold their offi
ces no longer than their predecessors would have done.
Resolved, also, that a committee of three members be appoin
ted to prepare a bill defining the manner of commissioning
such officers," These resolutions were made the order of the
day, for the next Monday. But on that day, January 1st 1810,
they were farther postponed to the next Thursday, On that
day tbey were discussed, and postponed to January the 7th, On
that day these resolutions were enlarged greatly and passed.
On their passage they read ae follows, viz: "Whereas it is pro
vided by the eighth section of the third article of the con
stitution of this state, that the judges of the supreme court,
the presidents and associate judges Of the court of common

1 84 HISTORY OF OHIO.
pleas, shall be appoiiited by joint ballot of both houses of
the general assembly, and shall hold their offices for seven
years, if so long they behave well ; and whereas the fiiist gen"-
eral assembly of this state did nppoint judges of the supreme
court, presidents and associate judges of the court of com
mon pleas, many of whose offices have become vacant at dif
ferent times, and elections have been had to fill vacancies;
and whereas the original term of office is about to expire, and
it becomes necessary, for the general assembly _/»r to provide
for that event:
Therefore, Resolved, by the general assembly of the state of
Ohio, That the constitution of the state having limited and
defined the term of office, which the judges of the supreme
court, the presidents and judges of the court of common pleasj
the secretary of state, the auditor and treasurer of state; and
also the mode of filling vacancies by the legislature, it can
not of right, be construed to extend beyond the end of the
original term for which the first officers were appointed."
In the house, the vote stood twenty-seven to eighteen.
Those who voted in the affirmative were, Corwin, G. Clark,
Crurabacker, J. Dunlap, S. Dunlap, Dillon, Ellis, Ford, Mur
ray, Gosset, Gardner, Gass, Heaton, Hughs, Humphrey, Ijaras;.
Johnson, Marvin, Pritchard, Pollock, Purviance, Shepard,
Sharp, Swearengen, Tatman, Vore and Edward Tiffin, speaker.
In the negative, voted, Blair, Elliot, Harbaugh, Jackson,
Looker, Lowry, Ludlow, Marple, McCoUoch, McKinney, New
port, Putnam, Pool, Shields, Spafford, Shelby and Wheedon.
When passed, the resolution was sent to the senate, through
which it finally passed, on the 18th January 1810.
Ill that body, the vote stood fourteen for it, and ten against
it, as follows, viz: In the affirmative. Abbot, Barrere, Bryan,
Burton, Cadwell, Cone, Elliot, Irvin,Kinney, Kirker, McLaugh
lin, Price, Smith and Wood.
In the negative, voted, Bigger, Burean, Cooper, Curry,
Foes, Jewett, Henry Massie, McConnel, Sthofield, and McAr
thur. Thus, by a mere resolution, the general assembly, swept off

SWEEPING RESOLUTION. 185
eut of office, every civil officer in the state ! After a pause un
til the 10th day of February, the legislature proceeded then
to fill in part the vacancies, thus made. On that day, they
elected Thomas Scott, William W. / Irvin and Ethan Allen
Brown, judges of the supreme court. They then next elected,
Francis Dunlevy, John Thompson and Benjamin Ruggles,
president judges of the first, second and third judicial circuits
into which the state was then divided. Resting awhUe frora
their labours, on the 15th day of February, they proceeded to
elect associate judges for the twenty-six counties, (all indeed)
then in the state. During the sarae session they elected a
secretary of state, and auditor and treasurer of state. They
made provision for electing, as soon as possible, by the people,
all justices of the peace, in all the townships in Ohio. A few
reraarks on this highhanded, unconstitutional measure seem
to be called for, here. As to vacancies in offices, such as
judges, fhe constitution provides that they shall be filled by the
general asserably, but when so filled it expressly declares thera
to be elected for seven years.
The raotives which induced this flagrant proceeding in the
breasts of some of the actors were pure enough, but we fear,
quite too raany of these men wanted offices, either for thera.-
selves or for some friend, and were quite regardless as to the
means which they used to obtain thera: Mere demagogues,
like the mastiff at his master's door in a cold night, that
makes such an ado, that his raaster finally opens his door to
assist his faithful sentinel in driving off the robber who assaUs
him, when Caesar slips quickly in at the opened door, and lies
down quietly in a warra place, near the fire, where he is per
mitted to sleep until raorning.
Many of the counties had not been organized one half seven
years, and the judges, in not a few instances, had not served
two years. In some such cases, both sets of judges atterap-
ted to act officially. The whole state was thrown into utter
confusion for a tirae, but finally, one and all becarae convin
ced that the " sweeping resolution" was all wrong. All aban-
24 p*

1 86 HISTORY OF OHIO.
doned it, and no man has-sjnce that stormy period, ever advo
cated the proceeding. It will never be reacted in Ohio.
ICnowing all the actors, personally, with whom we never had
any altercation about this or any other matter, we have had
no private ill will to gratify, in saying what we have above.
Nor was it our own wish to be thus particular in stating ail
the materi3.l facts connected with this matter, but the surviv
ing actors insisted on a full statement, and we have complied
with their wishes.
At this same session, the legislature removed the seat of
governraent from Chillicothe to Zanesville.
Congress had granted a township of land for." an academy"
in their contract with John Cleves Symmes, for the sale to him
of the Lower Miami country. According to that grant, the
township was to have been in the centre of the ceded lands.
The legislature, at this session, located the Miami University,
as they called it, on a township which they selected entirely out
of the tract of land, in the centre of which, by the original
grant, it was to have been located. All the acts of this ses
sion, were equally violent and unconstitutional — "for madness
ruled the hour."
They proceeded to appoint, commissioners to fix on a site for
a permanent seat of governraent of this state.
Next session, these coramissioners, James Findlay, Joseph
Darlington, Wyllys Sillirnan, Reason Beall, and William
McFarland, reported in favor, we believe of Dublin, a town on
the Scioto river, some fourteen miles above Columbus. The
year, 1810-11 passed quietly off, but at their next session, the
legislature, accepted the proposals of Colonel James John
son, Alexander McLaughlin, John Kerr and Lyne Starling,
Esquires, who owned the land where Columbus is. The gene
ral asserably fixed the seat of governraent where it now is and
win there remain. At this session of 1811-12 the legisla
ture passed an act, removing the seat of government, back
to Chillicothe, until 1816-17, afler which time it was to be
where it now is, at Colurabus. In the meantime the public
buildings were to be erected, on land then a dense forest.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

PERIOD FOURTH.

THIS PERIOD COMPRISES THE WAR WITH GEEAT BRITAIN OP
1812, IN OHIO.
Though peace had been made on parchment between the
United States, and England, in 1783, yet that peace, could
scarcely be said, to have extended to this North Western Terri
tory. The war with the Indians, continued from the 27th of
April 1774, until the peace of Greenville, August 3d 1795.
The British, constantly occupied their Indian posts within the
liraits of our territory untU the first of June 1796. The Cana
dian Indian Department, continued to pay regular annuities
to their savage allies, who lived within the limits of this Union,
up to a very recent period ; perhaps, they do, up to the moment,
wheh this is written.
This conduct of our Canadian neighbors, kept up a hard
feeling between us, and the English; and besides, that nation
was constantly doing sorae act, which showed their ill will to
wards the United States, They were continually preying on
our defenceless coraraerce, but not content with plundering our
property on the high seas, under various pretexts, they irapress-
ed our sailors, into their naval service. This practice of
impressraent, kept up, and even increased the angry feelings
of our nation, towards England, General Harrison, the gov
ernor of the Indiana Territory, had, in November 1811, fought
a severe battle with the Indians, at Tippecanoe, and every
thing portended war, between this nation and England, when.

188 HISTORY OF OHIO.
in June 1812, war was actually declared, by congress, against
Gre^t Britain, In order to harass the enemy, we suppose,
on the land, to punish him for plundering us, on the ocean;
Mr. Madison's administration took steps to raise an army, dur
ing the session of congress commencing in December 1811 and
continued until the summer of 1812. During that protracted
session, congress authorised the increase of the regular army to
thirty-five thousand troops, and they authorised the raising of a
large force of volunteers, for twelve months. Eariy in the spring
of 1812, Governor William Hull, of Michigan, was ordered into
Ohio, to raise troops, with whom it would seem, he intended
to cross over into Canada, opposite Detroit, and march down
wards towards Quebec.
Canada, Upper and Lower, consists of a vast country, lying
northwest of the United States, bounded hy either lakes dr
their outlets^ which separate those provinces from us, Tbe
settlements along these waters are narrow, and their popula
tion thin. These settlements extend fifteen hundred miles, in
length, from the sea to Lake Superior. Had the war, on our
part been conducted with the ability, that any common man, in
private life, of the requisite geographical knowledge would
have conducted it, we should have siezed, at once, on Kings
ton"' and Montreal, All the country above these points, in that
case, would have fallen into our hands, as a matter of course.
But so it was. General Hull was sent into Ohio to raise troops
wherewith to attack, the weak settlements along lake Erie, on
the Canadian side of it, and march, downwards in the direction
of Fort Niagara, We propose to be brief indeed, on the
war of 1812, for more reasons than we need give.
But little of that war, comparatively speaking, was car
ried on in Ohio, and its events are so recent, and so weU known
that we must be brief. That it was badly conducted by the
then adrainistration, is certain, fijr two reasons ; the men at the
helm, in Washington, were ignorant of the geographical situa
tion of the country; and they knew little of the art of war.
Tliere were, at that tirae, two parties east of the mountains, m
the nation; one party accused the other, of appointing iaeffi-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 189
cient officers, merely because they happened to belong to their
own party ; and, the opposition were accused of throwing every
impediment which they could, in the way of the, then, admin
istration. Both these accusations were, but quite too well
founded. Governor Hull, had served in the war of the revolu
tion, as an aid, and in some minor appointraents, perhaps, but,
was never made to command, but, to execute, the commands
of others. When young, he could have executed what an able
general should have ordered him to do; but at the time of his
appointment, on this frontier, he was too old, to belong to an
army in any situation. All the little military knowledge, he
ever had, was antiquated and useless, and even worse than
useless, because he relied on it. The higher appointments,
made by Mr. Madison, in the army of 1812, were mostly of the
same stamp, such as Hull, Pinckney, Dearborn, Winchester,
&c, &c, &c. They were too pld, and they had not kept pace,
with the age, in which they lived. Hence, all they did, was
useless. They were directed by Dr. Eustis another worn-out,
revolutionary, subaltern officer. Such disasters attended on
all the moveraents, of these worn-out generals, that millions
believed them, traitors. We have never, for a moment, believ
ed them to be such, but, they were utterly incompetent for
any of the duties of the field, at the tirae of their appointraents.
Ohio at the comraencement of the war, had so few opposers of
the adrainistration in it, that they could not be, even called
a party. Under the aforesaid act of congress. Return J. Meigs, then
governor of Ohio, raised three regiraents of volunteers, for
twelve months. This was in April and May 1812, Aftei^
electing their officers, at Dayton {>erhaps, where three regi
ments had rendezvoused; they wef^ numbered first, second
and third. The first, was commanded by Duncan McArthur,
its Colonel; the second, by Colonel James Findlay; and
the third, by Colonel Lewis Cass, Early in June, these troops
marched up the Great Miarai, to Staunton, where they were
paid off — they then marched over to Urbana, where they were
joined by Boyd's, or as it was called, the 4th regiment of regular

190 HISTORY OF OHIO.
troops, who had heen in the battle of Tippecanoe, in the autumn
before. The latter regiment was commanded by. Colonel
Miller. By about the middle of June, this little army, of about twen
ty-five hundred men, left Urbana, under the command of gov
ernor Hull, and proceeding northward, they encamped a short
time, about twenty-four miles north of Urbana, and erected a
block house, and called it Mc Arthur's block house. This was
done by the first regiment. After resting here a short time,
they moved forward again, and got into a swamp, and, from
necessity, encamped in it, and erected a block house there,
which they called " Necessity." The second regiment, under
Findlay, had got ahead of McArthur's regiment, and had
encamped, and erected a block house, and called it Fort Find
lay, The town of Findlay the shire town of Hancock county,
stands, where this block house was erected. After the army
reached McArthur's block house, until they struck the Mau
mee, where Perrysburgh now is, the whole country was covered
with a dense forest, which had to be cleared away for the wag
ons and heavy baggage to pass along, in.the rear of the army.
These block houses were stations erected where the provi
sions could be stored, not wanted for iramediate use. Like
taverns, on our roads, they served as stations for travelers to
stop at, as they were passing and repassing between the army,
and the settled parts of the country. And as the army raoved
forward, the first block house, was erected twenty railes north
of Urbana, the next in a swamp, sorae fifteen mUes or more
further north ; and Fort Findlay was about fifteen or twenty
miles north of Necessity. Frora thence through the " black
swamp," it is about thirty-six miles, or less,, due north, in a
right line, to the Maumee, at Perrysburgh. Through this
swamp, the army marched, followed by one hundred and six
heavy wagons, thirteen of which, stuck fast in the mud and
there remained scattered along in the route of the army, and
served as guides, to show, where Hull's army had passed along
on its march.
The army reached the Maumee on the thirtieth day of June,

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 191
only fifteen days after they had left Dayton, Within this time,
they bad marched one hundred and twenty miles, built block
houses, at suitable points on their route ; cut their roads through
a dense forest; and raarched through, about forty mileS of
swamp, knee aeep, at every step, to the men. Doctor Eustis,
the secretary of war, had despatched a special messenger, to
General Hull, conveying a letter dated the 18th dayof June, tho
sarae day which the President signed the act declaring war.
This messenger, with a letter speciaUy sent to Governor
Hull, by the secretary of war, overtook the army in the black
swamp, on the 26th day of June. In this letter, the secretary
forgot to mention, as a trifling circumstance, the declaration
of war, but, hinted that something of that sort, might be
expected, soon. Four days after the reception of this letter.
General Hull reached the lower end of the rapids, of the Mau
mee, and passed over the river in boats. He chartered a lake
vessel to carry his most valuable baggage and effects, from the
Maumee, to Detroit, In this vessel, he put his trunk, contain
ing all his official papers, and a full account of his strength; tho
naraes of all his officers, payrolls of his array, and every thing
which could be of much value to the enemy, and ordered this
vessel off, past Maiden, the British garrison, which it must
pass, in order to arrive at Detroit, This vessel, thus freight
ed, under the command of a Lieutenant and thirty mefa, fell
necessarUy into the possession of the eneray, at Maiden. Any
raan of sense must have known such would be the result, of
such foUy,
The British legation, at Washington city, had sent express
es with the news of war to all their posts on the upper lakes,
whereas the first news of the war that our array received, was
through a coramon newspaper, which reached them through
the coramon mail route. The army arrived at Detroit on the
5th of July, and being quite fatigued, after their toilsome
march, they rested several days. On the 2d of July, General
HuU received a letter from the Secretary of war, inforraing
him that war was declared. On the 9th he received another
letter, from the Secretary, directing hira, if coiisistent with

192 HISTORY, OF OHIO.
the safety of his post to take Maiden, and extend his con
quests around him, Hull, in reply, said that his force was in
sufficient to make the attempt. On the next day he reitera
ted the same opinion in anpther letter to Doctor Eustis, and
then on the twelfth of July, without receiving any addi
tional force, and his baggage-wagons had not then yet arri
ved, only in part; early in the day, he crossed over the
river into Canada, and issued a most boastful proclamation,
in which he invited the Canadians to join his standard. He
continued at Sandwich, where he had landed, three days, re-
conoitering the country, and collecting provisions. On fhe
15th a party under Cass attempted to cross the Ducks, a
stream, four miles from Maiden, They crossed the creek,
drove the enemy from the bridge and the ford, and returned
again to Sandwich.
On the first of August, General Hull learned that the Brit
ish had taken Mackinaw on the 17th of July, and were on
their way to attack him. Mackinaw was under the command
of Lieutenant Hanks, and fifty-six men, who had no knowledge
of the war, until they were summoned to surrender the fort,
to the enemy. The force which took Mackinaw, amounted to
about six hundred soldiers, from Maiden, besides Indians, This
news of the loss of Mackinaw, filled the mind of General Hull
with consternation. He saw nothing to prevent the approach
of all the savages of the northwest. By this time, Hull's artil
lery had reached him and he had provisions sufficient for about
fifteen days. On the 7th day of August, Hull issued an order
for the army to recross the river into Detroit, This order was
so unexpected by the array that it fell upon it like a thunder
bolt. All confidence in the commander-in-chief, was lost, in
an instant, and the men with difficulty obeyed their own offi
cers. However on the 8th they recrossed the river, and took
post at Detroit. On the 14th, General Brock, the British
comraander-in-chief, took a position opposite Detroit, and be
gan to fortify it by erecting batteries. On the next day he
suramoned Hull to surrender, which he utterly refused to do,
in reply. Brock opened his batteries and threw bombs during

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 193
the night, for the purpose of diverting Hull's attention from
what Brock was then doing. In the morning it was discovered
that the enemy had landed at Springwells. Having thus
landed in safety, and without opposition at 10 o'clock A. M.,
he marched in columns twelve deep, to attack the American
garrison. The fort, or as our soldiers used to call it, "the
sheep pen," was so situated, that the enemy could approach
within two hundred yards of it, before the guns of the garri
son could injure them. A detachment of the American force
however, was sent out, and judiciously posted *" prevent
the advance of the enemy. But at the very moment, when
every American in the army, except its commander, was rea
dy and anxious to begin the mortal combat, with an enemy of
inferior numbers, consisting mostly of either raw militia, or of
Indians; what were the emotions of our army, when they
were ordered into the fort, and to lay down their arras? They
reluctantly obeyed, and a white flag was raised, on the fort.
Without shedding a drop of blood — without firing a single gun,
the fort, with all its cannon, taken with Burgoyne, at Sarato
ga, from the British, with a- vast amount of powder, lead, can
non balls, and all the munitions of war — all — all were surren
dered, unconditionally surrendered, to the enemy. The enemy
himself, must have doubted his own senses on that occasion.
Lotus see, twenty-five hundred raen with aU their arms; twen
ty-five pieces of iron cannon, and eight brass ones; forty
barrels of powder, all-were surrendered without firing a gun,
to about one thousand militia and a few Indians ! It was even
so done by General Hull, Madison's comraander-in-chief of
the North Western array.
Colonels McArthur and Cass, with about four hundred of
the very best troops, in the army, had been despatched (just
at the very- raoraent, they would be most needed) under
the pretence of guarding the wagons, with the provisions,
which Governor Meigs of Ohio, was forwarding to the army.
These troops under McArthur and Cass had marched about
forty railes into the country, among the whortleberry hills of
25 Q

194 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Michigan and then marched back again, without seeing any
provisions, until they had arrived within about nine miles of
Detroit, on their return. Here they were refreshing them-
selves, on the products of some bee-hives and a fat steer, which
they had just killed. Here they were met by a flag of truce
borne bya British officer, and a file of nien, from whom they
learned that they were prisoners of war! They marched for
ward to Detroit, laid down their arms on the pavement, and
were marched into the fort, which was then so crowded that
there was scarcely room for them to lie down in it.
Captain Brush who was guarding the provisions was inclu
ded in the capitulation, as well as the provisions themselves;
and as if that were riot enough, all the troops who were
then marching to join Hull's army. We presume, amounting to
ten thousand in all, were also sutrendered. These, however,
never gave themselves up, but returned horae.
Thus ended this expedition. The militia were allowed to
return horae on their parol of honor not to serve in the war
until exchanged. They were landed on our shore along lake
Erie, at different points. The companyTromCircleviUe, com
manded by captain Bartholomew Fryatt, lieutenant Richard
Douglas, and ensign Pinney, were landed at the mouth of Hu
ron river from an open boat, in which seventy-two of the cora
pany, had come from Detroit. From thence they raade their
way home through Mansfield, Mt, Vernon, Newark and Lan
caster, on their route. Other companies landed at Cleveland
and so came across the state to their homes, on the Scioto
river. General Hull and the regular officers, and soldiers were
reserved for the triumphant entry of the British officers, into
Montreal and Quebec, Thither they were taken, and Hull
himself, seated in an old, ragged, open carriage, was drawn
through the streets of Montreal, and thus exhibited as a raree
show, to the natives there assembled. But the heart sickens
at the recital; and we dismiss Hull, and his expedition, with
the single remark, that he was afterwards tried for his con
duct by a court martial on three charges, viz: First, for

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 195
treason; second, cowardise, and third, unofficer Hke conduct.
He was found guilty of the two last, condemned to death, and
pardoned by the President, who had appointed such an inef
ficient creature to his high station of commander-in-chief of
the North Western army. He was broke though, and we do
not regret to state, is long since dead. We now return to
Ohio, Before the surrender of HuU's army, the then Governor of
Kentucky, Charles Scott, had invited general Harrison, gover
nor of Indiana territory, to visit Frankfort to consult on the
subject of defending the northwestern frontier. This was early
in July, before Hull's disaster. Governor Harrison had visited
Governor Scott, and finally on the 25th of August, 1812,
having accepted the appointment of major general of the
Kentucky militia, escorted by lieutenant colonel Martin D,
Hardin, of Allen's regiment, by riding all night, reached
Cincinnati, at 8 o'clock in the morning of the 27th of that
month. On the 30th of August he left Cincinnati, and fol
lowing the regiraents, which he was about to coraraand, and
who were raarching to Piqua, he overtook them forty railes on
their route, below Dayton, on the morning of the thirty-first.
These troops as he passed them from rear to front gave their
General three hearty cheers of welcome. On the 1st of Sep
tember, these troops reached Dayton.' As they were marching
between Dayton and Piqua, Harrison was overtaken by an
express from the war department, informing him that he was
on the 22d of August, appointed a brigadier general in the Uni
ted States army, to command all the troops in Indiana and
Illinois territories. Until he could hear from the government
ufter the fall of Hull's army was known, and acted on, Harri
son declined accepting this commission. On the 3d of Septem
ber the troops arrived at Piqua. Harrison now learned that
Fort Wayne was about to be beselged by the Indians, , he
therefore despatched colonel Allen's regiment, and three com
panies frora his other regiments with instructions to make for
ced marches for the relief of the garrison. A regiment of
Ohio volunteers seven hundred strong, he ordered forward *i;i

1 96 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Shane's crossing of the Sta. Mary's. Early on the 6th of Sepi.
tember, he ordered forward aU the remaining troops, Onthe
8th they overtook Allen's regiment at Girty^town on the Sta.
Mary's. On the 19th a reconoitering party of twenty men was
sent forward. The enemy learriing the near approach of our
army, abandoned all their positions around the fbrt and fled off
in dismay. Before this time, twenty days. General Jaraes
Winchester of Tennessee, an old revolutionary (rfficer, had
been appointed a brigadier general, and while he was in Lex
ington, Kentucky, on his way to join Hull's array, he was or
dered to take the command, temporarily, of all the troops in
Ohio. To hira, therefore. Governor William Henry Harri
son, resigned that portion of his assumed command, if we may
so call it. However, Winchester's coramand lasted but a few
days, for on the 17th September, 1812, Harrison was appoin
ted Commander-in-chief, of aU the troops, in the North Wes
tern Territory. He was ordered, as soon as practicable to
retake Detroit.
On taking coraraand of the troops, he found them in their
summer clothes, without a sock or a mitten for winter. Many
of them were without shoes. In this case, the General ap
plied to the government, but through fear of their not attend
ing to this matter, Harrison addressed a letter, which was re
published all over Kentucky and Ohio, calling on the weal
thier citizens to contribute these articles forthwith to their
patriotic defenders. This call was attended to and the^e arti
cles saved many from being frost bitten. In this address the
eloquent General asked, " can any citizen sleep easy in his
bed of down, while the centinel who defends him, stands in a
Canadian cliraate, clad only in a linen hunting shirt?" Af
ter his appointraent, Harrison pushed forward to Defiance, at
the mouth of the Auglaize. Leaving this post under the com
mand of Winchester, we find him, at Franklinton on the 13tb
of October, Here he established his head quarters.
But it is necessary that we should go back, and learn what
else had been doing in this state, by others, besides those with
Harrison.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 197
In March 1812, Colonel John MUler was ordered to raise a
regiment of infantry in Ohio, He sent his subaltern officers
into different parts of the state to enlist soldiers ; this was early
in May, In July, these recruits rendezvoused at ChiUicothe,
but, they amounted to only one hundred and forty men. These
troops were placed under the command of captain Angus Lewis
Langham, lieutenant George W. Jackson and ensign John E,
Morgan, and were ordered off to the frontiers. They marched
to Piqua, where leaving ensign Morgan, with about forty pri
vates, to guard that place, and erect suitable works of defence.
Captain Langhara joined Winchester at Defiance.
Just about this time. Fort Wayne was attacked by the Indi
ans, and Colonel John Johnston, the Indian agent, at Piqua
having lost a brother, in the attack on that fort, was induced
to ask for the force, which ensign Morgan comnlanded, to be
stationed at the agency house. These men, under Morgan
erected two block houses, at Piqua. Johnston in the meantime
was engaged in holding councUs with the Indians, in order to
jjrevent their joining the comraon eneray.

In July 1812, General Edward W, Tupper, of Gallia county,
had raised about one thousand men, for six months duty. They
were mostly volunteers and infantry, but they were accora-
panied by WomeldorPs troop of cavalry, of Gallia county.
This force was mostly raised in what are now Gallia, Law
rence and Jackson counties.
They marched under the orders of General Winchester through
Chillicothe and Urbana and on to the Maumee river. Hav
ing reached the Maumee in August, we believe, of that year,
an Indian or two, had been discovered, about their camp. Gen
eral Winchester ordered Tupper to follow the enemy, and dis
cover his camp, if one was near. For this purpose, Tupper
ordered out, a sraall party to reconnoitre the country. This
party pursued the Indians sorae six miles or, more, and return
ed without finding any enemy- Winchester Was offended, and

198 HISTORY OF OHIO.
cwdered Tapper to send out a larger force, but, the troops with
their half starved horses, and without a sufficiency of ammuni
tion, refused to go, Winchester, in a rage, ordered Tupper him
self to go with all his mounted men. Obeying this order, as
he was just about to march, a Kentucky officer, came to him
and offered to join the party, in any situation, which Tupper
should, assign him. Tupper appointed him, his aid, but,; soon
afterwards, taking Tupper aside, he showed him Winchester's
orders, appointing this Kentuckian, to coramand the reconoiter
ing party! This conduct so irritated Tupper and his troops,
that they applied to the commander-in-chief to be allowed to.
serve under him.. This was sometime afterwards, as soon as Gen
eral Harrison had assumed the command of all the Northwestern
army. Tupper moved down the Maumee near to the lower end
of the rapids, where they usually crossed, at a fording place.
The Indians in large numbers showed themselves, on the side
of the river opposite Tupper's camp. He attempted to cross
the river with his troops in the night. The current wa.s rapid,
his horses and men were feeble, being half starved, and the
rocky bottom was slippery. The current swept away some of
the horses and infantry into the deep water. Seeing this, dis
heartened those who wpre left behind on the eastern bank of
fhe river so that only a small nuniber of men crossed over fht;
Maumee. Those who had crossed, had wetted their ammuni
tion, and finally a,ll returned back into their camp before day.
The Indians were hovering about the camp, and a few were
kiUed on both sides.
Finally, all the British Indians, along the river, anywhere
near by, collected all their forces, and attacked Tupper and
his troops on all sides. The enemy had, from one thousand to
twelve hundred men, whereas, from sickness, and various casu
alties, our force, araounted to only about eight hundred men,
and they were badly supplied with provisions and aramunition.
However, they fought bravely, drove off the enemy, and killed
and wounded a large number of his warriors. Their own loss
was trifling, losing only twenty or thirty in all, in the action.
The enemy acknowledged the loss of upwards of fifty kill-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 199
ed; one hundred and fifty wounded. It is highly probable tlwit
their loss was at least, three hundred. Our troops were all
sharpshooters, and real backwoodsmen, who were well accus
tomed to the use of the rifle, in the» woods, where they dwelt,
when at home. The fate of the enemy would have been much
more disastrous, had not our newrecruits, half starved, as they
were, while pursuing the flying enemy fallen in with a drove
offiithogs, in a corn field. Leaving the pursuit of the enemy,
they killed many hogs, until attacked by the Indians, and los
ing four men killed, they turned on the enemy, and drove him
over the river. The British returned to Detroit, and our
troops returned to fort McArthur.
MISSISINEWAY EXPEDITION,
On the 25th of November 1812, General Harrison ordered
a detachment of six hundred men, mostly raounted, to march
from the head quarters, at Franklinton, to attack and destroy
the Indian towns, on the Missisineway river, one of the head
w.Tters of the Wabash river. The expedition consisted of Sim-
eral's regiment, of Kentucky volunteer dragoons of six months
men; Major Jaraes V, Ball's squadron of United States dra
goons; Captain Elliot's company of the 19th regiment of infan
try ; a small company of volunteer rifleraen, from about Greens-
burg, Pennsylvania, coraraanded by Captain Alexander; the
Pittsburgh Blues, volunteer light infantry, commanded by Cap
tain James Butler; Captain Markley's troop of horse, from
AVestmoreland county, Pennsylvania; Lieutenant Lee's de-
tatchraent of Michigan railitia ; and Captain Garrard's troop
of horse, from Lexington, Kentucky. All these troops amount
ed to six hundred men, who Were mounted; and they were
coraraanded, by Lieutenant Colonel John B, CampbeU, of the
United States 19th regiment, and James V, Ball, a Major of
the United States dragoons. Marching from Franklinton, this
expedition passed through Xenia to Dayton, where they were
delayed some days, before they could procure the horses neces
sary for them in addition to those they had already. They

300 HISTORY OF OHIO.
here drew their provisions for ten days, which they carried
along with them through the forests, in their route. They
here too, drew each man an axe, which being made of cast iron,
or pot metal, in some eastern state, broke into many fragments,
as soon as used, by the soldiers, in the Indian country. Hav
ing drawn their horses, axes and provisions, for ten days, they
marched from Dayton, and passing near where GreenvUle now
is they finally reached the Missisineway. This stream they
followed downwards. Having arrived within twenty miles of
the Indian town, located highest on the stream. Colonel Camp
bell, called a council of war, to ask the advice of his officers,
what line of conduct it was best for the expedition, now to pur
sue? This was on the evening of the third day from Green
ville. Their advice was, to march all that night, and take the
eneray by surprise. The march continued all night, and, had
not some Kentuckian given an Indian yell, when the Indian
village was entered very early in the next morning, the ene
my would have been taken by surprise. As it was, however,
eight warriors were killed, and forty two, men, women and
children were taken prisoners. This, was the first of a succes
sion of villages,
Monceytown, in Delaware county, Indiana, is near the place,
where this, then, Indian town was. Pressing forward, they de
stroyed three other Indian towns lower down the river and re
turned to the site of the first destroyed town. They had lost only
a few men, and had killed many of the enemy, and had taken
forty or fifty prisoners. On this spot, where the first town had
been destroyed, early on the morning of the 18th of December,
they were attacked by several hundred Indians. The dra
goons met the enemy, and dislodged his warriors, from the cov
ert, where he had assailed thera, in the edge of a forest, behind
sorae old fallen timbers. Driving him from his position, our
troops killed many Indians, and drove off his forces into the
woods. Forty dead bodies of the enemy were found, on the
battle ground, the remainder were carried off by hira. We lost
twelve killed and about three tiraes that number were wound-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 201
€d. Our dragoons lost a large nuraber of horses, which the
eneray shot, in the battle.
The objects of the expedition, having been accoraplished, the
troops returned, by easy raarches, to New Lexington, where
leaving the wounded, parapbell returned without molestation
from the enemy, to Greenville, where he arrived on the even
ing of the 24th of Deceraber 1812, The roads were in as hor
rible a condition as frost, snow, mud and ice could make thera,
as the weather changed frora the tirae of the coraraenceraent
to the corapletion of the expedition. Their horses were almost
starved, the soldiers were one and all, more or less frost bitten,
so far as their noses, ears and toes were concerned, in the pro
cess. They were badly supplied with provisions and even
amraunition was wanting. The expedition returned early in
January. In this expedition, among the kiUed, at Monceytown, was
the brave Captain Pierce of Zanesville, who fought bravely
and fell on the morning of the 18th of Deceraber. Lieutenant
Waltz was also slain. He belonged to Markley's troop of cav
alry. These officers were deeply lamented, by all who knew
thera. They had given evidence of capacity, as well as pru
dence and valor.
This expedition was comraenced and carried on during the
same time, that. Bonaparte, Was retreating from Moscow, The
weather was so severe in Ohio and Indiana, when our troops
were on their return, that they suffered severely. Not toes
and ears only, were frost bitten, but the very soles of the sol
diers' feet suffered. Not less than one hundred and eighty
men, of this expedition, were thus frost bitten. We had
forgotten, inadvertently, to mention the wounded, they were,
captain Trotter, lieutenants. Hedges, Basey and Hickman,
The object, of this expedition, was to prevent the eneray
from having a place of safety, from whence, he could issue, and
interrupt the intercourse between our settlements and Fort
Wayne, then occupied by our troops. It was to drive him far
ther off on to the St, Joseph's of Michigan, so that he could
26

202 HISTORY OF OHIO.
not waylay our parties, as they were passing and repassi: g,
between our settlements and troops, then concentrating on the
Maumee river. These, in short, were the reasons, (and very
sound ones, too,) which General Harrison assigned in his letter
to the secretary of war, dated 15th November 1812, for send
ing out this expedition. The result answered his expectations
in full.
Having determined on a winter's campaign, for the recove
ry of Detroit and Michigan Territory, it was the commanding
General's intention, to occupy a Hne of posts, from Fort
Wayne, to the foot of the Maumee rapids, inclusive. For this
purpose, Winchester occupied Forts Wayne and Defiance.
With this view, Perkins's brigade, in part, had been marched
forward to Lower Sandusky, This brigade was from the north
ern counties of Ohio, They repaired an old stockade, which
had been erected to protect an old United States store-house
there. This was done early in December, By the tenth of
that month, a battalion of PennsylVanians arrived at Upper-
Sandusky, under the command of Lieutenant HukiU, bring
ing twenty-one pieces of artiUery from Pittsburgh, General
Harrison, iramediately thereafter, sent a regiment, of the
same troops, to the sarae place. He also ordered there, some
companies of Virginians, and on the twentieth he arrived there
in person, and there established his head quarters. It was
there, that he received Campbell's official account of the Mis
sisineway expedition. This news and other circumstances
necessarily drew the General into the interior, to Chillicothe, to
consult with Governor Meigs, about the means to be used, to
keep open a comraunication between the Upper Miami, and
the Maumee river, and to hasten forward, men and provisions.
In expectation of information from General Winchester, that
he had descended the Maumee to its rapids, and taken
post there, by General Harrison's orders, the army at Upper
Sandusky, was now employed in cutting roads, erecting
bridges, and moving forward, towards the Maumee, the can
non, provisions, and heavy baggage. General Harrison, re
turning from the interior to head quarters, hearing nothing

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 203
from Winchester, ordered Charles S. Tod, a judge advocate in
the army, to reach Winchester, ascertain his position, and
what he was doing, to deliver, also, the orders of Harrison to
him. Tod, our late rainister to Colombia, taking along with
him, two or three gentlemen of Michigan, and as many Wyan
dot Indians, proceeded directly across the country, through
" the black swamp," with secrecy and despatch, eluding all
the scouts of the enemy, and reached Winchester in safety.
He then delivered his orders frora General Harrison to Win
chester: "that as soon as he had twenty day's provisions, to
move forward to the rapids ; to erect block houses, as if he in
tended to winter there; to build sleds as if to bring on provi
sions from the interior, for the support of his army, during the
winter." On the 10th of January, 1813, General Winchester, with
his Httle array arrived at the rapids, having previously sent for
ward a detachment of six hundred and seventy men under
General Payne, tp attack a body of troops belonging to the
enemy, which he understood were posted where Toledo now
stands on Swan creek.
Having descended the Maumee below the old British garri
son, nt the foot of the rapids. General Payne ordered sorae
spies forward to reconnoiter the ground where he understood
the eneray was posted, but finding no eneray there, these spies
returned to the detachraent, to which they belonged. The
whole command under Payne now returned to Winchester, at a
place, opposite the middle of the rapids. On the northern bank
of the Mauraee, Winchester, posted hiraself. His position was
just above Wayne's battle ground, and precisely opposite, the
spot where Hull's road struck the rapids. On an eminence
surrounded by woods, and beyond thera, prairies, the encarap
raent was of an oval form, and well chosen, A few Indians
were discovered by our army, routed and driven off, on the
tenth. On the 11th of January, Winchester sent a despatch,
to General Harrison, informing hira, of all he had done, but,
being sent, by sorae raen who were taking back some of Tup
per's worn out horses, the message, went to Fort McArthur,

204 HISTORY OF OHIO.
where Tupper lay, and finaUy, reached Harrison, at the rapids,
from whence it had been forwarded, several weeks before its
reception. Winchester erected a large store house, in his en
campment, and, filled it with corn, from the fields around him.
He also contrived the means of shelling arid pounding it,
Whereby he supplied his troops with good wholeaoine bread,
such as they were used to, and were fond of eaUng at home.
On the 13th of January, Winchester received information,
through two Frenchmen, that the Indians, threatened to burn
Frenchtown,on the river Raisin, twenty-six miles from Detroit.
These people claimed the protection of the Americans. On
the 14th the citizens of Frenchtown, repeated their iirgent
request. On the 16th the two messengers, repeated the pit
eous request, urging the necessity of protecting them, other
wise, as our army advanced towards them, their town would
be burnt, and themselves all massacred. These messengers
stated the enemy's force to be, two companies of Canadians, and
two hundred Indians, but they feared raore would soon be there.
These different messengers created a great ferment in tbe
minds of our troops. They could without a murmur, bear
great sufferings for their country, but such appeals from these
Canadians, who possessed so much friendship for us, these Ken
tuckians could not longer bear. So a council of war was call
ed, to deliberate on the matter. This council of war decided
by an overwhelming majority, that a strong detachment should
forthwith, be sent forward to protect these Canadians. In ac
cordance with this decision, Winchester, ordered Colonel Lew
is, with five hundred and fifty men, to march to the river
Raisin, This march was commenced on tfie morning of the
17th of January 1813,
Within a few hours after Lewis had marched out of the
camp, he was followed by Colonel Allen, with one hundred
and ten more troops. The latter came up with Lewis, late
that evening, at Presque Isle, where he had encamped for the
night, twenty miles from Winchester's head quarters. Here
Lewis was informed, by an express from the river Raisin, that
four hundred Indians were there, and that Elliot was moment-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 205
ly expected there with a force, with which, he intended to at
tack Winchester on the Maumee. Despatching a messenger
with this news, to the head quarters at the rapids, he early
next morning, marched for Frenchtown, intending to reach
that place before Elliot's arrival, -The village which he was
marching to defend, was located precisely half way between
Presque Isle and Maiden, eighteen railes, from each place.
Lewis's march was either on the ice of Maumee bay, or on that
of lake Erie, Six railes from Frenchtown he was discovered
by a few Indians who gave the alarm to the main body of the
enemy. Our army now halted and prepared to leave the lake
and march to the town. They took some refreshments, then
forming three lines, they passed through a piece of woods and
moved forward through an open prairie, in order of battle.
Colonel Allen comraanded the right line composed of the comr
panics under captains McCracken, Bledsoe and Matson.
The left line, coraposed of the corapanies under captains Ham?
ilton, Williams and Kelly was commanded by major Graves.
The centre consisted of the companies of captains Hightower,
Collier and Sebree, comraanded by major Madison, nephew of
the then President of the United States. In front of these
three lines, as a guard, marched the companies of Hickman,
Graves and James, coraraanded by Captain Ballard, acting as
major. Thus raarching forward, they reached Frenchtown.
When within eighty rods of the town they saw the eneray in
motion araong the houses, and behind the fences around the
gardens. Hira they drove thence, frora all his coverts and
hiding places, into a wood. Here he made a stand with his
howitzer and small arms, but all in vain. Our troops drove
him out of the woods, a distance of two miles, every step un
der a charge, for the last hour. It was now dark. The ac
tion had comraenced at three o'clock in the afternoon. Return
ing to the village, of which they took peaceable possession,
and occupied it unmolested, until raorning. In this warraly
contested action, every officer, and every soldier did his duty.
Our loss was twelve killed and fifty-five wounded. Among
the latter, were captains Hickman, Matson and Ballard,
R

206 HISTORY OF OHIO. <
The enemy left fifteen dead in the open field, but as the
principal fighting took place in the woods, about dark— and
from appearances, next day, on that portion of the battle
ground, from which the enemy had carried off his killed and
wounded, his loss must have been very severe. The enemy
was comraanded by major Reynolds of the regular British
army. He had one thousand regulars and four hundred Indi
ans under him, in this contest.
Our troops were now located in a village where they had
aU the necessaries of life, and many of its comforts. The
wounded were well accommodated and faithfuUy nursed.
Lewis inforraed Winchester of his success on the night af
ter the battle, the express reaching the rapids before daylight
next raorning. This news inflamed the minds of our troops at
the rapids, with a determination to march forward and sub-
tain the advanced corps, now though victorious, evidently in
peril, frora its vicinity to the British head quarters, only eigh
teen railes distant frora Frenchtown. General Winchester,
with two hundred' and fifty men, which were all that could be
spared from the rapids, on the evening of the 19th of January,
marched directly towards Frenchtown where he arrived on
the evening of the 20th. On the right of Lewis's encamp
ment, in an open lot of ground, Winchester on his arrival
posted his two hundred and fifty men. Lewis had encamped
where he was protected from sraall arms by garden pickets.
On the south side of the river, three hundred yards distant
frora his array, lying on the north side of the river, Winches
ter took up his quarters for the night. That sarae evening,
the 20th, a Frenchraan carae from Maiden to Winchester,
and informed him that a large force amounting to three thou
sand men was on the point of leaving the enemy's head quar
ters, for Frenchtown. To this news, Winchester paid no at
tention. A most fatal security prevailed in our army ; many
of the soldiers wandered about the town, until a late hour at
night. On the next night, guards were stationed as usual,
but no guard was placed on the road leading to Maiden, On
this road, unmolested and unobserved by our troops, the ene-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 207
my approached that night, within three hundred yards of our
army, and posted himself with his artillery, behind a ravine,
which run across the plain on the right of our troops. A few
minutes after the reveille was beat next morning, our array
heard three guns, in quick succession, after each other, which
were fired by our sentinels. Instantly afterwards, the enemy
opened a fire upon our troops, three hundred yards distant from
thera. Their artillery discharged balls, bombs and grape shot.
As soon as the enemy approached Lewis' command near
enough, he opened, from behind his pickets, a well directed
fire of musketry upon him. The Indians of the enemy,
opened their yells on the right and left fianks of the British
army. Lewis soon repulsed all that approached hira. Win
chester's force encaraped in an open field, unprotected, soo.n
gave way, and being surrounded by Indians, that portion of
our troops were panic stricken, and so fied in disraay and
confusion over the river. Even a reinforcement which Lew
is, from behind his pickets, had sent to assist them, was car
ried along with it. Attempts were now made by Winchester
and two colonels, to rally these flying troops on the south side
of the river, but in vain. The Indians had gained their left
flank and taken possession of the woods in their rear. This
detachment in their terror and confusion attempted to pafs
through a long narrow road, which led out of the town. The
savages posting themselves on both sides of this lane behind
its fences, shot down not a few of our troops in this road.
More than one hundred of our men, gained the woods on their
right where they were instantly surrounded by Indians, shot
down, scalped and toraahawked. Horrible destruction over
whelmed the fugitives on all sides. Captain Simpson was
sliot and tomahawked at the entrance into the lane. Colonel
AUen, though severely wounded in the thigh, attempted sev-,
eral tiraes to rally his raen. Wounded as he was, he had es
caped two miles, where exhausted with the loss of blood, and
worn down with fatigue, he seated himself on a log. An In
dian warrior approached, and ordered a surrender. An
other Indian approached with a hostile appearance, whom

208 HISTORY OF OHIO.
the Colonel instantly killed. A third Indian then came near
him and shot him dead. Captain Mead was killed at the com
mencement of the action. A party under lieutenant Gar
rett consisting of fifteen or twenty men, retreated a mile and a
half, where they surrendered and were massacred, all but the
lieutenant himself.
The snow was deep, our men were completely exhausted in
the latter part of the action, and so fell an easy prey to a
merciless eneray. General Winchester and colonel Lewis were
taken prisoners at a bridge about three-fourths of a mile from
the town. Stripping them of their coats, they were carried
to colonel Proctor by their captors.
All this tirae, araidst all this desolation and death, Madison
and Graves raaintained their position , behind their pickets,
with more than Spartan valor. Proctor finding it useless kn-
ger to assail this little band of heroes, withdrew his forces
from before it, and posted hiraself in some woods, beyond the
reach of our rifles. As soon as Proctor ascertained that Win
chester was taken prisoner, he determined to get possession of
Madison, Graves and their men behind the pickets, without
further contest. Winchester instantly agrecsd to surrender
those brave raen. Major Overton, hiw aid, accompanied! by
Proctor hiraself, and several British officers, carried a flag- of
truce and an order frora Winchester, directed to Madison! and'
Graves to surrender theraselves and raen to the enemy. Af
ter some threats from Proctor, and some little altercation be
tween them, the British coramander agreed to receive a sur
render on the following terras : " that private property should
be respected — that sleds should be provided next raorning to
convey the wounded to Araherstburgh near Maiden — that in
the raeantirae they should be protected by a guard — and final
ly, that the side arras of the officers should be restored to them
at Maiden." Reduced to half a keg of cartridges, surround
ed by three tiraes their own nuraber of eneraies, without any
hope of being reinforced from any quarter, it would have
beein madness in them to refuse such terras, and Madison and
Graves did surrender on these terms, and relied on British hon-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 209
or to see them observed. Proctor and the army under him, at
noon, marched off to Maiden, leaving only Reynolds, and
two or three other officers, as a guard to protect the sick and
the wounded!
Next morning about daylight, instead of sleds, two
hundred Indians arrived from Maiden, They soon deter
mined to murder all the wounded. Raising their frantic yells,
painted black, they began to plunder the houses of the inhab
itants. They next broke into the houses where the wounded
were, plundered, tomahawked and scalped them without mercy.
Soon afterwards, the houses of Jean B. Jerome and Gabriel
Godfrey, which contained nearly all the wounded, were set on
fire. In these houses were consumed raost of the wounded
prisoners. Several who were able to crawl, endeavored to es,-
cape at the windows, but they were tomahawked and pushed
back into the houses and consumed in the flames. Others were
killed in the streets and thrown into the burning houses and
there consumed in the fire. Many were killed in the streets,
horridly mangled and there left by the savages. We might
fill several pages with these horrid details, all going to prove,
beyond all doubt, that Proctor, Elliot and the British officers
ordered these horrid murders of the wounded prisoners. But
what is raore sickening still to the human heart, is the fact,
that the British government, as soon as well informed of these
butcheries in cold blood, of our countryraen, promoted colonel
Proctor, on their account, to be a major general, in their regular
array. What shall we say of such a government? Language
cannot express our horror, our scorn, and indignation, on this
occasion. In this action we lost in killed, massacred and missing, two
hundred and ninety men. The British captured five hundred
and forty-seven prisoners ; the Indians, forty-five, and thirty-
three escaped to the rapids. When the action comraenced, we
had eight hundred and fifty effective men, the enemy had two
thousand. He lost, as near as we could learn, between three
and four hundred men. e*
27

210 HISTORY OF OHIO.
These Kentuckians thus slaughtered, belonged to the best
families ' in ^Kentucky,• and the news of their untimely fate
clothed all the people of that state, in mourning, Mrs., Hen
ry Clay, lost a brother, who was taken prisoner, wounded, kill
ed, tomahawked and scalped by the savages — ^Nathaniel G, S.
Hart, inspector general of the army.
For a disaster so dreadful, who is to be blamed?. Not gen
eral Harrison, because he never ordered such a rash move
ment of Winchester's force, nor even authorized, or counte
nanced it. Indeed, Harrison had no knowledge of the move
ment until Winchester's express informed him of Lewis' move
ment at Lower Sandusky, sixty or seventy mUesdistant from
the rapids. Harrison despatched three hundred men, however,
and a piece of artillery, to the rapids. The roads were so bad
tliatthe cannon did not reach the rapids until after the fatal dis-
as<^er. On the morning of .the 19th, at four o'clock, another ex
press arrived from the rapids and confirmed the former report
that Lewis had marched to the River Raisin. A regiment and
a battalion lay at Lower Sandusky, and this regiraent was in
stantly raarched off to the rapids. The General iraraediately
marched hiraself, thither across the Black Swamp. He travel
ed forty miles in a day, leading his horse frequently and jump
ing frora bog to bog. He traveled thus all night, and reached the
rapids on the morning of the twelfth. General Winchester with
all his disposcable force, had left there in the night preceding
Harrison's arrival. Nothing now could be done but wait for
(he arrival of the regiraent, which was on its march from Lower
Sandusky. Harrison now clearly foresaw Winchester's inevi
table fate. He had thrown hiraself into the very jaws of the
enemy, beyond the reach of succor; but all that Harrison
could do, was done by him.
On the evening of the 22nd, Perkins's regiment and a battal
ion of other militia arrived at the rapids. The news of Win
chester's defeat, also reached the rapids, late on the sarae even
ing. Harrison now called a council of his officers, to take into
consideration what steps should then be taken? The unani
mous opinion of this council was in ik\OT of falling back eJgh-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 2ll
teen miles to Portage river. This advice was instantly car
ried into effect.
Being fully informed of the extent of Winchester's disaster.
General Harrison iramediately thereafter, despatched Doctor
McKeehan, with medicines arid gold, to Maiden, to admin
ister relief to the wounded and sick prisoners, now con
fined, with the other captives, in an open, muddy, wood yard ;
without fire, at Maiden. Harrison gave the Doctor an open
letter, addressed to any British officer, with whora he should
fall in with, on his route. Doctor McKeehan was accorapanied,
in his cariole, by a Frenchman, as his guide. Bearing about
him, his commission of surgeon of our army, a quantity of me
dicines, a considerable sura of raoney, in gold, his open letter
and a flag of truce, as an emblem, of the holy errand, upon
which he was sent; he and his guide, proceeded on their
way towards Maiden. As he journeyed onwards, he was at
tacked by the enemy, his companion slain, and himself woun
ded, and made prisoner. In this condition he reached Maiden.
Proctor took frora hira, his gold, raedicines, horse, cariole,
and flag of truce! Loading his prisoner, with heavy irons.
Proctor confined the doctor, in a dungeon. Frora Maiden,
Proctor sent hira in irons to Niagara; from thence he was trans-
l)orted in irons, from dungeon to dungeon, all the way to Que
bec!! Are we describing the conduct of the savages on the
Niger? of the Upper Nile? or of some barbarous nation in the
heart of central Africa? No reader, we are stating, without
coloring, the treatment of Doctor McKeehan, sent on the
holiest errand that any man could be sent, to a British array,
belonging to a nation, who professes to be, " the bulwark of
our religion !" A nation, professing more humanity and reli
gion, than any other, in the world! But at the same tirae, a
nation, who for its nurabers has shed raore human blood than,
any other; a nation more cruel, more wicked; and who has done
less good in the world, than almost any other nation; who has
enslaved more men, and now holds thera in bondage, than any
other nation, now or ever in existence.
The Christianity of the British government is shown, by

212 HISTORY OF OHIO.
supporting episcopacy in England, presbyterianism in Scot.
land; the Roman catholics in Canada; and idolatry in India!
The British government boasts of their efforts to send mission
aries to the heathen! For every sixpence which they have
thus expended a thousand pounds have been spent by thpm, jn
shedding human blood, and in enslaving mankind. And, this
nation, thus steeped in human gore, dyed deep in infamy of
all sorts, now employs itself in reading moral lectures to us, on
the impropriety of our holding slaves, [See the Appendix — III.]
Doctor McKeehan, was finally released from his imprison
ment in the succeeding May, but, his bodily constitution was
entirely destroyed, by the treatment which he had received.
He returned to his own country, but death, has long since re
leased, the sufferer from his paihs.
The sufferings of this Northwestern army at this time, may
be fairly estimated, frora the contents Of a letter of a Pittsburgh
volunteer to his friend : " On the 2nd day of our march, a
courier arrived from General Harrison, ordering the artillery to
advance with all possible speed. This was impossible from the
snow, it being a perfect swamp, all the way. On the same
evening a messenger informed us, that the General had
retreated eighteen miles in rear of the rapids, to Portage river.
As many raen as could be spared determined forthwith to rein
force hira there,
" Our corapany determined ' to advance. Early next morn
ing at 2 o'clock A. M. our tents were struck, and in half an
hour, we were on our way advancing, I will candidly confess
that on that day, I regreted being a soldier. On that day, we
marched thirty railes, in an incessant rain. And I fear that
you will doubt my veracity, when I tell you, that for eight
miles of that thirty, it took us over the knees, and often up to
the middle. The black swamp, four miles from Portage river,
and four miles in extent, would have been considered impassa
ble, by any men, not determined to surmount every obstacle.
The water on the ice, was about six inches deep — the ice was
very rotten, often breaking through four or five feet. That
night we encamped, on the best ground we could find, but it

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 213
was very wet. It was next to impossible, to raise fires. We
liad no tents, no axes, our clothes perfectly wetted through,
nnd we had little to eat. From a brigade of packhorses, near
us, we got some flour; we killed a hog, from a drove ; our bread
we baked in the ashes, and our meat was broiled on the coals.
This was the sweetest raeal, I ever ate. Two logs roUed close
together, to keep us out of the water, was my bed."
From the Ohio river, to lake Erie, and from the Sandusky to
the Maumee river, inclusive (the ice excepted) the Pittsburgh
\ olunteer's description, is not a bad one of the roads, where
troops, pack horses, wagons and artillery were in motion, that
winter, except sorae few days, before and after new year's
day. Still determined on regainiug Detroit, that winter if possible;
after urging forward to join him at the mouth of Portage river,
all the troops at Upper and Lower Sandusky, and their bag
gage ; about the first of February, 1813, Harrison was with
all his force, again at the Maumee rapids. As it was the
General's intention to make the ground at the rapids, his
grand depot of troops, stores, artillery, &c., he ordered cap-_
tain- Wood, of the Engineers to fortify that position. The
county whose seat of justice is near these rapids now bears
his name — Wood, The fort was afterwards named Meigs, in
iionor of governor Meigs, About the 20th of February, the
terra for which two brigades of Ohio railitia had enlisted ex
pired. They had behaved very well, and their officers ad
dressed a parting letter to general Harrison highly corapli-
inontary. Thfir naraes follow: Edward W, Tupper, briga
dier general ; Simon Perkins, brigadier general ; Charles Mil
ler, colonel ; John Andrews, lieutenant colOnel ; William
Rayen, colonel; Robert Safford, lieutenant colonel; N.
Bbasly, major ; James Galloway, major ; Solomon Bentley
major; George Daerow, major; W, W, Cotobeave, major;
Jacob Fbbdbeick, major.
These officers and their troops, had guarded the northeast
ern frontier, from early in the summer of 1812, after Hull's
defeat. They had cut all the roads, and transported all the

214 HISTORY OF OHIO.
artillery on them to Fort Meigs, through a swamp', in fact of
one hundred and forty mUes in width. They had been aided
in the winter, by some few volunteers from Pennsylvania,
Kentucky and Virginia.
These troops left the rapids on the 20th February. Before
this time the General saw the impossibility of reaching De
troit that winter, and abandoned the idea of so doing. Leav
ing the troops, in the garrison, he hastily departed into the in
terior, by way of the Sanduskys, Delaware, Franklinton and
ChiUicothe to Cincinnati. He everywhere as he moved along,
urged forward to Fort Meigs, troops, provisions, and aU the
munition's of war. At Chillicothe, he found Colonel John Mil
ler, and one hundred and twenty regulars under him, of the
19th regiment. These, the General ordered to Fort Meigs by
way of the Anglaize route. He found but one compaiiy pf
Kentuckians at Newport, but two or three other companies
soon reaching that place, he mounted the whole of them on
pack horses, and ordered them to Fort Meigs, Going forward
hiraself, he ordered Major Ball, and his dragoons who had been
cantoned at Lebanon ever since their return from the Missisin
eway expedition, to march to the same point. Harrison him
self, marched to Amanda on the Anglaize. Here he found colo
nel Miller and his regulars, just arrived from Chillicothe, and
colonel Mills of the militia, with one hundred and fifty men who
had been building and had completed a fleet of boats. Into
these boats the General and these troops and boat builders en
tered, and in this way, reached Port Meigs on the 11th of
April, 1813. The waters were high, out of their banks, and
the navigation difficult and dangerous. Our General arrived,
however, in safety. Tarrying near the fort in' the boats, over
night, and ascertaining that the fort was not invested by the
enemy, be and his detachraent entered the fort early in the
morning of the 12th of April. Ball's dragoons and the moun
ted Kentuckians, had reached the fort before the General,
Colonel Leftwich and his Virginians had entirely gone ofl',
and only two hundred and fifty of the Pennsylvanians remain
ed until the General should return- Leftwich, under whose

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 216
command, Harrison had left the garrison, instead of obeying
bis orders to assist with all his power. Wood, the engineer,
had done nothing, except to tell the men " they were not
obliged to labor!" He even burnt for firewood the timber
on hand intended for pickets ! Harrison now learned from a
messenger from the River Raisin, that the enemy would leave
Maiden, on the 7th of AprU, to invest our fort with a large
force, well provided with all the munitions of war.
THE SEIGE OP FORT MEIGS,
Learning this fact, every effort was now made to complete the
defences of the fort, and prepare for the approaching attack.
The intervals of guard and fatigue duty, were employed in
practising the troops, and in perforraing military evolutions.
Information arrived, that Tecumseh had reached Maiden,
frora the Wabash, with six hundred warriors.
The savages began to hover around the fort, and on the 28th
the British array, appeared in Mauraee Bay, ascending it in
many sraall vessels accorapanied by a large number of open
boats. The Indians marched along upon the land, ascending
towards the garrison.
Tecu.mseii, Walk-in-the-water and Splitlog commanded
three thousand savages ; and the British regulars and Canadi
ans araounted to one thousand raen. The whole force, was
commanded by the newly-raade major general Proctor.
Harrison was extremely anxious to send a messenger to
general Green Clay, who he knew must be not far off, by this
tirae, coraing frora Kentucky, and raoving forward to strength
en this post. Captain William Oliver of Cincinnati, offer
ed his services as the messenger, whose services were gladly
accepted. Accompanied by one white man, and one Indian,
and escorted a short distance by eighty dragoons. Captain
Oliver made his way towards the object of his destination
with sure but rapid footsteps.
We leave hira and go back to the fort, and there find Har
rison addressing all his command, duly assembled in martial

216 history OF OHIO. '
array in front of their General. This popular address was
answered by shouts of applause and devotion.
Instantly the enemy's gun-boats were seen disgorging
their troops, guns and munitions of war, on the site of theolc]
British fort Miami on the southwest side of the upper end of
Maumee bay. Having performed this service, they took in
and conveyed over the Maumee river, on to its eastern shore
their red allies, who forthwith invested our garrison, yeUing
hideously all around it.
Next morning the General issued a patriotic general order,
which was read to the troops. One third of the whole garri
son, was ordered into the trenches, all the tim^ night and day.
These were relieved every three hours. Captains Gratiot
and Wood were the engineers who planned and superintended
the construction of these defences. All was now animation.
The eneray was constructing his batteries ; our men were
laboring on their defences. Around our fort was a space some
hundred yards or more in width clear of trees. Not liking to
venture on this open space, the savages went beyond it, and
climbed up the trees, from whence they killed several and
wounded still niore of our men. Sorties to shoot down these
aerial combatants, as so many squirrels,were frequent, and an
occasional grape shot took effect on them. The Indian yell,
and the constant blaze of their rifles, produced an exceUent
effect in our camp and the men labored constantly and with
great effect on the defences. On the 30th the enemy's batte
ries were completed, and his artillery fixed on them, under a
heavy fire froni our fort not without effect. On the morning
of the 1st of May, it was discovered by our officers, that the
batteries of the enemy were completed, mounted with guns,
and at 10 in the forenoon, he was seen to be loading his pie
ces, and preparing for his grand attack on our fort.
By this tirae our troops had completed their grand traverse
twelve feet high, on a twenty feet base, and three hundred
y-irds long, running along on elevated ground through the mid
dle of the fort, calculated to ward off the balls of the enemy.
The tents in front of this traverse which had previously hid-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 217
den this defence from the enemy's view, were by order of the
General, all reraoved within fifteen minutes, behind it, leaving
the laere bank of earth, for the enemy to open his batteries
upon, John Bull, however, was deterrained to fire away his
ammunitiwi from these batteries of his, at our fort ; so he fired
away during about three days in succession, to no effect
upon us.
Presuming that the enemy would change his position of at
tack to the east side of tbe river where he could do us sorae
real injury, our people had .prepared such a defence. On the
morning of the 3d of May, the eneray opened upon our fort,
such a battery, on which he had raounted three pieces of can
non and a howitzer. They were placed on our left up a ravine
in some bushes. A few eighteen pound shot drove off this
force, and totaUy silenced their guns, for a while at least.
On the 4th it rained hard all day. A new battery was dis
covered, though, on the east side of the Mauraee. A traverse
was instantly made to defend our fort frora its artillery. .Sev
eral men were killed and wounded on both sides. A British
officer was killed with a rifle ball by'Iieutenant Gwynne. The
Pittsburgh and Petersburgh volunteers now reduced by death
to about one hundred raen, were the only disposable force in
the garrison; so large were the works, corapared with the
troops in the fort. These were reserved for any sudden eraer-
gency, and lay in the centre of the garrison near the General.
About midnight, the officer of the day informed the General
that some persons were at the gate who wished to see him.
Harrison arose and going to the sallying port on the river,
there found major Trimble of Kentucky, captain William Ol
iver of Ohio and several privates. They were received with
great joy. They had descended the river in a skiff and had
left general Clay at the head of the rapids. He was moving
downwards in his open boats, and would be at the fort between
three and four o'clock in the morning. This was the report of
captain Oliver, the safely returned messenger, who had so
cheerfully volunteered his services on this occasion.
28 S

218 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Now was Harrison's time to raise the siege, by attacking
the enemy on both sides of the river, and taking his batteries.
This was the instant determination of the General, and be
despatched captain Hamilton of Ohio, to general Clay, order
ing him to land from six to eight hundred raen, on the west
bank of the river; to attack the eneray's batteries, spike his
guns, cut their carriages in pieces, and destroy his property.
Having done this, to ascend the river to their boats, and cross
over the Mauraee, and join those in the fort. The residue of
the brigade was ordered to land on the east side of the river,
and enter the fort. The regular troops under colonel MUler,
and the Pittsburgh and Petersburgh volunteers, were ordered
to hold theraselves in readiness, for a sortie, to attack the ene
my's batteries, on the east side of the river at the same moment,
in which, the attack was made on the western side of the
Maumee. The conception of these simiiltaneous attacks, was a noble
one, and now let us see, how it was executed.
The day of the 5th of May dawned, the sun arose and shone
until 8 o'clock in the forenoon, before Clay and his brigade
appeared to the garrison. The night was dark, and the pilot
refused to proceed in the darkness. Harailton met Clay, about
the middle of the rapids, and delivered his orders to him. Clay
selected Dudley, his oldest colonel, for the command of the
detachment, who were to attack the British garrison, and eight
hundred men, volunteered to serve under him. They landed
on the western shore, marched furiously to the batteries of the
enemy; slew, or drove off, all his troops, at these batteries,
spiked all the guns, cut their carriages into small pieces, pull
ed down all tlie poles on which the red cross of St, George was
flying, and then abandoned theraselves to a real frolic.
Here, we leave them and go over to Clay and his remaining
troops. Six boats contained all the remainder of the brigade,
after Dudley had left it. In the foremost one, near the shore
on which fort Meigs was. Clay was seen approaching the fort,
assailed by a host of savages on that flank. Four boats' crewp,
by winds and waves, were compelled to land and fight their *

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 219
way to the fort. General Clay, did the same, Harrison sent
out Major Alexander of the Pennsylvania volunteers, to aid and
protect the Kentuckians, The Indians increased in numbers
on this flank, and finally, crawled along frora stump to stump,
to within, one hundred and fifty yards of the fort. Boswell
(newly arrived,) Alexander and Herring, were ordered to char<^e
them, which they did, with alacrity. The savages were driv
en off, and Clay, and his four hundred men safely entered the
fort. All this was done before Dudley reached the British
works. And at the moment when Dudley and his detachment
began their attack on the enemy's batteries, Colonel John Mil
ler with two hundred and fiftymen, consisting of United States
regulars, Pennsyvlania and Virginia volunteers and Sebree's
Kentucky militia, in all, two hundred and fifty raen, being
ready, and drawn up in a ravine near the east end of the fort,
marched rapidly, ascending the hill along the ravine until with
in two hundred yards.of the eneray's batteries, they carae into
an open, level plain. Here they were fired upon, by three cora
panies of British regulars, on their right; two companies of
Canadian militia; and Tecumseh and his warriors, on their
left. In front, the enemy's three pieces of cannon, a howitzer
and two hundred men, poured down upon our troops, a storm of
lead and iron. Assailed by four tiraes their own numbers, they
were compelled, at the end of one hundred yards, to close up
their Unes. Then with the fury of the tornado, and the storm,
they swept away all opposition. They spiked and rendered
useless the enemy's guns and mortar, drove off, killed, wound
ed or captured all this hostile force.
Miller and his men returned to the garrison. On both sides
of the river, the sorties were victorious. So the noble concep
tion of Harrison, had been nobly executed, on both sides of the
Maumee. After this last sortie, a British officer, major Chambers,
bearing a flag of truce, was seen crossing the river from the
eneray's sideof the Maumee, and he landed on the beach under
our fort. Major Hukill the general's aid, was sent to receive
him. The officer told his errand : that he came to demand the

220 HISTORY OF OHIO.
surrender of the garrison. Major Hukill told him, that such
a demand was useless. But the officer insisted on seeing the
general; so blindfolding him, major Hukill conducted him into
the presence of General Harrison. The whole conversation
on that occasion was reduced to writing on the spot. Its au.
thcnticity is placed beyond a doubt.
The conversation betweeQ Major Chambers and General
Harrison was as follows viz:
Major Chambers. General Proctor has directed me to de
mand the surrender of this post. He wishes to spare the effil-
sion of blood.
General Harrison. The demand under present circum
stances, is a most extraordinary one. As general Proctor did
not send me a summons to surrender on his first arrival, I had
supposed that he believed me detejmiined to do my duty. His
present message indicates an opinion of me that I am at a loss
to account for.
Major CnAMnERS. General Proctor could never think of
saying any thing that would wound your feelings. The char
acter of general Harrison as an officer, is well known. Gen
eral Proctor's force is very respectable, and there is with him
a larger body of Indians, than ever was assembled before.
General Harrisons I believe I have a very correct idea
of general Proctor's force; it is not such as to create the least
apprehension, for the result, whatever shape he may be pleased
to give it, hereafter. Assure the General however, that this
post will never be surrendered to him, on any terms. Should it
fall into his hands, it will be in a raanner, calculated to do him
more honor, and give him higher claims^ on the gratitude of
his government than any capitulation could possibly do,
Iramediately aftejwasds, Chambers returned as he came,
over the river, to Proctor.
We return to Dudley amd bis detachment, at the enemy^s
batteries, which they had taken, and then had given them
selves up to exultatioBr, at their success. The enemy had
retreated entirely beyond Dudley's sight or hearing, and had
then concentrated his forces, red and white. WhUe a few Indi'

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 221
ans, near Dudley, drew the attention of his men, a large detach
ment, three times Dudley's number approached bun, at the bat
teries, and, and rushing on our exulting troops, in a few min
utes, killed forty or fifty Kentuckians ; wounded some seventy-
five and captured five hundred and fifty prisoners. One hun
dred and fifty, on our extreme left of this detachment, escaped
to their boats, crossed the river, and reached fort Meigs in safe
ty, carrying their wotmded along with them.
The enemy now found himself in a very crippled condition.
His guns and mortars were rendered useless ; and he had lost
more in killed, wounded and prisoners,, than the besieged.
Proctor agreed to an exchange of prisoners, and also to account
for the difference hereafter, Harrison having taken more pris
oners than Proctor.
Our loss during the siege, was as foUows : killed eighty-one ;
wounded one hvmdred and eighty nine; total killed and wound
ed, two hundred and seventy. Sixty four, were killed in the
sorties, and one hundred and twenty-four wounded. The
remainder, eighty-one, were killed and wounded within the
fort. Dudley^'s detachment is not included in this estimate.
Proctor finding hiraself completely baffled, in all his attempts
to take this garrison, set himself seriously to work, to draw off
his forces, in the best order he could do. During the succeed
ing three days and an half, he labored with this view, and on
the 9th day of May, 1813, at noon, annoyed seriously, by our
artUlery, he sailed down the bay, and soon disappeared from
the view of our garrison.
General Harrison, satisfied that Proctor would not return
very soon, left the fort and went to Lower Sandusky, where
he arrived on the 12th day of May. Here he found governor
Meigs, and a large force of Ohio militia, who had come to
relieve fort Meigs. Passing onwards, through Upper San
dusky and Delaware, to Franklinton, he found the entire
road covered with Ohio militia, all pressing forward to raise
the siege of Fort Meigs, Not one of these militia being
needed at that time, the General, on the 16th at Franklinton
issued a general order, dismissing these troops. The order
s*

222 HISTORY OF OHIO
was drawn up, in highly complimentary terms to their zeal
and patriotism, as follows r. ^ Head Quarters, )
Franklinton, May 16th, 1813, \
" The commanding general has observed with the warmest
gratitude, the astonishing exertions which have been made by
his excellency, governor Meigs, and the geperals and other
militia officers of this state, in collecting and equiping a body
of troops for the relief of camp Meigs, But the efforts of these
men would have been unavailing, had they not been seconded
by the patriotic ardor of every description of citizens, which
has induced them to leave their homes, at a most critical sea
son of the year, regardless of every consideration, bpt that of
rendering service to their country. The General found the
road from Lower Sandusky to this place, literally covered with
raen, and amongst them many who had shared in the toils and
dangers of the revolutionary war, and on whom, of course,
there existed no legal claims for military services. The Gen
eral has every reason to believe, that similar efforts have been
made in Kentucky. He offers to all those brave men from
both states, his sincere acknowliedgments ; and is happy to in
form them, that; there is at present no necessity for their lon
ger continuance in the field,. The enemy has fled with pre
cipitation from camp Meigs, and that fort is in a much better
situation to resist an attack, than when, tho last siege was
commenced. " By order of the general,
" R. Graham, Aid."
Against this order, loud complaints were made, by those
who had come forward to see some fighting. But, the secre
tary of war, by a confidential order to the General, had for
bidden his calling out any more militia, until we had full and
free possession of lake Erie. The same order commanded
him to employ and rely on regular troops. It also forbid any
further attempts to retake Dfetroit, until Perry's fleet com
manded the lake. These injunctions were to be obeyed by
Harrison, not divulged; so he bore aU the complaints of , the

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 223
militia, in silence. He was ordered, also, to aid all he could,
in fitting out a force, now in a state of great forwardness, with
which, to contend on the lake, for the supremacy on this in
land sea.
Keeping all these orders in view, he moved rapidly to Chil
licothe, and finally to Cincinnati, encouraging the recruiting
service, looking into the quarter master's and commissary's
departments, as he went forward. At Newport, the General
found the 24th regiment of United States infantry, from
Nashville, Tennessee. These, he instantly ordered off to
FrankHnton, and they marched there. The General himself
following them, to the same place, sent for deputations from
our friendly Indians. 'When they arrived, he held many long
talks with them.
General Clay, now in command of Fort Meigs, inforraed
Harrison, that the eneray was preparing to invest that fort
with a large force. The 24th regiraent had already marched
sorae days previous, to Sandusky, These the General followed,
and overtook below Upper Sandusky. Frora these troops,
three hundred of the stoutest men were selected, to make a
forced march, to relieve Fort Meigs. The swamp was dry
on the surface, but not enough so, to bear a man's weight; so
down he went knee deep, and now the difficulty was to draw
out his feet, the earth being dry on the surface. The General
pressed forward without halting night or day, and arrived at
the garrison on the 28th at nightfall. Colonel Anderson,
colonel Gaines, and their Tennessee detachraent, reached tbe
garrison within a few hours after the General.
No eneray appeared, but, towards the latter part of June,
the General learned, that one hundred Indians had left the
river Raisin in canoes for Lower Sandusky. Nothing required
his presence any longer at Fort Meigs. On the 1st of July, Har
rison left the fort and went to Lowei; Sandusky. Here, on the
2nd, Colonel BaU with a squadron of horse met Harrison,
according to his orders. With these, Harrison immediately
marched for Cleveland. The secretary of war had ordered
boats built at the mouth of the Cuyahoga in which to trans-

224 HISTORY OF OHIO.
port the army over the lake. These boat builders were com
manded by major, now general Jesup of the United States
army. Cleveland, too, at that time, had in its hospital
seventy-five wounded soldiers. A company of volunteers
from ChiUicothe, was there, and acted as boat builders and
nurses to Dudley's wounded men. Harrison, while here, inter
changed communications with Perry at Erie, and received
orders from the secretary of war to call out the militia. He
returned on to the Sandusky river, and learned that Proctor
was on the point of landing on our coast, a force of five thou
sand men, July 20th, the enemy ascended Maumee bay in
a large number of boats and landed on our shore. That night
Captain McCune of the Ohio militia, (and from Muskingum
county, we believe,) was despatched by Clay to Harrison,
informing him of Proctor's landing. Harrison was at Lower
Sandusky at this time.
Where this town now stands, there was an old picketing on
a piece of land, secured to us for a garrison and Indian trading
house, by General Wayne's treaty of 1795. It was a smaU
work, large enough for two hundred men, not more. This
little stockade was called fort Stevenson, at tbe time, Harrison
lay there. The defence of this Kttle stockade was committed
to raajor George Croghan, a youth of twenty-one years of age,
and to Captain Hunter, lieutenants Baylor, , Johnson and
Meeks; ensigns Ship and Duncan, and one hundred and sixty
privates. They were all young, athletic, bold and intrepid
men. The remainder of Harrison's force were marched to the
Seneca old town, some miles, on the river above fort Stevenson.
The latter force consisted of only one hundred and forty men.
Harrison's own positition, was chosen as the best, about which,
to collect the troops, momentarily expected from the interior.
It was a good point from whence reinforcements might be des
patched, either down the river, or up it, and to protect the vast
amount of property collected at Upper Sandusky. Captain
McCune was ordered to inform General Clay, that in case, his
garrison was seriously invested by the enemy, every effort
would be made to relieve him; but, to beware of being takenby

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 225
surprise. Captain McCune returned on the 25th. He arrived
near the garrison towards day, after encountering many Indian
encampments. By good management, address, and the fleetness
of his horse, he reached the fort in safety. During the next
three days, the enemy resorted to all sorts of stratagems to
draw out our garrison. Not succeeding in any of these, and
remembering his former discomfiture, while investing this post,
on the 28th of July, he embarked on board his vessels, and
saUed out of the Maumee, for Sandusky bay. WhUe the Brit
ish sailed down the lake, Tecumseh and his warriors, went
across the swarap in the direction of Sandusky river. They
nurabered four thousand, and filled the woods with their par
ties, between the Mauraee and Sandusky rivers. On the 29th
the Indians swarmed like bees in the woods, about Harrison's
carap, and all along the Sandusky river. At night he received
intelligence from Clay, that the enemy had left him. Calling
a council of war, general Harrison, propounded to it this
question, " is fort Stephenson tenable?" The council decided,
"it was not tenable." In pursuance of this decision, Harri
son sent orders to major Croghan to abandon the fort, destroy
the public property and retreat to Seneca, provided the enemy
were about to invest his fort with heavy cannon. This order
was carried by a Mr. Connor and two Indians, who lost their
way, and did not reach the fort until the next day at 11 o'clock
in the forenoon. Croghan was of the opinion that he could
not retreat with his force, without the total destruction of his
..omraand, and in his answer, which 'he expected the enemy
would take from the bearer, he informed the General, that he
had deterrained to raaintain his position. This despatch reach
ed the General in safety. Not perfectly understanding all the
raotives which dictated such an answer, refusing to obey a po
sitive order of the coraraanding general, Harrison sent an es
cort under colonel Ball of the dragoons, to arrest and bring to
head quarters, major Croghan, In the meantime colonel
Wells was put in command of Fort Stephenson. This detach
ment of dragoons, sent on this errand, near Sandusky, fell in
29

226 HISTORY OF OHIO.
with twelve Indians, and killed eleven out of the twelve. Cap
tain James Ryan, now of ChUlicothe, then a subaltern ofiicer
of the Pittsburgh volunteers, killed one of these savages, by
one blow of his heavy broadsword. The savage had his tom
ahawk upraised and was just about to throw it at Ryan, when
himself was laid low, never to rise again.
Colonel Wells assumed the coraraand for a very short time,
inasmuch as Croghan, on his reaching head quarters, instant
ly removed every shade of suspicion that he had intended to
disobey the General, Tarrying, therefore, all night with Har
rison, who treated him with the greatest kindness ; next mor
ning he was escorted back in safety, and placed in command
as before, croghan's defence of fort STEPHENSON.
On the 31st of July a reconoitering party from the lake,
twenty miles distant, saw the enemy enter Sandusky bay,
August 1st, at noon, this party passed Croghan, on its way to
Seneca, and informed him that the enemy had entered Sandus
ky bay, and was then ascending it with his gun boats.
Within three hours after the reception of this intelligence,
Croghan and his troops saw the enemy with his gun boats,
cannon, and all his means of annoyance, on the spot, ready to
comraenee the storming of their little stockade. The enemy
had come to invest this post, with one thousand British and as
many Indians. The former were comraanded by general Proc
tor himself; the latter by Di.xon. Out of the most pure regard
for our troops in Fort Stevenson, (if Proctor could be believed)
he sent on his arrival, major Chambers of the regulars,, and
Dixon of the Indian department, to summons the garrison to
surrender. Croghan sent ensign Ship, with a flag to meet
these gentlemen. Chambers and Dixon, "besought Ship, to
spare the effusion of blood — what a pity, said they, that you
and Croghan, such fine young men, should ¦ be butchered by
savages," Ship replied, that " when they took the garri
son, none would be left to be butchered by an enemy," At

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 227
that moment, an Indian came forward in his most hostile array,
pretending to wish to toniahawk Ship, when Dixon shaking with
pretended terrors, urged the ensign "to get into his garrison
as soon as possible, unless he would consent to a surrender,
and thereby save the lives of the troops in the garrison,"
The enemy now opened his fire upon the fort, from his guns in
the boats and his mortar on the shore. He continued to fire all
night, with little intermission and with stUl less effect. His
guns were sixpounders, Croghan had one si.xpounder and
that was all the artillery he had in the fort. He contrived
to move his gun from one part of his works to another, so as
to induce a belief that he had raany guns. So the night pass
ed off. Tecuraseh with two thousand warriors lay beside the
road leading to Seneca, and Upper Sandusky, expecting a rein
forcement from that quarter to save the garrison. To inter
cept such a force, and destroy it, was bis grand object. In
this, he was sorely disappointed, as no such force was sent. Du
ring this first night, the enemy had landed from his boats, three
sixpounders and a raortar, and had placed them within two
hundred and forty yards of the fort, in a grove of woods. Du
ring this same night, Croghan discovered that the eneray seera-
ed to aim most of his shots at the northwest corner of the stock
ade, and he Supposed that when the British attempted to storm
his fort, the place of attack would be at that angle. So he order
ed captain Hunter to place their only gun in a position so that it
would rake the ditch, in case -the enemy attempted to scale the
works at that angle. In secrecy, and with uncoraraon indus
try and personal exertions, captain Hunter obeyed the order.
The raorning of the 2d of August dawned on our heroic band
of young patriots. The enemy fired all day, but at four in
the afternoon, he concentrated all the fire of all his guns at
the northwestern angle of the fort. Seeing this, Croghan or
dered sergeant Weaver and six privates of the Pittsburgh vol
unteers, to place there, with all possible expedition, bags of
sand and flour. This was done in a manner so effectually that,
that angle received no material injury, from the enemy's guns.
The sixpounder was entrusted to the management of the

228 HISTORY OF OHIO.
same sergeant, and his six men. Late in the evening wheti
all was enveloped in smoke, the enemy proceeded to make the
assault. Two feints were made on Hunter's lines, but in the
meantime three hundred and fifty men of the enemy, advan
ced in the smoke, to within sixty feet of the northwestern
angle, A severe fire of musketry from the fort, put them in
confusion for a moment, when lieutenant colonel Short, who
headed this column of the enemy, urged forward his men to
the edge of the ditch, calling on them to follow him, and
"to give no quarters" he leaped into the ditch. The masked
,pbrt hole was now opened, and the sixpounder within thirty
feet of the assailants, was fired on them. The lieutenant
colonel Short, and fifty others, were instantly killed or wound
ed. Death and desolation fijled the ditch. Captain Hunter ,
repelled Warburton and Chambers with a constant stream of
lead from his rifles. They were assailing his line, but now
ceased to do so, and drew off. During the assault which last
ed thirty minutes, the' enemy constantly fired his raortar and
five of his sixpounders. Imraediately after this assault the
eneray drew off out of the reach of our guns. It was now
dark. The wounded in the ditch were in a desperate condi
tion. They called for " water, water, water." The enemy
dare not undertake to relieve them — so Croghan, and his
brave raen handed over water to them, in buckets, to relieve'
their thirst. Our men dug a hole through, and under the pick
ets, and encouraged as raany as were able to crawl, to creep
into the fort. Compare this treatraent, reader, with Proctor's
SLEDS at the river Raisin, on Washington's birth day, in this
sarae year!
At three o'clock this night, the enemy made a raost. disorder
ly and shameful retreat, down the bay. In their hurry, ter
ror and confusion, they left a sail boat full of the most valua
ble property. They left strewed around our fort, seventy
stands of arras and several valuable braces of pistols. They
anticipated a visit from general Harrison with his artillery
early next morning; so they were off in a hurry.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 229
Our loss in this briUiant affair, was one killed, and seven
were very slightly wounded.
The total loss of the enemy could not have been less than
one hundred and fifty killed and wounded.
One British officer, major Muir, was wounded in the head,
knocked down for dead in the ditch, lay there awhile, come to
himself and finally crawled off to his friends. For us it was
well enough that he escaped at that time, inasmuch as he was
never sane afterwards.
He got the command of two hundred troops, and was passing
down lake Ontario, next year, 1814, in two vessels. Chased
by our squadron of ships, towards the lower end of the lake,
he ordered the two vessels to be run on an island, and he and his
men hid in the bushes, but had forgotten their arras ! So they
were all captured, raajor Muir and his two hundred raen.
Not a drop of blood was shed on either side.
It reraains for us to say, that for so briUiant an action, con
gress with their characteristic alacrity on such occasions, have
at the end of twenty three years, voted swords to the officers,
Croghan, Hunter, Ship, .&c., &c., &c. It is true that before
the swords were given, all but Croghan and Hunter, were
dead. Hunter, one of the bravest and most efficient captains
ever in the regular army to which he belonged, was disban
ded at the close of the war, — ,.^,
The ladies of Chillicothe, as soon as they heard of Crog
han's gallant defence; voted him a sword. In Niles' Register
of that time, the reader will find their address to Croghan, and
his answer-
The enemy had now returned to Maiden; our troops from
the interior were pouring into Upper Sandusky. Frora Picka
way county Colonel James Renick with two hundred and fif
ty mounted volunteers, an advanced detachment came ; seven
hundred following them, from the same county. Harrison had
called on governor Meigs for six months men, but hearing of
the invasion of Ohio, a second time this year, Meigs called out
the entire mass of militia for forty days. On the 4th of Au
gust, early in the morning, colonel Henry Brush of Chillico-

230 HISTORY OF OHIO.
the, delivered a letter from governor Meigs to general Harrison
at Seneca, informing him of the arrival at Upper Sandusky^ of
the entire mass of militia, in the Scioto valley, and of vast
numbers frora all parts of the state ; and that they now expected
to be employed in active service or they would not be likely to
obey another call. The General went to Upper Sandusky to
confer With Meigs, and inform him of the orders of the war
department, not to employ militia at all, if regulars could be
procured, but if not, then only militia enough to make up the
deficiency of seven thousand regulars. Two thousand men
for six raonth?, was all that Harrison felt authorised to employ
from Ohio. These Meigs selected, but for forty days only.
That being done, Harrison was compelled to dismiss them as
of no use, except to consume the provisions. Many of- tbe
railitia officers thus necessarily dismissed, assembled and pas.s-
cd inflamraatory resolutions against the General, for obeying his
orders. The officers of the regular army answered them in
the same way, by resolutions.
From the land, we now turn our attention awhile, to our own
Sea, lake Erie. Lieutenants Perry and Elliot, had been order
ed to lake Erie with several hundred sailors, early in the sum
mer of 1812, and they were not idle. They had seized and
captured at different times, several British vessels, and they
had destroyed such vessels as they could not carry into our
harbors. Ship carpenters had been busily engaged, in build
ing vessels of war, at Erie in Pennsylvania. Several ships
were fitted up, which had been employed, as merchant vessels,
and severals others were built, expressly for warlike purposes.
Finally, nine vessels were gotten ready for service, carrying,
in all, fifty-four guns. General McArthur, had sent twenty-
five active seamen, from fort Meigs, to join Perry's fleet. The
war, on the ocean had driven these sailors from the Atlantic
frontier; they had joined our army and now volunteered their
services to Perry, and materially contributed to his success,
as their naval commander cheerfully acknowledged. McAr-
thtir had taken possession of fort Meigs, general Clay 'being
sick, had resigned the command temporarily to McArthur.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 231
While Perry's fleet lay off the mouth of Sandusky bay, Har
rison had furnished one hundred and fifty marines to Perry.
The British fleet, under Commodore Barclay, consisted of six
ships, carrying sixty-three guns.

After various manoeuvres, these fleets, met and fought a bat
tle, on lake Erie, whhin the territorial limits of Ohio, on the
10th day of September, 1813, at the head of the lake. The line
of battle was formed, about eleven o'clock, in the forenoon, and
fifteen minutes before twelve, the Queen Charlotte, the British
Comraodore's flag ship, opened a raost tremendous fire, with
grape and cannister shot, upon the Lawrence, the flag ship of
comraodore Perry. It was fifteen rainutes, almost, before Per
ry could bring his guns to bear on the eneray.
At length. Perry got his guns to bear upon the Queen Char
lotte, and raaking signals for the rest of his squadron to engage,
he continued for two hours, to contend with two of the eneray's
vessels ; each of them, was equal to his own. During all this
time, such was the wind that his other vessels could afford
hira no aid, so he fought, single handed and alone, against
these two vessels of Barclay. By this time, the Lawrence,
had become a perfect wreck, and all the raen, on board this
vessel, had been either killed, or wounded, except three or
four individuals. Surrounded by ruin, by the dying and the
dead. Perry, accorapanied by his brother, and two or three
others, left the Lawrence, in an open boat, and got on board
the Niagara, his next best vessel. He brought her into action,
running into the midst of the enemy's line, and very politely,
poured a broadside, into each of the enemy's vessels, as ho
passed it; the Detroit, Queen Charlotte, and Lady Provost,
on the one side, and the Chippeway, and Little Belt, on the
other. He finally paid his addresses to the Lady Provost so
warmly, that her Ladyship's men, deserted her deck, and ran
below. The remainder of Perry's squadron, next followed
the example of their brave commander, and one and all got into

232 HISTORY OF OHIO.
the action, and it become general, warm and animated. With
in three hours of its commencement, this engagement, termin
ated, in favor of" free trade and sailors' rights." Perry writ
ing, in the same style in which he fought, informed general
Harrison, that, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours,"
The victory was an entire one. Perry captitting all the ships
of the eneray, and six hundred prisoners, which outnumbered
our entire force, at the comraencement of the action. He took
also, six more cannons than he had, of bis own. This was one
of the best fought battles, recorded in history, Barclay fought
bravely, manfully and well, but Perry fought better, and suc
ceeded, in capturing an entire squadron from the enemy.
The killed and wounded, in this battle, was great, on both
sides; Barclay lost his only remaining arm, the other having
been shot away, in the battle of the Nile. And he lost, two
hundred killed and wounded, besides six hundred prisoners'.
Perry lost tiventy seven killed', and ninety six wounded.
This most decisive victory, opened a p'assage into Canada,
which Hull had so ingloriously surrendered.
The news of Perry's victory, reached Harrison, at Fort
Meigs, at the Maumee rapids, and, after this event,every pre
paration was instantly made, to assail the enemy, in his own
country. Perry's victory was achieved on the ever memora
ble, 10th of September 1813. As soon as possible. Perry made
preparation, to convey Harrison, Shelby and their intrepid sol
diers, to Maiden. On the 28th of September, our troops were
landed at the point below Maiden, but Proctor, brave, when
defenseless prisoners, were to be slain, robbed' or ill treated,
had fled, without firing a gun; he and his Indian a>Uies.. Proc
tor had fled up the river Thames, as fast as he could, and, had
reached the Moravian village, where his array halted. Before
he deserted Maiden, he burnt the fortress, and public store
houses there. On the 29th, Harrison left Maiden, entered,
and took possession of Detroit. On the 2nd of October Harri
son and Shelby, with thirty-five hundred selected soldiers,
marched, from Detroit, in quest of Proctor, They followed him,
up the Thames, eighty miles, to the Moravian viUage, where.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 233
on the 5th of October, they found the enemy encamped. The
American army was instantly formed in the order of battle, and
the armies engaged with the utmost fury. The battle ended in
the entire destruction of Proctor's army. But, as many readers
may wish to know more of the particulars, we will recapitulate
a few events, preceding as well as during this battle. On the
2nd day of October 1813, Harrison and Shelby at the head of
more than three thousand men left Detroit, and after reaching,
followed up the Thames. They halted for the first night, at the
end of twenty-six miles. Early the next raorning, the array was
in motion pressing forward until they fell in with a British
guard, which Proctor had left behind him to destroy the bridges.
This force was captured at once. On the next day, Harrison
and his army were detained some time, by a deep creek, across
which, the enemy had posted some Indians, after partly de
stroying the bridge. To repair this bridge, and to repel the
enemy, Harrison ordered forward Major Ball with the artillery,
and colonel Richard M. Johnson with his dragoons* These
orders were instantly obeyed. The eneray Was dislodged
and driven off, with considerable loss, and the bridge, being
repaired, the army raoved forward again rapidly. Here, our
army captured two thousand stands of arms, which they found
in a magazine. Here too, tbe eneray had towed up such
vessels as could ascend the river, and on the approach of our
array, this flotilla was set on fire by the eneray. On the next
day, October 5th, moving forward, our army took considerable
public property from the enemy, on the spot where their flying
foe, had encaraped on the night preceding. Colonel Johnson's
dragoons were ordered forward to reconnoiter the ground and find
the eneray. Soon afterwards, Johnson returned to camp, hav-
incr found the enemy drawn up in battle array. The British
were drawn up on a strip of ground, narrow iri front; their left
resting on the river, and their right, resting on a morass, be
yond which, in a thick forest of undergrowth, lay Tecumseh
and his savlage warriors, more than two thousand strong. On
this narrow strip, where the British were posted with their
30 ' T*

234 HISTORY OF OHIO.
artillery, there were many beech trees. The ground was
extremely well chosen, by the enemy, and the armies were
about equal in numbers,
Harrison now formed his troops in order of battle. General
Trotter's brigade formed the first line, wMle Desha's. division,
was forraed on the left. General King's brigade formed the
.second Hne, and Chiles' was kept in reserve. Both of them
were coraraanded by raajor general Heney. Governor Shelby
commanded Desha's and Trotter's brigades. This was the
first order of battle, but, seeing the morass, in front of the In
dians, and that whUe the British artillery were pOuruig their
grape and canister, in front, on our troops, the Indians would
be firing from their inaccessible covert on our left; Harrison
ordered the dragoons, in front, to attack the eneray where
Proctor had carelessly tliinned his ranks. The dragoons mov
ed forward, impetuously, upon whom the enemy's guns poured
showers of grape and canister shot. For a moment, the horses
faultered, but recovering from this momentay panic, the dra
goons marched forward, with irresistible fury, broke through
the enemy's lino, then wheeling about, dealt death on aU sides,
upon the enemy. In a moment, all was over. The enemy
was conquered, one and all, except Proetor and about two
hundred horse, who had .fled before the battle had scarcely
joined. Flying, Proctor left his carriage and official papers in
it. With the utmost precipitancy he fled in the direction of
Niagara, whither be went, and never returned again to the
place of his shameful defeat.
Having driven off, captured or killed all Proctor's white
troops, the Indians were next assailed, with bullets in their
thick underbrush. The bullets fell thick as hail-stones among
them. Many were kUled, and among them Tecumseh was
pierced, in a moment, with several balk. Drawing off their
forces, they fled into the thick woods nearly five miles before
they halted. No one followed, or could follow them, on horse
back. In this battle the British lost nineteen, killed, and
fifty wounded. Proctor and two hundred dragoons, ran away,
and six hundred officers and soldiers were taken prisoners^

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 235
The Indians left one hundred and fifty dead, on the battle
ground. Harrison's loss, was about fifty, in aU ; seventeen of
these were Kentuckians, and Ohio lost the remainder. Among
the dead, was Colonel Whitely, an officer of the revolution, but
now serving as a volunteer common soldier.
Hull's artiUery was recaptured, which had originally been
taken from the British with Burgoyne, at Saratoga.
Proctor was pursued after the battle but he out-run his ene
mies, and escaped, as we have already stated.
The numbers of the two armies were about equal, but from
their position, the enemy had all the advantage. It is not a
very uncoraraon thing for this signal and brilliant victory to be
raisrepresented, as having been achieved by superior nurabers !
It was not so, the British had the greatest number of troops in
the battle. Harrison marched frora Detroit, with about thirty-
five hundred men, but, he had left, on the way, or held in
reserve, one thousand men, so that, but twenty-five hundred
only, were in the battle. Proctor had with hira, one thousand
regulars, and Tecuraseh had under him, twenty-five hundred In
dians, who were raost brave, and efficient warriors. The truth
is, certain presons, feel unwilling to admit any fact, which does
the western people justice. Having deserved none theraselves,
they feel unwiUing to award praise to others.
Give us, Harrison's, Perry's and Jackson's victories, achiev
ed bv western people, and what was done, on the Niagara fron
tier, by western officers and western soldiers; and those who
were so scrupulous about passing boundary lines, where there
was any danger in crossing them, may claim aU they ever did,
in that war. But, for eastern writers of history, to raisrepre-
sent, as they too often do, every thing western, merely, because
the West deserves so much comraendation, and the East so lit
tle, will answer the authors no good purpose.
The West can write about battles, as well as fight them, but
inasmuch, as we are all one people, and as it is our interest, as
well as our duty, to cultivate harmony and good will between all
portions of our Union, we have suggested what we have, above,
especially to such, as send their books, into the West for sale.

236 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Their praise we neither need, nor desire to have. Those in
the east, who undertake to bestow it, upon us in the west, are
rather too bungling at the business, to please any one, in the
Valley of the Mississippi,
But a few remarks upon the preceding battle, and this war,
for " free trade and sailors' rights," and we wiU gladly leave off
describing battles, campaigns and carnage.
In this action Tecumseh, as we have said, was kUled, which
circumstance has given rise to almost innumerable fictions —
why, we hardly can tell, but it is so. The writer's opportu
nities for knowing the truth, is equal to any person's now liv
ing. He was personally, very well acquainted with that cel
ebrated warrior. He accompanied Tecumseh, Elsquataway,
Fourlegs and Caraymaunee, on their tour among the six na
tions of New Yorki in 1809, and acted as their interpreter
araong those Indians. In 1829, at Prairie Du Chien, the two
latter Indians, both then civil chiefs, of the Winnebagoes,
were with the writer, who was then acting as commissioner of
Indian affairs in the United States service. From the state
ments of these constant companions, of Tecumseh, during
nearly twenty years of his life, we proceed to state, that Te
curaseh lay with his warriors at the commencement of the
battle in a forest of thick underbrush, on the left of the Amer
ican army. That these Indians were at no period of the bat
tle, out of their thick underbrush ; that Nawcaw saw no officer
between them and the American army; that Tecumseh fell
the very first fire of the Kentucky dragoons, pierced by thirty
bullets, and was carried four or five miles into the thick Woods,
and there buried by the warrior?, who told the story of his
fate. This account was repeated to me three several times,
word for word, and neither of the relators ever knew the fic
tions to which Tecumseh's death has given rise. Some of
these fictions originated in the mischievous design of ridicul
ing tho person who is said to have killed this savage, and
who, bye the bye, killed no one that day, at least, either
red or white. We mean no persorial reflection on any
one for not killing Tecumseh, We could easily write this

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 237
warrior's whole history, as he often requested us to do.
By those who neither knew him, nor any other wild Indians,
he is often represented as being something very uncommon -
whereas all his moveraents originated with the Canadian Indi
an department. In obedience to their orders, he visited near
ly all the Indian nations of North America, stirring them all
up, against the Americans. He told the Onondagoes, through
the writer, as his interpreter, "that he had visited the Florida
Indians, and even the Indians so far to the north that snow
covered the ground in midsuraraer." He was a warrior, and
Elsquataway acted as a prophet, dissuading the Indians from
drinking ardent spirits. As to real talent he possessed no
raore of it than any one of thousands of his people, in the
northwest. Being much with the British officers, he had en
larged his ideas very much, as Keokuk has his also, in the
sarae way. All the principal raen of the Winnebagoes had
learned a great deal from the English officers. In their man
ners, these Indians at table, were most perfect gentlemen, and
they knew enough to behave so any where. Whether the ridic
ulous stories about Tecumseh's death will continue to be told,
we do not know, but we have done our duty by stating facts.
Upon one incident, the death of Tecumseh in the battle of
the Thames, we cannot resist the impulse to make a further
remark upon the capriciousness of that species of fame, which
is ephemeral. General Harrison who planned this well fought
and successful battle, has never been applauded for what he
so richly merited; while an individual, a subordinate, who
merely did his dut}', as every other officer and soldier did, has
been applauded to the very echo, for killing an Indian! If
that had been true, he deserved no more credit than any one
coramon soldier in the engagement. A few Mohawks, and
some other Indian chiefs and warriors belonging to the Cana
dian Indians, about lake Ontario, were mixed with the British
regulars in the front line of the eneray. Some of these sava
ges were killed in the action, and the remainder of these In
dians on horse back, fled with Proctor, The Indian found dead,
belonged to these Indians, not to the Winnebagoes or Shaw-

338 HISTOilY OF OHIO.
anese, who in this battle lay in ambush, beyond a morass, ou
the left of the American army.
Having followed the movements of our citizen soldiers,
in this war, every where within the limits of our state, during
the period it was carried on here, it may not be iraproper, nor
uninteresting to follow such of them as were acting as soldiers,
in the army, during that war, beyond our limits. Of the reg
ular United States troops, raised in Ohio, colonel J. Miller
commanded the nineteenth regiment. This, and the seven
teenth regiment, not being full, the two were consolidated and
called the seventeenth regiment.
The twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh regiments were
raised in Ohio, but from the same cause, they were consolida
ted, and called the nineteenth regiment. Colonel George
Paul commanded it.
Portions of these regiments were in all the battles on the
Niagara frontier in 1814. In the attack on Fort Erie, by the
British, on the 15th of August, 1814, major WiUiam Trimble
of this state, coraraanded a part of the nineteenth regiment,
then in the Fort. The attack was made on the garrison, by a
superior force, commanded by able and efficient officers. Ma
jor Trimble ordered three general charges, during the attack,
which were executed with precision, energy and effect — each
time repelling the enemy, at the point of the bayonet, and
saving the garrison from capture. Major Trirable, conceiving
himself injured in General Gaines' report of the battle, him
self addressed a letter to the secretary of war, in which he
said, " This detachment of the 19th of Infantry, fought most
desperately. Lieutenants Charles L. Cass, John M'Elvain,
and ensign Cisna, in every situation, showed the greatest ac
tivity, zeal and intrepid bravery. Without them, the fort
would have been lost. The army, in that case would have
been surrendered and put to the sword. Two of these officers
were not even mentioned, and the third one was only mention
ed as being wounded,"
From the date of this letter, major Trimble, lieutenants
Cass, John M'Elvain, and ensign Cisna were brevetted.

War with great Britain. 239
General Gaines was himself severely wounded soon af
terwards, which caused this oversight in his report to the se
cretary of war. He did them full justice afterwards, and their
country fully appreciated their good conduct in the battle.
Colonel John M'Elvain, is now in private Hfe, and resides
at Colurabus, Captain Charles L, Cass is also in private life,
and resides on his farm, not far above Zanesville, on the Mus
kingura river.
Our officers and soldiers were in all the battles, on the
Niagara river, in 1814, and in every instance, they behaved
well. Not a few of thera, were killed in battle, or returned
horae badly wounded, and died in Ohio, They have mostly
now descended down to the grave. They bled for their coun
try, and are entitled to our esteem and veneration, Ohio will
forever cherish the remembrance of their feats in arms, as be
longing to our history. These patriots live in their example,
to lead others to success and victory. Their deeds will be han
ded down to posterity, in the poet's song, on the historian's
page, and the painter's canvas. Trimble and Cisna are long
since dead. The former was a United States senator, frora
Ohio, when he died. Captain Cisna died at Piketon, where
his family now dwell.
We cannot dismiss our picture of the late war in Ohio, with
out saying a few words respecting our principal figure on the
canvas. We ask our reader's attention to them.
General William Henry Harrison every where appears on
the whole field of his operations. The commissary's and quar
ter master's departments, the recruiting service, all, all the ma
chinery of war, is raoved by him. His zeal, prudence, sleep
less activity, untiring energy and heroic daring over
came all difficulties and surmounted all obstacles. To look
back upon the amount of labor of all sorts, performed by him,
in that portion of his life, astonishes us. Few men could have
carried on the correspondence, which he was corapelled to do,
in the same period of time. He wrote constantly to govern
ors of states, officers of the army, and the secretary of war.
He traversed all the swamps of the northwest, constantly, al-

240 history of ohio.
most. He visited the principal depots of provisioiis, and of
troops, in Ohio. He traveled between the distant points,
which he often visited, but when he went, he traveled night
and day. Sometimes going on foot, leading his horse, and
jumping frora bog to bog, he made his way through the wil
derness of swamps. While on tiresome, rapid, and long
marches, with his troops, in the wilderness, his cheerfulne.ss
and buoyancy of spirits, cheered all hearts. A cheerful re
mark from any soldier, in such cases, produced a hearty laugh
from his general^ who reechoed the refnark, with applause.
Marching through the mud, fhe soldiers often sung some rude
song of their own manufacture, the General soraetiraes joined
in the chorus, and drove off all the gloora which hovered around
thera. No coramander was ever more beloved, or better obey
ed. Though his orders were given more like requests, some
times, than absolute commands, yet they were always obeyed
instantly and implicitly, by all under his coraraand. His care
of his troops more resembled that of father, than a military
coramander. No father was ever kinder in his manner of con
veying his advice, his reproofs or applauses. We do not know
of even one soldier's being executed, in his army. In the coun
ty where this was written, a private soldier was arrested
for desertion, and found at home, here, while the army was
marching towards the frontier, and this was the third offense
of the sarae kind. The detachment halted, the soldier was
brought forward to his company, and the general inforraed of
all the circurastances, and asked, if the soldier should be pun
ished? The general came near, looked carefully at the man,
and said, "no, he regrets what he has done, I will forgive him,
for he will never be guilty again." Joining his corapany, this
soldier, Morris was finally killed, charging the enemy at Fort
Erie, in August 1814.
General Harrison's education is good. He graduated at
William and Mary college, in Virginia, after which he studi
ed medicine, in Philadelphia, These eariy advantages were
not lost on him. He is a beautiful writer, and a most elo
quent orator. His despatches, general orders and addresses

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 241
were always extremely well written. On any sudden and
great emergency, such as the sudden appearance of Proctor
and his red allies, at Camp Meigs, in April, 1813, Harrison's
short address to his troops, produced a most powerful effect,
when he pointed to Wayne's battle ground directly across the
Maumee, reminding them of what valor and patriotism had
done there, in 1794.
His knowledge of medicine, was of great importance to hira,
of which he availed hiraself, in his intercourse with his troops.
Their health always had his strict attention. Their food,
clothing, care of theraselves, and every little circumstance,
connected with their personal welfare, were always objects of
importance, in the estimation of their comraander-in-chief.
He enjoyed one great advantage, in, being well known to
the entire people, in the country where he comraanded. They
all knew hira, and confided in him as their friend, and as their
defender. Farmers parted with their property, at his demand,
and even gave it freely, when he called for it.
Though a military man, frora the time he was twenty-one
or two years old, yet, he ever advocated the subordination of
the military to the civil powers. His attachment to our con
stitution and the republican system is unbounded. This he
has shown in all the stations which he has held, whether dele
gate or raeraber of congress from Ohio, governor of Indiana,
or minister to Colombia. At the head of our armies he was
defending this form of governraent and the liberties of his
country. A raan of the common size, erect, as in youth, and though,
sLxty-four years old, yet active, quick to move and to think,
and ready to meet any emergency, as at thirty years of age.
He enjoys perfect health of body and mind. His temper was
always mild, even, and entirely under his control. He was
never seen to be in anger. His disinterestedness is clearly
proven by his comparative poverty. In his dress, and in all
his expenses he is plain and economical; but not parisiraonious.
Although he has held many offices, out of whioh a modern
31 U

242 HISTORY OF OHIO.
patriot would make millions, general Harrison has never laid
up, even one dollar. He owns the farm, which his father-in-
law, judge Symmes, gave him at the North Bend, but that is
all he owns.
His benevolence is bounded only by his means; and, could
he have his wishes gratified, every human being would be vir
tuous, good and perfectly happy.
The war may be said to have ended in Ohio, on th# 5th day
of October, 1813, and all that was done afterwards, was merely
guarding this frontier, by general Duncan McArthur, who
was appointed a brigadier general, in the regular United States
army, and took the command here. Governor Meigs, had
been appointed Postmaster general, and, settled in Washington
city. Harrison resigned his coraraission, and was elected to
congress, by the Cincinnati district. McArthur, made an ex
pedition into Upper Canada, in the suraraer and autumn of
1814, disarraed the militia,and destroyed sorae public property
there. The peace was declared in the spring of 1815, and,
all has been peace, ever since, in Ohio. And so may it for
ever remain, in peace and proisperity. The immediate effects
of this war, on Ohio, are summed up, in a few sentences.
The war brought many people, into the state, who finally set
tled down in it, and thus added to our numbers. The soldiers,
who traversed the country, and were finally discharged, at
Chillicothe, in the spring of 1815, continued in the country.
The embargo, and the war, drove many families frora the At
lantic frontier to Ohio. Large sums of money were disbursed
here, and all sorts of provisions and even labor commanded
high prices. Farmers entered many tracts of land, and paid
the first payment, on them. The conclusion of the Indian war,
in 1795, left araong us, the remains of Wayne's army: so the
war of 1812, added to our numbers in the same manner.
Those who traversed so fine a country, saw it, were pleased
with it, and tarried in it. But, as the last war, brought more
men and more money to support the war, into the country,
than the first war did, so the last event, effected more, for this

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 243
State than the former one had done. At the conclusion of
Wayne's war, we had scarcely five thousand inhabitants, per
haps, not even that number. At the conclusion of the war of
1812, our numbers were probably three hundred thousand.
The population increased, after this war, not rapidly, yet stea
dily, for two or three years, until, by a succession of unto
ward events, the state became stationary, for several years.
But we will reserve our remarks on that portion of our civil
history, for a separate article.
As a national affair, the war, which we have been consider
ing, so far as Ohio was concerned in currying it on, was con
ducted as well as could have been expected. Her citizens
had no sailors impressed on the high seas, nor any ships or
goods seized there, by England, yet our people never murmur
ed that it was an eastern war, and ought to be borne by
eastern men. Our citizens never objected to crossing an im-
maginary line, under any poor, frivolous excuse, but on the
contrary, they complained that they were not led into the
heart of the eneray's country instantly, and allowed to end
the war on this frontier, at once and forever. Our citizen
soldiers, patiently underwent all the hardships of warfare,
without a coraplaint, and they cheerfiiUy obeyed their officers,
who were elected by themselves. The officers treated them
as their neighbors and friends, even standing guard while
their soldiers slept. Western members of congress served as
privates in western campaigns. McArthur, Cass, and all the
officers stood as sentinels, often, as if they had been privates.
Desertions were rare, and not a volunteer was punished with
death, for any crime, nor ever deserved it. There was no
party opposed to the war, in Kentucky, Ohio, or Indiana, So
far as these states are concerned, now, they are as true and
faithful citizens to the nation as can be desired. We have
stated facts within our own entire recollection, and cannot
be wrong. Impartial truth is all we aim at in our relation of
events. By the war of 1812, the nation might have been indirectly
benefited, by gaining some little notice abroad. It might have

244 HIStdRY OF OHIO.
roused up the nation from a sort of torpor of the body politic,
but impressment was left where we found it, unprovided for
by treaty stipulations.
It is quite possible the governments of both countries got
heartily sick of the war, and so made peace. On the part of
Great Britain, it was certainly a poor, and very small busi- ,
ness, and if continued, would have issued eventually greatly
to her- injury. England can never have any interest in quar-
relinc with us whose trade is all she needs, and which war
interrupts and if persisted in, and continued very long, would
finally destroy. War long continued with England would
make us a manufacturing nation, and independent of England.
We have no interest in quarrelling with our old stepmother,
whose language we speak, and whose institutions we have
copied, and bid fair to extend and perpetuate over all North
America, To all human appearance, this nation is eventually destin
ed lo be the most powerful one that now is, ever was, or ever
will be on the globe. At our present rate of national increase,
in numbers, wealth and power, in one century to come, this
nation will consist of more than one hundred millions of peo
ple, who will occupy the surface of all North America; whose
commerce will encircle the globe, and whose power will be felt
on every sea, and in every country of the whole earth. May
her mercy and benevolence be coextensive with her power;
protecting the weak, warring only on the unjust, and enlight-
iiing the ignorant. May she carry all the useful arts to every
portion of mankind, and spread the benign principles of the
gospel in all lands. Thus our nation may, if she will, become
a blessing to all mankind.

GENERAL EVENTS.

PERIOD FIFTH.

this PERIOD COMPRISES THE HISTOEY OF OHIO FBOUC 1815 TO
1825,
DuEiNG the period of which we are about to treat, there was
a stagnation of business of all sorts. To relieve the pressure
in the midst of it, congress reduced the price of their lands in
the west, from two dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents
an acre. This reduction was extremely injurious to land own
ers, many of whom held large tracts, on which they had long
paid taxes, until the taxes themselves, amounted to more than
the lands were worth. The productions of the lands, meat
and bread, no longer found a raarket near the place of their
production, A want of "good roads, either by land or water,
on which our home productions could be transported, added to
our far inland situation, operated severely on industry of all
sorts, and palsied every manly effort, either of body or of
mind, in Ohio, This stagnation of business, nnd this torpor
of the body politic were increased, and greatly aggravated by
the failure'of a great number of Httle country banks. These
had sprung up like mushrooms, in a night, during the war.
When every article, which the farmer could spare, sold readily
for cash at a high price. The eastern merchants, to whom we
were greatly indebted, refused our western bank paper, ex
cept at a ruinous discount, in payment either of old debts or
for goods. Our specie had been transported on pack horses
over the AUeghanies. The vaults of our banks were emptied
c<f their silver and gold, and aU our banks either stopped

246 HISTORY OF OHIO.
payment, or ceased to do business. The farmer was discour-
aged from raising much more, than what he really needed for
his own immediate use; the trader feared to take bank paper,
that might be of no value, before he could use it; and his old
customers could no longer purchase any goods except mere
necessaries of life. The people living in the towns, became
idle, lazy, and of course, dissipated. Amidst this gloom, the
national government brought suits in court on all the bonds
due to them, for the internal duties on distiUeries, &c., die,
and against the collectors of the revenue. United States
lands had been sold to settlers on a credit, and these were
forfeited for non-payment.
Universal ruin stared all in the face, and it seemed for
awhile, as if the people of the west would retrograde into a
state of barbarism.
Congress had chartered a national bank, but although this
measure operated for a moment, auspiciously by throwing in
to circulation a sound currency, yet inasmuch as the balance
of trade was greatly against the west, we received no lasting
benefit from it.
Three-fourths of the state, all south of the summit which
separates the waters of the Mississippi from those of the St.
Lawrence, carried their produce to New Orleans for sale.
This trade was very little better than no trade, only as it ten
ded to keep men out of absolute idleness. The arks, or as
they were called " New Orleans boats," cost about two hun
dred dollars each, where they were built, and as they were of
little value at New Orleans, and could not be used by their
owners, only for descending the river, the entire cost of the
boats was lost. The hands employed in this long, tedious and
expensive voyage, provided they escaped death by the yellow
fever. Or by some robber, were compelled to reiurn home by
land through the Indian country. In the interior where these
boats were built along the Ohio, and its branches, after build
ing the boats and loading them with flour, pork, lard,whisky,
cider, apples, fowls, &c,, the freshet must come before they
could depart on their perilous voyage. And it might hap-

GLOOMY TIMES. 247
pen, and often did happen, that aU the streams in the state of
Ohio were up, at nearly the same time. The flood came, and
with it departed such an amount of produce, that the market
was glutted. The best flour has been sold for three dollars a
barrel, and pork for four or five dollars a barrel, in New Or
leans, which amounted to a total loss of the cargo. Or the
boat sunk on its voyage, and not merely were the boat and
cargo lost, but every man on board it perished. If those who
left their property for sale in New Orleans, lost only all they
thus stored in the agent's warehouse, and were not called on
for a considerable amount, as the difference of value between
the expenses of selling and what the sale produced to the own
er be was truly fortunate, in those tiraes. Or if a man, who
had purchased and paid for twenty thousand dollars' worth of
produce In Ohio, and had succeeded in making what was then
considered a good sale of his property, in New Orleans — we
say if such a man should have been taken sick at an inn,
where he lodged, (and he was sure to be, if he put up at oneof
them) and should die there, among strangers, with his twenty-
five thousand dollars, about his person, not a dollar was ever
returned to his family, but in, its stead a bill of several hun-
I dred dollars for funeral expenses, was forwarded to his widow,
parents, relatives or friends, who generally paid the host all
be demanded. Numerous cases of this sort, fell out within
our entire recollection of them, and all their attendant cir
cumstances. Although taxes were levied on lands, for the support of the
stale government yet they were but poorly paid. And tho
sales, for taxes were so loosely, carelessly made, by the col
lectors, that a tax title to land was good for nothing. The
more of them one had, the poorer he would be, in the same
proportion. At an early date of the state government, all the lands in
the state, which had been sold by the Uniied States over five
years were divided, into three rates, first, second and third
rates, and taxed accordingly, without any reference to their
real vahie. Bottom lands, along the streams, and rich prairie

248 HISTORY OP OHIO.
lands, were first rate, and paid the highest tax. These lands
might be worth very little from many circumstances, such as
their liabiHty to be overflowed by freshets, and they might be
distant from any town, &c., so that even third rate lands
might be by far, more valuable than the first rate lands. For
mere cultivation, the second rate lands, lying generally on
what was denominated second bottoms, were belter adapted
to produce grain, than those of the first class. Besides, the
counly officers did pretty much as they pleased in their re
turns, and first rate lands in one counly might be estimated as
second, or even third rate lands, in a county adjoining. This
system of taxation was very erroneous, and unequal in its op-
eratiori, doing great injustice, and productive of discontent
among the land owners.
It is easily seen that a system of taxation so loosely framed,
and so unjustly too, could not be very well enforced. The
money raised by it so far as the members of the general assem
bly were to be paid out of it, was grudged by the tax payers.
Not a few of these givers of law, were extremely illiterate;
so much so, that some of them could neither write nor read
their own names.
The poorer sort of people were mere squatters on the pub
lic lands, or tenants on the lands of the more wealthy land
owners. These men were all voters, and they not unfre
quently obtained seats in the legislature. They paid no tax
es themselves, but they levied heavy burdens on others. We
need not wonder that taxes so levied and in part (and no
small part either) for such a purpose, were badly paid.
From these causes, and those causes heretofore enumerated,
the state treasury at length became totally exhausted. All
the salaries of the state officers, were in arrear, and all these
officers, and even the merabers of the general assembly were
paid in audited bills on the treasury. Governor Brown, though
faithfiiUy exerting every power he had, actually failed to bor-
row'twenty thousand dollars on the credit of the now great,
populous and wealthy state of Ohio. Yes, reader, such was
the fact, only a very few short years since. Several unskill-

GLOOMY TIMES. 249
ful, or possibly fraudulent attempts, had been made previous,
to these times, lo raise a revenue by incorporating no small
number of banks. These had failed, as every man of sense
knew they must fail — rand as they always will fail to produce
much revenue to the state treasury. Under any circumstances.
And al the period of our lowest depression, as to credit, no
money scarcely of any sort, had a circulation araong us.
Pork sold for one dollar per hundred pounds, Indian corn for
twelve and a half cents a bushel, wheat for twenty-five cents,
and every other article of produce was equally cheap where
they were produced. And there was not a deraand even at
these prices, for all the farraer could easily spare.
These tiraes, we can -all remember, and, as matters of mere
historical fact, we can now look back upon them, with pride
and exultation, while we look around us, on the contrast,
every where seen, felt and fully realized. Amidst all these
gloomy circumstances, there were a few raen, in the state, who
looked through thera, towards belter days. The first irapulse,
which roused into activity, the sleeping energies of the Wes
tern people, was Fulton's sleara boat. The first one, bmlt on
the western waters, was constructed by Robert Fulton, at Pitts
burgh, and departed from that place, in December 1812, and
arrived at New Orleans, on the 24th of the same month. It
was called the Orleans. The second was called the Comet,
built by Samuel Smith, and went to Louisville, in the summer
of 1813. Third, The Vesuvius, was built by Fulton, and de
scended to New Orleans, in the spring of 1814. Fourth, Ths
Enterprise, built at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, was owned and
constructed by Daniel French, on his patent. This boat raade
two voyages to Louisville, in the suramer of 1814, under the
command of captain Israel Gregg. Fifth, The Aetna was
built at Pittsburgh, 1815, by Fulton and corapany. This busi
ness of building steam boats, increased annually, untU in 1819,
forty one steamers, had been constructed on the western waters.
The improvements in every part of the machinery, by this time,
had so far succeeded, and those who managed them, had, by
32

250 HISTORY OF OHIO.
actual experience, so far perfected themselves, in their business
that the public attention had been turned towards steam boat
navigation, A new era, may be said to have commenced, which, in its
beneficial effects, has produced, a great deal of real good, to
all the western people. There are now, four hundred steam
ers navigating our western rivers!!
The inventor of the steam boat, was Robert Fulton, a
native of Pennsylvania, By occupation, he was orginally, a
portrait painter. He inherited nothing from his parents except
his genius, but, he was so fortunate, as to marry into a distin'
guished family, in the state of New York. That family, was
not only wealthy, but talented and influential ; it was the Liv
ingston family. Although, the power and uses of steam,
had long been known, to a great degree, in Europe; and al
though, Bolton, Watt and Arkwright had successfully applied
it, to a great raany useful purposes, yet, until Robert Fulton,
brought this power into useful operation, in propelling vessels,
nothing practical was effected by it, in navigation, Fulton
expended a fortune, on his invention, and died not worth a dol
lar, leaving behind hira, a family of orphans. He even lost
his life, in trying an experiment, on a vessel of war, which con
gress had employed hira to construct. His fate, and his ser
vices as well as Clinton's, under any modern European gov
ernraent, would have entitled their heirs to a competency, dur
ing their lives, in consideration of the services of their fathers,
to the country, which had been so signally benefited by their
labors. What has the repnblic done for Fulton's and Clinton's
heirs? Nothing, absolutely nothing.
To the western states, whose lakes and rivers, are unrival
ed, in the whole world, for their length, size, and usefulness,
aided by this invention; the steam boat is an inestimable bless
ing. It diminishes space and time. And a voyage may now
be made, in two weeks, from New Orleans, to Cincinnati or St,
Louis, which would before tbe steamer was in use, have taken
three months to perform. And four hundred tons may be trans^
ported in one vessel, now, whereas thirty tons, was all that a

251
common keel boat, could carry upwards, in its long, tedious and
dangerous voyage.
The vast advantages, to be derived from the use of the
steamer, are not yet fully unfolded. It seems designed to pene
trate, all the great rivers, of the world ; those of both contin
ents; to penetrate Africa, to its centre, as well as Asia and
South America. It seems peculiarly fitted for all the islands of
the Pacific, and finally, to be one in nuraber, of the vast amount
of means, now using, lo promote commercial intercourse
between all mankind; to spread far and wide, all the useful arts "
of life, of science, of civilization, of humanity ; and all the lights
of our holy religion. While we sit writing: here, England ie
mailing efforts to bring into successful operation, the steamer,
on the Euphrates and the Red sea. The Niger, the Nile, the
Ganges, the Indus, the Burrampooter, the Araazon, the La
Plata, the Tocantius, the Magdalena, the Colurabia and Orino-
ko, may yet be navigated, as much, as now are the Mississip
pi, the St. Lawrence, the Hudson, Delaware, Potomac, Ohio
and Missouri. That tirae is rapidly approaching, indeed, the
stearaer will one day, be seen, in every harbor, visit every
island, coast and country of the whole earth. Give the war
rior, who desolates whole countries, and destroys millions of
his fellow raen, his bloody fame, but give us a farae as pure,
and as well deserved as Robert Fulton's, and we would ask
no more. Unstained with blood, vice or crirae, the fame of
Fulton, shining brighter and brighter, shall Hve forever.
During all that period, whose now departed, gloomy ghosts
we have raade walk, in sad procession, before the reader, not a
few of us, in this state, corresponded with our old friend DeWitt
Clinton of New York, All our difficulties were correctly stat
ed to him. On his part, he counselled us as a father would have
advised his children. As to funds, he suggested to us, that our
school lands and salt reservations, might be sold and they would
produce funds enough with which to begin our canals. He
suggested to us, " that from our peculiar location, as a state,
Ohio might by means of roads and canals, become the centre of
travel to and from the Valley of the Mississippi. That canals

252 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and roads, passing through our coal and iron regions, would
render those mines very valuable, then almost useless. That
our rich soil and its productions, would, by means of these
improvements, render us wealthy, enterprising and prosper
ous." Having originally advocated our admission into the
Union; having been our warm friend, always, even in our
darkest days, gave him peculiar claims to our confidence. He
stood before the nation, as the principal supporter of Internal
Improvements. He was their earliest advocate, whose success
ful career, drew all eyes towards him.
AssaUed at home, by a combination of little men, who envi
ed his greatness, he nevertheless, moved forward in his course,
with giant strides, conquering all opposition untU he h-ad uni
ted the western lakes, with the Atlantic ocean. The people
of Ohio saw, with wonder and admiration, the progress of
what, was truly considered, at that day, a stupendous work.
The completion, of the " Clinton canal," (as all, but New
Yorkers, will forever call it,) dispelled all doubts, about the
practicability of connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio river.
The great question was solved. In effect, it was done.
Before this time, Ohio always professed to believe, in the
practicability of the New York canal. When Clinton and his
early associates, in the winter of 1812, perhaps, applied to
the states, for aid in making tho great New York canal, Ohio,
even then, answered, " that she believed in the practicability
of raaking such a canal, and that New York, and her Clinton
could effect it; but, that Ohio, had no money to spare, yet
she would cheerfully do all she could in aid of that project,
in congress, by her votes and influence." To all the appli
cations of New York, to congress; to the several states, and
territories, on this subject, only one, truly friendly answer was
returned to them; and, with pride and pleasure we record it;
that answer was given by the General Assembly of Ohio.
Governor Clinton, never forgot that answer, nor did his
friends in New York forget it. From that tirae to this, Clin-r
ton's friends, in congress, frora New York, have, generally,
been friendly to us, whereas, his enemies of that state, have.

SCHOOL LANDS, 253
as uniformly heen our enemies, on every question, when their
votes could injure us, in the national legislature,
SCHOOL LANDS, AND COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM OP EDUCATION,
The congress of the United States, by several acts, usually
denominated " the compact," gave the people, of all the terri
tory northwest of Ohio river, one thirty sixth part of the land,
for the support of comraon schools. No small portion of these
lands, was occupied, at an early day, by persons, who settled
on thera, without any other title to thera, than what mere occu
pancy gave them. These occupants, made no very valuable
improvements, on these lands, but they contrived, in time, to
obtain various acts of our general asserably, in favor of such
squatters. Such acts increased in nuraber every year, until
they, not only had cost the state, large suras of raoney for legis
lating about thera, but sorae entire sessions were raostly spent,
in such unprofitable legislation.
In the meantirae, scarcely a dollar was ever paid over to the
people, for whose benefit these lands had been given, by con
gress, Merabers of the legislature, not unfrequently, got acts pass
ed and leases granted, either to theraselves, to their relations
or, to their warm partisans. One senator contrived to get, by
such acts, seven entire sections of land into, either his own, or
his children's possession ! !
Frora 1803 to 1820, our general assembly spent its sessions
mostly, in passing acts relating to these lands ; in amending our
militia laws ; and in revising those relating to justices' courts.
Every four or five years, all the laws were amended, or as
one member of assembly well reraarked in his place, "were
made worse." At a low estiraate, this perverse legislation, cost
the people, one raillion of dollars. The laws were changed so
frequently, that none but the passers of them, for whose bene
fit they were generally made, knew what laws were really in
force. New laws were often made, as soon as the old ones
look effect. V

254 HISTORY OF OHIO.
During these seventeen years, there were, a few persons, ip
different parts of the state, who opposed this course of legisla
tion. And here we introduce to the reader, Ephraim Cutler, cf
Washington county, near Marietta, who was one of the framers
of our state constitution. He had succeeded in his motion, so to
amend the original draft of that instrument, as to make it the
imperative duty of the general assembly, to support " religion,
morality and knowledge, as essentially necessary to good gov
ernment." And the constitution goes on to declare " that schools
and the means of instruction, shall forever be encouraged by
legislative provision," This provision, remained a dead letter
until, in December 1819, Judge Cutler, its author, being then
a member, of the general assembly, introduced a resolution for
that purpose, and was appointed chairman of a committee, on
schools. He introduced a bill, into the house of representa
tives, for regulating and supporting common schools. This
bill, after being much injured, by amendments, passed the low
er branch of the legislature, but, was either not passed in the
senate, or so modified, as to render it useless, This state of
things continued, until, in December 1821, the house of repre
sentatives, appointed five of its raerabers, to wit,: Caleb Atwa
ter, Lloyd Talbot, Jaraes Shields, Roswell Mills and Josiah
Barber, a coraraittee, on schools and school lands. To that com
mittee, was referred a great numberof petitions from the occu
pants of school lands, in almost every part of the state. This
committee devoted nearly all its time, to the subjects submit
ted to its charge. AU the acts of the legislature, relative to
the school land were carefully examined, and this committee
came to the conclusion, that, inasmuch as the legislature were
the mere trustee of the fund set apart by congress, for the sup
port of comraon schools, not a few of these acts were void, because
they were destructive to the interests of the people, whose
children were to be educated by this grant. The trustree, the
committee believed, had the power to so manage this fund as to
increase its value ; but, the trustee had no power to destroy the
fund. The committee, saw all the difficulties which surround
ed the object of their charge; as well as the delicacy of their

SCHOOL LANDS. 255
own situation, sitting as members with those who had pos
session of more or less of the school lands. They weighed, in
their minds, all these things, and finally, adopted a plan, and
the only one, which appeared to them feasible, which was, to
recommend the adoption of a joint resolution, authorizing the
governor, to appoint seven comraissioners of schools and school
lands, whose duty it should be, to devise a system of law, for
the support and regulation of common schools. Their chairman,
who writes these lines, immediately after this decision, drew up,
and presented to the house of representatives, the following
REPORT,
The committee to whom was referred so much of the Gov
ernor's message, as relates to schools and school lands, have
had those subjects under their consideration, and now beg leave
to Report,
That in the opinion of the committee, the education of our
youth, is the first care and highest duty of every parent,
patriot and statesman. It is education, which polishes the
manners, invigorates the mind and improves the heart. If
it has been encouraged even by despotic governments, how
much stronger are the motives held out to induce the republi
can statesman to promote this object of primary importance?
ShaU Louis XVIIl, of France, support frora the national treasu
ry, learned professors, in every branch of science and learn
ing, in all the celebrated schools in his kingdora; and will the
legislature of this young, rising and respectable state, neglect
to provide for the education of her youth ? The committee pre
sume not.
It wUl be recollected by the house, that many of the best
scholars, patriots, warriors, philosc^hers and statesmen, whom
this nation has produced — men who have shone as lights in
the world ; who have been blessings to their own country and
the world at large; who have been applauded by the whole
civilized world, for their learning, their genius, their patriot
ism and their virtues in public and private Hfe, were many of

256 HISTORY OF OHIO.
them, when young, poor and destitute as to property, and yet
through their own exertions, under the genial influence of the
republican institutions of our elder sister states, were enabled
to raise themselves from the lowest circumstances, to the
heights of fame and usefulness.
The narae of the illustrious Feanklin will occur to every
mind. Are there no Franklins, no Monroes, no Wirts in the
log cabins of Ohio, who possess not even a cent of property,
who have no knowledge of the rudiraents of a common education,
and are deprived of a father's advice and protection, and even
without the benefit of a mothers prayers? Is it not the duty of
the legislature, to lay, in season, a foundation on which to
build up the cause of education? Ought not a system of edu
cation to be founded, which should erabrace with eqiial affec
tion, the children of the poor and the rich?
It has been said that " a little learning is a dangerous thing."
This raay be true in monatchical governraents, where the ex
tremes of wealth and poverty, power and weakness exist, but
never can be true, in a republic like ours. Where universal
suffrage is the birth right of every citizen, learning enough to
enable the elector to become acquainted with his own rights
and his ruler's duty, is necessary for hira to possess. In a mor
al point of view, learning enough to enable every rational be
ing to fully understand his duty to himself, his neighbor and
his Creator, is absolutely necessary. Without education and
morality, can a republic exist for any length of time? The
committee presurae not.
A great philosopher has said that " knowledge is power."
It is that power, which transforms the savage into the civili
zed man, surrounds him with a thousand comforts, unattainable,
through any other medium, and exhibits man as he ought to
be, at the head of this lower creation, and the image of his
Maker. It is an acquaintance with letters, which enables man
to hold a correspondence, and become acquainted with his
felloW man, however distant they may be from each other.
Through this medium, all the ideas of the warrior, the states
man, the poet, the philosopher and the patriot are convoyed

SCHOOL. REPORT. 257
from age to age and from country to country. Through this
medium, the treasures of learning and science are brought
down to us, from the remotest ages past. Through this same
medium, these treasures accumulating, as they are borne along
down the stream of time, wUl be conveyed to the remotest
ages 3ret to come.
Gratitude, to those who have gone before us, for their la
bors in the fields of learning and science, duty to ourselves
and to those who are to come after us, call on us for a system
of education for common schools, so framed, that genius, to
whomsoever given, by the allwise and beneficent Author of
our existence, may be drawn forth from its abode however ex
alted or however humble that may be, to enlighten raankind
by a divine radiance.
" Full many a gem of purest ray serene,
" The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear,
" Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen,
" And waste its sweetness on the desert air."
Is it not the duty of the legislature to explore the recesses
of the ocean of distress and poverty, and to draw forth the
geras of genius and place them before the public eye ? Ought
not the field of learning to be so far extended as to enclose
within its limits, those beautiful wild flowers of genius which
are now wasting their sweetness on the desert air?
But it raay be asked, bow shall we effect this desirable
object? Where are our means of doing it? The committee
answer, that nearly one thirty-sixth part of our territory has
been granted by congress, (for a fair equivalent it is true)
to the state, in trust for the support of coramon schools. Had
this fund, been properly managed, the comraittee are of tbe
opinion, that a great perraanent one would have been created,
the interest of which would have done much towards the sup
port of comraon schools. The coraraittee deeply regret, that
the school lands have been, in raany instances, leased out,
for different periods of time, to persons who, in numerous in-
33 V*

258 HISTORY OF OHIO.
stances seem to have forgotten that these lands were granted
to the state (for a fair equivalent by congress,) for the, support:
of education, and for the benefit of tbe rising generation.
Fi-om all the committee have been able to learn, it would
seem that more money had been expended by the state in leg
islating concerning these lands, than they have yet or ever will
produce, unless some other method of managing them be de
vised than any hitherto pursued. The committee refer the
house to acts concerning these lands on the statute book, and
to tlie fact, that in numerous instances, the lessees are destroy
ing all the valuable tiraber growing on these lands. The com
mittee are irapressed with the belief, that unless these lands
are soon sold, and the proceeds thence to be derived, in-
A ested in the stock of the United States, or in some other
permanent and productive stock, no good and much evil, wiil
accrue to the state from the grant of, these lands by congress.
Shall we proceed on, legislating, session after session, for the
sole benefit of lessees of school lands, at the expense of the
state ? Or shall we apply to the general government for au
thority to sell out these lands as fast as tbe leases expire or
are forfeited by the lessees? Or shall we entirely surrender
these lands to present occupants, with a view to avoid in fu
ture the perpetual importunity of these troublesome petition
ers? The committee are of the opinion that in order to col
lect information on the subjects committed to their considera
tion, commissioners oiight to be appointed to report to the next
general asserably, a bill to establish and regulate common
schools, accorapanied by such imformation on the subject, as
they raay be able to collect.
Should the general assembly authorize the the Governor to
appoint such comraissioners, a judicious selection would doubt
less be made, with a reference to the local interests of the
state, as well as to the cause of learning among us;
Such comraissioners ought to take into their considieration,
the propriety or impropriety of obtaining leave of the gener
al government, of raakingf such a dispositioa of the schooB

SCHOOL REPORT. 259
lands of the state, by sale or otherwise, as may best comport
with the original intention of the grantors.
It is our sincere wish to excite into activity, the learning,
the talents and patriotism of the state, so that the attention of
our constituents may be immediately turned towards the sub
jects committed to us.
The foUowing resolution is respectfully submitted to the
consideration of the house :
Resolved, by the general assembly of the state of Ohio,
That the Governor be authorized to appoint seven commission
ers whose duty it shall be to collect, digest and report to the
next general assembly, a system of education for coraraon
schools, and also, to take into consideration, the state of the
fund set apart by congress for the support of coraraon schools,
and to report thereon to the next general assembly.
This Report and this resolution being read, at the clerk's
table, were ordered to be printed, and on the 30th day of
January 1822, they passed the house, without a dissenting
vote. The joint resolution, for the appointment of commis
sioners, passed the senate, January 31st, 1832, without oppo
sition. In the raonth of May, following, Allen Trirable, Esquire,
the then governor of the state, appointed seven comraissioners
of schools and school lands, to wit: Caleb Atwater, the Rev.
John Collins, Rev. Jaraes Hoge, D. D., N. GuUford, the Honor
able Ephraim Cutler, Honorable Josiah Barber, and James M.
Bell, Esquire. The reason why seven persons were appoint
ed, was because there were seven different sorts of school
lands in the state, viz: section number sixteen in every town
ship of congress lands; the Virginia mUitary lands ; United
States railitary lands; Syrames' purchase, in the Miarai coun
try; the Ohio corapany's purchase, on the Ohio river; the
refugee lands, extending from Columbus to ZanesvUle; and,
the Connecticut Western Reserve land.
' Caleb Atwater was appointed for congress lands^ John Col
lins, for the Virginia military lands; James Hoge, for the refu
gee lands; James M. Bell, for the United States miHtary

350 HISTORY OF OHIO.
district; Ephraim Cutler for the Ohio company's lands, N.
Guilford for Symmes' purchase, and Josiah Barber for Connec
ticut Western Reserve school lands.
All the pfersons appomted commisjicoers, accepted of their
offices, as it appears, by referring to governor Trimble's mes
sage to the legislature, in December 1822. Five of these
commissioners, to wit: Caleb Atwater, John CoUins, James
Hoge, Ephraim Cutler and Josiah Barber, entered on the
duties of their appointment, and assembled at Columbus, the
seat of government, in June 1822. They organized their
board, appointed Caleb Atwater their chairman, and, inas-
ra'uch, as N: Guilford, and James M. Bell, did not appear, nor
act, the five, who were present and acting, informally appoin
ted Caleb Atwater, to perform the duty, assigned to N. Guil
ford; and, James Hoge, was appointed to supply the place of
Jaraes M. BeU.
This board, thus organized, ordered their Chairman, to ad
dress a circular letter, to all such persons as had the charge
of the school lands, in the state, soliciting information, as to
those lands; what was their value, how they were managed,
how, and by whom occupied, and finally, all the information,
necessary to be possessed, by the commissioners.
Each commissioner, agreed to exert himself in obtaining all
the inforraation, in his power, relating to these lands. After
an active session of seven days, the board adjourned, to meet
again in August then next.
Five hundred letters were addressed to persons in various
parts of the state, and fearing that unless the postage were
paid, these letters would not be attended to by those to whom
they were addressed, the author of them paid the postage.
His time was devoted almost wholly to this business, until in
August following, the board met again at Columbus. At this
meeting which lasted seven days, the chairman was directed
to prepare three pamphlets for the press : first, a pamphlet,
showing the actual condition of the school lands; second, a
bUl proposing a system of law, regulating common schools; and

SCHOOL REPORT. 261
thirdly, an explanatory one, of the school system to be pro
posed. The chairman was directed to collect all the school systems,
in use, in all the states ; and to consult, by letter, or otherwise,
all our most distinguished statesmen, scholars, teachers and
jurists, on this matter. In pursuance of this order, he opened
a correspondence with not a few such men, in all the old, and
many of the new states. This correspondence occupied near
ly aU his time, during the three following months of Septera
ber, October, and November, until early in December 1822,
the board again asserabled at Colurabus. During all this
tirae, not, a dollar had been advanced by the state, to this
board, nor was there a dollar in the state treasury to spare for
any object.
Two of the coramissioners, had been elected members of the
general asserably, to wit: Ephraim Cutler and Josiah Barber.
The other three, Messrs. Atwater, Collins and Hoge devoted
up their whole tirae to this service. Occupying a room, in a
public house, it became a centre of attraction, for all the lov
ers of learning, who visited the seat of government, during
that session of the state legislature. In this legislature, were
raany infiuential men who were opposed to a school system;
to a sale of the school lands; and, to internal iraproveraents.
Calling occasionally, at the coraraissioners' roora, these ene
mies of all iraproveraent, discovered the commissioners discuss
ing the merits of the different school systems, which they had
collected. These opposers, as it now appears, with the inten
tion of swindling the comraissioners out of what would be justly
due to thera for their expenditures of time and money, request
ed the chairman to let them see what the postage on his offi
cial correspondence amounted to, and they would pay it.
This being acceded to, and that being found to be seventy dol
lars, these legislators so framed a report, in the senate that it
would appear, that all the services had been finished and paid
for, nine weeks before the commissioners concluded their

session l

I 1 1

The board proceeded in their labors, day after day, and

262 HISTORY OF OHIO.
week after w«ek, and prepared for the press and printed, the
three pamphlets aforesaid, at the expense of printing and pa
per, paid for by the chairman, and never fully remunerated to
this day, by the state! Fifteen hundred copies of each, or
four thousand five hundred copies, after an absence frora
home on that business, of eighty-two days were printed,
and done up in handsome covers. They were circulated
over the whole state in the spring, summer and autumn
of 1823,
On the assembling of the legislature in December, as soon
as that body were properly organized the report of the com
missioners was presented to the general asembly which they
accepted, thanking, but not paying any thing for their labors and
expenditures. This session had a majority in both houses, op
posed to the school system and the sale of the school lands, and
all that was done by them, was to quarrel about these subjects.
They finally broke up in a row and went home. During the
next summer and autumn, the contest about the sale of the
school lands, the school system, the canal, and an equitable
mode of taxation, was warm and animated, but the friends of
all these measures, triumphed over all opposition, at the polls
in the October election of 1824, Large majorities were elec
ted in both houses, friendly to these highly beneficial meas
ures. These measures were carried through the general assern-
bly, and the greatest revolution, politically, was effected that
our history offers to the reader. That legislature was the
ablest in point of talents and moral worth that we ever had
in the state.
They gave us a system of education for common schools;
changed the mode of taxation ; created a board of fund com
missioners who were authorized to issue stock and borrow mo
ney on it, wherewith to make our canals. They passed many
other wise, morally healthful and useful acts. These measures
effected more for us than all others, ever originating with the
people, and carried out into execution by the legislature.
Our domestic policy thus established, has never varied since

ORIGIN OF oi;r canals. S63
tiiat time, and this new state has as fixed a policy as any oth
er state in the Union.

FREFARATOEY MEASURES LEADING TO THE OHIO CANAIS, BE
GUN JULY 4tH, 1825, COMMENCEMENT OP THB CANALS, AND
GOVERNOR CLINTON'S VISIT TO OHIO.
But we are anticipating a great era in our civil history.
As we have stated already, great efforts had been made by
our writers to produce a total change in our civil policy. Not
less than seventy writers for our newspapers, bad urged the
necessity on the people, of having a good system of education
introduced into our common schools; of changing the mode of
taxation, into an equitable, honest and just one ; of opening
and rendering permanent a navigable water comraunication
between lake Erie and the Ohio river. There was a perfect
coincidence of views between the friends of these three great
measures. The tide of public opinion began to move in the
direction favorable to all these improvements.
There had been an act of the general assembly already
passed sorae two years or more, before this time, relating to
the subject of a canal. Private individuals had endeavored to
get a charter for a company fo make such a canal, but all
had failed. In October, 1821, Micajah T, Williams of Cin
cinnati, had been re-elected by the people of the county of
Hamilton, to a seat in the house of representatives. Imme
diately at the comraencement of the session of the legislature
in Deceraber, Mr. Williaras, began to sound the minds of mem
bers on the subject of a canal. At an early day, December
6th 1821, he laid a resolution on the clerk's table for appoint
ing a committee of five members to take into consideration so
much of the governor's message as related to the subject of
canals. The resolution passed, and Messrs. WiUiams, Howe,
Thomas Worthington, W. H. Moore and John Shelby, were
appointed on the coraraittee.
Within fifteen minutes after the passage of this resolution.

264 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Mr, Atwater, a member from Pickaway county, laid on the ta
ble a resolution for appointing a committee of five members
on schools and school lands, which resolution also passed, and
a committee was appointed accordingly. This fact i^ brought
forwacd here, to show the entire harmony,between those who
were endeavoring to bring about the great revolution in our
civil policy, which has succeeded the wretched state of things
before the canal, school and equitable mode of taxation, sys
tems, were introduced among us,
Mr, Williams and his comraittee, of whom he was the soul,
attended strictly to their duty. They had considerable diffi
culty from various sources to contend with, but by address,
care, prudence and discretion, he and his committee overcame
all opposition. On the third day of January, 1822, he presen
ted to the house an able and elaborate report recommending
the passage of a law, authorizing an examination into the prac
ticability of connecting lake Erie with the Ohio river, by a
canal. He introduced a bill imraediately after his report was
read, which embraced the views which his report recommended.
To this bill, in all its stages on its passage through the house,
there was a steady hostility kept up by about thirteen mem
bers, whose names will forever stand on the journal of that
house, in large capitals. We name them not. On Monday
January 21st 1822, Mr. WUliams's bill passed the house on its
third reading. And it became a law, on its engrossraent and
third reading in the senate on the 31st of January 1822. On
the sarae day, and hour, the joint resolution for appointing
seven coramissioners of schools and school lands passed the
senate. The same messenger from the senate to the house
announced the final passage of both in the senate/ in the same
message. Thus it appears that both these measures originated in the
house of representatives on the 6th day of Deceraber, and
that both became laws on the 31st of January thereafter; they
originated within fifteen rainutes of each other, and they pass
ed into laws siraultaneously.
By the passage of the act, for that purpose, a certain num-

ORIGIN OF OUR canals. 265
ber of commissioners were appointed, whose duty it was to em
ploy an engineer to examine the country and report on the
practicability of making a canal from lake Erie to the Ohio
river. Those comraissioners eraployed the Honorable Jaraes
Geddes of Onondaga county. New York, as an engineer, who
arrived at Columbus, the seat of governraent, in the raonth
of June 1822. He had already entered on his arduous labors.
On his way he bad examined the Cuyahoga summit. In
the spring, sumraer and auturan of 1822, Mr. Geddes exara-
ined the country for a canal a distance in length araounting to
nine hundred miles. Our engineers, Sarauel Ferrer and oth
ers, leveled eight hundred railes with one instruraent. All
this was done in less than eight months.
The comraissioners themselves assisted in the exaraination,
and devoted nearly all their time to this service. These
coramissioners continued the examination of the different ca
nal routes during the whole season, for such works, in the
years 182.3-4, and finally, early in the year 1825, determin
ed, on the route commencing at Cleveland and ending at
Portsmouth on the Ohio river. They also deterrained on mak
ing a canal from Cincinnati to Dayton, on the Great Miami
river. In the mean time a board of canal fund coraraissioners
had been created by law, and a stock had been created, and
these fund coramissioners had borrowed money in New York
city sufficient to begin the excavation of the canals, and
carry on the work the first year. All this being done, and
having also appointed David S. Bates Esquire, of Rochester
New York, chief engineer, and as many assistants as necessa
ry; in fine, every other preparation being raade, the canal
coramissioners, and all our constituted authorities — our whole
people indeed, invited DeWitt Clinton, governor of New
York to be present at the coraraenceraent of making our
canals,
34 W

266 HISTORY OF OHIO.
DEWITT Clinton's visit to ohio.
Governor Clinton, attended by his aids, colonel Jones and
colonel Reed, colonel Solomon Van Renselaer of Albany, who
had traversed the state when a wUderness, as an officer un
der general Wayne; Messrs, R-dthbone and Lord, who had
loaned us the money with which to commence the canal, and
judge Conkling, United States district judge, of the state of
New York, started from Albany, New York, and landed at
Cleveland Ohio, in June 1825, They arrived at Newark
near the Licking summit, on the third day of July on a beau
tiful afternoon. Here were assembled to meet, welcome and
receive these distinguished friends of Ohio, the governor of
Ohio, Jeremiah Morrow, the good, able and patriotic chief
magistrate of a state which he had long faithfully served in
many high trusts; our secretary of state ; the state auditor;
the treasurer; aU our merabers of congress; nearly aU our
members of the legislature ; the military to a great number
of all arms, dressed in their best attire, with all their arms.
And there were present also nearly all those who had so long
and so faithfully written, printed and published so much on
the subject of a canal. The whole number amounted to ma
ny thousands.
As soon as governor Clinton's carriage appeared on the
public square, all these thousands rent the air with their loud
huzzas of welcome, to DeWitt Clinton, " the father of in
ternal iraproveraents." Four companies of artillery fired one
hundred guns, in honor of the state's guest. Of this great as.
serablage, many of them were personally known to governor
Clinton, and all of them were his personal friends, with many
of whom he had all along corresponded on the subject which
had brought them together. The meeting of so many old
friends on an occasion so dear to all their hearts, was deep
ly affecting to all present.
- On the 4th day of July 1825, forty-nine years after the dec
laration of independence, this great work of connecting lake
Erie with the Ohio river, by a navigable canal, was comraen-

267
ced, by the sons of those who achieved the independence of
their country. With the citizens of Ohio, this day will be
forever held doubly sacred.
The day was as fair as heart could desire, and the surarait
where the first shovel full of earth was to be excavated, was
three miles or more westwardly of Newark, The underbrush
was cleared off frora an acre or more in the woods, near the
surarait, where under raany wide spreading beech trees, tables
and seats were placed for the assemblage to dine. GoT-
LEiB Steinman of Lancaster, raade these preparations and
furnished a dinner for all this large corapany.
At an early hour in the raorning of the 4th, the whole as
semblage moved from Newark, on to the ground which had been
prepared for thera. Governor Clinton, governor Morrow, and
the state officers went to the ground on the sumrait, and ex
cavated each a few shovel fulls of earth. After this cei'emony
was performed, these officers retired to a rude platform, un.
der a shade, where, being seated, Thomas Ewing Esquire, our
late United States senator, delivered an address -on the occa
sion, to the people and tp governor Clinton. This address was
replied to by governor Clinton, who was repeatedly interrup
ted by the loud huzzas of the thousands there assembled. As
soon as his address was finished, one burst of universal ap
plause from all present, followed it. One hundred guns told
the world that the canal was begun. At these demonstra
tions of respect and gratitude, spontaneously given, governor
Clinton wept. Surrounded as he always had been, by the poli
ticians of his own state, such tokens had never before been
tendered hira. They overcarae his feelings for a moment,
and he shed tears. This was a foretaste of the applause which
posterity will certainly forever bestoVv on his gigantic labors
for their benefit. So long as the Hudson, Erie and Ohio are
connected by canals, so long will his memory be blessed.
The addresses having been delivered, the corapany sat down
to dine in the shade of wide spreading beeches. The Gov
ernors of Ohio and New York occupied the highest places at
the table, and the state officers of both states sat next to thera.

268 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Toasts were drank, in honor of the day, and of the particular
occasion, which had called this vast assemblage, together, but
when governor Clinton's health was drank, all the guns were
fired, and the sraall arms also. In addition to the hundred guns
from the cannon, and all the small arras, the air was rent, by
thousands of voices, huzzaing for the state's guest.
On the 5th of July, Governor Clinton was escorted to Lan
caster, where he tarried over night. On the next day, he and
a great concourse who followed and accompanied hira, went to
Columbus, the seat of the state governraent. Here, on the
next day, in the capitol, in the presence of all the state officers
and of a large assemblage of both sexes, governor Morrow
delivered an address to governor Clinton, which the latter an
swered in an appropriate and eloquent manner. A public dinner
ended the proceedings of the day. Escorted from Columbus, to-
Springfield, by a large number of gentleraen, either in carriages
or on horse back, governor Clinton was received by the peo
ple of the town last named as he had been, by those of Colum
bus. The Governor of New York was addressd by Ch.aeles
Anthony Esquire, in behalf of the citizens of Springfield, On
the next day after partaking of a public dinner, the two Gov-
jernors and their escort, moved forward twenty-five miles to
Dayton. Here on the next day, surrounded by a vast crowd
of citizens, governor Clinton was addressed in behalfof the citi
zens assembled, by the Honorable Joseph H. Cbane, a member
of congress. There was a public dinner here, after the address
and its answer. On the next day, the two Governors went to
Hamilton. Here were an address by tbe people's member of
congress John Wood Esquire, and a public dinner, given by the
citizens, Frora Hamilton, the cavalcade moved forward to
the city of Cincinnati. Here a dinner had been gotten up for
Henry Clay of Kentucky, This the governors of Ohio and
New York attended as invited guests.
At the period of which we are speaking, there was no canal
around the falls of the Ohio, and there were two parties, near
those rapids, or one party on each side of the river, in favor
of their own side of the Ohio, for a canal along it, to overcome

GOVERNOR Clinton's visit. 269
the rapids, caUed the " Falls." We have said there were par
ties, and we raight have added two chartered companies, one
by Kentucky and the other by Indiana, were disputing about
which side of the river, was best adapted to a canal. These
companies, deputed agents, who strongly insisted on governor
Clinton's visiting the Falls and settling the dispute about the
best location for this canal. To this invitation, Clinton yielded
and assented to visit Louisville, by water, in company with gov
ernor Morrow. The latter appointing general Schenk, Joseph S.
Benham Esquire and Robert T. Lytle Esquire his aids de carap,
he accorapanied governor Clinton to the Falls, Here after a
patient and careful exaraination of the ground on both sides of
the river, Clinton gave his decided preference to the LouisviUe
side of the Ohio. To this decision all parties in the end assent
ed, and on that side, since then, a canal has been made.
From Lousiville, the Governors ascended the Ohio river to
Cincinnati where, by the appointraent of that city, in the first
Presbyterian church, Joseph S. Benham Esquire, iu a house
overflowing with citizens, delivered an address to governor Clin
ton, This address and its answer by Clinton were admired
for their classical eloquence, pure patriotism, and their heart
stirring effect, on all who heard them, A most splendid pub
lic dinner, was next offered by the city and partaken of, by the
state's guest.
From this city the governors went to Middletown, on the
Great Miarai, where araidst a vast concourse of people, the
Miarai canal was commenced by the Governors, An address
to governor Clinton and to the citizens was deUvered by Joseph
II, Crane Esquire. And there was a public dinner, at Mid
dletown. Governor Clinton was escorted from the Miami country to
the Scioto river, at Chillicothe, thence passing through Cir-
oleviUe, Lancaster, Soraerset, Zanesville, Carabridge and
other towns eastwardly; he visited Pittsburgh, where he was
received in Pennsylvania, with distinguished attention. In addi
tion lo aU other tokens of respect, which that city tendered to
him, a large and beautiful stearaer was launched in his presence,
w*

270 history OF OHIO.
naraed DeWitt Clinton; adorned with his bust, a most per
fect likeness of the Governor of New York, He then passed
rapidly across Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New York city.
During all the time, while Mr. Clinton was in this state,
from the first moment he touched our soil, at Cleveland, until
he left the state, neither he nor his aids, ever paid a single
cent, for whatever they needed. They were every where,
treated as Ohio's invited guests. From one shire town to ano
ther, Clinton was attended by all its county officers, and the
most distinguished citizens of each county, to its line; where
the governor was received by a similar escort, from the ad
joining county, and, by them conducted to the next city or
town. In this manner, he passed across the state. As soon
as he appeared in sight of any town, the bells of all its
churches and public buildings rang their merriest peals ; the
cannon roared its hundred guns, and a vast crowd of citizens
huzzaed, " Welcome, welcome to the Father of Internal Im
provements!" The grave and the gay, the man of grey hairs and the
ruddy-faced youth; matrons and maidens, and even lisping
infants, joined to tell his worth, and on his virtues dwell ; to hail
his approach and welcome his arrival. Every street, where
he passed, was thronged with multitudes, and the windows were
filled with the beautiful ladies of Ohio waving their snowy white
handkerchiefs, and casting flowers on the pavement where he
was to pass on it. Every town where he went, gave him a
public dinner.
He, on his part, visited all the public institutions, wherever
he went. He visited also every family with which he was
personally acquainted, and these were many. To all who ap-r
proached him, he was kind and concUiating. Even the children
went, in crowds to see hira, with whom he shook hands, and not
unfrequently addressed them. They all knew bis history; that
he had always been Ohio's friend, and had now corae on a visit
to see us and our country, from motives of kindness towards us.
The moral effect, of this visit, on the citizens of this state,
was great, and that effect and its consequences, on the pros-

GOVERNOR Clinton's visit. 271
perity of our people, have induced us to detail circumstances,
otherwise not worthy of a place in our work. Our citizens were
apprehensive, that is many of them, that the state was not
able to make our canals, without involving us in a debt, which
would forever oppress us. To all such persons, Mr. Clinton,
stated, that the money could be borrowed for six per cent inter
est, or even less, on a credit, until the canals would pay for
themselves. He farther stated it as his opinion, "that when our canals were
made, even if they had cost five millions of dollars, they would
be worth three times that sum; that the increased price of our
productions, in twenty years would be worth five mUlions of
dollars; that the money saved on the transportation of goods,
to our people, during the same period, would be five millions
of dollars, and that the canals would finaUy by their toUs, re
fund their entire cost, principal and interest." These state
ments, coraing from such a source, satisfied the minds of thous
ands, who were doubtless opposed originally, to our canals.
And there were raany who lived quite distant from the canal
routes, and felt fearful, that they would be called on to pay
heavy taxes for what would never benefit themselves. To such
he said, "that the general prosperity would reach them, and that
the conteraplated canals would make others, in almost endless
progression. That our canals would be bonds of union, bind
ing the states together." And he called on all our people, "to
elevate their views, to that period, when Ohio, from her very
position, in the nation ; from her soil, more fertUe than any
other ; from her raild and genial climate ; and finally, frora our
very constitution, which forever excludes slavery, and the enter
prise and energy of our people, such as no other people ever
possessed ;" from these considerations he argued and convinced,
our whole people, that our canals should then be prosecuted to
completion. DeWitt Clinton, in his person, was large and robust, and,
take him all in all, was the best looking raan, that this nation
ever produced. For our people to behold such a raan, standing
before thera; a man, who in despite of a constant opposition to

272 history of ohio.
him, from men, however contemptible in themselves, yet men
who carried along with them the rabble of New York, under
the narae of republicanism; to see such a man standing among
us, after he had triumphed over all opposition, at home, and
had come here, to see the comraencement of our canals, and to
encourage our people in their undertaking, was exhilirating to
the minds of our citizens. Its moral effect was greater, and
possibly of more importance than is now generaUy supposed.
Had the Governor Hved, until our Ohio and Erie canal had
been finished, arrangements would have been made, to an
nounce the completion in the city of New York, as soon as sound
could carry the news there, from Portsmouth, on the Ohio river.
This was to have been done by placing cannon so near each
other, all they way from place to place that the sound of each
gun, would be heard by those who were stationed at the next
gun. Governor Clinton's death frustrated the design, inasmuch
as the state of New York, then fell under the dominion of her
own, and our worst political enemies.
Mr. Clinton's labors have been so beneficial to this state,
that his history belongs to ours. No sooner was his death an
nounced in the capitol of New York, the legislature being
then in session, than one of his worst enemies, then a member
of assembly, from Albany, perhaps, seized that very moment,
to introduce resolutions into the house, expressive of a sorrow
for the event, which he certainly did not feel. He next intro
duced a biU for the relief of Mr. Clinton's family, granting, by
the great and wealthy state of New York, the pitiful sum of ten
thousand dollars! The bill passed into a law, the money was
invested in the stock of insurance corapanies, in the city of
New York. By the great fire in that city, the companies fail
ed, and the family were left without a dollar in the world.
When the news of Mr. Clinton's death reached Washington,
congress was in session, and the members from New York,
had a meeting on that occasion, at which general Stephen
Van Renselaer presided. The principal speaker at that meet
ing, had a seat in the United States senate. Among other
things brought forward by this speaker, for the purpose of de-

GOVERNOR CLINTON. 273
grading the great man who was dead, was a remark, that the
speaker " almost envied Mr. Clinton his grave !" Had any
other person accused the speaker of being actuated by such
malice, the accusation would not have been generally believed
to be true. But what adds to the poignancy of our feelings,
is the fact, that the body of Mr. Clinton lies uncovered in an
old vault; his coffin is so decayed that it has fallen down, and
has left the body uncovered and exposed to view ! so that the
envy of the speaker, is now appeased or ought to be; his wish
in that respect, having been gratified.

CIVIL HISTORY.

PERIOD SIXTH,

THIS PERIOD EXTENDS FROM JULY 4tH, 1825 UNTIL 1837,
The original intention of the legislature which passed the
act of February 4th 1825, was to make the Ohio and Erie ca
nal, extending from lake Erie to the Ohio river, and the south
ern end of Miami and Maumee canal, from Cincinnati to Day
ton. And provided congress made provisions for assisting us
in continuing the last naraed canal to lake Erie, running al-
raost wholly through United States lands, our legislature in
tended in such case to complete that canal to lake Erie, as
they now are doing.
The Ohio and Erie canal could scarcely be said to have
been completed until 1831-2, nor the Miami and Maumee ca
nal frora the Ohio river to Dayton until the locks at Cincinnati
were finished in 1834,
The coramissioners named in the act of January 31st 1822,
were Benjarain Tappan, Alfred Kelley, Thomas Worthington,
Ethan A. Brown, Jeremiah Morrow, Isaac Minor and Ebene
zer Buckingham junior. This board appointed the acting
coraraissioners, engineers, &c. Jeremiah Morrow having been
elected governor of the state, resigned bis office of commis
sioner; and in February 1823, Micajah T. WUliams was ap
pointed in his place. After the canals were fairly under way
Messrs. Kelley and Williams were appointed acting commis
sioners, under whose superintendence these canals were con
structed.

CANALS. 275

CANALS.

The total disbursements on canals up to December 1st, 1832,
araounted to five raiUions one hundred and sixty-three thousand
seven hundred and twenty-five dollars and twenty-four cents.
The aggregate length of navigable canals constructed and
owned by the state at that tirae, araounted to four hundred
miles, comprising one hundred and eighty-four lift locks over
coming a total amount of ascent and descent of one thousand
five hundred and forty-seven feet; nine guard locks; twenty-
two aqueducts; two hundred and fourteen culverts ; one hun
dred and eighty-two of which are of stone masonry, sixty of
wood; nine dams for crossing streams, and twelve feeder
dams. The main trunks of the Ohio and Miarai canals have
each a rainiraum breadth of forty feet at the water line, and
twenty-six feet at bottom with four feet depth of water.
A large proportion of both, particularly of the Ohio canal, is
of much larger dimensions, having a breadth at the water line
varying from sixty to one hundred feet, and a depth of from five
to twelve feet. In many places, it even exceeds, for considera
ble distances, these dimensions, both in breadth and depth.
It has been a standing rule in the construction of the ca
nals, to increase their dimensions beyond the minimum, in aU
places where it could be done without materially enhancing
the cost.
The walls of the locks are of solid stone masonry, restmg
on floors composed of timbers laid crosswise of the pit, cover
ed with planks three inches in thickness, both in the cham
bers and under the walls, and between the walls with an ad
ditional floor of two inch plank well joined, and secured with
spikes to the timbers on which they rest.
The face of the walls are of cut stone, laid in regular
range work, and in lime mortar, the whole wall grouted with
the same material. The breadth of the locks is fifteen feet
between the walls, and the length of the charabers, being the
space between the upper and lower gates, ninety feet — ad-

.276 history of ohio.
mitting boats seventy-eight feet in length, and fourteen feet
ten inches in breadth, to pass freely through.
Aqueducts are constructed with wooden trunks, supported
by piers of stone tnasonry, which, on the Ohio canal, with the
exception of two small structures in the Cuyahoga valley, is-
of the sarae character as that used in the locks. The mason
ry of the others is of uncut, or hammer dresssed stone.
The stone culverts on the Ohio canal, with the exception of
a few of a sraall class, erected soon after the commencement
of the work, are coraposed of arches, formed of stone, cut in reg
ular segments, and laid in range work, with wing and parapet
walls of cut stone. Those on the Miarai canal, and a few on
the Ohio canal, are composed of rough or uncut stone.
Wood culverts are used for land drains, and to pass small
spring runs under the canal, in situations where they will al
ways be kept under water, so as not to be liable to decay.
Large aqueducts and culverts, as well as dams, are found
ed on piles, except where rock or other secure foundations
could be had.
Where it has been found necessary to erect locks, in situa
tions where the earth at the bottom of the pit was composed
of light alluvion, mud, or quicksand, bearing piles have in
sorae instances been used to forra a secure and firm founda
tion. But mature reflection, confirmed by numerous experi
ments, has produced the conviction that a more secure, as well
ns more cheap foundation can be obtained by excavating the
pit to an extra depth, and covering it with a stratum of coarse
gravel of from one to two feet in thickness, wrought into
puddle, in which the floor timbers are to be imbedded. This
plan has therefore, in most instances, been adopted.
The Ohio and Erie canal, extending from the Ohio river at
Portsraouth, to Cleveland on lake Erie, was finished in 1831-2.
It is three hundred and nine mUes long.
This raain canal has many other canals connected with it.
The side cut, leading from Lockburn to Columbus is eleven
miles in length. Ascending the main canal to Carrolton, a side
cut canal, now finished to Lancaster, is making to the faUs of

CANALS. 277
Hocking, and will be extended to Athens, and even to the Ohio
river, perhaps, if practicable. This canal will be frora seventy
to one hundred railes in length.
In Licking county is a canal raade, from the main trunk to
GranvUle, StiU ascending to Dresden where we find the
raain canal is connected with the Muskingum river, by a dam
and lock. By a series of dams, short canals and locks, along
the last raentioned river, now in a state of forwardness as to
corapletion, this water coraraunication will be finished to the
Ohio, at the mouth of the Muskingura at Marietta.
The next canal, connected with the raain one, as we ascend
it, is the Walhonding canal, at Roscoe. This is making
now, that is, about thirty miles of it, are soon to be finished.
-4scending to Bolivar, in Tuscarawas county, (three miles or
more from Zoar,) at the mouth of Sandy creek, a canal is
making and wUl be finished, one hundred railes long. This
canal connects Bolivar with the town of Beaver, on the Ohio riv
er, thirty mUes below Pittsburgh. Starting frora near Beaver,
another canal is rapidly making to intersect the main canal at or
near Akron. The former passes by New Lisbon, the latter, by
Warren, in Trumbull county. These last named canals are
about equal in length and in their cost. Their length is one
hundred miles, each, and their cost, one million of dollars each,
or upwards. Though owned by private companie.';, in part,
now, the state will soon be the sole owner of them.
THE MIAMI AND MAUMEE CANAL,
Extends from Cincinnati to Piqua, passing Middletown,
Dayton &c. It is now finished the distance of one hundred
miles and is rapidly extending northwards towards lake Erie.
It is navigated about one hundred railes. Thirty miles of this
canal extending from Piqua towards lake Erie, are now. mak
ing, and an equal or greater distance, is extending from the
mouth of Maumee bay at the lake, up the Mauraee river.
This canal wUI, when corapleted, be the longest one in this
state. Where it touches the eastern line of Indiana, it will be
X

278 HISTORY OF OHIO.
connected with the great Wabash canal, extending to Evans-
vUle on the Ohio river.
The importance of this Canal, passing through the Miami
and Wabash valleys, down the Maumee vaUey to Manhattan,
on lake Erie, is apparent to any one who looks at the maps of
Ohio and Indiana, That branch of it, which passes along the
Wabash river, will do a vast deal of business for Indiana and Illi
nois states. It passes through the richest soil of both states.
Our branch of this canal, passes through the Miami valley, the
best cultivated portion of Ohio. The northern end of it, from
lake Erie to Indiana line, will be sixty feet wide, six feet deep,
with a double set of locks, so as to adrait lake vessels, up into
the heart of the country, Ohio has in possession, either in land
or money, ariiple funds to complete this splendid canal. The
amount of tonnage carried on it will, one day, be great, and
exceed, perhaps, that carried on any other, in the western
states. Side cut canals auxiliary to this, will be numerous,
though but one is now making from the main trunk to Leba
non, Other canals, from the Ohio and Erie canal are in contem
plation and will finally be made, connecting lake Erie with
it. One from Sandusky city to Lockburn; another from the
mouth of Black river to connect tbe main canal with it, and sev
eral others.
To make all these additions, we have on hand two millions
and a half of dollars ; we have a small tax, annually levied on
all the personal and real estate of Ohio, we have the industry,
the enterprise, energy, and wealth of individuals, the canal
tolls and the credit of this state.
We bad forgotten a canal now making from Cincinnati up
White water into Indiana, This canal will throw into the
Ohio river at an important point, the productions of the richest
part of our neighboring state. It will be of great value to Cin
cinnati, and invaluable to a portion of Indiana, It is called,

ROADS. 279
THE CINCINNATI AND WHITE WATER CANAL.
It is estimated to cost, four hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
Its length is twenty five miles, and connects with the White
water canal of Indiana at the state line, half a mile south of
the town of Harrison. It passes down the east side of the White
water river to near its mouth, thence crossing the Miami river
a little above the town of Cleves, it enters the Ohio valley
through a deep cut at North Bend of one fourth of a mile in
length, thence along the the bank of the Ohio river, to Cin
cinnati. RO.t.DS.
The Cumberland road, extending west from Bridgeport, oppos
ite Wheeling, is making by the United States. It will, when
completed, reach all the capitals of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and
strike the Mississippi river, either at Alton, or, opposite St.
Louis, in Missouri. This road is completed from Bridgeport to
fourteen miles west of Columbus. The labor now doing on it,
is performing imraediately east of Springfield. It ought to be
finished, in this state, to Indiana line, within three years, or
by 1840. As soon as any portion of it is finished, the state
recieives it from the general government, and places gates on
it, and collects tolls, wherewith to keep it in repair.
SAIL ROADS.
The first rail road made in this state, was finished in 1836
by the people of Toledo, a town some two years old then, situ
ated near the mouth of Mauraee bay. The road extends west-
ivardly into Michigan and is some thirty miles in length.
There is a rail road, about to bo raade frora Cincinnati, to
Springfield, This road follows the Ohio river up to the Little
Miarai river, and there turns northwardly up its valley, to Xe
nia, and passing the Yellow Springs, reaches Springfield, Its
length raust be about ninety miles. The state will own one
half of the road, individuals and the city of Cincinnati, the

280 HISTORY OF OHIO.
other half. This road will, no doubt, be extended to lake Erie,
at Sandusky city, within a few short years.
There is a rail road about to be -made, from Painesville, to
the Ohio river. There are many charters for other rail roads,
which will never be made. So we fear, we might say of sev
eral turnpikes, for want of enterprise and public spirit where
they should be made by the people in their vicinity.
TURNPIKE BOADS.
The first one made in this state, extended from Warren in
Trumbull county to lake Erie.
There is a clay turnpike from Ohio City, in the direction of
Columbus, but, except in dry weather, we cannot praise it
greatly. The same remarks apply to the road from Columbus to San
dusky city, one hundred and six miles in length. There is a
charter for a turnpike, from Cincinnati to Zanesville, through
ChiUicothe, Lancaster, &;c. There is a sort of a road, from
Sandusky to Perrysburgh,
There is a turnpike in progress, actually making from Cincin
nati to Springfield, through Lebanon, Waynesville and Xenia,
So far as it is finished it is an excellent road.
There is another road from Cincinnati, along the Ohio river
and up the Little Miami, twenty odd miles, completed in a
substantial manner.
There are two other exceUent roads from Cincinnati, extend
ing northwardly into the interior.
All the canals, rail roads and turnpikes actually begun, will
be finished by 1843. And these canals and roads will have
cost fifteen millions of dollars. We shall then have eight hun
dred miles of canals, and one thousand miles of rail roads, and
turnpikes, including the Cumberland road. Tolls will be col
lected on all of them. On the Cumberland road, sufficient
tolls will be paid to keep it in repair. Some of the roads, will
do more than that, but, the capital expended on roads, gener
ally, may be considered as gone forever. Few roads will

ROADS. 281
ever do more than keep themselves in repair. Canals will
pay for their construction, at some future day, roads never will
do it. We have neither the room, nor the wish to prove our
proposition, but frora information which we have received all
over the Union, as to roads, we are satisfied that our Ohio.
roads will never refund a cent of the capital, expended on
thera. If the Baltimore turnpike from Baltimore to Cumberland
can do no more than keep itself in repair, no road in this state
can even do that, without more travel than we have, and higher
tolls than travelers will pay., The state has done wrong, to
subscribe to the stock in our roads, until we had more money
than we knew what to do with. However, it is done, and can
not be undone.
The Cumberland road raust soon be made wider, to accom
modate the increased travel upon it. Allowing the western
country to contain now eight millions of people, and that our
increase be one raillion a year (a low estiraate) in 1850 there
will be twenty-one millions in the country west of the moun
tains. These twenty-one mUlions wUl visit every year, (that
is our business men) the eleven millions east of the mountains.
And the ten or eleven millions in the east, will also travel
westward more or less. No' sraall portion of all this travel
wUl pass over our territory in Ohio. To accoramodate all this
traveling population, we must have more, wider and better
roads and canals. In constructing them, we should have spe
cial regard to the increase of travel and business to be done
on them, even within a very few years.
If our roads and canals are too narrow for our population
thirteen years hence, how can they accommodate the travelers
on them, fifty years hence, when nine new states will be and,
raust be admitted into the Union, on this side the Rocky moun
tains; and those states be the largest states as to territory, in
in the whole Confederacy ? This hint is intended for those
who are in authority. Even this state, in 1850, will contain
three, but more probably four millions of people. Our roads
36 X*

282 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and canals arc .scarcely sufficient for the people, whose busi
ness must be done on these great highways of the nation.
We have said nothing of our vastly increased amount of
agricultural products at that time, which wUl pass along these
highways to a market; nor of the increased wants of the east
ern people for the prime necessaries of life, as their soil wears
out, and fails to produce food enough for those who live on that
sterile, narrow strip of land, called the old thirteen states.
Their food must eventually come from this westem country,
or from Europe ; probably from both. Within a very few years to
corae. Our board of canal commissioners should elevate their
views as they look through the vista of futurity, and project
all our public highways for fifty years' growth of the West.
Should a war come with England again, these highways
would save millions of dollars to the nation.
Should a war happen between this nation and England six
years hence, forty thousand volunteers could easily be raised
in Kentucky, Indiana arid Ohio. After the troops from Ken
tucky had reached the Ohio river, at the proper points, they
and all their munitions of war, could be carried to lake Erie
in five days. All their provisions, horses and cannon would be
conveyed along these highways, free of toll. In this view
our improvements are invaluable, not only to us, but to the
whole nation. But no future Proctor will ever land on the
soil of this state, and no array of ours will ever again suffer
for food, for raiment, or amraunition, on the soil of Ohio.
Should the south be invaded, our four hundred steamers
in the West, would soon convey an overwhelming force to
meet, and either conquer, or drive the enemy into the sea.
The days of our infancy in the West are passed away, and
gone forever. Our youth is ripening into manhood, when the
West will be the seat of an empire, such as the world does not
cont'ain now, either in numbers, wealth or power. The re
verse of our now situation in Ohio, must one day, be our lot .
Now when New Hampshire, New Jersey, South Carolina and
Georgia, have four secretaries at Washington, and we, two in
ferior clerks !

COMMON ROADS. 283
On the valley of the Mississippi, the sun of our prosperity
has risen and will assuredly continue to ascend until he shines
in all his meridian splendor. The seat of the last, the great
est, the raost glorious, wealthy and powerful erapire in the
world, must be located in the Mississippi valley. The hand
of time which will strike out of existence other empires, and
sink them into oblivion, shall only roll up the curtain which
hangs before them, and show the world all the splendors of
this. We must have patience, and wait a short period, and
" this day of small things'''' shall be forgotten, or remembered
only with pride and exultation at the then contrast. Let us
elevate our views, discard all narrow ones, all low aims,
and prepare for tbe destiny which awaits us, as well as our
posterity, forever, COMMON ROADS AND HIGHWAYS,
Many of these are very good during about eight months
in the year. From Columbus to Chillicothe is such a road,
but it needs more bridges across the streams, and should be
thrown up in the form of a turnpike, so that no water would
stand on it. The difficulty of procuring stone to cover it, is
a misfortune, which at present we cannot remedy. We have
not in this region any good hard limestone near us. In this
respect the Miarai country enjoys a privilege which we do not
possess. Our country is alluvial and all the stone we have
fit for the purpose is in the beds of our strearas brought to us
from near their head waters. These pebbles will one day bo
used by those who come after us. All our coraraon roads are
not what they should be, and what we hope they will be at a fu
ture day. Every raan in the state is taxed annually, two days
work on our roads. We have a sraall araount from the United
States onthe sales of their lands, and a tax on our property, in
aid of our poll tax, appropriated yearly for road purposes. More
labor is necessary to be beneficially expended on our roads.
The best comraon roads are now, perhaps, in New Connecticut.

284 history of ohio.
Their roads in that part of Ohio are straight, and much labor
is expended on them by the people.
The United States ought to make a road from Lower San
dusky to Detroit. The one which they have pretended to
make is of little value. ,
The Black Swamp, should we have another war with our old'
enemy, in the first carapaign, would tell congress what they had
neglected to do. During this period of peace, is the time to
make this road, and unless all former experience is lost on the
nation, appropriations will soon be made annually, to make
this road what it should be, a permanent, good, substantial
highway. The black swarap has already cost the nation a
mUlion of dollars, besides many brave men who perished from
the sickness which they caught by wading through it. Pitts
burgh and Greensburgh in Pbnnsylvania, and Petersburgh in
Virginia, will long remeraber those who thus perished and were
buried in this black swarap. Ohio lost in the sarae way, and
in the same swamp, not a few of her best soldiers..

Our best ones and the greatest number of them,, are on the
national road. AU of them are good, and some of' them are
excellent. Across the Stillwater at Cambridge, the Muskin
gum at Zanesville, and the Scioto at Columbus, there are
bridges which may vie- with any others iri the west. Across
the Scioto at Circleville- and ChiUicothe, are exceUent bridges,,
which the people in their vicinity have erected. At Dayton
and Harailton are good bridges across the Great Miarai, The
best bridged streara in the state is the Great Beaver in New
Connecticut, We need in the state, ten thousand additional'
bridges. We need wider and better roads and canals; such
as will accommodate ten times as many travelers as now pasis.
along them.

STATE OF LEARNING. 285
THE STATE OF LEARNING IN OHIO.
One of our difficulties, which we must meet, is, and for
thirty years to come, will be, the certainty of large numbers
of immigrants, settling among us from all parts of Europe,
These, when they arrive among us, are, and always will be,
entirely ignorant of our institutiohs. These are to be instruct
ed, and moulded into the mass of our people. Their children
are to be educated. Thus far, whenever these foreigners have
settled down in any town, they have made very good, peacea
ble and quiet citizens. Their children have, many of them,
soon learned to' read and speak our language. In Cincinnati
where most pains have been taken to teach them, they have
made very comraendable progress in learning, for the time they
have been at school. It is cheaper, for those who own proper
ty, to educate all the children of the state, than to punish
them for the crimes, which they will comrait, if left to grow
up in ignorance and vice. In this view of tbe subject, if we
rise no higher, in our motives, every raan of property, will
cheerfully bestow sorae of his time, as well as his money, on
this subject, so desirable and praise worthy. With a continual
eye to this object, our legislature might soon have an income
arising from stocks in our canals and roads, sufficient to edu
cate every child in the state. Let us hope that our means
may keep pace with our wants.
There ought to be a Board of Education, who should have
the superintendence of all our colleges, academies and com
mon schools. This board should be selected without reference
to any party in religion or politics; to be appointed by the
governor, and not liable to be removed from office. The su
perintendence of such a board, would be extremely useful to
our colleges, in a variety of ways. Their visits to the several
literary institutions, would produce an exceUent effect on the
teachers and scholars, and diffuse among the great mass of the
people, a healthful, moral action.
As things now are, in this state, too many of our litera
ry institutions, seem to bo so many elements of sectarian

286 history of ohio.
views, in religious matters. This is not as it should be; or if
so, then the state should set up institutions, not under any par
ticular sect of Christians, and foster only such as were found
ed on the broadest basis of Christianity, without any reference
to any of the various sects, into which Christianity is divided,
and subdivided. We would not exclude clergymen from being
instructors of youth, nor confine learning entirely to them.
To be an instructor of youth, requires as much tact as it
does to be a divine, a physician or a lawyer. And the learn
ing it requires, to be an instructor in our higher literary insti
tutions, is certainly more than is requisite for one who would
follow almost any other profession.
At the present tirae, Cincinnati has within its corporate
limits, more and better means of affording instruction, than
any other place in this state. Its medical school may be said
to be the only one, in the state, of the kind; and if any one
seeks to acquire a thorough knowledge of the modern lan
guages, Cincinnati possesses the amplest means of affording
such instruction.
And if any young man wishes to acquire a knowledge of
any one of the learned professions, Cincinnati is certainly the
best place of obtaining it, in the Valley of the Mississippi.
And if any one wishes to learn any mechanical art, Cincinnati
is the very place to learn it. The field is larger and better
cultivated too, than any other, in Ohio, in which the arts
grow and flourish. And this will necessarily continue to be
the best place in the West, for a long time, in which to acquire
knowledge. Perhaps we raight except feraale instruction, to
which Colurabus, Dayton, Chillicothe, Zanesville and Circle-
viUe, have paid great attention.
The greatest difficulty in our way, is not the want of per
sons corapetent to teach, but a want of discernment in parents
to properly appreciate and reward competent instructors
for their labor. So, long as the business of an instructor, is
not considered in its true Hght, as one of the highest, noblest,
and most useful employments on earth ; so long, too, as the
compensation is very low, so long shall we labor under all the-

STATE OF LEARNING. 287
disadvantages of our present depressed state of learning.
That our schools, of all sorts, should not be equal to those in
the Eastern states, whose, age, wealth and experience sur
pass ours, is not surprising. Ours is a new country, yet, and
we have not had the time, to mature our institutions, of all
sorts. It affords us some consolation, though, to see a gradual
improvement, slow, indeed, but steadily, moving forward, to its
ultimate usefulness. And we must not despise the "day of
small things," but hope rather, that the pace will be quicken
ed, when the sun of science rises higher above the horizon.
A board of education and funds at its command, would be of
immense value to us ; and let us hope that the day is not far
distant, when such a board may be created and funds be set
apart for its benificent uses.
It has often been pressed upon individual merabers of the
legislature, to introduce a bill, for the purpose of organizing a
board of education. It should form a part of the constitution
itself, because, without education, no real good government
can exist any where. Even monarcbs bave found it for their
interest to have their subjects well educated. The kings of
England, France and Prussia have done a great deal to pro
mote learning among their people, and they are still doing
much, in that way. All the protestant princes of Europe are
doing not a little, to promote education. We have done some
thing, in this state, but more needs doing, daUy, by our rulers
and by our people, to instruct all our citizens, in all that is
useful for them to know. With our increased numbers, more
statesmen will be needed to govern us; more lawyers, physi
cians and divines will be required, to maintain the rights of
individuals; to heal the sick, and afibrd moral and religious
instruction to our increased numbers of people. The present
statesmen and professional men, were educated mostly, in the
East, where they were bom. These men, will not live always,
nor is it probable that there wUl long be, an influx of educated
young men frora the East, into this state; such will soon begin
to travel farther west before they settle down. We shall be
compelled, very soon, to rely on our own resources, for profes-

288 HISTORY OF OHIO.
sional raen, and unless our colleges are equal to eastern ones,
there will be a falling off, in learning at the bar, in the desk,
and in the halls of legislation. As the state increases in num
bers and jvealth, more, not less, learning wUl be required.
It requires something more than a mere superficial education,
to carry on the business of this great and growing common
wealth. We fear that one reason, why our western young
men who attend our higher schools, obtain no more education,
while actually at school, is owing to a want of application to
their studies, such as eastern colleges require. That youth
should not have all the wisdom of age, is not surprising, but,
that they should not feel willing to submit to hard study, to
labor and diligence, would be their own and their country's
misfortune. They will soon take our places, and govern the
country; if well, they will be benefited by it, and if not, tbey
will suffer for it, not their fathers, who will be in their graves.
The world will be theirs who take it, not by sloth, but by la
bor, toil, diligence, activity and vigorous exertion.
Let ns hope that our sons and daughters may surpass, not
fall behind their parents, in all that is manly, good and fair,
so that in every age, Ohio will shine brighter and brighter, as
a star of the first magnitude in the constellation of the Union.
So DeWitt Clinton predicted in his speech in the United
States senate, when we were admitted into the Union; and so
may it be,
COLLEGES, ACADEMIES AND COMMON SCHOOLS.
KENYPN COLLEGE
Was founded chiefly through the instrumentality of Philan
der Chase, D. D., L. L. D., the first bishop of tbe Protestant
Episcopal church in Ohio,
It was first established as a theological seminary for the edu
cation of pious youhg men for the ministry in that church.
Funds for this pdrpose were obtained in England in the year
1824, and in the same year an act of incorporation was grant-

KENYON COLLEGE. 289
ed by the legislature, A supplementary act was past the fol
lowing year, by which the institution obtained the power of
conferring degrees in the arts and sciences under the name
and style of the " President and Professors of Kenyon Col
lege." In the same year the convention of the Diocese fi.xed
the site of the college and seminary in Knox county, on a
tract of eight thousand acres of land, purchased of William
Hogg Esquire, of Brownsville, Pennsylvania, who generously
abated some thousand dollars from the price, in favor of the
College Upon these lands, under the laborious and active su
pervision of Bishop Chase, a village was iraraediately laid out,
which received the narae of Garabier, frora Lord Garabier, a
distinguished benefactor of the institution, in England. Valua
ble raills weie soon erected, and a college building of stone,
on a magnificent plan, was partially completed. In 1831,
however, the want of funds caused' a temporary suspension of
the work.
At the convention held in September of that year. Bishop
Chase having resigned the presidency of the college, and the
charge of the Diocese, Bishop Mcllvaine was elected his suc
cessor, but did not enter upon the ' duties of his office until
the winter of 1832. His first object, was the procuring of
raeans to relieve the pecuniary erabarrassments of the insti
tution, and to enable it to complete its buildings. In this he
was so far successful as to enable it to complete the college
edifice, erect a large and commodious building for the use of
the junior preparatory department, furnish dwelling houses for
the professors, and put up several other valuable and neces
sary buildings. It still, however, feels the want of more ex
tensive accoraraodations for its students and officers.
The institution is situated in Knox county, five miles East
of Mount Vernon, being nearly in the centre of the State.
It now owns, and has entirely under its control a tract of four
thousand acres of very valuable land, in the centre of which
the college is placed. Its location is elevated and beautiful,
coraraanding a view of Vernon rivOr, and its rich bottoms fesr-
37 Y

290 HISTORY OF OHIO.
several miles. The advantages, derived to the college from
its position in the centre of its own domain and having the
exclusive control of its immediate vicinity, must be obvious to
every one. The institution now embraces four departments:
a theological and a collegiate department, and a senior and
a junior preparatory department — the latter is called "Milnor
Hall." The course of study in the seminary and college, is
essentially the same as that adopted in eastern institutions of
the first rank. The senior preparatory department while aux
iliary to the college, is also conducted on the plan of a high
school, Milnor Hall is intended for boys under the age of
fifteen years, who board with their instructors, and lodge in
the sarae building. The nuraber of students has always been
equal to the extent of the accoramodations which could be
furnished, and the prosperity of the institution is now greater
than at any former period. It nurabers in all its departments,
two hundred and six students, and has fourteen professors
and instructors, THE MIAMI UNIVERSITY
Is located at Oxford in Butler county. We have already
told the reader how it happened to be here located by the
legislature. It is endowed by the township of land where it
is placed. It has a president and professors, and, about one
hundred and fifty students attend its sessions. In its numbers
it stands next to Woodward college. We need further infor
mation concerning it,THE OHIO UNIVERSITY,
Situated on the Ohio company's grant at Athens, is endow
ed by two townships of land adjoining the institution. There
are collegiate institutions at Marietta, GranviUe, New Athens,
Hudson and Worthington. They languish for the want of
funds to sustain thera.
At Cincinnati are several coUeges ; some of them well en-

COLLEGE OF TEACHERS. 291
dowed, and all of them well conducted. Of these we will re
mark, that the Lane Semin.\.ry, a presbyterian theological
school is located on Walnut hiU, near the city. Its officers
are extremely well qualified for their stations, and President
Beeches and Professor Stowe stand high in the public esti
mation. We regret our want of information, as to its library,
funds, number of students and other facts which we do not
possess. THE WESTERN LITERARY INSTITUTE AND COLLEGE OF PROFES
SIONAL TEACHERS.
Iraproveraents in the modes of Instruction, is the object of
this Institution, and for this purpose the raerabers have endeav
ored to open a coramiyiication, with all similar associations, and
also with such individuals of either sex as feel the importance
of the subject to such a degree as would induce them to hold
a correspondence, either to coraraunicate or obtain information,
or for the general encouragement of so important an under
taking. Afew years ago the teachers of Cincinnati organized a socie
ty for mutual iraproveraents. Its first anniversary was cele
brated on the 20th of June 1831, at which time the Rev, B,
H. Bishop, D. D. President of the Miarai University, delivered
an excellent address on the iraportance of deraanding and
encouraging faithful and well qualified teachers. This asso
ciation, however, not extending beyond the boundaries of the
city, was necessarily restricted in its operations, and its bene
volent designs, even there, were almost entirely paralized by
jealousies, local prejudices and conflicting interests. Under
these discouragements sorae of its founders were for abandon
ing the objects altogether, believing it could never be rendered
productive of any valuable results. But Mr, Albert Picket, sen
ior, a veteran in the profession of teaching, unwilling to abandon
his object, devised a plan, which would not only sustain the
sinking cause, but greatly augment its usefulness and respec
tability.

292 HISTORY OF OHIO.
He very wisely concliided, that if a literary institution were
formed which should be composed of all the instrucitots of youth
and other friends of education in the West, who should annu
ally meet in convention, all the members would be apt to unite
in the promotion of the great object in view, while all local
scheraes and selfish policy would be rendered powerless or be
forgotten. This idea he communicated to some of his friends,
and as it received their hearty approval, circulars of invitation
were iramediately sent, as far as information could be obtained,
to all engaged in teaching, whether in colleges, academies or
schools, to meet in Cincinnati on Wednesday, October 3rd 1832.
At which time, a respectable number convened. A resolution
was passed for the establishment of the present College. A
constitution was prepared and unanimously adopted.
Thus coraraenced the western College of professional teach
ers; the most popular and useful literary institution in the wes
tern country, if not, in the Union, and which has already ac
complished wonders in the advancement of the cause of gene
ral education in the West.
Should this Institution continue to flourish, the advantages
to be derived from it, will at some future day, be great. It
brings together the presidents and professors of our Colleges
and Universities and the teachers of Academies and Primary
Schools. They form a mutual acquaintance and learn to
respect each others' character, merit and usefulness. And the
time will come, when there will exist between them, a mutual
dependence, which will be productive of mutual benefits. The
Colleges and Universities will then furnish efficient teachers
for the Schools and Academies, and they in return, when effi
ciently taught, will furnish a great number of pupils for the Col
leges and Universities. In consequence of our young men being
early initiated and established in regular habits of study and in
the love of useful knowledge; where there is now one piipU who
wishes for the advantages of a collegiate education, there will
then be many.
In order to gi"ve the reader sorae idea of the subjects discuss
ed by the members of this institution, we select what follows.

COLLEGE OP TEACHERS. 293
from their published works. We give the names of the authors,
the subjects discussed, and the time when delivered.
Rev, B. P, Aydelott, On introducing the Bible into schools,
1836. Professor Bascom. Philosophy of letters as a question of
moral interest, 1832.
Rev. L, Beecher, D. D. Importance of raaking the business
of teaching a profession, 1833.
Professor Biggs. Domestic education, 1835,
Rev, B, H. Bishop, D, D. Difficulties in the government
of CoUeges, 1836,
Professor Bradford. Modern language, 1832, The kind
of education adapted to the West, 1833,
Mr. Mann Butler, A. M. Qualifications of teachers, 1832.
Rev. Alexander Campbell. Union of moral and intellectual
culture, 1836,
John D. Craig. On the superficial modes cf teaching, 1836.
Daniel Drake, M. D. Physical education, 1833. Philoso
phy of family school and college education, 1834.
F. E. Goddard, History of mathematical science, 1832,
Hon. T, S.Grimke, Importance of rejecting the classics and
mathematics from a general course of education, 1834.
John P. Harrison. M. D, On popular education, 1836.
Nathaniel HoUy, A. M. Importance of preserving the inno
cence and purity of the infant mind, and uniting therewith, a
thorough and liberal education, 1832. On the necessity of uni
versal education, 1833. On the plan of study as proposed by
the Hon. T. S, Grimke, 1835, On the best method of animating
the community on the subject of general educatidn, 1836.
W. Hopwood', A. M. On the best method of teaching lan
guages, 1834.
A. Kinmont, A. M. On the study and nature of ancient
languages, 1832, On the study of character, 1833. On the
study of the classics, 1834. On fictitious reading, 1836.
Samuel Lewis Esq. On coraraon schools, 1835, On the
causes of fluctuation in the coraraon schools, the evils and their
remedies, 1836, y*

294 HISTORY OF OHIO.
O. S, Lenard, Esquire. On arousing the public on education,
1836. E. D, Mansfield, Esquire, On the study of the mathematics,
1834. On the qualifications of teachers 1836,
Rev. W. H. McGuffey, A. M. The study of theBible on intel
lectual and moral improvement, 1834. Reciprocal duties of
parents and teachers, 1835. On conducting examinations in
schools, Acadeiriies &c. 1836.
Rev. S. H. Montgomery. Importance of education, 1836.
Mr. Thomas Maylin. Nature and objects of education, 1832.
M. W. Morrison. On common schools, 1831.
Mr. Robert Munfort. Duty of parents and teachers, 1832.
Professor Niles. On the number of pupils for one teacher,
1832. On the government of public literary institutions, 1834.
Professor Nixon. Natural and moral influence of music, 1834.
Rev. B. O. Peers. Intellectual education, particularly in its
early stages, 1833.
Albert Picket, Esquire. Objects of this institution, 1834.
General duties of teachers, 1835. Opening address, 1836.
Professor Post. Expediency of studying the classics, 1834.
Bishop Purcell. Philosophy of the human mind, 1836.
Joseph Ray. Utility of cabinets of natural science, 1836.
Professor Scott. Importance of a more practical education,
1835. Doctor Thoraas Sirara. Claims of Phrenology on teachers.
Rev. E. Slack. Physical science in general, 1832. Appli
cation of principles to practice in physical science, 1834. Agri
culture as a branch of education, 1836. On fictitious reading,
1836. Professor Stowe. Discipline of the inteUectual power, 1833.
Education of Iraraigrants, 1835.
D. L. Talbott. Best raethod of teaching coraposition, 1835.
Tiraothy Walker Esquire. Object of education in the United
States, 1833,
Rev. J. L. WUson, D. D. Universal education, 1836,
Milo G. Williams. Manual labor in schools, 1836.

STATE OF LEARNING. 295
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO,
Is the best institution of the kind west of the AUeghanies.
Its charter was originally procured by Dr. Daniel Drake on
his sole application. Its funds, library, anatomical apparatus
and buildings are respectable, and its number of students, one
hundred or upwards.
Cincinnati college has languished, but is now rising, un
der an able board of trustees, and under the supervision of
WiUiam H, McGuffey D. D,, its worthy and talented president.
WOODWARD COLLEGE OP CINCINNATI.
The number of scholars in the Woodward college, is nearly
two hundred. Its income from all sources amounts to four
thousand two hundred and forty-eight dollars annually. In
seven years, the funds of this institution will produce frora
six to eight thousand dollars annually. It originated in the
enlightened benevolence of WiUiam Woodward, of Cincinnati.
His first grant of land for his endowment, was made on the
1st of November, 1826, to Samuel Lewis and Osmond Cogs
well, perpetual Trustees. The site of the building was a sub
sequent donation by the sarae gentleraan. It was first char
tered as " The Woodward Free Graramar School." This title
was afterwards changed into that of " The Woodward High
School," and with the alteration of the narae, there was also
a change in the character of the institution. The course of
study was raised in consequence of the establishraent of cora
mon schools. These latter, while they supplied the place,
filled by the former under its organization, as originally con
templated, seemed to call for an institution of a higher grade.
As a high school, its course of study has been gradually ex
tended till it embraces every subject usually taught in our
colleges, besides the modern languages and book keeping as
parts of a mercantile education. In the winter of 1835-6,
the trustees applied to the legislature for collegiate powers ;

296 HISTORY OF OHIO.
which were accordingly granted under the title of " The
Woodward College of Cincinnati." To this last step the
board was induced by several considerations. The city had
become so large as to require such an institution, — the Wood
ward high school was a college in almost every thing but the
narae, — the public sentiraent is decidedly in favor of diplo
mas; without the power of confering these, the advanced stu
dents would continue to leave this school for others having such
privileges, — and to name no more, those whose circumstances
would not perrait them to go elsewhere, would be deprived of
the advantages of graduation. For these reasons, we now
have estabhshed " The Woodward College bf Cincinnati,'*
TYustees,
Sarauel Lewis,* Esquire, President; Osmond CogsweU,
Esquire, Secretary; John P. Foote, Esquire; Oliver LoveU,
Esquire; E, P, Langdon, Esquire. Faculty,
Rev, B. P, Aydelott, M. D., President and Professor of
moral and political philosophy; Joseph Ray, M, D., Professor
of raatberaatics, natural philosophy, and chemistry; Mr.A.H.
McGuffy, Tutor in languages; Rev. J. W. Hopkins, Principal
of the preparatory department.
The Eye Infirmary, under Dr. Drake, is a valuable insti
tution. The Roman catholic college, under the name of the Athe
naeum, we presume is better endowed than any other literary
or scientific institution in this state. We have no data, ex-
*Mr. Lewis and Mr. Cogswell are trustees for life, with the power of ap
pointing their successors with the same privileges; the other trustees are
chosen, one each year, by the city council. In case of the failure of an
appointment in either class of Trustees, it will thenceforward forever be
made by the court of common pleas of Hamilton county.

SELECT SCHOOLS. 297
cept what we see in and about its lofty and splendid edifices,
from which to give our readers any idea of its present state.
The society under whose entire control it now is,exerts a great
influence in the city. And from the number of people in the
city and vicinity under the charge of the « Society of Jesus"
estimated variously from twelve to twenty thousand, two thou
sand children are probably here educated by this order.
SELECT SCHOOLS IN CINCINNATI.
These vary as to nurabers, in different seasons of the year.
We presurae, though they raay be fairly estimated at one hun
dred. In these schools is taught every branch of science and
literature. Araong the female academies, that of the Messrs. Pickets,
stands deservedly high. Mr. Carlo DeHaro teaches the Span
ish, Italian and French languages,
Mr. A. Kinmont excels in teaching all branches of the
mathematics, and indeed, every branch of literature. Dr.
Daniel Drake, teaches, with great success, botany and all
the branches of natural history, as well as every thing else,
which a physician or surgeon needs to learn. The same re
marks equally apply to Landon C. Rives, M. D. brother of our
late rainister to France, frora Virginia.
The teachers in this city, as a whole, are superior- to those
of any other city or town in the western states. They may
be equaled, but certainly not surpassed by the teachers of
any other city on this continent. Their manner of instruc
tion can never be improved. Without any punishment, they
acquire the unbounded confidence of the pupil, soon after it
enters the school. The facility and clearness, with which
these talented teachers convey instruction, are truly remark
able. And as one whole, these teachers deserve higher wa
ges. Few of them do more than merely live well, without
being able to lay up much, for sickness and old age. It
should be otherwise.38

298 HISTORY OF OHIO.
PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOLS IN CINCINNATI IN 1837.
These are under the governraent of trustees and visitors,
who are Peyton S. Syraraes, President; George Graham, jun
ior; Elara P. Langdon; James R. Baldridge; WiUiam Wood.
These visitors examine and employ the teachers, carefully
inspect the schools, adopt rules for their government, and
finally, do every other act proper and necessary to be done, in
execution of their high trust. Thus far they have acted wise
ly and efficiently in the manageraent of these noble institu
tions. The city council have a board of education, whose business
it is to raise the funds wherewith to build school houses, pay
the teachers, and keep the buildings in repair. They have
erected ten large edifices, at an exipense of about one hun
dred thousand dollars. This sum includes the cost of the lots
on which these splendid buildings are erected. Each of these
buildings is divided into four rooms thirty-six feet in breadth
by thirty-eight feet in length, two in each story, besides the
basement rooms. The building, is two lofty stories in height,
above the basement story. In these buildings forty schools
are taught, by about eighty instructors. The number of
schools for males and females is equal, in which, about two
thousand five hundred children are instructed during the
whole year, except two vacations of two weeks each. The
wages of the teachers are seven hundred dollars annually,
for principals, and three hundred, for assistant male teachers;
and only two hundred and fifty doUars for female principals, and
two hundred for assistant female teachers! All these sums are
paid by the city, for the instruction of the children who have
no parents, or those whose parents are poor.
So much we can say, for the benevolence, wisdom and char
ity of Cincinnati.
Ttie instructors of these public schools are all well educa
ted. The principals of the raale schools, are graduates of
eastern colleges, and the feraale teachers are educate,d in
the best raanner. The teachers in their departraent, are per-

immigrants' FRIEND SOCIETY. 299
feet gentlemen and ladies. Their constant examples before
their pupils, the moral as well as literary instruction, which
they convey to their schools, are productive of the happiest
effects. Pupils are admitted when six years old, and they
can be instructed until they are fourteen years old, and all
this instruction costs nothing to them, or their parents and
guardians, Araong the teachers in the higher departraent of feraales,
Mrs. Wing and Miss Eustis, are preeminent for their educa
tion and polite accoraplishraents. We raean no disparage
ment to other teachers, because they are all good, and de
serve higher wages than they now obtain.
immigrants' friend SOCIETY.
There is also another institution of learning in this city,
under the patronage of the immigrants' friend society of the
valley of the Mississippi. The object of this society is to ed
ucate the children of foreigners in the English language ; to
instruct them in the scriptures, and the nature of our free in
stitutions. This object commends itself to the understand
ing of every thinking patriot when he looks at the fact, that
the great mass of this foreign population are inaccessible to
us, through the raediura of our language, because we have
otherwise no means of diffusing useful information among
thera. It is their object also to remove their misapprehen
sions, and correct their errors. The members of this insti
tution extend the hand of kindness to this portion of our popu
lation, and establish schools for the education of their chil
dren, so that they may be prepared for the reception of use
ful knowledge, and become good substantial Americans. Al
though this society is yet in its infaricy, yet it is truly in a
flourishing condition. They have one school in Cincinnati
numbering two hundred pupUs in daily attendance. They
have also, a school recently established in Louisville, and one
in New Albany, by their general agent the Reverend J. J.
Lehraanowsky. He makes it his business to raise funds, and

300 HISTORY OF OHIO.
estabHsh schools, in any town where there is a sufficient foreign
population to need them, throughout the whole Mississippi val
ley. At Cincinnati F, C. F. Salomon, A, M., is the Princi
pal, OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. '
Executive Committee,
Honorable Bellamy Storer, President; John Myre, Vice
President; H. K.Wells, Recording Secretary ; Professor C. G.
Stowe, Corresponding Secretary; Jac<jb Guelick, Esq. Curtis
M. Doolittle, C. P. Barnes, WiUiam Neff, Dr. John Allen, D.
W. Tolfard, Otis Aldrich. Treasurer,
Alfred W. Bentley.
General Agent,
Reverend John J. Lehraanowsky.
The general assembly of the state, have incorporated the
above named society and placed their school in Cincinnati,
on the sarae footing with the public common schools, which
are supported by the public funds.
We have twenty-two incorporated academies in the state,
some of which are flourishing.
COMMON SCHOOLS IN OTHEB P.ABTS OF THE STATE.
Every township is divided into school districts, which are
governed by a board of directors, elected by the people.
School houses are built by a tax levied on the people, and
the public raoney is paid over to the teachers in proportion to
the number of scholars who attend the schools. The system
is a wise one, and the funds to support common schools now

STATE OF THE MECHANIC ARTS. 301
amounts to nearly two millions of dollars. A part of this
fund is employed by the state, and another part of it is loan
ed to individuals. The interest of this fund, in both cases, is
guaranteed by the state to be punctually paid. By care and
good manageraent, this fund may be increased to five millions
of dollars within a few years. In raany instances, the schools
throughout the state are very well conducted, but in other
cases they are not raanaged as they should be. On the whole,
though, better school houses every where appear, and the
teachers are better ones than we had a few years since. This
is encouraging. STATE OP THE MECHANIC ARTS.
These are improving rapidly. The construction of our ca
nals taught our people the art of cutting stone and laying
thera; the art of bridge building, and of erecting dams on our
streams. Had our canals done us no other benefit, this would
have been of great advantage to us. So of the construction
of the Cumberland road across this state. The able engineers
which the governraent has sent here, have taught our people
how to construct roads.
In the construction of houses of all sorts, our house build
ers have greatly improved of late years.
In Cincinnati these builders of houses, vie with their eas
tern instructors, in all that is useful or ornaraental in their
art. Our cabinet furniture, too, now equals that raade in the
eastern cities, from whence our raechanics came. The brick-
maker, brick layer, house carpenter and joiner, soraetiraes
unite, buy some lots in a new town, and all join and build
row after row, of elegant houses and stores. The merchant
and mechanic follow them, and fill the houses with goods,
families and mechanic tools. The farmers settle around them,
and town and country flourish as if by enchantraent, where
the forest stood a very few years before. ^

302 HISTORY OF OHIO.
THE OHIO MECHANICS INSTITUTE,
Was estabhshed in Cincinnati, in October 1828, for the pur
pose of aiding, in the diffusion of scientific information, araong
all classes of the community.
John P. Foote, Esquire and others, got up a public meeting
of the citizens, who framed a constitution and adopted it, thus
organizing a society. Operations commenced under this con
stitution, and a course of lectures was delivered. Two class
es were established, one in Geometry, and, another in Arith
metic. In 1829, a class in Mathematics was forraed, which has con
tinued to this time. Lectures were delivered, and application
was made to the legislature, for an act of incorporation. This
was granted on the application of John D. Craig, John P. Foote,
Thomas ReiUy, Luman Watson, William C. Anderson, David
T. Disney, George Graham junior, Calvin Fletcher, Clement
Dare, Williara Greene, Tunis Brewer, Jeffry Seymour, Israel
Sohooley and Elisha Brigham. The object of the society was
the advancement of the best interests of the mechanic, the
artisan and manufacturer, by the more general diffusion of use
ful knowledge, among the aforesaid classes of citizens.
During the three last years, three lectures in each week,
have been delivered in the lecture rooms of the Institute.
The library consists of about fifteen hundred Volumes of well
selected books, which have been presented to the institution
by individuals. The merabers of the Institute contribute,
each, annually, three, dollars.
The society have an annual Fair, for the exhibition of such
articles as our raechanics and raanufacturers raay feel disposed
to exhibit. The Fair held in May 1838, at the Bazaar, was
attended by all the intelligent citizens of Cincinnati. The
articles exhibited, did honor to the ingenuity and skill of those
who produced them. We saw, and felt proud of the producers
and their productions. This institution deserves the patron
age of the whole people and we hope will receive it.
The classes in the Institute are established by voluntary

STATE OF RELIGION. 303
association of young men, who form their own by-laws and
adopt a course of mutual instruction ; receiving aid from pro
fessional teachers, many of whom bave been very zealous in pro
moting the objects of the Institution,
During the summer seasons, coursed of lectures in natural
phUosophy are delivered in the Institute to young ladies.
A class of fifty is now attending Doctor Craig's course.
THE STATE OF RELIGION AND THE DIFFERENT EELIGIOUS SECTS.
An experiment is now making which will ascertain wheth
er religion can be sustained without the support of the gov
ernment. Our constitution utterly forbids any preference to
be given to any one religious sect. It perraits religious soci
eties to be incorporated, so that they can build churches and
own the land where they stand ; it also recognises any con
tract entered into by any society with a clergyraan for his
support and maintenance. But these things are all the gov
ernment does, unless it be that religious people are protected
by law, whUe they are worshiping their Creator, as it does
any other persons while peaceably assembled together for any
lawful business. Should any one suppose, however, that our
western people are not as religious as those who have an estab
lished religion, supported by, and connected with the civU gov
ernment, he would do them great injustice. Our people believe
that religion is a matter between God and his creature, with
which, the civil ruler has no right to interfere. Most of
the ministers who are in some sense permanently settled,
perform much more labour than ministers do in tho eastern
states. Doubtless there are conveniences and inconvenien
ces, pleasures and the reverse, connected with the situation
of a western, or an eastern minister. Our balances wiU not
weigh these very correctly, so we do not attempt it. Our
eastern brethren are wonderfully deceived in one thing respect
ing us. They often state in their meetings, papers, magazines,
&c,, that we are destitute of preachers.
According to our population we have two ministers here,

304 HISTORY OF OHIO,
of" some sort, to where they have one there,* Ours are
itinerants, each one officiating in several neighborhoods.
This is owing to our great number of religious sects. We
speak of Ohio. We have swarms of missionaries from the
Atlantic cities, and from our own, consisting of Cumber
land Presbyterians, Campbellites, Catholics, &c., all in mo
tion, to build up their various sects ; but they all move forward
in peace, and in a good degree of harmony. We see no evils
growing out of all these sects, except it be, that the people
are not able to support all this host of ministers. Fewer of
thera, and those well qualified for their missions, would be a
vast iraproveraent. If the people were divided into one half
the sects to which they now belong, and would be contented
with one half the preachers we now have laboring among
us; and if the other half of our preachers, would "travel
farther west, and officiate there, a great deal of good might
be done, by this improvement, in our religious matters. The
people of the east, need not mourn over our destitute state,
as to preaching, because we have ten sermons to their
one, in proportion to our numbers. There is scarcely a day
in the year but there is preaching of sorae sort, in every town
of any size in the state. We by no means, say that we have
too much preaching, but we do say that there is no want of
it in Ohio.
That there is a prejudice against all preachers in this
and all other states, is certainly true, but so far as we are
acquainted with them, and we know them weU, we arc
compUed to say, that our clergy raen in Ohio, especially
those who have lived 'here ever since our first settlement, de
serve unqualified praise for their zeal, and good works. No
men in this state have been so useful in building up society,
in making us a moral and truly religious people. Their dis
interestedness and benevolence, -their kindness, forbearance
and charity, zeal, industry and perseverance in well doing.

*The Presbyterians and protestant episcopalians need more ministers, and
have many churches without being able to supply them at present. Our i«»
marks do not apply to ihem.

RELIGIOUS SECTS. 305
merit and receive the respect, gratitude and affection, of all
good men. They have labored zealously, faithfully and long,
and their pay has been but trifling. But they have generally
been blessed, in their children, whose good conduct, prosperi
ty and success in life, are the consolation and support of these
aged servants of the most high God. We narae them not,
though we know them all. They have always been the true
friends of liberty, and they would be the very last men in the
nation to wish to overturn our free institutions. Persecuted
they may be, but it must be, either by those who know them
not, or by those who would overturn all good government,
good morals and true religion. The religion of Jesus is friend
ly to liberty, but because, in the rude and barbarous ages of
Europe, there were hypocrites in the church, who raade raer-
chandize of this religion, that is no reason why its Author
should be persecuted, more than it would be, to refuse to re
ceive the true coin because there were counterfeits in circu
lation, Christianity is friendly to free governraent, and with
out this religion, there can be no good government,
RELIGIOUS SECTS,
These are coraposed of Presbyterians, Methodists, Protestant
Episcopalians, Baptists, Catholics, Dunkards, Congregational
ists, Seceders, Unionists, Friends, or Quakers, Cumberland Pres
byterians, Swedenborgians, Jews,Newlightsor Halcyons, Asso
ciate Reformed, United brethren in Christ, Radical Methodists,
Universalists, Campbellites, German Lutherans, Unitarians,
Shakers, and Mormonites. We have several shades of differ
ence, even araong several of the above naraed religious sects,
such as high and low Churchraen, araong several sects, but they
all live together in a good degree of harraony, often assisting
each other, in the erection of churches, and, in permitting min
isters of other denorainations, to officiate in their churches-
This tolerant spirit, is highly coraraendable, and is rather gain
ing, than losing ground, araong us,
39 z*

306

HISTORY OF OHIO.

We suspect that a greater proportion of our population be
long to some church, than any other people in the Union.
This is more the case with the people in the Scioto and Miami
countries, than in any other part of the state, perhaps, but it is
so, generally, in all parts of it. As to talent and learning,
we have at all tiraes, had a good degree of them in the pulpit.
Our rainisters, like our lawyers, speak with a great deal of
aniraation, otherwise, they would not be western people. They
speak extempore, mostly, but not a few of thera, speak accu
rately, so that every sentence might be printed, and it would
read very well. On the whole, we feel quite proud of our
ministers as such, as Christians, as citizens and as men.
The Presbyterians have in the state, about twenty presby
teries as follows, viz:

Presbyteries.

No. of
jumiatera.

No. of
churches

Commuoi-
. caDts.

Names ot the staled clerb of these Presbyleriei.

SteubenvUle, 16

31

3218

Charies C. Beatty,

Beaver,

18

37

2515

Robert Dilworth.

Grand river

, 15

35

1721

Dexter Witter.

Portage,

27

23

1857

William Hanford.

Huron,

19

24

1025

Xenophon Betts.

Trumbull,

12

18

3246

Wells Andrews.

Cleveland,

27

39

1785

Daniel W. Lathrop.

St. Joseph,

11

12

364

Phanuel W. Warriner.

Monroe,

9

21

1310

Ira M. Weed. ,

Athens,

9

19

1134

Addison Kingsbury.

Colurabus,

12

15

1124

JaraesHoge, D D. L L D.

Lancaster,

21

31

2622

James Culbertson.

Wooster,

9

26

2069

Williara Cox.

Richland,

10

21

1528

Jaraes Rowland,

ChUlicothe,

22

28

2892

Henry Van Deman.

Miami,

18

23

1250

James Coe.

Cincinnati,

27

29

1858

Thoraas J. Biggs.

Marion,

8

19

1348

John P. Vandyke.

Oxford,

14

26

1083

John W. Scott Professor, in

Oxford college.
304
477 33,949.
This denoraination of christians, have besides the above three
RELIGIOUS SECTS. 307
hundred and eight ordained ministers, twenty licensed preach
ers, besides thirteen candidates, for the ministry. Let us see,
three hundred and eight ministers, and four hundred and
seventy-seven churches, or sixty nine more churches, than .
preachers. '
The Methodist Episcopalians are far more numerous, than
any other christians, as the foUowing statement, derived from ;
the very best authority shows. Number of church members,- (.
seventy-seven thousand and thirty six; two hundred and ninety
four traveling preachers; five hundred and. sixty local preach
ers, four hundred and ninety churches, in the state, fifteen dis
tricts and these are divided, into one hundred and thirty nine
circuits and stations. They have erected, at different places,
fifty six parsonage houses for the accomiriodation of the itini-
rant ministers.
This denoraination, own a large commodious. Book room in
Cincinnati, eighty feet, by forty-two, four stories in height, erect
ed on the corner of Eighth and Main streets. From this western
book establishment, they distribute raany thousand dollars worth
of books, annually, into Ohio, and all the states and territories,
west of the AUeghanies. The present agents, of this valuable
establishraent, are John F. Wright and L. Sworrasted. They
publish at this establishraent, a religious periodical, called
" The Western Christian Advocate." And to this paper, there
are now, eleven thousand subscribers. C. Elliot and L. L.
Hamline are the editors of this paper.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
Names of the churches ; places where located, in 1834, to ,
wit :
Trinity Church, Colurabus, Trinity Church, Newark,
St. Jaraes' " Zanesville, St. Luke's " Marietta
St. Paul's " Chillicothe, Trinity « Cleveland,
St. Peter's « Ashtabula, St. Paul's « Norwalk,
St. James " Boardraan, St. Paul's, « Mt. Vernon
Christ Church, Windsor, Christ " 'i Dayton,

308 HISTORY OF OHIO.
All Saints Church, Portsmouth, Harcourt Church, Gambler,
St.Thomas"^ St.ClairsviUe,St, James' « Batavia,
St. Mark's « Mill-Creek, St. John's " Cuyahoga Falls
St. Matthew's Church, Perry, St. James' " Hanovor,
Christ Church, Cincinnati. St, Michael's" UnionvUle,
St, Paul's « Cincinnati, St, John's « Ohio City,
St. John's " Worthington, St. Timothy's" MassUlon,
St. James' " Piqua, St. John's " Lancaster,
St. Paul's « SteubenviUe, St, Paul's « Utica,
St, James' « Cross-Creek, St, Jude's " MontvUIe,
St. Paul's " Medina, Trinity " Lyme,
St. Peter's " Delaware, Christ " Liverpool,
St. Peter's " Morristown, St. James' " Painesville,
Grace " Berkshire, St, Matthew'^ " Ashtabula,
St, Stephen's Church Grafton, St, Andrew's " Elyria,
St. Matthew's " HamUton, Trinity " Jefferson,
St.PhilHp's Church, Circleville, St. Paul's " GreenvUle,
Trinity " Troy, St, John's " Wakeman.
St. Luke's " GranviUe.
Intimately connected with Christianity, and one of its legiti
mate offspring, is the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, located at our
seat of government. THE ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB,
Is located in Colurabus. Here the Deaf and Dumb are
received, and that raental and raoral cultivation is bestowed
on thera, which raises thera to the occupations of society, and
the enjoyments of social life, of which they were naturally
deprived. It is one of those benevolent institutions, to which
this age has given birth, and which does honor to human
nature. This Asylum has been in operation nearly nine years. It
owes its origin to the phUanthropy of the State legislature.
The present number of pupils is thirty-five ; twenty-seven of
whom, are supported by the bounty of the State. It is an

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 309
ndditional misfortune to many of this class of persons, not only
to be deaf and dumb, but poor.
The Asylum is managed by a board of Trustees, appointed
by the Legislature. It is at present under the immediate
superintendence of a Principal, and two Assistants, The
expense attending a year's residence at the Asylum, is seven
ty-five dollars. This sum covers all expenses at the institution,
except those for clothing. Pupils remain at school four or five
years, during which time they study Arithmetic, Geography,
History, (Ssc, and becorae able to do business for theraselves.
The systera of instruction is that of the Abbe L'Epee, and per
fected by his celebrated successor. Abbe Sicard. The eye is
the avenue through which the instructor comraunicates with
the rainds of his pupils. Signs are substituted for sounds; and
they are found sufficiently copious and expressive, to teach
written langague, or any branch of education.
There is now erected in the vicinity of Colurabus, a build
ing for the accommodation of the pupils. Its dimensions on the
ground are eighty feet by fifty. There is some land belonging
to the Asylum, on which it is expected the male pupUs wUl
labor. In this Institution, the unfortunate Deaf and Dumb children
of our state will for a time find an " asylum," and will, through
its means, have Hght shed on their darkened minds. H, N.
Hubbell, A, M., is the Principal,
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
EXPORTS,
We export, wheat, maize, or Indian corn, hemp,flour, bran,
salt pork, beef, bacon, feathers, hops, iron in hoUowware, and
bars and pigs of iron ; cider, apples, hay, whiskey, mill stones,
grind stones, earthen ware, glass, cordage, cattle, horses, hogs,
sheep, wool, boards, shingles, coal, woolen and cotton cloths,
janes, gun powder, printing types, cabinet ware, beer, fowls,
butter,cheese, boardp,planks, steam boats, frames for houses,

310 HISTORY OF OHIO.
bricks, hewn stone, boots, shoes, books, paper, rags, thread,
twine, tobacco, of all sorts, manufactured or not manufactur
ed, plows, shovels, spades, potatoes, grass seed, ale, porter,
domestic raaple sugar, molasses, axes, hoes, saddles, bridles,
bristles, tallow, staves, printing types and printing presses.
The two last articles are made at Cincinnati in abundance for
our supply, and enough, for the West.
REMARKS.
Of the above enumerated articles of commerce, horses, cat
tle, hogs, sheep, beef, pork, lard, bacon, wheat, flour, Indian
corn, and whiskey, forra our principal ones, of value, and pro
duce, at least, a great many millions of dollars, annually,
equaling, and more than equaling in value, all our imports.
This balance of trade, in our favour at this early day, of our
existence as a state, is but tbe mere dawning of a brighter
day, when all our territory shall be filled up with such a popu
lation, as will naturally find their way to Ohio. Large quan
tities of pork and flour, are exported from the Scioto Valley to
Montreal, Quebec, and the Islands below the mouth of the St.
Lawrence bay. These are sent to feed the getters out of lum
ber, in the British North American provinces. For these, we
receive cash, in payment. English goods landed at New
York, pay for pork in Ohio, The money comes from New
York and returns there, or buys lands in the west.
OUR IMPORTS,
Consist of the productions of every country on the globe ;
and of the raanufactures of every raanufacturing town in
Europe. The cloths of England, Scotland, Ireland, France
and Germany, find their way into Ohio, and are worn by our
citizens, England, sends us her earthern wares, her cloths,
Liverpool china, her cutlery, needles and pins. France sends,
us her silks, printed calicoes, watches, wines, brandies, prints,
and porcelains, Switzerland sends to us watches and jewelry.

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 311
Germany, her cloths, and glass. Holland sends her gins, pins,
and delf wares. 'Italy sends us her figs, currants, raisins,
olive oil, gewgaws and beggars. Sweeden and Russia, send
their iron, cordage, and furs. Africa furnishes us ivory for
the handles of our knives, and for corahs. Central Araerica
sends her mahogany wood to make Our tables, chairs and
bureaus. We use the teas of China, her porcelains and silks. We
have the wares of Japan, the coffee of Java and of Mocha — of
BrazU, of Cuba, and the West Indian isles — their sugar also.
We have the spices of the East Indian islands, and the cocoa nuts
of the islands of the Austral Asians — their tortoise shell, and
their pine apples. — We use the oil and bones of the whales of
the arctic oceans, about each pole.
We use the furs of the Northwest coasts of America. We
use the skins, and fur of the seals of the far southern islands
of the Pacific ocean, and the tins of Banda, and of England.
We have in our Cincinnati Museums, specimens of nearly
every mineral, and of every aniraal in the world.
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabaraa furnish us with cotton
and sugar. We iraport lead from Galena and Du Buque — furs,
skins and peltries from the Rocky Mountains, and send them
our productions in return.
We iraport the manufactures of our own eastern states —
glass, and the raanufactures of iron frora Pittsburgh — shoes
and leather frora all the cities, east of us — their cotton and
woolen goods — their fishes, and all sorts of raanufactured ar
ticles, either of wood, iron or steel. Paints, dye stuffs, drugs
and raedicines are imported. We feed our eastern brethren,
and they clothe us, and they send us medicines to keep us in
health, or cure us, when sick, so that we can furnish them
with meat and bread to eat, and horses to ride On, or be drawn
along by, in their carriages, on their roads.
We build steamers for Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama,
and they send us sugar and cotton in return. We send cabi
net ware to the west, northwest and south — so of whiskey,
flour, pork, dried fruits, &c.

312 HISTORY OF OHIO.
This trade and commerce — this interchange of productions
keep up, a constant intercourse between men, render them ac
tive, enterprising and industrious, promote their health, com
fort and happiness. This constant intercourse, is a bond of
union, which may no one, ever burst asunder. Mutual inter
course produces mutued dependence, mutual profit and mutual
friendship. May these forever be continued to us and our
posterity, to our eastern brethren, and their descendants.
This constant intercourse, trade and commerce, will require
all the energies, of ourselves, and of all our neighbors to be in.
constant exercise to improve all the raeans of transportation,
now in operation; to create new modes of conveyance;
new roads, new canals and rail roads, passing through the
state, and to and from it, so as to make Ohio, what it should
be, the point at which, all the travel to and from the western
states, should centre.
Our trade should be extended more and more, north and
south; to Montreal, and especially, to New Orleans and
Texas, The northern trade will build up our cities located
along Lake Erie, and the southern trade, render wealthy and
populous, our towns along the Ohio river. Canada needs our
beef, pork and flour, and we want British goods, British sove
reigns and guineas.
The araount of our productions for exportation, will for a
long tirae to come, increase annually, as our numbers increase ;
and new markets should be sought for them,
^Foreign goods can frequently be purchased in Montreal
cheaper than in New York city, and our merchants should
visit Montreal, in the autumn, and ascertain where they can
buy the best and the cheapest goods.
Canada will forever, to a certain extent, be a good mart for
our agricultural productions. So wUl Western New York be
one for our grain.
All the lower Mississippi country wUl always purchase
their flour and provisions, from the people north of them..
Texas will soon open a raarket for our flour and manufactured

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 313
articles. This trade will be more and raore valuable as that
country fills up with people.
Why do our raerchants when frora home in quest of goods
buy in New York, domestic goods, which are produced in
Rhode Island and Massachusetts? The New Yorker purcha
ses thera at the east and puts his profits on thera. 'Why should
I Ohio pay these profits? The article of fish, a great araount
! of which we consurae annually, should always be bought in
Boston or even farther eastward. The savings in the pur
chase of these things in Massachusetts and Rhode Island,
would in a few years, araount to a million of dollars. Why
not add this raillion to our wealth? Why not go to Montreal
and obtain our English cloths, and order them home, and
then rapidly proceed to Boston and Providence and procure
their productions, and return to Ohio, through New York,
Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and there ccimplete the assort
ments? Our trade to the south is very important to us, and is daily
increasing in araount and value. Our cotton, sugar, coffee
and spice are brought to us from the south. When we have
raore houses established in New Orleans, Tampico, Cuba and
St. Domingo, raore of our productions will there be sold, con
sumed and paid for, in the productions of those regions. Steam
ers, such as navigate lake Erie, rigged with tall masts, carry
ing sails would best suit the navigation of the Gulf of Mexico.
The people of Ohio can build and navigate thera froni island
to island, and from port to port; extending our commerce, and
enriching our citizens. Our coffee, our^ cotton and sugar
should be purchased by us on the spot, where they are pro
duced. Our coraraerce on the upper lakes should be increased ar^
nually, and those seas covered with our sails.
The fisheries on those lakes, ought to contribute at least a
million of dollars' worth of fish annually to this state.
AU these extensions of our trade and navigation will in
crease our manufactures, and open new outlets, for our agri-
40 A2

314 HISTORY OF OHIO.
cultural products. They will extend and increase the num
ber of our yards, for building ships. They will demand more
iron, more founderies, for making machinery for steamers,
and more men to labor in these factories. These men will
need clothes to cover them, and food to support them and their
families. The trade, navigation and fisheries of the Upper lakes,
ought, at no distant day, to support one million of our citizens
living on the shore, and near it, of lake Erie, Another mil
lion might easily be supported by the trade, navigation and
manufactures connected with the western rivers. Ten miUions
more could easily 'find a support, and full and profitable em
ployment, in the interior of this state, on their farms, in their
shops, offices, stores and factories of all sorts. The valley of
the Mississippi, the largest one on the globe, contains ample
space in addition to the Upper lakes, for us, in which, to move
about and act. In this large theatre, we should be the actors.
On these boards the people of the East may be as they please,
either the actors or the audience.
Laying aside the figure, their productions wUl be very dif
ferent frora ours, and will not compete with us, in any market.
Ours, consisting of food for the planter and his laborers, of
hay and horses to eat it, of cotton bagging, and gins to clean
his cotton, of boilers and steam engines, with which to manu
facture his sugar, will not compete with Maine, with her ice
and tripes packed in it, of fishes, either fresh or salted, of
lumber, such as boards spars and staves,
Massachusetts and Rhode Island may carry their cloths
and their fishes, and Connecticnt her wooden clocks, but Ohio
wiU not be in their way.

BANKS IN OHIO.

315

Nlioe, fiia, and date.

Commercial Banlc, Cincinnati, Ji^n. 4, 1636
Franldin Bank, do. do.
Lafayette Banl(, do. do.
Ohio Life and TrustCo., do. January, 1836

ttam and
ducoanis.

3,103,461 1,195,4141,987,5711,515,952

Miami Exporting Co., do. Oct, 17, 1836
Total of Cincinnati banks.
On or near the Ohio river:
Columbiana Bank, New Lisbon,
Far. and Mech. Bli. Steubenville, Jan. 6, 1836
Belmont Bank, St. Clairsville, Jan. 5, JS36
Bank of Marietta, Marief.a, do.
Scioto Bank, Portsmouth, January 7, 1836
VaMey of the Muskingum :
Far. Bank of Canton, Canton, Jan. 4, 1836
Bank of Massillon, Massillon, do.
Bank of Wooster, Wooster, do.
Bank of Zanesville, Zauesville, Jan. 8, 1836
Bank of Muskingum, Putnam, Jan. 1, 1836
VaUey of the Scioto:
Franklin Bank af Columbus, Columbus,
Clinton Bank, Columbus, January 4, 1836
Bank of Circleville, Circleville, Jan. 1 , 1836
Lancaster Bank, Lancaster, Jan. 25, 1836
Bk. of Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 4, 1836
Bk. of Chillicothe, Chillicothe Dec. 23, 1835
Valley of the Miami :
Urbana Banking Co. Urbana, Jan. 5, 1836
Bank of Xenia, Xenia, December 8, 1835
Dayton Bank, Dayton, December 21, 1835
Bank of Hamilton, Hamilton, Jan, 12, 1836
On or near Lake Erie :
Western Reserve Bank, Warren, Jan. 9, 1836
Bank of Geauga, Painesville, Dec. 7, 1835
Com. Bk. of L. Erie, Cleveland, Jan. 15, 1836
Bank of Cleveland, do., Jan. 4, 1836
Bank of Norwalk, Norwalk, Nov. 30, 1836
Bank of Sandasky, Sandusky, Jan. 1, 1836
Total of 31 banks and 1 branch

7,802,398 591,742

Due from
bxnks.

501,847
142,861 140,033
357,116

1,141,857 86,681

8,394,140

98,009
376,758
316,088145,184
306,450

214,803
347,152 213,046 343,204
239,378

696,491
557,139
414,460 602,729
369,259704,526

252,294 122,833
285,685 192,015

279,878 197,629611,910
411,257272,587214,810

17079714

666,787
204,628 105,650
268,984

1,246,049 119,531

1,228,538

96,331
110,417 43,36427,886
10J,727

95,820
89,649 4,099
85,320
100,351

46,030
261,017 75,19972,29133,709
245,494

43,691 16,389
118,946 49,926

56,65490,75557,38574,42986,291

1,365,580

41,629 56,754
43,53626,412 38,308

56,12464,431
53,40354,72832,068

132,662
124,879 51,158 70,417
45,815
176,446

38,398 68,129
81,261 53,107

35,530 31,759
75,38756,74738,867 16,371

3,318,708|2,924,906

316 HISTORY OF OHIO.
STATE OF AGRICULTURE, PRICE OF LANDS, PROVISIONS AND LABOIT.
The state of agriculture has improved greatly within a few
years past. There are farras in the vicinity of all our larger
towns, in a good state of cultivation, and our farmers every
where, either have already, or soon will have good substan
tial houses,, barns and out houses. These are not only corar
modious and substantial but sometimes even elegant. In New
Connecticut, almost every farmer has an elegant dwelling
house. In that part of the state, we see more fraraed than
brick houses; in sorae parts, though, brick houses predorainate.
In the reraainder of the state, brick is preferred as the cheap
est, raost durable and best. The raaterials for brick are near
the spot when they are needed; the wood to raake fuel, and
burn them, needs to be cleared off, and the farmer and his
sons can make the brick without hiring any of the work done.
Within a very few years, after the farmer had settled down
in the woods, we generally see around him a well fenced, well
cultivated farm, with good buUdings,' and a good: orchard com
ing forward. In a few more years his children will be grown
up, married and settled on farras of new land like the one on
which they were brought up. Thus the forest recedes before us,
and a highly cultivated country srailes far and wide around us.
Farmers in parts of New Connecticut, in Washington coun
ty, and along the upper part of the Scioto country have, du
ring twenty years past, turned their attention to dairies and
the raanufacture of cheese. The business has been profitable,
but enough is npt made yet for our own consuraption.
The apple tree flourishes in all parts of the state, and cider
is so abundant sorae years, as to sell for only one dollar a
barrel. Many apples are carried down the Ohio river to New
Orleans, and the lower country.
The price of land varies from one dollar arid twenty.-fiv»
cents, to one hundred dollars an acre.
The price of labor is fifty per cent, higher than in the At
lantic states, and provisions are about fMty per cent, cheaper
than there.

STATE OF AGRICULTURE, ETC. 317
Mechanics of all sorts get higher wages, and where they
settle in towns, as they mostly do, they get rich in few years,
if they are industrious, and well understand their business.
Laborers by the day, month or job, can always get employ
ment, high wages and prompt payment, in cash, on our public
works — our roads and canals. It will continue to be so for
ages, because this state will never cease to improve the coun
try by canals and roads. Every dollar laid out thus, by the
state, will pay an interest that will forever make it the duty
of tbe state, to proceed in her internal iraproveraents. So
that any young raan in the East, who wishes to becorae a good
substantial farraer, may come to Ohio, get employment, buy
a farra, pay for it, own and improve it, and be an independent
citizen of this great and growing state.
Manures bave been but little used yet, in this state. Such
is the natural fertUity of the soU, that farmers have neglect
ed to make use of their manure. Compost is unknown to our
farraers, and plaster of Paris is, as yet, but little used. That
many parts of Ohio would be the better for raanure we doubt
not, nor do we doubt but that when the lands are raore worn
by cultivation, that raanure will be used by farraers. The
best soil is doubtless one that contains sand enough in its com
position to prevent its baking or becoming bard after a rain,
and which also contains clay enough in it, to retain sufficient
moisture. That our hilly region, whose soil is composed of
such materials as these, possesses within itself a mineral rich
ness, scarcely equaled any where else, is certain; hence, all
our hilly region has deceived every one, alraost, who saw it
covered with a forest. Such lands are coming into high re
pute for farms ; and whole counties, once deemed poor, are set
tling rapidly, and wUl continue to do so for a long tirae to
corae. Their soil is as good for grain, especially wheat, as
any portions of the state, formerly supposed to be preferable.
a2*

318 HISTORY OF OHIO.
THE RAISING OF HOGS, HORSES AND CATTLE.
In these branches of a farmer's business, our people have
very well succeeded, In a country which produces so easily
and so abundantly, all the grains and grasses, on which such
animals subsist — where there is so little winter for which to
provide — where the snow lies only a few days, at a time, and
then is not over three or four inches in depth, all the domes
tic animals can be supported with ease, on the abundance of
food which this country furnishes. Formerly, vast droves of
bogs were driven every year over the mountains, but since
our canals are made^ — since the steam boat moves on the Ohio,
Mississippi and the lake, our people kUl their hogs at home,
salt thera and carry thera off in barrels, either to New Or
leans, or to Cleveland, thence, to Montreal and Quebec, or
to New York. Horses are still sent off in droves to raarketr
either to the east or to the south.
So of our cattle, they are fattened and driven, sometimes,
all the way to Boston to raarket. The value of all these ex
ports we do not know, nor have we the raeans of knowing,
but it araounts to millions of doUars annually, for our cattle,
hogs, horses, mules and sheep. Great pains have been taken
to improve the breeds of all these animals, and corapanies
have repeatedly sent all the way to England to get belter
bogs, horses and cattle. Tiie evident iraproveraent of the
whole breed, shows that those who have done these things, are
public benefactors. THE STATE OF THE PRESS-
In 1435, John Gutenburgh of Mentz,was carrying on a law
suit, in Strasburgh, with a burgher of the place last mention
ed, one Drizen, about a copying machine, which Gutenburgh
had invented.
That copying machine was a printing press, which has
done more for raankind than any other invention. By this
machine of Gutenburgh's, mind can raove minds, and render

STATE OF THE PRESS. 319
earth, air, fire, water, aye, even iraraense tracts of space, far
as the telescope can discern, tributary to man's comfort,
knowledge and happiness. Aided by Gutenburgh's copying
machine, every new idea, useful to raankind, soon crosses
every sea and every ocean, and finally, pervades every part
of our habitable globe. It was this copying machine that
enabled Martin Luther to spread his doctrines over Christen
dom, and to assert the rights of conscience, and the liberty of
speaking and writing our opinions, upon all matters in religion,
science, politics and literature. This machine has prostrated
error, wherever it has had free scope. It is the friend of
genuine liberty, of justice, of huraan happiness and huraan
glory. Through the aid of this raachine, the scriptures have
been spread, are spreading, and will continue to do so, until
the light of the gospel shall shine on all lands, enlighten all
nations, and render all raen happier and better. Happy will
it be for raankind, if the Press continues to be unshackled, as
it now is, in this country. May those who use it, never de
scend to licentiousness — to the servility of panders, for the
raen in power, nor becorae the tools of aspiring deraagogues,
either in church or state. The Press raultiplies copies of
books, and renders thera cheap,* and accessible to all read
ers. Ideas beget ideas, which are the parents of others, in
endless progression. One invention leads to other inventions,
enabling raan to overcorae time and space, and turn to bis
use and benefit all the eleraents. He conquers the whole
world, rendering useful to hira earth, ocean, air, and every
plant and every animal. He is enabled to make the very
stars in the deepest vault of the far blue heavens useful to
hira. And whether he travels back, down the long lapse of
ages past, or rise on the wings of his enraptured iraagination,
and fiy into the raost distant regions of futurity, his wander
ings raay be all recorded by a pen, and by the Press circula
ted all over the world, and their remembrance be perpetuated
forever, ?Two hundred years ago a New Testament cost two hundred dollars — it
costs now ten cents.

320 HISTORY OF OHIO.
In this way, he may be said to overcome death itself, be
cause his thoughts are immortal. They live to ennoble, to
animate, and bless mankind. The spirit of an author will for
ever hover around, and take possession of the inmost souls of
his readers. Kingdoms, states, and empires, may rise, flour
ish, decline, fall, and be almost forgotten, in the dim distance
of oblivious eld, while the inspirations of the man of genius
remain green, flourishing, and entire, unimpaired and indes
tructible. May those who conduct the Press, elevate their ideas into
pure regions of thought, and fly, always there. To them, in
a very special manner, are comraitted the future destinies of
mankind. They are the lights of the world — shining, not for
themselves, but for the whole human family. By the aid of
these lights, all can see their several paths through lifci. As
these lights increase in number and brightness, raen will see
clearer, farther, and better all around them, all over the world,
until tirae shall end. Until then, raay the Press be free, pure,
and useful.
The first newspaper ever printed northwest of the Ohio
river, was issued at Cincinnati on the 9th of November, 1793,
by William Maxwell. It was entitled " The Centinel of
THE Northwestern TERRiTORY"-^its motto, "Open to all
parties, but influenced by none.''^ This paper, after changing
its narae and owner, in 1796, was continued until 1800.
In the auturan of 1810 The Western Spy was commenced
by Captain Joseph Carpenter and Ephraim Morgan. It con
tinued to be published by thera until the death of Captain Car
penter, in February 1814. It passed through various owners*^
hands until its title was changed into the National RepubUcan,
which name it still bears. It is printed by James H. Looker
and edited by Charles R. Ramsay Esquire. It is pubHshed
weekly, tri-weekly and daily.
The two oldest papers in Cincinnati are published at
large establishments, and have a considerable influence on the
public mind. Soon after the state constitution went into ope
ration, John W, Brown established a paper at Cincinnati: It

BENEVOLENT SOCIESIES. 321
was printed by his son, Samuel J, Brown, called the Liberty
Hall, It is now the Gazette and Liberty Hall, edited by
Charles Hammond, Esquire. It is the oldest and largest news
paper establishment in the state. It is published daUy, tri
weekly and Weekly.
To trace the rise of each newspaper establishment in every
town of any importance in the State, would be needless; but
we content ourselves with a few remarks. At Columbus the
seat of Government, PhUo H. Olmsted, published the " Wes
tern Intelligencer," coraraenced in March, 1813. Without
changing its owner, it became the "Columbus Gazette" in
1818, and is now the "Ohio State Journal," published by
Scott & Wright. There had been before this time two news
papers established in ChiUicothe, where the ancestor of the
poet Wyllis, and Joseph S. Collins, now of Washington city,
published a paper, under the old Territorial Governraent.
All the first papers printed in Ohio were small ones, and
badly printed. The most of the presses and types first used in
Ohio, were old cast off ones, in the east, with a few new job
types to each establishraent. The change within the last
twenty years, in all respects, as it regards the art of Printing
in this state, is highly gratifying to our state pride. We have
now, at least, one hundred newspapers, published weekly, in
the state. Many of them are as large as any in the east —
nine of them are daily ones — several twice a week; — and we
have twenty establishments for printing books, in which they
are printed handsomely, as well as bound well. Our printing
presses are raade in Ohio, and the types are cast here. Our
papers are not only handsoraely printed on good paper, which
is also made in the state, but tbey are edited very ably, espe
cially when the interests of Ohio are endangered from any
quarter. On all such occasions, those who stand on the watch-
towers of liberty will ably do then: duty to their fellow-citizens
of Ohio. 41

322 HISTORY OF OHIO.
BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES.
During this last period of our History, there have sprung
up, into existence, three societies which have state societies
and state officers, with branches of them, in many, if not most
of the counties. From their influence and importance, our
duty in the station which we have assumed, does not permit us
to let them pass by us, without a few remarks. Not belonging
to any one of them, and having never supported or opposed
them, we feel no personal interest in them. We are perfectly
aware of the delicacy of the subjects, which we are about to
notice, but our duty, raust be so far done, as to state, that we
have organized in Ohio, first, an Ohio Temperance Society,
which meets annually, at the seat of Governraent, It has been
in operation several years, and, it had a paper devoted to its
views. It has changed already, to a considerable extent, a
custom of keeping spiritous liquors in every family, which
were formerly urged upon friends, when they called to pay
visits. It has, to a great degree, banished distilled spirits from
the table at dinner. This society has operated on the higher
classes of the coraraunity, and banished spirits from some, indeed
many steam boats, canal boats and public innS; Thus much
it has done. It has been conducted wisely, and has prospered.
It is no longer fashionable to drink spirits as it once was, and
lawyers and physicians rarely drink any thing, stronger than
water. In sorae towns, little has been effected by the society,
but, on the whole, a reforraation is efiected. Many have refor-
raed who once drank to excess, and thousands of the rising
generation, are saved from ruin by being educated not to taste
distUled liquors. The subject has been discussed in all law
ful ways, but has found no opposition to its full, fair and free
discussion. Could the practice of distilling grain be altogether abolished,
a vast amount of money, time, and labor, would be saved, and
much human misery would be prevented. The money, time
and labor would be turned to some useful purposes.. As soon

ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 323
as a temperate legislature is elected, in any one of the states,
penal enactments may be passed, to punish, as a crime, the
drinking of spirits, or at least the sale of them in such state.
THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY,
Is a National Society ; Ohio has a state branch of it, and
the counties have auxiliaries. Having very few free blacks, in
the state for it to operate upon, little has been done here by it.
In other words, having nothing to do, it has done nothing.
But another state society and its numerous branches, have
excited highly, the public raind, and called forth expressions,
on both sides of the question in dispute, not always in strict
accordance with truth and propriety; This is the Abolition?
or Anti Slavery Society. The first society of this kind,
the parent of all others, in this Union, was established in Phi
ladelphia, sixty four years since, and Doctor Benjarain Frank
lin was its first president. Its object was to protect and
defend those who were unjustly held in slavery. Washington,
Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and, the raost distinguished raen in
Virginia, highly approved of it under their own hands, in letters
addressed by them to its thrice illustrious founder. This society
wisely moved forward operating beneficially, and opposed by
none. But some few years since, things took a different
turn, in which Ohio had nothing to do, and it belongs not to our
history. Finally, a few societies were founded here, mostly, we
believe, by persons iraraigrating into this, from slave-holding
states, A few remarks on the origin of this society in Ohio,
its views, tendency and persecutions seem to us to belong to
our history and cannot be dispensed with by its author. We
do not make facts, but merely relate events, which we would
sometimes rejoice were they otherwise. Thus situated, and
compelled to speak, what we beHeve to be tbe truth, offend
whom it may, we proceed in our remarks, on the society, and
likewise, on its sensitive and bitter opponents. This society
is of very recent origin in this state, dating no further back
than February 1834.

324 history of ohio.
Its objects so far as we know them, are to prevent slavery
from spreading into this state; to induce great nurabers who
own slaves in the states south of us, to set them free, and,
send thera to Africa. These slave-holders live in Ohio, but
own slaves in the south. These are the objects of the socie
ty. The friends of the society disavow all interference with
slaves and slave-holders out of this state. These are views
not inconsistent with our duty to our neighbors. The tenden
cy of the doctrines, of the society, when kept within the pale
of prudence, and so long as the society originaUy founded by
Franklin and the friends in Philadelphia is followed as an ex-
araple, Washington, Jefferson aud the patriots of their day, if
now living would not raise any objection to them. The anti-
slavery society in Ohio, in May 1837, contained 213 auxiliary
societies, and 17,253 merabers. Its persecutions have consist
ed in being interrupted in their meetings, soraetiraes, and in
having their press distroyed in Cincinnati by a mob. These
outrages wiU not be repeated. To sustain theraselves in their
controversy, both parties, to the question, for slavery or anti-
slavery, have boldly appealed to the bible, as the authority on
which they rely. They have brought forward the exaraple and
precepts of our Savior and his apostles. Sitting in judgment
on the case we proceed to e.xamine the law and the testimony,
irapartially, fully and fairly, before we enter any final judg-
raent. First, then, as to our Savior's e.xaraple and precepts.
He was by birth, a Jew, and his mother, brothers, sisters and
all those with whora he associated as near and dear to hira, were
Jews. Both parties, have said, that there were no slaves in
Judea at that tirae! This is not true. The entire nation was
in a slavery of the worst kind, that any whole nation could
endure ! they were all slaves, and they were taxed and oppres
sed by the Roraans, whose legions were every where stationed,
and used as instruraents of oppression by the civil officers.
Their rulers, civil and railitary, were all appointed to office, by
the Roman emperor at Rome. The Jews had, in fact two gov
ernments to support, at the sarae tirae; their own ecclesiasti
cal governraent, and that of the conquerors. Well, thus situa-

anti-slavery society. 325
ted, what did our Savior say? He said, " render unto Caesar,
the things that are Caesar's, and " unto God, the things that
are God's," And why did he so teach the Jews? He shall
answer that question for us. "My kingdom is not of this
world," He intended to show, that his reUgion ought not to
connect itself, in anywise, with the state. Any nation who
connects these two things, religion and politics, raay have ever
so much religion, but itis not Christianity, but the reverse of it.
Our Saviour, though, laid down this law as an universal rule
of action, forever to govern the world : " Do unto others as ye
would they should do unto you."
We next open Paul's letter to the Ephesians, and thence
read " servants be obedient unto them that are your masters,
according to the flesh, in fear and trembling; in singleness of
heart as unto Christ." We will next read what he says to the
masters of these servants : " And ye masters, do ye the sarae
thing unto thera, forbearing threatening, knowing that yotir
master, is also in heaven, neither is there respect of persons
with him."
We next read what the same apostle says in his letter to the
Colossians: " servants obey in all things, your masters according
to the flesh, not with eye service, but as unto God." To masters
he says : "Masters, give unto your servants that which is just
and equal, knowing that ye have a Master in heaven." We
next proceed to read what Peter says in his first letter 2nd
chapter, 18th verse and onward ; " Servants be subject to your
masters, with all fear; not only the good and gentle, but also
the froward. For this is thank worthy, if a man for con
science towards God, endure grief, suffering, wrongfully."
Two inferences from these authorities present theraselves on
a first view; first, that slavery is at best, a hard and painful
condition ; secondly, but nevertheless, provided a raaster gov
erns his slaves, equitably, justly, and on christian principles,
he may be a good christian, inherit eternal life, and not be
condemned, merely for holding slaves. And, we may add,
that the duties of servants and masters, are clearly pointed out
by the apostles, Peter's letter was addressed to the strangers
B2

326 HISTORY OF OHIO.
thoughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia [Minor,] and
Bythinia, These provinces, were the great slave marts, the
Pennsylvania Avenues, the Georgetowns and Alexandrias of
the ancient world. But, we have not yet done with Paul's
conduct, precepts and example, as they respected masters and
servants, Paul had left his Ephesian church in tears, when
theyfeUon his neck and kissed him, and had gone to Jerusalem
where he had been arrested and condemned for being a christian,
from which judgement, he appealed to Caesar himself, Paul
being a Roman citizen. He had sailed to Rome, to await his
trial, and was in jail, Onesimus, a servant of Philemon,
ran off from his raaster, and had arrived at Rome likewise. Here
while Paul was in prison, this servant was converted by the apos
tle's preaching. To Paul, Onesimus confessed his faults, and
that he had grievously wronged his master.
We do not find the wrongs specifically set forth, but there
were wrongs done to the master by Onesimus. Paul being
in jail, had great need of the services of Onesimus, but learn
ing the exact circumstances, from the servant of his flight
from his master, and the wrongs done him; the apostle wrote
a letter to Philemon by Onesimus, and sent him back to his
old master. Tychicus, who was about to travel the same
route, as far as Colosse, became a fellow traveler, and the
two, jointly carried a letter from Paul, to the Colossians.
These epistles thus sent, we proceed to examine. To the
Colossians, the apostle writes, as he had to Ephesus, in relation
to masters and servants, holding the same language, almost
word for word. He reminds Philemon of the new rela
tion which now subsists between hira and his servant; that
now they are brothers. Does > Paul threaten Philemon with
everlasting perdition, unless he instantly emancipates his
slave? No, he does not threaten him at all, but he prefers
a request, though, very pressingly too, that Philemon would
set his servant free, and that if he did so, to charge Paul, in
account with him, all the sums out of which, Onesimus had, in
any wise wronged him, and be, Paul, would pay them, on de
mand. This example of the apostle of the Gentiles, should

ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 327
never be lost on us in Ohio, in all similar cases. These pre
cepts of Christ and his apostles, these admonitions to masters
and servants, in all the passages above quoted or referred to,
leave us in no doubt as to our duty, in such cases.
All our preceding remarks are intended, in part at least, for
immediate abolitionists. But we now proceed to say some
things for tbe serious consideration of their opponents. They
have said a thousand times over aud over, "that in the funda
mental law of this nation, our constitution, the right to own
slaves is secUred to them." Being thus secured they add,
"that being so inserted in that instrument, their right is of too
sacred a nature, to be at all, discussed, in public or private."
We now proceed to examine this allegation in their declara
tion, and their proofs under it — the constitution. That in
strument does not profess to be perfect in itself, and therefore
contains provisions, for its amendment by the people, to pro
mote whose happiness, it professes to have first been raade.
This araendraent can never be made without discussion, with
out public meetings, without consultation,- and without tho aid
of the press. The liberty of speech and of the press is se
cured to us, one and all, by the sarae constitution. Bat the
friends of slavery say that their right to hold slaves is of too
sacred a nature to adrait of being discussed in public or pri
vate, orally or through the press. Let us look at this raost ex
traordinary proposition. We all profess to believe that the
Bible contains the law of God, and that itself is the word of
God. We all know that the law of God, that the word of God,
and even the attributes of the Deity himself, are discussed
every day in the year, in public, orally and through the press;
and yet no man dare deny our right to discuss all these mat
ters in all these ways. Is our constitution more sacred than
the Bible? more sacred than the Deity himself? The proposi
tion is so preposterous, that we need say no more on that sub
ject, perhaps, but let us state the case once more, in a plain
way. The slaves themselves, either have not, or they have
immortal souls and are really human beings! First, if ths
slaves have no souls, then they are on a par with horses, hogs,

328 HISTORY OF OHIO.
mules and cattle. In that case A public meeting got up to form
a society, an "Ohio agricultural society," to go and purchase
these brutes with the intention of turning them into the prai
ries of Illinois, to feed, would be considered lawful and praise
worthy, and no mob would assail the meeting with stones and
brick bats. But suppose, secondly, that these slaves are hu
man beings, and have immortal souls to save. Have philan
thropists no right to assemble [quietly and consult on the best
means of saving from perdition, these millions of human be
ings? They certainly have such a right and raay exercise it
when, where, and as they please, under our constitution, with
out a single obstacle being thrown in their way, by any man
or combination of raen, under the whole heavens. 'Where
would the world have been now, had not the liberty of speech
and of the press been freely and fearlessly used to enlighten
mankind? We answer Jhat they would be groping still in
papal darkness, raonkish ignorance and superstition. They
would be now bowing in reverence before idols, or on their
knees before the shin bone of sorae worthless saint! Yes, so
we should be at this day, but for free discussion, and the press
of John Guttenburgh, of Mentz. Away then, with doc
trines and practices which tend to throw us back into the
gloora of the dark ages. Those who oppose all discussion of this
or any other raatter, ought to know, that the liberty of speak
ing and writing, and publishing our opinions freely, are using
raeans to pull away from beneath it, the main pillar on which
our whole fabric of civil and religious liberty rests. Thus un
dermined and deprived of its only supporting pillar, the whole
splendid dome will fall on us all who sit beneath its spacious
roof, and we shall be crushed by its weight.
Another suggestion is presented to those who raise riots and
mobs, to prevent discussion. Such persons ought to know,
that when the Creator made man, he gave him two facul
ties of the soul, araong others: "a natural love of justice,"
and " a syrapathy with the afflicted." Yes, He gave man an
other faculty, that of a love of hiraself, and a disposition to de
fend and protect hiraself. These are all faculties of every

anti-slavery society. 329
human soul, and all these faculties rise up against persecution
and oppression. Every riot, mob and disturbance of peacea
ble people assembled for deliberation on slavery or anti-slavery,
add to the number of the friends of anti-slavery in this state.
Nominally we bave now very few raore than seventeen thou
sand members of this anti-slavery society; but let one man be
killed by a mob, as E, P. Lovejoy was, at Alton, Illinois, for
belonging to this society; printing or circulating its books,
new.spapers or pamphlets: or if another press is destroyed in
Ohio by a mob, because used or owned by this anti-slavery so
ciety, and we know that thirty thousand new members would
instantly join this society in Ohio. A few more such mobs
following afterwards, and this state government in all its
branches, would be in the hands of the anti-slavery society.
So beware.
We care comparatively little about the liberty of the slave,
but we do seriously care about preserving our own freedom;
and our citizens are determined to preserve it against all sorts
of violence, come from whence that violence may — whether
from doraestic or foreign foes. If any man or corabinatiim of
men, assail -any public meeting (peaceably asserabled, and
conducting its proceedings) with missile weapons, he or they
who thus assail the meeting, would be tried for the offence,
sentenced to a dungeon and be in one, within two hours after
the coraraission of the crime. This is Ohio now, and so may
it remain forever, under the dorainion of the laws and the
constitution. Drawing a circle around Columbus, as a centre, large
enough to contain one hundred thousand people within
the territory included in the bounds of the circle, and
there are within such a circle but two anti-slavery societies,
with less than seventy members in both of thera! Why
are there so few raerabers araong such a population? We an
swer, these societies and their raerabers meet as often as they
please, where they please, stay there as long as they please,
and say and do, write print and publish what they please, and
42 b2*

330 HISTORY OF OHIO.
no one interferes either with them or with what they do. So
far as this state is concerned, the great mass of this society
are the most quiet, peaceable and unoffending christians, be
loved and respected by all who know them.
**There is a sensitiveness among the friends of slavery,
which we cannot understand. Any discussion on this subject
in Ohio cannot reach their slaves and render them uneasy.
That is absolutely impossible. What then can be the reason
of all this madness, about this discussion? It may be that,
possibly, although our discussions might never reach the slaves,
yet they might reach the masters of them, and induce them
to push slavery south, and below Virginia and Itentucky, and
thereby prevent Ohio from draining these states of all their
young raen; the life, the enterprise and energy of those
states. These friends of slavery in the south, and friends to
us, may naturally suppose, that had Rufus Putnara and his
associates settled on the soil of Virginia, on the 7th of April
1788, and had that state been then a vast wilderness, filled
with Indians and wild beasts, and the settlers being under
precisely the sarae law which following as a cloud by day and
a pillar of fire by night, they journeyed into this vast forest ;
that instead of Ohio, had Virginia been the region in which
they had settled, that vast state with its rich mines of iron
ore, of coal and of gold! with its vast water power descending
from the AUeghanies in never failing abundance, in a million
of strearas ; with its towering forests so near the sea coast ; its
pure raountain air, the purest which ever was breathed by
human beings; with its broad, deep and splendid rivers,
unrivaled by any others in tbe world; with its lofty moun
tains and low vales, and with an extent of latitude, aided by
altitude or depression equal to eight degrees of latitude;
our opposers of the anti-slavery society may suppose, we say,
that had Rufos Putnam and his pilgrims settled in Virginia,
on the sarae day on which they did in Ohio, and under the
same law, which he and they followed here, prohibiting slave
ry forever in that state, Virginia would now contain five mil-

ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 331
lions of white freemen ; and in the next fifty years, Virginia
would contain twenty millions of happy human beings.
As a state, it is our interest, in Ohio, to have slavery continu
ed in the slave-holding states, for a century yet, otherwise our
growth would be checked. The broad and deep streams of
wealth, numbers, enterprise, youth, vigor, and the very life
blood of tbe slave holding states, now roUing into Ohio like
mighty floods, would be stayed; and even roll back to their
sources, rendering those states, not merely our equals, but
even our superiors, in numbers, wealth and political power.
No. We have adopted a policy which, for a century yet, requires
slavery in the states south of us, to be continued, until they
become deserts, (that is none of our business) while we have
twelve millions of people in Ohio; until, indeed, this whole
state, becomes one vast, lovely paradise : all cultivated, inter
sected every where, by roads and canals ; covered with cities
and their splendid domes. No; let slavery be continued
where it is, during the next century, at least. But, let that
subject, be freely discussed, though, by whoever pleases to dis
cuss it, either in Ohio or elsewhere. Let the law reign, and
our people be free forever. No; never will we whisper a word,
that any old Virginia nabob shall hear, advising him to abolish
slavery in that raost splendid of all countries in the world,
wherein to build up manufactures, and make that state more
populous than Great Britain is at this time.
The secret of our growth, in all that is desirable, must be
kept a profound secret among ourselves. With such views
of this subject, where is the patriotic citizen of this most pros
perous of all states ever founded, on the surface of this earth,
who would wish to stay its growth or, even check its prosperi
ty? No; let slavery be continued for a century at least, and
our descendants will go and settle in the now slave holding
states, as forests, and make them, what they wUl not be until
then.

332 HISTORY OF OHIO.
CINCINNATI ORPHAN A8YLPM.
This institution, situated on Elra street, was founded in June
1833; and designed for the reception of destitute orphan chU
dren, An act was passed by tbe legislature, in the session of 1832-
33, incorporating the Asylum, with an endowment often acres
of land, situated near Mill Creek, There was on the land, a
small building to be occupied by the orphans. And one thou
sand doUars were paid out of the Township treasury for the sup
port of the orphans. This site being unhealthful, an exchange
was raade with the' City council for the ground on w'hich the
present building stands, which was ertscted by, subscriptions
collected from the citizens of Cincinnati. The one thousand
dollars frora the township treasury were withdrawn according to
the charter in 1836, and one fourth part of the duties collected
in Hamilton county, from the sales at auction. Was appropria
ted in its stead, unfil the year 1840.
Its present income, is tbe auction fund as above, and a sum
received from the trustees of the townships for the maintenance
of destitute children, placed by thera in the Asylura, together
with such subscription as the managers collect from its patrons.
Twelve female managers are elected triennially by sub
scribers,' to regulate all the interior concerns, and govern the
institution; but the township trustees, appointed by the charter,
make all the contracts for the sale, or purchase, of real estate.
The building is of sufficient extent to accommodate from two
hundred and fifty, to three hundred children. About seventy
orphans are now maintained, clothed and educated in the
Asylum. June 11th 1838.
Mrs. Clarissa H. Davies, is the President, Mrs. Louisa
Staughfon, relict of the late learned, talented, and benevolent
Doctor Staughtonof Cincinnati is the Corresponding .secretary
of this truly christian institution. Mrs. Staughton, Mrs, Da
vies, Mrs. Bates, Mrs. Hall, Mrs, Baum, Mrs, Vail, Mrs. Butler,
Mrs, Urner, Mrs. Carlisle, Mrs. Hararaond, Mrs. Burnet and
Mrs. Mitchell have set an example in founding this asylum.

ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES.

333

which we hope will be foUowed in all our future cities, in every
part of the state.

organization of COUNTIES.

The state of Ohio is divided into seventy-five counties. The
date of theirorganization, numberof civil townships, superficial
contents and the respective county seats of each, are as follows :

COnNTHS.

When
organized.

SquareIiCle..

No. of
Towubips.

CODNTT SEATS.

Adams,

1797

550

10

West Union.

Allen,

1831

543

Lima.

Ashtabula,

1811

700

27

Jefferson.

Athens,

1805

740

19

Athens.

Belmont,

1801

536

16

St, Clairsville.

Brown,

1818

470

14

Georgetown.

Butler,

1803

480

13

Hamilton,

Carroll,

1833

13

OarroUton.

Champaign,

1805

417

12

Urbana.

Clark,

1818

412

10

Springfield.

Clermont,

•1800

515

12

Batavia.

Clinton,

1810

400

8

Wilmington.

Columbiana,

1803

21

New Lisbon.

Coshocton,

1811

562

21

Coshocton.

Crawford,

1826

594

12

Bucyrus.

Cuyahoga,

1810

475

19

Cleveland.

Darke,

1817

660

10

GreeneviUe.

Delaware,

1808

610

23

Delaware.

Fairfield,

1800

540

14

Lancaster.

Fayette,

1810

415

7

Washington.

Franklin,

1803

520

18

Columbus.

Gallia,

1803

500

15

Gallipolis.

Geauga,

1805

600

23

Chardon.

Greene,

1803

400

8

Xenia.

Guernsey,

1810

621

19

Carabridge.

Hamilton,

1790

400

14

CINCINNATI.

Hancock,

1828

576

5

Findlay,

Hardin,

1833

570

Kenton,
Erie
1838
Sandusky city.
334

HISTORY OF

OHIO.

COnUTIES.

When
Olfanized. '

^

No.or
Ibmnhipi

COOBTV SEATS.

Harrison,

1813

13

Cadiz

Henry,

724

2

Highland,
1805
555
11
Hillsborough.
Hocking,
1818
432
9
Logan.
Holmes,
1825
422
14
Millersburg,
Huron,
1815
800
29
Norwalk,
Jackson, '
1816
490
13
Jackson.
Jefferson,
1797
400
13
Steubenville.
Knox,
1808
618
24
Mount Vernon.
Lawrence,
1817
439
13
Buriington.
Licking,
1808
666
25
Newark.
Logan,
1818
424
9
Bellefountaine.
Lorain,
1.824
580
19
Elyria.
Madison,
1810
480
10
London.
Marion,
1824
527
15
Marion.
Medina,
1818
475
14
Medina.
Meigs,
1819
400
12
Chester,
Mercer,
,1824
576
4
St, Marys,
Miami,
1807
410
12
Troy.
Monroe,
1815
563
18
Woodsfield.
Montgomery,
1803
480
12
Dayton.
Morgan,
1819
500
15
M'ConnelsviUe-
Muskingura,
1804
665
23
ZanesviUe.
Paulding,
432
3
Perry,
1818
402
12
Somerset.
Pickaway,
1810
470
14
Circleville.
Pike,
1815
, 421
9
Piketon.
Portage,
1807
750
30
Ravenna.
Preble,
1808
432
12
Eaton.
Putnara,
1834
576
2
KaUda.
Richland,
1813
900
25
Mansfield.
Ross,
1798
650
16
Chillicothe.
Sandusky,
1820
600
10
Lower Sandusky.
Scioto,
1803
700
14
Portsraouth.
Seneea,
1824
540
11
Tiffin,
Shelby,
1819
418
10
Sidney.
CITIES AND

TOWNS.

335

Stark,

1809

19

Canton,

Trumbull,

1800

875

34

Warren,

Tuscarawas,

1808

19

New Philadelphia.

Union,

1820

450

9

Marysville,

Vanwert,

432
Warren,
1803
400
9
Lebanon.
Washington,
1788
713
19
Marietta.
Wayne,
1811
660
20
Wooster.
Williams,
1824
600
10
Defiance.
Wood,
1820
750
7
Periysbnrgh.
CITIES AND TOWNS,
Columbus is the seat of the state government. It is situat
ed on a high bank, on the east side of the Scioto, about ninety
miles from its mouth. Including its immediate vicinity, it con
tains about seven thousand inhabitants, who are among the
most intelligent, active and enterprising people in the state.
Its buildings are, many of them large, comraodious and hand
some. The state house is not such an one, as Ohio ought to
have, at this day, nor are the other public buildings, for the
public offices, what they should be.
The penitentiary is a large, handsorae building, of stone,
built mostly by the convicts, who are confined in it.
The United States have a good court bouse for their courts,
and the county of Franklin holds its courts in it, also, having
assisted in building it.
The state has erected a large buUding, for the Asylum for
the Deaf and Dumb, in sight of the town. This is a very use
ful institution, for those, who are Deaf and Dumb, The legis
lature patronizes it,
A hospital for the insane is now being built near Columbus,
by the state.
The German Lutherans have a collegiate institution here,
which needs patronage, and deserves it. It is under the charge
of the reverend Wm, Smith, D D.
Columbus was surveyed off, into lots, streets &c, early in the
336 HISTORY OF OHIO.
year 1812, and the first sale of the lots in it, commenced on the
same day, that president Madison signed the act for declaring
war against Great Britain; on the 18th of June, 1812.
It is now a city, and the Honorable Jarvis Pike, was its first
Mayor, Lyne Starling, Esquire, is the only original proprie
tor of this city, now living in it.
The citizens have paid great attention to the education of
their children, especially their daughters. Their professional
men; clergymen, physicians and lawyers stand high, and de
servedly so, in the estimation of all who know thera. The state
officers, too, are very faithful and attentive to their duties;
and the same remark may truly be applied to such of the Uni
ted States officers, as are located at this point. The governor
of the state is compelled to be here, but we have erected for
him, no house to live in, and what is worse, his salary is insuffi
cient to support him here, or any where else, during the time for
which be is elected. This is wrong, all wrong.
But we hasten to Cincinnati, the fairest city of the West.
Having often mentioned it, and its position, in this work, we
need not repeat what every reader ought to reraember.
It contains, including its imcnediate vicinity, on both sides
of the Ohio, at this time, about fifty thousand inhabitants..
This beautiful city, like all the towns, in this state, is laid out,
on the plan of Philadelphia; all the streets crossing each other
at right angles. Many of the buildings are large, commodious
and elegant, among which are about forty churches, a court
house, and other county, and city buildings, A whole volum'l
would scarcely describe Cincinnati, and its many and useful
institutions ; its colleges and other schools ; its banking institu
tions; its learned associations, of all sorts; its public inns, its
museum, owned by J, DorfeuUle, in which, whoever wishes to-

CITIES AND TOWNS. 337
Study the natural history of the western states, can find raore,
to aid his researches, than in any other, one town, in the world.
Here are in this city, five hundred stores of goods of all sorts,
from every habitable country in the world. They contain the
productions of every clime, and of every art, tastefully display
ed to attract attention. As a whole, perhaps, no other people,
in the world, are better clothed and fed than than these fifty
thousand citizens. None are raore healthful or happier, and
none more intelligent, better informed, better bred, more kind,
benevolent and polite to strangers and to each other.
Like all the western people, the Gincinnatians are a stirring
people. Through the day, they all dUigently attend to their
several callings, but when evening sets in, the streets are
thronged with pedestrians. The museum is opened and light
ed up, into a blaze of brilliant light, and thronged with weU
dressed people of both sexes and all ages, who sometimes, lis
ten to a discourse on natural History, or sorae other entertain
ing and useful subject. The churches are lighted up, and dis
courses are there delivered, to full audiences, AU the public
places are thronged to a late hour, when all retire to rest, and
all is silence, until morning, then all is in motion again through
the day.
There is a city police, who arrest criminals, and there are
courts and juries here who punish crimes, sjjreedily and justly.
But, mercy is often mingled ivith justice, where circurastances
seera to call for it. Of their courts and juries, we are com
pelled to speak well, because they richly deserve praise.
The professional raen, the lawyers, physicians and clergymen
are learned, wise and good.
The Ohio river here, is a beautiful sheet of water, in front
of the city, on whose surface, the large steamers move, or lie
at the landing, thirty at once, soraetimes. The Dayton canal
here enters the Ohio river by several locks, creating an excel
lent water power, and another canal extending from the inte
rior of Indiana will soon be corapleted to this point.
The city, standing, as it does, on a high bank of diluvial sand
43 C2

338 HISTORY OF OHIO.
of great depth, is watered by waterworks, similar to the Fair^
mount waterworks, at Philadelphia. The works are moved by
steam power. The water is thrown into a reservoir, on a high
hill, in the eastern part of the city, from whence, in pipes, it is
conducted to all parts of the town, on to the very roofs of the
houses, if necessary,
Forty-Uine years since, not a human being dwelt on the site
of Cincinnati. " The old Indian war path," from the British
garrisbn at Detroit, crossed the Ohio here, but no one lived
here; not even Indians, The deer, bison, bear and elk were
occasionally hunted oh this site, until m^jor Doughty erected
Fort Washington, on the ground now occupied by the bazaar of
the truth loving and most amiable Lady TroUope, in the month
of November 1789, since which time, it has been occupied by
¦our people
Lancaster, is the shire town of Fairfield county. It stands
on the eastern side of the Hockhocking river. Before Lancas
ter was laid out, travelers, who passed along Zane's trace,
through the,"then, vast forests of Ohio, called this spot, "the pjace,
where they' crossed the Hocking, near the standing rock."
We refer the reader to our Geology of the state, for an account
of the sandstone of this region. Lancaster' was laid out in
1800, and now contains about three thousand people. The
houses, three hundred in number, are large, durable and
handsome ones. The country about it, is excellent for its soil,
good water, good freestone, standing in lofty piles, here and
there, intersected by raost excellent land, for grass, grain and
vegetables. A turnpike is making from Zanesville to Mays
ville through this town, east and west, and a canal is made,
connecting Lancaster, with the Ohio and Erie canal, which is
now being extended down the Hocking valjey, to Athens. All
these things are doing by the state, and will soon be done. The
town is the centre of a considerable inland trade, which is in
creasing. The people of Lancaster are an industrious, well
informed community, who bave always stood high with the peo
ple of tbe state. This town is rapidly growing up, and will
soon contain ten thousand people.

CITIES AND TOWNS. 339
Chillicothe, — This town was laid out in the thick woods,
in the summer of 1796 by general Nathaniel Massie, assisted
by general Duncan McArthur, The latter erected thefirst
white man's dweUing in the town which was made of the barks
of trees from the thick forest here then growing. This town,
as we have seen, was once the seat of the state and territori
al government, and here the constitution was framed, during
the month of November 1802, seven years after this town was
laid out. Its streets are wide and straight, crossing each other
at right angles and the town faces the Scioto, which bounds it
on the north. It contains about five thousand people, many of
whom are among the wealthiest in the state. It enjoys many
advantages, such as lying on the Ohio and Erie canal, and all
the roads seem to centre here from all points of the compass.
And these roads are in a state of improvement rapidly at pre
sent. The land along the Scioto river, along Paint creek and
Deer creek, is excellent. Here the Scioto enters the hilly re
gion, and ChUlicothe has around it, a highly romantic country,
with all the varieties of hill and dale, of woods and highly
cultivated farras, of land and water, of the slow raoving Scio
to and the canal with its boats and its coraraerce, with the
stage's horn, and the canal boat's bugle to arrest our attention.
The state of society here is highly cultivated, and even fas
cinating, ndne more so any where in the Union. The ladies
of Chillicothe have always been admired for their beauty, ele
gance of manners, education and pure patriotisra. It was
Jiere; that these ladies voted a sword to major Croghan, in the
last war, for his gallant deeds in battle when defending Fort
Stephenson. Female education is greatly promoted by Chilli-
cotheans, and their sons are not neglected in this respect.
Frora its wealth, its position, its fertile soil ai'ound it, its canal
and watfer power, Chillicothe raust becorae an iraportant in
land town, a placeof wealth and coraraerce
Its professional men of all sorts, are now, and always have
been highly respectable for their talents, learning, industry
and strict moral principles. The citizens of this town are as
active, enterprising and useful as any others in the state.

340 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Many of its citizens have at different periods, filled the very
highest places of trust within the gift of Ohio, Three of them
have been governors of the state, and several of them have
been members of both houses of congress, and ChiUicothe
now has a United States senator and a member of the house
of representatives.
The people of this town have always had a great influence
in all matters of any importance to the state. They have de
served all the confidence thus reposed in them by their fellow
citizens. CiKCLEViLLB, is OU the Ohio and Erie canal,, twenty -six
miles below Colurabus, and nineteen above Chillicothe. The
canal here crosses the Scioto river by an aqueduct about thir
ty rods in length. This town now contains about three thou
sand people, and is fast increasing, in buildings, population
and raercantile business. In this vicinity are the Pickaway
plains, faraed in all tiraes past, for their fertility ; and Picka
way county contains raore level, rich land, than any other one
in the state.
There is a bridge across the Scioto- here, which cost twenty
thousand dollars.-
In this county, raore pork and flour are produced from their
own grain, than in any other county of its size,, in the Union.
The farmers are becoming wealthy, and are buying large
quantities of land, in newer countries. We have four church
es and about twelve schools. One or two for young ladies de
serve great praise, and receive it. The town is fast increasing
in size and business of all sorts,
Delaware, is twenty-four miles north of Columbus, and is a
thriving town. It is older than the last named town, but,.Hot
having any connection by water, with the- main canaly. as Cd-
lumbus has, by its nagivable feeder, Delaware has not grown
up, like our canal towns. However its day must come yet, as
the country all about it, is good, and will one day^be well set
tled and well cultivated, inasmuch as lands are cheap and good;.
in Delaware county. So of Marion, above Delaware,, on the

> CITIES AND TOWNS. 341
turnpUce from Columbus to Sandusky city. The country all
around Marion is excellent and wUl be well improved within a
few years,
Springfield, the shire town of Clark county, is romantical
ly situated on the United States road, forty three miles west
of Columbus, and seventy two north westwardly from Cincin
nati, It contains three thousand people and increases rapidly,
in all respects.
Zanesville, is situated seventy six raUes from the Ohio river,
following the meandering of the Muskingum river, on which
the town stands. If we include Putnam and West Zanesville in
our estimate, we may be allowed to say, that Zanesville now
contains, seven thousand people. The old congress granted
three sections of land, containing six hundred and forty
acres each, to Ebenezer Zane, for marking a road from Wheeling
across, what is now Ohio State, by the way of Zanesville, Zane
marked the road, and for his pay, located one section, at Zanes
ville, and laid out a town on it; another section was located near
" the standing rock" and Lancaster was located on that section.
The other section was located opposite Chillicothe, on the
north side of the Scioto river, Humphrey Fullerton bought the
last named section of Zane, and his widow owns it now. The
town of Zanesville was laid out in 1799, and a few cabins buUt.
The mail had been carried along this " bridle path," about two
years before that period, on horse back, and so continued to be
carried until about twenty years since.
The natural, as well as artificial advantages of Zanesvillo
are great. The Muskingura here creates a great water power
in its rapids. Fossil coal is here in ,abuhdance, and the iron
ore is equally so. Salt water, too, is in never faUing
abundance, here or in the vicinity. The United States road
passes the Muskingum here, and manufactures, of many kinds
here flourish greatly.
The state has made a slack water navigation, from Zanesville
to Dresden, on the canal, aud the same power is employing its
energies to coraplete this slackwnter navigation to the Ohio
river. This will be effected within four or five years. So
c2*

342 HISTOY OF OHIO.
that, with its salt water, its iron ore, and above all, its stirring,
active, restless, enterprising population of seven thousand, in
number, Zanesville bids fair to become, at no distant day, one
of the -largest manufacturing towns in the western states, con
taining seventy thousand people. The clays in this vicinity,
equal any now used in England, France or Germany, for earth
enware, and we should not be disappointed, if Zanesville should
be the very first town on this continent to firmly establish the
manufacture of the real Liverpool ware, on the banks of the
Muskingura river. The naturalist would find many things to
interest hira here; and the best place, which we know,, wherein,
to study our geology and mineralogy, is Zanesville, There is
an Athenaeum and a well endowed school here, and there is a
taste for science widely diffused among the people of this vici
nity. Freestone, liraestone, and water lirae, are here in abun
dance, and finally, if Zanesville does not become, a great town,
for an inland one, we do not see tbe cause of such a faUure.
All the elements of prosperity are here, and the very people
to use them to advantage, are already here, as a nucleus around
¦>*'hich, a great manufacturing town will grow up.
Cleveland, has been often alluded to already, in this work,
and we connot easily forget so important a town. It is so, from-
its position, from its natural advantages, and from its intelligent
active, wealthy and enterprising population. Taking both
sides of the river into view, Cleveland now contains, twelve
thousand people, but in 1825, it contained only six hundred.
It is deHghtfuUy situated on a high sandy bank of Lake Erie,
seventy feet, above the lake, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga
river and on- both sides of the Erie and Ohio canal. In the
summer season, while its port is crowded with its mercantile
marine, .of lake vessels, steamers and canal boats, Cleveland .
is a busy, bustling city* If we look off on the lake we see
many a sail, spread to the breeze, on this beautiful inland water.
This town will soon run up to fifty thousand people, and for
ever; continue , to be, an important inland city. The people
here, have all the elements of prosperity, in or near the
town; freestone for buildmg, limestone,cedar and gypsum on

CITIES AND TOWNS. 343
the lake islands; iron ore and coal, in Tuscarawas county, on
the canal ; pine forests, in Canada, across the lake ; water power
in abundance, in the river and in the canal; and a population
as stirring, enterprising and industrious as any in the world,
Toledo, is near Lake Erie, on the Maumee river, and on
what soon wUl be, the splendid Maumee canal. It was nothing
three years since, but it now contains, three thousand people,
who have made a rail road, thirty miles in length, leading in
the direction of Lake Michigan at its southern end. This will
necessarily become, one of our largest inland towns. It stands
on the land for which we so long and so righteously con
tended with Michigan, who had not even a shadow of a claim
to it, founded in justice. DAYTON.
Of our other important towns, Dayton, at the mouth of the
Mad river, on the great Miami, claims a prominent and con
spicuous place, in our volume. It now contains, about seven
thousand people, as good, as industrious and enterprising as
any we have, in our state. The Dayton canal is now rapidly
progressing towards the lake, along the Maumee river, al
though only one hundred miles of it are entirely finished, yet
the reraainder soon will be completed. The soil, far and wide,
around Dayton, is as fertile as it can be, and there is a water
power, in tbe Mad river and in the canal, very valuable, Day
ton raust always be an iraportant town. Manufactures flourish.
There are now, in Dayton, two cotton factories, three grist
mills, two saw mills, one silk mill, and all sorts of factories,
where water power is eraployed by ingenious raechanics. And
the country all around Dayton is full of mills and factories.
Newark, in Licking county, on the Ohio and Erie canal, is
located in a densely settled and most fertile country. The
town itself contains now scarcely three thousand people, but
from its position, on the canal, surrounded by a fertile country
whose abundant produce, will always come here, Newark
must always be a very iraportant point for inland trade and

344 HISTORY OF OHIO.
manufactures. It has, somehow, been badly treated: it has nd'
bank, and the travel was taken from it, by locating the United
States road, a few miles south of it. However, justice must be
done to it soon, by the state, and by itself, as the people here
want neither industry, capital nor energy. In this state we
have no better citizens than are here, and the iron ore and
coal, not far off, will not be overlooked by the people. The
county is well watered, the land is excellent, and the farmers
wealthy. '
Mount Vernon is a delightful town, on Vernon river, and
it is the shire town of Knox county. Here the land is excel
lent, the farmers are rich, and their farms are well cultivated.
Mount Vernon is in the exact centre of the state, Kenyon
college is at Garabier, five miles frora Mount Vernon, This
town wUl one day become a very important one, when a canal
shall be raade along Vernon river to the Ohio canal. That
very improvement, alone, would make this town, a place of
considerable business, with a population of seven thousand
people, Steubenville. — The shire town of Jefferson county, stands
on the Ohio river, some thirty eight miles in a du:ect line,
from Pittsburgh, Its population is only about three thous
and, but they are increasing. It has always been a manufac
turing town, and always will be one. The people here have
been badly represented, quite too often, in the legislature.
They have often opposed the policy of the state, like Belmont
county, and they now feel the direful effects of such represen
tation. The same may be said of New Lisbon, but that town is now, ra
pidly rising, beside its canal,,now progressing to a completion.
Warren has always voted wisely, for internal improvements,
but sorae how, has not been weU treated by the state ; but that
time is past, a canal is now making past Warren, which will
rise up into considerable importance, in the old county of Trum
bull, so well settled and improved, by as good a population, as
we have in the state.
Portage county contains three or four towns, along the Cuya-

cities AND TOWNS. 345
hoga river, which we have noticed under head of rivers. This
county, eventually, wUl be one of the raost populous in the state.
All along the Erie and Ohio canal, towns are springing into
life, and no description, can be correct, one month, which was
so, one month before. And a volume could not describe them
and our work forbids even the attempt to do so,
Portsmouth was laid out in 1805, on the northern elevated
bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Scioto river, in latitude
38° 43' north, by Henry Massie, Esquire. The Ohio and Erie
canal terminates here, three hundred and nine railes in length.
The bottora on which it stands, is sufficiently spacious for a
population of fifty, or even of one hundred thousand inhabi
tants, though at present it contains only about three thousand.
The surface of the town is four hundred and seventy feet
above the ocean, and ninety-four, below the surface of lake Erie.
To persons passing along on the Ohio river,'the aspect of the
town, with its factories, large, substantial and handsorae stores,
dwelling houses and churches, produces a pleasing effect. A
splendid new court house and jail, four churches, a raarket
house, thirty stores, two large taverns, and several boarding
houses, a printing office, and a banking bouse, are among the
buUdings of Portsmouth, Within twenty five miles of this
place on the southeast, and east of it, are twenty-five blast
furnaces for the manufacture of iron. Besides these, there
are six water forges. There is also a rolling mill in the town
itself, owned by Thoraas, Gaylord and corapafiy.
The iron thus manufactured, near Portsmouth, is worth
now, two millions of dollars annually, and is increasing rapid
ly, in amount and value. Goods are sold here, annually to the
amount of four hundred thousand dollars, besides a large
araount of coraraission business. The total value of the produc
tions of Scioto county, annually, is about one mUHon of dollars.
These productions have been constantly and rapidly increas
ing, especially during the last four years. This town must soon
be among our largest manufacturing and mercantile cities of
the western states, and so continue to be foarever. It is now im-
U

346 history of ohio.
proving rapidly, like CircleviUe, while from the depression of
business, other towns improve slowly, or are not improving at
the present time,
'Xenia, in Green county, is among our older towns. Its lo
cation is on elevated ground, and the country around it is
well watered, high, dry and healthful, Xenia is the seat of '
justice for the county. It contains some fifteen hundred in
habitants, who live well, work hard, and are healthy, moral,
prosperous and happy. Located on no large river, nor near
any canal, this town, almost as old as the state, is not as large
as it otherwise would be. But a rail road will pass through
it, and a turnpike road likewise, when Xenia will becorae a
larger town. The county of Greene is one of the best water
ed ones for farraers, in the state. Its soil is excellent, . Fruit
trees do well, and cattle, sheep and horses, are easily raised
by the farraers, in great numbers. The wheat is excellent,
which this county produces, so of the grass and corn. On
the whole, we know of no portion of this state, more desira
ble to live in, than this. For pure springs, clear peUucid
streams, and healthfulness of climate, this county vies with
our very best ones in the state. The people who Hve in it, are a
friendly, industrious and intelUgent population. Major James
GaUoway, whose name is honorably mentioned in our history
of the late war, belonged to Xenia, and his troops went from
here, and in this'county. For love of country, and devotion
to our institutions, the people of this region have none more
ardent to contend with in the race of patriotisra. The exer
tions now making to improve their condition wUl effect their
object. When the rail road is made, the owner of produce
can take it to Cincinnati,' sell it, get his pay for it and be at
hoin,e again to supper. Now it takes hira six days, at no small >
expense for carriage in wagons.
But we are aware that this article is devoted rather raore
to topography than is consistent with our work, and that this
subject is better treated in the Ohio Gazetteer, just published
by Warren Jenkins, Esquire. To that volume we respectful
ly refer all our readers. Our principal reason for touching

CITIES AND TOWNS. 347
this subject is the connection which exists between these
towns, their citizens and the events, described in our history.
From in and about these towns went our soldiers to war with
England, And the people of these towns have governed the
state, and stUl have a great influence on its destiny.
In our older towns where there are not so many new buildings
erecting in them, and so many improvements making, a
stranger might believe them to be much older than they are.
In each city or town, there are a court house and jail, and
buildings for the county offices — for the clerk of the courts,
for the auditor, sheriff, treasurer, recorder and sometimes for
the county commissioners and state's attorney. All these are
commodious and handsorae structures. The streets are paved
and there is a handsorae raarket house in many, and indeed,
all the cites and towns mentioned by us. The churches are
numerous, and sometimes spacious and even handsorae build
ings. The side walks are well paved and there are raany
other marks of older towns than they are. The stores are or
namented with goods, tastefully displayed, to attract attention.
These towns have two or more market days in the week,
when the crowd of citizens and raarket people, present a busy,
bustling aspect. The long row of wagons, carts and drays,
rerainds one of an eastern city, on a raarket morning. This
is Ohio now, happily contrasting with the past, only a few
years since. Our towns have grown up rather too rapidly
for the country around them, and marketing of all sorts is ra
ther dear, for so new a country, whose soil is so fertile. Our
farmers, obtain such high prices for all they produce, that
their wives and daughters, neither spin nor weave much cloth,
so they go to tbe store for their clothes. Cows are not kept
in very large numbers, and but little cheese is made in raost
of the counties. Butter, too, is rather scarce and dear.
Fowls are b^coraing dear — one dollar a dozen! Eggs once
but four cents a dozen, are now six and even eight cents a
dozen. Other articles are equally dear. In one particular
our towns are doing well in cultivating our own native trees,
shrubs, plants and flowers. The soU and climate suit themj

348 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and they are handsoraer, raore thrifty and in all respects
preferable to any exotics. Our three species of suraac are
handsome shrubs which never grow too large for a shade near
the house.
Among the flowers, natives of this state, the Phlox famUy
of many species, of every color almost, coming one after an
other, in the season, from spring to auturan, are becoraing fa
vorites. Among the most singular ones, the black flower
claims attention. But, the tirae would fail us, as well as the
reader's patience, to tell of all the trees and plants now being
naturalized and transplanted into our gardens, court yards,
side walks and pleasure grounds. Under the head of Botany,
the reader can see what Cincinnati has done in this way.
Since this taste for cultivating our own native plants has be
gun to prevail among us, our towns bave assumed a better ap
pearance. Our prairie flowers will sooii be gone, and lost to
the world, unless they are doraesticated. Many of thera are
araong the raost beautiful and curious in the world. Let us
hope that they may be saved from destruction.
Most of the towns have reading rooms, where a traveler
can read all the principal newspapers and periodicals. Libra
ries are increasing in nuraber as well as in size, every where
in the state, and useful knowledge is spreading, " The
school raaster is" not " abroad" in this state, but at home, at
his daily task, teaching the youth of our towns, at their homes,
or in our schools.
THE NUMBER OF OUR POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS AND
REMARKS ON ITS PROBABLE INCREASE IN FUTURE,

By estimation.

in

1791,

3,000 people.

Official,

1800,

42,156

Do,

1810,

230,760

Do,

1820,

586,000

Do,

1830,
937,679
By estimation.
1837,
1,600,000
By the same
ratio of
increase, we shall have 2,000,000 in
1840.
POPULATION. 349
At the conclusion of Wayne's War, many of his soldiers set
tled in the country. Before that time, frora 1787 to 1791 the
increase in nurabers was alraost nothing; but that war ending
in 1795, the population increased rapidly, as wUl be seen. So
immediately after the conclusion of the war with England the
increase was rapid; but from 1817 up to tbe tirae ofcomraencing
our works of internal iraproveraent, in 1825, the increase was
comparatively at a stand. The demand for labor, its high price,
the low prices of food, with the prospect of being enabled to
purchase good farms for what could, by each, be earned in a
year or two, by laboring on our canals, induced thousands to
immigrate from the East to this country, where there was so
little winter to provide for in the suramer, by the farmer. These
were inducements sufficient to draw into our State vast numbers
of young laboring raen, who wished to see more of the world,
and find a horae for theraselves and for their posterity. Our
population at present, we have reason for believing, increases
at the rate of one hundred thousand, a year. In Noveraber
1836, we gave two hundred and five thousand votes for Pre
sident, showing an increase in four years of forty thousand
votes. The excitement was not great, as it was clearly fore
seen what the result must be, between voting for William
Henry Harrison and Martin Van Buren, so far as this
state was concerned.
It may be supposed, that when our wild lands are aU sold,
our population will not increase in the sarae ratio as it has
done hitherto. It raay be supposed, too, that eraigration to the
West, frora Ohio, will be great; but we think that such is the
fertility of our soil, such the mineral treasures found in our
hilly region, and the call for labor on our Roads and Canals, .
for which we shall continue, for ages to come, to pay out rail-
lions of dollars annually, that vast nurabers will be drawn from
all the eastern states, into this. In a country where industry
of all sorts is better rewarded than in any other; where pro
visions must always be cheaper and raore abundant than in
states which purchase their provisions of us, and then transport
them a distance, and there sell them, making a profit on their
D2

350 HISTORY OF OHIO.
business. There are other considerations, not to be overlook.
ed in this estiraate — we have no slaves in this State; and in
stead of being disgraceful, labor is honored by all, here. To
laboring raen, this will always continue to be an induceraent
to corae here, from all the eastern states. Although our in
stitutions, of all sorts, are not yet what we wish them to be,
nor what they will be, jet they are decidedly better than they
are in any of our western states. Our country, as it respects
health, is no longer new — it is as healthful as New England,
perhaps even raore so, at present.
As to emigration from this state, it has all alono' been
one of the raost emigrating states in the Union. A majority
of the people in Indiana, went there from Ohio. So of Illinois.
On no route through the settled parts of those states, could we
now travel, without meeting, every where, old friends and ac
quaintances frora Ohio. We saw thera there every where, when
in their settleraents in 1829. Men, with small farras here, emi
grate, and soon own large ones where they go; but, when the
farra is sold here, it is transferred to sorae man immediately
from some eastern state, who coraes here to better his condi
tion. Eastern men can get along here, very well; but our
Ohio people do best in Indiana and Illinois. , Their previous
training has fitted them to endure and overcorae all the hard
ships incident to a new country — such as a want of mills,
roads, schools, good physicians, and the thousand advantages of
an older settleraent: butsuftering, as they raust, from the sick
ness, want of good society, without a school for their children,
without a physician to heal ^hem when sick, and without a
rainister of religion to console them amidst their multitude of
afflictions of all sorts, we envy not our old friends, in newer
countries than this. We wish them well, and pray for their suc
cess, in their new abodes. May God bless thera! Many are
the tears which they have shed, when they reraerabered Ohio,
and our thousand coraforts, compared with their present condi
tion. We have seen thera here, and we have seen thera where
they are; and our tears flowed for them and their children.
To speculate upon our future increase in population, may

population. 351
oe condemned. We care not; because the future is revealed
to us, provided Providence permit it to be so. We certainly
possess within our territory all the means of greatness  in our
people, their habits of industry and enterprise ; in our relative
position in the Union; incur mild climate; our fertUe soil;
in our internal improvements, going onward with a giant's
strides; in our freedom frora domestic slavery ; in our State pride
and patriotisra; in our love of liberty and abhorrence of slavery;
in the araple provision which we have made, are making, and
wiU raake, to educate the rising generation ; in our healthful
ness, physically and morally; in our mineral wealth, greater
than any other country on earth, of its size, can boast. We
envy not those who posses.s the silvery heights of Potosi, the
mines of Golconda and Peru, while we possess the soil of Ohio,
the mines of Ohio, the free institutions of Ohio, the people of
Ohio, and Ohio's temperate and healthful climate. We see
nothing, now, to prevent - us frora having a population of two
millions in 1840, three raillions in 1850, and of five miUions in
1860. Ohio has all the elements necessary to sustain twelve
millions of people; and that nuraber is not a large estimate for
1937. That Ohio is eventually destined to be the very first
state in this Union, in numbers, wealth and power, we cannot
doubt. We envy not any of our eastern states — nor do we
doubt, that the wealthy men there, may wish to keep their labor
ing people where they are, to work for a mere trifle for thera;
but why those who are poor, and have feet and hands, and can
use them, should tarry where they are, we do marvel, while they
can walk here with their legs, and when here, can acquire
with their hands, independent fortunes for themselves and,
their children.
We have said that many conpiderations naturaUy attracted
eastern people to this country, as a horae for themselves and
their posterity. We alluded more especially to New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and all the states east of them. But, even the
Virginians are coming here in considerable numbers; and as to
the Marylanders, we call them Ohio people now. They are,
always were, and always will be, our natural friends, in peace

352 HISTORY OF OHIO.
and war, in prosperity and adversity. Maryland has always
Stood by us, as friends, whom we esteem, admire, and love.
The Kentuckians are bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh
— we are one people. And do what they will to prevent it,
at home, the young Virginians who travel will visit us ; and
having seen us, they will tarry here. The young men of
Virginia, having seen us, our Canals and* River, our Lake and
our Roads, all covered with moving, active, and enterprising
people,^ — having seen all our people, in their towns, or on their
farras — all employed, all engaged in active industry of some
sort, naturally forsake dull, old Virginia, now " tired" out, and
settle down here. The political power is departing frora the
East to the West — even now, a raajority of the nation live in
the Valley of the Mississippi, What then, wUlbe the relative
strength of the East and the West twenty-three years hence?
And what will it be one hundred, years hence, when the old
Northwestern Territory alone, will contain thu:ty millions of
people? general character of the people.
The act of congress of 1787, justly considered as the Mag
na Charta of Ohio, and all of the states northwest of the Ohio
river, ordained that there never should be here, slavery, or in
voluntary servitude. That act widely promulgated, all over
the world, arrested the special attention of all the genuine
lovers of liberty and haters of slavery, in all lands. Hence
we have had flowing towards us, a flood of immigrants who
love liberty. Made up of such ingredients, it is easy to con
ceive, that with the addition of the young, the enterprising,
athletic, bold, daring and ambitious, of all states and all coun
tries, the whole mass would be such as never was found any
where else in the world. The result of their labors, thus far, is
seen, in this volume and we challenge all history to produce its
parallel. In vain do we look into the tomes of history, or listen
to the tales of gray tradition, in order to find any other state,
now, or ever in existence, that, in fifty years, increased from

character OF the people. 353
three thousand souls to one mUlion six hundred thousand. Du
ring this very period, we have had two wars to pass through, pro
secuted by England, with all her raeans of annoyance; and
she was assisted, too, by hordes of the wUdest, raost cruel, most
brave, and warlike savages on the globe. We had, too, an
iraraense forest to clear off — a sickly cliraate, originaUy, to
contend with, as all settlers in any other new country have.
It raay be said that congress has done much for us. We
answer, not much. All the lands which congress have grant
ed to us, to the very last acre, have been paid for, either di
rectly or indirectly. Being weak, when admitted into the
Union, we made as good a bargain as we could with congress;
but StiU a very poor bargain, by agreeing not to tax congress
lands. It was on our part a most wretched bargain. "But
congress gave us some lands to assist us in making our ca-
iials." YeS, congress gave us five hundred thousand acres of
land, which congress could not sell at any price, on condition
that we made a canal through congress lands; and by raeans
of our improvements, the remaining lands of the United States
have sold for six dollars and upwards, on an average, an acre,
which congress could not otherwise have sold, to this day, for
six cents an acre. We feel grateful that we have had many
votes for western measures, in congress, at different times,
from all the states except New Hampshire and Maine, and tbe
New York Bucktails. Ohio has, in return, been friendly to
her friends, in congress.
In the west, our young men take precedence, of the older
men, whereas in our eastern Atlantic cities, tbe younger law
yers and physicians, complain, with what prqiriety, we do not
pretend to know, that the older raen of their professions, keep
all the business in their own hands. Should these young raen
visit Ohio, they would find every thing reversed. They would
see placed on the bench, very young raen, generally, presi
ding there; and the older and more experienced lawyers,
standing before them, at the bar! And as soon as a judge be
comes qualified for his station, some younger man, who per-
45 d2*

354 history of ohio.
haps, has never plead ten causes of any importance— -before
he has had two years practice, before he has had scarce
ly any acquaintance with men and their dealings, he is
placed on the bench as a president judge, instead of a
man of greater and better qualifications. And this last
one, will be displaced by some younger aspirant in his
turn. So of the young physician, who comes forward at once,
and occupies, often, the place of his older, and better qualifi
ed predecessor. In older states, though the snows of fifty
winters raay have whitened the head, it is not, therefore, in
ferred, that the heart is chilled by thera. The wise men of
the east, do not suppose that there is any. period in huraan
life, in which we cannot make new acquisitions in knowledge;
in which we cannot be useful, innocent and happy. There
seems to be a set of ascetics in the West, who think that as
soon as a few gray hairs appear in any man's head, he ought
to be excluded from all business, public and private; that he
ought to withdraw himself from society ; become idle, dull, in
sipid, and wholly useless to raankind. Is there any period of
huraan life, in which men of learning, science andtaste,should
be secluded from the society of the good, innocent and virtu
ous, of both sexes? To men Hke Franklin, Jefferson, Jay,
Clinton, Marshall, and a thousand others, whom we could easi
ly name ; MEN to whom business and books, science and lit
erature; all the pleasures of taste,, friendship and society, have
furnished all that refines and strengthens the raind; renovates
and expands all the affections of the heart; old age exhibits
no diminution of either talent or happiness. Such raen, when
they cease to be statesraen, do not the less love raankind, the
less rejoice in human happiness, nor the less participate in it.
Too many in our country, think and act as if there was a law
of the mind, which limits its pleasures and powers to some
particular period of human life. There is no such period.
His physical powers may be diminished, his senses somewhat
blunted, but the impressions which they have so long convey
ed to hira, reraain vivid ; and the treasures which tbey have
conveyed to him are laid up, " where no moth can corrupt,

character of the people. 355
and no thief can break through and steal them." The ob
jects of bis early affections, may have been taken frora him
by death ; but, if they were wise, virtuous and innocent hu
man beings, they have only preceded hira a few years, to his
and their ultimate, eternal' home; and they raust have left with
him, ten thousand tender recollections, that will becorae dear
er and dearer ; and hopes that will shine brighter and brighter,
every day, during his life time. Such a man from his age, pro
found learning, knowledge of mankind, disinterestedness and
sincerity, broad and liberal views, experience of all kinds;
business talents, and other qualifications, is fitter for any high
civil station, than at any earlier period of his life.
However, the present course of things in this respect, will
be changed, within a few years, when the state becomes more
fully settled. Frora the very nature of circumstances, we in
Ohio, are now exactly half way between the highest, and low
est states of society. In the very wisest society, age is hon
ored — so it is equally in the savage state, but here, either ve
ry young raen, or new coraers among us, take the lead in eve
ry thing. Time, experience and good sense, will eventually
cure the evU of which we may now so justly complain.
In a country where every man is a sovereign, means should
be used to make that sovereign a wise and good one. Good
masters make good servants. Too much pains cannot be ta
ken by our legislature, and all our influential men, to diffuse
the lights of knowledge, morality and religion, among the
great raass of the people. That we have, considering our
age as a state, considering our reraote interior situation, and
all the hardships in the way when Ohio was originally settled;
located as the early' iraraigrants were, in a vast wilderness,
where savages, fierce and barbarous roamed among wild beasts
—that we have prospered, we say, more than any other peo
ple ever did in the world, is most certain ; but our exertions to
improve our condition, are by no means to be relaxed. It will
require increased activity every raoraent, to keep pace with
tbe age in which we live ; and as our means of doing good in
crease, the increased numbers of our people will require in-

356 history of ohio.
creased activity to instruct them, and point out to them the
roads which lead fo prosperity, comfort and happiness — to el
evate their views, and finally to make Ohio, what it ought to
be, the first state in this Union,.in numbers, knowledge, wealth
and political power. Hiving attained that elevated point, it
will then be our duty to use our power and influence so as to
wrong no- one, to do justice, and make it the interest of all
our neighbors to be our friends. Our position in the nation is
peculiarly felicitous, as to soil, climate and productions, and
it will be our own fault if we are not the happiest people in
the Union. state library.
The state library was established in the year 1817. It was
commenced with only about five hundred volumes, but, through
the liberality and fostering care of the legislature of the state,
it now contains more than five thousand volumes of books,
most of which are of a choice kind, and selected with great
judgment and taste. It erabraces nearly all of the American,
and sorae of the most approved Foreign Periodicals ;. and a
great variety of such historical and miscellaneous works as
are anxiously sought by a reading community. The legisla
ture has usually made a small annual appropriation for the
purchase of books ; and these appropriations have, by a judi
cious application, already rendered the state library a pleasing
resort for all men of reading and science, from, difierent sec
tions of the state, who make a temporary stay at Columbus.
The law portion of the state library affords great conveni
ences to gentleraen of the legal profession ; and the annual
purchases of new works, have usually embraced many of the
most valuable of the reports of the different states, and the
most learned treatises on the science of law and Americao,
jurisprudence,.

STATE officers. 357
officers of the territorial government.
appointed in 1788, under the ordinance of congress.
Arthur St. Clair, Governor.
Sarauel H. Parsons, Jaraes M. Varnum, John Cleves
Symmes, Judges.
Winthrop Sargeant, Secretary, William H. Harrison was
subsequently appointed secretary of the territory; he was af
terwards elected delegate to congress.
Governors of the state,
AFTER THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION,
Edward Tiffin, elected and sworn 3d March, - - 1803
Thomas Kirker,* (acting governor part of the year,) 1808
Samuel Huntington, elected and sworn in - - 1808
Return J. Meigs, do. do, - - 1810
Othniel Looker,* (acting governor part of tbe year,) 1814
Thomas Worthington, elected . - - . 1814
Ethan Allen Brown, do, - - - - . 1818
Allen Ti imble,* (acting governor part of the year,) 1822
Jereraiah M irrow, elected - - - - - 1822
Allen Trimble, elected ------ 1826
Duncan McArthur, do.  1830
Robert Lucas, do. - - - - - 1832
Joseph Vance, do. - - - - - 1836
Secretaries of state.
Williara Creighton, junior, elected - - - - 1803
Jeremiah McLene, do, - - - - 1808
Moses H. Kirby, do, - - - - 1831
Benjarain Hinkson, do. - - - - 1834
Carter B. Harlan, do. - - - 1835

*Th08e niaiked with a star, were presidents of the senalo, who were, by
the constitution, governors for short periods only.

358 history of ohio.
Auditors of state.
Thomas Gibson, elected . - . - . 1803
Benjarain Hough, do. ..... 1808
Ralph Osborn, do. ..... 1815
John A. Bryan, do, ..... 1833
Treasurers of state.
'f'
William McFarland, elected .... 1803
Hiram M. Curry, do. .... 1817
Samuel Sullivan, do. .... 1820
Henry Brown, do. .... 1823
Joseph Whitehill, , do.
The names of the respective state librarians are as follows:
John L. Harper, Librarian from 1817 to 1818
John M'Elvain, « 1818 to 1820
David S. Broderick, « 1820 to 1824
Zachariah Mills, " 1824 to the present time.
Judges of the Supreme Court.
Return J. Meigs, William W. Irvin, Elijah Hayward,
Samuel Huntington, Ethan Allen Brown, John M. Goodenow,
WiUiam Sprigg, Calvin Pease, Reuben Wood,
George Tod, John M'Lean, John C. Wright,
Daniel Symraes, Jessup N. Couch, Joshua CoUett,
Thoraas Scott, Charles R. Sherman, Ebenezer Lane.
Thoraas Morris, Peter Hitchcock,
President Judges.
The naraes of the President Judges, frora the organization
of the governraent, are as follows:
Francis Dunlevy, Orris Parish, Frederick Grimke,
Wyllis Silliman, J. H. Hallack, John M. Goodenow,
Calvin Pease, Alexander Harper, Matthew Burchard,

state officers.

359

William 'W'ilson,
John Thompson,
JJenjamin Ruggles,
Joseph H. Crane,
Peter Hitchcock,
George Todd,

Ezra Osborn, Ezra Dean,
George P. Torrence, Joseph Swan,
John M'Dowell, John W. Price,
Guslavus Swan, Joshua CoUett,
Ebenezer Lane, Reuben Wood,
Benjamin Tappan.

Members of the Convention,
WHO FORUED THE STATE CONSTITPTION, ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT CHIL
LICOTHE, NOVEMBER 29th, 1803.
ED'WARD TIFFIJN, President and representative from the co. of Ross.
- - - ¦ — — ( iStiWM. Adams County,
. Joseph Darlinton, Israel Donalson, and Thomas Kirker.
^ -  -^ From Belmont Couniy,
fames CaldwoU and Elijah Woods.
''\ . —¦ -^j'' Erom Clermont County,
. rhilip Gatch and James Sargent.
- - -7' Eaan Fairfield County,
Henry Abrams and Emanuel Carpenter. , .
( From, Hamilton County,
John W. Browne, Charles Willing Byrd, Francis Dunlavy, William Go-
forth, John Kitchel, Jeremiah Morrow, John Paul, John Reily, John Smith,
and John Wilson. E^rom Jefferson County,
Rudolph Bair, George Humphrey, John Milligan, Nathan Updegraff, and
Bazaleel Wells. From Ross County,
Michael Baldwin, James Grubb, Nathaniel Massie, and T. Worthington.
- . Etomi' Trumbull County,
David Abbot and Samuel Huntington.
I From, Washington Connty,
Ephiaim Cutler, Benjamin Ives Gilman, John M'Intire, and Rufus Put
nam. Thomas Scott, Secretary of the Convention.
The following embraces the names of all the Senators, and all tho mem
bers of the House of Representatives who have from time to time been elected,
and have represented this State in the Congress of the United States until
1836,

T, Worthington,
John Smith,
Edward Tiflin,
Retnrn J. Meigs,
S. Griswold,
Alexamler Campbell,
Jeremiah Morrow,

SENATORS OF
In. Out.
(1803-1807; 1810-1814 03-08 07-0908-1009-09
09-13 13-19

Joseph Kerr,
Benjamin Ruggles,
William A. Trimble,
Ethan A. Brnwn,
'NVilliam H'. Harrison,
Jacob Burnet,
Thomas Ewing,
Thomas Morris,

Jn. Out.
1814-1815 15-3319-22
22-95
25-28 28-3131-37
33-39

360

history of OHIO.

REPRESENTATIVES OF CONGRESS.

In. Out,
TO II IT . 1799-1800
W. H. Harrison, ^q^q_^s19
WUliam M'MUlan, 00-01
Paul Fearing, 01-03
Jeremiah Morrow, 03-13
William Creighton, Jo7~3o
John Alexander, 13-17
Benjamin Beall, 13-15
James Caldwell, 13-17
James Kilbourne, 13-17
John M'Lean, 13-16
David Clendenen, 15-17
Levi Barber, lai-'?^
Philemon Beecher. joqIoo
John W. CampbeH, 17-27
Sarauel Herrick, 17-21
Peter Hitchcock, 17-19
Henry Brush, 19-21
Thomas R. Ross, 19-25
John Sloan, 19-29
David Chambers, 21-23
Joseph Vance, 21-35
Mordecai Bartley ^*31
James W. Gazlay, 23-25
Duncan M' Arthur, 23-25
William M'Lean 23-29
John Patterson, 23-25
Samuel F. Vinton, 23-37
Elisha Whittlesey, 23-37
William Wilson, 23-27
John C. Wright, 23-29
James Findlay, 25-35

WUliam Kennon,

In, Out.
David Jennings, 1825-1S26
J. Thompson, Ross co, 25-27
J, Thomson, Colum, co, 29-37
John Woods, 25-29
Thomas Shannon, 26-27
John Davenport 27-29
William Russel, 27-33
WiUiam Stanberry, 27-33
Francis Muhlenberg, 28-28
Joseph H. Crane, 29-37
JohnM, Goodenow, 29-31
WiUiam W, Irvin, 29-33
(29-33 |35-37
Jaraes Shields, 29-31
Eleutherus Cooke, 31-33
Thoraas Corwin, 31-37
Hurapbrey H. Leavitt, 31-34
Williara Allen, 33-35
Jaraes M. Bell, 33-35
John Chaney, 33-37
Thomas L. Hamer, 33-37
Benjarain Jones, 33-37
Robert T. Lytle, 33-35
Jereraiah M'Lene, 33-37
Robert Mitchell, 33-35
William Patterson, 33-37
Jonathan Sloane, 33-37
David Spangler, 33-37
Taylor Webster, 33-37
Daniel Kilgore, 34-37
Bellamy Storer, 35-37
Williara K.Bond, 3.5-37
Sampson Mason, 35-37
Elias Howell. 35-37

MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY. 361
Members of the General assembly, who passed the first effi
cient act, for raaking our canals. The session commenced De
cember 3rd, 1821. MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY.
From the counties of
Adams, George R. Fitzgerald,
Ashtabula, Robert Harper.
Athens, Elijah Hatch,
Belraont and Monroe, Wm. Dunn, Alexander Armstrong and
Thoraas Shannon.
Brown, George Edwards.
Butler, James Shields, Robert Anderson and Joel Collins.
Clark, John Dougherty.
Champaign, Aaron L. Hunt
Clerraont, Gideon Minor,
Clinton, Jaraes Harris,
Colurabiana, Wm. Blackburn, Peter Musser and Daniel Har
baugh,
Coshocton, Jaraes Robinson.
Cuyahoga, Josiah Barber.
Delaware, Joseph Eaton.
Darke and Shelby, Jacob MUler.
Fairfield, Robert F. Slaughter and George Sanderson.
Fayette, Jaraes Carothers.
Franklin, John R. Parish,
Greene, WiUiara M. Townsley,
Guernsey, Lloyd Talbott,
Harailton, Clayton Webb, M. T. Williams, J, C, Short and S.
R. Miller.
Harrison, John Patterson.
Highland, Richard Collins,
Huron and Sandusky, David Abbott,
Jefferson, Jaraes Wilson and Samuel McNary.
Knox, Royal D. Simons,

362 HISTORY OF OHIO.
Licking, WiUiara W, Gault,
Logan and Wood, John Shelby,
Madison and Union, William Lewis,
Meigs, Gallia and Jackson, David Boggs and George House.
Miami, Thomas W. Furnas.
Montgomery, George Grove and Samuel Archer,
Morgan and Washington, William M, Dawes and Timothy
Buell,
Muskingum, Williara H, Moore and Alexander Harper.
Perry, Roswell Mills.
Pickaway and Hocking, Caleb Atwater and Valentine Keffer.
Portage and Medina, Jonathan Sloane, and Jaraes Moore,
Preble, Daniel Saylor.
Richland, Jaraes Hedges,
Ross, Thomas Worthington, Archibald M'Lean, William Vance,
Scioto, Pike and Lawrence, William Kendall and Caleb Hitch
cock.
Stark, John Myers.
Trumbull, Thomas Howe.
Tuscarawas, George Richardson.
Warren, John Bigger and Thomas Corwin.
Wayne, Benjamin Jones. MEMBERS OF SENATE.
From the counties of
Fairfield, Elnathan Scofield.
Hamilton, Eprhaim Brown.
Butler, James Heaton,
Warren, Nathaniel M'Lean,
Green and Clinton, Williara R, Cole,
Franklin, Delaware, Madison and Union, Joseph Foos.
Licking and Perry, John Spencer,
Wayne, Thoraas M'Millan,
Portage and Medina, Jonathan Foster.
Harrison, James Roberts.

VOTE ON CANALS. 363
Meigs, Gallia and Jackson, Daniel Womeldorf.
Scioto, Pike and Lawrence, Robert Lucas,
Trumbull, Eli Baldwin.
Brown, Nathaniel Beasly
Stark, Michael Ozwalt.
Cuyahoga, Huron and Sandusky, Alfred KeUy,
Jefferson, David Sloan.
Montgomery, WUliam Blodget.
Colurabiana, Gideon Hughes.
Belmont, David Jennings.
Adams, Thomas Kirker.
Champaign, Clark, Logan and Wood, James Cooley.
Pickaway and Hocking, John Barr.
Geauga and Ashtabula, Samuel W. Phelps.
Richland and Knox, John Shaw.
Muskingura, Thomas Ijams.
Washington, Athens and Morgan, Sardine Stone.
Clermont, Thomas Morris.
Highland and Fayette, Allen Trimble,
Ross, Duncan M' Arthur,
Guernsey, Tuscarawas and Coshocton, Williara M'Gowan.
Preble, Miami, Darke and Shelby, Walter Buell, (one year.)
Members of the General Asserably of 1824-5 who passed the
necessary laws for raaking our canals; for adopting a system
of education for coramon schools, and changing the mode of
taxation. The yeas and nays are also given, as follows, to wit :
Assembly.
Yeas. Messrs. Isaac Atkinson, John Bigger, Jacob Blick-
ensderfer, William Cary, Leonard Case, William Ceilings, Isaac
Cook, Williara Coolman, Matthias Corwin, John Cotton, Samuel
Coulter, Edraond Dorr, John Dougherty, Jeremiah Everett,
Richard Fallis, Thomas Flood, Jacob Frederick, Thomas Gatch,
John M. Gray, Thomas Hanna, Robert Harper, Batteal Harri-

364 HISTORY OF OHIO.
son, David Higgins, Homer Hine, George B. Holt, Andrew V.
Hopkins, Thomas Irwin, Thomas . King, Joseph Kyle, James
W. Lathrop, Philip Lewis, John Liest, Jacob Lindsey, John
Lucas, Alexander MConnell, John M'Corkle, Samuel M'Henry,
John Means, David Mitchell, Edward L, Morgan, Elias Murray,
Joseph Olds, Thomas L. Pierce, Thomas Rigdon, James Robi
son, of Coshocton, Jaraes Robison, of Wayne, Joseph W, Ross,
Almon Ruggles, Thoraas Shannon, James Shields, Robert F.
Slaughter, Stephen C. Smith, Adam Swan, John Turner, Wil
liam WUey, George W. Williams, Thomas Worthington, M, T.
Williaras, Speaker — ^58.
^AYs. Messrs Williara Blackburn, Ephraim Brown, George
Brown, John Cochran, John Davenport, George Edwards, Wil
liam Harailton, Jaraes Hedges, John Hubbard, William Lowry,
WUUam E. RusseU, John Shelby, Jacob Ward — 13.
Senate.
Yeas. Messrs John Augustine, Edward Avery, Z, A. Beatty,
D. H, Beardsley, Ebenezer Buckingham, junior, Samuel Cald
well, Jacob Catterlin, Jacob Claypool, Joel Collins, David
Grouse, Ephraim Cutler, Owen T, Fishback, George Fithian,
Joseph Foos, Nathan Guilford, Samuel H. Hale, David F. Hea
ton, David Jennings, Thomas Kirker, Henry Laffer, Robert
Lucas, WiUiam Manning, George Newcomb, Aaron Norton,
David Shelby, Matthew Simpson, David Sloane, William Stan-
bery, Clayton Webb, Sarauel Wheeler, Daniel Womeldorf,
Jabez Wright, Robert Young, Allen Trimble, Speaker — 34,
Nays. Messrs WUliam Gass, Daniel Harbaugh — 2.

APPENDIX.

No. I.
IN CONGRESS, JUL'? 13, 1787.
4i( ORDINANCE POR THE GOVERNMENT OP THB TERRITORY OF THB
XnSflTEn STATES, NORTHWEST OP THE RIVER OHIO.
Be IT oRDAiNBn, by the United States in Congress assembled.
That the said territory, for the purposes of temporary govern
ment, be one district; subject, however, to be divided into two,
districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Con
gress, make it expedient.
Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that the estates
both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said
territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed
among their children, and the descendants of a deceased child,
in equal parts ; the descendants of deceased child or grand
child, to take the share of their deceased parent, in equal parts,
among them; and where there shall be no children or descend
ants, then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal degree^
and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or
sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts, among them,
their deceased parent's share; and there shall in no case be a
distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood ; saving
in all cases to the widow of the intestate, her third part of the
real estate for life, and one third part of the personal estate;
and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in
k2*

366 APPENDIX.
full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And
until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter
mentioned, estates in the said territory raay be devised or be
queathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or
her, in whom the estate raay be (being of fuU age), and attest
ed by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by
lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed and deUv
ered by the person, being of full age in whom the estate raay
be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly
proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execu
tion thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after
proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall be appointed for
that purpose; and personal property raay be transferred by deliv
ery, saving however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants,
and other settlers on the Kaskaskias, St, Vincents, and the neigh
boring villages, who have heretofore professed theraselves citi
zens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among
them relative to the descent and conveyance of property.
Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that there shall
be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose
commission shall continue in force for the term of three years^
unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the dis
trict, and have a freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres
of land, while in the exercise of his office. There shall be
appointed from time to time, by Congress, a secretary, whose
commission shaU continue, in force for four years, unless sooner
revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold'
estate therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exer
cise of his office ; it shall be bis duty to keep and preserve the
acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records
of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his exe
cutive department; and transmit authentic copies Of such acts
andproceedingS, every six months, to the secretary of Congress-
There shall be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any
two of whom to form a court, who shall have a coraraon law
jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein,
a freehold estate in five hundred acres of land, while in the

APPENDIX. 367
exercise of their offices ; and their commissions shall continue
in force during good behavior.
The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt
and publish in the district, such laws of the original states,
criminal and civil, as raay be necessary, and best suited to the
circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress, from
time to tirae, which laws shall be in force in the district untU the
organization of the general asserably therein, unless disapprov
ed of by Congress; but afterwards, the legislature shall have
authority to alter thera as they shall think fit.
The governor for the time being, shall be ' commander-in-
chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the
same, below the rank of general officers. All general officers
shall be appointed and comraissioned by Congress.
' Previous to the origanization of the general assembly, the
governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers,
in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the
preservation of the peace and good order in the same. Af
ter the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and
duties of magistrates and other civil ofiicers shall be regulated
and defined by the said asserably; but aU magistrates and civil
officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the con
tinuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the
governor. For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be
adopted or made, shall have force in all parts of the district,
and for tbe execution of process, criminal and civil, the gov
ernor, shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed
from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out
the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have
been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, how
ever to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the
Legislature. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants,
of full age, in the district; upon giving proof thereof to the Gov
ernor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to
elect representatives from their counties or townships, to repre-

368 APPENDIX.
sent them in the general assembly: provided, that for every five
hundred free male inhabitants there shall be one representative,
.and so on progressively with the number of liree male inhabit
ants, shall the right of representation increase, until tbe numbei
of representatives shall amount to twenty-five, after which the
number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by
the Legislature : provided, that no person be eligible or qualified
to act as a representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of
one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the
district, or unless he shaU bave resided in tbe district three
years, and in either case shall likewise hold in his own right,
in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same ; pro-
vided also, that a free-hold in fifty acres of land in the district,
having been a citizen of one of the states, and being resident
in the district, or the like free-hold and two years residence in
the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector
of a representative.
The representative thus elected, shaU serve for the term of
two years, and in case of death of a representative or removal
from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or
township for which he was a member, to elect another in his
stead, to serve for the residue of the terra.
The general assembly, or legislature shall consist of the
governor, legislative council, and a house of representatives.
The legislative council shaU consist of five jAembers, to con
tinue in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress,
any three of whom to be a quorum, and the members of the
council, ^all be nominated and appointed in tbe following man
ner, to wit: as soon as representatives shall be elected, the
governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet to
gether, and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, resi
dents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five
hundred acres of land, and return their names to congress;
five of whom congress shall appoint and commission to serve
as aforesaid; and whenever a vacancy shaU happen in council,
by death or removal from office, the house of representatives
shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each va-

APPENDIX. 369
cancy, and return their names to congress, one of whom, con
gress shall appoint and coraraission for the residue of the term;
and every five years, four months at least before the expiration
of the time of service of the raerabers of councU, the said
house shall norainate ten persons qualified as aforesaid, and re
turn their naraes to congress, five of whom congress shall ap
point and commission to serve as members of council five
years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative
councU, and house of representatives, shall bave authority to
make laws in all cases for the good government of the district,
not repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance
established and declared. And all bills having passed by a
majority in the house, and by a mfeijority in the coun
cU, shall be referred to the governor for his assent; but no
bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without
his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, pro-
togue, and dissolve the general asserably, when in his opin
ion it shall be expedient.
The Governor, judges, legislative councU, secretary, and
such other officers as congress shall appoint in the district,
shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity, and of office — the
governor before the president of congress, and all other offi
cers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be
formed in the district, the councU and house, asserabled in one
roora, shall have authority by joint ballot to elect a delegate
to Congress, who shall have a seat in congress, with the right
of debating, but not of voting, during this teraporary govern
ment. And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and
religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these repub
lics, their laws and constitutions, are erected, to fix and es
tablish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions
and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in
the said territory; to provide also for the establishraent of
states, and perraanent governraent therein, and for their ad
mission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing
47

370 APPENDIX.
with the original states, at as early periods as may be consis?
tent with the general interest:
It is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority afore
said, that the following articles shall be considered as articles
of compact between the original states and the people- and
states ih the said territory, and forever reraain unalterable, un
less by common consent, to wit:
Article I. No person demeaning himself in a peaceable
and orderly manner, shaU ever be molested on account of his
mode of worship or religious sentiments in the said territory.
Article II. The inhabitants of said territory shall always
be entitled to the benefit of the writ of habeas corpu.s, and of
the trial by jury; of a proportionate representation of the peor
pie in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings according to
the course of the common law; .all persons shall be bailable
unless for capital offences, where the proof shall be evident,
or the presumption great; all fines shall be moderate, and no
cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted; no man shall
be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgraent of
his peers, or the law of the land; and should the public exi
gencies raake it iiecessarj', for the comraon preservation to take
any person's property, or to demand his particular services,
full compensation shall be raade for the same; and in the just
preservation of rights and property, it is understood and de
clared that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in
.said territory, that shall in any raanner whatever, interfere
with or affect private contracts or eiigageraents, bonafide, and
without fraud previously forraed.
Article IU. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being ne
cessary to good governraent and the happiness of raankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever be encoura
ged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards
the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from
them without their consent; and in their property, rights and
liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in
iust and lawful wars, authorized by congress; but laws found
ed in justice and humanity, shall, from time to time, be made,

APPENDIX. 371
for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving
peace and friendship with thera.
Article IV. The said territory, and the states which may
be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this confed
eracy of the United States of Araerica, subject to the articles
of confederation, and to such alteration therein, as shall be
constitutionaUy made; and to all the acts and ordinances of
the United States in congress assembled, conformable thereto.
The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory, shall be sub
ject to pay a part of the federal debts contracted, and a pro
portional part of the expenses of the governraent to be ap
portioned on them, by congress, according to the same cora
mon rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall
be made on the other states; and the taxes for paying their
proportion, shall be laid and levied, by the authority and di
rection of the legislatures of the districts, or new states, as
in the original states, within the time agreed upon by the Uni
ted States in congress asserabled. The legislatures of those
districts or new states, shall never interfere with the primary
disposal of the soil by the United States in congress assem
bled, nor with any regulations congress may find necessary
for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers.
No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United
States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed
higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into
the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrjing places be
tween the same shall be coramon highways and forever free,
as well to the inhabitants of the said territory, as to the citi
zens of the United States, and those of any other states that
raay be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, im
post, or duty therefor.
Article V, There shall be formed in said territory, not
less than three, nor raore than five states, and the boundaries
as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of session and consent
to the sarae, shall become fi.xed and established as follows, to
wit: The western state in said territory shall be bounded by
the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash rivers; a direct line

372 APPENDIX.
drawn, from the Wabash and Post Vincents due north to fhe
territorial line between the United States and Canada, and by
the said territorial Hne to the Lake of the Woods and Missis
sippi, The raiddle state shall be bounded by the said direct
line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio,
by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great
Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial
Hne. The eastern state shall be bounded by the last men
tioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said ter
ritorial line ; provided, however, and it is further understood
and declared, that the boundaries of these three states shall
be subject so far to be altered, that if congress shall hereafter
find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or
two states in that part of the territory which lies north of an
east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or ex
treme of lake Michigan: and whenever any of the states
shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such states
shall be admitted by its delegates, into the congress of the
United States, on an equal footing with the original states, in
all respects whatsoever ; and shall be at liberty to form a per
manent constitution and state government: PromdetZ, the con
stitution and governraent so to be forraed, shall be republican,
and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles-..
and so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of
the confederaey, such admission shall be had at an' earlier pe
riod, and when there raay be a less nuraber of free inhabitants
in the state than sixty thousand.
Article VI. There shall be neither slavery nor involunta
ry servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in punish-
raent of crimes whereof the pairty shall have been duly con
victed: Provided, always, that any person escaping into the
same, from whom labor or service is lawfully clairaed in any
oue of the original states, such fugitive raay be lawfully re-
clairaed and conveyed to the person clairaing his or her labor
or service as aforesaid.
Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that the resolu
tions of the 23d of AprU, 1784, relative to the subject of this

APPENDIX. 373
ordinance, be and the same are hereby repealed and declared
null and void.
remarks on the preceding act of congress.
In March, 1784, Virginia ceded to the United States the
territory northwest of the river Ohio, and stipulated that the
citizens thereof should " have their possession and title con
firmed to them, and be protected in their rights and liberties."
Soon after tbe cession was made. Congress referred the sub
ject to a committee, consisting of Jefferson of Virginia, Chase
of Maryland, and Howell, of Rhode Island, This committee
reported an ordinance of fundamental law for the government
of the Territory, and of the States to be formed out of it; one
provision of which was, " That after the year 1800 of the
Christian era, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude in any of the States, otherwise than in punishment of
crimes, whereof the party shall have been convicted to have
been personally guilty," — A motion was made to strike out
this clause: "And on the question, shall the words raoved to
be struck out, stand?" the yeas and nays being required by
Mr. HoweU:
New Hampshire, Mr Foster, ay. )
Blanchard, ay, J ^'
Massachusetts . . Mr. Gerry, ay. )
Patridge, ay. 5 •''
Rhode Island . . Mr. Ellery, ay. }
HoweU, ay. J ^^•
Connecticut , , Mr, Sherman, ay, >
Wadsworth, ay. J ^'
NewYork , , , , Mr. DeWitt, ay.)
Paine, ay. | ¦''
New Jersey, . . . . Mr, Dick, ay. (1.)
Pennsylvania , . . Mifflin, ay. 1
Montgomery, ay, > ay.
Hardy, ay. )
Maryland . . Mr, M'Henry, no. ) ^^
Stone, no. )
(1) To entitle a State to a vote, she must have at least two members pre
sent. F2

¦374 APPENDIX.

Virginia .... Mr. Jefferson, no. )
Hardy, no. > no.
Mercer, no. )
North Carolina . . , Mr, Spaight, no. ) ¦,¦
Williamson ay.
South Carolina , . . Mr. Read, no.

Beresford, no.

I no.
So the question was lost, and the words were struck out. " (2.)
" March 16, 1785, a motion was made by Mr. King, and
seconded by Mr. Ellery, that the following proposition be com
mitted :
" That there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servi
tude in any of the States described in tbe resolve of con
gress of the 23d of April, 1784, otherwise than in the punish
ment of crimes whereof the party shall have been personally
guilty: and that this regulation shall be an article of compact,
and remain a fundamental principle of the Constitutions be
tween the thirteen original states, and each of the states describ
ed in the said resolve of the 23d April, 1784."
On the question of commitment. New Hampshire, Massachu
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, NewYork, New Jersey, Penn
sylvania and Maryland, voted in the affirmative : Virginia, (3^
North Carolina and South Carolina in the negative. So it
was resolved in the affirmative.
On the 7th of July, 1786, Congress resolved that the stipula
tion contained in the cession of Virginia, respecting the division
into separate States of the territory northwest of the Ohio riverj
would be attended with great inconvenience, and recoramend-
ed Virginia to revise and alter the terras of cession, which was
afterwards done.
September 29, 1786, Congress took into consideration an
ordinance for the government of the Western Territory report
ed by a coraraittee consisting of Johnson of Connecticut, Pick-
ney, of South Carolina, Sraith, of New York, Dane, of Massa
chusetts, and McHenry, of Maryland : and, after considering
(2) Seven, or a majority of the whole number of States, (thirteen,) were
wanted to carry a question.
(3) Grayson voted in the affirmative ; Hardy and Lee in the negative.

APPENDIX. 375)
it from time to time, it was recommended to a comraittee con
sisting of Carrington and R, H, Lee, of Virginia, Dane, of Mas-
Bachusetts, Kean, of South Carolina, and Smith, of New York,
whose report was read the fhst time, July 11, 1787, This
ordinance is similar, in its leading and fundamental provisions,
to that reported in 1784 by the coraraittee of which Mr Jeffer
son (4) was chairman, and, like that, contained a prohibition
of slavery in the following words: "There shall be neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory; other
wise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted." On the 13th of July, 1787, this
ordinance was adopted by Congress, with the concurrence not
only of every State, but every individual member of every
State present, except one, Mr. Yates of New York,
On the 27th of December, 1788, Virginia passed a resolution
offering to cede, and on the 3d of Deceraber, 1789, passed an
act in which she " forever ceded and relinquished to Congress
and Government of the United States, in full and absolute right
and exclusive jurisdiction as well of soil as of persons residing
or to reside therein, pursuant to' the tenor and effect of the 8th
section of the first article of the Constitution of the Govern
ment of the United States," a tract of country not exceeding
ten miles square, for the perraanent seat of Governraent of the
United States. The cession of Maryland, for sirailar purpose,
was raade Deceraber 23, 1789, and is absolute and without
restriction or limitation.
This statement of facts shows, — 1st, That Virginia ceded
to the United States an extensive territory, separated frora her
only by a river, and bordering on her for about one thousand
mUes, Kentucky being then a part of Virginia. 2d, That Con
gress had, after having had the subject under consideration
for more than three years, abolished slavery in it by the
extraordinary concurrence of all its merabers who voted, except
(4) To Mr. Jefferson is therefore justly due the credit of the ordinance for
the government of the Northwest Territory, and not Mr. Dane, as claimed fat
hira by his New England friends.

376 APPENDIX.
one. 3d, That the measure originated with Thomas Jefferson,
the favorite son of Virginia and of the nation, and who was
assisted by Chase, a prominent son and distinguished jurist of
Maryland. And 4th, That with the knowledge of these facts,
and imraediately afler their occurrence, Virginia and Maryland
ceded the district of Columbia to the United States, without
restriction as to the prohibition of slavery, or indeed without
imposing as many restrictions as Virginia did when she ceded
the northwest territory.
Seeing, then, what Congress had done in abolishing slavery
in what had been a part of Virginia, and in which territory
there were a considerable number of slaves, how can it be said
that Virginia and Maryland would not have ceded the district
of Colurabia, if they had supposed Congress would ever abolish
slavery in it? or that the doing so now, at the expiration of
near half a century, can be conceived to violate any implied
faith to those two states?
I wUl only add, in conclusion, what a strange contrast tbe
proceedings of 1787 present to those of 1837 1 Then the aboli
tion of slavery in an extensive territory, bordering on tbe slave-
holding states, met with no opposition. No fears were then en
tertained that such an act would endanger the Union, or tend
to disturb the quiet of any portion of it. It was not then de
nounced as the first step of Congress to abolish slavery in the
slaveholding states. No; slavery was then considered by all
as an evil ; now it is pronounced by some a blessing. What
strange perversion! What strange delusion! Especially in
this enUghtened and liberal age, when there is abroad an ameli
orating spirit, more powerful in its effects in the moral and poli
tical world than the steara-engine is in the mechanical.

APPENDIX. 377
No. II.
CONSTITUTION OF TllE STATE OF OHIO.
We, the people of the Eastern Division of the Territory of the
United States, northwest of the River Ohio, having the
right of adraission into the General Government, as a raera
ber of the Union, consistent with the Constitution of the
United States, the ordinance of Congress of one thousand
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the law of Congress,
entitled "An Act to enable the people of the Eastern Divis
ion of the Territory of the United States northwest of the
river Ohio, to forra a Constitution and State Governraent,
and for the adraission of such State into the Union, on an
equal footing with the original States, and for other purposes;
in order to establish justice, proraote the welfare and secure
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
ordain and establish the following Constitution or form of
Government; and do mutuaUy agree with each other to form
ourselves into a free and independent State, by the name of
the State of Ohio. ARTICLE I.
Seo. 1, The Legislative autboritj^ of this State shall be
vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Sen
ate and House of Representatives, both to be elected by the
people. Sec 2. Within one year after the first meeting of the Gen
eral Assembly, and within every subsequent term of four years,
an enumeration of all tbe white male inhabitants above twen
ty-one years of age, shall be made in such manner as shall be
directed by law. The number of representatives shall, at
the several periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by
the legislature and apportioned among the several counties,
according to the number of white male inhabitants above twen
ty-one years of age in each, and shall never be less than twen-
48 f2*

378 APPENDIX.
ty-four nor greater than thirty-six, until the number of white
male inhabitants above twenty-one years of age shall be twen
ty-two thousand ; and after that event, at such ratio that the
whole number of representatives shall never be less than thir
ty-six, nor exceed seventy-two.
Sec. 3. The Representatives shall be chosen annuaUy, by
the citizens of each county respectively, on the second Tues
day of October.
-Sec 4. No person shall be a representative, who shaU not
have attained the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of
the United States and an inhabitant of this state ; shall also
have resided within the limits of the county in which he shall
be chosen, one year next preceding his election, unless he
shall have been absent on the public business of the United
States or of this state ; and shall have paid a state or county tax.
Sec 5. The senators shall be chosen biennially, by the
qualified voters for representatives ; and on their being con
vened in consequence of the first election, they shall be divi
ded, by lot, from their respective counties or districts, as
near as can be, into two classes; the seats of the senators of
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first
year, and of the second class at the expiration of the second
year ; so that one half thereof, as near as possible, may be annu
ally chosen forever thereafter.
Sec 6, The number of senators shall, at the several pe
riods of making the enuraeration before raentioned, be fixed by
the legislature, and apportioned araong the several counties or
districts, to be established by law, according to the nuraber of
white raale inhabitants of the age of twenty-one years in each,
and shall never be less than one-third, nor more than one half
of the nuraber of representatives.
Sec 7. No person shall be a senator who has not arrived
at the age of thirty years, and < is a citizen of the United
States; shall have resided two years in the county or district
immediately preceding the election, unless he shall have been
absent on the public business of the United States, or of this
State; and shall, moreover, have paid a state or county tax.

APPENDIX. 379
Sec 8, The senate and bouse of representatives, when
assembled, shall each choose a speaker and its other officers,
be judges of the qualifications and elections of its members,
and sit upon its own adjournments: two thirds of each house
shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num
ber may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance
of absent merabers.
Sec 9. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed
ings, and publish thera : the yeas and nays of the raerabers,
on any question, shall at the desire of any two of them, be
entered on the journals.
Sec 10. Any two merabers of either house shall have lib
erty to dissent from, and protest against, any act or resolution
which tbey may think injurious to the public or any individual,
and have the reasons of their dissent entered on the journals.
Sec. 11. Each house may determine the rules of its pro
ceedings, punish its merabers for disorderly behavior, and
with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a raeraber, but not
a second tirae for the sarae cause ; and shall have all other
powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free and
independent state.
Sec 12. When vacancies happen in either house, the
Governor, or the person exercising the power of the Governor,
shall isssue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
Sec 13. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases
except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged
from arrest during the session of the general asserably, and in
going to and returning from the sarae ; and for any speech or
debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any
other place.
Sec 14. Each house may punish by imprisonraent, du
ring their session, any person not a raeraber who shall be guil
ty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or conteraptu-
ous behavior in their presence ; provided such imprisonment
shall not, at any one time, exceed twenty-four hours.
Sec 15. The doors of each house, and of committees of
the whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as the

380 APPENDIX.
opinion of the house require secrecy. Neither house shall,
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two
days, nor to any other place than that in which the two hous
es shall be sitting.
Sec 16. Bills may originate in either house, but may be
altered, amended or rejected by the other.
Sec 17. Every bill shall be read on three different days in
each house, unless in case of urgency, three-fourths of the
house where such bill is so depending, shall deem it expedi
ent to dispense with this rule: and every bill having passed
both houses, shall be signed by the speakers of their respec
tive houses.
Sec 18, The style of the laws of this state shall be,
" Be it enacted by the general a,ssembly of the state of Ohio.''''
Sec 19, The legislature of the state shall not allow the
following officers of Governraent greater annual salaries than
as follows, until the year one thousand eight hundred and eight,
to wit: The Governor, not raore than one thousand dollars;
the Judges of the supreme court, not more than one thousand
dollars each; the Presidents of the courts of comraon pleas,
not raore than eight hundred dollars each; the Secretary of
State, not more than five hundred dollars; the Auditor of pub
lic accounts, not more than seven hundred and fifty dollars ;
the Treasurer, not more than four hundred and fifty dollars ;
no member of the legislature shall receive more than two dol
lars per day, during bis attendance on the legislature, nor
more for every twenty-five miles he shall travel in going to,
and returning from, the general assembly.
Sec 20, No senator or representative shall, during the
time for which he shaU have been elected, be appointed to
any civil office under this state, which shaU have been crea
ted, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased
during such time.
¦ Sec 21, No moneys shall be drawn from the treasury, but
in consequence of appropriations made by law.
Sec 22, An accurate statement of the receipts and ex-

appendix. 381
penditures of the public money, shall be attached to, and pub
lished with the laws annually.
Sec 23, The house of representatives shall have the
Bole power of impeaching, but a majority of all the raerabers
must concur in an impeachment: all irapeachraenfs shall be
tried by the senate; and when sitting for that purpose, the
senators shall be upon oath or affirraation, to do justice accord
ing to law and evidence: no person shall be convicted with
out the concurrence of two-thirds of all the senators.
Sec 24. The Governor, and all other civil officers under
this state, shall be liable to impeachraent for any misderaea-
nor in office ; but judgment in such case shall not extend fur
ther than removal from office, and disqualification to hold any
office of honor, profit or trust, under this state. The party,
whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable
to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to
law. Sec 25, The first session of the general assembly shall
commence onthe first Tuesday of March next; and forever
after, the general assembly shall meet on the first Monday of
December, in every year, and at no other period, unless direc
ted by law, or provided for by this constitution.
Sec 26, No judge of any court of ,law or equity, secreta
ry of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court of
record, sheriff or collector, raeraber of either house of con
gress, or person holding any office under the authority of this
state, (provided that appointraents in the Militia or justices of
the peace, shall not be considered lucrative offices,) shall be
eligible as a candidate for, or have a seat in, the general as
serably. Sec 27. No person shall be appointed to any office within
any county, who shall not have been a citizen inhabitant
therein, one year next before his appointraent, if the county
shall have been so long erected, then within the limits of the
county or counties out of which it shall have been taken.
Sec 28. No person, who heretofore hath been, or hereaf
ter may be, a collector or holder of public moneys, shall have

382 appendix,
a seat in either house of the general assembly, until such per
son shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all
sums for which he may be accountable or liable.
article II.
Sec 1, The supreme executive power of this state shall
be vested in a Governor.
Sec 2, The Governor shall be chosen by the electors of
the members of the general assembly, on the second Tuesday
of October, at the same places, and in the same manner, that
they shall respectively vote for members thereof. The re
turns of election for Governor, shall be sealed up and trans
mitted to the seat of government, by the returning officers, di
rected to the speaker of the senate ; who shall open and pub
lish them, iri the presence of a raajority of the raerabers of
each house of the general assembly: the person having the
highest nuraber of votes shall be governor; but if two or raore
shall be equal and highest in votes, one of thera shall be cho
sen governor by joint ballot of both houses of the general as
serably. Contested elections for governor, shall be determin
ed by both houses of the general asserably, in such raanner as
.^hall be prescribed by law.
Sec 3. The first governor shall hold his office until the
first Monday of Deceraber, one thousand eight hundred and
five, until another governor shall be elected and qualified to
office ; and forever after, the governor shall hold his office for
the terra of two years, and until another governor shall be
elected and qualified; but he shall not be eligible more than
six years in any term of eight years. He shall be at least
thirty years of age, and have been a citizen of the United
States twelve years, and an inhabitant of this state four years
next preceding his election.
Sec 4, He shall, from time to time, give to the general
asserably inforraation of the state of the governraent, and re-
coraraend to their consideration such measures as he shall
deem expedient.

appendix. 383
¦Sec 5. He shaU have the power to grant reprieves and
pardons after conviction, except in cases of impeachment.
Sec 6, The governor, shall, at stated times, receive for
his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased
nor diminished, during the terra for which he shall have been
elected. Sec 7, He raay require information, in writing, from the
officers in the executive departraent, upon any subject rela
ting to the duties of their respective offices, and shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed.
Sec 8, 'When any officer, the right of whose appointment
is, by. this Constitution, vested in the general asserably, shall,
during the recess, die, or his office by any means become va
cant, the governor shall have the power to fill such vacancy,
by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the
next session of the legislature.
Sec. 9, He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
general assembly by Proclamation, and shall state to them,
when assembled, the purposes for which they shall have been
convened. Sec 10. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and
navj' of this state and of the railitia, except when they shall
be called into the service of the United States.
Sec 11, In case of disagreeraent between the two houses,
with respect to the tirae of adjournment the governor shall
have power to adjourn the general assembly to such tirae as
he thinks proper : Provided, It be not a period beyond the an
nual meeting of the legislature.
Sec 12. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation or
removal of the governor from office, the speaker of the sen
ate shall exercise the office, of governor, until he be acquit
ted, or another governor shall be duly qualified. In case of
the impeachraent of the speaker of the senate, or his death, or
reraoval from office, resignation or absence frora the state, the
speaker, of the bouse of representatives shall succeed to the
office, and exercise the duties thereof, until a governor shall
iie elected and qualified.

384 appendix.
Sec 13. No member of congress, or person holding any
ofiice under the United States, or this state, shall execute the
office of governor.
Sec 14. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be
kept by the governor, and used by hira ofiicially, and shall be
called « THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF OHIO."
Sec 15, All grants and coraraissions shaU be in the name
and by the authority of the State of Ohio, sealed with the seal
signed by the governor, and countersigned by the secretary.
Sec 16. A secretary of state shall be appointed by a joint
ballot of the senate and house of representatives, who shall
continue in office three years, if he shall so long behave him
self well: he shall keep a fair register of aU the official acts and
proceedings of the governor; and shall, when required, lay the
same, and all papers, minutes and vouchers relative thereto,
before either branch of the Legislature; and shall preform such
other duties as shall be assigned him by law.
ARTICLE III.
Sec 1. The Judicial power of this State, both as to matters
of law and equity, shall be vested in a Suprerae Court, in
Courts of Coraraon Pleas for each county, in Justices of the
Peace, and in such other courts as the legislature may, from
time to tirae, establish.
Sec 2, The Suprerae Court shall consist of three Judges, any
two of whora shall be a quorum. They shall have original and
appellate jurisdiction, both in common law and chancery, in
such cases as shall he directed by law . Provided, That nothing
herein contained, shall prevent the general assembly from
adding another Judge to the Suprerae Court after the term of
five years, in which case the Judges raay divide the state into
two circuits, within which, any two of the Judges raay hold a
court. Sec 3, The several Courts of Coraraon Pleas, shall consist
of a President and Associate Judges, The state shall be divi
ded, by law, into three circuits : there shall be appointed in

appendix. 385
each circuit a President of the Courts, who, during his continu
ance in office shall reside therein. There shall be appointed
in each county, not more than three, nor less than two As
sociate Judges, who, during their continuance in office, shall
reside therein. The President and Associate Judges, in their
respective counties, any three of whom shall be a quorum, shall
compose tbe Court of Common Pleas ; which court shall have
comraon law and chancery jurisdiction in all such cases, as
shall be directed by law: Provided, That nothing herein con
tained shall be construed to prevent the legislature from in
creasing the number of circuits and presidents, after the term
of five years.
Sec 4, The Judges of the Suprerae Court and Courts of
Common Pleas, shall have complete criminal jurisdiction, in
such cases, and in such manner, as raay be pointed out by law.
Sec 5. The Court of Common Pleas in each county, shall
have jurisdiction of all probate and testamentary matters,
granting adrainistration, the appointraent of guardians; and
such other cases as shall be prescribed by law.
Sec 6. The Judges of the Court of Common Pleas shall,
within their respective counties, have the same powers with
the Judges of the Supreme Court, to issue writs of certiorari to
the Justices of the Peace, and to cause their proceedings to be
brought before thera, and the like right and justice to be done.
Sec 7. The Judges of the Suprerae Court shaU, by virtue
of their offices, be conservators of the peace throughout the
state. The Presidents of the Courts of Comraon Pleas shall,
by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace in their
respective circuits; and the Judges of the Courts of Coramon
Pleas shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the
peace in their respective counties.
Sec 8, The Judges of the Supreme Court, the Presidents and
the Associate Judges of the Courts of Coramon Pleas, shall be
appointed by a joint ballot of both houses of the general as
serably, and shall hold their offices for the terra of seven years,
if so long they behave well. The Judges of the Suprerae
49 G2

386 appendix.
•Court and the Presidents of the Courts of Common Pleas, shall
at stated times, receive for their services an adequate compen
sation, to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished du
ring their continuance in office; but they shall receive no fees
or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit or
trust under the authority of this state or the United States,
Sec 9. Each Court shall appoint its own clerk for the term
of seven years ; but no person shall be appointed clerk, except
pro tempore, who shall not produce to the Court appointing
him, a certificate from a majority of the Judges of the Suprerae
Court, that ttiey judge hira to be well qualified to execute the
duties of the office of clerk to any court of the sarae dignity
with that for which he offers hiraself. They shall be reraova-
ble for breach of good behavior, at any tirae, -by the Judges of
the respective Courts.
Sec 10. The Suprerae Court shall be held once a year, in
each county, and the Courts of Coramon Pleas shall be holden
in each county, at such times, and places as shall be prescribed
by law.
Sec. 11. A coraplete number of Justices of the Peace shall
be elected by the qualified electors in each township in the
several counties, and shall continue in office three years whose
powers and duties shall, from tirae to tirae, be regulated and
defined by law.
Sec 12. The style of all process shall be, " The State of
Ohio:" all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by
the authority of the State of Ohio; and all indictments shall
conclude against the peace and dignity of tbe same.
ARTICLE IV.
Sec 1. In all elections, all white male inhabitants above
the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the State one
year next preceding the election, and who have paid, or are
charged, with a state or county tax, shall enjoy the right of
an elector; but no person shall be entitled to vote, except in

appendix. 387
the county or district in which he shall actually reside, at the
time of the election.
Sec 2. All elections shall be by ballot.
Sec, 3, Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony or
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, during their at
tendance at elections, and in going to, and returning from, the
same. Sec 4. The Legislature shall have .,f\iU power to exclude
from the previlege of electing or being elected, any person
convicted of bribery, perjury, or any other infamous crime.
Sec 5. Nothing contained in this article, shall be so constru
ed as to prevent white raale persons above the age of twenty-
one years, who are corapelled to labor on the roads of their
respective townships or counties, and who have resided one
year in the state, from having the right of an elector.
ARTICLE V.
Sec 1. Captains and subalterns in tbe miUtia, shall be
elected by those persons in their respective company districts
subject to military duty.
Sec 2. Majors shall be elected by the captains and subal
terns of the battalion.
Sec 3. Colonels shall be elected by the majors, captains
and subalterns of the regiment.
Sec 4. Brigadiers general shall be elected by commissioned
officers of their respective brigades.
Sec 5. Majors general and quartermasters general, shall
be appointed by joint ballot of both houses of the legislature.
Sec 6. The governor shall appoint the adjutant general.
The majors general shall appoint their aids and other division
staff officers. The brigadiers general shall appoint their brig
ade raajors and other brigade staff officers. The coraraanding
officers of regiments shall appoint their adjutants, quarterraas-
tersand other regimental staff officers; and the captains and
subalterns shall appoint their non-commissioned officers and mu
sicians.

388 APPENDIX.
Sec 7. The captains and subalterns of the artUlery and
cavalry, shall be elected by the persons enrolled in their re
spective corps; and the majors and colonels shall be appointed
in such manner as shall be directed by law. The colonel,
shall appoint their regimental staff; and the captains and subal
terns their non-coraraissioned officers and musicians.
ARTICLE VI.
Sec 1. There shall be elected in each county, one sheriff
and one coroner, by the citizens thereof, who are qualified to
vote for members of the assembly: they shall be elected at tbe
tirae and place of holding elections for members of assembly :
they shall continue in office two years, if they shall so long
behave well, and until successors be chosen and duly qualified :
Provided, That no person shall be eligible as sheriff for a long
er term than four years in any term of six years.
Sec 2. The state treasurer and auditor shall be triennially
appointed by a joint ballot of both houses of the legislature.
Sec 3. All town and township offices shall be chosen an
nually, by the inhabitants thereof, duly qualified to vote for
members of assembly, at such tirae and place as may be direc
ted by law.
Sec 4. The appointraent of all cjvil officers, not otherwise
directed by this constitution, -shall be made in such manner as
may be directed by law. ARTICLE VII.
Sec 1. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed to
any office of trust or profit, under the authority of this state,
shall, before the entering on the execution thereof, take an
oath or affirraation to support the constitution. of the United
States and of this state, and also an oath of office.
Sec 2. Any elector, who shall receive any gift or reward for
his vote, in meat, drink, raoney or otherwise, shall suffer such
punishment as the law shall direct; and any person who shall

APPENDIX. 389
directly or indirectly, give, promise or bestow, any such re
ward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable, for two
years, to serve in the office for which he was elected, and be
subject to such other punishment as shall be directed by law.
Sec 3. No new county shall be established by the general
assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or either
of them, from which it shall be taken, to less contents than
four hundred square miles ; nor shall any county be laid off, of
less contents. Every new county, as to the right of suffrage
and representation, shall be considered as a part of the county
or counties frora which it was taken, until entitled by nurabers
to the right of representation.
Sec 4. Chillicothe shall be the seat of gOvernraent until
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight. No money
shall be raised until the year one thousand eight hundred and
nine, by the legislature of this state, for the purpose of erect-
ijig public buildings for the accoramodation of the legislature.
Sec 5. That after the year one thousand eight hundred and
six, vi^henever two thirds of the general asserably shall think it
necessary to araend or change this constitution, they shall re-
comraend to the electors, at the next election for raerabers to
the general assembly, to vote for or against a convention ; and
if it shall appear that a raajority of the citizens of the state,
votingfor representatives have voted for a convention, the gen
eral asserably shall, at their next session, call a convention, to
consist of as raany members as there be in the general assem
bly; to be chosen in the same manner at the same place, and
by the same electors that choose the general asserably ; who
shall raeet within three months after the said election, for the
purpose of revising, amending or changing the constitution.
But no alteration of this constitution shall ever take place, so
as to introduce slavery or involuntary servitude into this state.
Sec 6. That the liraits and boundaries of this state be as
certained, it is declared, that they are as hereafter mention
ed; that it is to say: bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania
line, on the south by the Ohio river to the raouth of the Great
Miami river, on the west by the line drawn due norlh from the
g2*

390 APPENDIX.
mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an
east and west line drawn through the southern extreme of Lake
Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line
aforesaid, frora the inouth of the Great Miami until it shall in
tersect Lake Erie on the territorial line, and thence with the
same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid:
Provided always. And it is hereby fully understood and declar
ed by this convention that if the southerly bend or extreme of
Lake Michigan should extend so far south that a line drawn
due east from it should not intersect Lake Erie, or if it should
intersect the said Lake Erie, east of the mouth- of the Miami
river of the Lake, then and in that case, with the assent of
the congress of the United States, tbe northern boundary of
this state shall be established, by and extend to, a direct line
running from a southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the
most northerly cape of the Miami Bay, .after intersecting the
due north line frora the raouth of the Great Miarai river as
aforesaid, thence northeast to the territorial line, and by the
said territorial line," to tbe Pennsylvania line.
ARTICLE VIII.
That the general, great and essential principles of liberty
and free governraent may be recognized and forever ultimate
ly established, wo declare.
Sec 1. That all men are born equally free and indepen
dent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable
rights; amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and
liberty, acquiring, possessing and projecting property, and pur
suing and obtaining happiness and safety; and every free re
publican government, being founded on their sole authority,
and organized for the great purpose of protecting their rights
and liberties, and securing their independence ; to effect these
ends, they have at all times a complete power to alter, reform
or abolish their government, whenever they may deem it ne
cessary. Sec 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary

APPENDIX. 391
servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishraent of
crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted;
nor shall any raale person arrived at the age of twenty-one
years, or feraale person arrived at the age of eighteen years,
beheld to serve any person as a servant under the pretence
of indenture or otherwise, unless such person shall enter into
such indenture while in a state of perfect freedom, and on
condition of a bona fide consideration, received or to be re
ceived, for their service, except as before excepted. Nor shall
any indenture of any negro or raulatto hereafter made and ex
ecuted out of the state, or if made in the state where the
term of service exceeds one year, be of the least validity, ex
cept those given in the case of apprenticeships.
Sec 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right
to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of con
science; that no human authority can in any case whatever,
control or interfere with the rights of conscience ; that no man
shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of
worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent ; and
that no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any re
ligious society or mode of worship, and no religious test shall
be required as a qualification to any office of trust or profit.
But religion, morality and knowledge, being essentially neces
sary to good governraent and the happiness of raankind,
schools and the raeans of instruction shall forever be encour
aged by legislative provision, not inconsistent with the rights
of conscience.
Sec 4. Private property ought and shall ever be held
inviolate, but always subservient to the public welfare, provi
ded a corapensation in money be made to the owner.
Sec 5, That the people shall be secure in their persons,
houses, papers and possessions, frora unwarrantable searches
and seizures; and that general warrants whereby an officer
may be comraanded to search suspected places, without proba
ble evidence of the fact coraraitted, or to seize any person or
persons not named, whose offences, are not particularly de-

392 APPENDIX.
scribed, and without oath or affirmation, are dangerous to lib
erty, and shall not be granted.
Sec 6. That the printing jpresses shall be open and free
to every citizen who wishes to exaraine the proceedings of
any branch of government, or the conduct of any public offi
cer; and no law shall ever restrain the right thereof. Every
citizen has a right to speak, write or print, upon any subject,
as he thinks proper, being liable for the abuse of that liberty.
In prosecution for any publication respecting the official con
duct of men in a public capacity, or where the matter publish
ed is proper for public information, the truth thereof may al
ways be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libels,
the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the
facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases.
Sec 7, That all courts shall be open; and every person,
for an injury done hira in his lands, goods, person or reputa
tion, shall have remedy by the due course of law, and right
and justice administered without denial or delay.
Sf,c 8. That the right of trial by jury shall be inviolate.
Sec 9, That no power of suspending laws shall be exer
cised unless by the legislature,
Seb. 10. That no person arrested or confined in jail, shall
be treated with unnecessary rigor, or be put to answer any
criminal charge, but by presentment, indictraent or impeach
ment. Sec 11. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused
hath a right to be heard by hiraself and his counsel; to de
mand the nature and cause of the accusation against him; and
to have a copy thereof to meet the witnesses face to face : to
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;
and in prosecutions by' indictment or presentment, a speedy
public trial, by an impartial jury of tbe county or district in
which the offence shall have been committed; and shall not
be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor shall he be
twice put in jeopardy for the same offence.
Sec 12. That all persons shall be baUable by sufficient
sureties, unless for capital offences, where t^e proof is evi-

APPENDIX. 393
dent or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ
of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in case
•f rebeUion or invasion, the public safety may require it.
Sec 13. Excessive baU shaU not be required; excessive
<ines shall not be imposed ; nor cruel and unusual punishraent
inflicted. Sec 14. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature
of the offence. No wise legislature will affix the sarae punish
ment to the crime of theft, forgery, and the like, which they
do to murder and treason. When the sarae undistinguished
severity is exerted against all offences, the people are led to
forget the real distinction in the criraes themselves, and to
comrait the raost flagrant, with as little compunction as they
do the slightest offences. For the same reasons, a multitude
of sanguinary laws are both impolitic and unjust : the true de
sign of all punishments being to reforra, not to exterminate,
mankind. Sec 15. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison, after
delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditor or credit
ors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Sec 16. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing tho
validity of contracts, shall ever be made ; and no conviction
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate.
Sec 17. That no person shall be liable to be transported
out of this state, for any offence coraraitted within the state.
Sec 18. That a frequent recurrence to the fundamental
principles of civil government, is absolutely necessary to pre
serve the blessings of liberty.
S:pc 19. That the people have a right to assemble togeth
er, in a peacable manner, to consult for their coraraon good, to
instruct their representatives, and to apply to the legislature
for a redress of grievances.
Sec 20. That the people have a right to bear arms for
the defence of theraselves and the state: and as standing
armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they shall
50

394 ' APPENDIX.
not be kept up; and that the military shall be kept undei
strict subordination to the civil power.
Sec 21. That no person in this state, except such as are
eraployed in tbe army or navy of tbe United States, or militia
in actual service, shall be subject to corporal punishment un
der the military law.
Sec 22. That no soldier, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time qf
war, but in the raanner prescribed by law.
Sec 23. That the levying taxes by the poll is grievous
and oppressive; therefore, the legislature shall never levy a
poll tax for county or state purposes.
Sec 24. That no hereditary emoluraents, privileges or
honors, shall ever be granted or conferred by this state.
Sec 25. That no law shall be passed to prevent the poor
in the several counties and townships within this state, from
an equal participation in the schools, academies, colleges and
universities within this state, which are endowed, ih whole or
in part, from the revenue arising from donations made by the
United States, for the support of schools and colleges ; and the
doors of the said schools, academies and universities, shall be
open for the reception of scholars, students and teachers, of
every grade without any distinction or preference whatever,
contrary to the intent for which said donations were made.
Sec 26. That laws shall be passed by the legislature,
which shall secure to each and every denomination of re
ligious societies, in each surveyed township which now is, or
may hereafter be, formed in the state, an equal participation,
according to their number of adherents, of the profits arising
from the land granted by congress for the support of religion,
agreeably to the ordinance or act of congress, making the ap
propriation. Sec 27. That every association of persons, when regular
ly formed, within this state, and having given themselves a
name, raay, on application to the legislature, be entitled to re
ceive letters of incorporation, to enable them to hold estates,

APPENDIX. 395

real and personal, for the support of their schools, academies,
colleges, universities, and for other purposes.
Sec 28. To guard against the transgressions of the high
powers, which we have delegated, we declare that all powers,
not hereby delegated, remain with the people.

SCHEDULE,

Sec 1. That no evils or inconveniences may arise from
the change of a territorial government to a perraanent state
governraent, it is declared by this convention, that all rights,
suits, actions, prosecutions, clairas and contracts, both as it re
spects individuals and bodies corporate, shall continue, as if no
change had taken place in this governraent.
Sec 2. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, due and owing
to the territory of the United States, northwest of the river
Ohio, shall inure to the use of the state. All bonds executed
to the governor, or any other officer in his official capacity, in
the territory, shall pass over to the governor or other officers of
the state, and their successors in office, for the use of the state,
or by hira or them to be respectively assigned over to the use
of those concerned, as the case raay be.
Sec 3. The governor, secretary and judges, and all other
officers under the territorial governraent, shall continue in the
exercise of the duties of their respective departments, until
the said officers are superceded under the authority of this
constitution. Sec 4, AU laws, and parts of laws, now in force in this
territory, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall continue
and reraain in full effect, until repealed by the legislature, ex
cept so much of the act, entitled "an act regulating the adrais
sion and practice of attorneys and counsellors at law," and of
the act made amendatory thereto, as relates to the term of time
which the applicant shall bave studied law, his residence with
in the territory, and the term of tirae which he shall have
practiced as an attorney at law, before be can be adraitted
to the degree of a counsellor at law.

396 APPENDIX.
Sec 5, The Governor of the state shall make use of his
private seal, until a state seal be procured.
Sec 6, The president of the convention, shall issue writs
of election to the sheriffs of the several counties, requiring
thera to proceed to the election of a governor, members, of the
general assembly, sheriffs and coroners, at the respective elec
tion districts in each county, on the second Tuesday of Jan
uary next; which elections shall be conducted in the manner
prescribed by tbe existing election laws of this territory: and
the members of the general assembly, then elected, shall con
tinue to exercise the duties of their respective offices untU the
next annual or biennial election thereafter, as prescribed by
this c'onstitution, and no longer.
Sec 7. Until the first enumeration shall be made, as direc
ted in the second section of the first article of this constitution
— the county of Hamilton shall be entitled to four senators and
eight representatives; the county of Clerraont, one senator
and two representatives; the county of Adams, one senator
and three representatives; the county of Ross, two senators
and four representatives ; the county of Fairfield, one senator
and two representatives; the county of Washington, two sena
tors and three representatives ; the county of Belmont, one
senator and two representatives ; the county of Jefferson, two
senators and four representatives; and the county of TrnrabuU,
end senator and' two representatives.
I)one in convention at Chillicothe, the twenty-ninth day of
Noveraber, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun
dred and two, and of the independence of the United States
of Araerica, the twenty -seventh.
In the testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed
our names. EDWARD TIFFIN, President.
Attest. Thomas Scott, Secretary.

appendix. 397
No. III.
EXTRACT FROM A BRITISH PAPER SPEAKING OF US. *
" Base hypocrite ! You boast of liberty while one sixth part
of you are slaves. Look at your twelve southern provinces
with two and a half millions of enslaved citizens bearing all
the shades of color frora the Caucasian to the Ethiopean. On
the return of each 4th of July, rail and descant on raitres and
crosiers and sceptres, and denounce royalty, in all its forms,
while above, and beneath, and around about the orator of the
day, stand forth in characters of blood the distinct mottoes of
your land. Down with discussion! lynch law triumphant!
SLAVERY FOR EVEr! HaIL COLUMBIA HAPPY LANd!
" Ornament your hails with scourges, wet with the blood of the
sons of freedom, who dare to advocate the natural rights of
man. Snuff the sweet savor of the tar cauldron, and delight
your eyes, with the gibbet reared aloft in terror of those who
would not bend the knee to the dark spirit of slavery.
"And then join in the gentlemanly mob to protect liberty
and law, by taking special care of the press and the mail, as
the wolf would care for and protect the lamb.
" And finally by way of adraonition to our Araerican brethren
we would say, " Spare, O, spare, the name of liberty from fur
ther pollution until you have reraoved from your capitol, the
greatest slave market in Christendom. — Abolish your internal
slave trade. Undo the heavy burden, cut asunder the bonda
that make men chattels; in a word, becorae what you dare not
conteraplate — a nation of freeraen. Then, and not till then,
will the genius of liberty, breathe her ambrosial breath upon
your land. " REMARKS.
It may be thought by some persons, that our remarks on Eng
land and Englishmen are quite too severe, on the page, to
* See Page 212. j..2

398 APPENDIX.
which this appendix refers. Doctor McKeehan's capture and
imprisonment, sent as he was, to administer relief, to our sick
and wounded men, in Proctor's wood yard, is the most shame.
less, barbarous and cowardly transaction, recorded in history.
Previous to Doctor McKeehan's mission, that is, on the
22nd of January 1813, Proctor pledged his honor, to protect
the wounded prisoners until the next morning, when he would
send sleds to convey them frora Frenchtown to Araherstburgh.
The next morning at early day light, two hnndred Indian war
riors coming from Maiden, killed and burned the wounded, in
the houses of the citizens where they lay. These were Proc
tor's SLEDS, these two hundred warriors ! In recounting such
transactions, we have said what we have in the text, for say
ing which, we offer no apology and never will make any. We
loathe the British government, not the good people of England.
But, to those who think our remarks ill-timed, during a pro
found peace, between us and England, we bring forward, an ex
tract, honestly copied from an English paper, in which the
reader can see, how we are spoken of in England during this
sarae peace.
This extract, ran through all the papers frora John O'Groat's
house to Land's End. The piece from which it was copied, was
applauded to the echo, by all parties, in every part of Great
Britain, With this explanation, we dismiss the subject.

APPENDIX. 399
SUPPLEMENTARY REMARKS ON THE SCHOOL LANDS AND THB
SYSTEM OP EDUCATION FOR COMMON SCHOOLS.
We have already stated that there were in this state seve
ral districts, all of them entitled to a thirty-sixth part of their
superficial contents, for the support of common schools.
In 1838-7 the subject of school lands and common schools,
iu the general assembly, was taken up, and it was generally
agreed, that something must be done, but there was no suf
ficient data to act upon, Complaints, it is true, came up from
every part of the state, sorae of one thing and some of another,
and there was much difference in the proposed remedies, A
superintendent was appointed for one year, to collect informa
tion on all the subjects connected with the department, and
make report to the legislature with such recbmraendations as
appeared necessary to place the systera on proper ground.
One thing that seemed to require the iraraediate attention of
the departraent was the school lands. The state was divided
into so raany different grants, each having distinct school lands,
and the legislation had been volurainous and complicated,
adopted frequently to proraote the interests of individuals who,
pretending advantage to the schools, sought an appropriation
for personal advantage. It was made the duty of no individ
ual, or departraent, to superintend this interest, and great in
iquity was practised, while the legislature sought hone.'^tly fo
do right.
When the law passed, allowing the sale of the school lands,
it was intended for iraraediate effect, and the frauds afterwards
practised were not foreseen. No lirait as to value was fixed
for the sale of the lands, the result necessarily was, that, in the
new counties where there was but little demand for lands, and,
but few residents, soraetiraes, not five freeholders in a township,
and, not a quarter of the land entered, the school land was sold
for from ten cents an acre and upwards. The most extensive
speculations were made in this way. It was soraetiraes worth,
in a few years, several hundred per cent, more than it brought.
A price should have been fixed, below which, the land should

400 APPENDIX.
not have been sold, and not have left it to the valuation of
men, who were sometimes iraposed upon, and sometimes inte
rested. Nor should it have been sold until the government
lands were all taken up in the township.
A still greater fraud was committed in surrendering tbe
leases. Some of tho most valuable school lands were first
leased, on " improvement leases," that is, the tenant took a
quarter section of land, for ten or fifteen years. He was bound
to build a cabin, and clear some fifteen or twenty acres of
land; and might clear any larger quantity. He paid no rent,
the iraproveraent was the consideration of tbe lease and the use
of tbe land. After these leases expired, the land was leased for
ninety-nine years, renewable forever. Thus, the tenant paid
for rent, the interest on the estiraated value of the land, and it
was to be revalued every fifteen or twenty years, as the lease
might call for. At such revaluation, the tenant was bound to
pay the interest oh such amount as might be fixed on as the
value of the land, without iraproveraents. In our rapid settle
ment, land thus leased for from five to fifty cents per acre, esti
mating the land to be worth from one dollar to eight dollars,
subject to such revaluation every fifteen years, and before the
expiration of the fifteen years, the land was soraetimes worth
ten times the first estimate. The law, directing the sale of
school land, allowed these tenants to surrender their leases,
and on paying the araount of the last valuation to receive deeds
in fee simple for the land. So they obtained the land at
$3 or $4 an acre, and soraetiraes for less, when it was worth
from fifty dollars to one hundred dollars an acre ! In this way
at least a million of dollars have been lost to the school fund of
this state, and by the sacrifice of premature sales, another large
sum has been lost. In the winter of 1838 both of these prac
tices were put a stop to, so that what land remains will proba
bly be carefully managed. At least we so hope.
The different school funds are as follows :
The Connecticut Western Reserve Fund is the proceeds of
56,000 acres of land, or $158,656. It belongs to the several

APPENDIX. 401
counties in the Western Reserve, in which, at the last enume
ration there were 76,000 youth to be taught by it.
The United States Military District Fund, being the proceeds
of school lands given to that part of the state, is now$109,193,
and the territory had 58,860 youth to bO' taught by it.
The Virginia Military School Fund is coraposed of the pro
ceeds of 105,155 acres of land, given for the use of schools in
the tract of country reserved by Virginia for satisfying her raili
tary clairaants. Sixty-eight thousand seventeen acres of it
are sold for $129,550, the residue is leased on perraanent leases
without revaluation, and produces $4,503 per annum. The
nuraber of children is 72,500 in this district.
The three tracts of country before named, composing about
one-third of the state, have no school sections reserved, and the
lands thus given are in lieu of such sections. The Connecti
cut Reserve has recently obtained 20,000 acres in addition,
which is well located and worth at least four dollars an acre.
The people will profit by their former error, and by keeping
this tract a few years, they will realize, at least, $15 an acre
for it.
The residue of the state, vvith sorae sraall exceptions, has eve
ry section sixteen, being one-thirty-sixth part of each township.
reserved for school purposes. Under the various proceedings
for the sale of these sections, there have been sold soraething
more than 240,000 acres, which has produced, say $800,000.
This is divided 'into different suras for 388 townships. Sorae
townships have a fund as high as $30,000', and others do not
exceed $100, as the proceeds of their school lands. Tbe prin
cipal of all these funds is paid into the state treasury; and lenti
to the canal fund, at six per cent, interest forever.
There is unsold, of sections number si.xteen, something more
than 200,000 acres, besides the lands now being located for frac
tional townships, about 20,000 acres; and lands to be provided
for the Indian reservations, about 8,000 acres, which, with '
the 30,000 acres recently secured, makes in all 258,000 acres
of lands unsold.
If the policy commenced last winter, 1838, is persevered in*'

402 APPENDIX.
this will ultimately produce a sum much larger than all those
which have been sold. There can be no doubt but, in ten
years, this laud will bring an average of ten dollars per acre
at least; a portion of this is rented, and produces rent to a con
siderable extent, for the support of schools.
There is a direct tax, for school purposes, of two mills on
the dollar, which produces about 200,000 dollars per annum.
The grand levy is not put at one-fourth of the actual value,
and while it seems to be two raills on a dollar, it is not, in fact,
a half of a mill on the dollar. One-third of a raill would be
nearer the truth. Each township has for its own use the pro
ceeds of this tax.
The state provides a state'scbool fund of 200,000 doUars per
annura, which is the interest on the surplus revenue, the tax
on dividends of banks, insurance corapanies, &c., the interest
on the proceeds of salt lands and other funds to be provided by
the legislature. This sura is distributed among the counties
according to the number of youth in them.
The public feeling is in favor of the present system of free
common schools, and we may add, that each township has the
power to vote any further school tax, that a majority shall
agree to raise. New life seems to be imparted to the whole
system; houses are building; teachers are called for; the stan
dard of qualifications is rising; and, if we can keep it clear
of every other subject, we have no fnars of ultimately mak
ing our Ohio system of coraraon schools superior to any thing
in the United States, and this will be done in a very few
years. From the year 1825 to 1836-7, various araendments were
made to the law without essentially varying its general fea
tures. The tax, which had began at half a mill on the dollar,
had increased to a mill and a half on the grand levy, and in
a few towns and cities it was greater; some township too, in
the country, under a provision in the law, had voted an in
crease of the tax for schools.
The law had been loaded with some extraordinary provisions
in school district proceedings, that greatly embarrassed the
ordinary proceedings, prevented the building of school houses.

APPENDIX. 403
&c. &c. There was not quite enough energy in the law to
secure its systeraatic operation in the state ; the people had
no sufficient induceraents to take hold of the law and carry its
provisions into effect, except in those parts of tbe state, where
the citizens were frora coramon school states, and were accus
tomed to the operations of such a law, and the duties under it.
The people did not generally neglect education; private schools
were established, and as well sustained as in some of the older
states. The most formidable objectors to common schools,
were those who thought thera too far below what they should
be, and yet just good enough to prevent good private schools
being established. It is probable that, taking the state toge
ther, as few chUdren have been reared without learning to
read as in any other state, except in New England.
The preceding remarks contain the substance of the several
reports to the Legislature, by Samuel Lewis, EsftuiRE, the
Superintendent of Coraraon Schools. This gentleman's labors
bave already been worth several hundred thousand dollars to
the State, and if continued in office, five years, a further large
sura may be added to the school fund. We conclude, by in
serting entire, an abstract of the Superintendent's last Re
port. ABSTRACT OF REPORT.
Number of Counties reported, - - 62
« Townships, '- - - 1,129
« Districts reported, - - 7,033
'"' " not reported, - - 715
« Males between 4 and 21 years,* "254,530
« Females,* " - 238,307
Nuraber reported as in school more than 2,
and less than 4 months — Males, 45,311
Feraales, 38,985
More than 4 raonths — Males, 31,664
Feraales, 30,480

Total in schools as reported, ... 146,440
Supposed to be in school not reported, - 81,365

* This inrl'/r'-.c <>« o,<!limatert number of children in non-reporting dis-
trictp.

404 APPENDIX.
Total in schools, from the most accurate evi
dence to be relied on, - - - - 227,805
Number of public schools, - 4,336
« private, - 2,175 Total, 6,511
" months public schools have been
taught, - - - , , - 22,168
" months private, - 8,564
« male teachers employed, - - ,. 4,757
« female " . - - 3,205
Amount paid teachers of public schools, as ,
reported, - - - - , - $286,757
Sources of Revenue for Public Schools,
Amount tax reported,' - - $119,230
True araount not less than $140,000.
Araount of ground rents, and. interest on the
several school funds in the State Treasury
included, ----.,- 88,712
Amount subscription paid into public schools, 105,131
'¦ from all other Sources, - - 4,657
Total araount paid for support of public schools,
being $30,973 more than has been reported, $317,730
« " « private, 148,008
Number of school houses, ... 4,378
Amount paid this year for bnilding and re
pairing school houses, - ¦ - - $60,421
Amount raised by tax, - . .- - 61,590
" " subscription, - - 1,199
" owing ^or school houses, - - 82,929
Number of school lots secured in fee or lease, 3,590
Present Resources for School Purposes.
Virginia Military Fund, in money or land,
productive, ... - $204,612 04
United States Military Fund, - - 109,193 88
Connecticut Western Reserve School Fund, - 158,659 00
Araount proceeds of Section 16, paid in and
funded,  645,774 64
Amount proceeds of Salt Land, also- funded, - 35,000 00
$1,153,239 58

APPENDIX.

405

This sura, except $6,800 bears
6 per cent, interest, and pro
duces - $68,786 34
Estiraated araount of proceeds of
section 16, not yet paid in, and
not on interest, - - 400,000 00
Estimated school land unsold,
220,000 acres at $4, - - 880,000 00
The proceeds of the last item
cannot be estiraated at more
than - - - 20,000 00

Total of school funds, in raoney
and land, - - - $2,433,239 56
Total proceeds of school lands and
funds, - - $88,786 34
"^Estiraated araount of school tax,
at one and a half raill on the
dollar, - - - 140,000 00
Interest on amount surplus reve
nue paid in, - - - 100,363 00
Amount paid in by subscription
and other sources, - - 109,788 00

Total amount to be paid in to pub
lic schools for tuition for the
year 1837-8, $438,937 34
* This includes some special taxes in a few towns, besides the one and a
half mill on the dollar.

406 . APPENDIX.
SELECT SCHOOLS.
The CraciNNATi Female Institution, was commenced in
1826, by Mr, Albert Picket, now President of the College of
Professional Teachers, and his son, Dr, John W, Picket, a
graduate of one of the eastern Universities, From that time
to the present, it has enjoyed the constant and unbounded
confidence of the citizens. Indeed, their Seminary is an
honor to the city, its high reputation is every where known; — »
and it is unquestionably to be ranked as one of the best
female academies in the United States, The course of study
is solid and extensive, embracing not only the elements of
learning, but the higher branches of science. Chemistry,
Natural Philosophy, Algebra, Georaetry, &c,, &.C. The mode
of instruction is most admirable, and calculated to bring into
action all the powers of the understanding. The same gentle
men have published a series of school-books, whose superior
merits are universally admitted, and which are very exten
sively introduced into the Seminaries in the Western and
Southern States,
Institution for the Education of Young Ladies — Con
ducted BY Mrs, Staughton. — This Institution is situated on
Vine street, near to Third, Cincinnati; and from its elevated
site, and extensive grounds, possesses peculiar advantages as
a Boarding School. It was coraraenced in 1835, and is nov/
in successful operation. The steady increase of its pupils,
resident in Cincinnati, as well as those frora distant States,
forras corroborative evidence of its high reputation both at
horae and abroad.*
The various classes are conducted by able and experienced
teachers, and every facUity is offered to the pupUs in the
higher departraents, by philosophical and cheraical apparatus,
for experimental Ulustration of the various sciences. There
is also a preparatory department, where the more common
branches, reading, writing, arithmetic, grararaar, geography,
• The number of pupils now in this Institution, is upwards of seventy.

APPENDIX. 407
&c,, are thoroughly inculcated, and the pupil properly pre
pared for entrance into the senior classes. In the several
accomplishments of Music, Dancing, tbe Languages, &c,, tho
best instructors are provided ; in short, nothing seems to have
been left undone by the enterprising spirit of the Principal,
to render it an institution of the first order. The limited
number of pupils admitted as residents in the family, are
under the immediate care of the Principal ; so that a parental
supervision is extended towards them, of the greatest advan
tage in the forraation of their habits, and character; while by
a judicious systera of exercise, in the practice of calisthenics,
the health, and personal iraproveraent of the pupU, are not less
regarded. It is hoped that many such institutions may be organized in
our Western Valley, and that the practice of sending our
daughters east of the AUeghanies, to learn what is as well,
and in some instances better taught in their native towns and
cities, will ultimately be abolished,
A future edition, it is hoped, will afford us an opportunity of
giving our readers, correct information relating to our best
Select Schools, throughout this State. At present, our infor
mation is quite too limited in relation to these institutions, to
justify us in saying more on this subject,
SUNDAY SCHOOLS,
There are in the State, aboutone thousand Sunday Schools,
established by the several churches of all the religious denom
inations. In these Schools are taught, not less, than six
hundred thousand children. This institution has done a vast
deal of real good, and may be considered as one of the best
means for propagating the benign principles of the Gospel in
the world.

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