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Indian Names

of Places Near the

Great Lakes

BY

DWIGHT H. KELTON, A.M.,
CAPTAIN U, S. ARMY,
Author of Annals of Fort Mackinac; History of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal,
Corresponding Member o( the Wiscons'in State Historical Society,
Corresponding Member of the Chicago Historical Society,
Member of the American Historical Association,
Member of The American Follc-Lore Society.

VOL. I.

DETROIT, MICHIGAN.
18 8 8.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by
DWIGHT H. KELTON,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
Cn*, 24-/

Printed by
Detroit Free Press Printing Co.

THIS BOOK
IS DEDICATED
TO THE MEMORY OF MY FRIEND,
HONORABLE
LUKE POTTER POLAND.
OF VERMONT.
BORN, NOVEMBER i, 1815.
DIED, JULY :i, 1887.

' The last of all the Roinans, fare thee well."

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Algonkin,  17
Ashland Bay,  18
Aurora Borealis, . .... 20
Chee-chee-ping-way,  20
Chesapeake, . . . . .21
Chicago,  . . 22
Connecticut,  . .23
Detroit,  2.3
Eskimo,  . .24
GardenRiver,  25
Gogokazhogan,  26
Housatonic,  26
Huronlslands, . . . .26
Illinois,  27
Kaukauna,  30
LakeWinnebago, . . '. . . 30
Leech Lake, .... ... 32
LesChenaux,  33
Manitoulinlsland,  33
ManitouPayment,  34
Mauch Chunk,  37

Contents.

PAGE

Met omen,  37
MissouriRiver,  37
Mindemoya Lake, .... 41
Monkey, . . . ... 42
Monongahela,  42
Mudjekeewis,  43
Nahma,  43
Ottawa,  44
Penetanguishene, . . 46
Pontiac,  .46
Pyramid Rock,  47
Quebec, . . . . . .47
Quinnesec,  47
Sachem,  48
Saskatchiwan,  48
Saut Ste. Marie, . . 48
Shiawassee, . . . .50
Sun-Dial,.  50
Tadoussac,  51
Thermometer, . 51
Totem,. . . .52
Wabash,. . 53
Washingtonlsland, 53
Wicomico, 54
Yenadizze,.  65
York Island, .  55

GREETING

A glance at a map of the country adjacent
to our Great Lakes, will show that a large num
ber of Indian Names of places, rivers, et cetera,
have been retained in their original or in a
mutilated form ; and it is with some of these, of
Algonkin origin, with which we deal, in order to
rescue from oblivion some interesting historical facts
and legendary tales, as well as to give a clearer
insight into the beautiful and well-equipped lan
guage of the fast disappearing race of red men
who once occupied that country.
Most of these words have never appeared on
the printed page, at least not in their present
form ; and those which the reader may have en
countered in similar publications, will here be
found interpreted either differently, or more fully.
Absolute freedom from errors and inaccuracies,

g GREETING.
is not claimed ; and scholars acquainted with the
difficulty of the task will be the most lenient
critics. As to the extent of explanation, a middle
course has been followed. Some readers, would
be content with a simple interpretation; others,
might ask for even more stringent proofs, or de
sire a still fuller account of the processes by
which the results were obtained. Explanations
which, to some, may appear mere verbiage, will, to
severe critics, seem to be still wanting in com
pleteness. Let the former pass over what is, to
them, devoid of interest.
The terminology of Indian grammar, being as
yet in an unsettled state, some liberty has been
taken in this matter. Thus, by "formative," will
be understood any single sound, syllable, or aggre
gate of syllables, that never appears as an inde
pendent word, but still conveys some idea or
concept — often quite vague indeed — and obtains
a definite meaning, or serves to determine the
vague concept, when combined with other forma-
tives or words, or when completed by mere formal

Greeting. 9
endings, or prefixes. The formative may be sub
stantival, verbal, adjectival, or adverbial ; also, a
single root, a mutilated, enlarged, or metamor
phosed root ; or even the fragment of a compound ;
and employed in the way of a prefix, infix, or
suffix. But, in all cases, it is to be distinguished
from mere formal sounds or syllables, employed
to show the relation of ideas, whether they be
used in the form of prefix, infix, suffix, or of
reduplication, augment, et cetera. This distinction
may sometirn,es be difficult, or appear arbitrary ;
but, as a working rule, for the present purpose,
it is convenient.
A word about the use of the short dashes, in this
volume. They serve to show whether a formative,
or any other component of a word, is employed
as a prefix, infix, or suffix. Thus, in Mamo-
nawangwatan, ma- (a formal syllable, a reduplica
tion), is a prefix ; so is mon- (a formative, a
verbal, a metamorphosed root) ; -awang (a forma
tive, a substantival, an enlarged root), is a suffix ;
-w- (a formal sound, a truncated verbal ending),
is an infix ; -atan (a formative, a verbal, an en-

to GREETING.
larged root), is a suffix. The fact that mon-, and
-awang, in the example here analyzed, appear in
the form of infixes, is left out of consideration,
their proper character being that of prefix and
suffix, respectively. (See Monongahela.)
For the purpose of more definite explanation,
*
let us take the word Kakiweonaning, " at the
place where they cross a point by water." Kak-
(" straight," "right across," '•'diagonally"), is a
formative (an adverbial, a simple root), that re
quires a terminal addition ; hence the dash is
placed at the end. In the present case, that
addition is -iwe, a verbal ending implying action
or motion in a general way. It gives the compound
(^kakiwe) the conventional meaning, " he crosses a
point," " he travels straight across ;" and, if no
more be added, the journey will be understood to
be made by land. Now, to derive from this verb
a noun designating a place, and the manner of
crossing, the formative -onan, "a boat channel," is
added ; thus, kakiweonan, " a place where one
travels straight across in a canoe, or, by water."
The formal ending, -ing, places the word in the

GREETING. I I

locative case ; thus, " at the place where one travels
straight across in a canoe, or, by water." (See
Keiveenaw.) The accentuation of the Ojibwa names in this,
volume is a venture. Readers practically ac
quainted with the language will easily perceive
that in many cases the acute accent (') has been
placed on syllables pronounced with no other
stress of voice than others not thus distinguished.
But they will also find that all these syllables
contain long vowels. To insure a perfect pronun
ciation, not only every long vowel should be
marked as such, but also those pronounced very
rapidly should be distinguished by a sign of
quantity. Such a degree of accuracy being hardly
required in a work not intended to teach the
language, accents have been somewhat liberally
employed to make up for the deficiency in this
respect. Moreover, the accentuation of Ojibwa
words is frequently optional (as in the French
language), and cannot be determined with the
same precision as in English.
Other words produced by means of the forma-

12 GREETING.
tives contained in this term, are e. g., kakakama-
gad, " it, is square ;" ( kak-kak-, " straight-straight,"
"straight on all sides;" -amagad, "it is thus;")
giwideoonan, "a turning point leading into a
channel;" {giwide-, "around," "turning;" -o, con
tracted from -wa, the last syllable in giwidewa,
" he turns, sailing or rowing ;" -onan, " a boat chan
nel," from on-, "a canoe," and the substantive
ending -an; inaonan, when used as an independent
word.) (See Detour f)
This example, while illustrating the manipula
tion of formatives, also shows how necessary it is
for the successful analysis and full interpretation
of Indian words, to leave not a single component
untouched by the critical scalpel. The neglect of
this rule has led to innumerable failures. Hence,
in preparing this collection, that rule has been
strictly adhered to in all cases, where the meaning
was not sufficiently obvious and certain without
applying that severe test ; and whenever deemed
desirable, the process has been embodied in the
explanation. To do this in all cases would have
swelled this volurne to ah undesirable size.

GREETING. 1 3
These remarks may serve as an apology, to
the general reader, for the philological minutice
embodied in this collection of Indian names. Of
the approval, by linguists, of the course here
followed, there can be no doubt, whether the re
sults obtained agree with their own views, or not.

Approximate pronunciation of vowels and con
sonants in the Ojibwa and other Algic dialects,
used in the text :
a, as in father, though frequently short.
e, as in net,
g, as in get.
z, as in live.
0, as in bone.
d, i, I, 6, represent the nasal sounds of these
vowels. b, d, g, j, k, m, n, p, s, t, as in English ; though
the distinction between the sonant and surd mutes
{b and p, d and t, g and k!) is not so pronounced.
In many instances these sounds are interchange-

14 GREETING.
able. The same holds good of / and ch, zh and sh.
The sound of s sometimes approaches that of z.
The letters /, /, r, and v, are not found in the
Ojibwa alphabet, and in the case of older Indians
these sounds are often utterly unpronounceable.
They generally substitute b or p, for f and v; and
n, for / and >.
w is pronounced as in English, or nearly so,
except at the end of words, where aw is almost
equivalent to ao; iw to iu; ow to o-o.
c and h, occur only in the combination ch,
which is pronounced as in church.
For qu we write kw.
X (a compound sound) would have to be
written ks, but this combination does not occur ;
whenever English ears hear it, it is in reality kas,
kis, or kos; e. g., Metaxigay, or Met-ax-e-kay,
properly Metdkosige; Pawtuxet, from Pawitikoset.
a, is peculiar to the Menominee dialect. It has
a sound intermediate between that of a in man
and the same vowel in fare. The same, or
nearly the same, sound occurs in the Delaware
{Lenape) dialect, where the Moravian (^German!)

GREETING. I5
writers rendered it by the combination ae. Both
of these dialects have also the gutteral German
ch, pronounced as gh in the Celtic lough (or loch,
as spelled in Gaelic and Irish).
The combination ai has almost the (diphthong)
sound of the English i; in many words, however,
each letter is distinctly pronounced. The same
holds good of aa, ee, ii, 00, ae, ao, ou, and ei;
pronounced ah-ah, ay-ay, e-e, et cetera.

In addition to the usual abbreviations of the
names of states and territories, the following are
used :
Co  County.
L. H  Lake Huron.
L. S  Lake Superior.
L. M  Lake Michigan.
S. of M  Straits of Mackinac.
U. P. Mich. . . . Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
L. P. Mich. . . . Lower Peninsula of Michigan.

l6 GREETING.
The particular locality to which the Indian name
properly belongs (although the same geographical
name may be found elsewhere) is in parenthesis
following the geographical name.

Unless otherwise noted, the Indian words are
in the Ojibwa (Chippewa) tongue, one of the
best preserved and most widely known among the
dialects of the great Algonkin family of languages.
Detroit, Mich.

INDIAN NAMES.

Algonkin. Yrench. Algonquin; originally ^^
goumekin {Angomeki'), a tribal name of obscure
signification. It was first applied to the Indians
of the Upper St. Lawrence and some of its
northern tributaries ; afterwards, to all the western
tribes of a similar speech, such as the Ottawa,
Ojibwa, Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, the '''Upper
Algonkins," of the early French writers, and
finally to all tribes of kindred speech, including
the Micmacs, Abenakis, Delawares, and others in
the east; the Illinois, Shawnees, and others in the
south ; the Crees and the Satsikaa, or " Blackfeet,"
in the north and northwest.
To distinguish the whole family from the
Algonkins proper, or "Old Algonkins," all these
Indians may be conveniently comprised under the
name of the Algic tribes, or Indians of the Algic
tongue. The term is of spurious coinage, but has

1 8 INDIAN NAMES.
obtained sufficient currency to be considered legiti
mate. A small remnant of the "Old Algonkins" now
have their home on the Lake of Two Mount-
¦ains, near Montreal. The early French mission
aries studied their dialect, in preference to the
Mohtagnais (in use on the Lower St. Lawrence),
as more distinctly spoken, and more closely resem
bling the dialects of the " Upper Algonkins,"
among whom many of them went to labor.
Among the Algic dialects, the Ojibwa is the
most widely understood, and extensively studied.
The nearest approach to the parent dialect, or
original form of the language, is found in the
Cree, Old Algonkin, Ojibwa, and Ottawa dialects.
Note. — Angomelchik, a name found in the Del
aware " Walum Ohim," but hardly yet explained,
may have some connection with Algoumekin.
Ashland Bay. (Ashland Co., Wis.) Zhagd-
wamik, in the locative Zhdgawdmikong, "long-
stretched beaver." Zhagaw-, "oblong;" amik, "a
beaver."

INDIAN NAMES. 1 9
Probably the original form of the name was
zhagawamika, locative zhagawamikag, "a long
shoal," or "far-stretching breakers." Zhagaw-,
"oblong;" minamika, -amika, "a shoal," "there
are breakers."
The change of form and signification would
seem to be due to a legend which runs thus :
Menabosho, pursuing the Great Beaver from the
St. Mary's River (where he broke his dams, and
thus formed the upper and lower rapids), through
his pond (Lake Superior), drove him into Ash
land Bay. To secure his capture, Menabosho built
a long dam from the south-shore to Madeline
Island. While engaged in this work he threw
handfulls of earth behind him into the outer lake,
where they remain as the smaller Apostle Islands.
The dam being finished, Menabosho sure of
having cornered his game, entered through the
North Channel, between Madeline Island and Bay
field Peninsula, but, behold ! the Great Beaver,
digging out the South Channel (between Made
line Island and Shagawamikon Point), broke
through Menabosho's dam, and escaped.

20 INDIAN NAMES.
The width of the South Channel is now two
and a half miles ; but the older inhabitants say
that formerly a point of land, extending from the
western extremity of the island towards Shaga
wamikon, made it much narrower ; and at one
time, according to tradition, the distance was so
short that an arrow could be shot across. The
neck of the long point has been washed through,
within the last thirty years.
Aurora Borealis. Chibdyag nimiidiwag, Cree
chipayak nimituwak, " the dead are dancing."
Chibai, " a dead person," " a corpse," " a ghost ;"
nitni, " he is dancing ;" nimiidiwag, " they are
dancing with each other."
Chee-chee-ping-way, The Indian name of
Alexander Robinson, (" Indian Robinson," also
"Chief Robinson,") who was partly of Indian
descent, and one of the best known characters in
the early history of Chicago. Chichibingvje,
" Blinking Eyes ;" thus nicknamed by the Indians
on account of a physical peculiarity. Chibin£wem\

INDIAN NAMES. 21
or chichibingweni, " his eyes are twinkling ;" from
chib-, "moving rapidly hither and thither, or up
and down;" -ingwe, "eye;" -em, an ending of verbs
referring to bodily states.
Chibai, " ghost ;" and chibam, (Ottawa) " soul,"
are from the root chib; cliichag (Ojibwa), "soul,"
is from chag, which has a similar meaning. The
conception is that of a fluttering shadow. Some
times they use Chichag for " shadow."
Chesapeake. (Bay.) Delaware I^fchizhiwi-
pek, or Kichisiwipek, "at the great salt water."
Ojibwa Kichizhiwibing, (^Kichi-, " great ;" zhiwi-,
"sour," "salty;" -bi, "water;") though ordinarily,
they now say zhiwitaganikichiganii ; zhiiuitagan,
"salt;" kichigami, "great body of water."
Zhiwitagan literally means " something used
for making things sour." This shows the modern
origin of the term ; for salt, as a spice, was a
commodity unknown to the Indians before their
acquaintance with the whites.

2 2 INDIAN NAMES.
Chicago. (111.) Zhikdgong, the locative case
of zhikdgo, "a skunk," also used as a personal
name. Early French writers mention a chief named
Chicagou, who lived near the site of the present
city. According to tradition, Chicagou was
drowned in the river.
Whatever may have been the occasion for
applying that name to the locality, there can be
no question about the etymology of the word.
Algic proper names are very qommonly derived
from the name of animals by the addition of o.
Thus Zhikdgo, is zhikag used as a man's name ;
and zhikag, or zhigag, is the Mephitis Americana,
or "skunk," The English term "skunk," itself is
a corruption of the Abenaki form of the word,
which is, sikango.
Some have sought to lend dignity to the term,
by tracing in its first syllable, the second syllable
of kichi, " great." This is plainly inconsistent
with the Indian pronunciation of the name.
The origin of the word, however undignified,
is plain: zhig, is the Latin mingere ; and kag, or

Indian names. 23
gag, though now restricted to the porcupine spe
cies, was originally any horrid little beast ; hence
zhi-kag, is equal to bestiola foeda mingens.
Others have had recourse to zhigagawdzh,
"wild garlic;" but this does not help matters, for
the ugly root zhig, is still there, followed by -aga-
wdzh, " a plant ;" hence planta urinam redolens.
(See Des Plaines!)
Connecticut. Kinnitikwat, "at the long
river." Ojibwa genwatigweyag, or genwatigong ;
from gino-, "long;" and -tigweyx, "the water
runs." The verbal -tigweya is derived from tigow,
" a wave ;" and this from the root tig, from which
we have -atig, " a tree ;" and -tig, -shtigwan,
"head;" the common idea being that of "top,"
" elevation." Detroit. (Mich.) From the French Le De
troit, "The Strait," i. e., the passage between
Lakes St. Clair and Erie.
The Indian name is Wawiydtanong, the loca
tive case of Wawiyatan, " the river turns," or " a

24 Indian isJAmeS.
curving channel." Wawiya-, "round" (circular, or
semi-circular) ; -atan, " the river runs thus," " a
channel." (Compounds with this ending are used
as verbs or nouns.) Hence the name of the
JVeatanons, Ouatanons, or Weas, a small tribe,
now at the Ouapaw Agency, Indian Territory.
Their original home seems to have been at the
turn of the Illinois, river near Hennepin (111.),
which also "bore the name of Wawiyatan. (See
Appleton.) Eskimo. Eshkibod, "one who eats his food
(meat) raw." Ashk-, "raw," "green;" -pwa, "to
taste," " to eat."
From the root ashk, in the Massachusetts
dialect asq, plural asquash, we have the word
"squash." In Ojibwa, the term eshkandaming,
"what is eaten raw," from the same root, is used
for melons, cucumbers, et cetera.
The Micmac form of the word is said to be
Eskimook, or Eskumoga ; Cree Ayiskimew.
Frenchman. Whnitigdzhi (Cree Wemistiko-
zhi), "one who has a canoe (vessel) of wood."

Indian names. 25
Mitig, "tree," "wood;" -on, (Cree osi, ozhHf)
"canoe," "boat," "ship;" omitigoni (Cree omisti-
kosi), "he has a wooden boat." The change of
the initial 0 into we, makes the participle. The
change of n to zh is quite common.
The term dates from the first appearance of
the French in the St. Lawrence River, when their
vessels excited the admiration of the natives.
Among the Cree, the word is now also applied to
any white or civilized man ; just as the Ojibwa
call whites of any nationality Kichimokomanag,
" Big Knives ;" which originally meant Virginians,
and later, Americans.
Garden River. (Ontario. A tributary of St.
Mary's River.) ICitiganisibi, " Plantation River."
ICit-, kichi-, "notching," "hacking;" kitige, "he
plants," "he makes a garden;" kitigan, "a planta
tion." In the beginning of this century, the In
dians living on that stream raised all the corn
needed for the fur trade in the Lake Superior
country.

26 INDIAN names.
Gogokazhogan, or " The Bridge of the
Dead." The ineaning of this word is not " Owl
Bridge " (Kokokoo-azhogan), as has been suggested,
but "unsteady bridge;" from the reduplicated root
gok, goshk, gwashk, "trembling," "jumping." Azho-
gan, "a bridge;" from azhoge {azhaw, "on the
other side"), "he crosses over."
The bridge of the dead consists of a tree so
lightly supported that it swings up and down,
when the soul of the departed steps on it to cross
the river which must be passed in order to reach
the " happy hunting grounds ;" consequently many
fail, and falling into the river are changed into
toads. Similar myths are met with among most
Indian tribes throughout America, not to speak of
the ancient beliefs of the old world.
Housatonic. Wassdtinak, the New Engf-
land form of the Ojibwa Awassadinang, "beyond
the mountain (or mountains)." Awass, "further,"
"beyond;" -adin, "there is high land."
Huron Islands. (Marquette Co., Mich., L. S.)
Mandkondning, "whither they go for moss." Man-,

INDIAN names. 27
contracted from mawan-, "to go for;" wakon,
"moss," "lichen;" -ing, locative affix.
The lichen referred to is the edible gyrophoea
known by the French name of tripe de roche,
"stone tripe;" in time of starvation used for
making soup. Ojibwa ozhashakon, from ozhash-,
"slippery," "gelatinous;" and wakon, "moss."
Other species are windigowakon, " giant's (windi-
go) moss;" missabcnja kon, {inissabe, "great man;"
-oji, "abdomen," "bowels;") "great man's bowels'
moss;" both names referring to a legend in which
Menabosho changed his bowels, or other parts of
his body, into eatable moss.
Illinois. This is the French rendering of
Ininowe (pronounced e-ncc-no-wa), the Indian name
of the large tribe which once dwelt on the lUinois
River. The substitution of the letters // for n, is
accounted for by the circumstance that the / sound
being wanting in many of the Algic dialects, the
Indians of that speech generally change it into n
when trying to pronounce it in foreign words.
Now, by a curious process, — not without its analo-

28 INDIAN NAMES.
gies in other linguistic phenomena, — the whites,
when pronouncing Algic words containing the n
sound, frequently replace this by the /. The
Indians say Noe, Nossi, Binib, and Nazhenekwe, for
the French Lo^tis, Lucie, Phillipe, and L'Angelique;
while the French have changed the Indian Mishi-
nimakinang, Minewag, Okaganing, and In^1^owe, into
Michilli77takinac, Milottaki or Melleoki (Milwau
kee), Kakalin, and Illinois.
The word Ininowe, is the Illinois form of a
name apparently once common to all " the Algic
tribes. Its original form, probably ininaiuc, or ani-
nawe, underwent various modifications with the
breaking up of the parent tribe and the conse
quent formation of dialects.
With the Crees it became nchiyaw, ninazvc.
and- neithazuc ; and with the Algonkins proper,
niina. It appears in the lennilcnape of the Dela
wares, and in the corresponding anisJiinabe (orig
inally inininabe, anininabef) of the Ojibwa, Ottawa,
et cetera. Etymologically, the word consists of inin,
"simply," "without any specification;" and awe, "a

INDIAN NAMES. 29
living being;" and means "a person," and in the
plural, "people."
Readers superficially acquainted with some one
of the Algic tongues, will be apt to doubt the
correctness of this explanation, since the words
inin, and awe, are probably unknown to them ;
nor are they to be found in dictionaries. Neither
of them, it is true, occurs independently, but
their meaning is evident from such combinations
as the following : Zhishib, means a duck of any
kind; while ininishib means "the common duck,"
"the duck that has no other name." Kinoscio,
(Cree) etymologically "long mouth," is any sort
of fish; iyinikinosew, is the fish, "the fish that
has no other name," "a pike." Other examples
are ininatig, "a maple;" ininandag, "a spruce;"
Cree iyinimin (Ojibwa miii), "a huckleberry;" ct'
cetera. Awe appears in oshkinawe," '^2. youth;" awessi,
"an animal;" awencn, "who;" aivegiven, "some one
. . unknown to me ;" tibinazvc, " self ;" in hawdtok
(Menominee), "a spirit," Htcrally "who may he
be," and Mdj-Hawdtok, "the Great Unknown,"

30 INDIAN NAMES.
z. e., God ; also in awenuts, the New England
form of hawdtok, and once applied to the whites,
who were for some time looked upon as "spirits,"
or superior beings.
Kaukauna. (Outagamie Co., Wis.) Ogdka-
ning, "at the place where pickerels are caught."
Little Kaukatina, farther down on the Fox
River, is the locality mentioned by Father Allouez,
and by him called Kekalin. He made the portage
May 1 8, 1670. (See Kawkawlin River.)
Lake Winnebago. (Wis.) The Indians
now call it Winibigo-Sdgaigan, "the Lake of the
Winnebago Indians;" but the original name was
Winibi (pronounced wz>2-;«^-<^^), "dirty water;" in
the locative case, Winibhig; or, in the southern
Algonkin dialects, Winibig. Winipeg, is the Cree
form of the same word.
From the Lake, the Winnebago Indians, who
lived in that neighborhood before they moved to
Green Bay, received their Algonkin name; and
the early French, being informed 'of the fact that

INDIAN NAMES. 3 1
the tribe had formerly lived on the "dirty water"
were led into the erroneous belief that the tribe
had formerly lived on the sea, or on salt water,
which the Indians also called "dirty water."
This circumstance accounts for Nicolet's much
discussed assertion that on his voyage to Green
Bay he was within three days' journey of the sea.
A three days' sail from Green Bay, would have
brought him to Winibig, the "dirty zvatcr."
The assumption that he reached a point within
three days' journey of either the Wisconsin or the
Mississippi, and mistook the Mishisibi, "the great
river," for the ocean, is entirely improbable. No
one acquainted with the Algic tongues, as he was,
would have made such a mistake ; for sibi never
means any other than running water.
There is absolutely nothing in the account of
Nicolet's journey {Relations of 1643,) that would
make a trip up the Fox River probable ; no more
so than the diversion to the Rapids of St. Mary,
which has also been surmised. The assertion that,
by the word "sea," Nicolet meant "a river lead-

32 INDIAN NAMES.
ing to the sea," should be supported by at least
one analogous example, to obtain credit.
The removal of the Winnebagoes from Lake
Winnebago to Green Bay? was caused by the
Dakota raids mentioned in the Relations of the
fcsuits. The shores of the lake were still unin
habited in 1670, for that very reason.
Leech Lake. (Minn.) Gasagdskwajimeka,
"there are leeches there;" generally used in the
locative case, Gasagaskwaji'mekang.
Sagas kwaajime, "sl leech." Saga-, "coming
forth ;" -skw- {-skzvi, -skwa, the radical part of
miskwi), "blood;" oji-, "drawing in;" -m-, "mouth;"
(as in ashama, "he is fed," "something is put in
his mouth;" ojibwnio, "he speaks Ojibwa;") -e, a
substantive ending, for the names of beasts, birds,
fishes, et cetera; hence, sagaskwajime, "a beast
that makes come forth blood by drawing with the
mouth," "a blood-sucker." {Sangstie, the French
for "leech," also means "blood-sucker.") The
prefix ga-, and the ending -ka, are explained else
where.

INDIAN NAMES. 33
Les Chenaux, (Mackinac Co., Mich.) "The
Channels ;" the plural of the French le chenal,
"the channel." The Ojibwa name is Andminang,
"in the bowels." Andinina, "underneath," "in the
body." The name refers to the intricate tortuosity
of the channels.
Manitoulin Island. (L. H.) Manitbwdning,
"at the Spirit's cave." Manito, "a supernatural
being ;" wazh, " the den of a wild animal ;" -ing,
locative ending. Wazh is a modification of wan,
"hollow;" {e. g., wanike, "he digs a hole.") The
term refers to a "lightning hole" on the rocky
shore of the deep inlet on the north side of the
island. This hole was believed to be the den of
the Spirit-Snake, — personified lightning.
The form Manitoulin is a corruption of Mani-
tooualin, which is the Frehch rendering of Mani-
towaning. The Indians generally call it Otawaminiss,
"Ottawa Island;" as the ancient home of that
tribe and now again inhabited by a considerable
number of them.
Its Huron name was Ekaentoton.

34 INDIAN NAMES.
Manitou Payment. (Mackinac Co., Mich.)
A French corruption of the Ojibwa Manito Bimwa,
"the shooting of the Spirit."
Legend. .Mishimakwa, the Big Bear, a spirit of
the great lakes, had wantonly slain Menaboshds
nephew and ward Mainganh, the Little Wolf.
The hero, wan and haggard from grief, and
planning revenge, wandered along the shore until he
discovered the playground of Mishimakwa and his
spirit companions. It was on the sand beach at the
foot of the clay banks {Les Ecores), east of Manitou
Payment Point. There Menabosho waited his
chance. His stratagem and success are related by
the Indian story tellers, with appropriate panto-
mines, in this wise : The sun stood high. The
spirits emerged from their mansions under the
water ; Mishimakwa and Mishiginebig (the Big Ser
pent), with the Nibanabeg (Half-Fish Men), and
other monstrous beings.. They played and gamboled
on the broad smooth beach, like happy children.
Menabosho stood on high at the brink of the
bank, silent and motionless. His toes had spread
out, and, root-like, worked themselves into the loose
soil. His nether limbs and his trunk were scaly and
spotted with patches of lichen. His unevenly ex
tended arms looked knotty and crooked, like the
limbs of a tree hoary with age, and his fingers like
its leafless branches. Thus stood Menabosho mo
tionless. Tiwe ! ("hello") cried the Big Serpent, what is
that up there ? A tree ? No, brothers, I tell you.

INDIAN NAMES. 35
it is not a tree. There was no tree there before.
Perhaps it is Menabosho.
If it be Menabosho, said the Big Bear, we shall
soon know it. I will try him.
Ugh, ugh, shouted the spirits.
Mishimakwa climbed the bank, stood up against
the tree-like man, hugged him, scratched and
scratched, till the scaly bark came down in pieces
from his flanks and back. It pained Menabosho,
but he did not wince. He neither shivered nor
moaned. The Great Bear loosened his hold, rolled down
the bank, and quietly walked back to his com
panions. It is not Menabosho, he said to them. I have
tried him.
.Easy, easy ! whispered the Big Serpent. Be on
your guard ! Menabosho is wily. Let me try him.
Ugh, ugh, shouted the spirits.
Mishiginebig went to work. With mighty folds
he twisted around the trunk of the man-tree, up to
the spreading limbs ; and then he began to squeeze
him. It pained Menabosho, but he bore it without
a moan. Once more the Big Serpent tightened his folds,
and squeezed with twofold power. The pain was so
great, Menabosho gasped for breath ; but he did not
moan. And again Mishiginebig tried him. With all his
might he squeezed the man-tree. It was beginning
to be too much, even for Menabosho. Another
squeeze and he would have cried out ;' but Mishi
ginebig gave up, satisfied with the trials.

2,6 INDIAN NAMES.
Slowly he unfolded his coils, and glided down
the bank.
It is 7tot Menabosho, said he. I have tried him.
Menabosho is a coward. He would have moaned.
Come, comrades, to our sport again !
Thus spoke Mishiginebig. Again the spirits
gamboled on the broad, smooth beach.
After a while they rested. Scattered on the
shining sand, they lay basking in the sun.
This is thy time, Menabosho ! He does not stir.
Easy, easy ! See- his arms move, slowly, cautiously,
keep still ! He draws an arrow from his quiver, a
sharp, stone-tipped arrow. Easy, easy ! The bow
is in his hand ; Kichimitigwab, Menabosho's good
bow. Keep still ! The arrow is on the string. He
draws it back with might. The arrow flies.
Whoop ! whoop ! ! whoop ! ! ! the war-whoop
sounds from on high. The monsters are startled.
The tree is gone ; Menabosho's war-whoop resounds
through the woods. The spirits scamper. Mishi
makwa lies on the ground, dying. The arrow sticks
in his heart.
It zvas Menabosho.
Note. — A tall pine overlooking the Epoufette
settlement and visible from a great distance, has, in
the Indian mind, some connection with this fabulous
event. (The sequel to this legend can be found
under Misha Mokiva.)

INDIAN NAMES. 'Ty']
Mauch Chunk. (Carbon Co., Penn.)
Delaware Maskdchiwink, "on the bear mountain;"
corresponding to the Ojibwa Makwajiwing ; from
makwa (Delaware masko), " a bear ;" and wajiw,
"a mountain." (See Bear Creek.)
Metomen. Manddmiii, "a grain of corn
(maize) ;" used as a personal name. Pottawatomie
matamin, Ottawa mindamin, " large grain ;" from
mind-, m-and-, "large."
Mandaminis, " Little Corn," was the Indian
name of the famous voyageur Nicolas Perrot. A
Pottawatomie of the same name {Man-daw-miri)
was one of the signers of the first (1821) Indian
Treaty made at Chicago.
Missouri River, (i.) Mishonisibi, or Meshd-
nisibi, " River of the Big Canoe Tribe ;" " River
of the Big-Tubs;" "Mandan River."
, Mishi-, mish-, " large ;" -on, " canoe," " vessel ;"
-z', verbal ending; mishoni, "he has (or sails in)
a large canoe ;" meshonid, " one who owns (or
uses) a large canoe," When a participle is used

38 INDIAN NAMES.
as a proper noun, the ending d is generally
dropped ; and in this case, the change of the
first vowel is also sometimes omitted ; as, e. g., in
Wemitigozhi, "a Frenchman;" instead of Wemiti-
gozJiid, from omitigone, "he has a wooden canoe."
The name Mishoni appears on old maps, and
is mentioned by early writers, under the guise of
Missourites, the ending, tes, being added by the
French, according to their custom ; the sh changed
to .s-j- (as in Mississippi) ; ahd n turned into r,
also a matter of frequent occurrence. Accordingly,
La rivihre des Missourites, or the River of the
Massorites, as Coxe has it, is the "River of the
Big Canoe Tribe."
Among the Indians who lived upon the upper
Missouri, in the seventeenth century, the allied
Mandans, Arickarees, and Gros Ventres, are the
only ones now known to have made use (as a
rule) of boats different from those of all other
tribes, — not large, indeed, but of a very pecu
liar construction. They were the so-called "bull-
boats," made of wickerwork in the shape of a
tub and covered with skins; and, though but

Indian names. 39
about five feet in diameter, capable of holding
six persons.
If not large canoes, they were certainly large
tubs; and Mishoni means also "one who uses a
large tub ;" for the formative -on (from the root
zvan, "hollow"), originally signified any kind of
hollow fixture or vessel, as, e. g. in the word ona-
gan, "a dish." Any of those three tribes, then,
or the whole confederacy, may be the people
whose ancient Algic name is preserved in the
name of the Missouri River.
This surmise would gain strength, if the name
Mandan could be proved to be also of Algic
origin, like Sioitx, Winnebago, and the current
names of several other tribes of different speech.
In that case, its most obvious interpretation would
be the same as that of Mishoni; for mandoni, or
mindoni (from mand-, or mind-, " large "), and man-
goni (from mang-, "\A^"), likewise mean "he has
a large canoe ;" and any of these words might in
the course of time, or in the mouth of white
speakers, have become Mandan.
(2.) Pdngwiwdnowlsibi, " River of the Painted

40 INDIAN NAMES.
Cheeks;" "Piegan River." Pingwi, "ashes," "dust,"
" paint in the form of powder ;" pingwiwiiwe, " he
powders a person;" -now, -anow, "cheek;" pingwi-
wanoive, "he has powdered cheeks," or "his cheeks
are painted."
This name was mentioned to Father Mar
quette in the form of Pekitanoui, most likely by
the Illinois, whose dialect differs very much from
that of the Ojibwa. Pekitajzoui is said to signif}-
"muddy water," or "muddy river," which, in the
Cree dialect, would be pikagamisipiy, pikaga7nichi-
wan, pikinichiwan, or, simply, pikittin.
The last of these terms would explain a part
of the name Pekitanoui ; but the ending -anoui
must be accounted for. Now, the Cree piki7ia7ia-
wew {irom pikin-, "powder," and -anaway, "cheek"),
is the same as the Ojibwa pingwiwanawe ; and
changing the first n to t (a frequent transition in
the Algic languages), we obtain pikitajiazucw,
which resembles Father Marquette's Pekitanoui, as
closely as can be desired.
The name, then, would seem to refer, like
Mishoni, to a tribe living on the Missouri (or

INDIAN NAMES. 4I
some of its tributaries), whose peculiarity was
to paint the cheeks. And, in fact, there is such
a tribe. In the sign language of the western
Indians, the Piegans are still known as the
"Cheek-Painters," or "Painted Cheeks." (See the
gesture in " The Indian Sign Language," by
W. P. Clark, U. S. Army.) And their Cree name,
Pikanowiyiniw (from pik- "muddy," "dirty;" and
-anaway, "cheek"), means "dirty cheek man."
The river itself is now called, in Cree, Piega-
nowisipiy, " Piegan River."
As to the transition from n to t ox d, and
vice versa, compare Cree atak, and Ojibwa anang,
"a star;" Ojibwe inwe, and Qv&eitowe, "bespeaks
such a language ;" Ottawa zhizhodewaam, arid Cree
sisonehaam, " she sails along the beach." It is
possible, however, that Pekitanwi was a misunder
standing on the part of Father Marquette, and
that the name given to him was Pekinanwi.
Mindemoya Lake. (Manitoulin Island, L.
H.) Mindimdyesdgaigan, " Old Woman Lake." It
has its name from an island, which is said to bear

42 INDIAN NAMES.
a Striking resemblance to a woman floating on the
water, and therefore called by the Indians Mindi-
moye, " the old woman."
Monkey. Nandomdkomdshi, "louse-searching
beast." Nandomako7ne, " he is searching for lice ;"
-shi, a substantive ending, for the name of beasts,
birds, insects, et cetera.
Cree ayisinakesk, also otayisinakesk, " one who
is in the. habit of imitating."
Monongahela. (River in Pennsylvania.)
Memondwangehdlak (Delaware), the participle of
Mamonawangehela, " the river is digging away its
shores." The Ojibwa equivalent is Mondwangwdtan, or
Mamondwangwdtan, in the participle, Mcmona-
wangwatang. Monawe, " he is digging ;" {e. o;
monaapini, " he is digging potatoes ;" monashkwc,
" he is tearing out weeds ;") -awang, " sand,"
"sand bank;" {e. g. mitawanga, "the beach con
sists of pure sand ;") monawangwc, " he is digging
out sand ;" -atan, " there is a water-course ;" " the

INDIAN NAMES. 43
stream is acting in such a way." The reduplica
tion of the first syllable {mo, as customary, being
changed to ma,) marks the repeated action. The
Delaware termination -hcia, {-hella, -henna,) sig
nifies " running water ; " like the Ojibwa sibi,
-tigweya, and -atan.
Instead of monawangwatan, the Ojibwa usually
say metatawangwatan ; from met-, "wearing out;"
-atawang, " sand bank ;" and -atan, as above.
The French rendering of Mamonawangehela, is
Malanguele. (See La Pointe, for m,on- ; Sandy
Lake, for -awang; and Detroit, for -atan.)
Mudjekeewis. "The West-Wind; father of
Hiawatha j'' in Longfellow's poem. Majikiwiss,
"the first-born son;" from maji-, "beginning;" and
the obsolete kiwis, " man." Hence akiwesi, " an
old man;" kwiwises, "a boy;" -gwiss, "a son."
Nahma. (Delta Co., Mich.) Name, "a stur
geon." The town is situated on Sturgeon River
{Namesibi). The Delaware namaes, pronounced namds, is

44 INDIAN NAMES.
the diminutive form of this word, but in that
dialect means " fish." This is the meaning of
name {-ameg) in other dialects also, whenever it
forms part of compounds, such as, e. g. Ojibwa
nameteg, zhigwameg, " dried fish ;" Cree wabamek,
" a whitish fish ;" attikamek, " a white-fish."
The Delsiware IVamasisipee, "Fish River," men
tioned in the traditional account of their wander
ings, is the same word.
The pronunciation of a in the Delaware dia
lect is practically the same as in Menominee, — a
sound intermediate between a in man, and ay,
with somewhat of a nasal tone.
Ottawa. One of the largest and most ad
vanced Algic tribes, and nearly related with the
Ojibwa, Otawa, plural Otawag, shortened from
the obsolete odawdwe, Cree odattaw, " he has
(owns) fur." (From -xvawe, -awe, " fur," we have
e. g. minwavue,'" \t has a good fur;" bissagwawe,
" it has a thick costly fur ;" atawe, " he traffics; "
atawagan, "peltry" (in trade); Cree nandawaga-
new, "he hunts for fur.")

INDIAN NAiMES. 45
Like the names of many other tribes (as well
as of some nations, ancient and modern), this
name is of foreign origin. It was first given by
the Algonkins on the St. Lawrence to one of the
Ottawa clans on the east shore of Georgian Bay,
who opened the fur trade with the French (de
scending by way of the Ottawa River), and, for
some time, claimed its monopoly. From these, it
passed to other clans of like speech, and for some
time, was even applied to all the " Upper Algon
kins ;" (Pottawatomies, Ojibwa, Menominees, et
ceteraf) The French first called the tribe Cheveux
Relevds, "Standing Hairs," from their fashion of
wearing the hair in crest-like shape ; afterwards,
Outaoudn, Ondataonaouat (pronounced odatawa-
wa) ; and finally Outaouak, and Ontazuais.
The term Cheveux Releves has made room for
the more modern name Courtes Oreilles, " Short
Ears." This is an erroneous translation of Otawag
Kishkakoyag (or Kishkakosag), "Otawa of the
Short-tailed Bear Totem," one of the most prom
inent clans of the tribe. {Kis h kit aw age, " his ear

46 INDIAN NAMES.
is cut off," or "his ear is shortened;" a part being
cut off.) (See Kish-kau-ko.)
Penetanguishene. (Ontario, Canada.)
Benatdwangwishing "where the sand slides down
the bank." Bin-, bina-. "coming off," ''dropping,"
"casting" (as in binazue, "it moults;" binakwi, "the
trees shed their leaves;" binagidoneshka, "the skin
comes off his lips"); mitawanga, "there is sand
on the shore;" hence binatawanga, "the sand
slides down the bank." The remaining part of
the word may include the vituperative or com
miserative ending -ish (as in Nadowekweyamish-
ing; see St. Ignace), or the formative -ishin, "it
lies thus."
Pontiac. Ottawa Bwanddiyag, or Bonitiyak,
"Anchor." Bon- "stopping;" anil, "a spear;" -ak,
'"a stick;" anitiyak, "a spear handle;" hence boni
tiyak, ,a stick planted in the ground to anchor
(stop) a canoe.
The term is not in common use; they say
instead, bonakajigan, from boiiakajigc, "he stops
something {bon-), by means of a stick {-ak)f

Indian names. 47
The name just suits the famous chief Pontiac,
who was the last anchor of the Indian cause.
Pyramid Rock. (Mackinac Island, Mich.)
Petakdbikideg azhibik, "standing rock." Petaki-
deg, "standing," "sticking in the ground;" -abik,
"hard mineral;" azhibik, "rock."
The term petakabikideg, is a sample of the
curious system of compounding words, called
"incapsulation." An imitation of the word in
English, would be stick-stone-up-ing, instead of
sticking up stone.
The modern name, " Sugar-Loaf Rock," would
be translated, sisibakwatong ezhinagwak azhibik,
"sugar shaped rock."
Quebec. (Canada.) Montagnais Kawdpak,
"where the river is narrow." Ojibwa gawibwak,
the archaic participle of wibwa, " it becomes nar
row;" Cree wapa, "a strait."
Quinnesec. (Menominee County, Mich.)
Pekwdnesseg, "where the river forms smoke
(spray)." Pakwene "there is smoke," "a rising

48 Indian names.
cloud of smoke ;" -esse, " the river runs thus ;" the
change of a to e, and the final g, make the
participle. Pckwinessez is the name of a fall of the
Menominee River, in the neighborhood of the
village. A few miles distant there are the " Little
Quinnesec Falls ;" Ojibwa Pekwenessis.
Sachem. Sdgima, " a chief." From sag-,
"coming forth," or "rising above."
Sagamore is a corruption of the same word.
Saskatchiwan. (River in Canada.)
Cree Kisiskdchiwan, "the river runs rapidly."
0]ihwa. Kizhijizvan, from kizhi-, "fast," and -ijizi'aji,
-jiwan, "the river runs thus."
Saut Ste. Marie. (Mich.) Father Dablon
named the mission established by him at the foot
of the rapids in 1668, Sainte Marie du Sault,
" Saint Mary's of the Rapids." Saut, is the modern
spelling; " Soo," the popular pronunciation.
From the word Sant, "falls," or "rapids," the
Ojibwa tribe obtained its French name, Sauteux.

INDIAN NAMES. 49
At first, those only whose home was at the " Soo "
were called by that name; but by degrees it
passed to all Indians of the same speech. The
spelling " Sauteur," though very common, is wrong;
this word is pronounced differently, and denotes
"a springer," or "a jumper."
The Indian name of the town or rapids is
Bawiting, from bawitig, "rapids." This is an
abbreviation of bawitigweya, " the river is beaten
into spray." (Some Indians pronounce it bagwi-
ting, "where the river is shallow.")
The Ojibwa band residing at the Saut were
called Bazjoitigowininiwag, or Bawiting-ddzhi-inini-
wag, "Men of the Rapids."
The Indians have no general name for St.
Mary's River; but have for the lakes into which
it expands. The mouth of the river is called
Giwideoonaning, "where they sail around a point."
Pawtucket, Powata7i, Pawcatuck, Pawtuxet
(Ojibwa Bawitigosing, "at the little falls"), and
many other similar names in different dialects, are
of the same root as bawitig, and denote a fall or
rapids. The root is baw, "to scatter by striking;"

50 INDIAN NAMES.
hence, e. g. bawinigode, "it is shaken off;" bawisi-
deshimono, "he shakes the dust (or snow) off his
feet." Cree pawahamoyaw, "the snow falls off
the trees." (See Detour.)
Shiawassee. (River in L. P. of Mich.)
Azhabwdsse (generally used as a participle, Azhao-
wessig), " it runs back and forwards," " the river
twists about." Azhaw-, "across," "from one side
to the other " (as in azhawa, " he crosses a body
of water;" azhaok, "from one side to the other");
and -esse, "the river runs thus." A look at the
map shows the appropriateness of the term, espec
ially if you compare the course of the Shiawassee
with that of the Tittabawassee.
Sun-Dial. Dibaigisisswan, "sun-measure."
Dibaigan, "measure ;" ^z'.s'?.!?^-, "sun."
The only sun-dial known to the Indians in
their untutored state was a stick or twig stuck
into the ground or snow, with a line traced in
the direction of its shadow. This contrivance
was, and is still, used by travelers. The intention

INDIAN NAMES. 5 1
is to let those in the rear know the time of the
day at which the advance party started from, or
passed, the spot thus marked.
At present, dibaigisisswan is the name of a
watch, clock, or any time-piece.
Tadoussac. (Canada.) Totoshak, "breasts."
The place is so called from its landmark, two
dome-shaped mountains.
Thermometer. Kissina-dibdbishkddeg, "where
the cold is weighed," "cold-balance," "cold-scales."
Kissina, "it is cold;" dib-, tip-, "equal," "opposite;"
-abishk, -abik, "stone," "metal;" -ode, verbal end
ing ; -g, participle ending. Dibabishkode, " it is
weighed," literally means, "it is balanced by
means of a stone (or piece of metal)."
The archaic form -abishk (now -abik; Massa
chusetts -amb,sk; Cree -abisk), shows that the term
is not of modern coining, and, consequently, that
the Ojibwa made use of weights before civiliza
tion reached them,

52 INDIAN NAMES.
Totem. Od'e, "family," "gens," "family
mark," "ancestral animal." Whenever this word
is used in the sense of "family mark," or "ances
tral animal," it is invariably connected with a per
sonal pronoun ; and as in this case the connective
d, and the possessive ending m are required, it
has passed into the French and English languages
under the form of dodem, or totem.
Here are some examples of its use. Nizhode
ayawag, "there are two families there." Wedetojig,
"persons living together in a village." Nindodem,
"my family mark," "my ancestral animal." Migi-
si nind ododeminan, " I have the eagle for my
totem." Makwan odododeminan, "his totem is the
bear." The principal totems of the Ojibwa tribe are,
the bear {makwa), the crane {ajijak), the marten
{wabizheshi), the catfish {inanameg), the wolf
{maingan), the loon {inang), the moose {mos),
the burbot {awassi, azvassissi), the bear's sirloin
{7ioke), the pigeon-tail {aawe), the eagle {migisi).
Others, less wide-spread, are the reindeer {atik),
the "merman" {nibanabe), the lynx {bishiw), the

INDIAN NAMES. 53
black duck {inakateshib), the pike {ginozhe), the
whitefish {atikamcg), the sucker {namebin), the
beaver {aniik), the wild goose {nika), the gull
{gayashk), the hawk [kekek).
Most of these totems are also found among
the Ottawa, together with the following: the
rattle-snake (z/iishigzve), the water-snake {o'missan-
damo), the sturgeon {name), the sparrow-hawk
{pipigiwises), the thunder, or thunder-bird {animiki),
and the fork {nissazvakzvad).
Wabash. (River in Indiana and Illinois.)
Wabashkikisibi, "Bog River." Wabashkiki, "a
bog," " a marsh ;" from wab-, " white ;" -ashk,
"erass;" -iki, "grround."
Washington Island. (Green Bay, Wis.)
Wassekiganeso, " his (sweat-covered) breast is shin
ing." Wasse-, "shining;" kakigan, "breast;" -eso,
the ending of many verbs referring to the condi
tion of the human body. This compound is used
when a man is perceived at a distance, by the
reflection of the sunbeams from his bare breast

54 INDIAN NAMES.
covered with perspiration ; e. g. while paddling a
canoe. The term is properly applicable to per
sons only; by a bold figure of speech it has been
transferred to that island, visible at a great dis
tance when its perpendicular white cliffs reflect
the light of the sun.
The first name found on maps, was " Potta-
wattomie Island " {Potcwatamimijtiss) ; it having
been occupied by that tribe about the middle of
the 1 7th century.
The French name was Isle des Poux ; from
tlie nickname of those Indians. This name led
some map makers to call it " Louse Island "
{Pott, "a louse").
Wicomico. (River in Maryland.) Delaware
Wikomika (Ojibwa zuigiwdmika), " there are houses
(lodges, wigwams) there."
The term for "house," among the Ojibwa, is
wakaigan ; for "lodge," zato'izaam ; while the
Ottawa use the latter word for both houses and
lodges, reserving the term zvakaigan for a forti
fied enclosure, "a fort." Both words are appar-

INDIAN NAMES. 55
ently derived from the root wag, wak, or wik,
"something round," which appears in the follow
ing derivatives; wakwi (Ottawa), "heaven;" wagi-
nogan, " a round lodge ;" wikweya, " there is a
bay ;" wak, " spawn ;" and many others, including
those derived from the form zvashk, as washkosse,
" he makes a crooked route ;" meaning " he walks
circuitously ;" wawashkamo, "the trail is crooked;"
and probably also .zvawashkeshi, "a deer."
Yenadizze. The "idler and gambler^'' in
Longfellow's Hiazvatha. Ainadisi, "he behaves
in different ways," "he leads a roving life;" anoch
ainadisz, " he conducts himself oddly ;" the iterative
forni of inadisi, "he behaves thus;" from iiz-
{izhi-), "so;" and -adisi. "he is," "he behaves."
York Island. (One of the Apostle Islands,
L. S.) Gamiskwdbimizhikang, " where red willows
abound," or "where there is plenty of Kinniki-
nick." Miskzvabimizh, "red willow;" -ika, "it is
plentiful there ;" ga-, an obsolete participial prefix.
The red willow, is one of the plants that fur
nishes the Kimukinick.

Tourists and visitors to Mackinac Island will find this new establishment equipped with
'Chariots, Coaches, Cabriolettes, Wagonettes, Phaetons, Surries, and Saddle Horses.
Picturesque Mackinac is famous for the many delightful drives that wind here and
there in the most enchanting way to the various places of interest.
One of the novel features of this chariot line, are the Guides, who add much to the
interest and pleasure of the ride, by giving all desired information about Mackinac.
Come into my office while at Mackinac, if you wish any kind of intelligence and it will
be given freely.
A. RISK STARR.

E. P. FOLEY. ^^ ^^^ R. P- FOLEY.
Foiey'sy\R"|"Gallery

HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL KINDS OF

Photographic Views,
GIL AND WATER COLOR PAINTINGS.

Artists will go with parties to any point on or off Mackinac
Island, to make special views on demand
for a reasonable compensation.

Steam Lapidary Machinery
In connection, for shaping and polishing Agates, many of
which are found on this lapideous Island.
AGATE JEWELRY A SPECIALTY.

Do not fail to call and examine the many fine specimens of
Northern Michigan Animals exhibited here free of charge.
FOLEY BROS., Prop's,
Cor. Fort and Main Streets. MACKINAC ISLAND.

i

0HN-JAC06-ASTQR-H0USE

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH.

HEADQUARTERS OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS.
Former Headquarters of the American Fur
Company.

The Astor House is conveniently located about one hundred yards
from the wharf where all passengers are landed. Tourists stopping at
the Astor will save carriage hire to and from all boats stopping at the
Island. No fire traps — 12 easy fire-escapes.
Fresh eggs and poultry from the Astor Farm. Fresh milk and
butter from the Astor Jersey* Dairy.
This is the only hotel on the Island which is supplied with pure
running spring water. By authority of a special Act of Congress, we
have run a pipe from the noted "Manitou Spring," and the Astor
House is now supplied for all purposes with the best and purest water
on earth. It was in their vain l;)ut determined attempt to retain pos
session of this, their sacred spring, the ancient tribe of the MisTiinimaM
were utterly exterminated (This is the only spring on this continent
north of the City of Mexico, where the natural temperature of the
water is twenty degrees colder in the summer than in winter. Winter,
55 degrees; Summer, 35 degrees Fahrenheit.)
Guests of the Astor have access to the old and original books of the
American Fur Company.
In the basement of the Astor House is the celebrated Astor Fire
place — so often referred to by Irving — the largest fire-place in the
United States. 
JAMES F. CABLE, Propr.

MICHIGANHENTRAL

-THE-

DIRECT ROUTE
TO
I^ACKINAC:
. 1--^' III — =— fSLAm
5" \ ' .a^tSf * j Through Cars from Detroit, con-
* ^\j'\ i ^f I necting at Bay City with through
'^"' ^ "'^^ ^ cars from Chicago and Jackson.

To
An island,
GREEN AND ~
GRASSY, Yonder in the
Big-Sea-Water

TH E

Qommercial H ote
C. W. DABB & CO., Proprietors.

ACCOMMODATIONS FOR FIVE HUNDRED GUESTS.

Corner Lake and Dearborn Streets,
CH ICAGO.

The location is most accessible to Depots, Steamboat Landings, Theatres, Public Buildings,
Parks, and all objects of interest. Full South and East Fronts, Passenger
Elevator, Electric ¦ Lights and all Modern Improvements.

TERMS, $2.00 ANO $2.50 PER OAY, INGLUOINC MEALS.
Supper, Lodging ^nd Breakfast, $1.50. Lodging and Breakfast, $1.00-
IMeals, SO Cents Each.

A B mr^ifiMQriM FRANK H» CARR,
A. B. DICKIN!>UN, Formerly Cashier Boody House,
Smith's Hotel, Hillsdale, Miclj. Toledo, Ohio

*r

." "•

' " •" i t £ ' « ' ' •

Cor, of State and Griswold Sts,
One Square froni City Hall,
DETROIT, - - MICHIGAN.

Location Centkal. Convenient to tbe leading stores and places of
amusement. First-class in all appointments, having passenger elevator,
heated by steam, hot and cold water iu rooms, and all modern improve
ments. A large number of very desirable guest and sample rooms have
recently been completed in the adjoining building on State Street, im
mediately in the rear of M. S. Smith & Co.'s jewelry store, making our
location absolutely central, and giving ample accommodations for over
one hundred guests.

RATES, $3.50 and $3.00 PER DAY.

DICKINSON & CARR, Proprietors.

Cheboygan, Mackinac & Sault Ste Marie
DAILY LINE STEAMERS.

The Only Daily Line on this Popular Route.

Stmr. "Soo City."

Stmr. "Minnie M."

BYRON ARMSTRONB, Captain.

J. B. MONDOR, Captain.

ED A. PLUM, Clerk.

F. M. HUBBARD, Clerk.

LEAVES

LEAVES

CHEBOYGAN

CHEBOYGAN

Momlays, Wednesdars anl Fridays,

Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays,

6 o'cloeli: a. m.

6 o'clock a. m.

MACKINAC ISLAND

MACKINAC ISLAND

9 o'clock a. m.

9 o'clock a. m.

ARKIVING AT

AKBIVING AT

SAULT STE MARIE

SAULT STE MARIE

6 o'clock p. m.

6 o'clock p. in.

lEAVBS

LEAVES

SAULT STE MARIE

SAULT STE MARIE

Tuesdays, Tliirsdays aBd Saturdays

MoMays, Wednesdays and Fridays,

6 o'clock a. m.

6 o'clock a. m.

AKBIVES AT

AKKIVKS AT

MACKINAC ISLAND

MACKINAC ISLAND

2.80 o'clock p. m.

8.30 o'clock p. m.

CHEBOYGAN

CHEBOYGAN

5 o'clock p. na.

5 o'clock p. m.

STOPPING AT ALL PLACES OF LANDING ON THIS ROUTE.
For furthef information, call on any of the following agents:
P. H, HOENE, LAMOND & HOBINSON, A. S. EUSSEL,

Cheboygan.
GEO. T. AENOLD,
Mackinac. Island.

Mackinaw City. GEO. KEMP,

St. Ignace.

Sault Ste Marie, or
W. R. OWEN, Manager,
33 Metropolitan Block,
CHICAGO, ll_L-_

Chippewa House
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.

loo leoojvi^.
Terrxis, ^S.OO and ^S.SO %>&x- Day.

HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY.
HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL FISHING CLUBS.

The Chippewa House is conveniently located on
Water Street, (nearer the river than any other hotel in
the city), a few yards from where all the passengers
are landed who arrive by boat ; fifty yards from the
main entrance to Fort Brady, (the Army Officers
messing at the Chippewa), and one hundred yards
from the Canal Locks.
Electric lights in every room, and the house fitted
with all modern conveniences. No danger from fires,
as the rooms are on the ground floor, or up but one
flight of stairs.
All passengers arriving by boat "will save carriage
hire to and from all boats, by stopping at the Chippewa.
Ferry boats running to the Canada side of the river
start every fifteen minutes from the ^A^harf opposite
the Chippewa.
HENRY P. SMITH, Prop'r & Manager.

TheNewMackina
{Built in iSS8, upon the site of the old "Mackinac House,"
which "Was burned in January, iSSl.)
Mackinac Island, - - Mich.

100 GOOD BSD HOOMS.
Terras, SS.OO and ^2.50 F»er Day.

This house is well arranged for the comfort of tourists, and is con
veniently located opposite the end of the only passenger wharf
on the Island. The furniture, carpets, eic., are al! new.
Ti3c house is equipped with electric bells, and
all modern conveniences.
FRED. R. EMERICK, - - Proprietor and Manager.

This hotel has been bnilt and arranged for the special comfort and convenience of
summer boarders.
On arrival, each guest will be asked how he likes the situation, and if he says the
hotel ought to have been placed upon Fort Holmes or on Round Island, the location
of the hotel will be immediately changed.
Corner front rooms, up only one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electriciiy,
hot and cold water, laundry, telegraph, restaurant, fire alarm, bar-room, billiard
table, daily papers, sewing machine, grand piano, and all other modern conveniences
in every room. Meals every minute, if desired, and consequently no second table.
English, French and German dictionaries furnished every guest, to make up such a
bill of fare as he may desire.
Waitersof any nationality and color desired. ^ Every waiter furnished with a libret
to, buLton-hole boquet, ful! dress suit, bail tablet, and his hair parted in the middle.
Every guest will have the best seat iu the dining hall and the best waiter in
the house.
Our clerk was carefully educated for this hotel, and he is prepared to please every
body. He is always ready to sing any song you desire, play upon your favorite
musical instrument, match worsted, take a hand at draw-poker, play billiards, study
astronomy, lead the german, amuse the childrea, make a fourth at whist, or flirt
with any young lady, and will not mind being "cut dead when Pa comes down." He
will attend to the telephone and answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa,
Volapuk, or any other of the Court languages of Europe.
The proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is "the bes
in the country." Special attention given to parties who can give Information as to
"how these things are done in Boston."
For climate, beautiful scenery and health, Mackinac Island cannot be surpassed;
only one funeral in 1887, — the patient ca-lled a doctor.

SOOI^S

B-S-

Dwight H. Kelton,

CAPTAIN U- S. ARMY.

Historj of tlie Saili Ste, Mary Canal;

PAPER, 15 CENTS.

Annals of Fort Mackinac;

PAPER, 25 CENTS.

iiiiiliiies of Places near Ik Gdiab

CLOTH, $1.00.

The above sent by mail upon receipt of price.

KELTON iL CO.,

Qxriisro-sr, 3v^ic:H:ic3-.A.3sr.

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