'W YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 05350 7159 History of Adair County — BY E. M. VIOLETTE Professor of History, State Normal School, Kirksville, Mo. TOGETHER WITH Reminiscenses and Biographical Sketches Edited by C. N. TOLMAN Photos by W. M. DENSLOW PUBLISHED BY The Denslow History Company 19 11 0. N. ToLMAN, Pres. W. M. Dbnslow, Sec. W. S. Vawtkb, Tbeas. JOURNAL PRINTING COMPANY KIRKSVtLLE, MISSOURI Cp3b Lb To THE Memory of the Early Pioneers of Adair County This Work is Dedicated BY the Author Preface As the title of this work suggests, the responsibility for its contents is divided. For Part First I alone am responsible; for the other parts, I am in no wise responsible, as they were composed and edited by other hands. When asked by the Denslow History Company a year and a half ago to write an historical sketch of Adair County, I thought I appreci ated somewhat the nature of the task, and consented to do it only after giving the matter some consideration. But I did not think it would entail as much labor as it actually has. 1 undertook it with the avowed intention of doing my best to make the History of Adair County some what different from the ordinary county histories. To do that meant a great deal of investigation which may never appear to the general reader as having ever been made. While carrying on some of my in vestigations I was frequently advised by different ones not to spend so much time upon them, and I was frequently told that the only read ers of the book would be those whose biographical sketches constitute the last part and that they would be interested only in their own biog raphies. It may be that the historical part will attract very few, but whether that be the case or not, I have the personal satisfaction of hav ing endeavored to do the work thoroughly all the way through. No claim is hereby made to infallibility. I am more fully aware of the defects than any critic may ever point out. Since my part of the work has gotten into print, I have discovered some errors and have greatly regretted I had made them. I have done all I could under the circumstances to correct them by mentioning them in the page of er rata on page 1169. Other errors may be found by those who chance to read this book. I shall consider it a great favor if readers will point these errors out to me as they discover them. I have found the pre'p- aration of this sketch interesting though at times laborious, and I shall always be glad of an opportunity of discovering any mistake I have made. I anticipate that more exceptions will be taken to the chajDters on Early Settlements and on the Civil War thaii any others. Time was not sufficient to enable me to investigate the early settlements as I would have liked to do. I had therefore to make the chapter on that subject briefer than I think it ought to be. I have possibly committed a great offense against a good many people in not including the names vt The History of Adair County. of certain persons among those who are named as having come to this county as the first white settlers. I found it very risky to accept the claims made by many people that their ancestors were the first to do this, that, or the other. To my great surprise and amusement, I have come across the names of five or six people who have it claimed for them that each one was the first white child born in Kirksville, and of these, some were born almost five years after the town was laid out. Because of the great uncertainty of family traditions, I have been compelled to reject many of them. Of those accepted, there is no assurance that they are all trustworthy. Since there are no footnotes to indicate the sources from which I have drawn my information, it may not be out of place for me to indi cate here briefly some of the more important sources that have been used. The official records of the county and of the incorporated towns and villages have been extensively used. Unfortunately the records of the county and of Kirksville prior to 1865 are very meagre because of the burning of the court house in that year. There are many facts that one would like to know concerning both the county and the town that can never be known because the records are gone forever. How ever, the records in the office of the Secretary of State at Jefferson City were made to yield up some of the facts that had been recorded in the rec ords that had been burned in the court house in 1865. The published reports of the various state officials and bureaus, such as the Auditor, Superintendent of Public Schools, Bureau of Labor, and Bureau of Mining, were frequently invaluable sources of information. The chap ter on the Civil War was written largely from the War Records of the United States Government and from Dr. Joseph A. Mudd's recent book, entitled "With Porter in North Missouri." Of course, participants and witnesses were consulted as they were to be found. The account of the "Big Neck War" in 1829 was written from contemporaneous sources which were found in the files of the Missouri Intelligencer and Boon's Lick Advertiser for that year. The newspapers of Adair County have been thoroughly gleaned, and as there is an almost complete file reaching back to 1870, the county's history for the last forty years is very easily followed. In addition to the home papers, the early news papers of Macon and of Palmyra were gleaned, and some scattered ma terial gathered therefrom. For example, all that has been given con cerning the contest over the creation of the group of new counties in 1841, of which Adair County was one, was found in the Palmyra Whig for that year. The old county history published in 1888 was occ9,sion- ally used, but generally just for the suggestions that it offered. If any Preface. vii matter drawn from it was of vital importance, no statement was taken unless verified by some more reliable source of information. Personal interviews with "old timers" have been held as opportunity would offer, but due caution has always been exercised in taking what has been gathered in this way. The memory of these interesting people is often treacherous, and their imagination frequently shows evidence of incredible activity. The institutional method of treatment has been followed. It would have been much easier to have made a kind of chronicle out of the work and given in a straight narrative the events as they occurred from year to year. But the more difficult method of tracing the history of insti tutions or movements was preferred, as this shows more nearly the life of the people than the other. I cannot close this preface without some mention of the help ren- dred by a ^Teat number of people in preparing this work. To mention each one separately would be impossible. But special mention must be made of Miss Reba Poison of Kirksville, and Col. F. A. Sampson and Professor Jonas Viles of Columbia. Miss Poison gathered most of the material for those sections dealing with the Rural Schools and the Kirksville Schools, and also for the Municipal Organization of Kirks ville. I am also indebted to the Denslow History Company for the freedom they have granted me in the preparation of this sketch, and to the compositing force of the Journal Printing Company for their patience in handling the copy and proof. E. M. Violette. Kirksville, Missouri, May 31, 1911. Publishers' Statement In presenting this History of Adair County to the public, the pub lishers believe they are putting out a work of which they can be justly proud. It has taken more than twice as long as was at first antici pated, but time and labor have only added to its thoroughness, com pleteness and value, and we trust will be all the more appreciated by the subscribers and the general public. It has been a stupenduous undertaking, greater than any of us realized, but we were determined to make it worthy and as complete as possible, no matter what the cost, and the time and the labor, it entailed. We feel sure the work is a monument of its kind, a credit to its publishers, the author and editors, and to Adair County. Competent critics, who have examined it, say it is the best thing of its kind ever issued in the West. Too much cannot be said for Mr. Violette, the author of the His torical Section. He has, without doubt, made the most careful and exhaustive research possible in the time allotted to him. For accuracy, thoroughness and systematic treatment, we believe his part of the work is unexcelled by any county history anywhere. It was a much greater task than he realized at the outset, but he did not hesitate nor falter, laboring all the more assiduously to make it a work of which he might feel justly proud. The publishers fully appreciate all that he has done, and trust that the consciousness of a task well done will help to com pensate him for the labor involved. The other sections of the work were as carefully and systematically handled as possible under the circumstances, but errors have crept in, in spite of the utmost care and vigilance. Some of them are corrected under "Errata" in the back part of this volume. We believe we have every reason to feel proud of the illustrations used in this work. The cuts, made by the Quincy Photo Engraving Co., are high-class and unusually artistic. The credit for the character of illustrations is due almost entirely to W. M. Denslow, proprietor of the Grand Studio and Secretary of the Company. While some few pictures have been made by others, he has had entire charge of this part of the work. The illustrations themselves tell most clearly how well he has accomplished his task. It has entailed a vast amount of labor, as well as artistic skill and knowledge. X The History of Adair County. The press work is unusually excellent and reflects great credit on the Journal Printing Co., from whose well equipped plant this work is issued. We desire to express our thanks to all who have assisted us in anj'^ way in the preparation and marketing of this work. So many have aided us that space will not permit them to be named here, but it is not inappropriate to mention a few who have lost no opportunity to give us needed assistance. To the writers of the reminiscences; W. T. Baird, P. F. Greenwood, Mrs. Jacob Waddill, Mrs. Otis Miller, T. J. Dockery and Geo. W. Cain, we feel deeply grateful. Their articles form one of the most interesting parts of this work. They bring before us vivid pictures of scenes most of us have never known; glimpses of a fast fading frontier. To the writers of the excellent articles on the "Great Men," W. T. Baird, Mrs. G. A. Goben, John R. Kirk and others, we extend our sincere thanks. To Daniel and Jacob Novinger, H. C. Worman, G. B. Easley, E. B. Campbell, B. F. Heiny and others who assisted us in countless ways, we express our sincere appreciation. To the members of the force of the Journal Printing Co., for their care and patience in handling copy and proof, as well as for their uniform courtesy, we are more than grateful. In closing, we desire to commend this work to our subscribers and to discriminating lovers of history, feeling sure that we have done better than we anticipated and more than we promised. The Denslow History Co. Kirksville, Mo., Sept. 25, 1911. Table of Contents PART I. CHAPTER I. Indian Mounds 3_,3 Indian Hunting Grounds. — Indian Mounds. — Exploring Expeditions. — Indian Collections. CHAPTER II. Early Settlements 6-17 Indian Treaties. — Early Settlements in Missouri. — "The Cabins," The P'irst Set tlement in Adair County, 1828.— "Big Neck War," 1829. — Restoration of "The Cabins," 1830.— Ft. Madison and Ft. Clark.— Settlers between 1831 and 1840. — Claims of Early Settlers. — Pioneer Life and Conditions. — Places from which Early Settlers came. CHAPTER III. The Growth of the County 18-23 Census of Population, 1850-1910. — Land Entries. — Assessed Valuations, 1844- 1910. — Land Values. — Causes of Growth. CHAPTER IV. The Creation of the County 24-39 Organization of Missouri Counties, 1805-41. — Iowa and Missouri Boundary Dispute. — Act of 1841 creating Adair County: Provisions of the Original Bill; Opposition to the Bill; Passage of Amended Bill. — Hon. John Adair of Ken tucky. — Boundaries of Adair County. — Selection of County Seat. — County Seal. — The Five Townships of the County in 1845. — Creation of Other Town ships, 184.5-1898. — Naming of the Townships. CHAPTER V. County Organization 40-67 Section I. — County Officers. First Officers. — Changes in the Organization of the County Court, 1841-1877. — Changes in other County Offices, 1841- 1905.— List of County Officers, 1841-1911.— The John Owenby Case and the "Big Warrant." — Suspension of E. M. C. Morelook. Section II. — County Buildings. Court House: First Court House; Second Court House; Burning of Court House, April 12, 1865; Propositions to Vote Bonds to build a Court House; Laying Cornerstone of Third Court House. — Jail: Early Jails; Propositions to vote Bonds to build a Jail. — Almshouse. Section III. — Bonded Indebtedness. Railroad Bonds. — Normal School Bonds. — Court House Bonds. — Jail Bonds.— Liquidation of all Bonds. CHAPTER VI. County Politics 68-81 Predominance of Democratic Party in Adair County prior to 1860. — Royalist and Anti-Royalist Factions in the Democratic Party in Adair County. — Rad ical and Liberal Factions in Repubhoan Party in Missouri. — Formation of Re- XII The History of Adair County. publican Party in Adair County. — Contest between Liberals and Radicals m Adair County.— Campaign of 1870.— Campaign of 1872 and the Victory of the Independent County Ticket. — Campaign of 1874 and Victory of People's Party. —Vote in County on Constitution of 1875.— Campaign of 1876.— Campaign of 1878 and Victory of Greenback-Democratic Ticket. — Campaigns of 1880, 1882, 1884, 1886, and 1888.— Campaign of 1890 and the ^'ictory of the Farmers' Tick- "jt.- Campaigns of 1892 and of 1894.— Free Silver Campaign of 1896.— Cam paigns of 1898, 1900 and 1902.— Folk Campaign of 1904.— Campaigns of 1906, 1908, and 1910. — Conclusions concerning County Politics. CHAPTER VII. Civil War 82-108 Section I. — Slavery in Ad.vir County. Condition of Slaves in the County. Section II. — Military Organizations. War Agitation. — "Union Democrat," August 23, 1861. — Home Guard Companies. — Skirmish on the Westenhaver Farm, August 19, 1861. — Twenty-Seventh Infantry, Missouri Volunteers. — Thir ty-Ninth Infantry, Missouri Volunteers: Massacre of Centralia; Battle of Cen- tralia. — Fiftieth Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia. — Eleventh Regiment Cav alry, Missouri State Militia. — Twenty-Eighth Missouri State Militia. Section III. — B.attlb of Kirksville. Military Events in Missouri, January, '61-March, '62. — Confederate Plans for Recruiting in Missouri after March, '62. — Movements of Col. Joseph C. Porter in Northeast Missouri prior to the Battle of Kirksville : Memphis; Vassar's Hill; Florida; Santa Fe; Moore's Mill; Newark; Kirksville. — Pursuit of Porter by Col. John McNeil. — The Battle. — The Killed and Wounded. — Execution of Confederate Captives. — Porter's Re treat and McNeil's Pursuit. — Palmyra Massacre. — Whaley's Mill. — Death of Porter. — Subsccjuent Career of McNeil. — Significance of the Battle. CHAPTER VIII. The Churches 109-150 Section I. — Religious Conditions. Pioneer Preachers. — Camp Meetings and Revivals. — Church Buildings. — Religious Debates. Section II. — The Denominations. M. E. Church: Kirksville; Brashear; Novinger; Connelsville; Sabbath Home; Bethel; Cater Memorial; Bullion. — M. E. Church, South: Kirksville; Brashear; Trinity. — U. B. Church: Bra- shear; Gibbs. — Baptist Church (Missionary) : Bear Creek; Kirksville; Novin ger; Millard. — Baptist Church (Free Will). — Christian Church: Kirksville; Brashear; Gibbs; Illinois Bend.— C. P. Chuich: Kirksville; Mt. Moriah; Mul berry; Concord. — Presbyterian Church: Kirksville; Millard. — Episcopalian Church: Kirksville. — Catholic Churc^h: Adair; Kirksville; Novinger. — Mis cellaneous Churches: Lutherans; Universalists; Swcdenborgians; Spiritualists; Salvation Army; Hohness Church — Bible Sociel.v — S. S. Association. CHAPTER IX. Fraternal, Patriotic, and Industrial Orders 151-165 Section I. — Fraternal Orders. Masons: Kirksville; Brashear; Novinger. Odd Fellows: Kirksville; Brasheai-; Novinger. — Knights of Pythias: Kirks ville; Novinger; Connelsville. — Elks: Kirksville. — A. O. U. W.: Kirksville. Contents. xiii Section II. — Patriotic Orders. G. A. R.: Kirksville; Brashear.— Soldiers' Reunions. — Sons of Veterans. — W. R. C. — U. D. C. — D. A. R. — Graves of Rev olutionary Soldiers. Section III. — Industrial Orders. Grange. — Farmers' and Laborers' Union. — Labor Organizations. CHAPTER X. The Public Schools 16G-189 Section I. — The Rural Schools. Early School Legislation in Missouri. — Early School Organization in Adair County. — Township School Funds. — Early Schools in the County. — Law of 1855 on School Organization. — Supt. Greenwood on Schools in Salt River and Wilson Townships in the Fifties. — Progress of the Schools in the County since the Civil War. Section II. — The Kirksville Schools. Early Schools. — School Buildings. — Enrollment and Daily Attendance. — Superintendents, 1867-1911. — High School. Section III. — The Schools op Smaller Towws. Novinger — Brashear. — Gibbs. — Connelsville. CHAPTER XI. The Normal School 190-240 Agitation for State Normal Schools in Missouri. — Cumberland Academy. — Founding of Northeast Missouri Normal School at Kirksville by J. Baldwin. — Law of 1870 providing for two State Normal Schools. — Adair County votes Bonds for a State Normal School. — Bid of Adair County for the Location of a State Normal School at Kirksville. — Location of First District Normal School at Kirks ville. — Erection of Normal School Buildings. — Model Rural School. — Model School or Practice School. — President J. Baldwin. — Professor and Mrs. Ferris. — Professor Nason. — Professor and Mrs. Greenwood. — President Blanton. — Presi dent Dobson. — President Kirk. — The Faculty. — The Board of Regents. — First Graduating Class. — Certification of Normal School Graduates. — The Library and Laboratories. — Student Organizations. — Fortieth Anniversary Celebration, 1 907 . — Statistics . — Summer School . — Appropriations . CHAPTER XII. Schools of Osteopathy 241-276 Section I. — The American School of Osteopathy. Dr. A. T. Still: Early Youth; Shawnee Mission, Kansas; Military Service during Civil War; Discovery of Osteopathy; The Theory of Osteopathy; Arrival in Kirksville; "Magnetic Healer" and "Lightning Bone Setter"; Itineraries; First Students in Osteopathy. — American School of Osteopathy: Incorporation; Early Opposition; First Graduating Class; Kirksville Bonus; Dedication of A. S. O. Building; Reincorpor ation; Additions to the Building; Hospital; Consolidation of other Osteopathic Schools with A. S. 0.; Course of Study; Tuition Fees; Faculty; Graduates; Student Body; Student Organizations. — Osteopathic Legislation. — American Os teopathic Association: Session in Kirksville, 1901; Session in Kirksville, 1908; ¦Celebration of the "Old Doctor's" Eightieth Birthday. Section II. — The Columbian School of Osteopathy. Dr. M. L. Ward. — Columbian School of Osteopathy: Incorporation; Opening of the School; Dr. Ward on "True Osteopathy"; Erection of Building; Suspension of School. XIV The History of Adair County. CHAPTER XIII. The County Press 277-286 Benj. Davis, First Printer in the County. — Kirksville Enterprise. — Democrat: Consolidation with the Kirksville Enterprise; Issue of the "Union Democrat by the Third Iowa. — Patriot. — Journal: Early Editors; Destruction by Fire; Incorporation of Journal Printing Company; Equipment. — North Missouri Tribune. — North Missouri Register: W. B. C. Gillespie. — Kirksville Democrat: Early Editors; Destruction by Fire; Incorporation of Kirksville Democrat Print ing Company.— Graphic: W. M. Gill; T, E. Sublette.— Kirksville Daihes: Daily Journal; Daily Graphic; Daily Express. — Thrice-a-Week Echo. — Bra shear Papers: Brashear Gazette; Salt River Bugle; Brashear Citizen; Brashear News. — Novinger Paper: Novinger Record. — Miscellaneous Papers: Pell Mell Greenbacker; Adair County Farmer. CHAPTER XIV. Industries 287-310 Section I. — Agriculture and Stock Raising. Agricultural Yield in 1870 and 1909. — Farm Statistics for 1900. — Stock Raising: Prominent Stock Raisers; Live Stock Census, 1909. — Poultry Business. — Burk Packing Plant. — Cheese Factories and Creameries. — Surplus Products of Adair County, 1891-1909. — Nursery Business. Section II. — Manufacturing. Grain Milling Industry: Ely Mill; Kirksville Mills. — Woolen Mills. — Planing Mills. — Wagon and Axe-handle Factories. — Brick Yards. — Friedman-Shelby Shoe Factory: Activity of Kirksville Business Men's League in securing the Factory; Erection of Factory. — Railroad Tie In dustry.Section III. — Coal Mining. Early Coal Mining in the County. — Growth of the Industry. — The Three Veins. — Statistics compiled from the State Mine In spector's Reports. — Effect of Coal Industry on the Towns of the County. — Prom inent Coal Operators. Section IV. — County Fairs. Adair Count.y Agricultural and Mechanical As sociation. — Adair County Fair Association. — Efforts to revive the County Fair. CHAPTER XV. Transportation Facilities 311-326 Section I. — Stages, Ferries and Bridges. Early Stage Lines and Schedules. — Ferries and Ferry Rates. — Early Bridges. Section II. — Railroads. Wabash -Railroad : Incorporation of North Missouri Railroad; Adair County Bonds for North Missouri Railroad; Completion of the Road to Kirksville; Early Passenger Service; Change of Name to St. Louis, Kan sas City and Northern Railroad; Change of Name to Wabash Railroad; Strike of 1894; Burning of Depots at Kirksville. — "O. K." Railroad: Agitation for a Railroad west from Quincy; Adair County and Benton Township Bonds for Quincy, Missouri and Pacific Railroad; Completion of the Road to Kirksville; The Depot at Kirksville; Extention of the Road westward. — Change in the Name. — Santa Fe Railroad: Efforts to get the Road through Kirksville; Founding of Gibbs. — Iowa and St. Louis Railroad: Incorporation; Laying of Track from Connelsville to Centreville; Controversy with the "O. K." Railroad; Rebuilding of the Road. — Proposed Lines. — Railroad Wrecks. Contents. xv CHAPTER XVI. The Banks 327-341 Deposits in Banks of County, Nov. 10, 1910.— Kirksville Branch of Bank of St. Louis. — The Baird Bank: Organization by Porter and Stebbins; W. T. Baird; Change in Name; Fire; Robbery. — Savings Bank: R. M. Ringo; Robbery. — — National Bank: Oiganization of Union Bank; Change to National Bank. — Citizens National Bank: Organization as Citizens Bank; Purchase of Baird National Bank. — Trust Company. — Brashear Banks: State Bank of Brashear; Brashear Banking Companj'. — Novinger Banks: Novinger Bank; Union Bank of Novinger. — Connelsville Banks: Bank of Connelsville; Adair County Min ers Bank. — Bank of Gibbs. — Building and Loan Associations. CHAPTER XVII. Kirksville 342-404 Early Settlers. — Growth in Population. — Municipal Organization: Location of County Seat; Original Town; Naming of Town; Incorporation in 1857; Sus pension of Town Government during the War; Reorganization in 1866; Charter of 1873; City of the Fourth Class, 1886; City of the Third Class, 1893; Chair men of Board of Trustees, 1866-1872; Mayors, 1873-1911.— Bonded Indebted ness. — Dramshop Ordinances: Ordinance of 1866; Ordinance of 1873; Aboli tion of Saloons in 1879, 1887, 1895, and 1907; W. C. T. U. and Good Templars.— Public Utilities: Water Works; Electric Light Company; Gas Company; Tel ephone Company; Sewer System. — Street Paving. — Post Office: Postmasters, 1842-1911; Post Office Building; Mail Facilities. — Cemeteries. — Business Firms in 1866-67; in 1876; in 1886; in 1911.— Hotels.— Shryack-Thom Grocery Company.— Storms: Storms of 1866, 1872, and 1879; Cyclone of April 27, 1899; Floods; Snow Storms; Sleets. — Contributions from Kirksville to Sufferers Else where. — Fires, 1865-1911. Business Colleges: Kirksville Mercantile College; Burke's Business College. — State Teachers' Association. — Wagner Conservatory. — Literary Societies: Early Societies; Sojourners. — Public Amusements. — Old Settlers' Reunions. — Missouri National Guards. — Business Men's Associations. — Mexican War Veteran's League. — Spanish-American War. — Medical Profes sion. — Adair County Bar. CHAPTER XVIII. The Other Towns of the County 405-424 Section I. — Brashear. Paulville. — Founding of Brashear. — Passing of Paul- ville. — Incorporation of Brashear. — Chairmen of Board of Trustees, 1897-1910, and Postmasters, 1872-1910. — Brashear Academy. Section II. — Nineveh. Dr. William Keil: Early Religious Experiences; Founding of the Communistic Colony at Bethel; Life at Bethel. — Founding of Colony at Nineveh. — Life at Nineveh. — Dissolution of the Colony. — Members of the Colony. Section III. — Connelsville. Missouri and Iowa Townsite Company. — Incor poration. Sbckion IV. — Novinger. Founding of the Town. — Railroad Tie Industry.— Coal Industry. — Incorporation. — Mayors and Postmasters. Seetion V. — Gibbs. Founding Of the Town. — Incorporation. XVI The History of Adair County. Section VI. — Unincorporated Villages. Stahl. — Shibley's Point. — Adair. Wilmathsville. — Sublette. — Millard. — Danforth. — Youngstown. — Nind. — Yarrow. — Wilsontown. CHAPTER XIX. In Memoriam 42.5-439 J. R. Adkins.— H. J. Bailey.— Andrew Beaty.— B. W. Bell.— B. A. Bozarth.— J. M. Bozarth.— W. G. Brashear.— Guy Chandler.— Robert Clark.— D, J. Clark- son.— A. K. Collett.— Edwin Darrow.— J. M. DeFrance.— J. T, Dennis.— I. B. Dodson.— Henry Eokert, Sr.— Andrew Ellison.— D. A. Ely, Sr.— J. S. Erwin.— W. L. Fletcher.— John R. Floyd.— Peyton Foster.— W. M. Gill.— A. E. Hamil ton.— C. W. Hardin.— M. P. Hannah.— J. L. Hawkins.— A. H. John.— G. H. Laughlin.— A. H. Linder.— W. P. Linder.— S. M. Link.— D. F. McClay.— Wm. Meeks.— J. B. Mitchell.— E. M. C. Morelock.— Noah Motter.— John R. Musick. — W. P. Nason.— J, I. Nelson.— David Newcomb.— G. W. Novinger.— Hiram Novinger.— Isaac Novinger. — John C. Novinger. — J. T. Paden. — W. H. Parcells. — Chas. Patterson.— H. E. Patterson.— John Patterson.— Walker Paul.— D. C. Pierce. E. L. Pierce.— W. T. Parker.— Gideon Riohey.— R. M. Ringo.— Wm. Ringo.— E. B. Seitz.— Jacob Shoop.— P. D. Shoop.— W. H. Sheeks.— John T. Smith.— Noah Stukey.— J. T. Vaughn.— A. L. Woods. PART II. Reminiscences 443-460 Geo. W. Cain.— William T. Baird.— Mrs. Jacob F. Waddill.— Mrs. Otis Miller. — Peyton F. Greenwood. — Thomas J. Docker}', PART III. Great Men of the County 463-474 John Roy Musick, by Mrs. G. A. Goben. — Judge Andrew Ellison, by William T. Baird. — Judge James Elhson. — Superintendent J. M. Greenwood, by John R. Kirk. — John R. Kirk. — Dr. Andrew Taylor Still. — Judge George W. Wanamaker. PART IV. Biographical Sketches 477-1168 Errata 1169 Index 1170-1188 PART I History of Adair County CHAPTER I. INDIAN MOUNDS. Adair County was evidently a favorite hunting ground for the Indians at one time. The many Indian remains that have been found in the county would be sufficient testimony to establish the fact, but that testimony is strengthened by the stories that have come down from the first white settlers about the visits that the Indians were accus tomed to make to this region after they had yielded up their claims to it and had gone farther north into Iowa. Sometimes they came with the evident intention of staying, and menaced the safety of the white settlers. This led to encounters between the Indians and whites, the most noted of which was the battle of "The Cabins," or the "Big Neck War," which occurred in July, 1829, and which will be related at length in the next chapter. How long the Indians had hved here when the whites came is not known, but the probabilities are they had been here a very long time. The remains that have been found were picked up on the ground along the Chariton River or dug out of mounds in the same region. The mounds are mostly on the east side of the river, and are estimated at about three hundred in number. They were always built on high ground, either on hills or ridges, and were circular in shape. They are from ten to thirty feet in diameter, and are at present from two to five feet high in the center. It appears from those in the best state of pre servation that they were originally banked up rather high at the cir cumference with a slight slope upwards to the center. That some of these mounds were used for burial purposes is well established by the fact that human remains have been found in them. Very few bones have been found, however, in a good state of preserva tion. As soon as they were uncovered they generally crumbled into dust. The teeth were usually in a better state of preservation than the bones. In the center and at the bottom of one these mounds situated in section 13, township 61, range 16, about two miles east of Yarrow on Sugar Creek; there was found a rock grave. Slabs of rock had been laid on the ground and on them a body had been placed; then other slabs had been set up on edge along the sides and at the head and feet; 4 History of Adair County. and then across these upright slabs others had been placed, so that the body was fairly well enclosed. On top of the grave the dirt had been piled up several feet. -Considerable skill had been used in constructing it. This grave was opened by Mr. T. J. Dockery, of Kirksville, sev eral years ago. In other mounds that have been opened bodies have been found which had been laid between layers of loose rock, while in others the bodies were apparently covered over with dirt and without any such pro tection. In one or two mounds were found a great lot of burnt rocks, and it has been supposed that the remains of the persons buried in these mounds were first cremated and their ashes covered over. Besides these human remains there have been found all kinds of stone implements and weapons. Axes, large and small, arrowheads, spear points, knives, and the like have been found. Pieces of pottery and pipes have also been taken out. One of the most interesting things found is a smooth black stone, oval in shape, about a quarter of an inch thick, about five inches long and an inch and a half wide. Along the edge notches are cut. It is conjectured that this was a kind of record. Probably some Indian passed a string through the two holes that had been bored through it near the end and hung it about his neck, and as he shot down game lie would keep a record of it bj^ notching this stone. The stone was found by Mr. T. J. Dockery in the mound which contained the rock grave mentioned above. At various times expeditions have been formed among the citi zens of Kirksville to excavate some of these mounds. The earliest one of which anything is known was made in July, 1877. The party con sisted of Sam'l Reed, R. M. Ringo, John Harlan, B. F. Heiny, H. W. Snyder, Robert Clark, Henry Eckert, A. Wolf, Dan Draper, Wm. Iler- ron, W. C. B. Gillespie, W. T. Baird, and W. P. Nason. This party excavated two mounds on the farm of A. K. Collett, six miles west of Kirksville, and found remains Of two Indians far below the surface between the layers of loose stone. The bones that were found were brought to Kirksville and placed on exhibition at Hope's Drug Store. That these bones are not those of white persons is supported by the fact that the first white settlement in the county was made in the immediate vicinity of these mounds, and no tradition has come down of any whites being buried at these places. Other expeditions have been made since then, especially in the earlv eighties. Prof. W. J. Smith of the Kirksville Business College, and T. J. Dockery made frequent trips, and Prof. C. E. Ross, formerly of the State Normal School at Kirksville, organized several expeditions. Indian Mounds. 5 Many relics have been found lying on the ground and some have been turned up in plowing. Several collections of relics picked up in the county were made by different persons. The most noted collections were those of B. W. Sands, T. J. Dockery, W. J. Smith, C. E. Ross, and Geo. W. Cain. The Sands collection is probably the largest that was ever made of relics found in this county. In June, 1886, Prof. Smith arranged an Indian Exhibition in his Business College, and brought together all the Indian relics he could get, and to add greater interest he had brought up from the Indian Territory a number of Cherokee Indians who appeared in their native costumes and gave certain exhibitions. The event proved to be one of extraordinary interest. CHAPTER II. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. Whatever claims the Indians had to lands lying within what is now Adair County, wove extinguished before any attempt was made by the whites to settle here. The Sacs and Foxes seem to have had the host Indian claims to tovvitovy in which Adair County is situated. In 1804 they ceded to ihv United States all lands between tli(> Missouri and Mississippi Ri^'ers and a lino from the moutli of the Gasconade River to a point on the Jeifreon River (Salt River) thirty miles from its mouth do\\'n to the Mississippi. The cession nuule liy tiiis treaty, however, did not include what is now Adair County. In 1808 a tveaty was made with the Osagos whereb>' it was agreed that the boundary' between them and the whites should liogiu at Ft. C^lark, a fort on the Missouri thirty-five miles below the mouth of the Kansas, and extend due south to the Arkansas River, thence down the same to the Miss issippi. In this same treaty it was provided that all huuls north of the Missouri to which the Osages had claims wore likewise oedod, but this seems to have been more of a formality tlian anything else. AVhen the first counties of the territory of Missouri were organized in 1813, St. Charles County M-as mailo to consist of the territory coded by the Sacs and Foxes in 1804, with the proviso that if the Indian titles should be extinguished to lands lying noi-th and west of this country, the Governor might add such lands to it by proclamation. In 1815 Governor Clark issued a proclamation declaring that the Osage claims which had been ceded in 1808, extended 1-10 miles north of the Kansas River, east to the Ottata River, and thonoo south to the Missouri River where the Gasconade empties into it, and that all other I'laims win-e unfounded; he further declared that all this territory- was therelDy an nexed to St. Charles County, and based his action upon the law passed l)y the Territorial Legislature in 1S13 which organized Umt county. 'Jlio territory thus declared to be annexed to St. Cliarles (\nmtv in cluded what is now Adair County, but there is some (luestion as to the authority of the Governor in making his proclamation. If he had no authority to do so, then the Indian title to the territory which included the present Adair County, was not extinguished until the treaty made with the Sacs and Foxes in 1824. In this treaty tliese Indians sur- Early Settlements. 7 rendered all remaining claims that they had in Missouri, and this sur render clearly included the present County of Adair. As has been said, there is no record or tradition of any white set tlers coming to what is now Adair County until after the Indian titles were extinguished. There seems to be no record of either the French or the Spanish in Missouri coming up the Chariton River this far, though it is not altogether improbable that some of them may have done so. Perhaps American hunters and trappers may have come in advance of the first settlers, but of them we have no record. The first attempt at settlement by the whites in this county was not made until 1828, twenty-five years after the Louisiana purchase, and three years after the extinction of the above mentioned Indian title. The earliest white settlements in Missouri had been made along the Miss issippi by the French, the first being Ste. Genevieve in 1735, if not a little earlier. By the time the United States acquired the Louisiana territory from France, a dozen or more settlements had been estab lished in the State, chiefly along the Mississippi from St. Louis to New Madrid. In addition to these Mississippi settlements there was at least one on the Missouri, that is St. Charles, but it was so close to the Mississippi that it might well be included in the group of settlements along that river. The population of these settlements in 1803 was between six and seven thousand. From 1803 to 1828 the movement of population into the interior of the state had been along the Missouri chiefly. Nearly all the new counties that had been formed between 1813, when the first were established, and 1828 were along that river. The population of the state in 1830 was 140,455, fully one-half of which belonged to the Missouri River counties. It was from these settlements along the Missouri River that many moved into the northern and southern parts of the state, and became thus the earliest pioneers of these sections. We are therefore prepared to find that the early settlers in Adair County came largely from tlie Missouri River counties directly to the south, chiefly Howard County. It was in 1828 that a band of sturdy pioneers came from Howard County to dwell in what is now Adair Cormty, a region which was as yet very much as nature had made it. James Myers, Isaac Gross, Stephen Gross, Nathan Richardson, Reuben Myrtle and Jacob Gupp are, according to traditions, the men who composed this first band of settlers. It seems that Gupp was the only unmarried member. These men decided to locate on the east side of the Chariton about six miles west of what is now Kirksville, and tradition has it that they proceeded to build three cabins, one of which stood just in front of the present r ' 'Trt 1* Mil I ^ *f ( y^^r-; „ Residence op George W. Cain (Six miles west of Kirksville) Just in front of this house stood one of the three cabins built in 1828 by the first white settlers in this county. Early Settlements. 9 house of George W. Cain, another on the present farm of Chas. Brawner a mile or two away from the first, and another on the old Stinson place which was equally distant in another direction. This settlement be came known as "The Cabins." The nearest neighbor to this band of new comers was Jos. Loe, thirty or more miles to the south in what is now Macon County. In the next year after this settlement was made, it was suddenly broken up by what is popularly known locally as the "Big Neck War." Some attention must be given to this episode, as it reveals something of the difficulties which pioneers had to encounter, and its story has become one of the historic traditions of the county. The difficulty in relating this story exactly is great because the accounts found in the newspapers long after the event are often contradictory, and no doubt much in these accounts is fictional. Upon the extinction of the title of the Indians to the lands in North Missouri, the Sacs, the Foxes, and the lowas moved into what is now Iowa. During the following three or four years they were accustomed to come back to their old hunting grounds in Missouri, and one of these favorite resorts was the region of the Chariton where deer, elk and fish were plentiful. Among those who longed for the Chariton was Che Quesa or Big Neck, a sub-chief of a band of sixty or seventy Iowa In dians. He had from the first been dissatisfied with the treaty which had extinguished the Indian titles, and finally he and his band came back in 1829 to their hunting grounds on the Chariton with the avowed intention of living in the community permanently. In coming down the Chariton they reached, some time in the last of June, the cabins of the white folk who had come to what is now Adair County in the year previous. Trouble ensued almost immedi ately. Some hogs which belonged to the whites were killed Ijy the dogs of the Indians and the meat was appropriated by the Indians. x\ dep utation of the whites went the next day to the Indians in their camp and protested against their presence in the state and demanded that they should pay for the slain hogs and that they should leave. Old Big Neck replied in broken English that they had not signed a treaty and that they had come back to live and that they would fight for the land if nec essary. This hostile attitude caused the handful of whites to reconsid er their demands, and they decided to send back to the settlements in Randolph County for assistance against the Indians. On reaching the settlements in Randolph County the fugitives spread the alarm and very shortly a band of twenty-six men under Capt. Trammell was on its way to The Cabins. Before they set out 10 History of Adair County. word was sent to the Howard County settlers to acquaint the state au thorities with the situation in the upper country. In reaching The Cabins the company found that the Indians had retreated farther up the Chariton, and it was decided to follow them. About ten miles farther up the river they found the Indians encamped on the east bank, northeast of what is now Connelsville. The Indians showed bad tem per from the first by sending their squaws and children out of the camp and refusing to send out an interpreter. The whites attempted to con vince the Indians that they were friendly, but when they asked the Indians to give up their arms this was too much. One Indian cocked his gun and pointed it towards a Mr. Myers, whereupon the Indian was shot dead by Myers' son. In a moment the battle was on, and though it lasted but a short time, the struggle was a fierce one. The probable date of this battle was July 17, 1829. Three white men were killed; they were John Myers, James Winn and Powell Owenby. Owenby was shot dead in the Indian camp. Winn and Myers were at first merely wounded and attempted to es cape. Myers was taken up on a horse behind another man, but the horse was shot from under them and Myers was left on the ground to the mer cies of the Indians. The killed were all scalped, and it appears from the remains of Winn that he was burned after he had been captured. The bodies of Myers and Owenby, however, showed no signs of their having been burned. Four whites were wounded; they were Capt. Trammell, James Myers, John W. Myers and John Asbell. Capt. Trammell died from the effects of his wound after he reached his home in Randolph County. At least three Indians were killed. How many were wounded is not known. The news of this engagement spread rapidly through the counties along the Missouri, and companies of soldiers from Howard, Boone, Chariton and Randolph hastened towards the scene of trouble. The story grew as it passed from mouth to mouth until it was thought that 1500 Indians Avere on their way south to the river. Gov. John Miller sent in a call for some U. S. troops which were stationed at St. Louis, and dispatched Gen. LB. Owen with a force of about 200 men with orders to put down the Indians and restore order. When Owen got to the scene of trouble he found everything quiet, inasmuch as the Indians. had withdrawn to Iowa. The other troops that came on from the other counties found nothing for them to do and therefore retired soon. The Governor ordered Owen to detail about one hundred men to remain in the region to protect the settlers from further attack, and if necessary to retain his force there until he could feel sure that there was no more danger. Early Settlements. H The men who had established the settlement of "The Cabins" the year before this encounter with the Indians, decided it would be best for them to abandon their claims for the time at least, and so departed immediately after the battle for Randolph County Avith the company that had come up under Capt. Trammell. Tradition has it that in the spring of 1830 the settlement of "The C'abins" was restored, but tradition cannot be trusted for a correct list of the settlers who came in that year. Of the dozen or more persons who have been said to have come in 1830, the writer is able to name only three whose claim to this honor has not been questioned in one way or another. They are John Cain, Andrew Bozarth, and Isaac Parton. Mr. Cain was the father of Geo. W. Cain, who has lived all his life on the family estate six miles west of Kirksville. There were undoubtedly others who came in 1830, but they cannot be named in any confidence. Among the traditions of the Cain family of this county is one ac cording to which John Cain, the one mentioned above, bought out the claims of the Myers family that had ifled the country the year before, for a pair of shoe leathers. From this one might conclude that either land was very, very cheap at that time, or that shoe uppers were very expensive. There is another tradition in this family to the effect that John Cain and Daniel Boone came from Kentucky to Missouri together and that after they had lived in Howard County they came into what is now Adair County. There is nothing at all to support that part of the tradition that brings Boone into Adair County. He died in 1820 at the age of eighty or more, and John Cain did not come to Adair County until 1830. Between 1830 and 1840 settlements were made in most all of the present townships of the county, but before following that subject any further, our attention will be directed briefly towards the last Indian flurry in the county. The Black Hawk War which broke out in the summer of 1832, called attention again to the dangerous situation in which the settlers in northern and northeastern Missouri were placed. A military force was sent to what is now Adair County under Capt. Richard Madison of Ralls County, and a fort was built in the northern part of what is now Polk Township, about eight miles east of the Chariton and a quar ter of a mile north of Salt River. This fort was called Ft. Madison, after the Captain of the company that erected it. It consisted of a block house enclosed by a palisade. A separate log building was used for a magazine and the storage of supplies, and brush sheds were built for the horses. When it was found that there was no danger threat- 12 History of Adair County. ening, this fort was abandoned and the company occupying it was sent home to Ralls County. Later in the summer of 1832 a considerable military force under General John B. Clark, of Howard County, was sent up the Chariton to reconnoitre the situation. It is believed that General Clark crossed the Iowa boundary fine in quest of information; but finding no signs of Indian disturbances he turned southward, and stopping at what is now the Collett farm, he built a fort which bore his name. This fort was a three-cornered affair, built out of split oak logs which were arranged so that the upper ends were sharpened like pickets and the lower ends placed in the ground about three feet. Block houses were built at each corner of the fort with port holes through which the soldiers could shoot. After the garrison left this fort the Indians are said to have frequent ly visited the growing settlements along the Chariton between 1835 and 1845. As far as is known they offered no violence to the whites, though they are said to have frequently killed their hogs. After 1845 there seems to be no account of the Indians coming any more as visitors. Remains of these two forts existed down to a very late time. The Collett family is said to have used the block house of Ft. Clark for a stable for a long while, and until recently the outline of the earthworks of Ft. Madison were plainly discernible. The author has made a special effort to find out who the permanent settlers were during the decade from 1830 to 1840, where they came from and in what part of the county they settled, but the results have not been at all satisfactory. The various so-called historical sketches of pioneer days which have appeared in the county newspapers from time to time and in the old county history published in 1888, are very contra dictory on the early settlers and are much in error, so that little depend ence can be put upon them. The subject is yet to be marked out sat isfactorily, but it will be done only after long investigation and a care ful sifting of the evidence acquired. All that be safely said is that from 1831 to 1840 the following named persons are known to have settled in what is now Adair County : Frank Adkins, James A. Adkins, Hiram Bozarth, Washington Conner, Lewis Conner, Wm. Cohett, A. K. Collett, Thomas Clifton, J. Dabney, Abram Earhart, Samuel Eaton, Benj. Ely, K. S. Filts, Jack Floyd, Nathaniel Floyd, Wm. A. Floyd, Jesse Gilstrap, Jas. H. Ginnings, Wm. Hurley, Isaac Hargis, Charles Hatfield, Wm. Horton, Samuel ll;iy, David James Wm. B. Jones, Jesse Jones, John Lesley, A. H. Lintler, John Morrow John Murphy, John Myers, Jr., Robert Myers, Fra.^-c^l Myers, Robt. Miller, Canada Owenby, Win. Parcells, Hartin Partun, Thos. Parton Early Settlements. 13 Josiah Rogers, Hiram Reed, John Shibley, David E. Stone, Edward Stewart, Coleman Stewart, John Stewart, Andrew Thompson, and Jesse Walker. These men are believed to have been grown men or fast ap proaching to grown manhood when they came. Many others are known to have come during this decade, but they were mere children at the tijne, so they are not included in this list. There were undoubtedly many others of adult age who came during these ten years, but who they were is not known to the writer. An in teresting study here awaits some one who will be willing to labor a long time upon it. When the early settlers began to come into this part of the state the government survey had not been completed; in fact, it may be safely said it had not been commenced as yet. There was nothing in the way of patents, deeds or other documentary evidence which the settler could secure and to which he could point to when he wished to prove his right to the land he had taken. He took up a "claim" on the land he settled upon and stood ready to defend his rights with his own muscle and his musket, if need be. His claim would extend generally from this creek to that one, or from this hill to that. So secure did he feel in the pos session of his claim that he sometimes waited for years after the govern ment survey had been completed through this part of the country before he entered his land and got a patent from the government. He ran the risk of having some one preempt his claim and invoke the government to dispossess him of it, but the one who dared to preempt land that had been squatted upon ran a risk of another kind that deterred him from such a procedure. This will explain why it is that some of the earliest settlers did not enter their lands until long after they had set tled here. It will also explain why the dates of entry in the plat book of the county are no safe index as to the exact time when the settlers first came into the county. It would be a matter of great interest to know how many people there were in the county in 1841, the year in which the county was organized. At that time just about ten years had elapsed since the settlement- of the county had been resumed, and curiosity, if nothing else, would prompt one to inquire how many people had come in during the first decade of actual occupation. But the best that can be done- will be to make an estimate. Judging from the census of 1850 which gave the county a little over 2000, we are hkely safe in saying that not over 1000, if that many, were here by 1841. Though the first settlement was made along the Chariton River west of what is now Kirksville, it was the central southern part of the 14 History op Ad.air County. county that began to fill up first. The probable reason why this part of the county began to fill up first was its better adaptabihty to farm ing than the Chariton region. The Chariton offered its special induce ments in the way of wild game, and the men who first settled it were as a rule good hunters. These men had, moreover, a decided preference for timbered land for agricultural purposes over the prairie land. The reason for this was that the prairie land was harder to cultivate than the timber land because of the toughness of the soil. It took several yoke of oxen to pull a plow through the prairie sod, and it was felt an easier task to clear land of timber than to subdue the prairie land. But when the prairie began to be settled it filled up much more rapidly than the river region. Tradition has it that Canada Owenby was the first settler to take up a prairie claim, but how well this can be substantiated is not known. In the early days hunting was more than an occasional pastime with the pioneers. It was one of their means of livelihood and with some it seemed to be their chief means. Those Avho established repu tations as hunters of more than extraordinary skill were John Cain, Nathaniel Floyd, Frank Adkins, Edward Stewart, James Adkins, Jo seph Stewart, James Myers, James Clifton, Thomas Clifton, David Floyd, Wm. Brasfield, Dennis Brasfield, John Lesley, Thomas Turner and John Burton. Salt River and the Chariton were the chief hunt ing grounds, and deer, wild turkeys and elk were plentiful. Occasion ally bears, panthers, wolves, and foxes would be killed. Frank Adkins had the reputation of being the most successful deer hunter, and Ed. Stewart of being the most daring hunter of panthers and other danger ous animals. The fall hunt would usually result in the bagging of enough game to insure the winter's supply of meat. Bee trees were frequently found, and the honey taken from them added to the com fort of the settler's table and offered him a commodity which found ready sale at the nearest market. Stories have come down of whole wagon loads of honey which had been taken from the trees and then hauled out of the county by oxen to the nearby markets. Conditions during the first years of the early settlement of this county were hard and primitive. Whatever farming was attempted was carried on under great difficulties. If the farm was in the timbered region, the land had to be cleared first and that meant much hard labor. When that was finished the plowing was done with a wooden mould- board plow draAvn by oxen. Because of the scarcity of oxen and plows, the neighbors would frequently join all their forces and do the plowing on their farms together, taking them one at a time. Early Settlements. 15 ^ The grinding of the grain raised was done at first by hand mills which the pioneers brought with them. In the course of time horse and water mills were built. High waters would frequently make water mills unusable. The first steam mill built in the county was put up by the German colony at Nineveh. That was erected about 1850 and was for years the only one of its kind in the county. Going to mill in early days meant usually going a long distance and frequent delay in taking one's turn at the mill. A tanyard was established by Washington Connor on what is now called the Collett farm, in 1837. The trading posts for the earliest settlers were Hannibal and Quincy to the east and Huntsville to the south. It meant a great deal to go to market then. Trips were not made very often, and full supplies were always laid in whenever they were made. The first trading post in the county is said to have been opened up by Col. Jesse Jones, which stood on what has been known in recent years as the Joel Stinson place. He also set up there a tramp horse mill, which is said to have been the first of its kind in the county. Mail facilities were necessarily meagre. The first post office in what is now Adair County is said to have been on the Sohn place near the Baptist church on the Nineveh road between Kirksville and Nin eveh, and Samuel Withrow is said to have been the first postmaster. Just when this was established is not known. When David James, the first county clerk, sent in the election returns from the county in August, 1842, he requested the Secretary of State to address all communications to him at Bloomington, the county seat of Macon County, as that was the nearest post office to the Adair County Court House. Mail was car ried across the country at first on horse back, and then later in stage coaches. As postage was paid at the place of delivery, the person re ceiving mail was sometimes put in a very embarrassing position. In those days of barter and trade "in kind," there was little ready cash, and men were frequently compelled, according to traditions that h^ve come down, to borrow as little as a dime with which to pay the post age on a single letter which had come. The distances between neighbors were at first great. To have one's nearest neighbor as far as five miles away was nothing unusual. Of course neighbors came to mean neighbors as the county filled up. Prairie and brush fires were frequent, entailing danger and frequently a great deal of damage. A story of an experience in a prairie fire which Nathaniel Floyd and his wife had in the early thirties has come down. They had been to visit a neighbor and on returning to their home on ¦ 16 History of Adair County. Floyd Creek they found that they were cut off from it by a prairie fire. Their horses could not be driven across it and so Floyd decided to go- home in a round about way, while his wife tried to cross the fire line. When Floyd reached home he found his wife had not arrived as yet and started in search of her. He found her the next day with all her woolen clothing burned off. They had caught fire in her efforts to get across the fire fine. She 'carried all the rest of her fife the marks of this terrible experience. Churches and schools were in the course of time established, and were in keeping with the primitive conditions of the community. The frontier settlements throughout our nation west of the AUeghanies owe their first religious organizations largely to the Methodist and Baptist circuit riders. These men were pioneers in spirit and in body, and gave themselves heartily to the difficulties of the work that the newly settled regions presented. It was not otherwise in Adair County. Something further will be said of the early churches and schools in sub sequent chapters. All buildings in these early days, whether dwellings, churches, school houses, stores, or barns, were built of timber cut down and hewed out by the settlers themselves. The walls were made of logs, the roofs were covered with clapboards, and the floors were either dirt or punch eons. The cabins were usually one story high ahd contained ordinarily one and never over two rooms. No one of the original cabins built in 1828 remains, and very few, if any, of the houses built before 1841, when the county was organized, are still in existence. House and barn raisings were great events in a settlen\ent. Neighbors from far and near, generally from far, came to lend a hand, and the work was usually crowned with a feast of such good things as the community afforded. Domestic life was exceedingly laborious. Women not only worked at the usual household duties such as cooking, spinning and weaving, but they often assisted in the field in plowing, threshing, and some times in hewing timber. Robert Miller's four daughters established their reputation as excellent hewers, and were known to have raised a house or barn by themselves under the direction and help of their father. The only relaxation which the early pioneer had was to be found in the occasional church services, the trip to market, or the neighborhood house or barn raising. But these pioneers had the spirit of conquest and counted themselves as fortunate in having their lot in a new field They therefore built their homes and took up their work cheerfully not always realizing just what their work meant to the future Genera tions, but with a hope that it would not be in vain. Early Settlements. 17 The first white person to die a natural death in the county was Lovern Evans. The first white couple to get married in the county were Missouri Evans and Sevon Dean. The wedding was celebrated at John Cain's. The first white child born in the county was James M. Bozarth, who was born December 14, 1831. Geo. Cain for whom that honor has been claimed by uninformed persons, was not born until 1833. Many of these conditions which existed in the first decade of the history of the first settlement continued until after the war. As the county became more densely settled and towns were established, life became less isolated and more comfortable. The further consideration of these improvements will be included under other subjects in this history. The settlers of the first decade came largely from some of the coun ties to the south of what is now Adair, particularly Randolph and How ard. Many of them had come to these counties from Kentucky and Tennessee. Some few came directly from Kentucky to Adair County. For the next twenty years after the first decade we find the new settlers coming from other states also, such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. From Pennsylvania came a German element which founded Nineveh, some account of which will be given in another place. The neighbor hood called Illinois Bend was settled by people from Illinois. From Iowa came a few people. But the main streams of immigration flowed from the Mississippi along Salt River, and from the Missouri along the Chariton. ;^ HcOruJLOK — BftRRT^ SI Map of Missouri Illustrating the Census of 1910. Counties shown in white increased in population between 1900 and 1910. Those shown in the fine lines decreased in population. (Reproduced from the St. Louis Republic, October 3, 1910.) CHAPTER III. THE GROWTH OF THE COUNTY. From the beginning the county has enjoyed in a steady and sub stantial growth. This is exhibited in a variety of ways. The first index of growth that one usuallj^ consults is the U. S. census reports on the population. On turning to them we find nothing on the popula tion of Adair County prior to 1850, as the county was organized in 1841, the year after the census of 1840 was taken. Inasmuch as no separate record was kept of the population of the territory that was attached to Macon County from 1837 to 1841, and out of which the present Adair County was formed, we have no means of knowing just what the pop ulation of the county was when it was created in 1841. The census reports since 1850 give the population of Adair County as follows: 1850 2,342 1890 17,417 1860 8,531 1900 21,728 1870 11,448 1910 22,700 1880 15, 190 White Free Colored 1850 2,283 1860 8,436 1870 11,305 1880 14,984 1890 17,114 1900 21,412 1910 * 143 226303316 Slave 51 86 Total Native Born Foreign Born Total 2,342 * * 1 2,342 S,.531 8,320 229 8, .531 11,448 11,072 376 11,448 15,190 14,708 472 ! 15,190 17,417 16,986 431 17,417 21,728 21,233 495 21,728 22,700 * * 22,700 * Data lacking. Of the 495 foreign born persons in the county in 1900, 80 were natives of Eng land, 48 of Canada, 74 of Ireland, 128 of Germany, 58 of Italy, 24 of Scotland, 20 of Sweden, 15 of Wales, and 13 of France. From this it will be seen that the decade which saw the greatest rate of increase of population was 1850-60, during which time the pop ulation increased from 2,342 to 8,531, or nearly four-fold. The census for 1910 contained a great many surprising revelations. The population of the entire state for that year was 3,293,335, an in- 20 History of Adair County. crease of only 186,670, or six per cent in ten years. Of the 114 coun ties in the state, only 43 showed any increase in population. Of the 71 counties which showed a decrease in population, 32 lost more than ten per cent of the population they had in 1900, 23 lost between five and ten per cent, and 16 less than five per cent. The majority of the counties. that showed any increase in population lie in the southeastern part of the state, and the majority of those that lost the most heavily lie in the northern and northwestern part of the state. Of the 44 counties north of the Missouri River, only 8 showed any increase in population. Adair County happens to be among these eight. The increase in this county in the last decade was 972, or 4.5 per cent. Nearly all the counties that lost in population are agricultural counties, as a rule. Adair County undoubtedly sustained a loss in her rural population during the last decade, but the increase in popula tion in the towns of Kirksville, Novinger, Brashear and Connelsville was enough to more than offset the decrease in the country. The same decade that witnessed the largest percentage of increase in population, that is from the years 1850 to 1860, also saw the greatest. number of government land entries. An examination of the original plat book of the county shows that the greatest number of land entries were made from 1853 to 1857, and particularly in 1855 and 1856. The earliest entry was made by Thomas M. Easley in 1836. Entries were made in large numbers in 1839, but from then until 1851 there were practi cally none. By 1853 the final rush to enter land began and kept up until practically all the land was entered by 1859. A few entries were made in the sixties and seventies, and even as late as 1908 T. J. Dockery, of Kirksville, entered some land in Adair County. But the great bulk of the land was entered in the fifties of the nineteenth century. The entries made in the fifties were made mostly by new settlers. There were speculators in land in the county in those days, but the lands they bought up did not equal the amount actually occupied by bona fide settlers. Not only the plat book, but the abstracts of assessment returns of the county assessor show that the rate of growth in the county was greatest in the decade from 1850 to 1860. In 1843 the assessor found only 2,100 acres subject to taxation in the county. That was an exceechngly small amount for that year, inasmuch as permanent settlers had been com ing in for over ten years and the county had been organized for two years. It may be that the assessor's returns for 1843 were not com plete, and this appears all the more probable since the returns for the very next year show that he had then found 15,131 acres subject to- The Growth of the County. 21 taxation. For a few years after 1844 the number of acres subject to taxation gradually increased, but it was not until 1853 that the increase became marked. From 1853 to 1860 the increase became greater, so that the maximum limit was reached by the latter year. The following table will show how many acres there were subject to taxation in the county from 1853 to 1860, from which the rate of increase may be read ily computed: 1853 (est.) ... 50, 000 1857 350, 256 1854 94, 348 1858 351, 354 1855 156,817 1859 362,417 1856 262, 109 1860 369, 858 The number of acres subject to taxation at the present time runs at a httle over 360,000 acres. The above table shows that that num ber was reached by 1859. The county has gained in wealth at the same time it has grown in population. The abstracts of the assessment returns give a basis for some idea as to the growth in wealth. The returns prior to 1844 are not available, so that our investigation cannot go back of that year. The assessed valuation for 1844 is about the same as that of 1845; by commencing therefore in 1845 and taking every fifth year thereafter, we are able to set forth in the following table the growth in wealth of the county from 1845 to the present, as far as assessed valuations will show it: 1845 . . . . . . 1 49, 946 1880. ....$3,176,789 1850 . . 90, 290 1885.. ... 3, 498, 370 1855 964, 968 1890. 3, 729, 558 1860 1, 154, 291 1895. . 4, 776, 543 1865 . . . .. 1,430,431 1900... ... 5, 067, 361 1870 . . 2, 966, 820 1905. . 5, 459, 474 1875 3, 388, 046 1910. . . . 5, 840, 078 Of course, the above valuations as taken from the assessors' lists, are not actual valuations, and we have no way of determining ex actly just what they are, inasmuch as the rate of assessment varies from time to time, and furthermore, there is always a certain amount of property that never is fisted by the assessor. One would be com paratively safe, however, in multiplying the above returns by three or four and taking the product as approximating the actual valuations. By comparing the tables given above on the increase in popula tion and on assessed valuations, it will be seen that the largest percent age of increase in population came in the same decade that saw the greatest percentage of increase in assessed valuations, that is, the dec- 22 History of Adair County. ade from 1850 to 1860. In 1850 the assessed valuation was $90,290 and the population 2,342; in 1860 the assessed valuation was $1,154,291 and the population 8,531. On comparing further the increase in population and the increase in assessed valuations for 1850 and for 1910, we find that the popula tion has risen from 2,342 to 22,700, or nearly ten fold, while the increase in assessed wealth has risen from $90,290 to $5,840,078, or six hundred and fifty fold. This is a most eloquent commentary on the natural re- soucres of the county and on the industry of the people. Like all other frontier districts, land was exceedingly cheap in the early days of the county. Land was entered under government patents at $1.25 per acre. The improvements put upon the homestead lands raised their value, of course, but for a long time these improvements were meagre, and hence the increase in values was comparatively slight. The best improved lands just before the war were valued at from $10 to $20 per acre. In the early seventies such lands ranged from $10 to $30; in the early nineties from $40 to $75; and at the present time from $50 to $100. As long as there was left any government land un entered that was of good quality, the unimproved land did not rise much above the price paid for government land. But by the middle of the fifties, jjractically all the government land was entered, so that values in unimproved land began to rise. Between 1855 and 1860 there was much talk of a railroad being built in the county, so that unimproved land was held at from $5 to $10 an acre. The railroad failed to mate rialize for a while, so that the values in unimproved lands dropped. Very shortly after the war all the land fit for agriculture or stock-rais ing was brought under improvement. Today only a small portion of the county is unimproved land, and this land lies in the region of the Chariton River mostly, if not altogether. The growth of the county is due to a varietj^ of causes, among which may be noted her facilities for agriculture and stock-raising, her rail roads, her wealth of timber and coal, and her educational institutions. In the early days agriculture was practically the only pursuit followed by the people. But with the coming of the railroads it became possible to exploit the natural resources of the county. The forests of the Char iton offered the first field for exploitation, and for years the making of railroad ties has been a very important industry. It is not so important now as it was formerly, though it is still maintained. In this same Chariton region have been found rich deposits of coal, and the coal mining industry has grown into large proportions. Meanwhile the raising of fine stock has become one of the greatest enterprises of the The Growth of the County. 23 county and has brought it to the attention of men dealing in fine stock far and wide. The State Normal School and the American School of Osteopathy at Kirksville have been potent agents contributing to the growth of the county. From early times the advantages of the county have been in one form or another brought to the attention of the people of the state and in adjoining states. The Glasgow News, a newspaper published at Glasgow, Mo., in its issue for October 8, 1846, contained an article on Adair County, which it had copied from the Paris Mercury, published at Paris, Mo. This article was as follows: "To those who desire good and profitable stock farms, Adair County offers many advantages, fine large prairies, diversified with streams which furnish water, and which are thickly set on each side with good timber. The Grand Chariton is also a great advantage to that county, as it is an excellent mill stream. "Those who wish to build in Adair County can get lumber on rea sonable terms. We saw a lot of excellent inch flooring plank, the price of which is there only 75 cents per hundred feet; Kirksville, the county seat, is now rapidly improving. The lands adjoining the county seat are not yet in the market. Those who wish to settle in a new county and rise as the county rises, will do well to pay Adair County a visit." Many of the pioneers who came in the early forties induced many of their friends who had been left behind in Kentucky, to join them.. This coming in of men to join former friends in their new homes in this county continued in a noticeable way until at least the war. Since the war active efforts have been made at several different times to induce strangers to come to the county. Several immigra tion societies have been formed at different times. The associations of Kirksville business men, which have flourished under various names for thirty years or more, have been the means of bringing certain enter prises to the town and county which have contributed something to the general growth. The county has made steady growth all along, but that which has counted most in the making of the county what it is now, was done in the last two decades. Judging from the aggressiveness of the business and professional men of the county one might say that in the next twen ty years a decided advance will have been made beyond what has already been done. • CHAPTER IV. THE CREATION OF THE COUNTY. The history of county organization in Missouri is very instructive and interesting. As one follows the creation of new counties from 1804, when the District of Louisiana was divided into five districts, down to 1876, by which time the present 114 counties had all been created, and sees the map of the counties of the state gradually assume its present form, one follows very closely the early growth of the state. Adair County was created together with thirteen other counties in 1841. Prior to the creation of these thirteen counties only sixty-two counties had been formed, just a little more than half the present number of coun ties in the state. In order to understand the circumstances of the or ganization of Adair County and to appreciate how its creation marked a stage in the growth of the state, it will be well to review hurriedly the history of county organization prior to 1841. In 1804 the United States government divided the great Louisi ana purchase territory, which had been obtained from France in the previous year, into two parts; all south of the thirty-third degree of north latitude was formed into the Orleans Territory and all north into the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the jurisdiction of General William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Terri tory. In 1805 the District of Louisiana was enacted into a first-class territory, the lowest class of territories, and was named the Territory of Louisiana. Meanwhile, General Harrison had divided the District of Louisiana into five districts, which were called St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. The exact bound aries of these districts cannot be ascertained, but it is quite hkely that they had the same boundaries which the districts of the same names had in 1811. In 1812 Congress raised the Territory of Louisiana into a second class territory and named it the Territory of Missouri. The Territorial legislature, which had been provided for by Congress, divided the territory in 1813 into seven counties: St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, Washington, and Arkansas. New Madrid and Arkansas Counties was practically what is now the state of Arkansas. The other five counties lay within the boundaries of what is now Missouri. -j^wqncT^'jgr'^^ U T^icT District of Louisiana in 1804, (This map and the five others following were made from photographs of maps drawn by the Political Science Department of the University of Missouri. They are reproduced by permission of Professor Jsador Loeb, head of that department.) Territory of Missouri, 1813. r C-, \ 4 Sis.''. V I tais. ^ ^"^ V'^^^i V. Territory of Missouri, 1816. Missouri Counties, 1821. (What is now Adair County was at that time a part of the territory attached to Chariton County.) % Missouri Counties, 1841. (Adair County was created in this year.) Missouri Counties as They Have Been Since 1876. The Creation of the County. 31 In 1815 Lawrence County was formed, and in 1816 Howard County. The latter has been called the mother of counties because of its immense size and because of the great number of counties which have been cre ated from within its original boundaries. Adair C.ounty was among this number. In 1818 Wayne, Franklin, Pike, Montgomery, Jefferson, Madison, and Lincoln Counties were created, but no one of these came from what was then Howard County. In 1820 twenty new counties were formed; of these Calloway, Boone, Chariton, and Ray were created out of How ard. By 1830 six more new counties had been formed, one of which was Randolph with its present boundaries. It was carved out of the orig inal Chariton County, and provision was made that all the territory lying to the north of it up to the Iowa line should be attached to it for purposes of government. This attached territory included what is now Adair County. In 1837 Macon County was formed with its present boundaries, by carving it out of the territory attached to Randolph County; the territory lying to the north of the new county was attached to it for purposes of government. In 1841 Adair County was formed with its present boundaries, by carving it out of the territory attached to Macon County, and the ter ritory to the north of the new county was attached to it for purposes of government. This attached territory was erected into Schuyler County in 1843, but was not completely severed from Adair County until 1845. Putnam County was organized in 1843 and attached to Adair County until 1845, when it was separated. This practice of attaching territory to counties prevailed through the state and was not peculiar to Ran dolph, Macon and Adair County. It would be a matter of great interest to trace the formation of the other counties created since 1841, but that would lie beyond our province. It may be in order, however, to state in this connection that an effort was made in 1868 to take certain sections of Adair, Chariton, Macon, Sullivan and linn Counties and make a new county out of them, but nothing came of the effort. The accompanying maps, which are printed with permission of the Political Science Department of the University of Missouri, pre sent graphically the formation of new counties and the changes in county boundaries from 1803 to the present. It is not out of the way to mention at this point, of the boundary contest between Iowa and Missouri which came up in 1838. In that 32 History of Adair County. year Iowa was made a separate territory, and the claim was set by by the lowans that the boundary line between Iowa and Missouri as was claimed by Missouri, was about ten miles too far to the north. The dispute arose over the location of the Des Moines Rapids. In the act admitting Missouri into the Union, the northern boundary was de scribed as a parallel passing through the rapids of the Des Moines River. Missouri therefore claimed that the line should be drawn so as to com ply strictly with the provisions of the act, while Iowa, after having been formed into a separate territory, claimed that the rapids that were in tended to be mentioned in the act Avere in the Des Moines Rapids of the Mississippi, and not the Rapids of the Des Moines River. It was brought forth by Iowa that Missouri and Congress had by different acts prior to 1838 recognized that Missouri had no right to the line she was claiming. As has been said, the line as was claimed by Missouri, was ten miles farther north than Iowa was willing to recognize, and the area of this strip in dispute was greater than the entire area of Rhode Island. The contest hung on for a long time, and in its course Adair County became involved. The controversy was well under way when Adair County was organized in 1814. It will be recalled that when the county was organized the territory to the north of it was attached to it for pur poses of government, and remained attached to it until 1845, at which time Schuyler County, which had been organized in 1843, was finally severed from Adair County completely. This attached territory in cluded a part of the strip in dispute between Iowa and Missouri. When the oflficials of Adair County sought to collect taxes and administer the laws of Missouri in this part of the disputed territory, they found them selves in trouble, just as the officials of other counties had found them selves when they undertook to do the same things. Very few evidences of the struggle have come down to us from the records of this county, but the county court of this county seems to have considered that the contest between Iowa and Missouri was as good as lost as early as De cember, 1843, for in that month an entry was made in the county court records to the effect that the collector, that is, the sheriff, should not collect any more taxes in the territory claimed by Iowa until further orders. The contest was finally settled through a friendly suit in the Su preme Court of the United States in 1849. This body decided that the Indian line run by Sullivan in 1816 was the true boundary line, and appointed two commissioners to find this line and re-mark it. This line was run by Hendershot and Minor in 1850. The controversy closed The Creation of the County. 33 with Missouri losing the case. The present boundary line runs ten miles farther south than Missouri had claimed it should run. The act passed by the state legislature and approved January 29, 1841, providing for the creation of Adair County, provided also for the creation of thirteen other counties in different parts of the state. Be tween twenty-five and thirty separate applications for new county or ganizations were sent to the legislature in January, 1841. These appli cations came from the southern, western and northern parts of the state. The whole matter was finally referred to a joint committee of the two houses of the legislature, and when the committee reported, it was found there were two reports. The majoritj^ decided to recommend the organization of nineteen new counties. The minority very strenu ously opposed this recommendation and bitterly fought the adoption of the majority report. The argument used by the minority was some what as follows: The constitution of the state provided that each county should have one representative in the state legislature, but the total number of representatives for all the counties should never exceed one hundred. In case the counties should not be one hundred in num ber, the legislature had the power to apportion the representatives among the various counties according to the free white male population, so that the total number of members in the house should reach one hundred. If the bill providing for nineteen new counties should pass, there would be eighty-one counties in the state; as each county was entitled to at least one representative there would be left only nineteen representatives to apportion among these eighty-one counties, and there was great difficulty in getting these nineteen properly apportioned. The population of the state in 1840 was 172,000 free white males, or 381,754 persons of all ranks and conditions. On the basis of one hun dred representatives in the House, the unit of representation should be one representative for every 1,720 free male whites, or one for every 3,817 persons of every description. No proposed county had at the time 1,720 free white males or 3,817 persons of every description. A few came close to these figures, but most fell far short. Moreover, the creation of these new counties would reduce the population of the old counties from which they were taken, so that in many cases the counties that had been reduced in size would not contain 1,720 free white males or 3,817 persons of every description. If this bih should pass sixty-five counties would have each only one representative, and of these sixty-five there would be some which would have a population of more than 6,000. Moreover, the majority of the one hundred rep resentatives in the House would be elected by counties having an aggre- 34 History of Adair County. gate population of only 124,788, while the minority would be elected by counties having a population of 200,906. It was admitted that many people who were asking for new county organizations were greatlj^ in convenienced by the existing conditions, but the blame for the unfort unate situation was laid upon the improvident legislation of the past. Finally, many of the counties which had recently been org;anized did not pay enough taxes to the state to pay the expenses of their repre sentatives in the legislature. One of the most ardent supporters of this minority report was T. L. Anderson of Marion County. He said in a speech marked for its grandiloquence, that the result would be to give double representation to those counties that were to be reduced in size in order to create the new counties; the reduced county would retain its representative and the newly formed county would acquire its representative. Moreover, the reduced county and the new county would frequently fail to have the number of inhabitants which the constitution requires them to have in order to be entitled to representation. The bill tended to take rep resentation away from the larger counties and to give it to the new coun ties; in other words, if the new counties were not created all the larger counties of the state would each have at least two representatives. If the bill passed fifty-one representatives representing 126,000 persons would have an ascendancy over the forty-nine members representing 254,000 persons. Mr. Anderson closed his vigorous protest by object ing to the fact that the matter was being pushed through in one omni bus bill; he would have been glad to vote for the organization of cer tain counties if each had been provided for in a special bill, but he would vote against them all since they were in one bill. No doubt there was a good deal of "politics" injected into this question, but the bill after having been amended so as to create only fourteen counties instead of nineteen as originally drawn up, was passed by a safe majority. With the passage of this act the counties of the state were increased to seventy-six in number. Adair County was named after Hon. John Adair of Kentucky. This was due to the desire of the many Kentucky immigrants who came to this part of the state during the decade preceding its organization as a county, to perpetuate the memory of one of the prominent public men of their old home state. John Adair was born in Chester County, South CaroHna, in 1759. After serving in the Revolutionary army he went to Kentucky and there soon, became identified with the public activities of that new commonwealth. His service was both military and civil in character. He was an officer in the Kentucky State Militia, The Creation of the County. 35 becoming ultimately Brigadier General; he served in the Indian wars and commanded the Kentucky troops at the battle of New Orleans. He was U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1805 to 1806, Governor of Kentucky from 1820 to 1824, and member of Congress from Kentucky in 1831-33. He died at Harrodsburg on May 19, 1840. It was in the year following his death that the county named in his honor was organ ized. The boundaries of Adair County as the act provided for are the same as they are today, and are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the middle of range 13 on the township line dividing townships 60 and 61 ; thence west on said township line to the range line dividing ranges 17 and 18; thence north on said range line to a point three miles north of the township line dividing townships 63 and 64; thence east on a line parallel to said township line to the center of township 64 in range 13; thence south to the place of beginning." The total area is 570 square miles. This same act also provided that Jefferson Collins of Lewis County, L. B. Mitchell of Clark County, and Thomas Ferrell of Monroe County, should be commissioners to select the permanent seat of justice for the county, and that this selection should be within two and one-half miles of the geographical center of the county. Some time during 1841 or 1842 these commissioners located and established the county seat in the east half of the northeast quarter of section 9, township 62 north, range 15 west. The county seat was called Kirksville, and the original plat was acknowledged on May 18, 1842. The proceedings and acts of the commissioners were legalized by the legislature on December 19, 1842. The county had no oflficial seal until 1848. The election returns which were sent in by the county clerk to the Secretary of State at Jefferson City show no seal until the year 1848, and the statement was frequently made in these returns that no provisions had been made as yet for a seal. For four years after Adair County was estabhshed as a separate county, what is now Schuyler County was attached territory. During these years, 1841-45, the county court records of Adair County make mention of eleven townships. They were Benton, Morrow, Liberty, Wilson, Pettis, Goshen, Richland, Wells, Fabbe, Cochran and Parton townships. Of these the first five lay within the county proper, and the other six in the attached territory. After the attached territory was enacted into a separate county in 1845, the Adair County court in its May adjourned session of that year, proceeded to describe anew the boundaries of the five townships lying within it. These boundaries were as follows: 36 History of Adair County. Townships of Adair County in 1845. The Creation of the County. 37 Townships of Adaik County Since 1865. (No attempt has been made to show the location of towns except Kirksville.) 38 History of Adair County. Benton: Commencing at the northeast corner of Adair County, thence west along the northern boundary line of Adair County to where said fine crosses the Chariton River; thence south along the middle channel of said Chariton River to where it crosses the township line di viding townships 61 and 62; thence east along said line to where the range fine dividing ranges 14 and 15 crosses the same; thence north along said range fine to where the same crosses the township line divid ing townships 63 and 64; thence east along said township line to the eastern boundary fine of Adair County; thence north along said bound ary line to the place of beginning. Liberty: Commencing at the southwest corner of Adair County, from thence north along the dividing line between Adair and Sullivan Counties to the township fine dividing townships 62 and 63; from thence east along said toAvnship line to where the Chariton River crosses the same; thence south along the middle of the said Chariton River to the southern boundary of Adair County; from thence west to the place of beginning. Morrow: Commencing at the northwest corner of Adair County, from thence south along the division line between Adair and Sullivan Counties to where the township line dividing townships 62 and 63 crosses the same; from thence east along said township line to where the same crosses the Chariton River; from thence north along the middle of the channel of said river to the northern boundary of Adair County; thence along said northern boundary line to the place of beginning. Pettis: Commencing on the division line between Adair and Macon Counties at the line dividing ranges 14 and 15, thence west along the division line of said counties of Macon and Adair to the Char iton River; thence north up the middle of the channel of said river to where the township line dividing townships 61 and 62 crosses the same; thence east along said township line to the range line dividing ranges 14 and 15; thence south along said range line to the place of beginning. Wilson: Commencing at the southeast corner of Pettis township, thence east along the division line between Adair and Macon Counties to the southeast corner of Adair County; thence north along the divis ion line between Adair and Knox Counties to the township line dividing townships 63 and 64; thence west along said township line to the range line dividing ranges 14 and 15; thence south along said range line to the place of beginning. A comparison of the two accompanying maps show that all the townships except Pettis are much larger than the townships of the pres ent time. Benton included besides the present Benton township,, all of Polk and part of Clay and Nineveh townships; Morrow included The Creation of the County. 39 parts of Nineveh and Walnut; Liberty a part of Walnut; and Wilson, all of Salt .River and a part of Clay. Pettis township was in 1845 the same in boundaries as it is today. In the records of the proceedings of the county court for 1847 men tion is made of a Parton township. Just what this was cannot be made out. No mention seems to be made of this township in any subsequent record that has come down to us. Owing to the loss of so manj^ county court records in the court house fire in 1865, it is impossible to state just when all the new townships were formed. By 1851, however, there were seven townships, the original five of 1845 and Polk and Clay. The latter was organized by the county court on June 7, 1851. The records from 1851 to 1857 do not show any increase in the number of toAvnships, but by 1865 the number had run up to the present ten, the three new ones since being Nineveh, Walnut, and Salt River. It is the testimony of many persons that all of the ten townships were in existence with their present boundaries before the civil war. There has been at least one effort to create new townships since the present ones were formed. In 1898 Oklahoma township was formed by cutting off the eastern portion of Pettis and the western portion of Wilson and putting these parts into one township. The reason for doing this was to furnish more convenient voting precincts for the people living in this part of the county, but it is evident that this arrangement was not satisfactory. On December 6, 1898, Okla homa township was abolished, and Wilson and Pettis townships were restored to their former boundaries. The county court proceeded later to establish convenient voting precincts in the Wilson and Pettis town ships, which served the purpose better than the arrangement for an extra township. Six of the townships were named after men who were prominent either nationally or locally at the time when they were created. Ben ton was named after Thomas Hart Benton, then at the height of his power and influence as U. S. Senator from Missouri; Morrow, after Judge John Morrow, one of the original three county judges of the county; Pettis, after Spencer Pettis, who was Missouri's sole Congress man from 1829 to 1831, and who was killed in a duel with Major Bid- die in St. Louis in 1831; Wilson, after Judge Joseph Wilson, who was county judge from 1842 to 1844; Polk, after James K. Polk; Clay, after Henry Clay. Two townships took their names from their phys ical conditions: Salt River is named after the river of that name that passes through it; Walnut, after its walnut forests. Nineveh was named after the German communistic colony of that name which was estab lished in that part of the county about 1850. Liberty was probably derived from patriotic sentiments. CHAPTER V. COUNTY ORGANIZATION. Section I — County Officers. The first officers of the county were all appointed, and held from the time of their appointment in 1841 till the next election in 1842. Samuel Easton, Joseph Ringo and John Morrow were appointed Jus tices of the County Court by the Governor, and Isaac Eby was likewise appointed by the Governor as Sheriff. These appointments were made on February 10, 1841. In April David James was appointed County Clerk by the County Court, and a little later in the same winter he was appointed Circuit Clerk by Judge Clark, Judge of the Judicial Dis trict of which Adair County was a part. The act creating Adair County provided that the Circuit and County Courts should hold their sessions at the residence of David E. Sloan until the permanent seat of justice of the county should be estab lished. It is the tradition, however, that the first session of the County Court was held in a large school house two miles south of what is now Kirksville, near the residence of a Mr. Myers. The time of this first session, wherever it was held, must have been not later than April, as the records in the Secretary of State's office at Jefferson City show that David James was appointed by the County Court by April 5. Tra dition has likewise declared that the first Circuit Court session was held at the residence of John Cain, six miles west of Kirksville, some time early in 1841. The Circuit Judge was Jas. A. Clark, and the Circuit Attorney, Benjamin F. Stringfellow. From 1841 to 1867 the county court was composed of three jus tices, who chose one of their number as the presiding officer. From 1841 to 1858 the term of office was four years, and all three of the jus tices came in and went out at the same time. In 1858 the terms were lengthened to six years, and arrangements were made so that one jus tice retired every two years. The county court when first established attended to probate matters, as well as the ordinary county administration; but in 1847 a separate probate court, composed of one judge, was estabhshed. This court took away from the county court its jurisdiction in probate cases. In 1867 a special law was passed by the legislature abolishing the County Organization. 41 ¦county court justices of Adair County and creating a county court of only one judge. D. S. Hooper is credited with securing the passage of this law, as he was a frequent visitor to the legislature while the bill was pending. He was then appointed by the Governor to fill the office until the first regular election. Though his term was short, he inaugu rated a change in the county finances Avhich was greatly needed. The county funds had for- a long time been insufficient, and as a result the county warrants were passing for about half their value. The crea tion of a sole county judge in place of the court of three justices made it easier to secure court action raising the levy of taxes, so that more in come would be brought in and the county's credit would be restored. Judge Hooper did this very thing, and though he was bitterly condemned for his act by many people, his financial policy proved a good one for the county at large, which practically all came to realize in time. In 1868 Judge Jacob Sands was elected to succeed Judge Hooper. It ought to be noted here that many people believed that the county finances were allowed to get in a bad shape for the purpose of enabling a few to make money out of the matter. It has been said that those who bought up the protested county warrants at half price supported for a long time a county court organization that refused to make a levy sufficiently large to meet the deficiencies, but when they had accumu lated a large amount of their warrants they then got a county court organization of one judge who raised the lev.y and enabled them to col lect their warrants at full face value and with interest besides. How much truth there is in this cannot be said. The same law that abohshed the county court justices in 1867, also abolished the probate court, and thus threw the probate business back into the county court. In 1870, however, the legislature by an other special act, restored the county court of three justices for Adair County, and also the probate court of one justice. In June, 1872, the county voted to have township organization, but it was over a year before the change was effected because of the opposition there was to the change. The proposition was carried in June by a vote of 660 to 295, but the election had to be held over again in November, because the law provided it m.ust be carried by a majority of the registered voters. The second time it carried easily by a vote of 1548 to 491. A controversy arose as. to whether the county could organize under the new township law which had been recently passed by the legislature, but the Supreme Court finally decided it could. In August, 1873, the new county court was convened for a called term. It was composed now of five judges instead of three. They were C. B. 42 History of Adaik (\)unty. Policy, Presiding Judge: J. S. Erwin, S. P. Shiblej-, A. H. Linder, and J. H. Rainier, District Judges. In 1874 a still more radical change was made by the legislature in the county court of Adair (^ounty. A law was passed in that >car pro viding that this body should be composed of one judge, who should be called the Judge of the County Court, and of a townsliip trustee for each of the ten townships of the county. The judge of the count>- court was the sole judge, except at the general term. The general term was the annual session of the court, which was composed of the county judge and the ten to-\vnship trustees, and was held in June. In this same year, 1874, the legislature agahi abohshed the probati^ court and transferred its l:)usiness back again to the count>' court. In 1875 the present constitution of Missouri was adopted, and Avith that instrument there came to an end thi> long established prac tice of passing special legislative acts regarchng the organization of towns and counties. From that time to this the town and county or ganizations have been uniform throughout the stat(\ exct'iit in the case of towns that have clung to the charters that were granted to them prior to 1875. In conformity to that principle of uniformit>' in local administration the legislature in 1S77 passed a law which provided or a system of county courts which have continued to this day. By tliis law each county is divided into two districts, each of which elects a. county judge; the entire county elects the presiding judge. In this same year the probate court of one judge elected by the whole count>' was restored. The effort to inaugurate the system provid(>d for b>' this law was opposed by the then existing county court which was organized on tiie township basis. The Governor appointed D. A. Ely, Noah Stuke>-, and Geo. T. Spencer as the county justices, but when they sought to assume the duties of their office they Avere opposed by Judge Slinger- land, who had been since 1876 the judge of the county court. Judge Slingerland claimed to be the legal judge and proceeded to open court before the judges appointed by the Governor could appear to do that themselves. The three judges faihng to secure recognition and possess ion of their offices, instituted judicial proceedings, and in the course of time received a decision from Judge Ellison in their favor. It seems as though there Avas something of "pohtics" in this controversy, inas much as Judge Slingerland was a Republican and the three judges ap pointed by Governor Phelps Avere Democrats. This county has never returned to township organization since its reorganization in 1877, though there have been at least two attempts County Organization. 43 to that effect. In November, 1880, the county voted on the proposi tion of adopting township organization, and carried it by 779 to 371; but the Attorney General decided that it had not been legally submitted, and hence was lost. In November, 1890, the proposition was again submitted and was defeated at the polls. In addition to the county justices Avith which the county began its existence in 1841, there were a Sheriff and a Clerk of the County Court and of the Circuit Court. From time to time other oflaces have been created. In 1845 the office of Surveyor Avas created; in 1846 that of Coroner and that of Assessor, and in 1855, that of County Com missioner. In 1859 the ofl^ce of Clerk of the County Court and of the Circuit Court was divided, so that there were two distinct offices, that of Clerk of the County Court and that of Clerk of the Circuit Court. The duties of the Circuit Clerk included at that time not only those of the Circuit Clerk of today, but also those of Recorder. In 1859 there Avere four Assessors, one for each of the four districts into Avhich the county had been diAuded. In 1860, hoAvever, this laAV was changed, and one Assessor Avas provided for for tlfe Avhole county, and there seem to haA^e been no further changes in that office since then. In 1866 the offices of SuperA'isor of Registration and County Su perintendent Avere established. The first Avas created by the Court of 1865 and passed away with the repeal in 1870 of those laws re garding the suffrage that had been obnoxious. The duty of this officer was to supervise the registration of those voters who Avere made eligi ble to vote under the Constitution of 1865. The office of County Commis sioner Avhich had been established in 1855, was alloAved to lapse during the war. In 1866 the office of County Superintendent Avas created. In 1868 the office of County Treasurer was made elective instead of appointive, and the office of Public Administrator was created; in 1872 that of Prosecuting Attorney and that of Collector were also estab lished. The Prosecuting Attorney took the place of the County At torney. When the county was organized in 1841, each judicial circuit in the state had a circuit attorney. In 1845 a laAv Avas passed by the legislature authorizing the county courts to employ county attorneys to assist the circuit attorneys if they saAV fit. The records of this county shoAV, hoAvever, that in 1844 the county court appointed Samuel True- lock as county attorney for one year at the magnificent salary of $40 per year. He w"as to prosecute the case against Jesse Kirk, the de faulting treasurer of the county. From time to time others were ap pointed until 1872, though there is no evidence to shoAV that they were appointed regularly every year. In 1872 the offices of Circuit Attor- Some Early County Officials. W. T. Porter, W. H. Sheeks, Circuit Clerk, 1861-67 Sheriff, 1855-59 Isham B. Dodson, Sheriff, 1847-51 Edwin Darrow, B. F. Heiny, Sheriff, 1867-71 County Clerk, 1875-79 (With the exception of that of Edwin Darrow. all these pictures were taken while these men were in office.) County Organization. 45 ney and County Attorney were abolished and that of Prosecuting At torney for each county was established. The collection of the taxes was originally the Avork of the sheriff', who used to make trips throughout the county to gather up the taxes. He did not carry pads of blank receipts which he fihed out and handed to the taxpayers as they paid their taxes, but instead a package of legal cap paper. On narrow slips of foolscap or legal cap paper he wrote out the receipt for the total amount, omitting the different items and de tails. He was reheved of this duty in 1872, when the office of County Collector was created. The county court may yet order the County Collector to make trips to different parts of the county to facilitate the collection of taxes, and as late at least as 1891 the court was accustomed to make this order, and the collector would appear at different places at different times. For example, M. F. Strock announced in 1886 his schedule as follows: Sperry — Clay Township Stahl — Morrow ToAAmship . Novinger — Nineveh ToAvnship . . Millard— Pettis ToAvnship Sublette — Polk Township Wilson^Wilson ToAvnship ... Brashear — Salt River Township In 1874 the ofl&ce of County Superintendent was abolished by the legislature and that of County Commissioner was created in its stead. The office of Recorder was created bj^ order of the County Court April 9, 1898. Prior to that time this office had been included in this county under that of Circuit Clerk. In 1865 a law had been passed hy the legislature providing that when a county had a population of 10,000 or more the county court might order a separation of the circuit clerk and recorder. In 1870 the county had a population of 11,000, but the county court did not see fit to order the separation of the two offices until 1898. As soon as Governor Stephens Avas notified of this act of the county court he appointed Harry Focht as Recorder; he served from April 18, 1898 to January 1, 1899. He was succeeded by Grant Cor- bin, who was Circuit Clerk and Recorder when the division was made. The last elective office to be created in Adair County Avas that of County Superintendent. In 1905 this office was created by the vote of the people of the county according to a law which permitted coun ties to have county superintendents instead of county commissioners. October 7- - 9 . October 11- -13 . October 14- -16 . October 25- -27 . October 28- -30 NoA^ember 8- -10 . November 11- -13 46 ¦ History of Adair County. if they chose to have them. In 1909 the law was changed, compelling each county to have county supervision of the rural and village schools. The following tabulation shows the various county offices from 1841 to the present. It is not claimed that this is absolutely correct. It is made up largely from election returns and does not always take into account those w'ho failed to qualify or those Avho were appointed to fill unexpired terms. In the main, however, this list is belicA^ed to be correct. — - -- — - _ ... _ state senator representative 1841 1843 Maj. Bean Maj. Lusk 1845 77 1847 }i Jas. C Good 1849 77 1851 Hancock Jackson Joseph Ringo 1853 John T. Smith 1855 W. H. Parcells 1857 Thos. Richardson )} 1859 W. S. Fox W. M. Gates 1861 W. H. Parcells 1863 Abner Gilstrap Jonathan Ransom 1865 Dr. Lee 1867 Isham B. Dodson A. H. Linder 1869 A. L. Gibbs 1871 R. H. Browne D. S. Hooper 1873 77 1875 W. M. Rubey Jas. Marquess 1877 S. M. Pickler 1879 H. F. Caldwell F. M. Harrin.gton 1881 0. T. Rouse (1) JJ 1883 n 1885 W. M. Vancleave J) 1887 W. H. Sears (2) J. W. Davis 1889 N. M. Shelton JJ 1891 J. T. Reynolds 1893 E. R. Stephens P. D. Grubb 1895 A. N. Seaber 7) 1897 S. M. Pickler 1899 E. B. Fields }) 1901 A. G. Hildreth 1903 T. L. Rubey 77 1905 G. W. Humphrey F. M. Harrington 1907 F. P. Young 1909 77 J. W. Tinsman 1911 S. M. Pickler (1) state Senators are elected for four years. The redistricting of the State every ten years frequently effected a transfer of Adair County from one district to another, so that there is some apparent irregularity in the succession in office. This is true in 1881, 1891, and 1901. (2) Elected to fill vacancy. circuit judge circuit attorney CIRCUIT CLEKK 1841 Jas. A. Clark B. F. Stringfellow David James (2) 1843 Wesley Hamilton 77 1845 Addison Reese Jos. R. Abernathy 1847 i 1849 77 1851 J. J. Lindley 1853 John C. Anderson 1855 E. M. C. Morelock 1857 1859 Thos. Richardson B. G. BarroAv 1861 W. T. Porter 1863 Jas. Elhson John T. Foster 1865 E. V. Wilson W. C. Hilhs 1867 E. 0. Gates 1869 1871 J. W. Henry Fletcher White Pros. Att'y (1) A. Slingerland 1873 J. A. Pickler 1875 JJ Jas. Ellison D. C. Pierce 1877 Andrew Ellison A. D. Risdon 1879 JJ P. F. Greenwood W. J. Ashlock 1881 )) A. D. Risdon 1883 77 77 1885 77 1887 JJ J. W. Johnston Jas. B. Dodson 1889 77 1891 M. D. Campbell A. P. Hibbs 1893 JJ J. B. Dodson 1895 A. D. Risdon Grant Corbin 1897 J. C. Storm 1899 N. M. Shelton W. D. Goode S. S. Cavett 1901 JJ 1903 J. A. Cooley JJ 1905 77 JJ 1907 W. E. Shiriey Ed. Rorabaugh 1909 J. E. Rieger 1911 77 G. C. Weatherby JJ (1) The office of Prosecuting Attorney was created in 1872, whereupon the office of Circuit Attorney was discontinued. County Attorneys were originally appointed to assist the Circuit Attorneys. (2) The offices of Circuit Clerk and of County Clerk was held by the same per son from 1841 to 1860. The term was six years until it was changed to four years in 1867. RECORDER 1 COUNTY CLERK ASSESSOR 1841 David James (1) Thoret Rose 1843 " J J 1845 'i JJ 1847 . JJ 1849 , 77 Christian Krupp 1851 JJ 1853 Isaac Turner 1855 : E. M. C. Morelock JJ 1857 JJ 1859 i (3) 1861 R. M. Ringo Franklin Freeman 1863 1 Jas. A. Smith 1865 1867 John Richey H. W. Snyder 1869 W. J. Ashlock 1871 77 77 1873 Jas. Brewington 1875 B. F. Heiny (4) 1877 (4) 1879 J. C. Carothers D. C. Lord 1881 J. W. Waddill 1883 S. S. McLaughlin JJ 1885 H. C. Sohn 1887 JJ 77 1889 A. C. Rowhnson 1891 P. J. Rieger F. M. Gilliland 1893 A. C. RoAvlinson 1895 Hezekiah Grisham T. A. Hulse 1897 " (5) 1899 Grant Corbin (2) W. R. Holloway 1901 Chas. Englehart 1903 R. M. Miller JJ 1905 W. S. Policy 1907 Geo. Tuttie John T. Waddill 1909 JJ 1911 Grove Lowrance JJ (1) The Circuit Clerk and County Clerk offices were held by the same men until 1860 when they were separated. The term was originally six years, but was cut down to four years in 1867, and has remained so to the present. (2) The duties of Recorder were taken from the Circuit Clerk in 1898 and a separate office was created. Harry Focht was Recorder by appointment by the Governor in 1898. . .n, ^ • j. j r x, (3) In 1859 there were four assessors for the county instead of one; they were J A Smith, R. M. Ringo, John McAUister, and John Pickens. (4) The county had township organization from 1874 to 1877, and hence there were no County Assessors during that period. (5) The Assessor's term was lengthened to four years in 1897. SHERIFF COLLECTOR TREASURER 1841 Isaac N. Eby W. C. Warrener 1843 JJ Jesse Kirk 1845 Preston MuUanix John D. Callison John T. Smith 1847 Isham B. Dodson (5) 1849 77 1851 John Adkins Benj. Murphy 1853 77 Evans Mulanix 1855 W. H. Sheeks J. C. Thatcher 1857 JJ (6) 1859 Andrew Beatty 1861 JJ 1863 John Owenby 1865 JJ 1867 Edwin Darrow 1869 JJ G. W. Parks 1871 A. J. Knight H. W. Snyder 1873 J. D. Miller A. J. Knight (2) JJ 1875 JJ (3) JJ 1877 P. M. Smith (3) JJ 1879 77 1 H. W. Snyder G. M. McGuire 1881 John Shaver R. G. Bielby P. J. Brown 1883 77 JJ C. H. Malone 1885 J. H. Kinnear M. F. Strock M. J. Ross 1887 77 77 77 1889 G. F. Wilhams Jacob Sands Theo. Brigham 1891 E. A. Polly J. H. Paul A. D. Starr 1893 G. W^ Rupe I Wm. Meeks J. S. Matter 1895 JJ 77 JJ 1897 R. I. Blackledge [ W. F. Engelhart Benj. Ely 1899 J' JJ J. S. Matter 1901 C. N. Roberts F. W. Gibbs ; JJ 1903 J) 1 77 I Jas. Crow 1905 J. T. Curry 77 Jos. Berry 1907 JJ C. A. Chadwick (4) | JJ 1909 G. F. Wilhams (1) H. C. Worman (7) 1911 , U. S. G. DoAvning (1) The term of Sheriff's office was lengthened to four years in 1909 (2) The duty of collecting taxes was taken from the Sheriff in 1872 and the of fice of Collector was thereupon created. ' (3) The county was under township organization from 1875 to 1877 and there was no County Collector during that period. ' (4) The term of the County Collector was lengthened to four years in 1907 (5) The office of Treasurer was filled by appointment of the Countv Court an parrently until 1868, when it became elective. v^uimty y^onn ap- (6) Names of Treasurers from 1847 to 1867 could not be found. (7) The Treasurer's term of office was lengthened to four years in 1909. CORONER SURVEYOR COUNTY SUPT. (4) 1841 1843 1845 S. G. Watkins (2) 1847 David Smith (1) Bartlett Asher 1849 W. F. T. Lansdale 1851 JJ 1853 1855 John D. Foster 1857 1859 HiranI B. Foster 1861 1863 Edwin Darrow 1865 Levy Y. Henning (3) 1867 P. J. Brown Robt. Mercer 1869 P. J. Brown Lyman Darrow J. T. Dennis 1871 W. K. Miller 77 1873 G. W. Sublette Robt. Mercer 1875 R. D. Dean S. M. Pickler 1877 John Waddill T. J. Dockery Robt. Mercer 1879 Theobald MiUer S. S. McLaughhn 1881 John WaddiU 77 Frank Propst 1883 J. C. McClelland 77 1885 John Waddin Stephen Hall 77 1887 77 J. D. Brown 1889 77 77 Wm. Hartford 1891 J. J. Mcintosh L. B. Smith 1893 Robt. Willis Tyler Paine W. R. Holloway 1895 C. M. Wilcox A. P. Vaughn 1897 JJ 77 C. S. Brother 1899 JJ JJ 1901 JJ 77 H. Blair 1903 W. J. Banning 1905 G. A. Sparling 77 77 1907 77 L. B. Sipple 1909 Foster Easley 77 JJ 1911 1 (1) The office of Coroner was created in 1846, but the incumbents of that office down to 1865 have not been discovered. (2) The office of Surveyor was created in 1845. The term of office has always been four years. The first Surveyor was appointed until election. Bartlett Asher resigned before the expiration of his term. (3) Edwin Darrow was elected in 1863 for four years, but the Constitution of 1865 required re-election of all officers, hence the re-election of DarrOw in 1865 for four years. (4) The office of County Superintendent was established in 1866. It was changed to County Commissioner in 1874. In 1905 the county adopted County supervision, thereby providing for County Superintendents. W. T. Porter is said to have been elected County Superintendent in 1857, but it is not clear just what the office was at that time. 52 History of Adair County. The peculiar organization of the county court and probate court and the frequent and irregular changes made in their membership from 1841 to 1873, make it impossible to show easily in tabular form the members of these bodies during that period. The membership of the county court down to 1878 will be given here .in narrative form, and then the membership from 1878 to the present will follow in tabular form. Similar treatment Avill be given the probate court immediately after this. The first county court was composed of Samuel Easton, Joseph Ringo, and John MorroAv, Avho Avere appointed by the Governor in 1841 until the first election. In 1842 they Avere succeeded by Jeremiah Bru- ner, Isaac Gilstrap, and Jos. Wilson, who were elected for a term of four years. In 1844 Gilstrap and Wilson resigned, and they Avere succeeded by Nathan Dick and Jonathan Floyd. In 1845 Bruner and Dick resigned, and Noah Stukey and Samuel Withrow were appointed in their places. In 1846 Noah Stukey, John Murphy and Jonathan Floyd were elected for four years. In 1850 Ellis Wilson, Franklin Freeman and Colden W. Hardin were elected for four years. In 1851 W. E. Green was elected in place of Ellis Wilson resigned. When Green resigned in 1852, Geo. Miller was appointed in his stead. In 1851 B. G. Barrow Avas elected county justice, and in 1853 D. A. Ely Avas appointed; but whom they succeeded is not known. In 1854 Nelson Grogan, John M. Galyen and Henry Shibley Avere elected for four years. In 1856 Franklin Freeman was appointed in 'place of Shibley resigned. In 1858 a change Avas made in the time when the terms of the dif ferent members Avould expire. Jacob Gilstrap was elected for two years, Noah Stukey for four years, and D. A. Ely for six years. In 1860, therefore, Andrew McFerron was elected for six years in place of Gil strap, and in 1862 Noah Stukey was elected for six years to succeed himself, and Canada Owenby for four years in place of McFerron resigned, and in 1864 S. P. Shibley Avas elected for six years to succeed D. A. Ely. In 1865 all the justices Avere declared removed and S. P. Shibley was appointed for the long term, Canada Owenby for the middle term, and 0. H. Beeman for the short term. In 1866 new judges were elected as follows: John Shibley for six years, Andrew Gregg for four years, and Wm. Rogers for tAvo years. In 1867 a special law was passed abolishing the court of three judges and substituting a court of one judge. D. S. Hooper was appointed to this position in 1867. In 1868 Jacob Sands was elected to succeed him for six years. In 1870 the court was reorganized and two associates added to the sole judge. A. M. Gregg and A. H. Linder were appointed as associates, County Organization. 53 and Avere succeeded by Jacob Cook for six years and A. N. Gregg for four years. In 1872 S. M. Crawford was elected to take Sands' place. In 1873 the County Court was reorganized. C. B. Pohey was Presiding Judge, and J. S. Erwin, S. P. Shibley, A. H. Linder, and J. II. Rainier were District Judges. In 1874 a further change was made. The court was composed of a presiding judge and two township judges. Noah Stukey was presiding judge and the Township Judges were: A. K. Collett, Benton; John W. Gin, Salt River; S. M. Crawford, Pettis; A. J. Elmore, Wilson; T. G. Summers, Walnut; James Shott, Nineveh; E. M. C. Morelock, MorroAv; D. A. Ely, Polk; W. E. Emerson, Clay; A. H. Linder, Liberty. In 1876 A. Slingerland was Presiding Judge, and the toAvnship judges were: P. J. BroAvn, Benton; D. A. Ely, Polk; E. M. C. More- lock, Morrow; J. R. Cook, Wilson; James Shott, Nineveh; G. W. Lord, Clay; A. H. Linder, Liberty; J. N. McCreery, Salt River; A. B. Milli- ken. Walnut; S. M. Crawford, Pettis. In 1877 a law providing for uniform county organization was passed according to the provisions of the Constitution of the State of 1875 and the Governor appointed Noah Stukey, D. A. Ely and G. T. Spencer as the County Judges, with Noah Stukey as Presiding Judge, and the other two as district judges. From that day to this there has been no change in the form of the court. PRESIDING judge .judge FIRST DISTRICT JUDGE SECOND DISTRICT 1879 M. G. Clem P. D. Shoop John H. Rainier 1881 S. F. Stahl J. Q. Johnson 1883 J. L. Hawkins G. W. Novinger 77 1885 J. H. Novinger Geo. R" Huston 1887 W. P. Linder A. N. Toler JJ 1889 R. N. Toler Geo. Meeks 1891 J. J. Keim Adam Shoop Wm. Hart 1893 77 Dan'l Tuttie 1895 J. A. Bragg Jos. Hickman J J 1897 77 D. H. Crawford 1899 Jos. Hickman R. N. Toler G. W. Newton 1901 W. C. Ditmars JJ 1903 G. W. Newton JJ B. R. Hawkins 1905 C. E. Markey JJ 1907 W. C. Ditmars " R. W. Hart 1909 Z. T. Hagans JJ 1911 A. P. Hopson J. H. Shoop S. J. Reed 54 History of Adair County. The probate court as a separate court was provided for by a law of 1845. Wm. Hibbard was elected for a term of four years commenc ing in 1847. He was succeeded by B. G. Barrow in 1851, and then Abel Stukey served for two terms commencing in 1856. S. N. Hol loway served from 1864 to 1867, when the court was abolished and the probate business was transferred to the county court. In 1870 the court was restored, abolished in 1874, and restored in 1877, and has re mained in existence ever since. Jacob Sands was Probate Judge from 1870 to 1874. The probate judges from 1879 to the present are given in the following table: PROBATE JUDGE PUBLIC ADMIN'R 1869 Guy Chandler (1) 1871 1873 JJ 1875 1877 A. L. Shepherd 1879 J. D. Stephens 1881 S. A. Murphy 1883 C. L. LcAvis 1885 Jas. Wait 1887 77 1889 77 1891 Isaac Morgan 1893 Sam'l Preston 1895 H. C. Farrington 1897 Thos. Shott 1899 77 Sam'l Preston 1901 L. P. Carmen 1903 U. S. G. Keller 1905 77 1907 " 1909 Geo. E. McDowell 1911 77 (1) The office of Pubhc Administrator was created in 1868. The term has al ways been four years. County Organization. 55 There have been a number of cases brought against different county officials for derehction of duty and other things. Most of them belong to the early period of the county. The most interesting is that of John Owenby, who Avas sheriff' during the war. Owenby left Kirksville for Jefferson City on February 1, 1867, with $14,000 for the state, but when it Avas learned he had absconded, his bondsmen, D. A. Ely and W. B. Harlan, started out in pursuit of him, and with the aid of a St. Louis detective found him in the Indian Territorj^ Charges of embezzlement Avere preferred against him, but the case was never brought to trial. In defense of Owenby it is claimed by his friends that he had been duped by men who pretended to be his friends, and that he never in tended fraud. As an aftermath to this case arose the combat over Avhat Avas popu larly known as the "Big Warrant." The bondsmen of Owenby pre sented a bill of $1,632.35 to the county court as the amount they had expended in finding Owenby and bringing him back. The county court granted a warrant for the amount, justifying their action on the ground that the bondsmen had had an understanding with at least one mem ber of the court before the pursuit was begun that this expense would be borne by the county inasmuch as Owenby would be able to give cer tain information regarding some valuable documents that had been burned in the court house fire in April, 1865. The warrant Avent to pro test because of lack of funds. In the course of time a judgment of $5,000 was rendered against the bondsmen on account of Owenby. The bondsmen tried to offer the Avarrant in partial payment of the judg ment, but by that time Judge Hooper was the sole county judge and he refused to honor the warrant issued by his predecessors. The mat ter was taken to the circuit court and there decided against the bonds men, and on their appealing it to the Supreme Court the decision of the circuit court was confirmed in November, 1870. The ground for this decision were that the bondsmen were not acting as county officers in pursuing Owenby, but as private citizens trying to prevent the loss they would sustain as his bondsmen. The matter stirred up a great deal of feehng in the community, and was hotly debated on the streets and in the press. Among the articles written on it Avas one by P. F. and J. M. Greenwood entitled "Down with the Big Warrant." Another case concerns E. M. C. Morelock, County and Circuit Clerk from 1855 to 1861. In October 1856, his bondsmen, Joseph Ringo, W. H. Parcels, Canada Owenby and 0. H. Beeman, petitioned the County Court to remove him because of prolonged drunkenness and 56 History of Adair County. failure to perform the duties of his ofl&ce, and to inform the Attorney General of the State so that prosecution should be begun against him. The Court immediately declared him suspended from office and ap pointed B. G. Barrow as Clerk for an uncertain term. The case, how ever, was never brought to trial. His original bondsmen were released and on presenting a new bond he was reinstated in office in Dec, 1856. Section II — County BuiEdings. Court House — The law creating the county provided, as has been stated before, that the first session of the county court should be held at the residence of David E. Sloan, but no record has survived to tell us anything of this first meeting. Tradition has it, as has been noted before, that the first meeting was held at a school house two miles south of what is noAV Kirksville, instead of Sloan's house. The first records of the county court that have come down to us are for the meeting held on November 17, 1842, at the house of Jesse Kirk, which stood a short distance from where the Wabash Depot in Kirksville noAV stands, and from that time to May, 1843, the sessions of the county court were held in his house. During this period arrangements were made for the construction of a temporary court house at Kirksville. This was well enough under construction by July, 1843 to allow the county court to hold its first session in it on the 15th of that month. The work on it, however, Avas not fully completed until the following month. It stood on the lot on Avhich the National Bank of Kirksville now stands, and is described as a low one story brick affair, and is said to have cost $1,000, a large amount for those days and relatively greater in value than the same amount today. The honor of constructing it fell to John B. Earhart, who did the brick work, and to John D. Callison, who had the contract for the wood work. David James, the County Clerk, had the contract for supplying the furniture. The order of the court for the furnishings was as follows: "Ordered by the Court that David James furnish four chairs and furiiish a sufficient quantity of benches for the use of the Court House, also a bar for the room; also to furnish Avindow shutters for all the Avindows of the Court House, with hasps or hooks to fasten them bn the inside of the Court House, also one door shutter AAath a lock and key, and locks and kees [sic] to all the other doors, the fore- mentioned [sic] materials all to be good and substanch [sic] and to be done plain and neat." It was felt at the time when this court house Avas built that it was only a makeshift, and so within ten years the county court began to plan the erection of a permanent building. In February, 1852, the County Organization. 57 court ordered that a two story court house should be erected in the pubhc square at Kirksville. To this order the Presiding Judge, Frank lin Freeman, dissented and left his dissent a matter of record. The immense sum of $2,200 was appropriated to build the court house thus ordered, and patriotic citizens desiring to contribute to a court house fund were urged to do so, and were offered county warrants bearing six per cent interest in return for their help. Wm. H. Parcells Avas ap pointed Superintendent of Construction, and he Avas instructed to go to Edina and procure the plan of the court house of Knox county and sub mit it to the court. The court later approved the plan which Mr. Par- cells presented and ordered that he should let the contract on March 8, 1852. On that day the contract was let to Galyen and Douglass, whereupon the court appropriated $150 more to the original $2,200. How much more it cost by the time it Avas completed is not known. During the year 1853 the county court began to use part of the building, but it was at least two years before the work may be said to have been finished. The cupola which was the chief exterior adornment, was at the same time the source of a great deal of trouble, and the records show that order after order was made to have it repaired so that it would no longer leak. As late as 1857 the records further show that some sort of work was being done from time to time in the way of finishing certain parts of the building. The building was arranged so that the first floor contained office rooms, and the second floor the court room and a few other office rooms. The court rooms of the first and second court houses were long used for religious purposes and for school purposes. As early as November, 1844, the court authorized the holding of religious services in the court room of the first court house, and in August, 1851, Robert S. Thompson Avas given the right to hold a school in it. In December, 1856, Samuel Sherman was authorized to maintain a school in the court room of the second court house, provided he would allow political and railroad meet ings at any time and religious services in it on Saturdays and Sundays. There are many persons yet living in Kirksville who can remember when the religious services of the town were held in the court room. In fact, there was no other place of worship in the town until the Cumberland Acadejny building was erected in the early sixties. Just exactly when that building was fitted up for church purposes is not knoAvn. Early on the morning of April 12, 1865, the second court house Avas destroyed by fire. It is presumed that the fire started in the county clerk's office or near it, inasmuch as this office was practicaUy destroyed by the time the fire was discovered. No one knoAvs hoAv the fire started. The Second Adair County Court House. Built in 1853-55; burned to the ground April 12, 1865. This building stood where the present one stands. This out is made from an old daguerreotype. County Organization. 59 but the presumption is that it Avas due to accident, though the charge has been made in the public prints of the county that it was the Avork of incendiaries who sought to cover up certain things that the records shoAved to their disadvantage. Many of the records of the circuit clerk's and recorder's office were saved, but the records of the circuit court were badly burned. The circuit court records that Avere saved have since been recopied in new volumes, but the half burnt originals have been lost. The copied volumes contain only fragments of the original records. Only three volumes of the records of the county clerk's office were saved, and they Avere on fire when they Avere taken out. Two of these volumes contain the record of most of proceedings of the county court from November, 1842, to November, 1857. These volumes, Avith the binding burnt off and the edges of the leaves charred, are now preserved in two tin boxes in the county clerk's office, and are among the most valuable historical documents on the early history of the county. Another volume taken from the county clerk's office, the assessor's Tax Book evidently for 1859, is likewise badly burned and is preserved in another tin box. The saving of the records in the circuit clerk and recorder's office Avas largely due to Mr. John L. Porter, who was then deputy in that office, and to Mr. Ebenezer Vorhees. These two men took their turn in going in among the faihng embers and hand ing out the records through the windows. Over thirty years passed before Adair County possessed another court house of her own. Meanwhile, the court house square became known as the Park, which in time was set out in beautiful trees, though there were times when it was neglected and abused. A band stand was erected at one time in it, and this Avas used by the Kirksville band for its open air concerts. Moreover, during this period of thirty years the county offices and the courts Avere housed in different buildings around the square at different times. The proposition to vote bonds to build a court house was submitted to the voters of the county at four different times at least and defeated each time before it was carried. The first Avhich proposed the the issue of $40,000 in bonds, Avas submitted November 5, 1872, and was de feated by a vote of 179 for to 1788 against. The defeat was doubtless due in part to the fact that the county Avas already heavily loaded with bonded indebtedness. Bonds to the amount of $78,000 had been is sued in 1870 for the Normal School, and bonds to the amount of $75,000 had been issued for the Q. M. & P. R. R. Moreover, Benton township had voted $40,000 and the east half of Salt River ToAvnship $6,000 for the same railroad, so that the sum total of bonded indebtedness of the 60 History or Adair County. county and the two townships just mentioned amounted to $219,000. It is not surprising that the proposition to vote $40,000 more in bonds for a court house should have been defeated so decidedly at the polls. The second proposition was submitted on June 2, 1891. This was to issue bonds to the amount of $50,000 to build a court house and a jail. The county court decided that if the matter carried, the court house should be erected in the center of the square. But the matter was defeated by a vote of 737 for and 875 against. No such explana tion can be offered for this defeat as was given for that in 1872. The <;ounty Avas at that time getting out of debt, the Normal School bonds having been paid off and the railroad bonds having been cut down consider ably. Moreover, the county came very near losing all its records by fire a few months previous. On December 13, 1890, the northwest corner of the square, including the Masonic building in which the county oflfices and court were located, Avas burned to the ground. This would seem to have been sufficient warning to urge the people to vote to care for their own records, especially since the financial condition of the county was better than it had been twenty years before. But this did not prove to be the case. The election returns show that the country people de feated the proposition. Many of them said that Kirksville ought to build the court house and that they would leave it for the toAvn to do so. It was also said that no plans had been submitted to the people so they could see what they were going to get for their money, and hence they would not support the proposition. One of the questions that had been long discussed prior to this election Avas the site for the new court house when it should be built. The first court house had stood on the northwest corner of the square, but the second in the center of the square or park. Many people wanted the new court house in the square, but some protested against that and advocated the purchasing of a lot somewhere either on or off the square on which should be erected the court house. One reason given against the square or park as the site was that the court house would have to haA'e four expensive fronts, while if it were built on an ordinary lot it would need only one front and hence would not be so expensive. The third proposition was submitted in November, 1892. This provided for bonds to the amount of $40,000 for a court house and jail, but Avas lost by a vote of 1094 for and 1407 against. The fourth proposition Avas submitted at the regular election four years later, that is, in November, 1896. This provided for bonds to the amount of $50,000 for a court house and jail, and while the vote was a httle stronger for the proposition than the one cast in 1892, it was not enough to carry it. The vote stood 1422 for and 1592 against. County' Organization. 61 The last effort showed that the sentiment Avas gaining in favor of ¦the building of a court house. This was a matter of encouragement to those who had long worked to give the county adequate protection for its records and who had some pride in the county's respectability.. Within a year the matter was submitted again, and this time with suc cess. On July 6, 1897 a petition bearing over 400 names was submitted to the county court asking for a special election to vote on $50,000 bonds to erect a court house and jail, with the proviso that the court house would be built in the public square. The county court granted the petition and ordered the election to be held on August 3, 1897. The vote stood 1993 for, and 650 against. The victory for the court house was a decided one and reflected credit on the voters of the county. The county court accepted the plans and specifications of Kirscli & Company of Milwaukee, and let the contract for building the court house according to the plans and specifications on November 6, 1897, to Anderson & Menke for $46,675.00. The corner stone was laid with elaborate ceremony on Monday, May 2, 1898. The day Avas not as auspicious as had been hoped, on account of the rain the day before and the threatening weather that day. But as it was, thousands of people were in town and witnessed the ceremony. In addition to the regular trains which brought in many people, a special train came up from Moberly. At about twelve o'clock the parade was formed on High Street and moved Avest on McPherson to Franklin, south to Jefferson, west to Elson, north to Harrison, east to Franklin and south to the Grand Stand on Washington. Those in the parade came in the following order: Kirksville Cornet Band, Masonic Order, County Officials, City officials. Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, Lincoln Legion of Honor, G. A. R. Posts, Woodmen Order, American School of Osteopathy, Public Schools, Columbia School of Osteopathy, State Normal School, Adair County Volunteers, Old Settlers and other Citizens, and Marine Brass Band. H. A. Butler was Marshal of the day. After the parade halted at the Grand Stand, the following program was carried out: The Address of Welcome was dehvered by Mayor T. J. Dockery. The corner stone was then laid with Masonic rites under the direction of Andrew Fisher, acting Grand Master, of La Belle. The oration was delivered by Dr. C. H. Briggs, S. G. W. of the Grand Lodge of Missouri. The program closed Avith a series of "toasts" as follows: "Adair County, Past, Present and Future," S. M. Pickler; "The State Normal School," Prof. R. C. Norton; "The Pubhc Schools," Superintendent County Organization. 63 IV. R. HohoAvay; "The American School of Osteopathy," Dr. Wm. Smith; "The Columbia School of Osteopathy," Dr. U. M. BroAvder; "The Old Settiers," Rev. Wm. L. Fletcher; "The Churches and Sundav Schools," Rev. G. W. Sharp. The building was finished and occupied on March 31, 1899.. For some reason or other the court did not include the building of a jail in the contract, and the total cost of the court house including ixtures, was considerably beyond the original contract. This extra expenditure was borne out of the contingent fund of the county. There was considerable criticism on the part of some people because of the way the matter turned out. The building, however, is architecturally 3, credit to the county, and could not be rebuilt today for probably one- Iiaff again as much as it cost. As has been said, the county officers and the county courts were Tioused in various places during the period between the fire in 1865 and the erection of the present court house in 1897-98. For about tAventy years after the fire the different offices were located here and there as facilities could be found. It was impossible to find a building where all the offices could be accommodated. For a while a part of the jail building was used by the county clerk and the county court. A build ing called Sherwood Hall on the south side, and* also another building known as the Baylor building, the present Savings Bank Building, were used at different times for some of the county offices. When the Masonic building was erected on the northwest corner of the square in 1885, the offices and courts were moved into it. The burning of that building in 1890 forced the county court to provide temporary quarters in what is known as the Spencer block just south of the Citizens Na tional Bank, but as soon as the Masonic building was rebuilt on its present site, that is justnorthof where the one that burned had stood, the county offices and courts were moved there. There they remained until the present court house was occupied in 1899. Jail — In the early days the county had a kind of calaboose for the detention of prisoners. It is said to have been a log affair with the logs fitted closely together. Just where it stood is not known. A few years before the civil war, probably in 1858, the county built a jail on the site where the present jail stands. The original structure was a low, small square brick building in which the various cells were placed. In a few years after it was erected a frame addition was built on the front for the use of the jailer. An addition was made to this frame part in 1877. It has just been noted how after the court house 64 History op Adair County. was burned in 1865 the county was compelled to make use of the frame portion for some of the county offices, for a while at least. Mr. T. J. Dockery, who has long resided in Kirksville, recalls quite well how this jail was thought of as a wonderful structure when it Avas built. He says that the people used to go and look at it and become convinced on seeing it that it was proof against jail deliveries. But it was found out that it was not so secure a place after all. On October 5, 1873, a jail dehvery took place and five or six of the inmates made their escape. After that several other escapes were made, so that it became a common remark that anybody could get out who Avanted to. When it was thought necessary to use precaution in safekeeping prisoners, they were taken to the jails of neighboring counties. The place was long recognized as unsanitary and ill-fitted for what it was intended to be. As early as 1878 the Grand Jury left on record its adverse criticism, and nearly every grand jury that inspected this jail until it was torn down, reiterated this criticism. The building, however, was allowed to remain in use nearly fifty years before a mod ern one was erected in its place. One event took place in the old jail that should be mentioned. On January 15, 1904, John M. Robertson was executed in it by Sheriff C. N. Roberts, for the murder of his father-in-law, George Conkle, on November 13, 1902. This is the only legal execution the county has ever had.^ We have seen that the county had voted bonds in 1897 to build a court house and a jail, but that the county court had put all the money thus voted into a court house. That left the matter in such a shape that the jail had to be built later with other funds. The need became so urgent that a proposition was submitted on June 4, 1904, to the peo ple to issue bonds to the amount of $20,000 for the erection of a modern jail. This was defeated by a vote of 805 for and 708 against, the two- thirds majority vote being lacking considerably. The same proposition was submitted again at the regular election in November of that year, but it failed again, the vote being 1187 for and 1147 against. Though two defeats followed one another in so short a time, the matter was not dropped. The amount proposed was cut down from $20,000 to $17,000 and submitted again. It took three special elec tions, however, before this proposition was legally carried. These elec tions were all held in 1905. How there came to be so many special elections is a matter of some interest. The first was held on March 28, and resulted in a defeat of the proposition, the vote standing 1212 for and 816 against. There were County Organizatjon. 65 several votes lacking to make the two-thirds majority required by law in voting on bonds. The second election was held May 31. The proposition carried this time by a vote of 1184 and 573 against. There were 12 more votes than the necessary two-thirds majority. The county court proceeded to let the contract and issue the bonds. The contract was let to the Pauly Jail Company of St. Louis and to A. L. Holmes of Kirksville, for the joint sum of $16,990, and the bonds were sold to Little & Hays for $17,510. But close investigation later showed that an error had been made in the notice of the election which invalidated the bonds. The notice read that the bonds were to run two years, while the county court rec ords showed that they were to run three years. This error was not detected until one of the contractors had the foundation laid and much material on the ground. The county court therefore ordered a new election to be held on December 1. The vote at this time was 1235 for and 188 against. The bonds were made to run two years and were sold to the Mississippi Valley Trust Company for $17,367. The con tracts A\dth the Pauly Jail Company and with A. L. Holmes were re newed at the original figures, and the work proceeded until the build ing was completed in July, 1906. Almshouse — The county maintains a county farm of 160 acres in the southeast part of Benton township for the keeping of the paupers of the county. The inmates are housed in an old farm house which is also used as a residence by the Superintendent. The county's insane patients are sent to the state asylums at St. Joseph and Fulton. Section III — Bonded Indebtedness. The county has contracted bonded indebtedness at different times for railroads, for the State Normal School located at Kirksville, for the court house built in 1897-98, and for the jail built in 1905-6. Some mention has already been made of some of these bonds, and mention will be made of the others in another place. But it is in order that a brief account of the entire matter should be given here. As far as is known the first bonds ever voted by the people of the county were in favor of the North Missouri Railroad, now the Wabash. This road was begun in the early fifties and was in operation from St. Louis to Macon by the time the war came on. The Adair County Court made arrangements in 1856 to subscribe $50,000 to the capital stock of this railroad, and in 1857 the proposition to subscribe another $50,000 was submitted to the people. The records that have come down to us do not show whether the last proposition carried, nor hoAV the first 66 History of Adair County. 3,000 was to be raised. But it seems that in one way or another the county became obhgated prior to 1860 to the North Missouri Railroad for $100,000 on condition that the road be built to the Iowa line. The line got only as far as Macon before the war and was not extended to Kirksville and the Iowa line until 1868. The county did not consider itself bound, therefore, to execute its obligations, though it is said by persons who ought to know that a few thousand dollars were paid to the railroad. Just how much could not be ascertained. Since the war the county has several times issued bonds for different purposes, but at no time has it felt inclined to repudiate any of its debts. In 1870 the county voted to issue twenty year bonds to the max imum extent of $100,000 for the purpose of securing the location of the First District State Normal School in Kirksville. In making its bid to the Board of Regents for this school, the county offered to issue bonds sufficient to realize $50,000 for a building, and later offered to issue in addition other bonds to the amount of $16,000 for the purchase of school apparatus for the new school building, and for the purchase of the old school building. The county was able to raise the $50,000 in cash promised for the new building, only by issuing bonds to the amount of $62,000, so bad was the credit of the county at that time. This amount together Avith the $16,000 additional bonds, made the total amount of bonded indebtedness for the Normal School $78,000. In 1872 the county issued twenty year bonds to the amount of $75,000 in behaff of the Q. M. & P. R. R., now the "0. K.", in fulfill ment of a contract made by the county court under the authority vested in it by the people of the county at a special election held on March 29, 1870. At that election the people adopted a proposition to subscribe $100,000 to the capital stock of this railroad, to be paid in the following installments: $25,000 when the grading should be completed from the eastern line of the county to Kirksville; $50,000 when the iron should be laid from West Quincy to Kirksville; and $25,000 when the grading should be completed from Kirksville to the western border of the county. This railroad was completed to Kirksville by 1872 and the county pro ceeded to fulfill its part of the contract by issuing $75,000 in bonds. The railroad never got the remaining $25,000 because it did not finish the road to the western border of the county until several years later, and the delay caused the railroad to forfeit its rights to the rest of the $100,000 promised by the county. In this connection it should be mentioned that Benton Township voted in 1871 to issue $40,000 to the same railroad, and likeA\dse the eastern half of Salt River Township voted to issue $6,000 for the same. County Organization. 67 In 1897 the people voted to issue five year bonds to the amount of $50,000 for the building of a court house and jail. For reasons as have already been shown, the county court found it feasible to use all the money realized from these bonds in a court house and hence did not build a jail. In 1905 the county voted $17,000 in two year bonds to build a jail and residence for the sheriff'. As far as can be ascertained this constitutes the list of bonded in debtedness of the county, except perhaps here and there when some bridge bonds were issued and sold. The foUoAving table recapitulates what has been presented in the preceding paragraphs on the subject of bonded indebtedness of the county : date OBJECT amt. op bonds amt. REALIZED PROM SALE TIME INTEREST 1871 Normal Sch. $78,000 $66,000* 20 yrs. 10% 1872 Q. M. & P. 75,000 75,000t 20 " 10% 1897 Court House 50,000 5 " 5% 1906 Jail 17,000 17,367.20 2 " 5% , $220,000 If the bonded indebtedness of Benton and East Salt River Town ships be added, the above figures would be extended so as to amount to $266,000. In 1893 there yet remained unpaid $55,000 of the original $75,000 subscribed by the county to the Railroad, and $10,000 of the original $40,000 subscribed by Benton Township. A proposition to refund these bonds at a lower rate of interest was submitted in 1893 to the people of the county and of Benton Township, and it was carried by over whelming votes. In the county the vote was 631 for to 51 against. It seems from this that the county had done very httle toAvards meeting its obligations, though twenty years had come and gone since the bonds were first issued, and that Benton Township had meauAvhile cut her bonds down to onefourth of the total original amount. The county has no bonded indebtedness of any kind at the pres ent time. * The Normal School got $50,000 in cash and $16,000 in bonds of the county. t These bonds were issued to the Railroad and were not put on the market by the county. CHAPTER VI. COUNTY POLITICS. At the time the county was organized, that is in 1841, the Whigs had just come into power under Harrison and Tyler in the National Government, but this national victory of the Whigs had not affected the Democratic party in its control of Missouri. The Whigs were never a strong party in this state, though they included in their ranks many men of influence and ability. Inasmuch as many of the earliest set tlers in Adair County came from Kentucky or the Missouri River coun ties of this state, it is not at all surprising to find that in its early years the county was predominantly Democratic in its politics. Prior to 1860 a Whig was occasionally elected to some county office, but that was generally due to the personal popularity of the particular Whig candi date. The true test of the political faith of a community is its votes on the Presidential electors, and an examination of those cast between 1844 and 1856 inclusive show that there were about twice as many Democrats in this county during that period as there were Whigs. Since 1860 the county has been regularly Republican according to the above mentioned test, though there have been some county officers elected from the ranks of the other parties. Notwithstanding the fact that the Democrats Avere the predominant party prior to 1860 and the Republicans have l^een since then, county politics have gone through several phases which are of considerable political interest locally. The long continued supremacy of the Democrats in the state led to factions within their party, just as it happens with every party that remains long in power. In the early fifties the Benton and Anti-Ben- ton factions were active throughout the state. It is not known whether Adair County Democracy Avas divided on the Benton controversy or not, but about the time this controversy was coming on there were two local factions here called Royalists and Anti-Royalists. The Royalists were led by Wm. H. Parcells and Wm. Sheeks, and the Anti-Royahsts by A. H. Linder and others. The Presidential election of 1856 served to put the Whig party the country over out of business, and the Repub lican party which put forth its national ticket for the first time that year had not as yet established itself throughout the Union. In this County Politics. 69 demoralized condition of the opposition, the Democratic party in this county found itself with practically a clear ^eld from 1856 to 1860, and frequently the only candidates for local offices that Avere in the race Avere Royalist and Anti-Royalist Democrats. With the coming on of the war the political complexion of the state and county quickly changed. The Repubfican party rapidly organized itself and got control of the affairs of the nation in 1860 and of the state of Missouri in 1862. But in a very short time the Repub lican party in Mssouri split into tAvo wings, the Radicals and the Lib erals. The issue which started the cleavage was the question of eman cipating the slaves in the state. The emancipation proclamation of Lincoln issued on January 1, 1863, did not apply to Missouri. Inas much as there were many people in the state who favored the emanci pation of the slaves in Missouri, Governor Gamble called a state conven tion on June 15 of that year. This convention proceeded to pass an ordinance which provided for the gradual emancipation of the slaves of the state. This measure proved unsatisfactory to that element in the Republican party which wanted immediate emancipation. This element known as the Radicals proceeded to make an attempt to se cure the immediate emancipation of the slaves of the state by way of urging President Lincoln to extend his proclamation so as to include Missouri. Failing in this they set to work to carry the elections in the state in 1864, and they .succeeded. After coming into power in that year, they proAdded for another state convention which met in Jan uary, 1865 and which passed at once an ordinance for the immediate emancipation of the slaves in Missouri. In addition to this, this con vention felt itself authorized to draft a new state constitution to take the place of the old one adopted in 1820. There was therefore drawn up and submitted to the people what was popularly known as the "Drake Constitution," because of the prominent part which Senator Drake took in its passage. Because of the test oath which resulted in the disfran chisement of those who had taken any part in the civil war against the government or who had shown any sympathy for the southern cause, a great storm of protest arose against this constitution after it went into effect. The split which had started between the Radicals and Liberals over the immediate emancipation issue Avidened over the dis franchisement issue. The breach between the two elements had not come to a separa tion of forces. Party organization was yet maintained Avith the Rad icals in control. Some of the Radical leaders recognized that a mistake had been made in the rigor of the "Drake Constitution," and Governor 70 History of Adair County. Fletcher recommended to the legislature that the objectionable section in this constitution should be repealed, but before the legislature could act the Supreme Court of the United States decided in January, 1867 that this section was unconstitutional. The Radicals who were in con trol of the party now sought to maintain themselves in power and pro ceeded to pass through the legislature in January, 1868 a registry law which created a Board of Registration for each county which had full powers in revising the voting hsts. Their schemes brought them suc cess in the election of 1868, but by the time the next biennial election came the tide had turned against the Radicals. This change came about this way. The legislature had in 1869 passed certain amendments to the state constitution eliminating many of the objectionable features in the sections on suffrage and ordered them submitted to the people at the regular election in 1870. When the Republican state convention met it was found to be controlled by the Radicals who nominated McClurg for re-election as Governor and refused to endorse the amendments to the state constitution. This led to a schism in the party, the first one since the issue had been raised between the Radicals and Liberals. The Liberal delegates in the con vention Avithdrew from it and nominated B. Gratz Brown for Governor and endorsed the constitutional amendments. The result was there were two tickets in the field, the Radical and Liberal Republican tick ets. Through the assistance given the Liberals by the few Democrats that were allowed to vote, the Liberal ticket was carried as also were the constitutional amendments. The adoption of these amendments opened up the polls again to all Democrats in the state, so that in 1872 they came back into power and retained it for nearly forty years. The course of political events in the state just related involved all the counties of the state that were Republican. In Adair County the first traces of a Republican party are to be found in the year 1860. John Gill, Isham B. Dodson, D. S. Hooper, A. H. Linder, John Richey and Dr. R. H. Browne were among the organizers and early leaders of that party. In the Presidential election of that year, 185 votes were cast in the county for Lincoln, 293 for Bell, 339 for Breckenridge, and 616 for Douglas. This vote shows what strength the Republicans had gained by the time the first pohtical contest came on after their organiza tion. By 1862 the county went Republican; in that year the ma jority of votes cast for Congressman, State Senator, and Representa tive were Repubfican. In 1863 the majority of votes cast for Circuit Judge, Probate Judge and Supreme Judges were Republican, as was also the majority of votes in the special election of January, 1864 on F'AjFuv.EEin. j\ji>r: Wla:o r^'K-v 'T'A.:3dEaB DEMOCRATIC Ul. Hno ABt UPrOSED TO i NEGRO EttUALITI! AKTi coivraz%.E:ssio]\ri\.z. xj&xjiki»a. ¦rxoivs, and in favor of the payment of the NATIONAL DEBT EQUAL TAXATION. ABROGATION OF THE "TEST OATH' AND SECURINO TO ALL THE States of the UDion their Rights undef the Federal Conatitution, Aro cordiall; inTlted to be praaeot and lahe pari in iha delibersliooa •(% J kll at Sherwood's hail, February 22, '68. Facsimile op Political Poster in the Campaign op 1868. The original belongs to F. M. Harrington, Kirksville. 72 History of Adair Countt. Circuit Judge. The constitution of 1865 was carried in the county by an overwhelming vote of 569 to 25, but the vote cast was far from a full one. This is seen in the fact that in the year previous nearly 900 votes had been cast on all sides, while a little less than 600 were cast in 1865. As far as the evidence available shows, the struggle between the Radical and Liberal Repubhcans did not arise in this county until after the constitution of 1865 was adopted and the disfranchising laws were enforced. There were never many slaves in this county, the census of 1860 giving only 86, so that the interest in the question of gradual or immediate emancipation does not appear to have stirred up much feel ing. But the enforcement of the measures of disfranchisement must have aroused a good deal of feeling. The campaigns during the years 1868-72 were quite lively, as they were everywhere in the state. So overwhelmed was the Democratic party in the county it did not put out a county ticket in any. of these campaigns. Those Democrats that were allowed to vote at all generally voted with the Liberal Republi cans and some of the Democratic demonstrations during the campaigns were in behalf of the Liberal Republicans. The campaign of 1868 opened quite early. On Washington's birthday the Democrats held a county mass meeting in Kirksville to which were invited all who were "opposed to Negro Equality and Con gressional Usurpations," and who were "in favor of the payment of the National Debt in Greenbacks, equal taxation, abrogation of the test oath, and securing to all the states of the Union their rights under the Federal Constitution." In March the Radicals held a county mass meeting in Kirksville which adopted resolutions declaring that there were only two parties in the county, loyal and disloyal, and endorsing Congress for confiding the reconstruction of the South to the loyal party. These resolutions also approved the impeachment of Presi dent Johnson. The battle of Kirksville was celebrated on its sixth an niversary, August 6, and seems to have been made a decided political demonstration for the Radicals. As the campaign drew to a close a great debate was held in Kirksville between the Democrats and the Radicals. It lasted a whole day, J. F. Benjamin (Radical) and J. F. Wilhams (Democrat) speaking in the morning, and Senator C. D. Drake (Radical) and John S. Phelps (Democrat) in the afternoon. Senator Drake was the man after whom the so called "Drake Constitution" was named, and John S. Phelps was the Democratic candidate for governor. The campaign in the county in 1870 was made noteworthy by the County Politics. 73 speeches made by Senator Carl Schurz and B. Gratz Brown, the Liberal Republican candidate for Governor, in behalf of the cause of the Lib eral party. It will be recalled that the Liberals and Radicals had sep arate state tickets in the field which included candidates for Congress, the State Senate and the House of Representatives as well as candidates for Governorship and other offices in the state. But in the county the Radicals were in control of the county organization, and as far as can be learned there were no Liberal candidates for any of the county offices except possibly the sheriff. The contest in the county was waged over the state officers, Congressmen, State Senator and Representa tive. The result was a great victory for the Radicals, as a majority vote for the Radical candidates ior Governor and other state officers ranged from 125 to 175, but the result as regards the State Senate and House of Representatives was divided. Dr. R. H. Browne, the Liberal candidate for the State Senate carried the county by 15, and D. S. Hooper, the Radical candidate for the House was elected by a ma jority of 61. No record has been found regarding the vote in the county on the constitutional amendments. The two Republican papers of the county were divided on the is sues of the election. The Tribune, edited by F. S. Hoag, was Liberal, while the Journal, edited by Pickler and Gill, was Radical. The constitutional amendments that had been carried in 1870 had their effect upon the registration for 1872. In 1870 only 1650 had been able to register in this county, while in 1872 there were 2574. Some hope was placed in this enlarged registration removing the Radical majority of 1870, but this was not realized. The Democrats got into the contest for the county offices in 1872 for the first time since the war began. They did so under the cover of Independent County Ticket which was headed by Wm. H. Par- cells for Representative. On this ticket were placed a few Liberal Republicans, but the majority of the candidates were Democrats. The Repubfican ticket was filled up with Radicals, and after a bit ter campaign the Radicals were successful in the county, carrying every thing by majorities ranging from 185 to 537. It win be remembered that in this year (1872) the Democrats regained the control of the state. This marked the end of the contest between the Radical and Liberal Repubhcans. All of their forces were needed to oppose the triumphant Democracy. Because of the special strength of the Radical Republicans prior to 1872, all Republicans were known for a long time after that year as "Rads" or "Radicals." By 1874 a reaction had set in against partisan politics in the state, 74 History of Ad.a.ir County. which took shape in the formation of a People's Party made up largely of men from both the Democratic and Repubhcan parties. This party held a state convention in September and nominated a state ticket heading it with Major Wm. Gentry of Pettis County for Governor. In this convention Dr. A. H. John of Adair County was a very influen tial figure. The platform which this party issued condemned the prac tice of selecting state and local officers upon national issues and demanded efficiency and honesty on the part of state and local officials. This movement was so strong in the state that the Republican party in its state convention a few weeks later decided not to get out a separate ticket but to support the People's Ticket instead. This action had been foreseen by the Repubhcans throughout the state, and action had been taken by the Repubhcan County Convention of Adair County condemning this procedure and demanding that the state convention should put out a Republican ticket. The Democratic state convention had met a week earlier than the People's Party state convention and had put out a state ticket. Prior to any of these state conventions the People's Party in Adair County held a county convention and nominated candidates for county offices, some of whom were Democrats and. some Republicans. So strong was the sentiment in the county in favor of this movement that both the Democratic and Republican county organizations decided not to put into the field separate tickets. After that decision was reached a number of men announced themselves as independent candi dates for some of the county offices, so that a lively contest ensued for these offices. The election came on with two state tickets in the field, the Dem ocratic and the People's, and with a People's county ticket and a few independent candidates for county offices in the field. The result was the election of the Democratic ticket throughout the state, and the elec tion of some of the People's county ticket in this county and a few of the independent candidates. Among those elected on the People's ticket in the county were Jas. Marquess, Representative; B. F. Heiny, County Clerk; H. W. Snyder, Treasurer; James Ellison, Prosecuting Attorney. Those elected on the Independent ticket were D. C. Pierce, Circuit Clerk, and J. D. Miller, Sheriff. In the outcome the Republi cans fared batter than the Democrats, as all but Pierce and Elhson were Republicans. When the campaign first began, the North Missouri Register, the only Democratic paper in the county, favored the state ticket of the People's Party. Later in the campaign the editor. Major Gillespie, County Politics. 75 forsook that party and supported the Democratic state ticket. He was charged by his pohtical enemies as having changed because of his dis appointment in not getting the nomination for a certain office, but he claimed he had changed because he thought the People's party was being used by the Repubhcans as a tool. In 1875 the present constitution of the state was carried in the county by a very close vote, 475 for and 440 against. In Benton township the vote was 200 for and 217 against. The contest in the county was a bitter one and was kept up for some time after the election was over. Much of the opposition came from the "Radicals." The campaign of 1876 was marked with a decided regularity of party organizations and candidates throughout the county and the state. The Presidential campaign made this regularity almost a necessity. The Democrats were too weak, however, to carry the day in the county though they elected the state ticket in Missouri and claimed they elected Tilden as President. The strength of the Republican party in the coun ty is seen in their majorities which ran from 387 to 448. The campaign of 1878 is noteworthy because of the combination made between the Democrats and the Greenbackers, and the victories they won in the contest for county offices with the Republicans. The Greenback party was organized as a national party in 1874 and was in the field with a Presidential ticket in 1876. It got its name from the main principle it advocated — the payment of the national debt in whole or in part in greenbacks — a matter which had been agitated ever since the close of the war. The party was made up generally everywhere of the dissatisfied element of both parties, and in Missouri it may be considered the successor of the People's party that held forth in 1874. Inasmuch as it was the third party it usually made alliances in the dif ferent counties with the weaker of the two parties. In Adair County that meant an alliance with the Democratic party. It can hardly be said to have been in the field in the county prior to this campaign, as Peter Cooper, the Presidential candidate in 1876 got only 21 votes in the entire county. The Greenback County Convention put out a ticket made up of men who had been or were yet either Democrats or Republicans. Of the twelve men named for the various offices, four were Democrats, six Repubhcans, and one Independent. Care was taken so that the can didates came from different parts of the county and not from any one part. A Greenback county club had been organized in March, 1878, with A. H. Linder as president, and W. Halladay as secretary. The exec- 76 History of Adair County. utive committee included a good many men who had long maintained active connection with the Repubhcan and Democratic parties. Among them were A. H. Linder, W. Hahaday, Robert Moore, Jas. Berry, A. M. Gregg, M. G. Clem, 0. B. Milhken, Thomas Simmons, E. Minter, Polk Morelock, Jacob Hahaday, 0. H. Beeman, and others. The Republican party got out its regular ticket, and the race for Circuit Clerk was made a three cornered affair by D. C. Pierce an nouncing himself as an Independent candidate for re-election. The election resulted in the divided victory, each party electing some of its candidates. The Repubhcans elected Representative, County Clerk, Circuit Clerk, Sheriff and CoUector, with majorities rang ing from 6 to 1122 only. The Greenbackers elected County Court Judges, Probate Judge, Treasurer, Assessor and Coroner. P. F. Green wood, Independent candidate for Prosecuting Attorney, won his race. The Grange movement was undoubtedly responsible for much of the unevenness of politics during the seventies. This movement began to get started in 1873 and professed to be solely for the purpose of pro tecting the farmers against extortion on the part of manufacturers of farming implements, and of merchants, wholesale and retail. It was against the coiistitution of this order for it to enter the field of politics and hence no ticket was ever put out as a Grange ticket, but the local lodges exercised an important influence in pohtics by passing resolutions which promised support to those belonging to the Grange and con demning those who did not. There is no doubt but that the victories of the People's party ticket in 1874 and of the Greenback-Democratic party ticket in 1878 were partly due to the fermentation which the Grange had caused in its discussions and agitations. The campaign of 1880 was carried on in the county with three sep arate tickets in the field, Republican, Greenback and Democratic. The alliance between the Greenbackers and Democrats in 1878 could not be sustained when a national canvass was on. There was considerable feeling between the Democrats and Greenbackers because of the split that had taken place, and this made the Republican victory all the more decided in the county. The campaign was noted for torchlight processions, big rallies, flag poles and campaign songs set to familiar tunes. These features continued to increase in use for several years, the noisiest campaign being that of 1884 in all probabihty. The campaign- of 1882 was marked with the same party regularity of 1880. Three tickets were in the field as then. The county election resulted in a Repubhcan victory for all the offices except the county County Politics. 77 judge for the first district. Geo. Novinger, Democrat, was elected to that office. The Republican majority was considerably reduced, how ever in the county, which was in keeping with the general trend through out the nation, and as kind of prophecy of the sweeping Democratic victory of the following campaign. In 1884 the Democrats and Greenbackers arranged a fusion ticket once more for the campaign in this county. The plan had been orig inally to have separate tickets, but inasmuch as several of the men nom inated by the Democratic county convention refused to make the race, it was felt best by the leaders of the party to attempt fusion Avith the Greenbackers, who were clearly affiihated with the Knights of Labor. After some effort a complete ticket was made out for all the county of fices, and this went under the name of People's Ticket. The Republicans held a primary to decide on their candidates, and this seems to be the first primary that had been in the county since 1870. The usual method had been to select candidates by county conventions, but this was objected to so much because of the deals that could be made, so that a primary was held to decide who should be nom inees. As far as is known the Republicans have almost uniformly selected their nominees in this county by the primaries. They have at times been rather warm, as they have been frequently considered the real elections. The outcome in 1884 was a great Republican victory in the county, every office being filled by Republicans. The majority cast for Blaine was 600, and for the county officers from 4 to 446. G. W. Novinger, Demo cratic-Greenback candidate for re-election for county judge, came with in 4 of getting the office. The course of this campaign has already been noted. The jubilee held by the Democrats of the county over the great national Democratic victory was about as noisy as any of the rallies which had been held during the campaign. Some feeling was aroused because of the demon stration, but good sense finally prevailed and no bad results followed. By 1886 the Greenback party was out of the field, in this county at least, and the campaign was waged between the Republicans and Democrats. The result was the usual Repubhcan victory, with major ities ranging from 29 to 487. The campaign of 1888 saw the advent of the Prohibitionists in the field of county politics. The party had a state organization and put out a state ticket. ' It was not strong enough to put out an entire coun ty ticket, but it carried on an agitation in favor of temperance that was quite out of proportion to the vote cast for the few candidates that made the race in the county. The principal contest was between the Dem- 78 History^ of Adair County. ocrats and Republicans with the usual outcome, the Republicans being victorious with their usual majorities. The campaign of 1890 will be long remembered as one of the most interesting local campaigns in the history of the county. It came in another "off year" and resulted in the defeat of the entire Repubhcan county ticket, save one candidate. The movement which led to this defeat seems to have gotten started from the dissatisfaction which arose over the results of the Republican primary which was held on June 10 for the county offices. When the returns came in it was found that a large majority of the candidates that had been nominated were from Kirksville and Benton township. This was particularly displeasing to the farmers of the Repubhcan party, and since the Farmers' Alliance, a kind of recrudescence of the Grange, was at that time completing its organization, their displeasure proved fatal to the ticket. The result was that a mass meeting of the farmers was called in Kirksville to con sider the situation. This mass meeting decided that there should be, a county convention composed of five delegates from each township in the county, which should decide on what should be done about getting out another ticket. Such a movement as this was not allowed to go on without being taken advantage of by the Democrats. But just when they began to take advantage of this situation is not clear. In other words, it is not clear whether they were the instigators of the mass meet ing which met as a result of the Republican primary, or whether they fell in with the movement after it got started. At any rate, the situa tion was not allowed to go by without advantage being taken of the opportunity. The County Convention met as it had been arranged for, and a Farmers' Ticket was put up. This ticket was dubbed at once by the editor of the Journal, the leading Repubhcan paper of the county, as the "Dick and Dave Ticket." The name was coined from the circum stance that David A. Ely was chairman of the convention and Rich ard M. Brashear was chairman of the committee that was appointed by the chair to bring in the nominees for the county offices. The ticket was made up of Republicans and Democrats who would be sure to bring it considerable strength. The campaign was indeed a hvely one. The Farmers' Alhance held meetings in the different school houses of the county and invited the candidates on the Farmers' Ticket to come and speak to them. Gen. James B. Weaver of Iowa, made a speech in Kirksville in September during the campaign. All the Farmers' Ticket except the candidate for County Judge, County Politics. 79 District No. 1, was elected, and the one Repubhcan who was elected to this office was Adam Shoop, who was a member of the Farmers' Union. In the campaign of 1892 the Populist party, which had taken def inite form by that time, put up a county ticket composed very largely of men who had been successful on the Farmers' Ticket in 1890. The Democratic county organization endorsed this ticket, but many Demo crats fought it during the campaign. The result was a complete defeat for the Populist ticket and the return of the Repubhcans to office in the county. Nationally the Democrats had gained a sweeping victory, gain ing the Presidency and both houses of Congress, something they had not been able to do since the war. The jubilee among the Democrats the country over was great and Adair County Democracy ratified the vic tory in a manner which expressed their pleasure in the matter. This election is marked bjr the first use of the Australian ballot system in this state. Prior to that time voting had been done by ballots privately printed and distributed among poll workers. This system was open to a great deal of abuse and tickets could be altered or fixed so that unwary persons would vote the wrong ticket in part or in whole. Not only that but a poll worker could accompanj^ the voter to the polls and see that the ballot that had been prepared was cast. The possibilities for the buying of votes were unlimited. The Australian system has eliminated many of the evils of the old system. In 1894 only a partial alliance was maintained between the Dem ocrats and the Populists in the county. There were really two sep arate tickets with identical candidates for about four of the county offices. The Republicans again won the day with pluralities ranging from 184 to 1188. Had there been a union of the entire strength of the two par ties that had been in harmonious alliance two years before, the result would have been different. The Free Silver campaign of 1896 was, according to the testimony of the older citizens, the bitterest campaign since the war. It was begun quite early. On February 22 the Republicans celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of their party. Speeches were made by S. M. Pickler, John R. Musick, and A. N. Seaber. The fusion of the Democrats and Populists on the national ticket and the whirlwind campaign that was carried on by Bryan made it appear as though they would carry the day. Locally the Democrats and Populists fused on county candidates. The Republicans got out a campaign paper en titled "American Progress," which advocated "sound money." About twenty-five men guaranteed the expense of the publication of the sev- 80 History of Adair County. enteen issues, but the advertisements paid for it largely. B. F. Heiny did most of the editorial work on it. One incident that occurred at Kirksville had a good deal of effect in the state campaign. In the course of his speech at Kirksville, R. E. Lewis, Republican candidate for Governor, made some remarks about the custom of Judge Bryan, the father of the Presidential candidate, in opening his court with prayer. Democrats said that Lewis spoke of this in such a way as to ridicule the Judge and his custom, but this was denied by the Repubhcans. However, the story got wide circulation and served to add to the bitterness of feehng on all sides. The outcome locally was the election of all the Republican candi dates for county offices except the Treasurer and County Judge of the Second District, which were captured by the fusionists or Popo-Demo- crats, as they were called. In 1898 there were three separate tickets. Democratic, Republican, and People's Party tickets. The Republicans won a complete victory in the county with pluralities ranging from 33 to 687. The Populist vote ran about 300. In 1900 the People's party split, one section fusing with the Dem ocrats, the other section running a ticket of its own under the name of the Progressive People's Party. The Republicans won as usual. In 1902 the three tickets were Republican, Democratic, and Allied Party. Two Democrats were elected, R. M. Miller as Recorder, and Jos. Crow as Treasurer. Cooley (Republican) defeated Greenwood (Democrat) for Prosecuting Attorney by 20 votes only. The Folk campaign of 1904 will go down in history as one of the most interesting in the annals of the state. The success of Jos. W. Folk as Circuit Attorney of St. Louis in prosecuting boodlers and bribers in that city, and the unearthing of bribery in the state legislature aroused the conscience of the people to such an extent that, contrary to the wishes of the party organization of the Democratic party. Folk was nominated for Governor. The control of the state convention was secured through primaries or mass conventions in the various precincts of the counties. In these primaries or mass conventions delegates were elected to the county conventions, and in the county conventions delegates to the state convention were elected. Through the selection of Folk men to the county conventions delegates to the state convention were secured who supported him. In Adair County mass conventions were held, and the county convention that met in June was dominated by Folk men. By that time the Folk movement had grown so in the state that his nomination was already conceded. The outcome of the campaign County Politics. 81 in the state that fall was the election of Folk, but the defeat of all the other Democratic candidates for state offices and the defeat of the Dem ocratic electors for the President. In Adair County there were that year the usual three tickets in the field, the Repubhcan, Democratic and People's Party tickets. The result was the usual Republican victory. While Folk did not carry the county he ran way ahead of his ticket. In 1906 the People's Party disappeared from the field. In its place appeared the Socialist Party. That year it had candidates for the legislature and for township offices in Nineveh township. This party polled 110 votes for Representative, most of them coming from Nineveh township, as might be expected from the large industrial population at Connels ville and Novinger. In the contest the Republicans won all the county offices. In 1908 there were four tickets in the local field, Democratic, Re publican, Socialist and Prohibition. In this election, it will be recalled, Taft defeated Bryan in IMissouri by a small plurality, and Hadley was elected Governor, but the Democratic candidates for the other state offices were elected. In this county the only Democratic county officer elected was J. E. Rieger for Prosecuting Attorney. In 1910 there were four tickets as in 1908, and this time three Democrats were elected to county offices: G. F. Lowrance, Recorder; A. P. Hopson, County Judge at large; and Jacob Shoop, Countj'- Judge for District No. 1. This makes the County Court Democratic for the first time since 1877. In that year the Governor appointed three county judges to serve under the provisions of the new law that had been passed re organizing the county courts. With that exception the county court has not been Democratic since the Avar, and this has been the first time the court has been Democratic by election since the war. This chapter on county pohtics leads to the following conclusions: 1. That prior to the war the Democratic party was dominant in the county, and since the war the Republican party, according to the vote on the Presidency. 2. That fusions were frequently made between the Democrats and some third party during the "off years," and sometimes with notable success, as in 1878 and 1890. 3. That in other years when Democrats were occasionally elected, their election was largely due to their personal popularity. CHAPTER VII. CIVIL WAR. Section I. — Slavery in Adair County. Slavery was never an extensive institution in this county. The census reports for 1850 gives the number of slaves as 51 in that year, and that for 1860 as 86. The few that were in the county were owned by men who had come from slave-holding states and had settled down as farmers here. It is impossible to say who brought in the first slaves. Tradition says that in 1835 John Cain brought into the county Dick Hill, and that in 1837 Jesse Jones brought four slaves. "Uncle Dick" Hill came to be one of the characters of the county, and won the respect of all who knew him by his sobriety and industry. He died in 1895 at the age of nearly eighty, and was buried according to his request on the farm of Geo. Cain, whose father had brought him a slave to this county. As far as is known the lot of the slaves was a comparatively easy one here. They were as a rule, well treated as to food, clothing, and amount of work required. Married slaves were not parted except in cases of absolute necessity. Several slaves were able to buy their freedom; some were assisted to their freedom by way of the underground railway. The following letter written from KirksviUe relates an incident that is of interest because of its local bearing . Kirksvihe, Mo., Dec. 28, 1858. Messrs. Editors of the State Journal (Wis.) : — A shocking affair occurred in this place yesterday which may be of interest to some of your readers; the particulars of which are as fol lows : A Dr. Patton, residing some few miles north of this town, brought a negro man to this place in order to sell him; but finding no buyers, resolved to take him south in spite of the entreaties of himself and his family to be left with' his family. A chain was made fast to one foot and bound preparatory to taking him, when he seized an axe, laid his hand upon a block and severed three of his fingers. I saw the poor mortal a few minutes after, and a more heart-rending scene I never saw. Three of his fingers were cut close to his hand, and his little finger was cut close to the bone. He said he would rather die than leave his wife and children. He knew that the cutting off of his hand would render CniL War. 83 him unfit for the market and therefore he would be allowed to remam with his family. S.^juuel Wood. There were many AATtnesses to this scene in KirksA-ille. The slave's name was Lee; he was afterwards sold to a KirksAille merchant named Chinn, who took him to Kentucky. Though slaverj- was not an extensive institution in the county, the coiu1:s meted out severe penalties for attempts to interfere with it. In January, 1S60. Albert Wilkerson was indicted for attempting to en tice or decoy certain slaves. He was sentenced to four and a half years in the penitentiary for this offense. In cIatI suits decisions were sometimes rendered in which slaves were involved. For example, a suit was brought in this county by the Bank of St . Louis against W. L. Patton, J. D. CaUison, and G. E. Bushnell. and judgment was rendered for the plaintiff for S4.076. The following prop erty was then attached: Certain specified tracts of land, forty head of hogs, thirty barrels of com, two high post bedsteads, one stand, one crib, fifteen chairs, one pair hand irons, twelve stacks of timothy hay: one negro woman Amy, slave for life, 46 years old: one negro girl six years old named Ann; seventy-five acres of growing com. The nam ing of the slaves with the other forms of property is an exceUent illus tration of the way slaves were regarded as chattels. SeCTTOX II. ^illLITART ObGAXIZATIONS. This county saw some rather exciting times during the war. In addition to the battle of Kirksville on August 6, 1S62. which stands as the most prominent event of this period, there were events which were of considerable local interest and are remembered well to this day by many of the 5U^^^vors. As the issue became drawn between the North and the South. this cotmty lined up with the North. There was a good deal of sj-mpathy in this county for the Southern cause; many of the early settlers had come from Kentucky' or were of southern descent ; but many of these same i)eople were not willing to subscribe to the doctrine of secession, .~o that the only thing they could do when the southern states began to secede was to oppose their action. The first expression of the county's attitude on the great issue between the North and the South was in all probabihty at the elec tion of the delegates to the State Convention which had been called by Governor Jackson to consider the question of secession. This elec- rion was held on Febmarj- IS, 1S61. Two tickets were in the field in S4 History- of Adair Coiniv. the district of which this county was a part : one w as an unconditional Union ticket; the other, a conditional Union ticket. The candidates on the first ticket were Frederick Rowland of ;Marion County, .loseph ;M. Irwin of Shelby County, and John D. Foster of Adair (_\nmty. Those candidates carried not only this county by a decided majority, but also the entire district. During one of the sessions of the convention ~Slv. Foster had cu'ca- sion to make a speech in which he declared that he had let liis constit uents know just what his views were during the caiuass prior to the election; he therefore felt that he had been directly commissioned by his constituents to do all he could against Missouri's seceihng from the Union. During the spring of 1S61 there wore several war mass meetings held in Kirksville. Those held by the southerners were addressed by W. T. DaA-is and Tom Braimon. It has been said that tliosc two men were the leaders of those in the county who faAored secession. On ^lay 27 a large Union meeting was held in Kirksville. A prominent feature of this aff'air was a long procession in which marched an aged man named Foster, the father of the delegate to the State Couveutiou and a heavy slave owner. The sight of him in the procession caiTving the American flag created great enthusiasm. On .luly 4, 1861, occurred an important c\(nit which miglit have stirred the excited community more than it did. During the tla>' a Union man named ^^'a^d stabbed and killed a southern man named Sumter, against whom he had an old grudge. It is supposed tliat he felt it would be safe in a coimnunity tliat luul shown itself opposed to secession for him to settle up old scores with his personal enemy. But he miscalculated matters if that was the I'asc, Sumter was quiet and inoffensive, while '\^'ar^l had a bad reputation generally. He was arrested after the murder and put in jail. A few nights lattn- he was taken from the jail ami hung just west of whore the ^^"abaslI railroad now runs. No investigation of the lynciiing was ever made. Sym pathy in the community was with Sumter even though he had polit ical views which dift'ered from those of the majority in tlie comnumity. For some time before this unfortunate affair the work of i>niisting soldiers on both sides had gotten well under way. No rtn-ord has boi-n found of the Confederate enlistments that wore made in this cotmt>-. It is claimed, however, that not less than throe hundred men joined companies raised in and around the county for the Confodorato ser vice and that many others shpped out of the cotmty and state and en tered the Confederate service in other states. E. M. C. Morelock Civil W.vr. 85 and Wilham F. Davis arc mentioned among the organizers of Confed erate companies in May and June, 1861. It is said that the company raised by Morelock joined Green, the famous Confederate recruiting officer just before the latter was driven out of the northeastern part of the state. It is also said that Tice Cain of Schuyler County was the most successful recruiting officer for the Confederate cause. While this work of recruiting Confederate troops in the county was going on, a section of the Third Iowa regiment came into Kirksville and put a stop to it. The leaders of these recruiting efforts fled th(> county in haste for safety. Among them was Major Morelock, editor of the Kirksville Democrat. The third Iowa took possession of his office and got out a special edition entitled "Union Democrat," dated August 23, 1861. This edition was a small two-page affair, four columns to the page. In it were articles expressing the feelings of the regiment towards the "rebels," especially towards the departed editor. One article gave an account of Major Morelock's departure. Inasmuch as it is typical of all the articles, it is given here in its entirety: "Lost, Strayed or Stolen. — One E. M. C. Morelock, once known as th(> editor of the Kirksville Weekly Democrat, and who has, at divers and sundry times and on sundry and divers occasions officiated in va rious public positions in Adair County, and rumor has it, might have been first in the hearts of his countrjqnen. On Saturday, the 17th iust., the heavy tread of armed Federal hosts was heard approaching Kirksville. For some reason, the sound fell upon the ears of the miss ing man as the knell of his departing popularity. Suddenly he had matters away in an opposite direction requiring his immediate atten tion. There was mounting in hot haste and there was Gilpin out- Gilpined. Where are you, Morelock'? Why hide that honest face of yours and create among your friends that surplus anxiety so prejudicial to good health'' But where ere you roam, O, Morelock, you will have the comforting assurance that your worldly possessions, i. e., your press, type, papers, and especially your ponderous subscription list, all left behind you in your haste to look after your foreign business, are receiv ing a fatherly care, and that your beloved journal still continues to faithfully chronicle all passing events, and to labor for the best inter ests of the good people of Adair County. Terms same as before, one dollar per year, always in advance, payable in anything from chips and wiietstones down to gold dollars. The patronage of the public sohcitod, etc., etc., etc. (Sec the last issue of the Democrat.) Friend iNIorelock, we found your sanctum and surroundings neglected, needy. 86 History op Adair County. and in want. The Iowa Third has accepted the part of the Good Shep herd, lifted the type from their degraded position on the floor, rear ranged the furniture in a manner so that the printing hall has assumed its wonted grandeur. Come back then, 0, Morelock, you must ere this have recovered from your "secesh" attack, and be able once more to hold up your head among your neighbors like an honest man. Here is your press, your paper all better than you left it, and we will take pleasure in again placing all in your hands, providing you continue the publication of the 'Democrat' in defense of the Union. Unless you do this our protection will not be given. Repent now, 0, Morelock, re turn to your flrst love, and when you make your peace with God, you will have one sin less to account for. Junior." Further mention of this edition will be made in the chapter on newspapers. Owing to the lack of records of the Confederate troops in the coun ty, estimates have to be resorted to. But the Federal records enable us to do something better than make estimates of those going into the Federal service by way of joining companies raised here. According to the report of the Adjutant General of Missouri for 1865, the quota of men which Adair County had been called upon to furnish from April 15, 1861, to December 19, 1864, was 257. The number of enlistments credited to the county was 417, that is 160 in excess of what had been called for. This does not include those who had left the county and joined companies outside, nor does it include the enlistments made in the county during 1865. Some effort will now be made to go over the history of these enlistments, though it is admitted that all of them have not been found. President Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 three months' volun teers on April 15, 1861. In the requisitions made upon the various states for troops to make up this number, Missouri was asked to supply four regiments. Governor Jackson refused to respond to this call. Preparations, however, went on under prominent men throughout the state for the raising of troops in spite of the Governor's attitude. Com panies called Home Guards were organized, and in time these were sworn into the Union service. These Home Guards are not to be con fused with the State Guards organized under Governor Jackson. Several Home Guard companies were organized in Adair County in 1861. Some of these remained in the service only three months, the term set by President Lincoln. There were at least three such companies: one organized at Shibley's Point, under Capt. Jacob R. Cook, which was disbanded on September 5 ; another cafled Adair Coun- Civil War. 87 ty Company, under Capt. Bolander, which was disbanded on October 5; and another called Adair County Company also, under Capt. James E. Gordon, which was disbanded on October 15. Aside from these three companies which were disbanded in the fall, many others were formed in the county, which remained in the service for several years. A Home Guard Company was organized under Capt. Nathan Winters, and another under Capt. Foster R. Hawk. Both of these companies were sworn into Federal service on August 1. Later they became Companies A and B, respectively, of the Twenty- Second Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, under Lieut. Col. John D. Fos ter and Major Andrew H. Linder. With these two companies there were in this regiment four other companies which are said to have been raised by Lieut. Col. Morse between Hannibal and Macon. The work of recruiting men for these two Adair County compa nies and of getting them sworn into service, had been facilitated by the arrival in Kirksville in July of some detachments of the Third Iowa Infantry and the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry. These Iowa and Illinois troops were here not only to help in recruiting Federal soldiers, but. also to run down Confederate recruits and recruiting officers. Before the work of organizing the Twenty-Second Missouri had been completed, a skirmish occurred a few miles northeast of Kirks ville between a squad of twelve men from the two Adair County com panies that were to become a part of that regiment, and a squad of Confederate recruits under Capt. Bob Hagar of Monroe County. The squad from the Adair County companies were under Corporal Harvey Dix of Company D, Third Iowa. They had been scouting around north east from Kirksville a few miles, trying to find out where Colonel Green, the successful Confederate recruiting officer, was to be found. One day at dinner at the house of a Union man, Dix's squad was attacked by Capt. Hagar's scouts. In the struggle that ensued Corporal Dix was killed. He had run out of the house on seeing the enemy come up, and had backed himself into the chimney corner and from that position fought as best he could until he was killed. The appearance of Con federate reinforcements under Capt. W. S. Richardson of Lewis Coun ty, compelled the squad of Federals to flee as best they could. J. A. Tinsman, who had been stationed as a picket while the squad had gone to dinner, came to Kirksville on hearing the firing to give the alarm. A detachment was sent out to the scene but found the enemy had fled. This struggle occurred on August 19, 1861, on the Westenhaver farm in section 32, township 64, range 14. It was the first military event during the civil war in Adair County, and Corporal Dix was the 88 History or Ad.\ir Cotxty. first to fall. The Kirksville G. A. R. Post has honored his memory by naming it after him. On February 25, 1862, Companies A and B of the Twenty-Second Infantry, were transferred to the Seventh Regiment of Cavalry, Mis souri Volunteers, thereby becoming Companies H and I of that regi ment. In the Seventh Regiment there were also three mounted com panies from the Eighteenth Missouri Infantr>' and seven companies from the Black Hawk Cavalrv. The immediate task given to this Corporal Harvey Dix Killed in a skirmish northeast of Kirksville, August 19, 1861. From a faded tin type. particular company was the guarding of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. In September, 1862, this regiment became a part of the army of the frontier under General Schofield, and participated in the battles of Newtonia, Fayetteville, Prairie Grove and Van Buren. In the spring of 1863 it became a part of the Davidson Cavalry Division, and served in the seventh army corps until the close of the war, taking part in the battles of Brownsville, Little Rock, Benton, Tulip (Ark.), Monticello, Moro Bottom, Mount Ida and Red Fork Bryan. In Feb ruary, 1865, this regiment was consohdated with and became a part of the First Missouri Cavalry. In the spring of 1861 a Home Guard company was begun in the neighborhood of Wilmathville in the northeastern part of the county. This company was made up of men from this county and from two or Civil ^^¦AU. 89 three neighboring counties, and was under Capt. Joseph Story. It first became a part of the First Northeast Missouri Regiment, but in Feb ruary, 1862, the First and Second Northeast Missouri Regiments were consolidated into the Twent\-First jMissouri under Colonel D. ^loore. The company wliich was made up of men from Adair County and neigh boring counties became Company B in this new regiment. In Juh', 1862, Josiah Davis, who is still living in Kirksville, was elected Captain in place of Captain Story. This regiment was present at the I'ani- paigns of Shiloh, Corinth, Tupelo, and Ft. Blakely. At the latter place it was the first to plant the stars and stripes upon the fortifications, and after the engagement it marched over 450 miles to brigade head quarters with 500 Confederate prisoners and two Confederate generals. In the Twenty-ScA'enth Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, there were two companies which were made up largely of men from Adair County. Company C was organized in August, 1862, under Cai^t. D. S. Hooper. Company D was organized in the same month under Capt. Wm. A. Talb>' of St. Louis. In 1864 Hooper was honorably discharged, and E. O. Gates was made Captain of Company C. This regiment was first sent to RoUa, Mo., and then ordered to ^^icksburg, where it participated in the cajituro of that place. It formed a part of the celebrated Grain- ville and Deer Creek expedition. It was in that long, weary and bril liant march of Sherman from Corinth to Chattanooga, and took part in the fight of Tuscumbia, Lookout IMountain, and Mission Ridge. It also took part in the siege of Atlanta and the march to the sea, as sisting in the taking of Savannah. It was also in the engagement against General Joe Johnston at Bentonville, N. C. The Adair County Com panies, that is, Companies C and D, were mustered out June 13, 1865. The several companies of the Thirt>--Ninth Infantry, Missouri ^'olunteers, were recruited in August, 1864. C^ompany A under Capt. James A. Smith, and Companj' B under Joseph R. Good, were made up largely of men from Adair Count}'. In September the various com panies of this regiment \\-ere put on the trail of bushwhackers that wore operating in northeast Missouri. The general rendezvous of the regi ment was Hannibal. In the course of A-arious movements, ^Nlajor A. y. E. Johnson started from Paris \\-ith detachments of companies A, G and H, and on striking the trail of Bill Anderson, the famous guerilla, follo\\ed it up until he came upon him near Centralia on September 27. The struggle that ensued resulted in the almost complete annihi lation of the pursuing companies. The circumstances were as follows. Anderson ami his men to the number of 300 or 400, had come to Centralia early that morning, and had plundered it thoroughh'. They 90 History lU'' Adair (^ouniy. held up a stage coach on its arrival from Columbia and robbed the passengers, and when about noon time a train from St. Louis passed through they stopped it and robbed tlu> passengers and the express car. Among the iiasscngers were twenty-three dischargetl and furloughed Union soldiers. These men were taken out, stripped of their uniforms, and shot down by a detachment of Antlcrson's men at iiis orders. There upon Anderson and his men retired to their headquarters a couple of miles from town. This event is known as the Massacre of Centralia. About three o'clock that aiternoon. the Tlnrt>--Ninth Missouri jNIounted Infantry under Major .V. V. E. Johnson, came into Centralia. The regiment was made up of new recruits who were batllx' mounted and Inully armed. In all there were only about 17r> men. The citi zens of Centralia advised Major Johnson not to attack Anderson, but disregarding the warning, he ordered about 125 men to form out in the open prairie and proceed towards AnthTson's heailquarters. The re mainder of the regiment were left to attiMid to the horses ami wagons. Anderson saw what was coming and prepared to meet the attack. He had the advantage in this preparation, inasmuch as he was in timbered land, and the timber hid him from the enemy. As the Thirty-Ninth approachetl, Anderson's men rushed otit with shouts and yells, and in a few minutes luul killed, accortling to Lieut, Col. Kutzner's report, 122 men, including Major Johnson, So great was the panic among the Federals that only a very few of Anderson's men were killed or wounded. This is known as the Battle of Centralia, though it is sometimes spoken of as the Massacre of Centralia, liecausc of the rtithless manner in which the men were cut down. Company A was almost completely wiped out. The officers killed were: Jam(>s A. Smith, Captain; William G. Elhott, secoml sergeant; Joseph S. Nisbett, third sergeant; Mcshack B. Long, fourth sergeant; John C. Reynolds, fifth sergeant; Andrew AW AA'alters, third ct)rporal; Jasper May, fifth corjioral; Cainulay Keller, sixth corporal, and Elijah E, Eitel, eighth corporal. The ju'lvates killed were: Jiisiah .\dams, George W. Bragg, Outchnile O. Hyrtl, W. H. Braden, John N. Hraden, Wm. H. Corbin, Andrew J. Capps, John L. Canada, George W. Cook, P. Cunningham, Andrew J. Denton, Da\id R. Gra\i-s, John B. A\'. Graves, .\. B. Hayward, A'al. Hines, Benjamin Hargrove, John Hanlin, G. Ihuilin, AV. H. Jefl'ers, Henry Keller, Daniel Lorton, Joseph INlornnv, James Morrow, Edwin T, Miles, T. McClanahan, Mark 1. Musick, James K. P. I\Iock, AA'ni. Norton, Eh F. Osborn, \d. B. Policy, A. S. Parsons, Jacob Reed, John S. Spirer, Isaac Shuighter, Jos. O. Stultcvillc, Em- mett H. Selby, Wm. Shocinakcr, Dan .V. Simlcr, Charles AVellbaum, Civil War. 91 David Wellbaum, J. H. B. Waddill, R. J. WiUiams, Thomas AVaugh, James Wilhs, John R. Wood, C. C. Wise, and Alfred Zimmerman. The officers who were not present or who escaped were: Edwin Darrow, first heutenant; Robert Moore, second heutenant; Otis Mil ler, first sergeant; Samuel M. Keller, first corporal; Wm. B. Denton, second corporal; Daniel Y. Conkle, fourth corporal; Peyton F. Foster, seventh corporal. The privates who were not present or escaped were: Henry Beecher, John Calvin, Samuel Dye, Peter Dorr, John AV. Gregg, Val. Judd, John Keller, W. P. Linder, James W. Moore, Jere Mann, L. Miller, Isaac Novinger, Manuel Novinger, James Pinkerton, Hiram Panghorn, Calvin Round, John T. Reynolds, Josiah AA^. Snell, Charles A. Snell, W. P. Stockton, Thomas J. Spencer, and Harrison AVatson. After the battle was over and the guerillas had left, the people of Centralia gathered up the remains of the dead and brought them to town. Some were taken to Mexico and buried. Seventy-nine were buried in one long trench near the railroad in the eastern part of the town. The trench was later enclosed with a fence and a slab erected to the memory of the dead. On it was inscribed: "The remains of Companies A, G and H, Thirty-Ninth Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Infantry, who were killed in action at Centralia, Missouri on the 27th day of September, 1864, are interred here." Later the remains were transferred to Jefferson City and reinterred in one grave in the National Cemetery there. Besides the Missouri Volunteers there were the Enrolled Missouri Militia and the Missouri State Militia, several companies of which were made up of Adair County men. The Fiftieth Regiment of Enrolled Missouri Militia contained at least two companies organized in Adair County in 1862. They were Company A, under Capt. James A. Smith, and Company I, under Capt. Benoni W. Bell. Most of the companies of this regiment were transferred to the Eighty-Sixth Regiment of the Enrolled Missouri Militia in 1864. Company A of the Fiftieth became Company A of the Eighty-Sixth, and Company I became Company D. The regi mental officers of the Eighty-Sixth were all Adair County men. J. D. Foster was Colonel; John B. Dodson, Lieutenant Colonel; B. W. Bell, Major; D. S. Hooper, Adjutant; A. L. Wood, Quarter Master. Jas. A. Smith remained Captain of Company A of the Fftieth when it became Company A of the Eighty-Sixth. Shortly before Company I of the Fiftieth became Company D of the Eighty-Sixth, P. J. Brown became Captain in place of B. W. Bell, and remained so after the change. Company I of the Fiftieth was put into active service guarding 92 History of Adair County. Kirksville for thirty-three days in the summer of 1864. One incident occurred during that period that is of interest. Every night picket men were put out at different points along the roads leading into town. One night report was brought into headquarters that the "rebels" had cap tured the two pickets which had been stationed near Geo. Rice's house, east of where the High School now stands. The other pickets were immedi ately called in and preparations were made for a battle with the oncom ing foe. But when the foe did not appear, an investigating party was sent out, and found the two pickets who had been reported as captured, sound asleep in bed at Rice's house. They were brought to town and drummed out of the Company forthwith. In the Eleventh Regiment Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, there was at least one company of Adair County men; Company B, under Capt. H. E. York, and later under Capt. Samuel Shibley. This com pany was organized early in 1862. In 1865 the Missouri Mihtia was thoroughly reorganized. Most of the counties were made to organize the loyal citizens into regiments, so that there was a regiment for nearly every county. The Twenty- Eighth was made up of eight companies from Adair County. J. B. Dodson was Colonel, and D. S. Hooper, Major. The Captains were as follows: Company A, Charles H. Malone; B, Wm. J. Ashlock; C, George H. Boone; D, Henry M. Barnes; E, Harvey H. Toney;F, Wm. P. Linder; G, James W. Callison; H, Adam Shoop. Section III. — The Battle of Kirksville, August 6, 1862. In order to understand the significance of the battle of Kirksville it is necessary to give a brief outline of the general situation in the state from the outbreak of the war to the day of the engagement. In the election of 1860, Missouri cast her electoral votes for Doug las for President, but elected Jackson, a southern rights man as Gov ernor, and Reynolds, another southern rights man as Lieutenant Gov ernor. The Legislature elected at this time met in January, 1861, and through a combination made between the Douglas man and the south ern rights men, a Speaker was elected who agreed with the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor in politics. During January and Feb ruary of that year, six southern states followed South Carolina in se ceding from the Union. Under the influence of these acts of secession the Legislature ordered that the people should elect representatives to a State Convention which should decide whether the State should stay Civil AVar. 93 in the Union or not. To the great disgust and disappointment of the southern sympathizers in the Legislature and elsewhere, the election returns showed that not a single member of the secession party had been elected, though a few believers in states rights had been elected. The Convention after discussing matters for some time, finally voted in March not to secede. This was followed by futile attempts by Gov ernor Jackson to take the State out of the Union anyhow. How Camp CoL. John McNeil Commander of the Federal forces at the battle of Kirksville. Shortly- after the battle he was given the title of Brigadier General. Jackson was taken by General Lyons, how the effort to effect peace between the different parties failed, how Governor Jackson abandoned Jefferson City, how he defeated Sigel at Carthage, how he went to Memphis, Tennessee to secure assistance from the Confererate Gov ernment, how the State Convention in its second session deposed him and appointed Hamilton R. Gamble in his stead, how the Confederates won the battle of Wilson's Creek in August and the battle of Lexington in September, how the subsequent victories of the Federals in the next few months culminated in the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, in March, 1862, thereby determining the course of the State with reference to the 94 History of Adair County. great question of secession — all these things need not be detailed here. But as we approach nearer to the time of the battle of Kirksville in August, 1862, it is necessary to note somewhat more carefully the events that took place. In June, 1862, all of Missouri, except the three southeast counties, was erected into a mihtary district called the District of Missouri, and was placed under the command of General Schofield. The district was divided into five divisions. The Northeastern Division was placed under Col. McNeil of St. Louis, his effective force being at that time 1250 men. At about this time the Federals began to realize what the plans of the Confederates were after the battle of Pea Ridge, and how those plans were working out. As has already been intimated, this battle put an end forever to the Confederates' plan of taking the State out of the Union, but they did not give up hopes as yet. Many Missouri men were sent back home after Pea Ridge to recruit soldiers for the Con federate army, and the forces that were to be raised were to be used in gaining the State for the southern cause. Places of rendezvous were appointed and men began to assemble in large numbers at these places in May and June. The order for a general enrollment which was issued by Governor Gamble in July served to send many men into these re cruiting camps in order that they might escape the state militia service. Among those recruiting in Northeast Missouri were Joseph C. Porter, Poindexter, Franklin, and McCullough. Porter had been elected Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment raised in Lewis County in July, 1861, and had taken an active part in the campaigns in Missouri in that year and had been at the battle of Pea Ridge. He was sent back to his home in Lewis County by General Price after that battle to recruit troops, and some time in April or May he estabhshed a camp on the North Fabius River near Monticello. To this camp a goodly number of recruits came. When it became apparent to the Federals what was going on under Porter and others, every step was taken to prevent their plans from succeeding. General Schofield caused all boats and other means of crossing the' Missouri River which were not under guard of his troops, to be destroyed. This was to prevent any considerable number of Confederate troops from crossing the Missouri and proceeding south to join the main army. Meanwhile Federal troops were directed against- the masses of Confederate recruits that were being collected, so as to crush them before they became too large. As Col. McNeil was in com mand of the Northeast Division of the District of Missouri, the attack Civil War. 95 upon these Confederate bands under Porter and the other leaders al ready mentioned, was largely directed by him. To escape attack and to increase the number of his enlistments. Porter moved from his camp on the North Fabius near Monticello, to Memphis, which he took on July 13. For nearly a month from this time on Porter was on the move almost constantly, with the Federal forces generally in close pursuit. As this month of marching and fight ing culminated in the battle of Kirksville, it is well to note it in detail. It seems that Porter left Memphis a few hours after he entered it, going to Downings eight miles away, where he camped that night. On the .day following Porter's departure from Memphis, Col. McNeil ar rived with three or four of his officers. After leaving Memphis Porter became aware that the Federals were pursuing him, and so planned an ambush at a nearby place called Vassar's Hill. As a result he badly crippled Major Clopper's battalion of Merrill's Horse on July 18. Por ter's men have always spoken of this engagement as Oak Ridge, and Clopper's men as Pierce's Mill. After this engagement Porter continued his way southward through Knox and Shelby Counties. At Florida, Monroe County, a skirmish took place on July 22 between Porter and Major Caldwell of the Third Iowa Cavalry. Caldwell was forced to fall back, while Porter contin ued south. Caldwell resumed his pursuit a little later and came upon Porter at Santa Fe Monroe Co., and was defeated in skirmishes on July 24. He was compelled to fall back again, while Porter advanced farther south through Audrain County. Porter left his camp in Audrain County on July 25 and moved west to the bound^' line between Callaway and Boone Counties. He then turned east aX. came to Boone's Spring, nine miles north of Bml- ton. Here he was 'reinforced by men from Capt. Frost's and Capt. Cobb's companies, so that he had in all 260 men. The expected attack from the Federals did not materialize, so Porter proceeded down the Auxvasse River to Moore's Mill, about seven miles east of Fulton. Here he was opposed by Col. Guitar who had advanced into Callaway County from Jefferson City, having been advised by General Schofield as to the movements of Porter. Guitar's forces were much larger than Porter's and were therefore able to win a victory which turned Porter back from his movement south. Notwithstanding this serious check Porter, according to his recent biographer, accomplished a great deal in fifteen days, having marched five hundred miles, captured one town, paroled one hundred of the enemy, fought four battles, and captured a lot of arms. 96 History of Adair County. After the engagement at Moore's MiU Porter turned north, sending detachments to Paris and Canton thereby taking those places. From Paris he went to Newark, Knox County, where he captured Capt. Lair and his company. Meanwhile Col. McNeil was following him in hot pursuit. Finding it advisable to keep on the move, Porter withdrew to the north from Newark, leaving that town just shortly before Mc Neil came up. Instead of pushing the pursuit any farther at that time, McNeil remained at Newark a few days awaiting reinforcements. Porter continued his march until he reached the western border of Lewis County, where he was reinforced by a battalion of Col. Cyrus Franklin who had been sent to capture Canton. With this battalion was Col. Frisby H. McCullough, of whom we shall hear more shortly. Porter therefore called a conference of his officers to decide on what should be done. The ultimate object of all these movements of Porter was, as has been said, to gather a large army and move it to Arkansas where it could then join the forces that were gathering there. Thr problem was how to get across the Missouri River, and it has already been noted how the Federals had anticipated this problem and had made the crossing of that river very difficult by destroying the means of transportation and by patrolling the river. Nevertheless the Confederates did not despair of crossing the river, and in order that they might conceal their plans and draw the Federals away from the Missouri, a feint in force was to be made in the northern part of the state by Porter's forces, which feint would perhaps involve a bloody battle. It seems that Mem phis had been thought of as the proper place at which to concentrate the Confederate forces and there bring on a battle; but while Porter and his men were deliberating upon what they should do, a courier came from Captain Tice Cain to the effect that he and his Schuyler County Company had entered Kirksville and taken it. Kirksvill'e had been ' held for some days previous to Cain's arrival by a company of newly enrolled militia (Company A, Fiftieth Regiment) under Capt. James A. Smith, but this company had been ordered by Col. Gilstrap, who was in command at Macon, to come to that place and avoid the danger which it was thought was threatening it at Kirksville. Hardly had this company left before Capt. Cain came in and sent a courier to Por ter telling him what he had done. This news caused Porter and his men to decide in favor of moving to the west and joining Cain at Kirksville, near which place they might bring on an engagement. The combined force under Porter numbered about two thousand. Of this number only about five hundred were well armed, while five Civil War. 97 hundred were only fairly armed, and the rest, fully one-half the entire number, were completely unarmed. The presence of so many unarmed men was doubtless due to the fact that Porter was gathering up recruits many of whom had no arms of their own and would not get any until they reached the main Confederate army in Arkansas. This conference of Porter and his men seems to have been held in the northeastern part of Knox County near the North Fabius River. The Federal forces were crowding in upon Porter very rapidly. On Sunday, August 3, they caught up with him, but after reconnoitering for a while decided not to give battle and so withdrew. Later that same day Porter and his force started towards Kirksville, which place they reached Wednesday forenoon, August 6, and made their entrance from the northeast. Seeing how hard pressed he was. Porter decided to give battle at Kirksville. It has been said by some that he made a mistake in not going on a little farther west and making his stand in the Chariton River bottom; it has been claimed that his chances would have been a great deal better there than in the town. Parties who were witnesses of the battle and who are still living in Kirksville, say that Porter was altogether too much pushed to get beyond the town, and could not have chosen to go farther if he had wished. Warning the people to get out of town. Porter ordered some of troops to barricade themselves in the houses, and drew up his main line of defense behind a rail fence that ran along where the Wabash railroad now is, just west of the central part of the town. Kirksville was then a very small village, extending from High Street on the east to the line of the present Wabash railroad on the west, and a few blocks from the square to the north and the south. The population was about seven hundred. The census of 1860 gave it only 658. As has already been intimated. Porter had been pursued for some time by McNeil. McNeil had started the pursuit on July 29, the day after the battle of Moore's Mill. According to his report he had started out from Palmyra on July 29, and after passing through Clinton, Mon roe County, he came to Paris, which place he found Porter had just vacated. The pursuit from there to Kirksville has already been detailed. It should be added that McNeil remarks in his report that the pursuit from Newark to Kirksville was delayed somewhat by the worn out condition of his men and horses, by the character of the country, and by the burning of the bridges and the destruction of the fords by Por ter who was in retreat before him. t ¦':;v4.#i§ Cp#rf :,,x The Battle op Kirksville, August 6, 1862. From an Original Painting by Prof. A. D. Towne of Kirksville, CrviL War. 99 McNeil's forces arrived at the edge of Kirksville about ten o'clock on the morning of August 6. The main column and artillery had been preceded by the advance guard composed of detachments of the Sec ond and Eleventh Missouri State Militia under Major Benjamin. This advance guard occupied the northeast approach of the town, halting at the Parcells place, afterwards known as the Kellogg place, and now the Kinloch farm. When McNeil learned that Porter had halted in the town, he ordered all his troops to hurry up into line and deployed them on the northern and eastern sides of the town. Lieut. Col. Shaffer was put in command of the right wing, which was composed of the Merrill Horse under Major Clopper, detachments of the Second and Eleventh Cavalry of the Missouri State Mihtia under Major Benjamin, and a section of the Third Indiana Battery under Lieut. Armington. Major Caldwell was put in command of the left wing, which was composed of his own command and a detachment of the First Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers, under Major Cox. A section of the steel battery of two pound howitzers in charge of Sergeant West and ten men of Companj^ C, Second Missouri State Militia, acted as did the Indiana Artillery under Capt. Barr of the Merrill Horse. In order to ascertain the exact position of the enemy in the town McNeil called for an officer and a squad who should charge into the town and draw the enemy's fire. Lieut. Cowdry of the Merrill Horse and a squad of eight men were detailed to execute this order. Cowdrey ap proached the public square, and, according to McNeil's report, entered the square and passed around it, coming out at the other corner. Ac cording to eye-witnesses still living in Kirksville, this squad came close to the northeast corner of the square but never entered it because of the heavy fire that was being poured into it. The charge revealed what had been sought for, but it was accomplished at some loss. Ac cording to McNeil's report, two of the squad were mortally wounded, three slightly wounded, and five horses killed. Other reports make the loss still greater while some make it less. The enemy having been discovered, the attack commenced. The artillery of five guns, planted near what was then called the Cumberland Academy, threw shot and shell into cornfields, gardens, and houses where Porter's men were. The dismounted men were thrown forward and they seized the outer fine of sheds and houses on the north and east sides of the town. Meanwhile a large body of Porter's men who had been in a cornfield in the northeast part of town was driven out. As the Federal forces moved towards the public square the two -wings met and succeeded in taking the court house. As Porter yielded ground, 100 History of Adair County. he concentrated his forces along the main line of defense which had been stationed on the western edge of the town. From a position where the Wabash depot now stands he poured a galling fire into McNeil's men; but McNeil's right wing moved against this line and drove it away to the west, while the left wing took full possession of the southern part of the town. The battle lasted about three hours, from about ten in the morning to one in the afternoon. The pursuit continued through the woods that lay to the west of the town, and many horses and large quantities of arms, clothing and camp equipage were thus found. Major Clopper was ordered to pur sue the fleeing Confederates with a body of Merrill's Horse, and he is reported by McNeil as having done so until he felt the enemy had crossed the Chariton. It is the opinion, however, of certain citizens of Kirks ville, who were witnesses of the battle, that the pursuit was not kept up very long, for if it had been the whole of Porter's force, they claim, would have been captured. At any rate ]\IcNeil explains his failure to pursue any farther than was done to the hunger and fatigue of his troops, to the large numbers of the enemy, and to the fear that the enemy might suddenly fall upon his rear. It is impossible to state with absolute accuracy the number of men engaged in this battle or the number of the killed, wounded and cap tured. Col. McNeil in his report dated September 17, 1862, enumer ated the forces under his command, but though they amounted to more than one thousand, he says that only about flve hundred of his men took part in the battle. The others were engaged in guarding the army train and in taking care of the horses of the men who were in the firing line. He reported the Federal casualties as five killed and thirty-two wounded. According to an account of the battle given in the History of Shelby County there were six men killed, and their names were as follows: Capt. Mayne of the Third Iowa; A. H. AA^agoner, Mathias Olstein and Sylvester Witham, privates of Company C, Merrill's Horse; Sergeant William Bush of Company B, Ninth Missouri State Militia; H. H'. Moore of Company E, First Missouri State Militia. These names have never been verified by the writer from official records. Col. Wells Blodgett in his address delivered at the unveiling of the McNeil monument in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis in 1894, said that the Federal loss was twenty-eight killed and sixty wounded. What his source of information was is not known. Col. McNeil was slightly wounded in the head during the engagement. While it is impossible to ascertain the exact figures for the Federal side, the above estimates are undoubtedly more correct than any that Civil War. 101 may be given for the Confederate side. Porter's men numbered about two thousand, but not over five hundred, if that many, took part in the battle. Those that were unarmed or poorly armed hurried on to the woods west of the town after the battle began. The Confederates killed are estimated all the way from thirty-five to one hundred and fifty; the wounded from seventy-five to four hundred, and the cap tured from fifty to two hundred and fifty. McNeil in his report said that about one hundred and fifty were killed, three hundred to four hundred wounded, and forty-seven taken prisoner. He had an excel lent opportunity of knowing the situation as he stayed in town sev eral days after the battle, but we cannot take his estimates as being as correct as an official count would have been. On the day after the battle, the people of the town were ordered by Col. McNeil to bury the Confederate dead. According to the testi mony of several citizens of the town who responded to the order and who are still living here, the bodies of the twenty-six men who were killed in the battle were gathered up and put in one large grave in the cemetery lying west of the square. But according to Air. S. M. John ston, who was in the battle under McNeil and who has long resided in Kirksville since the war, there were three graves dug and thirty- seven Confederates were put in the one dug in a ravine west of the present Wabash depot, twenty-six in the one in the .cemetery, and over twenty in the one to the northwest of the cemetery. This does not include the prisoners who were executed after the battle. As yet the writer of this article has found no confirmation of the statement of Mr. Johnston about there being three graves. It is agreed, however, by all that many of those who were buried in the cemetery were removed by their friends to other places as convenience permitted. Among Confederates fatally wounded was Lycurgus Bozarth of Adair County, who is said to have joined Porter the morning of the battle. He was of the well known family of Bozarths who were among the first settlers of the county and whose relatives were generally ardent Un ionists. He did not die for several days after the battle and was buried in a separate grave in the cemetery. The condition of the Confederate wounded after the battle was some thing frightful. Porter came into town -with practically nothing in the way of surgical instruments or medical supphes. Dr. A. P. Willard, who then owned a drug store in Kirksville and is yet a resident of the place, says that Porter came to him on arri-ving in town and forced him to give up his surgical instruments. Dr. Willard says that he was promised the safe return of the instruments but that he never saw them again. 102 History of Adair County. He is under the impression that Porter wanted to arrange for a hospital at the Isham Dodson place which stood south west of the town to take care of the wounded after the battle. Even if that were the case the rout that ensued after the battle made whatever arrangements Porter might have made quite useless. The Confederates wounded were therefore in a deplorable condition. The townspeople were naturally afraid to render assistance as they felt that they might be dealt with as rendering help to the enemy of the victors. Moreover, the local doctors were helpless to do anything, as the only surgical instruments in town had been taken away and nobody knew anything about where they were. Whatever of assistance was finally rendered is due to Mr. John L. Porter, who was then Deputy Circuit Clerk and Recorder of Adair County and who is yet a citizen of Kirksville. He was a southern sympathizer but was acquainted with McNeil. On coming back to town late in the afternoon after the battle was over he saw the dread ful condition of affairs, and went to McNeil and begged for help. Mc Neil detailed Surgeon Lyons to do the work. Lyons called in Dr. Willard to assist him, and for two days these two men amputated limbs and performed other surgical operations upon the wounded who had been brought to what is known as the Ivie building which stood on the northeast corner of the square where Griffith now has his grocery store. The amputated limbs were thrown out the window of the building into the alley, and it is said that a cart load accumulated before they could be taken off and buried. The Ivie building was not sufficient to accommodate the wounded, so a great many were taken care of at other places in the town. The Federal wounded were cared for at the Cumberland Academy and at the Parcells place east of town until they could be brought in. Before the battle began, the citizens acting on the warning of Por ter, had very generally fled. Many of them fled to the north and sev eral on reaching a place of reasonable safety from danger climbed up on the roof of a barn and witnessed the battle. Had there not been a general desertion of the town many of the citizens would have been killed. As it was one woman, Mrs. Ehzabeth Coots, was mortally wounded. She and her husband lived in a house just northwest of the square. When the battle began they took refuge in their cellar. Ac counts differ as to how she was killed. According to one she was killed after she had left the cellar and gone back into the house, the battle being at that time about half over. According to another, some Con federates tried to take refuge in the Coots cellar while she was still in it and she was shot as she started to come out. She lived only a few days after she was shot. Civil War. 103 The day after the battle fifteen of the Confederates who had been captured in the fight, were executed on a spot about two hundred yards southwest of the present Wabash depot. They were executed on the charge of having violated their paroles. They were; William Bates, R. M. Galbreath, Lewis Rollins, William Wilson, Columbus Harris, Reuben Thomas or Thompson, Thomas Webb, and Reuben Green of Monroe County; James Christian, David Wood, and Bennett Hayden of Shelby County; William Bailee and Hamilton Brannon of Marion County; and John Kent of Adair County. On the second day after the battle. Col. Frisby H. McCullough was likewise executed. His case seems to be somewhat different from CoL. Frisby H. McCullough Executed at Kirksville by order of McNeil, August From a defaced daguerreotype. 1862. that of the other fifteen. He had been a very successful recruiting officer in North Missouri, and was at the time of his execution an officer in the Missouri State Guards, a military force that had been organ ized under Governor Jackson for the purpose of taking the state out of the Union. McCullough had been operating with Porter only a short time before the battle of Kirksville, having joined him after he left Newark on his way to Kirksville. Almost immediately after the battle he had become so ill he could not keep up with the command. De clining the escort which Porter offered him, he started to go to his home in Marion County. Near Edina he was captured by the State Militia 104 History of Adair County. and taken to that place. Knowing that some drastic punishment would be meted out to him, he asked that he be sent to Palmyra; but instead he was brought to Kirksville by Capt. James S. Best, whose command was escorting McNeil's supply train which had come into Edina on its way to Kirksville just after McCullough had been cap tured. According to one of McCullough's friends who wrote after the event, he was paraded up and down the streets of Kirksville amid the jeers and shouts of joy of the Federals. The author has had this statement confirmed by at least one of the Federals who was here at the time. He was taken near the spot where the fifteen had been shot the day before, and standing up before his executioners and looking them steadily in the face he gave them the signal to fire. His remarkable bravery excited the admiration of friend and foe alike. There is some dispute as to the procedure which led up to the ex ecution of McCullough. Col. McNeil in a letter to a friend some time after the event said that "McCullough had been tried by a commission of which Lieut. Col. Shaffer was President, under Order No. 2 of Gen eral Halleck, and Nos. 8 and 18 of General Schofield. He had no com mission except a printed paper authorizing the bearer to recruit for the Confederate army. He was found guilty of bushwhacking and of being a guerilla. He Avas a brave fellow and a splendid specimen of manhood. I would gladly have spared him had duty permitted. As it was he suffered the same fate that would have fallen to you or me if we had been found recruiting within the Confederate lines. He met a soldier's death as became a soldier." Dr. Joseph. A. Mudd, who was with Porter up to and including the battle of Moore's Mill, has recently written a book entitled "With Por ter in North Missouri," which has been extensively used in the prepara tion of this section. In this book the author has condemned in no un certain terms the execution of McCullough. He doubts the statement of McNeil that a trial was held at all, and supports his view by the fact that the government records contain no account of it whatever. He moreover points out that in McNeil's report made on September 17, 1862, mention is made of the execution of the fifteen prisoners taken at the battle of Kirksville who were charged with having broken their paroles, but no mention is made of the execution of McCullough nor of any trial. He evten goes further and doubts whether any of these fif teen were guilty of having violated their paroles as they were charged. It might be further said that General Sterling Price said that he thought he had given McCullough a commission to recruit troops at Springfield the preceding winter, but he did not know whether he ever acted under Civil War. 105 it or not. It is not known whether General Price ever verified his state ment made from memory or not. Some other things took place which make the story sadder still. A Dr. Davis who had come into town with Porter, was attempting to give some assistance to the Confederate wounded who Avere in the south west part of town, when Federal soldiers came up and ordered him to go with them to McNeil's headquarters. It is said that after he started to go with them he was made to run, and was then shot down for running. How true this part of the story is cannot be said. To the list of the fifteen who were executed on the charge of having violated their paroles, there came very near being added the name of Jackson G. Oldham of Kirksville. It seems that there were two Old- hams by the same name, father and son. The father had been paroled but the son had never been. Notwithstanding this the son had been arrested and tried at Macon and executed on the charge of having vio lated his parole. All this occurred before the battle of Kirksville. McNeil was about to arrest the father and execute him when Mr. John L. Porter of Kirksville interceded and assured McNeil that the elder Oldham had never violated his parole. Porter also protested that the younger Oldham had been unjustly executed. Later the older Oldham erected a monument to the memory of his son in the Kirksville cem etery,* on which was inscribed an account of the awful mistake that had been made. As has been already said. Col. McNeil made no attempt to pursue Porter and his men on the day of the battle except for a little ways west of town. He assigned as the reason for not doing so the exhausted condition of his men and horses. He therefore went into camp in Kirks ville and took measures for collecting forage and supplies for putting the men and horses in condition for pursuit a little later. On August 7 Lieut. Col. Morsey with four hundred and twenty- seven men of the Tenth Cavalrj'^, Missouri State Militia, and Major Rogers with the Second Battalion of the Eleventh Regiment Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, came into camp at Kirksville from the north. As McNeil was moving towards Kirksville from Newark the day before he had ordered these troops under Morsey and Rogers to move along a line north of him so as to prevent Porter from escaping into Scotland or Schuyler Counties. McNeil thinks that Porter's knowledge of this particular arrangement had obliged him to make his stand at Kirks ville. The arrival of this force on the seventh swelled McNeil's com mand to about seventeen hundred and added to the difficulties in get ting sufficient supplies. However, on the eighth Lieut. Hiller arrived 106 History of Adaik County. from Palmyra by way of Edina, with eight thousand rations and a good supply of horse shoes. The escort under Capt. Best that accompanied this supply train, was the one that brought McCullough a prisoner to Kirksville from Edina, as has been related. Porter's retreat towards the Chariton resulted in a more or less disbandment. However, a part at least of his forces tried to keep to gether, and moved in a southeasterly direction towards Macon. Near Stockton in Macon County this body was attacked by a Federal force and compelled retreat north. This Federal force, which was made up of a detachment from the Seventh Missouri Cavalry and Guitar's com mand, had been given the task of preventing the junction of Portcn- and Poindexter, and in pursuance of that duty intercepted Porter as he was fleeing from Kirksville. This clash near Stockton occurred on August 8. The Federals pursued Porter who was retreating north and came upon him at Walnut Creek. There occurred an ambush which resulted in the loss of a number of Federals under Col. McFerran, ac cording to one report one hundred or more, and which enabled the bulk of Porter's force to get away. After shelling the woods around Walnut Creek for some time, McFerran moved towards the Chariton River, and at See's Ford skirmishing again ensued between his forces and Porter's. But being unable to get his artillery across the river, he was compeUed to allow Porter to escape. However, Porter had been foiled in his attempt to cross the North Missouri Railroad (the present Wa bash R. R.) so as to rally his scattered forces, and finding the way of escape to the south in a body cut off, he decided to disband his organiza tion completely and leave each Company to take care of itself. This was done on August 11. In the month that followed. Porter managed to get a force together and on September 12 he effected the capture of Palmyra. The Con federate prisoners confined in the jail there were liberated, and the bonds that had been forced from southerh sympathizers {o observe their oaths of allegiance were taken away from the Provost Marshall's office and burned. During the night of the twelfth Andrew AUsman, who had been the object of much hatred on the part of the Confederates, was taken from his home and murdered. Just when and how and by whom he was murdered is not definitely known. In retaliation for this act ten Confederate prisoners were shot at Palmyra by order of McNeil on October 18, 1862. This event has gone down in history as the Mas sacre of Palmyra, and served to intensify the hatred on both sides. After the capture of Palmyra Porter marched northward into Lewis County. He was followed by McNeil and an engagement took place Civil War. 107 at Whaley's Mill on September 14, in which Porter's forces were scat tered. This was Porter's last engagement in North Missouri. For the next six weeks he gave himself up to the task of getting twelve hun dred men to the Confederate lines south of the Missouri. He is cred ited with having sent in all five thousand men from North Missouri during the year 1862. He was wounded at the battle of Hartsville in Wright County, Missouri, on January 11, 1863, and died from the eft'ects of the wound in camp near Batcsville, Arkansas, on February 18, 1863, aged forty-four years. Col. McNeil served through the war and was given the title of Brigadier General shortly after the battle of Kirksville. He took an active part in the politics of the state for some time after the war. One act of his long after the war has a local bearing. At the time when the Board of Regents of the First District Normal School was considering the location of the school, which the act of the General Assembly ap proved in March, 1870, provided for, friends of Kirksville appealed to General McNeil to use his influence in behalf of this place. Mr. W. H. Parcells of Kirksville, who was a long time acquaintance of McNeil, went to him and urged that since the town had been the scene of con flict during the war it should be the place where the state should have one of its institutions. Just what actual influence JMcNeill exerted in the matter cannot be said; but he did write a letter to certain members of the Board who were just retiring from their positions as state officers and hence also from the Board. He died June 7, 1891, aged seventy- eight years. The battle of Kirksville was considered at the time as an engagement of considerable significance, especially by the Federal army officers. For some time, as we have seen, the Federals had been in hot pursuit of Porter, and it was thought that this battle had completely ended his recruiting expedition. The reports of the Federal officers are congrat ulatory over their marked success in doing away with so dangerous an enemy. Lieut. Col. Shaffer said it was the most successful battle ever fought in Missouri and the victory most complete. To a very large extent their view that the battle was an important one is correct. Por ter was never able to recover fully from the clef eat he met with at Kirksville. But it must not be lost sight of that even after this defeat he was able to keep up his recruiting to a certain extent. AVhat he might have done if he had won the battle instead of losing it, is of course problematical. In the history of the desperate effort of the Confederates to force the State of Missouri out of the Union, the battle of Kirksville has an im- 108 History op Adair County. portant part, and it is only as it is considered in that connection that it is given its due place in the annals of Missouri. The portraits accompanying this chapter are war-time portraits. It was impossible to get a picture of Colonel Porter, as the only picture his family had of him was burned in a fire some years ago. The picture of the battle Avas draAvn by Prof. Allen D. ToAvne of the State Normal School Faculty at Kirksville. Prof. Towne had the assistance of Mr. S. M. Johnston, a soldier under McNeil, and Mr. John L. Porter, in getting a knowledge of the surroundings at the time of the battle. If the cut were clear it would show the court house in the center of the background. The large building to the left was the old Cumberland Academy which stood where the Cooley residence, . formerly knoAvn as the Ringo residence, now stands. The man mounted on horseback standing near this Academy building was Colonel McNeil. The line of soldiers in the foreground stretched from the Cumberland Academy to Avhat is now the Washington School and faced the southwest. The picture of Colonel McNeil, from which the half-tone cut Avas made, Avas furnished the author by Judge W.B.Douglas of St. Louis, and that of Colonel McCullough by his son, F. H. McCuhough, Jr., of Edina, Mo. CHAPTER VIII. THE CHURCHES. Section I. — Religious Conditions. The history of the churches of the county begins Avith the pioneer days and passes through the various stages of growth and development Avhich mark the history of all institutional life in the county. With the frontiersman who first settled up this new land came the circuit rider Avho, fearing not danger in any form, gathered around him in pri vate homes or school houses the people of the neighborhood and preached to them. The early preachers Avere freciuently men unlettered and un sophisticated, and hence deficient in many of the qualifications Avhich more settled communities Avould require of ministers; their preach ing Avas strictly orthodox and their prejudices were strong; but they Avere greatly in earnest and their efforts told upon the lives of the men Avith whom they came in contact. The present generation oavcs a great debt of gratitude to the early settlers and the early circuit riders. They labored together to make our present civilization possible. The Baptist and Methodist preachers Avere the first to enter this field, and it is impossible to tell Avhich came first. The history of the settlement of the middle west shows that the Baptists and Methodists were generally the first throughout the length and breadth of this vast region. The explanation for this is easily found. A'ery little of academ ic preparation was required of the men of these churches Avho wished to preach, and these churches Avere possessed of a strong missionary spirit and Avere eager to establish themselves in the ncAV countries that Avere being opened up. Once estabhshed they continued to groAv and pros per. This explains why the Baptists and Methodists are so strong throughout the middle Avest today. Tradition says that a Rev. Mr. Hulsey preached in what is now Adair Comity in 1835 while enroute to his destination still farther on. If this is correct, he is hkely to have been the first man to preach before a congregation of whites in this county. Just Avhere he preached this first sermon in the county is not known to the Avriter. It is a matter of record that Rev. Abram Stiff, father of Dr. A. T. Still, came to Macon County in 1836, and frequently preached in Avhat is noAV Adair County until he left the state for Kansas in the forties. He is said to have preached the first sermon ever delivered in Kirksville. no History of Adair County. The difficulties and the heroism of the pioneer circuit rider have been well depicted by the daughter of Rev. Stiff, Mrs. Mary Still Adams, in her autobiography. She relates the leave taking of the family as her father starts out on one of his trips. "Prince, a large bay horse, ready for travel, is held at the gate by my brother Andrew. Father is warmly clad in clothes spun and woven by my mother; even the socks and tufted mittens were knitted by her hands. Brother James has assisted him to adjust his heavy bearskin overcoat, while mother has tied his beaver cap securely under his bearded chin. We have all accompanied him as far as the gate, he has said good bye and throAvn Rev. Abram Still One of the earliest preachers in Adair County. Reproduced by permission from A. T. Still's Autobiography. his saddle-bags astride the saddle, and is fast jogging on up the lane and is soon lost to sight in the big flakes of snow which fell fast and thick." As he nears a stream which he expected to ford before night, he finds it greatly swollen by the melting snow and rain, and as it is getting late he is compelled to spend the night by the riverside. To keep off the Avolves and panthers he builds large fires in a circle around himself and horse, and to keep up his courage he sings lustily and prays fervently Avhile the Avild beasts gather round and scream and yelp in such a way as to frighten his horse almost to death. After the danger passes the brave preacher improvises a bed by dragging the central fire to one side for three feet, and hes down in the spot where it had been, and The Churches. Ill sleeps peacefully until morning. When morning conies the river has receded and he goes on his way to his work. The pioneer days were noted for their camp meetings, when for days all work would be suspended and the people would gather in camp and join in rehgious exercises that were fervid and demonstrative. The first camp meeting in this county is said to have been held at Les ley's Ford on the Chariton in the forties. Rev. James Dysart and Rev. Robert Mitchell conducted it. Camp meetings Avere greatly ap preciated by the early pioneers in a way that people of older and more settled communities can not now very easily understand. In those times preaching services were not held in any community regularly Avith the coming of Sunday. The circuit rider came at most only once a month. When, therefore, the neighborhood joined in a camp meeting, it was to enjoy a season of preaching and social intercourse Avhich the people had been largely deprived of. It is therefore easily seen Avhy the camp meeting has passed away from the places where it was once so popular. With the building up of more thickly settled communities and with the fixing of more frequent religious services, the conditions that had made the camp meeting in order, passed awaJ^ The spring and fall "revivals" Avhich had also been held in the pioneer period, came noAV to be more and more depended upon as a means of special religious effort, and these were generally marked Avith the same religious enthusiasm and fervidness that the old-fashioned camp meeting had possessed. In these latter days less and less de pendence is put upon the periodical "revival." It is more than thirty years since this county has seen a good old-fashioned "revival" of the type that prevailed just after the war. This is partlj^ due, if not largely so, to the increase in the activities of the church along other lines which bring similar results in other ways and which removes the necessity of other methods. The church buildings of early days were in keeping with general conditions. At first no regular meeting houses were to be had, but private houses, school houses and the court house were used. The court house was the place most generally used by the Kirksville church organizations until the war broke out. In December, 1856, the county court in issuing an order allowing the court room to be used for church services on Saturdays and Sundays, stipulated that in case it was de sired to have political or railroad speaking in the court room on any Saturday, the rehgious service must give way to it. When church buildings began to be erected they were inexpensive frame buildings, somewhat larger and a trifle better perhaps than the 112 History of Adair County. school houses of the times. As the county became more thickly set tled and the people better off flnancially, the meeting houses began to be built of brick and stone and to be better equipped. The church building is usually in keeping Avith the material well-being of the com munity and the spirit of pride and generosity that pervades it. It is this fact which gives basis to the expectation that the county will in the future have better church buildings than have as yet been erected. Inasmuch as Missouri was a border state the strife between the north and south during the war was keen and bitter, and some aAvful things were perpetrated on both sides. The effect of this strife on the churches was disastrous. Most of the churches throughout the state were closed at least during a portion of the time, especially towards the close. In Adair County there were two or three years at least, when church services were completely suspended. The work of reorganization was sometimes delayed a year or two after the Avar closed, and some churches were ncA'cr revived. The contest of arms from 1861 to 1865 had a peculiar effect on the character of the preaching that was engaged in during the reorganiza tion of the churches. In the effort to get on their feet again the dif ferent denominations emphasized their doctrines quite out of propor tion to other matters. Denominational strife was bitter and feelings often ran high on such matters that would now seem somewhat second ary in importance, if not trivial. Nearly every sermon was doctrinal, so that any stranger could tell what denomination the preacher be longed to by listening to him a few minutes in any sermon he might preach. The year 1878 seems to have been the year when religious debates were most frequent and most thoroughly enjoyed. Spirituahsm, the inspiration of the Scriptures, evolution, baptism, and other subjects akin to these Avere fruitful of much discussion. Prior to this year a small but active group of men and women who called themselves Lib erals Avas formed in the town. Many of them were Spiritualists. Nat urally they held ideas quite different from those adhered to in orthodox circles, and as both sides were insistent on the correctness of their views, frequent clashes on the platform and pulpit and in the papers were had. Sometimes the debates would come in the form of two series of addresses; one would be delivered at one time by one speaker, and the other would follow a week or month later by another man in reply. For example, in March, 1878, Prof .G.G. Ferguson came to Kirksville and deliv ered a series of lectures extending over a week on scientific or semi- scientific subjects. His opening address was on the "Origin of Man," and he handled it in the approved orthodox fashion. Most of the other The Churches. 113 lectures were astronomical in character. In the foUowdng April a lib eral leader, named B. F. Underwood, held forth for some nights on scientific subjects in which he advanced views, scientific and theolog ical, that were quite different from those of the lecturer of the month before. The most lively debates, however, Avere those that were held with the debaters face to face on the same platform. Of these the Ditzler-Jamison debates held in this same year, 1878, have gone down in the annals of Kirksville and the county as perhaps the most interest ing. Dr. Jacob Ditzler was a noted Methodist preacher and has the reputation of being the strongest debater on certain theological ques tions which his church ever produced. Professor Jamison was a Lib- eralist and was at the time residing in Kirksville. The debate Avas held in the Methodist church and lasted nine consecutive evenings, beginning IMonday, May 20, and excluding Sunday. Great crowds attended, and the arguments produced were the subject of comment on the streets for many days after the debate. The two debaters were personal friends and maintained their cordiality for each other all through the debate in spite of the heat of the arguments at times. The four propositions Avhich the debaters discussed were; 1. The Old and Ncav Testaments are the inspired revelation of God to man. Ditzler affirmed. 2. The Bible is a merelj^ human production, abounds in contradic tions and conflicts with success. Jamison affirmed. 3. Infidelity and materialism tend to immorality and to the injury of society. Ditzler affirmed. 4. The Christian religion and the Bible tend to immorality and the injury of society. Jamison affirmed. A full account of the debate was published in the North Mis.souri Register. The issues of June and July contained synopses of the va rious speeches. In fact, the last installment was not put in print until the middle of November, six months after the debate. Later in the year Spiritualism Avas made the subject of bitter at tacks. There came to town an old man called "Father" Grimes, who in a series of addresses accompanied by demonstrations, discoursed on hj'pnotic influences and attributed many things claimed as revelations by the Spiritualists as due to hypnotic influences. Other addresses were given not only in Kirksville but throughout the county. Among those who participated was President J. BaldAvin of the State Normal School, who was counted a strong opponent of Spiritualism. 114 History of Adaik Couxty". The debates Avere not onh- between the orthodox and heterodox, but at times they were waged between those who were stricth" orthodox. The subjects of baptism and predestmation furnished the principal themes for discussions. On the first subject Baptists and Disciples pitted themselves against Methodists and PresbA-ferians; and on the second subject it Avas the PresbA-ferians against the field. It Avas not all peace betAA-een the Baptists and Disciples. The epithet "Camp- bellite" Avas used by the Baptists or others who AA-ere attackmg the Dis ciples, when the intention was to annoy if not to insult. As far as the newspapers show, the controA-ersy between the Baptists and Disciples Avas at its Avorst in 1886 and 1SS7, when Rev. C. N. Ray of the Baptists, and Rev. Simpson Eh- of the Disciples, Avaxed Avarm on the platform and in the public prints OA-er theological differences. And as late as October, 1891, Rev. Browder of the Disciple church, and Rev. Throg- morton of the Baptist, belabored each other over certain subtleties regarding baptism. Two years prior to that Browder, AAho Avas a foe worthy to be met, debated with a ]\Iethodist by the name of Hart, AA-ho had been brought to toAvn from Illinois by the pastors of the Meth odist churches. Fortunately for us those days of controA-ers}- Avhich Avere exciting and frequently bitter, are over. It is very seldom that a preacher be trays his denominational affiliation by his public adch-esses. It may be that in the course of time just such a bitter period of controA-ersy on other questions will be necessary to prcA-ent stagnation of thought, but it is to be hoped that this condition may be aAoided and hence bitter controA-ersA- made unnecessarA-. Section II. — The Dexo.aiixatioxs. This section AAnll be dcA^oted to sketches of the A-arious congrega tions of the different denominations represented in the county, as far as data have been collected. Many of the things set forth in a general way in the preceding section avIU lie abundantly illustrated as Ave pro ceed. The strongest denominations are the Methodists and Baptists. The Presbjd;erians, Disciples, Catholics and United Brethren have from three to five congregations each. A few others have only one or two congregations. The Churches. 115 A. — Methodist Episcopal Cliurcli. Kirksville. — The Methodist Church was operating in the field which included what is now Adair County as earlj- as 1836. AA'hether it began any earlier than that is not known. It was in that year Rev. Abram Still, father of Dr. A. T. Still, Avas transferred from the Holston Conference of Tennessee to Northern Missouri as a missionary. He settled in Macon County and for years served in the role of circuit rider throughout this part of the state. His itinerary brought him frequently into what is now Adair County; and he is regarded as the first ^Sleth- odist preacher who ever preached in this part of the country. The annual conference held at St. Louis in September, 1842, assigned Rev. Reuben Aldridge to Bloomington, Rev. Wm. J. BroAvn to Adair, and Rev. Abram Still to Edina, Missouri. It is evident that these ap pointments were all circuits. Just what territory Avas included in each of these circuits in unknown. It is likely Bloomington included Macon County; Adair, Adair County, and Edina Mission, Knox County. Possibly there was a good deal more than one county in each of these circuits. It is of interest to know that in the appointments prior to 1842 the names Adair and Edina Mission do not appear, and that after 1842 the name Adair is discontinued, and after 1843 Edina is likeAvise discontinued. Bloomington, however, appears for several years more, at least until 1848. It is more than likely that the Bloomington cir cuit included what is now Adair County for some time prior to the ap pointments made in 1842, and possibly after 1843 Adair County was in cluded in that circuit. The split in the Methodist church that took place in the middle forties resulted apparently in the M. E. Church, South, gaining pos session of the field in Adair County and holding it for several years, up to at least a few years before the outbreak of the war. The Mis souri Conference was suspended between 1844 and 1848, and Avhatever Avork the church did in this field during that time seems to have been supervised by the Illinois Conference. That the M. E. Church South should be the one to hold this field was quite natural, as the southern element in Adair County was rather large prior to the war. Just when the M. E. Church resumed its work in this county is not knoAvn. By 1865 services were being held by that church in the old Cumberland Academy in Kirksville, Rev. J. W. Prince doing the preaching. At that time the building was in a very unfinished condi tion; there was no plastering on the walls and the seats were wooden slabs nailed on upright pieces and were without backs. Mr. H. F. Millan says that men were accustomed to go to the building some time 116 History of Adair County. in advance of the time of service and whittle on the benches until the preacher came. In 1866 and for several years after that, services were held in Sherwood's Hall, the second floor of a building which stood just east of the Kirksville Savings Bank building. It was while the services were being held in this hall that a Methodist society was formed. Among the original members were H. F. Millan, 0. H. Beeman, W. H. Freeman, and R. H. Browne. By August, 1870, at least, the Methodists were using the Presbyterian church for their services, but by 1871, they had built a brick church on the tAvo lots which they had purchased on the cor- M. E. Church, Kirksville. ner of Washington and High Streets, and on which the presenti church building stands. This builchng was dedicated on January 21, 1872. Rev. John Moorehead was the pastor in charge at the time. The church in Kirksville Avas not made a station until at least in the fall of 1871. Up to that time service's witc held only once or twice a month in Kirksville, the pastor spending the remainder of the time at other ))oints on the circuit. It appears that Kirksville has been a station requiring the entire services of a pastor since 1871. The original Ijuilding was considerably reniodck^l in 1881-82 at an expense of $3,000. But in the course of ten years it became inade quate, and it was decided to erect a larger and more elaborate building. The old one was torn down in 1898, and a new one was completed at a cost of $17,000 and dedicated on March 5, 1899. Rev. David H. Moore The Churches. 117 of Cincinnati, preached the dedicatory sermon. Rev. N. P. Tedrick was pastor. On the day of dedication it was necessary to raise the def icit amounting to $6,200. By extraordinary efforts the amount Avas raised by subscription, but for some cause or other the church is yet strugghng with a heavy debt on the building. Recent efforts seem to promise the liquidation of the debt inside a year. The Missouri Annual Conference has convened in Kirksville four times. The flrst time was March 13-18, 1873, Avith Bishop Bowman presiding; the second time was March 7-12, 1883, with Bishop AndrcAvs M. E. Church, Gibbs. presiding; the third time was March 29-April 2, 1893, with Bishop Fow ler presiding; and the fourth time was March 14-19, 1900, Avith Bishop Fitzgerald presiding. The church in KirksAulle celebrated the centennial of Methodism in 1884 by holding special services from September 19 to 21. The pastors of the Kirksville church since 1865, are as follows; 1865-66— J. W. Prince. 1866-68— H. H. Dodd. 1868-70— John Wayman 1870-72— John Moorehead. 1872-74— R. H. Collins. 1874-76— J. M. Parker. 1876-79— J. M. Greene. 1879-80— J. T. Boyle. 1880-82— J. J. Bentiey. 1882-85— T. J. Wheat. 1885-87— W. J. Martindale. 1887-88- -J. M. Parker. 1888-91- -J. M. Greene. 1891-95- -John Gillis. 1895-98- -J. T. Pierce. 1898-99- -N. P. Tedrick. 1899-91- -John T. Pierce. 1901-04- -R. L. Thompson 1904-06- -I. F. Lusk. 1906-08- -F. W. Gee. 1908-11- -B. F. Jones. 118 History of Adair County. Besides the church at Kirksville there are seventeen other M. E. Church congregations in the county, arranged in five circuits. They are as follows; Greentop Circuit — Bethel, Refuge, and Wilmathville; Brashear Circuit — Brashear, Bullion, and Sabbath Home; Gibbs Cir cuit — Gibbs, Wesley Chapel, Cater Memorial and Troy Mills; Novinger Circuit — Novinger and Connelsville; Youngstown Circuit — Youngs town, Union Temple, Golden Rule, Elm Grove, and Bald Knob. All of these congregations have church buildings of their own except Troy Mills, Golden Rule and Elm Grove. These three use school houses as places of worship. At the present (1911) the Golden Rule and Elm Grove classes are arranging to consolidate and build a church at Pure Air. It has been impossible to get the history of each of the congregations, but as far as the facts have been secured they Avill now be given. Brashear. — Exact information has been not secured concerning the early history of the M. E. Church in the vicinity of Brashear. Years ago there was a circuit called Sand Hill circuit which included Paulville, Sand Hill and perhaps some other appointments. After the removal of the people from Paulville to Brashear in the early seventies, the name of the circuit was changed to Brashear Circuit. The society at Brashear was originally the Paulville society. It did not have a church building until long after the town of Brashear was established. The meetings were held in school houses until April 13, 1884, when the present church building, generahy known as McCreery Chapel, Avas dedicated. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. M. L. Curl. Rev. A. H. Collins was pastor at the time when the church was built. It has been impossible to get a complete hst of the pastors that have served this circuit. As far as they were found, they were as foUows; 1866-69— J. Harvey Scott. 1891-92— (Supply). 1875-76— F. M. Green. 1892-96— A. M. Molesworth. 1876-77— J. W. Anderson. 1896-97— J. B. Kipple. 1879-80— S. Carothers. 1897-01— R. Carlyou. 1881-82— Will Brown. 1901-03— T. C. Taylor. 1883-85— A. H. Collins. 1903-04— Benj. Van Dyke. 1886-87— M. V. Briggs. i904-07— C. H. Brott. 1888-89— W. H. Turner. 1907-09— J. F. Youngman. 1889-90— J. S. Wilson. 1909-11— T. E. Bostick 1890-91— P. St. Clair. The Churches. 119 Novinger. — Methodist services were held in and around Novinger long before a Methodist church was organized, the preaching being done by ministers who were either passing through or who lived in nearby communities. Inasmuch as many of the people in this part of the coun ty were Germans, the earliest Methodist ministers are said to have been Germans and preached in German. In the early seventies Methodist services were held in Avhat was known as the Novinger school house, a quarter of a mile northwest from the present limits of Novinger. In this school house revival meet ings were held during the winter whenever a preacher could be gotten. One winter a few years after the town of Novinger had been started, probably in the early eighties, the revival meetings were held in a work shop which had been built by a Mr. Amick on Frankford Avenue in Novinger. This shop was used because it was more accessible than the school house. However, the school house continued to be used as the place for whatever occasional Methodist services were held. It was probably about 1885 that a Methodist society was organized. Meetings continued to be held in the school house until 1891, when a church build ing was erected. There, Avas considerable debate over the location of this church building. Some wanted it at Novinger and some at the graveyard a mile and "a half north of Novinger. It was finally decided to build at the graveyard. There Avere as yet very few who foresaw at that time the rapid growth that Novinger was destined to undergo, and hence the sentiment in favor of the church being near the cemetery was strong enough to carry the day against those who favored Novinger. Rev. W. H. Doyle Avas pastor at that time. Father Roselle laid the cornerstone on July 27, 1891. In 1903, after Novinger had begun to take on rapid growth, the Methodists decided to erect a church building in town, and succeeded in doing so. On January 29, 1904, they dedicated their town church, the Rev. G. W. Hughey of Springfield preaching the dedicatory ser mon. The amount necessary to be raised on the day of dedication was $650, and it looked at the close of the morning service as though it would not be raised. But by evening the full amount was subscribed and the dedication was made. Rev. C. N. Wood was pastor at the time. For three years prior to the erection of this building in town, the con gregation used the K. P. Hall, which had been built in 1900. The old church building at the graveyard still remains, and is used yet on funeral occasions, and was frequently used as a kind of mining mission, inasmuch as it is near what is now Midland No. 2. The mis sion work has, hoAvever, been given up of late. 120 History of Adair County. A parsonage was built in Novinger in 1897. Since 1907 Novinger and Connelsville have constituted the only appointments on this cir cuit. The pastqrs since the organization of the society in 1885, have been as follows, as far as they could be ascertained; 1886-87— C. N. Thompson. 1889-93— W. H. Doyle. 1893-94— W. S. Scull. 1894-95— D. R. Walker. 1895-97— M. R. F. Nickell. 1897-98— H. M. Ingram. 1898-99— M, R. F. Nickell. 1900-03— W. H. Doyle. 1903-05— C. N. Wood. 1905-07— S. E. Shafer. 1907-09— D. J. Little. 1909-10— D. Cunningham. 1910-11— W. C. Francisco. Sabbath Home, M. E. Church. Connelsville.— The Methodist church at Connelsville was ded icated May 31, 1908, by Rev. L. C. Sappenfield. Sabbath Home. — This is one of the most flourishing country Methodist churches in this part of the state. It is situated eight miles The Churches. 121 northeast from Kirksville and five miles north of Brashear. The first church building was dedicated July 19, 1877 by Rev. F. M. Green. The present building Avas erected in 1905, during Rev. C. H. Brott's pas torate. Bethel. — This church was organized in 1874 by Rev. 0. S. Mid- dleton. The original membership was made up of a class at Ohve-HiU and at Reed School House. The church building was built in 1874-75. It is situated twelve miles northeast of Kirksville. Cater Memorial. — This chapel was built at a cost of about $1,500 in 1896-97, by Rev. E. B. Cater, and was named in his honor. This was a very appropriate tribute to his faithful service through thirty-one years as a circuit rider in Northern Missouri. Nearly ten of these years were spent on circuits in Adair County. Bullion. — This church was dedicated on November 6, 1882. B. — Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Kirksville. — The schism Avhich took place in the Methodist Church during the forties gave rise to the Southern Methodist Church. In Missouri it appears the M.- E. Church (commonly called the North ern Methodist Church) Avas in a dormant condition. During that period, however. Southern Methodism was quite aggressive and estab hshed itself in many places firmly and to the exclusion of the other branch. It appears that in Adair County the onl^' Methodist churches from the time of the split down to the Avar were Southern. There is no evidence that a Northern church was organized until after the war. In 1849 there were three Southern Methodist circuits in this part of the state, any one of which could have included Kirksville or any other appointment in Adair County. They were Milan, Edina and Bloomington. But there is no evidence available to shoAV whether any Adair County charge was included in any one of these circuits. Kirksville is first mentioned in the available records of the appointments of Southern Methodist Conferences in the fifties. The charge was then spoken of as the Kirksville Mission, and as far as our information goes, this is the term applied to the work here down to 1869, and perhaps Kirksville Mission included all the work done by the Southern Meth odists in the County. 122 History' of Adair County". The society in KirksAulle seems to have gone to pieces during the Avar. From the fact that the annual conference continued to assign men to the Kirksville Mission even though the societ>- in town had sus pended, it would seem that the Avork Avas not entirely suspended through out the count3^ The Kirksville society was reorganized on February JM. E. Church, South, Kirksaille. 14, 1872, by Rev. W. J. Jackson, Avho had been assigned to the Kirks ville Circuit in 1871. He began the Avork of reorganization liy holding preaching services once a month in the Cumberland Presbyterian church in October, 1871. A revival meeting was held in February, 1872, the preaching being done by Rev. J. AV. Cunningham of Palmyra. This meeting culminated in the definite reorganization of the society on The Churches. 123 February 14, Avith eighteen members. Ten of these eighteen were from Iowa, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio. The year 1871-72 seems to have been marked by considerable re newed interest in the work of this denomination in the countj^. Besides reviving the society at KirksAdlle, two new buildings were built and dedicated, and over one hundred new members taken in. In 1849 J. C. Goode donated two lots on Franklin Street to the M. E. Church South in Kirksville, on condition that a house of worship should be built and maintained thereon. A church building was par tially erected, but never completed. In 1862-63 this partially completed building was torn down and used for firewood. In 1871 Goode's heirs sued for the recovery of the lot on the ground that the church had not complied Avith the original contract. The case was carried up to the Supreme Court and was decided in favor of the church. On the revival of the Kirksville society in 1872, services were held first in the Cumberland Presbyterian church, and later in the M. E. church until 1876, when the Free Will Baptist church building was pur chased Avith the proceeds from the sale of the two lots on Franklin Street which had been given the church by J. C. Goode in 1849. This Bap tist church building stood on the site of the present M. E. Church South building. It was considerably repaired and opened for regular services on May 14, 1876. At that time Kirksville Circuit embraced five appointments, all east of the St. L., K. C. and N. R. R., now the Wabash. There was preaching at all of these points one Sunday in each month, except Kirks ville, which had two services a month. At the close of the conference year there were 250 members in the circuit, and four good church build ings. Late in 1877 the Kirksvihe church purchased a reed organ. The event is worthy of notice because of the editorial comment made upon it in the North Missouri Register, a paper pubhshed in Kirksville at that time. The editorial was as follows; "An organ has been placed in the M. E. Church South, for use at religious services, in order to conform to the fashion. It may add strength, beauty and interest to the musical exercises, but we don't be lieve it. In old times when the congregation 'done' the singing and filled the church Avith the melody of their voices and put their whole soul into their singing, there Avas greater reverence in the worship of God." Early in June, 1888, plans were laid for the erection of a new church building in Kirksville. The old one was sold to John Bernard, who re- 124 History of An.vii; Cooniy. movctl it, and is said to linve used it as fuel in burning brick. The cor nerstone of the new building was laid by Dr. J. 10. A'incil on Friday, June 23, 1882. The ilay was a very raiiiA- one, yet ninety Masons are said to have participated in the ceremony. The address was d(>livcred by Dr. A'incil in the M. E. Church after the stone was laid. Tlu> church when completed cost about $3,000. The pastor at the time of its erection and dedication was \. \. Bayley. He seems ti) have greatly endeared hinisi'lf (o (he people of the church and toAvn in general during his years of s(>rvi('c. When lie Avas transferred in the fall of 1883 to another work, a. big rc-ceplion was given him by the Magnet Club of Kirksville at the Parcells House. The south wing was added to the church building in tihe summer of 1895. The parsonage was bought in 1SS7. The jiastors of the Kirksville Mission up to the time of tlu' reor ganization of the society at Kirks\'illc in 1S71, are, as far as ca.ii be as certained, as follows: 1852-53— AVni. Warren. 1863 61 Walter Toole. 1856-57- -Isaac Naylor. 1866 67 W.Wood. 1858-59— M. R. Jones. 1867 69 K. Buck. Since the reorganization the jiastors of th(> Kirksville church hav(^ been : 1871-73— W. J. Jackson. 1889 90- G. E. Tatupiory. 1873-74— C, A. Sherman. 1890 92 -F. Marvin. 1874-75— M. F. Bell. 1893-95—0. B. llolliday. 1875-76— J. R. A. Vaughn. 1895-96- J. L. l^iylor. 1876-77— John Holland. 1896-98— M. C. l-Iardin. 1877-78— C. Cleavcland. 1898-01— A. C. BroAvning. 1878-80— J. 0. Edmonson. 1901-03- K. O. Watson. 1880-83— A. V. Bayley. 1903-07- C. N. Broadhursf. 1883-84— J. 0. Edmonston. 1907-08 (". C. Grimes. 1884-86— J. E. Squires. i()08-09— I. J. Mvvd. 1886-87— J. W. Owen. 1909- lO-h]. E. Hostwick. 1887-89— J. W. Keithley. 1910-11— J. D. Ra,ndolph. It seems that in October, 1885, the charge at Kirksville became a station and the pastor from that time on has given his entire time to the work in that place. Brashear.— The M. E. Churcli, South, at Bra,shear was organized at Paulville in 1848. Mr. and Mrs. John Thrasher, Mr. and Mrs. Mc Dowell and Miss Phoebe Talbot, were the original members. It was ]irobably at fii'st one of the appointinenls on th(- Kirksville Mission The Churches. 125 Circuit, but just when it was detached and made a part of some other circuit is not known. This circuit has been known by various names: Edina, La Plata, Kirksvihe, Queen City, Mt. Carmel, and Brashear. In 1871 a church building was erected at PaulviUe, and dedicated on November 19 of that year by Rev. J. W. Cunningham, of Palmyra. In May, 1880, the building was removed to Brashear, which had been established in 1872, and whose growth killed Pauh'ille. The building was repaired and re-opened for services in June. Rev. J. W. Pritchett, Avho Avas at that time President of HoAvard-Payne College at Fayette, Mo., preached the opening sermon. It has been impossible to get the names of all the pastors who have served this circuit. As far as they have been ascertained they are as follows : 1885-87— J. T. Kinney. 1900-01— W. E. Tinney. 1887-88— C. G. HiU. 1901-02— J. T. Hood. 1892-93— Wilhams. 1902-06— N. F. Matthews. 1896-97— L. G. Maggart. 1906-07— G. T. Rolston. Trinity. — Trinity Church Avas organized in Clay township in 1871 by Rev. W. J. Jackson. There were about six members in the: original class, among whom Avere Mr. and Mrs. Hezekiah Lyon. and Mr. and Mrs. Henry Atkins. A church building Avas erected in 1872 in the northwestern part of Clay township. It cost $1,000, and after it was blown down by the storm of 1878 it Avas rebuilt at a further cost of $675. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. J. W. Cunning ham of Palmyra, on June 23, 1872. This charge was originally on the KirksAolle circuit, but has been on the Brashear circuit since Kirksville was made a station. Besides the three Southern Methodist chun^hes that have been ilcscribed, there is one at Gibbs and another in ('lay township called Curtis. No information has been secured concerning them. C. — United Brethren Church. Brashear. — The U. B. church at Brashear dates back far beyond the founding of the town of Brashear. In 1859, at the first session of the Missouri Conference which convened at Atlanta, Rev. W. H. Burns was assigned for the ensuing year to Atlanta Circuit. This circuit in cluded the class knoAvn as the Paulville or the White School House class. This class went, by these two names because it used a hall at U. B. Church, Brashear. The Churches. 127 Paulville and the White school house, near Avhat is now Brashear, as meeting places. The original members of this class were L. Preston, Mary Preston, Henry Garlock, A. Seibert, F. Seibert, Mary Groolaigh, W. F. Eagle, Mary Eagle, Maria A. Eagle, Peter Kunkle and Margaret Kunkle. This congregation had no church building of its own until 1873. By that time Brashear had been founded and it was decided to build at that place. After encountering many difficulties, the members of this church organization Avere able to dedicate a church building costing over $1,750. The dedication occurred on August 17, 1873. Bish op Glossbrenner preached the sermon. The occasion was long remem bered in Brashear and the county because of the immense croAvd that attended; a special train from Kirksville brought a large number of people. The editor of the North Missouri Register went along, and in commenting on the services expressed his thanks that there was no organ nor paid choir to mar the beautiful simplicity of the occasion. Prior to the building of the church in Brashear, the U. B.'s had accustomed for several years to hold annual camp meetings in the Salt River bottom a quarter of a mile southwest of what is now Brashear. These were largely attended. They were discontinued when the church building was erected in 1873. The revival meetings that have had the most marked influence on the church since that time were the Little meetings in 1890, and the Petry meetings in 1906 and 1908. The present church building was erected in 1908, and dedicated by Dr. T. D. Criks, President of Campbell College of Kansas, on Decem ber 6, 1908. It is valued at $5,000. The membership in 1909 was 160. The pastors of the Brashear Circuit have been; 1859-62— W. H. Burns. 1885-87— U. 0. Deputy. 1862-64— Daniel Forbes. 1887-89— Adolph Fisher. 1864-66— J. T. Timmons. ' 1889-90— S. T. Wallace. 1866-67— C. C. Philips. 1890-92— D. H. Bruner. 1867-69— W. G. Grey. 1892-93— E. L. Joshn. 1869-70— W. P. Shanklih. 1893-95— W. L. Scull. 1870-71— Chas. Hibbard. 1895-98— S. R. Dillman. —John Estep. 1898-00— 0. P. Gariock. 1871-72— B. J. Murray. 1900-01— D. M. Harvey. —Jas. Herbert. 1901-03— L. D. Neher. 1872-76— A. D. Thomas. 1903-04— G. B. Clay. 1876-77— T. S. Downey. 1904-05— R. H. Beck. 1877-83— J. W. Puhey. 1904-07— J. W. Penn. 1883-84— U. P. Wardruff. 1907-10— Chaster Young. 1884-85— Jas. Herbert. 1910-11— A. C. Tudor. 128 History" of Adair County. The Missouri Annual Conference of this church has convened at Brashear four different times: in 1874, Avith Bishop Glossbrenner pre siding; in 1883, with Bishop E. B. Kephart, presiding; in 1887, with Bishop J. Weaver presiding; and in 1896, with Bishop J. S. Mills pre siding. Gibbs. — The U. B. church at Gibbs was originally the Pleasant View church, which was organized in February 1868 by Rev. W. G. Grey. The original members were Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus Sanborn, Mr. and Mrs. Begole, Amanda Houston, Mary Houston, D. P. Houston, Wm. Houston, John McDoweh, Joseph McDowell, Harriett McDowell, Mr. and Mrs. Moses Johnson, Benjamin Young, and Mr. and Mrs Jas. Gunning. The flrst house of worship was situated in section 10, town ship 61, range 14, a short distance northwest of what is now Gibbs. It Avas erected in 1878 at a cost of $1,150, and was dedicated in Novem ber, 1879, by Bishop Wright. In 1889 the United Brethren throughout the entire denomination became divided over the question regarding secret societies, and two denominations resulted. Those favoring secret societies were called Liberals, and those opposing Radicals. Many a congregation was split wide open, and two separate congregations were formed where originally there was only one. The Pleasant VieAV church was one of the congregations that di vided. In June, 1895, the Liberals moved the church building to Gibbs, Avhich had come into existence since the building of the Santa Fe Rail- . road in 1887. The courts had given them the title to the building. " It was rededicated by Prof. Reese of the New York College of Nebraska, on December 1, 1895. In 1906 another and better church building Avas erected and this was rededicated by Bishop Weakley of Des Moines, on December 30, 1906. The Radicals of the original Prarie View congregation proceeded to build another building after the Liberals had moved the flrst church building to Gibbs. It was erected at Prairie Bird and Avas dedicated in November, 1896, by Bishop Halleck Floyd of Dublin, Indiana. The congregations at Gibbs and Prairie View have no business affiliations. They belong to separate denominations. A. C. Tudor is pastor of the Gibbs church, and J. G. Garlock of the Prairie Bend Chapel. There is another U. B. church at Green Grove, in Nineveh township, and still another six miles northeast of Kirksville, which was built in The Churches. 129 1895. Evidently an attempt Avas made to organize a society in Kirks ville in 1894, but without success. D. — Baptist Church (Missionary). Bear Creek. — The oldest Baptist society in Adair County is the Bear Creek church. This was organized in 1840 by Rev. Talbot Hight. The original members were Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Barnes, Ehza Hibbard, Nancy Hibbard, and Nancy Myers. In the course of time a church building Avas erected three and a half miles north of Kirksville. By this time the Cohetts, Hustons, Lloyds, Willises, Ashers, and Conners were members. This church has maintained a continuous organization down to the present. Data concerning its more recent history are Avanting. Kirksville. — Very little is known about the Baptist Church in Kirksville prior to the war. Tradition • says, that it was disbanded during the war, but no record of its AVork has. survived; In 1868 the church in Kirksville was reorganized. The place of meeting Avas a long low one story building which stood' on the northeast corner of Buchanan and Florence Streets. It had been built in 1858 by Prof. W. P. Nason and had been used by him as a school building up to 1862. The members at the time of reorganization were Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Ma,rion Barnes, Mrs. A. P. Willard, Mr. and Mrs. LcAvis W. Link, Mr. and Mrs. S. M. Link, Mr. and Mrs. George Shotwell, Mrs. Mary Bond, Mrs. Leisure, and Mr. Henry Cooper. The pastor was Rev. J. A. Pool. In 1870 Rev. J. H. Terrill became pastor, and for a while the church appeared to prosper. A number of prominent people became identi fied with the church, among whom Avere the Halladays, Ileses, Rays, Franklands, and Nortons. Plans were made for erecting a new church, and lots at the corner of McPherson and High Streets were bought and a brick building begun in June, 1872. The building was completed and occupied by the folloAving January. Like most all churches, this one was finished with a great debt hanging over it. Financial difficulties compelled the church to give up its building. At that time the Cum berland Presbyterian church had a frame church building at the cor ner of Franklin and Illinois Streets. Arrangements were made for the exchange of this building for the Baptist church bmlding, the Cumberland Presbyterians paying $1,650 additional. The exchange was made in December, 1877. f^s-^ Baptist CHVRfH, Kirks\-ille. Burned Jan. 9, 1910. Rebuilt with some ehanges in the original plan. Dedicated on Feb. 22, 1911. The Churches. 131 The financial loss Avhich had been sustained was very discouraging, but the members began to plan and hope for better things, and by 1896 their hopes were realized. Two lots were bought at the corner of Wash ington and Marion Streets, and a fine brick building was erected there on. The church was occupied in November, 1897, but it Avas not ded icated until some time later because all the indebtedness was not cov ered by subscriptions at the time it Avas completed. The total cost of the building and lots was $8,600. The pastor at the time was Rev. S. H. Morgan, to Avhom the congregation ascribed a great deal of the credit for the success of the undertaking. This building was burned on Sunday, January 9, 1910. The even ing services had begun when it was discovered that the building was on fire. The congregation was immediately dismissed, and in an hour nothing but the walls remained. Arrangements were immediately made for the use of the First Presljytcrian church building across the street from the post office, until the burned building could be rebuilt. The AVork on the recon structed building was completed in February, 1911, and was dedicated on the 22nd of that month by Rev. W. J. Williamson of St. Louis. Some changes were made in the plans of the old building by way of making it larger and arranging for some extra accommodations. The cost of rebuilding was about $12,000, all of which Avas covered by subscrip tions some days before the dedication. The pastors since the reorganization of the church have been: 1868-70— J. H. Pool. 1893-96— S. H. Morgan. 1870-78— J. H. Terrih. 1897-01— M. A. Simmons. ¦ 1878-80— J. C. Shipp. 1901-02— O. M. Brownson. 1880-87— W. E. Chambhss. 1903-06— H. A. Weeks. 1887-90— Ray Palmer. 1906-09— H. J. Everiy. 1891-92— W. H. Sawyer. 1909-11— W. H. Stone. 1892-93— W. S. Walker. The Missouri Baptist Association has convened at least once in Kirksville, and that was in October, 1898. Novinger. — The Baptist Church of Novinger has a unique his tory among the churches of the county. It Avas organized by Rev. Joe P. Jacobs in the winter of 1901-02, as the result of a series of revival meetings which he conducted in a Gospel Car called "The Messenger of Peace," sent out by the American Baptist Publication Society. This car was fitted up Avith pulpit, chairs, organ and other equipment of a chapel, and Avas sent from place to place to carry on revival meetings 132 ¦ History of Adair County. and organize Baptist churches. It stood on a switch in Novinger for some weeks and the nieetings held in it were well attended. A Baptist society of fifteen or twenty members was organized at the close of the meetings and a church builchng erected in 1902. The pastors have been; 1902-04— J. Frank Moore. 1908-09— A. R. Jones. 1905- — C. M. Benight. 1909-11— C. C. Cunningham. 1905-08— Whittenbraker. For the past two years the church has been able to employ a pas tor who gives his entire time to the work there. It also has two lady missionaries who are busy ministering to those in need of their assist ance in Novinger and the mining camps near by. Millard. — In 1860 there was organized the Dover Baptist Church among the people living on the east fork of the Chariton south of Kirks ville. Among the members were the Musicks, Ryans, Cunninghams, and Costellos. Shortly after the town of Millard was laid out this society removed to that place and was known as the Millard Baptist Church. By 1890 the society was disbanded, part of the membership going to La Plata and part to Kirksville. Besides the Baptist churches that have been described, there are several others in the county concerning which no data have been se cured. Of these three are in Clay township; one at Sperry, another is in the southwest corner (Hazel Green), and the third is in the southeast corner. There is one at old WilsontoAvn in Wilson township, and an other called Morris Church in southeastern Walnut. E. — Baptist Church (Free Will). The Baptist churches whose history has been outlined are Mission ary Baptists, to distinguish them from Free Will Baptists. The dis tinctive difference between the two branches pertains to the communion; the former believes and practices close communion, the latter open communion. There are at present at least four different congregations of Free Will Baptists in the county; Jewell, seven miles northwest of Kirks ville; Connelsvihe; Bethel, west of ConnelsviUe; and Sublette. At one time a Free Will Baptist society existed in Kirksville. It was organized June 4, 1865, by Rev. J. H. Wesscher, with James Hayes, Phoebe Hayes, Wm, Smith, Jane Smith, Minemoh Smith, Mary Smith, The Churches. 133 J. McMorrow, Eleanor Dennis, Charles Scovihe, Nancy Scovihe, Guy Chandler, Sarah Chandler, Ehza Middleton, H. Young, Mrs. W. N. Wesscher, Mary Jones, Gary Ferguson, Nell MattheAvs, Mrs. Dunham, and Jupiter Webb (a negro) as members. This society erected a church building on the site of the present Southern Methodist Church build ing, in May, 1865, and this is said to have been the first church building erected in the town. All church organizations had prior to this held their services in the court house or school houses. Considerable efforts Avere made to make this part of the state as kind of center for Free Will Baptists. Rev. Wesscher, Immigration Agent for the Free Will Baptist Association of Adair and Schuyler Counties, sent out a circular letter in 1868, setting forth the advantages of this region and inviting people of his faith to come and settle here. He got in reply several letters from parties saying they Avere coming. It is evident, however, that a large number did not come, for after a few years more the church succumbed. The disbandment occurred in 1872, and the building was sold in 1875 to the Southern Methodists. When the latter got ready later on to biiild a brick building,; they sold the one they had bought from the Baptists to a jnan named Bernard, who moved it aAvay and jised it up as fuel in burning brick. The pastors during the period from 1868 to 1872 were J. H. Wes scher, — Cooley, D, C. Miller, and A. SeU. F. — Christian Church or Disciples. Kirksville. — The Christian Church in Kirksville has, according to tradition, a history reaching back to the winter of 1845-46. At that time E. H. Lossen and Jeremiah Prather organized a society in Kirks ville, with the following persons as the original members: William Ivie, John Galyen, Nelson Grogan, Bartlett Asher, Arthusa Bonham, Mr. and Mrs. George Rice, Mr. and Mrs. John Rice, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Linder, Mrs. Sloan, Mrs. Stacy Grogan, Mrs. Jacob Linder, Mrs. Andrew Linder, Isham B. Dodson, James Dodson, Nancy J. Dodson, Hulda Dodson, and Mary Sloan. The society was thirty years in acquiring a church building of its own. Until the war broke out the court house was used; but after that was closed to all rehgious services, the members of this society met at different places until it was completely disorganized. In 1865 the society was reorganized by Rev. D. M. Kinter. Re vival meetings were held and about forty members were added. The question of a meeting house proved troublesome. It was not possible 134 History op Adair County. to erect a suitable buikhng and so arrangements wci'e nuule for the us(> of a building known as the Cumberiand Academy. This building had been started in 1860 by the Kirksville Presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, but owing to the outbreak of the war, work Avas suspended on it before it was finished. The Presbytery sold it in l'\'b- ruary, 1865 to D. S. Hooper, Samuel Reed, Jr., Nelson Grogan ami Abraham AA^off. These men in turn sold it in March, 1865 for $1,500 to a stock company composed of men who belonged to the newly reor ganized Christian Church. This company offered the use of this build ing for church services to the church without charge. It is said that tMimuUfMM- S'^iJf^KS^^ ¦ikSUBfiS'^-''- ' liMT HlMffr 8^W'-A_ ' #«ii .-• ¦ : , " ¦ ''¦^m'i'v •¦! :-'i",- . ¦¦¦¦• «¦' ^'' -^¦w^^^ ''¦'' ''j^B ./. ' ::W:M^% ***;¦'".. ' .' --.s' .-» HPy^i^^aii^ T'^ 4 v: - "¦ : ... K^SK^^ 'IS^HR ^^^^St^^^^^S '- 'ii ^HRVP* i <':£'' ^''¦" %M j^^HN^K* '^/^il^^^'^^S viTW j.-.:'-v;'«v'a ."^^¦SBv^^&iM ^¦^*i.^i6!iL^B. K? Hai^ % 3 ^^m ..-¦l'.-. .'. - m m Ml. «J;J ESss m l^m Wm-^i^^m-xr-imj- '^»m>mi-W SmHI^^^ ^Sf ' # ^^^s tfa- MB MtMSWStigiB^^AaMi&L. -^.. . _ „ :.«ih Christian Church, Kirksville. they had bought the builchng with the expectation that some day the church would buy it from them. But when it appeared the church did not intend doing this, the stock company began to look around for a renter. In February, 1867, they found one in the i)erson of J. Bald win of Indiana, who began in the fall of that year the North Missouri Normal School, which grew in three years and a half into the i)rcsent State Normal School. The congregation continued apparently to hold services in this building after the Normal School opened up, doAvn to at least January, 1871, when the school be(^amc a state institution. The The Churches. 135 congregation seems then to have rented the Free Will Baptist church, Avhich stood on the site of the present M. E. Church South. This was used until 1876. In 1872 the church seems to have been thoroughly reorganized, with President J. Baldwin, A. J. Knight, John Richey, J. D. Gardner, and C. H. Dutcher as elders, and G. W. Edwards, L. D. Noblett and W. E. Coleman as deacons. In 1876 the congregation erected a building on the site of the pres ent Christian church. The lot had been purchased in 1871, but no ef forts were made at erecting a building until September, 1875. This building Avas completed a few months later and dedicated on February 13, 1876, by Rev. Dr. Hobson of Canton. In 1900 this building was remodeled and a large wing was added to the south. The church Avas therefore rededicated on December 9, 1900, Elder J. H. Garrison of St. Louis, preaching the dedicatory sermon. The improvements cost $6,500. On the day of dedication enough had not been subscribed by $2,200 to cover this amount. At the morning service only $1,700 was raised. The remaining deficit Avas secured by subscriptions at the night service. The dedicatory ceremony was celebrated in the after noon at a general mass meeting of all the churches. Trouble has arisen at least twice between the congregation and the pastors. In 1885 trouble arose between the elders and the pastor A. Russell. Three arbiters were called in to adjust matters and are said to have decided the trouble in favor of the pastor. In 1906 there occurred a schism in the congregation owing to some differences of opinion regarding the pastor, G. W. Thompson. When he was asked to resign the faction that supported him withdrew and organized another congregation, which took the name of Central Christian Church. A lot Avas bought and preparations begun for erect ing a church building. Services Avere held for a while in the Harring ton Theater, Avith the Rev. Mr. Thompson as the pastor. But the at tempt failed owing to the smallness of the congregation, and practically all the seceding faction returned to the original congregation in the course of a few years. The records shoAv that in 1872 the membership was 25; in 1884, 150; and in 1910, 600. The pastorate of U. M. Browder was marked by an unusually large increase in the membership. During his two years of service, 1889-91, 237 were added to the church, of which num ber 1 17 were baptized. It has been impossible to secure the names of all the pastors. Of those who served prior to the war the following have been ascertained; 136 History of Adair County. E. H. Lossen, Jeremiah Prather, Allen Wright, — White, A. P. Davis, Thos. Allen, Jacob Creath, and — Donan. The pastors since 1865 and their terms of service as far as could be ascertained, are as follows: 1865-69— D. M. Kinter. 1885-89— Simpson Ely. 1869-70— E. C. Browning. 1889-91— U. M. Browder. 1870-72— J. A. Heddington. 1891-92— G. H. Laughhn. 1872- — C. P. Hohis. 1892-94— Davis Errett. W. A. Northcutt. 1894-95— Sherman Kirk. C. P. Hollis. 1895-99— Simpson Ely. A. RusseU. 1899-05— H. A. Northcutt. S. H. Hedrix. 1905-06— G. W. Thompson. Geo. E. Dew. 1906-09— D. A. Wickizer. J. C. Reynolds. 1909-11— E. J. Wilhs. 1884-85— J. W. Davis. Brashear. — The Christian Church in Brashear was established in 1890, through the efforts of a few of that denomination who had come to that place and had not affiliated with any other church. They called in help, and through the assistance of Evangelists J. M. Hoffman and P. D. HoUoAvay, succeeded in getting an organization effected. From 1890 to 1897 the congregation met in other churches, school house or hall. In 1896 the Brashear Academy building Avhich had just been abandoned for school purposes, was bought and remodeled, and in the next year was dedicated. Rev. W. A. Hamilton was pastor at the time. The pastors have been as follows ; 1890-91— J. C. McQuary. 1901-02— R. A. Martin. 1891-92— J. C. Rick. 1902-04— D. R. Kenter. .1892-93— A. D. Veatch. 1905-07— J. L. Hollowell. 1893-94— B. F. Huthutt. 1908-09— C. E. Hunt. 1893-97— W. A. Hamilton. 1910-11— J. E. Hollowell. 1897-98— A. D. Clark. The membership at the time of organization, 1890, was ten. At present it is about one hundred. Gibbs.— The Christian Church at Gibbs was organized March 1, 1905, by Elder J. L. HoUowell, with a charter membership of twenty- six. For the first two months the congregation used a store building, and then rented a hall which was used for two years. A church build ing was then begun and was used in an unfinished condition for about two years. It was completed and dedicated by Elder E. M. Richmond The Churches. 137 on August 29, 1909. The building is a very neat village church, better by far than the usual village churches The pastors have been: J. L. Hohowell, D. M. Kinter, C. E. Hunt, and J. M. Harris. The membership is now sixty-tAvo. Illinois Bend. — The Illinois Bend Christian Church Avas organ ized by Elder J. W. Davis on November 28, 1885, with seventeen char ter members. The building they use is nominally a Union church which was built in 1884. Four denominations were interested in erecting it, but the only one that has grown and prospered is the Christian Church, so that the members of that congregation practicahy own it. They own the furniture and repair the building. The membership has grown until it is about 150 at present. Besides J. W. Davis, J. M. Smith, H. R. Trickett, L. H. Harboard, A. Munyon, J. L. Hollowell, have sei;ved as pastors. The present pas tor is J. Morgan Harris. There is a Christian Church at Star, but no facts concerning it are available. . ,"" G.^^Ciimberland Presbyterian Church. Kirksville. — The Cunaberland Presbyterian Church in Kirks ville was organized on, May 25, i8|6, by' itey.' James Dysart,. Avith J. T. Smith, David Jaihes, Elmer Jariies,- G. E. Bushneh and Helen Bush nell as members. The initiative ' in - this Avas taken by David James and J. T. Smith. Both of 'these men had, belonged to the Eldad Cum berland Presbyterian Church in Rahd6l{>li "County, and after getting in Adair County they decided to organize a church of that denomination in their new home. -They interested Geo. E. Bushnell and his wife, who moved from Ohio to their neighborhood in 1845, in their plans, and though the Bushnells had been Methodists in Ohio, they decided on reading the confession of faith of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, they could join James and Smith in organizing a church of that faith. Word Avas sent to Rev. James Dysart of College Mound, Mo., and on his coming up the work of organization Avas effected in the original court house of Adair County, which stood on the northwest corner of the square where the National Bank of Kirksville now stands. The membership grcAV very slowly, and of course the society was too weak to have a regular circuit rider. Visiting preachers afforded all the preaching that was done for many years. Among these were B. 138 History of Adair County. F. Caldwell, J. C. Davidson, James Dysart and J. B. Mitchell. A note- Avorthy revival was held in 1854 in the court house which stood in the public square and which was burned in 1865; through this revival the membership Avas increased to 68. This serves to mark the beginning of the employment of a regular preacher, for in that year Rev. S. C. David son Avas employed to preach once a month. Affairs seemed to be pros perous, for in 1857 the congregation employed Rev. J. E. Sharp to preach every Sunday. Moreover, the Kirksville Presbytery established C. P. Church, Kirksville. (Presbyterian since the union in 1906.) a school in Kirksville which was called the Cumberland Academy, and a building for the school and for church services also was begun. But the war which came on put a check to all this actiAuty, and for several years there were no preaching services at all, and the project for a school was abandoned. The church was reorganized in 1868 largely through the leadership of Rev. G. W. Sharp, who is yet living in Kirksville. A church building was erected that year on the corner of Franklin and Illinois Streets, and dedicated the last Sunday in December by Rev. J. B. MitcheU of The Churches. 139 College Mound. The revivals which came the folloAving year added over one hundred to the membership. During the year. Prof. W. P. Nason and several others left the Presbyterian Church and joined the Cumberland Presbyterians because they could no longer support cer tain doctrines upheld by that church. The year 1877 seems to mark considerable prosperity on the part of this congregation. The finances were such as to enable the church to employ the entire services of their pastor, J. B. Mitchell, and in De cember of that year they bought the building which the Baptists had built in 1872 on the corner of McPherson and High Streets, giving in exchange therefor their building on Franklin Street and $1,600 in ad dition, $1,000 of which was given by W. T. Baird. This building was repaired and dedicated July 7, 1878, by Rev. D. E. Bushneh of San Jose, California. Services had been held in it, however, with the ex ception of a short time when closed for repairs, ever since it had been acquired the preceding December. This building was repaired several times during the eighties, but it was found desirable to remodel and enlarge it in 1897. It was rededicated on December 12 of that year by Dr. W. H. Black, President of Missouri Valley College. There Avere present at the service tAvp of the former pastors, G. W. Sharp and J. B. Mitchell, and also W. P. Nason, who supplied the church as preacher for a short time in the early seventies. The building committee reported the expenditure of over $6,000 in the remodeling of the church and the collection of the entire amount pledged to cover the expenditures ex cept $15. Rev. M. W. Pressly was pastor at the time. The fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the church was cel ebrated by special services on October 4, 1896. In the morning a spe cial sermon was prached by Rev. G. W. Sharp, one of the early pastors, and the communion was administered by Rev. J. B. Mitchell, another one of the early pastors. In the evening a program of a more varied and historical character was rendered. One of the most interesting features was that of the roll call of the first five members of 1846. As the names of these persons were called. Dr. Mitchell responded with a brief character sketch of each. Mr. W. T. Baird also read letters from John T. Smith, Geo. E. Bushnell and D. E. Bushnell. The first two were among the five original members, and their letters were in refer ence to the invitation to be present at the anniversary exercises. Be fore the anniversary came, Mr. Smith had died. D. E. Bushnell was the son of Geo. E. Bushnell, and had joined the church here in 1857. He afterwards entered the ministry and became one of the strongest preach ers in that denomination in the entire country. 140 History of Adair County. In 1906 the Cumberland Presbyterians and the Presbyterians united, and have ever since remained as one congregation. A full ac count of this win be given in the section dealing with the Presbyterian church. The Kirksville Cumberland Presbyterian church entertained the McAdow Synod at least once. In October, 1877, that Synod held its annual session in KirksA'ille. At that time there were three different Synods in the state of Missouri. In 1885, however, all these were united into one Synod, which was thereafter known as the Synod of Missouri. This Synod convened at least once in Kirksville, and that was in October, 1901. The pastors from the time they were first employed down to the suspension during the war, were; 1854-57— S. C. Davidson. 1857-61— J. E. Sharp. The pastors since the reorganization were; 1868-70— G. W. Sharp. 1893-96— J. M. McKnight. 1870-71— W. P. Nason. 1896-97— M. W. Pressly. 1871-75— G. W. Sharp. 1898-06— W. L. Darby. 1875-93— J. B. Mitcheh. As far as is known. Dr. Mitchell's term of service as pastor in Kirks ville is longer than that of any other pastor in the town. When he Avithdrew from active service in 1893 the Ministers' Alliance of the city expressed their appreciation of his labors in fitting resolutions. Mr. W. T. Baird was clerk of the session continuously from 1868 to the time of the union in 1906. Mount Moriah. — Two miles southwest of Novinger stands the Mount Moriah Presbyterian church, formerly a Cumberland Presby terian church. This Avas built in 1891 at about the same time the Meth odist church north of Novinger was erected. It seems that this Mount Moriah church was the result of the failure to make the Methodist church north of Novinger a union church. Prominent among those who opposed a union church and favored separate churches, was G. W. Novinger, to whom it was largely due that the Mount Moriah church was organized and the building erected. Mulberry. — The Mulberry Cumberland Presbyterian church was organized March 11, 1886, by Rev. J. B. Kelso, Avith an original member ship of about twenty-five. A house of worship was erected at once in section 11, township 63, range 16, near the town of Fegley. The Churches. 141 Concord. — The Concord Cumberland Presbyterian church was organized some time during the eighties, but no further information has been secured. Besides these four Cumberland Presbyterian churches which have been described, there Avere several others which lived for a short time. Among them were those of Fairview, Troy Mills, Salt River, Ncav Hope, Pleasant View, and perhaps others. All the churches in existence in 1906 went into the union of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and the Northern Presbyterian Church, so that they are all noAv Presbyteriaii societies. H. — Presbyterian Church. Kirksville. — The First Presbyterian Church of Kirksville was organized in 1859 by the Revs.yH. P., S.", Willis and AndrcAv Greenlee of the Palmyra Presbytery, with fifteen, .members. John Baird, Sr., W. P. Nason, and J. H. 'Myers were cho.aeiitas ruling. elders. The preach ing for the first year was done by^visititig. preachers, among -whom were Rev. Willis. In I860-, Rev. Cameron supplied'the pulpit, and continued through the year until the fall when, owing to the war, all religious ser vices Avere suspended. .Up'torthis-tiin-e all the services had been held in Prof. Nason's school house, which stood on the corner of Buchanan and Florence Streets. , ' . , .; ' In the fah of 1865 an effort at a reorganization of the society was made, with Rev. James as supply -preacher, but matters apparently did not go well. In June, 1866, Rev. J. S. Bryant and Rev. George Van Emman effected an organization that has remained permanent. The society started out with twenty-two members, and with Rev. Boyd as pastor. The following were the members at the time: Benjamin Prior, Rachel Prior, W. P. Nason, J. H. Uber, Chloe Uber, B. N. Uber, Jane Uber, George Frankenburg, Lucinda Frankenburg, Ella Harris, R. Voorhies, Sidard Naylor, Eliza Voorhies, Alexander Cross, Martha Cross, Mary Cross, Catherine Powell, J. P. Beatty, Deborah Pierce, David Baird, Catherine Baird, and E; J. Boyd. Benjamin Prior, W. P. Nason, and George Frankenburg were elected ruling elders. Plans were soon made for a church building, but it was not until 1869 that they Avere realized. Meanwhile, services were held in the old Cumberland Academy in 1865-66; in Sherwood's Hall in 1866-67, and in the Baptist church in 1867-68. Work on the new building began in May, 1868, and was completed in June, 1869, at a cost of $4,000. 142 History of Adair County. This stood Avhere the unoccupied Presb}d.erian church building noAv stands across the street from the post office. The congregation occupied it in January, Avhen it was far from completed. The dedication occurred on July 11, 1869. 'Rev. J. S. Boyd was pastor at the time. The building was repaired during the eighties at a cost of $500. This added to the indebtedness Avhich the church Avas alrcad.A' carrying from the cost of original construction, and it was not until 1890 that the Presbyterian Church, Kirksville. Unoccupied since the union in 1906. debt was completely paid out. On April 29, 1892, itAvas completely burned to the ground. The loss included a pipe organ. At the time Avhen it was destroyed it was the oldest church building in Kirksville. Efforts Avere immediately begun for the rebuilding of the church. The congregation secured the -"Opera House" for their services while they were Avithout a church home. The cornerstone Avas laid on August 8, 1892 at seven p. m. The address on that occasion was delivered bv Rev. Duncan BroAvn of Macon. The church Avas completed in due time and Avas tledicated on Monday, March 13, 1893, by Rev. J. H. Brookes. During the service a historical sketch of the church Ava,s read by S. S. McLaughlin, and a hymn, the Avords and music of Avhich Avere com- The Churches. 143 posed by Rev. J. S. Boyd, the first pastor after the reorganization in 1866, was sung by their congregation. This building, which is stiU standing, cost $10,000. The equipment included a fine pipe organ. Rev. M. H. Bradley was pastor at the time. In 1906 the Cumberland Presbyterian and First Presbyterian churches in Kirksville were united.. This was in pursuance of the ac tion taken by the General Assemblies of the Cumberland Presbyterian and the Northern Presbyterian Churches, and ratified by the Presby teries of those tAVO denominations. The way towards an amiable union of the local churches was opened. by the resignation of Rev. W. L. Darby, of the Cumberland Presbyte rian church, just at the time the organic union of the two denominations had been ordered. The first step taken was an invitation issued to the Cumberland Presbyterian church by the Presbyterian church to join them in their services. The invitation was accepted and a tenta tive union was accepted for six months. During these six months the services were held in the Presbyterian Church. At the end of that time the question as to whether the union should become permanent was voted upon by the congregations separately, and it was carried almost unanimously. It Avas decided then to hold the services thereafter in the old Cumberland Presbyterian church building. Rev. W. C. Tem- pleton was pastor at the time of the union and has been ever since. The Presbyterian Synod of Missouri has convened in Kirksville at least three times; in October, 1874; in October, 1888, and in Oc tober, 1909. Two Mission Sunday Schools were organized in 1909 by this church. One is located on Centennial Avenue and the other on West Patterson Avenue. These are the only Mission Sunday Schools in Kirksville at present. The pastors of this church since its reorganization have been as follows ; 1868-85— J. S. Boyd. 1889-99— M. H. Bradley. 1885-87— G. W. Wilhamson. 1900-01— J. A. Smith. 1887-89— F. R. Farrand. 1901-11— W. C. Templeton. Millard. — The Presbyterian Church at Millard was organized in June, 1870, by Rev. J. S. Boyd of Kirksville. Its original member ship seems to have been made up of persons who had belonged to the Kirksville congregation, but Avho desired a separate organization in the neighborhood where they lived. The original members Avere: Mary Barr, Agnes Barr, Samuel Barr, John Calvin, Mary Dean, R. P. Elliott, 144 History of Adair County. Nancy Elhott, M. B. Foncannon, Julia S. Foncannon, David Grant, Caroline Grant, Eliza Grant, and Mary Long. In 1873-74 a church building was erected at a cost of $1,000. For twenty years or more the Kirksville pastor served this congregation at least once a month. I. — Episcopalian Church. Kirksville. — Trinity Protestant Church was organized about 1870. Episcopal services had been held occasionally in time prior to that year. A Rev. Mr. Striker is mentioned as having held such ser vices in March, 1869, but nothing was done until 1870 towards definite organization. The work of organization seems to have been done by Rev. Benjamin Sheetz and Rev. Ethelbert Talbot. The latter was then rector at Macon and has long been Bishop. Among the original mem bers were Mr. and Mrs. Charles Strong, Mr. Strong's mother, Mrs. J. M. De France, Mr. and Mrs. John Scovern, Mrs. F. A. Grove, G. W. Browning, J. C. Thatcher, Alanson Morris, and Mrs. J. A. Hope. Ser vices were held in different places, such as the old Normal School build ing (the former Cumberland Academy) and Trueman's Hall. In 1870 the present frame church building Avas erected on Mulanix and Harrison Streets. It cost $1,200, and the seating and other equipment $300 more. The task of raising the money fell chiefly on Mrs. De France and Mrs. Scovern. The lot Avas donated by G. W. Browning. The stained glass windows were put in in 1894, the gift of Rev. Mr. Canfield, a former pastor. The congregation has ahvays been weak. At differ ent times additional strength has been attained through temporary in creases in the membership, but there has been no permanent growth in all these years. Among those Avho have served as rectors were: Benjamin Sheetz. 1888- — C. H. Canfield. Charles. 1892- — Aiken. 1874-78— R. E. Huntingdon. 1897-00— F. N. Chapman. Peter Wager. J. M. McBride. 1878- —Robert Talbot. G. W. Preston. Frank Henry. Frank Hallam. 1886-87— Love. 1907-08— R. K. Tucker. 1887-88— Carroh M. Davis. 1908-10— F. N. Chapman. The Churches. 145 J. — Catholic Church. Adair. — The Adair parish has a history running back about forty- five years. It may be properly considered as a branch of the Edina parish. For some years prior to the civil Avar, Catholics from Ohio began to settle in and around Edina, Knox County, and very soon a strong Catholic church was organized there. In a few years this Cath olic settlement began to spread westward from Edina, a fcAV Catholic families settling in Clay township, Adair County. The situation was seized upon by Father McNamee, then assistant parish priest at Edina. He interested about a half dozen Catholic families living in Clay township and nearby in Knox County, in making a start towards founding a Catholic church, and he arranged to celebrate mass at the home of Daniel McGonigle, and continued to hold services there occasionally until a church building was erected. From this small beginning the con gregation was established and has gradually grown until it now numbers about 428 souls, representing ninety families. Something like forty other families have migrated to other places, so that if all had remained the mejnbership now would be much larger than it is. About one-half of the congregation live in Knox County, and some live in Schuyler and Scotland Counties. When the time came to establish a separate parish a large mission ary district was laid off, Avhich included the territory from Memphis to the phariton River, and from Macon to the Iowa line. Witfiin this mission district were Memphis and the Mudd settlement, seven miles ¦ north of Downing. To get matters well organized and prepare the way for a regular pastor, priests were sent at intervals from St. Louis by Archbishop Keudrick. Among these first priests thus sent Avere Fathers Madden and Daley in the early seventies. But they were not assigned to this Avork for more than a fcAV months. When they were not in the field th^e priests at Edina cared for the work. There have been practically only two resident pastors since the church was regularly established. The first Avas Father Ryan who served from about 1877 or 1878 to 1888; the second. Father J. O'Shea, who succeecjLed Father Ryan and has been in continuous service ever since. Prior to Father Ryan the officiating priests Avho came from Edina held services only once a mopjtj;! at least. Father Ryan and Father O'Shea have been able to give all their time to the work. Mass is said every Sunday morning at 8 and 10:30 o'clock, and on Aveek days at 8 a. m. In 1904 the original church building was moved to another site and the coiistruction of the present building was begun. The dedication of Catholic Church, Adair. The Churches. 147 the new building took place on June 15, 1905 with Archbishop Glennon of St. Louis officiating. It cost, completely furnished, $10,000 and is by far the prettiest country church in this part of the state. The orig inal building wih some day be used as a convent, as the parish contem plates establishing a parochial school in the near future. Kirksville. — The Kirksville Catholic church was organized in the fall of 1888 by Father O'Shea, priest at Adair. There were just a few Catholic families in Kirksville and the adjoining country, Avho were so situated as to be unable to take advantage of the Catholic services at Adair, and though the field was not promising. Father O'Shea was in terested in it and succeeded in getting a church started. He made ar rangements for monthly services in the Masonic Hall, and then labored zealously in getting a church building erected. Two lots were secured in the Font and Ehison addition to the town of Kirksville in August, 1892. The contract for the building was let to Thos. Earhart for $3,400. The building was completed in due time and was dedicated on Sunday, July 2, 1893. The dedication was the occasion for a big demonstration. Special trains were run into Kirksville from Moberly, Trenton and Edina. It is estimated that 1,500 came from outside towns, Edina sending the largest delegation. The sermon was preached by Father Moeller of St. Louis. The church was richly decorated with votive offerings from all over the country. In the early nineties people came to Kirksville in large numbers for osteopathic treatment at the hands of Dr. A. T. Still, many of whom were Catholics. Many of these Catholics who were benefited by Dr. Still's treatments left some expression of their gratitude in the shape of votive offerings. Among these offerings were a statue of the Sacred Heart, a eostly crucifix, and an altar. When the building was destroyed by the great cyclone of April 27, 1899, only three of these offerings were saved. They are in the present church. Concerning the effort to get a Catholic church started in Kirks ville, Father O'Shea has expressed in a letter to the author, his appre ciation of the assistance of Mr. John L. Porter of KirksviUe, in the fol lowing words; "The church at Kirksville owes its existence to John L. Porter. No Cathohc was ever kinder to a priest than he was to me, though he did not belong to the Catholic church nor had he any personal interest. He gave me the use of the court house (that is, the old Masonic Hall) to say mass once a month; he went with me to so licit subscriptions and gave generously himself. And it was he who 148 History of Ad.^r County. turned the first sod of earth for the foundation of the church building that we first had at Kirksville, as well as superintended the construc tion. Let the Catholics of Kirksville look upon Mr. Porter with deepest gratitude, and respect him and his always." As has been said, this building was destroyed by the cyclone in 1899. This proved very trying upon Catholicism in Kirksville. It was six years before another building could be erected. The cornerstone of the new building was laid by Archbishop Glennon on April 14, 1905, while he was on his Avay to dedicate the ncAV church at Adair; by June it was finished, and on June 15 it was dedicated. Father A. B. Gass Avas priest at the time. There have been only two resident priests for the Kirksville church ; Father A. B. Gass from 1903 to 1910; and Father Mercer since 1910. Father O'Shea conducted the occasional services from the time the first church Avas dedicated to its destruction, and Father Byrne of Edina conducted Avhatever services Avere held from 1899 to 1903. Novinger. — The Catholic church at Novinger was organized by Father O'Hearn in April, 1901. He was at the time stationed at Milan, but he saw the opportunity which the field offered in Novinger and put himself enthusiastically back of the cause and succeeded in his under taking. At that time a great many foreigners were coming into Novin ger to work in the mines which were being opened on a large scale, and many of these foreigners Avere Catholics or were inchned towards Ca- thohcism. Father O'Hearn reahzed what it meant to thein and to the church to enter this field and possess it. He had been celebrating mass in Miner's Hall at Danforth prior to the big boom at Novinger, and as soon as the boom came, he arranged for Catholic services in the newly built K. P. Hall at Novinger. He, moreover, began planning for a church and succeeded in getting a lot at once. In_1902 he left, and Father Wm. McCormick succeeded. The work on the building was begun in October, 1902, but the dedication did not occur until October 18, 1905. The Right Rev. Bishop Burke of St. Joseph, dedicated the building. The church has not been strong enough to maintain a priest all by itself. It is yet a mission, and is served once a month by a priest sta tioned at Milan. The original membership was 100; at present it is about 150. The officiating priest have been; 1901-02— Father O'Hearn. 1906- —Father McClod. 1902-06— Father McCormick. 1906-10— Father Jermain. The Churches. 149 K. — Miscelianeous Churches. Lutherans. — As far as is known the Lutheran church has had only one congregation in the county, and that proved to be temporary. Some time in the fifites a group of Germans who settled in the neighborhood of what is now Novinger, organized this congregation. Prominent among these early members were Isaac NoA'inger, John NoA'inger, Henry Capps, Adam Shoop and Philip Shoop. The congregation was never strong enough to erect a church building. Rca-. Crigler is remembered by many persons now in and around XoA'inger as one of the early Lu theran preachers who used to come from time to time and preach to the people. They usually spoke in German or Pennsyh-ania Dutch. An attempt was made to organize a Lutheran church in Kirksville in 1886, but it never succeeded. On the dissolution of the Lutheran congregation around Novinger in the seventies, the members AA^ent into the ^Methodist and Cumberland Presbyterian churches chiefly. Unia'ersalists. — During the sixties and seA'enties there Avas a smaU but fairlj' active group of L^niA-ersalists in the county. They are said to have organized on December 25, 1867. Very little is knoAvn of their organization. Preaching services Avere held in Kirksville from time to time. In ]\Iarch, 1875, arrangements were made by the L'ni- versalists Anth the trustees of the Baptist church to use their building, but it is said that Rca'. Ray, the Baptist pastor, pocketed the key and would not alloAV the serA'ices to be held. Rca'. W. L. Fletcher, a highlj' honored old settler, was among the leaders of this organization. The Universalist State ConA-ention conA'ened in Kirksville in November, 1876. SwEDENBORGiAxs. — 111 the seA'enties an effort was made to organ ize a SAvedenborgian church in this countj', but it failed. Chas. Patter son was the leading spirit in the movement. Spiritualisai. — In the fall of 1874 a Spiritualistic circle was organ ized in this district by a Mrs. ]\Iott, IMany prominent citizens were interested in the circle, among whom Avere AA", INI. Gill, S. M. Pickler, F. A. Grove, and Miss Emma Coons. The active campaign carried on by this group, aided bj' some noted travelhng lecturers, aroused the bitter opposition of a great many people in the community. The first quarterly meeting of the "North Eastern ^Missouri Association of Pro- 150 History of Adair County. gressive Liber alists and Spiritualists" was held in Kirksville in November 1879. As the result of the work done in the seventies, there has always been a small group of Spirituahsts in the county. Salvation Army. — This religious organization seems to have ap peared in the county first in 1894. Their work has been only spasmodic and temporary.Holiness Church.— The Church of God or Hohness Church, first appeared in Kirksville in 1882. In 1883 a big revival meeting Avas held, which resulted in a large number of converts, but most of them went back into the old churches. The few who remained steadfast built a church within the limits of KirksAalle. They renewed activity in 1894. There has recently arisen a schism in the ranks, which has ended in a law suit between the factions over the church property. Bible Society. — This was organized in July, 1866, and held annual meetings until at least 1895, and may have held them later than that. The object of this association was to assist the American Bible Society in getting financial support and in distributing Bibles. Sunday School Association. — There has been a County Sunday School Association since at least 1875. Annual meetings are held. Mr. S. S. McLaughlin has been more closely identified Avith this movement than any one else perhaps. CHAPTER IX. FRATERNAL, PATRIOTIC AND INDUSTRIAL ORDERS. Section I. — Fraternal Orders. A. — Masonic Order. Kirksville. — The Masonic order in Kirksville includes tAvo Lodges, one chapter and one commandery. The first Lodge was organized under dispensation j\lay 24, 1850, by A. D. Green, with Isham B. Dodson, W. M.; John Huston, S. W.; Calvin W. Hardin, J. W. ; J. M. Huston, secretary; Samuel Withrow, treasurer; Wash. Conner, S. D.; Andrew Grist, J. D.; Wm. Ringo, steward and tyler. The first meetings were held in Dodson's log house, which stood on what is now South Osteopathy Avenue, directly west of the Normal School. This lodge was chartered as the Kirksville Lodge No. 128, A. F. and A. M., on May 8, 1851. By the time this charter was granted a large membership had been acquired. This lodge surrendered its charter in 1863. Kirksville Lodge, No. 105, A. F. and A. M., Avas organized on May 26, 1864, and chartered June 30, 1864. In it were many of the Lodge No. 128 which had surrendered its charter the previous year. The char ter members were: Napoleon Wilson, David Baird, Wm. F. Smith, James C. Smith, Washington Conner, David A. Ely, Sr., Wm. T. Por ter, M. P. Hannah, John D. Foster, Wm. T. Baird, Richard M. Ringo, A. Lane Wood, John D. Stephens, John T. Smith, Abraham Wolf, John L. Porter, Grogan Nelson, Thos. C. Wilson. This lodge organized a building association in 1872, Avhich erected a three story brick building on the western end of the north side of the square. Ground was broken on July 15 and the cornerstone laid on August 1. The latter event was the occasion of a notable gathering of Masons from Iowa and from IMacon and Schuyler Counties. The Masons met at ten o'clock at the Cumberland Presbyterian church and marched to the Masonic Hah site. After the stone Avas laid, they marched to the M. E. Church, where an address was given by John D. Vincil. A big basket dinner was indulged in at Wilson's Grove. The building when completed cost about $15,000. 152 History of Adair County. The Masons used the third floor of this building as their hall, and dedicated it on the morning of June 24, 1873. The dedication cere mony was conducted by John M. Oldham of Kirksville, and Rufus E. Anderson of Palmyra. After the dedication the Masons and their friends enjoyed a big basket dinner in the grove west of town. After dinner there Avas speaking in the grove by R. E. Anderson and Orin Root of Carrollton. This building was completely burned to the ground on December 13, 1890. The lodge then secured quarters on the second floor of the building just east of the Savings Bank and retained them until it moved to its present quarters in the building on north Elson, just north of where the old Masonic Building had formerly stood. Adair Lodge, No. 366, A. F. and A. M., was organized May 21, 1881, and was chartered the folloAving October 31. The charter mem bers were E. 0. Gates, John Burton, F. A. Grove, John MiUer, W. L. Fletcher, R. H. Browne, H. F. Millan, D. C. Pierce, B. F. Lamkin, B. F. Henry, and R. M. Ringo. Only three of these are still living — H. F. Millan, B. F. Lamkin and B. F. Henry. This lodge used the Ma sonic Hall with the other lodge until the building was burned in 1890. It then used the same quarters as the other lodge on the south side of the square and remained there until October, 1910, when the preseni quarters in the Foster building on Washington Street one block east from the square, Avere occupied. CaldweU Chapter, No. 53, R. A. M., was organized July 14, 1869, and chartered October 7, 1869. The charter members were: Wm. T. Baird, AVashington Conner, D. A. Ely, Sr., Joseph Bauih, Icabod Nagley, A. L. Shepherd, David Baird, Isham B. Dodson, George W- BroAvning, Alanson Morris, R. M. Ringo, Napoleon Wilson. At pres ent the membership is 124. Ely Commandery, No. 22, K. T., was organized December 12, 1872, and chartered October 7, 1873. The charter members were; P. K. Debbie, David Baird, John L. Porter, R. M. Brashear, F. A. Grove, D. P. Harris, W. R. Parsons, E. D. C. Shortridge, John J. Spen cer, D. A. Ely, Sr., J. Q. Adams, E. J. BroAA'u, A. F. Chadwick, W. M. Gates, A. J. Knight, R. L. Sharp, Thomas Shortell, H. L. Turner. Its membership is about 100. The Masonic Orders of Kirksville have laid the cornerstones of a number of public buildings in the town. Among them the main build ing of the State Normal School (now caUed Baldwin Hall) in 1871; Science Hall of the Normal School, 1905; M. E. Church South, 1882; Masonic Hah, 1891; and Smith's Business College, 1883. The Grand Lodge of Missouri laid the Court House corner stone in 1896. Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 153 Kirksvihe Chapter, No. isi, Order of Eastern Star, was chartered August 31, 1901. The charter members were: Mrs. Orabella Goben, Jessie L. Thatcher, Mrs. Jennie Marks, Miss Linie Deaton, Mrs. Willa Wilkes, Mrs. Ahce Pierce, Mrs. S. T. McKinney, Mrs. Lillie Wilson, Miss Alta M. Ringo, Mrs. Evaline Clark, Mrs. A. Goldberg, Miss Alhe Pollock, Mrs. Hattie L. Grassle, Miss Lena Wilkes, Mrs. Laura M. Purl, Mrs. M. E. Porter, Mrs. Susan L. Keith, Mrs. Juha Dockery, M. G. Deaton, H. B. Puri, J. W. Martin, J. H. Holton, G. A. Goben, J. L. Porter, R. M. Ringo, and Harry Marks. Brashear. — Paulville Lodge, No. 319, A. F. and A. M., was or ganized at Paulville on June 14, 1869, under a dispensation granted by the Grand Lodge of Missouri on May 6, 1869. The charter was granted October 12, 1869. The charter members were: S. N. Holloway, L. S. Musick, R. M. Brashear, C. Patterson, W. B. Keller, D. C. Lord, J. L. Hickman. When the town of Brashear was laid out, Paulville moved to Brashear, and Avith it went the Paulville Masonic Lodge. A hall Avas secured and this Avas dedicated on December 27, 1875. In 1884 the lodge occupied the third story of the Brashear Academy building erected that year. In 1896 the Academy building was remodeled into a church and since that time the Masons have occupied other quarters. There is a Masonic lodge at Novinger, but no information could be secured concerning it. Northwestern Lodge, No. 88 (Colored), A. F. and A. M., of the Grand Lodge of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Minnesota, was char tered August 23, 1878. It is still in existence. B. — Odd Fellows. Kirksville. — Adair Lodge, No. 96, I. 0. 0. F., Avas chartered May 21, 1856, but who the charter members were is not known. The charter was pierced by a cannon ball during the battle of Kirksville on August 6, 1862, and was so soiled and mutilated as to make it impos sible to decipher from it who the charter members were. Moreover, the early records of the lodge were so poorly kept that the lodge today knows practically nothing regarding its early membership. At the time when the battle of Kirksville occurred the Odd Fellows were occupying quarters in the Linder building, a three story frame, on the southeast corner of the square, where Myers Bros, shoe store 154 History of Adair Couxty. now stands. This room had been used since 1858 and continued to be used until 1871, Avhen the lodge arranged for new quarters by adding a third story to the building built by Mr. Tuttie on the southwest corner of the square. For twenty years the lodge used these quarters. In 1892 the Good Templars' Hall, which was in the third story of the build ing adjoining the Odd Fellows on the south was bought and the parti tion wall between the tAvo halls Avas taken out. This gave the lodge the comfortable quarters which they have used ever since. The dedi cation of the newly enlarged hall, which occurred on December 14, 1892, was the occasion for a big demonstration. The oration of the day was dehvered by Past Grand Master Jewell of Carrollton. Visit ing Odd FeUows from neighboring towns were present. Adair Encampment, No. 44, was chartered May 24, 1869, but the charter was surrendered in 1909. The Kirksvihe Rebecca Lodge Avas chartered May 24, 1889. Be fore that the Rebecca degree had been conferred on several women in the open Odd Fellows Lodge. At least tAvo had the degree conferred upon them in February, 1859. The Grand Lodge of I. O. 0. F. of Missouri convened in Kirksvihe May 14-17, 1906. The sessions Avere held in the Normal School chapel. Mr. Hiram Lloyd of St. Louis, was Grand Master at the time. Brashear. — Brashear Lodge, No. 522, I. 0. 0. F., was organized January 15, 1896, by H. S. Carnes, Grand Master, of Trenton, Mo. The charter members were; C. A. Chadwick, E. W. McDermit, Job Rainier, J. J. Mitz, Colonel Vawter, W. T. Boone, M. B. Sherwood, W. S. Vawter, H. H. Barnhart. The founding of this lodge was the occasion of a large gathering of Odd Fellows from nearby places, thirtj'- five coming from Kirksville, fifteen from La Plata, twelve from Hurd- land, and two from Novelty. The organization was effected in the afternoon, and at night three members were admitted by card and twelve by initiation. This made the membership twenty-five to start with. The membership at present (1911) is 100; so far only one death has occurred in that number. Novinger. — Novinger Lodge, No. 610, I. 0. 0. F., was chartered May 23, 1901. The charter members were; George E. Bates, S. A. Boltz, Henry Frankford, A. A. Hader, and W. E. Huff. The charter Avas surrendered, hoAvever, on February 18, 1911. Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 155 Besides the lodges just described, there are Odd FelloAv lodges at Sperry (No. 553), at Connelsville (No. 668), and at Gibbs (No. 567.) But no information concerning them has been available . C. — Knights of Pythias. Kirksville. — Kirksvihe Lodge, No. 72, Knights of Pythias, Avas organized on March 28, 1882, by Thomas R. Gelwicks, Gr. K. R. S. of Alissouri, and was duly chartered on October 20, 1882. The charter members were as follows: J. W. Martin, J. R. Holmes, J. E. Pierce, G. W. Mclntyre, J. W. Shryack, E. H. Rice, J. A. Tinsman, C. R. Mc Donald, W. H. Ivie, A. M. Smith, J. M. Wild, J. T. Earhart, W. L. Griggs, W. W. Fulkerson, A. B. Coffey, B. F. Heiny, J. D. Miher, J. L. Porter, C. A. Barnard, E. S. Link, J. W. Link, C. E. Markey, J. T. At- terbury, N. Wilson, J. S. Pool, R. Clark, Sr., J. W. Long, H. W. Spencer, J. L. Kemp, W. A. Fowler, Stanley Thompson, A. Solkey, C. A. Brown, D. D. Glenn, A. R. Morgan, G. S. Merritt, Porter Patten, H. C. Far rington, J. H. Nichols, C. B. Oldham, and M. A. Miher. This lodge occupied the Odd Fellows lodge room for a while after it was organized. Subsequently it moved into its present quarters over the Kirksville Savings Bank. Its present membership is 250. Apollo Division No. 12, Uniform Rank, K. of P., has been in ex istence for over tAventy years. NoA^NGER. — Novinger Lodge, No. — , Knights of Pythias, Avas chartered October 18, 1900. The charter members Avere; Henry Frankford, John T. Novinger, John AV. Cook, H. Shott, F. W. Gloss, A. Steele, E. Doner, J. G. Vanlaningham, R. A. Carnes, J. W. Capps, C. Hennick, J. G. Strayer, U. B. Snyder, C. AV. RaiuAvater, J. J. BoAven, AA'in. Green, W. B. Evans, S. C. GorreU, A. E. Hamilton, D. P. Shaver, AA^m. Long, J. Siders, Jno. Black. The K. P. Hah Avas built in 1900, and has been used not only by this lodge but by other fraternal orders and by the various churches at different times. There is a K. P. Lodge at Connelsville, but no information could be obtained regarding it. D. — Elks. Kirksville.— KirksAuUe Lodge, No. 464, B. P. 0. E., Avas insti tuted on January 30, 1899. The instituting officers Avere from the St. Ltwiis Lodge, No. 9, who came in a special car. The work of instituting the lodge was followed by a banquet. The charter is dated June 22, 156 History of Adair County. 1899, and contains the names of the fohowing charter members; Fred N. Chapman, E. T. BrcAvington, V. H. Greenwood, G. M. Laughl,nl, F. C. Miller, E. H. Bestman, C. B. Matthews, M. J. Maxweh, C. W. Adams, H. H. Straight, C. A. Hamilton, W. T. Stephenson, and Wm. Smith. This lodge has been particularly prosperous in the last few years. It erected a handsome club house on the corner of Elson and Jefferson streets in 1910, the formal opening of which took place on January 3, 1911. The cost of this bmlding was about $30,000. The Elks Home, Kirksville. first floor is given up to reception rooms, gaming rooms and the like; on the second floor are the offices and an immense lodge room which is arranged in a very artistic fashion. The charity Avork of this lodge is very extensiA^e. For some years it has fixed up a Christmas tree in its rooms for the poor children of the town and thus gladdened the hearts of many of them by their generosity and sympathetic treatment. Two of the members of this lodge are life members; they are F. N. Chapman and J. F. Eckert. Rev. Chapman Avas Grand Chaplain of the national organization one year. E— A. O. U. W. Kirksville. — Milton Lodge, No. 103, A. 0. U. W., Avas chartered February 1, 1879. Later the uniform rank of Select Knights was organ ized also. The order was a fraternal order, but it put special emphasis upon its benevolent insurance system. For some cause or other the in surance assessments began to be increased about fifteen years, and con tinued to go up more and more. The result was many members with drew. The lodge in KirksviUe has been defunct for five years or more. Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 157 Besides the A. 0. U. W. there have been several other benevolent fraternal organizations represented in Kirksville. Among them Avere the Knights of Honor and the Knights of Maccabees. The former is known to have existed in 1882, and the latter in 1892, but as to hoAv long they lasted and what they did, nothing further can be said. Section II. — Patriotic Orders. A. — G. A. R. Kirksville. — When the war closed there Avas a Avide-spread desire to perpetuate the bonds of friendship and brotherly love which had been formed by comrades in arms. This desire gave rise to several organizations. Among these Avas the Union Soldiers' League. A league was partiaUy formed in Kirksvihe in September, 1866, and Sergt. S. W. Wilhams was appointed to confer with the Secretary of State League. Capt. F. M. Shelton, Asst. Surgeon A. Douglas, Capt. E. 0. Gates, H. G. Kernodle, D. S. Hooper, and S. W. WiUiams were the leaders in this moA'-ement. The Union Soldiers' League, however, did not prosper. The Grand Army of the Republic proved to be the organization that enlisted the interest and support of the greatest number of Federal soldiers. The first post was organized at Decatur, Illinois in 1866. Corporal Dix Post, No. I, Department of Alissouri, G. A. R., was organized in 1866 or early in 1867, and was the first post organized in the state and is said to have been the first west of the Mississippi River. Dr. R. H. Browne and J. A. Gormly were among those instrumental in bringing about the organization of the post. The post lived but a short time, owing to the fact that politics got into it, as Avas the case Avith the organization nationally. By 1869 it Avas dead. The only surviving members of the original post, as far as is knoAvn, are Joseph D. Miller, now of Topeka, Kansas; Edward Ammerman of Lenore, California; and George F. Williams of Kirksville. The post was named after Corporal Harvey Dix, of Company D, Third loAva Infantry, who was killed in an engagement northeast of Kirksville on August 19, 1861. He was the first Union soldier to be killed Avithin the limits of Adair County. An account of this event . has already been given. The credit of suggesting this name for the post is said to belong to Joseph D. Miller, who Avas later sheriff of the county. In 1882 the post was revived and mustered by Nat M. GAvynne, Assistant Adjutant General of the Missouri Department, Avith the fol- 158 History of Adair County. lowing charter members; R. H. Browne, John Burton, W. J. Ashlock, J. H. Kinnear, J. W. Tinsman, G. F. Wilhams, R. G. Bielby, B. F. Heiny, John Shaver, J. A. Tinsman, Sanford Snyder, and A. D. Risdon. By this time tAventy-one other posts had been organized in the state, so that the post number was now 22. The old name was retained. The records show than an enrollment of 341 has been attained since the organization. But many of them have died, others moved away, and some dropped, so that at the present time there are only 72 members. The attendance at the meetings, however, is only about fifteen. The post meets the first and third Thursdays of each month in the Grand Jury room, the use of Avhich the county court has given to it Avithout charge. A few war relics have been placed in this room, and it is hoped to add to these so that a good museum may be formed. , The Post has always observed Memorial Day, and has not only decorated the graves of old Federal soldiers, but for many years it has also decorated the graves of the Confederates who were buried in the cemetery after the battle of Kirksville. A few years ago a monument was erected over this grave, and ac tive assistance was rendered by the Post in securing the funds for this purpose. The cannon standing at the northeast corner of the court house square was placed there a year or two ago by the Post. The Eighteenth Annual Encampment of the G. A. R. of Missouri was held in Kirksville May 11-12, 1899. Brashear. — The Sergeant Ryan Post at Brashear was chartered October 6, 1884. The charter members were; M. A. Church, B. F. HaU, J. N. McCreary, J. S. Mclntyre, B. W. Church, D. Y. Conkle, J. Z. Smith, W. H. Steele, W. H. Dunham, J. Hartsock, B. Pierce, D. Tuttie, J. F. Wise, J. Norris, and R. U. White. Exactly one hundred different names have been enrolled, but the present active membership is only seventeen. Besides these posts at Kirksville and Brashear there have been three others at least; the Jas. A. Smith Post at Millard; the A. D. Hickman Post at Shibley's Point; and the Post at Sublette. No in formation concerning their organization or subsequent history has been secured, except that the post at Sublette was disbanded some years ago, and the membership was merged in the post at Kirksville. Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 159 Inasmuch as the G. A. R. was responsible for some of the County Soldiers' Reunions held in this county, it may be appropriate to give a brief account of them here. For years county soldiers' reunions Avere held annually late in the summer; most of them were held in Kirksville. These reunions would include processions, camp fires, a good deal of speaking, and various kinds of amusements. The earhest reunion of Avhich there is any rec ord was held in 1868. An immense crowd attended. The chief event of the reunion was a sham battle in which many of the manoeuvers of August 6, 1862 Avere reenacted. Major John A. Pickler superintended the battle. There was a good deal of pohtical speaking both morning and afternoon. Among the speakers were Major Clements of Macon, Major Glaze of Macon, State Supt. T. A. Parker, and Major Wilhams. It seems that the political coloring given to this celebration made it unpopular, so that soldiers' reunions were not held any more for a long time. At least there is no mention of any in the newspapers until 1880. Soldiers' Reunions seem to have been held annually during the eighties, but no one ever surpassed the one held in 1880. Moreover, complaints began to be made against the management; it was said that questionable side shows were permitted and that the accommodations were not adequate. Moreover, it cost a great deal of money to pro vide for the entertainment of the crowds that attended, and the cost fell pretty heavily upon the same men from year to year. For these reasons the reunions seem to have been discontinued after 1889. The one held in 1885 was marked by the organization of an asso ciation of the survivors of the Twenty-Seventh Missouri Infantry and another for the Tenth Missouri Infantry. J. E. Pierce was President and J. H. Novinger, Secretary of the first; G. D. Gray was President of the second. By 1880 something of the bitterness of feeling which the war had produced, began to wear away, and it Avas felt safe and desirable to hold a big reunion of the old soldiers. Extensive preparations were made for the event. They seem to have begun with the organization of an association of the survivors of the Seventh Missouri Cavalry Avho lived in Adair County. This Avas done in December, 1879. S. M. Crawford was made President of this organization and T. J. Dockery, Secretary. Companies C, F, G, H, I and M were represented by the members. The foUoAving April a Union Veterans Association Avas formed at Kirks ville and committees Avere appointed to arrange for the reunion. A camp ground Avas laid out along the northwestern edge of the town, and hundreds of tents pitched there for the accommodation of the old soldiers. 160 History of Adair County. The crowning featurp of the reunion was the sham battle. Sup plies from the government Avere seciired, so that the men engaged in it had uniforms, arms, and other equipment very much as in real army hfe. In 1889 a movement was started to form an association of the sur vivors of the Thirty-Ninth Missouri Infantry. It was occasioned by the accidental meeting one day of eight of the survivors in front of the court room. These eight Avere Otis Miller, Egbert PoUey, John Broadley, Jerome B. Gr,eenslate, Thos. J. Spencer, A^alentine Judd, John Calvin, and W. B. Deaton. A pall was made for all the survivors to meet for organization, but it is not known what becaipe of the master. Sons of Veterans — A chapter of the Sons of Veterans was organized here several years ago, and aftier it lapsed it was reorganized, but as yet enough interest has not been manifested to keep it going. B. — Women's Orders. W- K- C. — The Woman's Relief Corps of Kirksville was organiz,e4 on April 30, 1885, with sixty-six charter members. The first President was Mrs. Julia E. Dockery, and the first Secretary was Mrs. Mary Sparling. The membership reached the ninety mark at one time. U. D. C. — The United Daughters of the Confederacy of KirksviUe effected an organization on August 8, 1891. Mrs. B. P. Gentry was the first President. The society did not flourish, as there were very few who were eligible who would take an interest in it. D. A. R. — The Ann Haynes Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution at Kirksville was organized on February 9, 1907. The charter members were Minnie Brashear, Rorna Brashear, Mrs. Edith Campbell, Mrs. Adah Caskey Cockrell, Mrs. Ruby Bowen Cooley, Mrs. Louisa Taylor Gerdine, Mrs. Sarah Trowbridge Hall, Mrs. Kath- erine Harrington Swaney, Mrs. Blanche Still I,a.ughlin, Mrs. Flora M. Mason, Mrs. Charlotte O'NeiU, Clara O'Neil, Clara Brown Spencer, Mrs. Quintilla Haynes Ringo, Alethea Ringo, Mrs. Eugenia Ringo Moorman, Mrs. Ethel Ringo AA'eatherly. The duties of this chapter include an annual visit tp the graves of the two Revolutionary soldiers buried in Adair County, at which time these graves are cleaned and decorated Avith flags and floAvers; the ]weservation of historical refics and the location of places connected Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 161 with the early history of Missouri and Adair County; the encourage ment of patriotic education among the school children of the county; and the study of American history in detail Ijy the members. Patriotic education among the school children is encouraged through offering annually a prize to any school other than the high school at Kirksville, for the best essay on some historical subject selected by a committe of the chapter, and also through teaching them to salute the flag and to arise Avhen the national hymn is being sung. Graves or Revolutionary Soldiers Buried in Adair County. James Fletcher Thomas Lay 1755-184.5 1755 (?)-1845 Buried on the old Amsbaugh farm. Buried in Cain-Collett Cemetery The two ReA'olutionary soldiers buried in the county are James Fletcher and Thomas Ijay. The record of service of Fletcher is as fol lows; Private in Fourth Troop commanded by Capt. Wm. Parsons, First Regiment Light Dragoons, Continental Troops; name appears on pay-roll of the Company for January, 1783; was taken prisoner at one time. He was born April 29, 1758 and died in Adair County Sep tember 27, 1845, and Avas buried on the old Amsbaugh farm not far from the loAver iron bridge, eleven miles southAvest of Kirksville. He had come to Missouri in 1830. The record of Thomas Lay is not knoAvn, but there seems to be no doubt that he was a Revolutionary soldier. He died about 1845 and 162" History" of Adair County. was buried in the Cain-Collett cemetery, six miles west of Kirksville. For years and years nothing marked their graves. However, in 1890 a monument was erected at the grave of Lay, and in 1891 one was placed at the grave of Fletcher. These were provided for through the generosity of the public-spirited citizens of the county. Most of the Avork in securing the funds and enlisting the interest of the people was done by Mr. R. M. Ringo. It seems as though he kncAV of only one Revolutionary soldier buried in the county when he began the work, hence only one monument was erected at first, that over Lay's grave. In fact, the popular notion then Avas that Lay was the only Revolutionary soldier buried in the county. When, however, he learned of the second one, Fletcher, he took up the task of securing a monument for his grave and got the matter under Avay by calling a number of citizens together on July 28, 1891. At this meeting an executive committee, of which he was chairman, was appointed, and the work was carried through suc cessfully and without delay. The unveihng of these monuments was marked by a good deal of ceremony. The monument over Lay's grave was unveiled on Oc tober 10, 1890. A large croAvd of people gathered from Kirksville and other parts of the county, though the rain kept many more from com ing. The ora,tion of the day was pronounced by President J. P. Blan ton. Addresses were also made by Mr. G. M. McGuire and Capt. Jas. Berry. The inscription on the monument was; "In Memory of Thomas Lay, a Revolutionary Soldier, Died about 1845, Aged about 90 yrs. Erected by the Citizens of Adair Co., Mo., in 1890." The unveihng of the Fletcher monument occurred on August 30, 1891. A large crowd was in attendance. Addresses Avere made by Prof. G. H. Laughlin, Prof. B. P. Gentry, I. B. Dodson, Wm. Fletcher and Rev. Lagle. The inscription on the monument was; "James Fletcher, a Revolutionary Soldier, Born Apr. 29, 1758, Died Sept. 27, 1845. Rest Soldier, Rest. Thy warfare's o'er." Section III. — Industrial Orders. A. — The Grange. In 1873 the Grange movement struck the county. "The Patrons of Husbandry," the official name of what was commonly called the Grange, was a secret society which had been founded in Washington in 1867. The objects of the society Avere to remove the restraints and burdens imposed on agriculture by the commercial class, railroads and Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 163 canal companies, and to ehminate the expense caused by middle men in the distribution of finished products from the manufacturer to the consumer. The dissatisfaction Avith the conditions just after the war which were marked by low wages and high prices of machinery and other things a farmer would have to buy, led to efforts to change them. The Grange came into being as one of these agents that were to right some of the wrongs in the conditions of the times. It proposed to pur chase machinery and other things on the co-operative plan and thus dispense with the middlemen's profits. But it was not intended to be a commercial organization only; it was to have social and literary fea tures also. It spread rapidly throughout the country, especially in the north western states. By 1873 it had been established in tAventy-two states. In March, 1873, two Adair County men were appointed as special deputies to prosecute the work of organizing granges in this and sur rounding counties. They were Dr. Wm. Gates and John M. Oldham. By that time tAvo granges had been organized in the county. These were at Kirksville and Sublette. Within a year later there were nine teen granges in all in the county. They were Kirksville, Enterprise, Oak Grove, Victory, Millard, Rural Dell, Paulville, Blanket Grove, Walnut, Prairie Bend, Liberty, Wellington, Illinois Bend, Spring Val ley, Green Morris, Fabius, Hazel Green, AVillianis, and Nineveh. County Grange organization had been effected on July 12, 1873, with John S. Erwin as President and Chas. Patterson as Secretary. The constitution of the County Grange set forth as the object of the organization the facilitation of the transaction of business in buying, selling, and shipping for members of the subordinate granges represent ed by delegates in the county grange. Its main provisions were : 1. The members shall consist of delegates from the subordinate granges, so that each grange shall have at least two delegates, one of whom shall be a matron. If any subordinate grange shall have over sixty members it shall have an additional delegate for every thirty mem bers above the original sixty. 2. The officers of the Grange shall be Master, Overseer, Lecturer, Steward, Assistant Steward, Chaplain, Treasurer, Secretary, Gate Keeper, Ceres, Pomona, Flora, and Lady Assistant Steward. They shall be elected annually in August. •» 3. Regular meetings shall be held in Kirksville on the first Monday of each month. 4. The Executive Committee shall consist of five men, elected at the same time as the officers. They shall be on the alert to devise means 164 History op Adair County. for the advancement of the interests of the whole order, procure favor able terms and proposals for buying and selhng for the Patrons, and submit the same to the County Grange. They shall exercise a general supervision over such proposals as may be accepted by the grange. Other articles provided for dues and amendments, and a set of by laws governed the order of business, penalties and forfeitures. The County Grange held several picnics and other social gather ings. Among the latter Avas the famous New Year's dinner at Judge Erwin's on January 1, 1874. The County Grange adopted resolutions at different times on such subjects as transportation, encouragement of industry, rehef of the people, national banks, tariff, and the like, the general tenor of which one might easily guess. Sometimes it took up local matters and resolved against this, that and the other. For example, it condemned the Board of Regents of the Normal School for appropriating $500 from a left-over fund to President Baldwin, and it condemned the appointment of Hooper, Oldham and De France as regents and called on them to resign. A storehouse was built in Kirksville in 1876. This was a 30x60 foot building, two stories high, and stood near the junction of the 0. K. and Wabash railroads. The meetings of the county grange were held thereafter in this warehouse. A co-operative store was established in 1878. The warehouse and store were to facilitate the scheme for getting better prices for farm pro ducts and cheapening the prices of things that must be purchased. But as most such schemes go, they did not work, and in the course of a short time they were abandoned. Prominent among those who were leaders in the grange movement in the county were Judge Erwin, Chas. Patterson, Dr. A. H. John, John M. Oldham, Dr. Wm. Gates, and J. D. Stephens. About 1889 there began what was known as the Farmers' and La borers' Union. This was in one respect a revival of the Grange. The Grange has kept up its organization to the present, but it has been in these latter years more of an insurance company than anything else. The Grange as an organization to level prices and secure financial favors for its members passed away by the early eighties. The Farmers' Union or Alliance may be taken as a revived form of the Grange. It should be noted here that the association of the Grange and the Green back Party, and of the Farmers' Union and the Populist Party is not by any means accidental. While the Grange and the Farmers' Union Avere not alloAved by their constitutions to have anything to do Avith politics, they had great indirect, if not direct, influence upon the polit ical development of their times. Fraternal, Patriotic and Industrial Orders. 165 B. — Labor Organizations. As far as the available records go, the first labor organization Avas the Mechanics' Union, Avhich was organized on January 4, 1870, at KirksvUle, with T. M. Potter, President and J. J. Griggsby, Secretary. Fifteen members signed the constitution. On March 12, 1874 an order caUed the Industrial Brotherhood was organized in KirksviUe by Dr. A. H. John and J. M. Oldham. Another was organized at Sloan's Point on March 13. This order was open to any man or woman of good morals who belonged to the laboring class. It was organized at the time when the farmers were getting the Grange well under way, and the prediction was made that Industrial Brotherhoods Avould soon be as thick as Granges. It is not known how long the order lasted in the county. The Knights of Labor were in Kirksville as early as 1883 at least. But it Avas not until the coal mines were developed on a large scale that labor unions were organized in large numbers. As far as is known, the first coal miners' union was organized at Danforth in 1879, but the first important ones were organized at Novinger early in the past decade. Since the coal miners began to organize unions throughout the county, carpenters, masons, painters, and other mechanics have also organized unions for themselves. CHAPTER X. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Section I — The Rural Schools. The constitution of Missouri under which the state was admitted into the Union in 1821, provided that one school or more should be es tabhshed in each township as soon as it should be practicable or nec essary. This was in line with the provision of the act of Congress which in authorizing the Missouri Territory to form a constitution and state government had stipulated that the sixteenth section of land in each toAvnship should be devoted to the support of public schools. Nothing seems to have been done by the State Legislature con cerning public education until January 17, 1825. At that time an act was passed which provided that each Congressional township should form a school district and that the educational affairs of this district should be under the control of the county court. Hoav much was done in carrying out the provisions of this laAv cannot be said. On January 26, 1833, the I^egislature authorized the Governor to appoint a committee of three who should prepare a system of "common primary school instruction." The suggestions of this committee were never taken up by the Legislature. In the session of 1834-35 an act was passed to regulate the sale of the sixteenth sections and to proA'ide for organizing, regulating, and perpetuating common schools. Among other things it provided that each school district must support a school at least six months of each year. Because, however, of its imperfections and impracticability this law was repealed by 1839. Meanwhile an act had been passed in 1837 which created a school fund for the state. According to this measure the Governor was required to invest the principal and inter est of the Saline fund and whatever money the state should receive from the United States in some safe stock to be known as the "Common School Fund." Whenever this fund should amount to $500,000 the profits from it Avere to be used in paying teachers. It was not until 1839 that anything like adequate legislation had been passed on the educational system of the state. Inasmuch as Adair County was created two years after this law was passed and whatever was done towards organizing the public school system within The Public Schools. 167 the county in its early years was done according to the provisions of this law of 1839, it is in order to give its provisions in some detail. The chief local unit in the system, Avas the Congressional toAvnship. The officials of this school township was a Township Commissioner of Schools, not less than tAVO nor more than four Inspectors of Schools, a Township Clerk, and a Board of Township Directors Avhich Avas com posed of the Commissioner and the Inspectors. The Commissioner and Inspectors were elective, the Clerk was appointed by the Board of Directors. The Commissioner received, apportioned and expended the school fund, and aided uhe Inspectors in inspecting the schools. He serA'ed for two years. The Inspectors examined teachers and granted certificates, visited all the schools in the township at least once a year and advised with the teachers and trustees. They were elected for one year. The Board of Directors divided the toAvnship into school dis tricts, apportioned the school moneys among the districts, and made reports to the County Clerk. The number of school districts in every school township was de termined by the toAvnship voters at the first toAvnship meeting after the organization of the toAvnship for school purposes. The officers of the school district were three trustees, a clerk and a collector. The number of trustees Avas afterwards changed to one, and then back again to three. These trustees were elected by the voters of the district for one year. They provided for the school building, employed the teach ers and authorized the expenditure of school moneys. On turning from the law as it existed when the county Avas created to the schools of the county during the forties, Ave find that township 61, range 13 was declared by the Adair County on May 8, 1843 to be School Township No. I of this county. This seems to be the first action taken by the county court relative to the provisions of the law of 1839. At the same time the sheriff was ordered to expose for sale the sixteenth section of township 61, range 13, the proceeds of Avhich Avould be used for the schoul of School ToAvnship No. I. Moreover, the court appointed tAVO inspectors and a commissioner for this school toAvnship. The names of the inspectors can not be made out from the scorched records of the county court. The commissioner was Levy Lansberry. This school township was in the extreme southeastern part of the county. It appears, hoAvever, that this school township was not actually organized until 1844 or perhaps even later, for in February, 1844, the county court re-ordered the organization of this school township and again appointed a commissioner and two inspectors. Moreover, the County Treasurer's report made in August of that same year declares 168 History of Adair County. that no schools had been organized as yet. In the course of time the county court ordered the formation of other school townships, but there is nothing to indicate whether the order Avas comphed with at once and schools put into operation or not. However, the sixteenth sections in the Congressional toAvnships were from time to time ordered sold at $1.25 per acre, and the funds realized from the sales were set apart separately for each township Avith the provision that only the interest accruing was to be used in the toAvnships respectively for school purposes. It is not known just when the sales were completed; they were still going on in 1855 and 1856. It is quite likely that most of the sections AA'cre sold out by that time, as the entering of government lands in the county Avas practically completed by then. Nor is it knoAvn just how much Avas received from these sales originally. But as the township school funds have remained practically the same from the beginning, it is possible to approximate pretty closely the amounts originally receiA'ed from the sale by studying the annual financial statements of the county. From the statement made in 1908 the foUoAving tabulation regarding the township school funds has been made. It shows just Avhat each toAvnship has in the way of funds which are today bearing interest; Township 61, Range 13 .« 638_87 Township 63, Range 15 ?< 697_00 Township 62, Range 13 618_28 Township 64, Range 15 292_95 Township 63, Range 13 1, 005_16 Township 61, Range 16 593.05 Township 64, Range 13 406_79 Township 62, Range 16 2, 077_37 Township 61, Range 14 1, 501 _69 Township 63, Range 16 837_10 ToAvnship 62, Range 14 1,987_01 ToAvnship 64, Range 16 448_95 ToAvnship 63, Range 14 2, 211_69 Township 61, Range 17 749_15 Township 64, Range 14 1,435.85 Township 62, Range 17 996.54 Township 61, Range 15 497.65 ToAvnship 63, Range 17 1, 136.51 Township 62, Range 15 330.84 ToAvnship 64, Range 17 172.85 The great difference betAveen the amounts received in the different townships for the same amount of land is due largely to the difference in the quality of the land in the various toAvnships. That the educational system was progressing very sloAvly during the first ten years or more after the county was created, is shoAvn by the fact that in 1852 there were only six schools in the county and the average school term Avas only three months. As far as is known no record of the schools themselves up to that year has survived. We are compelled to depend upon tradition for any information concerning them, and that is likely to be wrong in many of its details. According to one tradition, the first school in the county Avas taught by Manuel Pat- The Public Schools. 169 terson in 1833. The first school in Benton toAATiship is said to have been taught by Nathaniel Taylor. Among his pupils were X'oah Ad kins, Josiah Rogers, AA'iUiam Taylor, and John Owenby. According to another tradition, a laAs-^er named Brower opened up a school in 1838-39 in the vicinity of what was afterwards knoAvn as KirksA-ille. In 1841-42 there were said to have been just three schools in the county, and all of them were subscription schools; Taylor's school in Benton toAvnship; Harris' school in Liberty toAvnship, and INIiss Louisa Clemen's school near Ringo's Point. We cannot tell whether these schools were maintained by public or private funds, but it would not be at all haz ardous to say that if they received any support from public funds at all, that was not sufficient to keep them going. In the Aery earliest days "subscription" or private schools were the only kind in existence, and even Avhen public support began to be given it was, as had been said, not sufficient to maintain the schools Avithout extra private help. Ea'cu as late as 1867 the so called pubhc schools in Kirksville were largely priA'ate schools. As for buildings, the earliest schools were "kept" in priA^ate school houses, log houses usually. In November, 1843, the county court or dered that the people of KirksviUe be allowed to use the court house for school purposes on condition that the business of the county should not be interfered AAith, and up to at least the war, the court house Avas used off and on for school purposes. In December, 1856, the court issued an order permitting S. Sherman to maintain a school in the court room until June 1, provided he Avould giA'e bond to repair all damage that should be done to the furniture. In 1855 the State Legislature made a radical change in the local school organization. The chief local division was now the county, at the head of which Avas the County Commissioner elected CA-ery two years. He apportioned the various school moneys, inspected schools, examined teachers and granted certificates. The next local diAusion below the county was the school toAvnship. EA'^ery Congressional township Avas constituted a school district unless the A'oters chose to diA'ide it into subdistricts not exceeding four in number. Each district was under three trustees who employed teachers and IcA-ied taxes. At the time Avhen this law was passed there were only six school buildings in the county. The six teachers were all men, their average salary being .813.00 per month. Out of 1037 children of school age only 168 were enrolled in these six schools. In the next few y^ears interest in schools began to increase. By 1857 the number of school houses had increased to twenty-six, and the 170 HisTORT OF Adaie County. number of teachers to tliirtji'-eight, five of whom were women. The percentage of attendance had also increased, for out of an enumeration of 2913, 1152 were enrolled m school. It is fitting that a letter which Supt, J, M, Greenwood of the ICansaSv City Pubhc Schools wrote to the author in reply to some inquiries, should be inserted here. It tells a great deal concernmg the waj' scliools were organized and conducted just prior to the Avai-. It is as folloAVs; "Replying to your letter concerning the school houses in Salt River and Wilson Townships in theearljf history of Adair County, I will go back to the situation in the autumn of 1852 Avhen my parents moved to Adair County. At that time Salt River formed a part of Wilson ToAATisliip. In 1852 there was a log school house on my father's farm about four hundred yards Avest of the old homestead. This house waiJ built by a f eAV f amihes living on Timbered Branch and the South Fork of Timbered Branch. School had been taught in it tAvo or three winter terms each by Mr, Hacldey AUred, the father of Mr. Enoch Allred, and by a Mr. Rolaert Jennings. It was the first school house in what is noAA' Salt River Toiwiship. The families whose children attended wei'e the Earharts, Pershings, Allreds, Smiths, Halsteads, Rodebaughs, and Jeiar nings. No school was held in it after my father bought the farm. In fact, the neai-est was the Maxey school house on Salt River seven miles down the river in the Felts neighborhood. "In December,- 1854, a school meeting was held at my grandfath er's house, now the Sangster farm, on Timbered Branch, to organiise a School District. The men present AA^ere my grandfather, Peyton Fos ter, Abram Earhart, Squire John Smith, Edmund GreeuAvood (my father), Doav Kincaid, Hacldey Allred, and J. D. Foster, later the Col onel of the 22nd Regiment of Missouri Volunteers, Because I could write a pretty fair hand, I acted as secretary. The meeting AA^as called to order and the school district Avas organizedj and the men present contributed lumher, AVork, and money to build the school house, but the work was not undertalcen till after harvest the next fall. My grand-: father deeded an acre of ground on the public road about three hundred yards northAvest of his brick-house, as the school site. The little frame building was built by my uncle, Capt. H, B. Foster, theh a young man. "The Ti'ustees elected Avexe Uncle John Smith, Abram Earhart, and Edmund Greemvood. In the fall of 1855, the directors waited for some school teacher to come along to talce the school. There Avere eleven pupils of school age in the district including myself. One young man did pass through, but he could, teach only Latin and Algebra, so the Trustees did not hire him. Matters went on till December wheii ; The Public Schools. 171 Uncle John Smith and Mr. Earhart, — father having no part in the business,— hired me at fifteen dollars a month to teach a three months' school. I have the certificate issued to me by Robert Thompson, but there is no English grammar in it. Father bought a little box stove at Kirksville, and left it in the school house. My mother's youngest brother, James M. Foster, Jake Earhart, and myself set the stove up, built a flue for the chimney, made a httle walnut blaclcboard, but had no paint put on it. The benches were thick planks Avith wooden legs. This school house was weather boarded and stood in the middle of the hickory grove. It Avas called the "Foster School House." School opened on Wednesday, I think the 5th of December; there Avere nine boys and two little girls. The folloAving Saturday night and Sunday a heavy snow fell, and none but the boys attended the remainder of the term. "A year before this date. Squire William Brashears, Thomas and John Thrasher, George Conkle, Robert Propst, Meshack Long and his father, Adam Long, Dorman Hohday, Wilham Watson, Jamison Vise, and George W. Chamberlain, built the "Brashears School House" on Hog Branch, about a quarter of a mile west of "Squire Brashears' Horne- stead." Mr. George W. Chamberlain taught the first school in that school house during the winter of 1854-55, and I Avent to that school 25 days. "A young man by the name of William Ewing from Lewis County, taught the school there the same winter that I tried to teach the little school in the "Foster School." "The next August, Squire Brashears, Richard Brashears' father, Thomas Thrasher, and Mr. George Conkle, believing I had succeeded in my first school, hired me to teach a subscription school in their school house. I began in August, 1856, and closed in November. For my work of three months, I received $69.20, a part of which AA^as paid by the state during the following winter. "The next year the people living further down on Hog Branch, and a family or tAvo on Deer Branch (Squire Smith having sold out his claim on Timbered Branch to Henry Garlock, and then living on Deer Branch), organized a school district and built a school house near Mr. Conkle's residence, now in the town of Brashear. This Avas called the "Thrasher School House," and also the "White School House," because it was painted white. It was plastered inside, and it Avas the first plastered school house in that part of the county. "In the winter of 1856-7, I Avent to school in Kirksville, and in the autumn of 1857, I went to Canton, Missouri, to school. However, in 172 History of Adair County. the month of August, 1857, I taught a "Singing Geography Class" of ten days at the "AA'hite School House," and all the young folks for mUes around attended. It was a horseback school. "During the Avinter of 1858-9, Mr. George Conkle, Mr. John Thrash er, and Uncle John Smith, hired me to teach a four months' school at the "White School House." The spring being Avet and backward, I gave one week free, teaching 85 days instead of 80 days. The boys and girls wanted me to do it, and I taught, or tried to teach, for the love and. the fun of it. During this period and for a year thereafter, I Avas en deavoring to regain my health which had been impaired by too severe study and too little exercise. I received $30 a month. "During the spring and summer foUoAving, I taught a three months' term in our home district, and during the following AA'inter I taught an other term of four months. I received $30 a month. The trustees were Mr. Samuel Merrih, Mr. Abram Earhart, and Mr. Henry Gar lock. The Foster School house caught fire a year or two later and burned. The School District Avas divided and a iicav school house erected north of the Earhart residence about a mile distant, and it Avas there the last tirne I passed through that neighborhood. In all the schools except the first one, I had from 40 to 70 pupils every day, unless the scA^erity of the weather kept the little ones at home, so rapidly did the country set tle up." From 1861 to 1865 all the public schools in the county Avere prac tically suspended on account of the war. In the report to the State Superintendent concerning the schools of the county in 1865 Ave find them to be in as good condition as could be expected after four years of disorganization. Out of an enumeration of 13,937, 2,574 were enrolled, and there Avere 71 teachers in the county, 37 of whom were Avomen. But in many districts it was difficult to find enough men who Avere Avilling to serve as school directors. Teachers Avere often unable to find any one Avho Avas willing to assume the responsibility of employ ing teachers. Because of the refusal of directors to serve, many districts Avere completely disorganized. From 1865 to 1875 vigorous efforts were made throughout the state to unify the school system. LaAvs were enacted to proAdde for county supervision and for uniform township and district taxation. During this period the present small school district Avas made permanent, and the system of State Normal Schools was established. The establishment of Normal Schools had an important connection with the schools of Adair County. In letters from the County Superin tendents of the county the importance of the First District Normal The Public Schools. 17S School at KirksviUe in training the teachers of the county is constantly emphasized. This training was something badly needed for in the ear lier years they had been very inadequately prepared for their work, one reason for which was undoubtedly the meagre salaries they got. By 1872 there were 74 school districts in the county, and at least that many schools in operation. There Avas also said to be one High School which had been in existence since 1868, but just AA'here it was located, what it Avas, and how it was conducted are questions Avhich the records will not solve. In 1874 a new school law Avas passed by Avhich in manner at least the County Superintendent's office was abolished. Instead, the office of County Commissioner was created. Visitation of schools was abol ished, and about all that Avas left for the County Commissioner to do was to examine teachers, grant certificates, and make reports to the State Superintendent. He Avas elected every two years. The township board of trustees was also abolished at this time. Each school district Avas made a separate unit, and the clerk of Avhat Avas formerly the sub-district was left to make the reports to the school of ficers of the county. With the exception of a change in the term of the local directorship from one to three years, the governing board of each school district remained the same as before. There are at present (1911) eighty school districts in the county. They were all renumbered last year by the county court in accordance with a law passed in 1909 requiring all the county courts to foUoAV a uniform system of numbering. Each district, with five exceptions, has a Board of Directors com posed of three members elected for three years, one member retiring every year. Kirksville, Novinger, Brashear, Connelsville, and Wil mathville have Boards of six members, two retiring each year. The clerk is elected by the Board, and may be one of their OAvn members, or he may be outside of the Board. The size of the school district depends on the action taken by th& people who organize it or those Avho later may wish to alter it. The districts in the Avestern part of the countj^ are practically all of them three miles square, but those in the eastern part are smaller and are of different sizes. There has been little tendency towards district con solidation, but there is need for it in several instances. There are eight districts where the average attendance is less than eight; there are twen ty-three districts with less then twenty pupils, and tAventy-six with less than thirty pupils. Moreover, there are a fcAv districts Avhere the as sessed valuation is so low that the school terms are only five or six months. These conditions argue strongly in favor of consolidation at once. 174 History of Adair County'. Several special actiA'ities connected with the schools of the county should perhaps be mentioned here. About 1870 a great deal of interest began to be taken in the county institute. These institutes Avere held in Kirks-ville, and the members of the Normal School Faculty Avere often secured as instructors. The importance of these institutes con tinued to be emphasized doAAm to 1903 AA-hen they were abohshed by law and the county teachers' association and the approved summer school Avere instituted in its place. In the nineties the importance of school libraries began to receive attention in this county as well as in other counties. -Is late as 1894, hoAvever, Adair County could not be included in a list of counties haAdng librar}' facilities equal to those in the lead. In 1899 a library laAv was passed by the State Legislature requiring that school boards should provide school libraries by spending annualh' not less than fiA'c cents per child enumerated in the district for library purposes. In 1901 another law was passed creating a State Library Board of fiA'c members. The effect of this new interest in school libra ries, while not so great as it seems it should haA-e been, has increased the library facilities of all the counties some. In 1899 there Avere only 192 volumes in all the school libraries of Adair Comity. In 1908 there were 5851. Only two schools are at present Avithout a libi^ry. This increase in the library facilities means a great deal in the greater efficiency of school AA'ork. The last important development made in the school system of Adair County Avas the adoption of the county supervision in 1905. An effort had been made in 1888 to get the people to vote to haA-e the County Commissioner devote all his time to the superAdsion of the schools in the county, but the proposition Avas overwhelmingly defeated at the polls. In 1905, however, it Avas carried by a good majority, and AA'. J. Banning Avas elected County Superintendent. In 1909, a law Avas passed compelling all the counties to have countj- superA-ision. All the schools of this county except Kirksville have been since 1905, under the supervision of the CountA' Superintendent. They are following approximately the same course at the same time. On finish ing the eighth grade the pupil is given a county diploma and an entrance certificate to auA- high school in the state. Annual graduating exer cises are held in Kirksville during the summer. The classes have num bered over one hundred in the past two years. In 1909, out of the graduating class of 113, fifty per cent went on Avith their Avork in a high school or normal school. In the eighty school districts of the county there are at present The Public Scihools. 175 eighty-five school buildings containing one hundred and tAventy-five rooms. In the last few years a noticeable improvement has taken place in the school buildings. In addition to the erection of large and more substantial buildings in Kirksville and the smaller towns and vil lages, there have been built better country school houses. There are at present five country school houses built after the model designed by President John R. Kirk; four of these are according to his original plan, and one, the Bryant School House, is according to the Model Rural School House on the Normal School campus, except for the basement. Even those built in recent years Avhich Avere not patterned after the Kirk plan, arc usually better than those built thirty years or more ago. Nearly every school building has pictures on the Avails, its Avails painted and papered, blinds at the windows, and individual drinking cujis. Some buildings are heated with furnaces, others by jacketeil stoves. In many places the single modern desks are to be found. Ni_)t only has there been an improvement in buildings but there has been an increase in the enrollment and an increase in the percentage of the enumeration enrolled. In 1868 only one-half of the enumera tion AA'ere enroUcd. In recent years about five-sixths of the enumera tion have been enrolled. The foUoAving tabulation reveals the situation in the county, including KirksviUe, for the last eight years: year pupils enumerated i PUPILS ENROLLED PUPILS NOT IN SCHOOL 1903 6458 ' 5292 1166 1904 6800 5466 i 1334 1905 7108 5507 I 1601 1906 : 6605 6010 595 1907 6498 5530 968 1908 ' 6231 5307 924 1909 ' 6403 5528 ' 875 1910 ' 6394 i 5109 1294 The foUoAving statistics furnished by County Superintendent Sip ple shoAV hoAV the enumeration and enrollment for 1910-11 in certain school districts cominire: 176 History of Adair County. SCHOOL Brashear Connelsville Gibbs [Mulberry NoA-inger AA'ilmathsville Curtis Green GroA'e Hazel Creek Kent Libertj- :\It. Carmel (Nind) . . . Pleasant Hill, No. 16 . . . Red (Stahl) Shibley's Point AA'estern Elm GroA'c . . . :eratio] sr ENROLLMENT 120 104 381 350 87 72 100 74 626 475 50 40 72 48 74 55 no 63 70 50 71 41 78 62 79 45 114 74 73 66 71 41 The marked increase in the percentage of the enumeration enrolled in 1906 is due in part to the decrease in the enumeration and in part to the enforcement of the truancy laAv which went into effect that year. The year 1910-11 is marked, howcA'er, by a drop in the percentage of the enumeration enroUed. The first six of these schools employ one or more teachers. The rest are one-room and one-teacher rural schools. There are between 125 and 150 different teachers employed during the school year. Of the 125 teaching in December, 1910, only one had never had any training beyond the eighth grade. L'sually the teachers of the county haA-e from one to five years of high school and college Avork and many haA-e had additional college work. Of the 125 teach ing in the winter term of 1910-11, 30 were men and 95 were Avomen. The salaries of the teachers haA-e increased some since the war. In 1909 the average salary of the Adair County teacher Avas S42.50 per month, but it is a noticeable fact that throughout the history of the county the salaries of the teachers have been lower than those of a num ber of other counties in the state. It costs about $50,000 a year to run the schools of the county. Of this amount the state pays about -§10,000. The Public Schools. 177 ,"" " Section II — The Kirksville Schools. AVe haA'e no records from which to relate the history of the first schools in Kirksville. The town Avas laid out in 1841, and inasmuch as it AA-as the county seat and centrallj^ located, it began to grow from the first. But hoAV much was done towards getting the school system or ganized prior to the outbreak of the war can not be said. It is knoAvn that Prof. W. P. Nason opened up a school in toAA'n in the fall of 1857 and maintained it until the spring of 1860. He first used a rented build ing, but in 1858 he erected a building of his oAvn on the corner of Flor ence and Buchanan streets, and conducted his school in that. His school was supported in part by whatever public revenues existed for public education in the toAvn, but chiefly by tuition fees. The enroll ment was as high as 130 at one time, and two or three assistants were always employed. In the fall of 1860 Prof. Nason rented his building to the Kirksville Presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church for the use of the Cumberland Academy which the Presbytery had al ready organized. A special building was then in process of construc tion for this academy. The excitement throughout the county in 1860- 61 put an end to the Cumberland Academy as a school, and during that year the work on the building was also suspended. Prof. Nason re sumed his teaching in Kirksville in his own building in 1861-62. He then left the county and did not return until the spring of 1865, when he remained for six months conducting a spring and summer school. He left again but returned in the fall of 1866 and maintained a school that year in the Free Will Baptist church Avhich stood Avhere the present M. E. Church, South, stands. As has been said. Prof. Nason's schools Avere supported in part by public funds and in part by tuition fees. Whether the schools that were maintained here from 1862 to 1866 Avhile he was out of the county, Avere supported by public funds too cannot be said. A Mrs. Bryson conducted a school in 1865-66, and it may be she received some public support. From all the evidences at hand it seems that the public school system began to take its present shape in Kirksville in 1867. The school directors elected in March, 1867 Avere 0. H. Beeman, J. M. Smith, J. B. BrcAvington, A. D. Risdon, W. H. Freeman and J. G. Jamison. In 1867-68 the public sch'ools were conducted in the Free Will Baptist church and the Mercer building, with D. T. Truitt, Miss Harris and Miss Lewis as teachers. It may be noted here that in September, 1867, President J. Baldwin opened up his North Missouri Normal School in Kirksville, Avith Prof. Nason as one of his faculty. Although 13 178 History- of Adair County. students of all ages were admitted in this Normal School and though private schools were also maintained, the public schools continued to go on. Among those Avho conducted private schools after 1867 Avere Mrs. Johnson and Mrs. Bryson in 1867, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mercer in 1868, and others on into the seventies. In 1869 the public schools of Kirksville began to giA'^e evidences of ncAv life. In August of that year Avork began on the construction of a two storj- brick building of four rooms which cost w-hen completed $6,000. This stood on the site of the present Washington School build ing. This meant that the inconvenience of ill-adapted rented build ings would be done away Avith for a while at least. But in a few years complaint was being made that it was not large enough to accommodate the students, and the Board was compelled to rent various buildings, some of them dAvelling houses, in different parts of the town in order that all the children might be accommodated. The Wilcox, Hooper and Tuttie buildings Avere used at different times. The Hooper building was more generally knoAvn as the "cheese factory," and the school in it was known as the Benton school. This building stood on First street south of Normal avenue, and was used to accommodate the students in the southern part of town. It is still standing and has been made over into a dwelling. At one time the negro church building was used, for which the Board agreed to pay off the indebtedness upon it. All these arrangements were made pending the time when new school buUd- irigs could be erected by the town. By 1882 agitation Avas begun in favor of building more school buildings, and on May 6 a proposition was submitted to the people to issue bonds to the amount of $25,000 to erect a school building. The proposition failed to carry. In Aprh, 1883 the matter was submitted again but in a different form. The people Avere asked to express themselves as to levying a tax for the purpose of purchasing a building site and also as to which they pre ferred, one or two new buildings. The vote on the tax levy for a site Avas 79 for and 226 against; that on one school house, 167 for and 129 against; that on two school houses, 99 for and 141 against. Matters were made almost immediately Avorse by the destruction by fire of the Ivie !)uilding which stood on the corner of Franklin and Illinois streets, on April 20. This building Avhich had formerly stood on the east side of the square, had been used, after having been removed, as the pri mary school building. Agitation Avas at once renewed and several mass meetings were held to get the expressions of opinions of the citizens. Finally in June another proposition to issue bonds for $25,000 to erect SIoO ¦a GC n a oo SB 5' .,/; 180 History of Adair County. two buildings, a central school building costing $25,000, and a building in the southern part of town costing $5,000, was submitted, and this, too, was lost by a vote of 128 for and 279 against. It Avas not until 1887 that the matter Avas brought up again. Mass meetings were held at the Masonic Hall during February and March, and a proposition to issue bonds for $21,000 was submitted. The plan contemplated putting $15,000 in a central school building, $2,500 in a north ward building, $2,500 in a south ward building, and $1,000 in a building for negroes. The proposition failed to carry by a very slight vote. It now became evident that the only objection to the proposi tion was in the way the buildings were to be erected, so another proposi tion to expend $25,000 for two buildings which should be about the same in cost, was submitted and carried in May by a vote of 383 to 93. The Board removed the building built in 1869 on the site of the pres ent AVashington Building and erected the latter. At the same time it erected the present Benton Building. P. M. Smith had the contract for erecting them both at a cost of $20,880. The schools did not open until November that year, and even then only the Washington building was ready for use. Pending the completion of the other, the basement of the Mercantile College building was. used. When they Avere com pleted they Avere both alike and the pride of the town. The enrollment in the schools, however, increased so rapidly it soon became again necessary to rent more rooms until neAV buildings could be provided. Some of the primary grades were moved to the upper floor of the building now used by the Kirksville Roller MiUs and in 1897 the High School was moved from the Washington bmlding to the old Mercantile College building, the present Harrington theatre. In 1898 an effort was made to provide for another building. A proposition was submitted to the people to issue $12,000 in bonds to erect two ncAv Avard school buildings. This Avas defeated by a vote of 329 for and 406 against. The next year another proposition Avas sub mitted Avhich provided for $35,000 to erect a building in the second Avard and also a High School building. This proposition carried on April 4 by a A-ote of 1023 for and 228 against. In June, 1899, the contract was let for both buildings for the sum of $20,485, an unusually low price. The rest of the money realized from the bonds was used in buying the tAvo blocks of land on Avhich these houses Avere built, and school equipment. The second Avard building was giAPen the name of Willard School, and Avas first occupied in January, 1900, but it Avas not fully completed until later. The High School bmlding was occupied in 1900 also. wm a n o ccoK o o W M w toc 00 -J 182 History of Adair County. Besides the four buildings for white children there is also one for negroes called the Lincoln School. The first mention that has been found of a school for negroes was in 1874-75. Mrs. A. D. Risdon was secured to teach it. As a usual thing a negro man has since been secured to do that. The contract Avas let for the erection of a building in June, 1877. An addition was put on in 1890. At the present time (1911) there is pressing need for more room, especially in the grades, and it is only a question of time when new build ings will have to be provided for. One of the signs of the popularity and efficiency of a public school is in the increase in the enrollment and average daily attendance. The first definite report we have of the Kirksville School shoAvs a decidedly deplorable condition . This report is for the year ending October 31,1 869, the year in Avhich the first brick pubhc school building was begun. Accord ing to it the enrollment was 494, but the average daily attendance Avas only 64, or only 12 per cent. No explanations are available for that condition. But things began to mend very shortly. In the printed report of Principal Selden Sturgis for the year 1870-71 he reported 427 enrolled and an average daily attendance of 209, or a little less than 50 per cent. In the next annual report he was happy to state that AvMle the enroll ment was 401, 26 less than the year before, the average daily attendance had increased until it Avas 54 per cent of the enrollment. He explains that if the school term had not been so long, eight months, the average daily attendance would have been greater, as the students dropped out in large numbers during the last month. This complaint on the part of the students about eight months being too long sounds odd to those who are now accustomed to even longer terms Avith no sense of fatigue. Principal Sturgis complained in his reports of the irregularity of attendance, the failure to be prompt, and the lack of systematic grading of the pupils. For years after him his successors made similar com plaints about irregular attendance and lack of promptness. He was able in his time to begin the systematic classification of the pupils and thus raise the school above the level of the ungraded country school, but his successors had long to deal Avith the other problems. In 1879 the enrollment was 642 Avith an average daily attendance of 450. In 1887 it had run up to 712, and in 1895 to 1048, and in 1911 to 1204. The enforcement of the truancy laAv has had something to do with increasing the enrollment and attendance, but the most important > a cco woo c 184 History of Adair County. reason for these improA-ements lies in the greater interest of the parents in the success of their children and of the schools in general. The work done by the schools was not extensive at first. Up to 1871-72 there were only four grades taught, though there is no doubt but that certain pupils were given more advanced AVork when they Avanted it. In 1871-72 the fifth grade was added. It is impossible to say just when other grades Avere added, but by 1883-84 there were eight grades. By 1893-94 High School Avork was being done, but it was not until 1897-98 that this was made a four year course. The length of the school term has been increased from four months in 1869 to nine months. It was eight months for a long time. In 1871- 72 it Avas eight months, but it cannot be said that it remained that long continuously until the nine months' term Avas inaugurated. It was 1906 before that Avas done. The corps of teachers has been increased gradually from two or three, as it was in 1867, to thirty-one. It is impossible to state the in crease year by year, but it is knoAvn that there was ten in 1879, tAvelve in 1887, nineteen in 1895, and thirty-one in 1911. Of these thirty-one, tAventy-four are in the grades and seven in the High School. The Superintendents, or Principals as they were called in the earlier years, of the Kirksville Schools, have been since 1869 as foUoAvs; 1867-68- -D. T. Truitt. 1882-85- -R. R. Steele. 1868-69- -B. F. Heiny 1885-87- -D. N. Kennedy. 1869-70- -F. L. Ferris. 1887-91- -D. T. Gentry. 1870-72- -Selden Sturgis. 1891-98- -W. R. HoUoway, 1872-73- -C. H. Dutcher. 1898-01- -C. S. Brother. 1873-74- - Wilcox. 1901-05- -E. E. Funk. 1874-76- -J. P. Wallace. 1905-07- -H. H. Laughlin. 1876-77- -C. jNI. PoUey. 1907-08- — W. J. Banning. 1877-79- -L. M. Johnson. 1908-10- -E. 0. Jones. 1879-81- -G. A. Smith. 1910-11- -C. E. Banks. 1881-82- -Ahce Heath. In 1906 a Supervisor of Music and Art Avas added to the teaching force of the schools, and a teacher in domestic science is contemplated in the near future for the high school and the upper grades of the ward schools. The High School Avas first organized in the Washington School. The first mention made of it in the available records of the KirksviUe School District is in the minutes of a Board meeting for April 28, 1893, Avhen W. R. Laughlin was elected Principal of the High School at a 3 t-i a; Cd c 186 History of Adair County. salary of $50 per month. It is more than likely that some high school work had been done before that, and that this Avas just the first step towards the formal organization of the work beyond the eighth grade. Owing to the crowded condition of the schools, the High School was moved in 1897 to the Mercantile College building, which has since been remodeled into the Harrington theatre. Here it remained until it Avas installed in the present High School building in 1899-1900. The teaching force of the High School was at -first not over two or three. When W. R. Laughhn Avas elected Principal of the High School for 1893-94, it may be he was the entire High School faculty. From time to time additions have been made until at present there are seven teach ers giving practically all their time to High School instruction. With this increase in the teaching force it has been possible to organize depart ments and maintain them with some efficiency. The present depart ments are History, , English, Sciences, Languages, and Mathematics. Manual Training, Art and Music are also taught. The number of graduates from the High School have been 172. The Principals of the High School have been as follows : 1893-95— W. R. Laughlin. 1903-06— L. A. Moorman. 1895-97— C. S. Brother. 1906-08— E. 0. Jones. 1897-00— 0. H. Lind. 1908-10— C. E. Banks. ' 1900-02— H. H. Laughlin. 1910-11— W. E. Tydings. 1902-03— S. W. Longan. Section III — The Schools of the Smaller Towns. Novinger. — The public school of Novinger has groAvn up with the town out of .a country school that existed in that vicinity before there was a town.- According to some of the older citizens of the town, the first school house in that vicinity Avas a log structure of one room Avhich stood where the Midland church noAV stands. The teacher Avas Robert McAlister, a full-blooded Irishman. It is said that the second school house was a frame building of one room which stood on the topmost height of Pennyroyal Hill. Chester Brown of Pennsylvania "kept school" in it. The third one Avas built at the foot of this hill, and Robert Dolan Avas the teacher for a while at least. .It is not possible to state AS'hether the first school Avas a priA-ate or public school. It may have been supported partly by public funds and partly by priA^ate funds. It is more than likely that the second one Avas a public school and there is probably no doubt but that the third was. The third one was in existence Avhen the town began to boom in 1900. With the rapid growth of the town, ncAV and better school facil- The Public Schools. 187 ities Avere needed, and they Avere not long in being secured. In' 1902 a four room brick building Avas erected at a cost of $4,000, but it Avas burned to the ground within five months after its completion. An eight room brick building was erected immediately on the site of the one burned and has been in use ever since. It is heated by steam and is fairly mod ern. It cost $9,000. The funds were not sufficient at the time to erect PnBLic School, Novinger. such a building, but scA'-eral persons who Avere vitally interested in the success of the school and saw what its need Avould shortly be, advanced $3,000 and trusted to the district for a future reimbursement. In March, 1905, the NoA-inger District was made a special district which enabled the voters to make the school levy heavier than in ordi nary districts. The Board of Directors Avas then increased from three to six. The length of term has been somewhat increased. In 1899 it was six months, and in 1904 it was raised to eight months, but in 1905 it Avas lowered to seven months. The teaching force now includes seven teachers. The Principals, as far as they haA^e been ascertained, liaA-e been as follows ; 1898-99— Leoti AValters. 1902-07— John H. Simpson. 1899-00— J. J. Harris. 1907-10— AV. AV. Shoop. 1900-01— C. M. Hughes. 1910-11— J. B. Runnehs. 1901-02 188 History of Adair County. Brashear.— The public school of Brashear is an outgrowth of a country school knoAVii as the White School. This Avas conducted in a school house a short distance of Avhat is now Brashear, which was built in 1857. 0. P. Smith is said to have taught the first school in it. J. M. Greenwood, Superintendent of the Kansas City Schools since 1874, taught the school in 1858-59. In a previous section of this chapter a letter from Supt. Greenwood was quoted, giving at length some of the historjf of this school and others of that vicinity. The White School was continued until one Avas estabhshed at Brs- shear about 1873 or 1874. The building erected in Brashear Avas a one-room frame affair, and was used until about 1890, Avhen a two-room frame was built. In 1900 a neat three-room brick was erected at a cost of $4,000. The Brashear school has shoAvn considerable advancement since the erection of the present building. The course of study has been extended so that some high school Avork is now being done. The term has been lengthened to eight months. The enrollment noAV amounts to about one hundred. An effort was made to ascertain who have been Principals from the beginning, but the records prior to 1899 are missing, so that the first could not be made up. Prior to 1899 the names of only two Principals have been found. They are Emma Smith, 1887-88, and M. E. Der- fler, 1892-93. The Principals since 1899 are as foUows; 1899-00— J. S. BaUey. 1905-06— A. J. NcAvman. 1900-01— J. R. Johnson. 1906-07— Mrs. A. Featherstone. 1901-02— C. F. Holland. 1907-09— W. H. Fugate. 1902-03— W. J. Banning. 1909-IO— A. B. Cluster. 1903-04— C. G. Truitt. 1910-11— J. E. Scotten. 1904-05- -T. J. LcAvis. Gibbs. — The Gibbs School has groAvn out of what was known as the Union School, Avhich Avas situated about one mile northwest of the present site of Gibbs, near the Union cemetery. A log school building was built there long before the Civil War, and for a number of years a subscription school Avas conducted in it. The first free pubhc school was opened there in 1867 Avith an enroUment of about thirty. In that same year a iicav frame building was erected on a site Avhich is now in the northern part of Gibbs. Some years later another building was erected on this same site. Then in 1900 that building was moved to the place Avhere it now stands and another room added to it. The Public Schools. 189 From 1867 to 1900 the school term had not been over seven months, but in 1900 it was raised to eight. The enrollment has been in the neigh borhood of 70 ever since 1900. It was 78 in March, 1911. The Principals since 1900 have been: 1900-01— AValter Henninger. 1905-06— Robert St. Clair. 1901-03— Foster Easley. 1906-07— E. T. Barnes. 1903-04— George Barnes. 1907-09— Ada Newton. 1904-05— James Bear. 1909-10— W. B. Wilson. 1905-06— Ed. Rutherford (died). 1910-11— Fred L. Sloop. Connelsville. — The school in this district has an unusual history. During the time of the German communistic colony at Nineveh, the school was located there. After that colony was dissolved the school was removed to the center of the district, Avhich placed it fully one-half mile from any public road. It could be reached only by footpaths through the woods. This building was burned in 1902 and a new one Avas erected in 1903, west of the former building, so that it is one and one-half miles from the toAvn of Connelsville. This school has been known as the Amick School. AVhen ConnelsAdlle began to grow the need of a school in the town Avas felt, and for several years an old store building was used. The dis trict Avas organized as a village school district in 1904 Avith W. W. Shoop and an assistant as teachers. The next year G. F. Davis was elected as Principal with two assistants. Mr. Davis served until 1909, when J. G. A'^an Sickel was elected Principal Avith three assistants. During the summer of 1909 a modern four-room school building Avas erected at a cost of $5,500. At present five teachers are employed, and tAVO years of high school work are done. The enrollment in 1910-11 is 352. CHAPTER XL THE NORMAL SCHOOL. Prior to 1870 the State of Missouri had made no provision for the training of teachers for the public schools except what -had -been done in 1867 in the creation of a Normal Department in the State Univer sity. A law had been passed in 1849 creating a professorship of the the ory and practice of teaching in the University, but the Board of Cu rators dechned to comply with that act on the ground that the finan ces of the institution would not permit it. In 1855 an attempt was made to secure more liberal provisions for this work, but it failed. In 1867, however, the matter was carried through --tod the above men tioned Normal Department Avas established. But the impossibility of this single department doing all or CA^en half of the work that Avas needed in the training of teachers Avas so thor oughly understood by leaders in education that the persistent efforts they had been making for many years for Normal Schools, was kept up until they succeeded in getting what they wanted in 1870. From 1842 to 1870 every State Superintendent of Schools or every Secretary of State, who by law had jurisdiction over the educational system of the state during the terms the office of State Superintendent was abol ished, made regular biennial recommendations to the Legislature in favor of State Normal Schools. The GoA^ernors during this period frequently mentioned the subject faA'orably and sometimes insisted upon it at length. The State Teachers' association passed resolutions in favor of the Legislature creating State Normal Schools at least three different times, that is in 1856, 1866 and 1868. In addition to these expressions from the Teachers' Association, agitation was carried on by several leaders in education in a great variety of Avays. Among these Avere Joseph BaldAvin, President of the North Missouri Normal School at Kirksville; Major J. B. Merwin, Editor of the American Journal of Education; Supt. Ira DivoU, and Principal AV. T. Harris of St. Louis; and Supt. E. B. Neeley of St. Joseph. The agitation carried on by state officials and teachers finally cul minated in the passing of a biU, approved March 19, 1870, which created two normal school districts in the state, and made provision for the location of a State Normal School in each district. The First District The Normal School 191 Normal School was located at KirksvUle, the Second District Normal School at Warrensburg. But before relating how this Avas done, it is necessary to know something of the history of the North Missouri Nor mal School at Kiriisville. In February, 1867, Prof. Joseph Baldwin came from Indiana to Missouri to find a suitable location for a Normal School. On the thir- r *****^** President Joseph Baldavin. (From a Photograph taken about 1880.) teenth day of that month he arrived in Kirksville, and though it was a toAvn Avithout railroads and Avithout any prospect for the future, he de cided after spending two or three days here, that this was the place for his school. Arrangements Avere made for the use of a building known as the Cumberland Academy building for the contemplated Normal School. A word concerning this building is here in order. In December, 1859, the Kirksville Presbytery of the Cumberland 192 History of Adair County. Presbyterian Church decided, at its session in Kirksville, to establish a male and female school in that toAvn which should be known as the Cumberland Academy. A Board of Trustees Avas appointed and the work of getting funds Avas begun. The Board decided to open the school at once without Avaiting for the building to be completed, and on March 22, 1860, the school was opened in a rented bmlding, with Rev. Amos Cumberland Academa-. Cox as Principal and Miss Maria Ellis as assistant. The enrollment that spring Avas about fifty. The second session was opened in September, 1860, and in the meauAvhile work was begun on the new building. But OAving to the excitement into which the country was thrown during the latter part of 1860, the school was suspended and the Avork on the build ing discontinued. The school was never moved nor Avas the building ever finished by the Kirksville Presbytery. The Presbytery was en- The Normal School. 193 abled by the Legislature in 1865 to dispose of the property, and after changing hands several times it came into the possession of a stock company. It Avas Avith this stock company that Professor BaldAvin made arrangements for the use of it for his Normal School. This builchng stood on the block Avhere J. A. Cooley's residence (formerly knoAvn as the Ringo residence) noAV stands, at the corner of JNIulanix and Hickory streets. It Avas a large two story frame building Avith a tall steeple, and faced the west. Professor Baldwin finished the upper floor and divided the lower floor into three or four classrooms by means of sliding blackboard partitions which permitted the Avhole floor to be throAvn open for chapel use and public exercises. He also built a one story flat roofed addition on the rear of the original building. This added three rooms. He replaced the old rail fence with a board and later a hedge fence. In view of these extensive improvements made by Prof. Baldwin, the company agreed to let him have the building for tAVO years for one hundred dollars a year. At the time Avhen Prof. BaldAvin decided to locate his school at Kirksville there was only one normal school in the state and that Avas the St. Louis City Normal School Avhich had been established in October, 1857, for the purpose of training Avonien Avho wished to become teachers in the schools of that city. Owing to the fact that this school was strictly a local institution, the field as regards the state at large Avas unoccupied in 1867. To Professor Baldwin there justly belongs, therefore, the credit of having inaugurated the normal school system of the state. After having made his arrangements for the building. Professor Baldwin then selected his faculty. Conditional arrangements had been made Avith Professor and Mrs. F. L. Ferris of Idaville, Indiana, before he came out to Missouri to look over the field. On his return he made definite arrangements with them for the Avork. During his visit in Kirksville, he secured the promise of Prof. AV. P. Nason, who was then teaching a semi-public school in Kirksville, to be one of the faculty. After returning to Kirksville with his family early in the spring, Prof. BaldAvin made the acquaintance of Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Greenwood, who were living southeast of Kirksville on a farm. The occasion of the first meeting Avas a trip made by him to the GreeiiAVOod farm to. buy a cow. He was invited to stay for dinner and while being entertained in the house, he discovered that Mr. Greenwood had a good mathematical library, and became very much interested in him. Later he invited him to be one of the faculty and got his consent. At the same time Mrs. Greenwood was also secured. These five persons made up the original faculty. 14 194 History of Adair Couxiy. The school opened on September 2. 1867 in the remodeled Cumber land Academy. President BaldAvui canvassed the coimty thoroughly the preceding simimer. assisted some by Professors Nason and Green wood. President BaldAAin traA-eled over sixteen counties in northeast ern Missouri in a two-horse buggy, and so thoroughly did he cover the field that both buggy and team Avere said to liaA-e been "literally AA-orn out." Professor AV. P. X.vsox. i^Froui a Photograph taken about 1880. "i The students Avho gathered at the opening of this school Avcrc a de cidedly heterogeneous mass; thcA- Avere of both sexes, and of all sizes and ages from the primary grade up. As one of their members has expressed it, they Avere uncouth, aAvkward, and untutored, but seriously in earnest. ^NlaiiA- of the men had s]icnt several years in the army and Avcrc necessarily far behind in their education. None of them had anv Tin: NoRM.AL School. 195 surplus of money to spend. Most of them were making their own AAaA' through school, and hence kncAV the precious A-alue of the time and money they Avcre spending. Judging from external appearances, this Avas not a very promising lot of students Avith Avhich to start a school. But there Avas the making of many a man and woman of strength in that bodv, and fortunatelv there Avas at the head of the school a man Prokkssor J. M. Gkkexavood. (Fnun a Photosiraph taken in 1874.) Avho kncAv hoAV to bring out the very best in those Avhose advantages had been meager, but Avho Avere willing to strive and toU. By the close of the school year the enrollment in the Normal De partment reached one hundred and fortA". This, Avith the enrollment of one hundred and fortA--four in the A-arious grades of the model school made the total attendance tAvo hundred and eight \-four. To the Pres ident and faculty of the school this Avas a vcrA- encouraging beginning. 196 History of Adair County. though from a financial standpoint it was not very remunerative to the President. In engaging his associates. President BaldAvin had bound himself to pay each a certain salary and to bear all the other expenses of the school, and had agreed to take what was left of the proceeds of the school. This arrangement was agreed to for three years. The income for the first year, which came only from tiution fees, Avas $3,705; the expenditures were $4,020. The President incurred a loss of $135 in addition to his living expenses for a year. Notwithstanding this financial loss, the enrollment Avas such as to give the President a basis for his faith in the ultimate success of the school. Concerning the matter he said: "The success during the year passes all expectation. That in this Avar cursed region three hundred students should enter such a school in its first year is truly Avonderful. The Faculty have consecrated themselves for life to the grand work of building up a western institution of unsurpassed merits. With all of their ability, with untiring energy, and Avith unbounded enthusiasm, they will labor for its success." The second year of the school was much more successful than the first. The enrollment was 423, of which 203 Avere in the Normal De partment and 220 in the various grades of the Model School. The in crease over the enrollment of the previous year was 139. The income for the year was $5,520; the expenditures were $4,335. Instead of a deficit there Avas a surplus of $1,185, and this constituted PresidentBald- win's salary for the year. After having run for nearly three and one-half years as a private institution, the school Avas adopted on December 29, 1870, as one of the State Normal Schools as provided for by the bill of March 19th of that year. This was a consummation which President Baldwin and his chief assistants had been working for since the beginning of the school and which he had probably had in mind frona the time he decided to come to Missouri. In the catalogue for the second year it was plainly stated that efforts Avere being made to make the institution one of a system of six State Normal Schools. How President Baldwin's school came to be made the First District Normal School is a story Avorth re lating in detail. The Normal School act provided that each of the two district nor mal schools should be established in the county that would offer the greatest inducement by way of buildings and grounds, provided the buildings and grounds should not be less than $25,000 in value and the grounds should not be less than ten acres in extent. The management of both schools Avas to be in the hands of a Board of Regents composed The Normal School. 197 of seven men, three of whom Avere the Secretary of State, the Attorney General and the Superintendent of Schools, and the other four were to be appointed by the Governor, two from each district. This Board was to receive the bids for the new schools and to decide on their location. As soon as this act was passed an open movement was started to get the citizens of Adair County to vote bonds so that the county might be able to make a bid. The county court, which at that time Avas com posed of only one Justice, Jacob Sands, issued an order on July 5 for a special election to be held on September 8 for the purpose of voting upon a proposition to issue bonds, not to exceed $100,000, for "the pur pose of securing the location of a State Normal School at Kirksville." At the time when this order was made there Avas considerable op position to the proposition, particularly among the country people. In order to meet this opposition newspaper articles appeared setting forth reasons why the county should vote the bonds, and in addition a systematic and complete canvass of the county was planned and car ried out. The work of canvassing the county Avas done by a great many people, but perhaps President Baldwin and Judge Sands did more ac tive Avork than anj^ others. During the week preceding the election a series of meetings was held throughout the county, at which addresses were made by several prominent citizens. The success of this campaign is seen in the returns of the election. For the proposition 629 votes were cast; against it 189. The-vote by townships was as follows; Townships BentonPolk Pettis. . . Liberty Salt River Wilson Clay. . . Nineveh Walnut . Morrow Total . For 413 2823283821 3725 629 Against 256 11 51 48 34 8 13 11 189 From this table it will be seen that in Benton toAvnship, the town ship in which Kirksville is located, the vote was almost unanimous, only tAVO votes having been cast against the proposition. In only two 198 History- of Adair County. townships Avhere the total vote in each was over 75, was there a major ity against the proposition. Inasmuch as two-thirds of the legal voters voting had declared in favor of the bond proposition, the county court at its session on Sep tember 12, declared it had been ordered. On the same day the Adair County Court declared that the propo sition had carried, it drafted a letter to the State Superintendent stat ing that the county was ready to make its bid and asking that a meeting of the Board of Regents should be called as soon as possible to consider the same. Meanwhile arrangements were being made by Pettis County to offer a bid for the second district school, and when the State Super intendent received the official notices of Adair and Pettis Counties, that they were ready to offer their bids, he called a meeting of the Board of Regents to be held at Jefferson City on December 1,. 1870. The Board was composed of Supt. T. A. Parker; Attorney General H. B. Johnson; Secretary of State F. Rodman; Superintendent E. B. Neeley of St. Joseph, and President Josejjh Baldwin of Kirksville, rep resenting the First District; J. R. Milner of Springfield and General G. R. Smith of Sedalia, representing the Second District. The Adair County bid contained two propositions: "First: Ten acres of land within one mile of the public square of Kirksville, more or less as may be determined by your honorable Board, Avith a building or buildings to be erected thereon, agreeable to plans and specifications to be submitted by said Board, of the value of Fifty Thousand Dollars. "Second: In addition to the above and supplemental thereto, the building now used by the North Missouri Normal School and the eight lots upon which it is situated, together with the furniture, apparatus, library, ets., now used by said school." Livingston County offered a bid for the First District School, and Pettis and Johnson Counties submitted bids for the Second District School. The propositions from Adair County and Pettis County were ac cepted, thus creating the First and Second District Schools in the two counties respectively. On the next day, however, the Board recon sidered its action and voted to defer the location of the two schools until December 26, when it would reconvene at Sedalia and then con sider all bids that might be submitted. The effect of the news of the action of the Board upon the people of Kirksville and Adair County may well be imagined. It was beheved, and is still believed, by a great many Avho were active in the matter, Judge A. H. Linder. JuDdE Jacob Sands. The Men who secured the Location of the School at Kirksville. Hon. W. n. Parcels. 200 History of Adair County. that underhand methods Avere being used to depriA^e Kirksville of the school and to force President BaldAvin to close his institution. For tunately for Adair County, she had the right kind of men to meet this crisis. Between the meeting of the Board at Jefferson City on Decem ber 1 and 2 and its meeting at Sedalia on the 26, plans Avere laid for OA^ercoming the competition of the other counties, and for securing the favorable action of the Board. Among other things, the county court secured the services of B. G. Barrow as an attorney to contest the le gality of the Board's reconsideration of the location of the school at Kirksville. When the time came for the Board to meet at Sedalia, large dele gations from both Kirksville and Chillicothe went doAvn to present their claims. In the Kirksville delegation Avere Judge Sands, Judge Linder, and AA'. H. Parcels. Besides these gentlemen there Avere two others, both of Avhom have since become very prominent in the state, one in educational Avork and the other in business and politics, whose chief business was to gather as much information as possible concern ing the plans of the Chillicothe delegation. Falling in Avith this dele gation on its Avay to Sedalia, tliej' gradually drcAv from it a complete outline of its plans. The information they derived enabled the Kirks ville representatives to proceed intelligently. AVhen the Board convened on December 26 at Sedalia President Baldwin offered a resolution to the effect that the bids Avhich had been made by Adair and Pettis Counties and on which the location of the Normal Schools had been made at Kirksville and Sedalia, should be con sidered as before the Board, and that no additional propositions which might be made by these counties should prejudice their claims to the location of the schools at the places named. This carried without any opposition. Both Adair and Pettis Counties protested against the Board re considering the location of the two schools, and nearly all the day was taken up hearing the protests from these counties and the replies from Livingston and Johnson. Finally the Board ordered the considera tion of the Adair County bid, whereupon Judge Linder, the agent of the Adair County Court, submitted the foUoAving communication; "To the Board of Regents of the State Normal Schools; "Whereas, on the first day of December, 1870, a proposition was submitted by the undersigned commissioner of Adair County to your honorable Board, looking to the location of the State Normal School for the first district at Kirksville in the said county, which proposition was, then and there, by a resolution of your Board duly accepted, and The Normal School. 201 the location thereby was, as Ave claim, secured at Kirksville; and it further appearing that the said proposition so made and accepted was and is considered by members of your Board as not being equally fa vorable to the state in amount as that offered by Pettis County and Se- daha; and it further appearing that some of the Board do not consider that the said amount so offered and accepted is sufficient in amount to fence and beautify the grounds so giA^en in the said proposition for the said Normal School, and to purchase a library and apparatus to make said school a first-class institution; "NoAV claiming a vested right and a valid contract to be existing betAveen said county and the State of Missouri effectually securing the said location, and refusing to surrender our right thereunder, but in order to show our interest in the success and honor of the enterprise and to shoAV our magnanimity we hereby in consideration of the prom ises in behalf of the said county, offer and tender by Avay of an additional donation to- the said State Normal School so located, the sum of Eight Thousand Dollars of bonds of the said county, having twenty years to run at 7 per cent interest, to be under the control and subject to the disposition of the Board for said purposes aforesaid, to be disposed of at such time and at such price as the court may see fit, and it is expressly understood herein that this is not to be considered as any portion of the bid heretofore made, nor in any manner to operate as a variance or abandonment of the contract heretofore made as aforesaid, or to op erate as a variance or recission of the said contract." On the next day Livingston County offered $60,000; and in addi tion the citizens of Chillicothe offered city lots and lands valued at $18,000; a block and a half of land in the center of the town with a sem inary building on it valued at $10,000; two blocks of land in the town valued at $5,000; and a site of ten acres A-alued at $7,000. The rivalry between the tAvo counties grew quite animated. Each was set upon having the school and each was determined to carry the matter into the courts if the Board decided in favor of theother. The Board Avas plainly informed by Mr. Hammond of ChUhcothe that his county would resist by legal process the location of the school at Kirks ville, and it Avould base its resistance of the ground that the bid of Adair County was illegal by reason of the illegality of the election on the nor mal school bonds. Finally, after having considered the matter for three days, the Board unanimously voted on December 29 to locate the First District Normal School at KirksviUe on the terms offered by Adair County, provided that the site of the school should be ten acres adjoining the Professor Greenwood. President Baldwin. , Professor Nason. (The persons whose pictures are on this and the opposite page constituted the faculty when the school opened as a state institution in January, 1871. From photographs taken about 1871.) ^-¦^C ^ ™sT*»"'*'*""»*™«^8rTw! Mrs. Greenwood. Professor Pickler. Miss Gleason. 204 History of Adair County. North Missouri Normal School grounds and belonging to Edward Par cels, to Avhich a Avarranty deed should be made immediately, or, in de fault of such deed being made, the grounds offered by Morris and Richter. The credit for securing the location of the school at Kirksville be longs according to the general consensus of opinion, to Judge Sands and Linder, and W. H. Parcels, and of these three it was the last Avho played the important part at the critical point in the proceedings. When the Board met in Sedalia, three Avere known to be in favor of Kirksville and three in favor of ChUlicothe. Through the influence of Mr. Par cels, the seventh member. Secretary of State Rodman, Avas induced to vote for KirksvUle. This made the matter safe for Kirksville, and perhaps this explains why the vote was flnally unanimous in its favor. On December 30 the Board declared that "the Normal School for the First District be hereby declared established within the meaning of the law," which meant the North Missouri Normal School was then recognized as a state institution. The Board then elected the foUoAving persons as the faculty for the remainder of the school year: J. Bald Avin, Principal; J. M. Greenwood, W. P. Nason, S. M. Pickler, Miss Flora Gleason, and Mrs. Amanda GreeuAVOod. President Baldwin had just before this resigned from the Board of Regents. MeanAvhile the question of the Second District Normal School had been settled in favor of Johnson County, whereby it was located at Warrensburg instead of Sedalia. Livingston County sought to reverse the action of the Board in locating the First District Normal School at Kirksville through the leg islature. A legislative committee was appointed to investigate the matter and report. The committee made a divided report, the minor ity report being the one that favored Adair County. There is no rec ord of anything being done Avith the reports. They were presented on the closing day of the session and may have been shoved aside for lack of time. Meanwhile the Adair County Court had proceeded to fulfill its obligations. In order therefore to secure the $50,000 in cash, which the county had offered in its bid for a building to be conctructed by the Board of Regents, the court ordered the issue and sale of $60,000 in bonds. From the sale of these bonds only $51,400 was realized. This shows how much below par the county's credit was at that time. This amount Avas in time turned over to the Board and put by that body in the building noAV known as Baldwin Hall. In further fulfillment of its obligations the court ordered the issue of $8,000 in bonds which were delivered to the Board, the proceeds of which were to be used in fencing and beautifying the grounds and in equip- The Normal School. 205 ping the school with a library and scientific apparatus. The sale of the bonds netted the Board only $4,840. Moreover, the court issued $8,000 more in bonds to the North Missouri Normal School Association for the old site and building, whereupon the trustees of this Association deeded this property to the Board of Regents. The Board finally dis posed of the property for $1,600. In all the county issued $78,000 in bonds, and the net proceeds which the school received from the sale of these bonds Avas $57,840. The laAv which provided for the tAvo ncAV State Normal Schools stipulated that free sites of not less than ten acres must be offered by the counties competing their location. There Avere at least four proposed sites for the school at Kirksville; but the Parcels tract of ten acres which adjoined the grounds of the North Missouri Normal School, and the Morris and Richter tract of fifteen acres Avhich lay just outside the southern limits of the town, were the only ones ever seriously consid ered by the Board. The Parcels tract Avas first selected, but after waiting three months for a satisfactory Avarranty deed to be made, the Board accepted the Morris and Richter tract. The Board employed Randolph Brothers of St. Louis as architects for the building at Kirksville, and Griffith and Edwards Avere awarded the contract for the erection of the budding for $51,400. Ground Avas broken for the foundation on the afternoon of May 17, 1871, with special exercises in honor of the event. More elaborate exercises were held when the cornerstone Avas laid on September 6. Great crowds of people came into town to witness the ceremonies. At 10:30 a. m. a procession started from Wilson's Grove, west of the square, to the ncAV Normal School grounds. The order of the procession Avas as follows: KirksviUe Cornet Band, Normal School Faculty and Stu dents, Good Templars Lodges, Bloomfield (loAva) Band, Knights Tem plar, Masonic Lodges, citizens. After the cornerstone Avas put in place with Masonic ceremonies under Grand Master Thomas E. Garrett, the procession returned to the grove where a basket dinner was served. After the dinner addresses were delivered by several men of prominence, among Avhom were President Baldwin, Grand Master Garrett, State Supt. Monteith, and Colonel Norman J. Coleman. As the work on the building progressed it became knoAvn that the contract called for only the enclosure of the building. It appears that only two members of the Board knew just what the contract specified; the others stated they thought it called for a completed building ready for use. 206 History of Adair County. The Board was therefore compelled to call upon the Legislature for an appropriation to complete the building. The Legislature ap pointed a committee to investigate the situation both here and at War rensburg, as the building at the latter place was also in an unfinished condition. The committee visited both KirksviUe and Warrensburg, and as regards the building at KirksviUe reported that the Board of Regents had been neghgent in the arrangements made for a building and that the Adair County Court had done all that it had agreed to do. It was therefore recommended that $50,000 be appropriated to complete the building. A bill to that effect was finally passed, though there was considerable opposition to it, many declaring that Adair County should issue more bonds and complete it herself. Contracts were soon let for the completion of the building, and on January 16, 1873, it was occupied by the school. The entire school marched from the old building in the northern part of town to the ncAV one in the southern part, and took possession of it. The formal dedication occurred on February 13, 1873, with appro priate exercises in the chapel. The dedicatory address was to have been given by Governor Woodson, but on finding it impossible to attend he sent instead Dr. R. D. Shannon, who delievered that address. Ad dresses were made by a number of others. During the exercises Pres ident Baldwin remarked that it was just six years ago that evening that he had made his first address in Kirksville, in which he asserted that if the people would give his school the proper encouragement it would be come a credit to the state. It was indeed a proud moment in the life of President Baldwin when he stood before the people of KirksAdUe and pointed to the fulfillment of his prophecy. This buUding, Avhich has in recent years been named Baldwin HaU, in honor of President BaldAvin, remained the only buUding of the school until 1901 when the first annex was built on the northeast. Mean Avhile the Legislature had appropriated in 1883 $3,500 Avith which to fit up the basement of the original building for the "Model School" which had been organized by President Blanton in the faff of 1882. The first annex has been used ever since' its erection by the Practice Schools, the department of physical education, and the Library. For its erec tion the Legislature had appropriated $30,000. In 1905, $50,000 was appropriated for another building which took the shape of the second annex on the northwest. Both of these neAV buildings have been erected during President Kirk's administration. No demonstration was made during the erection of the first annex, but the breaking of the ground and the laying of the cornerstone were The Old Building. (Now Knoavn as Baldwin Hall.) o gp?a P PQ iaX Library Hall. The Buildings Since 1905. Baldwin Hall. Science Hall. Breaking op the Ground for Science Hall, July 12, 1905. The Normal School. 211 made occasions of special exercises. On the day the ground Avas broken the whole school was gathered to witness the event and a picture was taken, a cut of Avhich is given on the opposite page. The cornerstone Avas laid by the Kirksville Masonic Lodges on August 14, 1905. The principal address was made by Governor Jos. W. Folk. No ceremonies, however, marked the occupation of the building when completed. In 1907 there was erected on the campus the Model Rural School House, which stands as the most distinctive feature of the institution. For years President Kirk has been a close student of rural schools. He has thought deeply upon the many problems of the rural school system, but he has been most interested in the country school houses. After many plans had been tried, he finally worked out the details of the plan by Avhich the above mentioned Model Rural School House was erected. It has three floors. The basement floor which has concrete flooring and concrete walls, contains the engine room, laundry, bulb and dark rooms, and the gymnasium. The first floor contains the school room, which is lighted by windows along the north wall, and separate toilet rooms for girls and boys. The attic floor contains laboratories, work benches for manual training, and apparatus for the study of domestic science. The building is lighted by gas and electricity generated by its own plants. It also has running hot and cold water throughout the building. The water is pumped by a- dynamo from a well nearby into a pressure tank, from which it goes to all parts of the building. For convenience's sake only the city scAver system is used, but in no other way is the building dependent on the city for any facility. In this respect it could be inde pendent also, if a cess-pool Avere dug nearby and the sewage were drained into it. A model rural school has been maintained in this building ever since it has been completed. A high grade teacher has been employed to conduct the school, and country children near town have been brought to school daily in a covered wagon and taken back again in the after noon. Both the building and school are models in the exact sense of the term, and are for the inspection and study of students and visitors. The model rural school is a department of the Practice Schools which offers opportunities for student teachers to acquire experience in teaching under the direction of skUled directors. These schools have grown out of what was originally knoAvn as the Model School, some account of which should be given here. A Model School Avas established in connection with the school Avhen it was founded in 1867, and was maintained until December, 1873. This department served not only to exhibit to the students of Model Rural School House, The building fronts the south. The accompanying plans explain the arrangement of the different floors. FIRST FLOOR PLAN irz^-Li PJPE, TO ESC '.E. "^^^^ CASwata r-s, 1": wKtPARTmON SDY'SC RCC-^ Wi'LP COC-CR CY-'SflSluH 12 1 \23 BASEMENT PLAN £A3T 5.;£ 214 History of Adair County. the normal department the best methods of teaching as used by the skilled instructors who were employed to conduct it, but also to prepare many students who were somewhat advanced in years for the work of the normal department. This Model School was never a practice school for prospective teachers. It always purported to be an actual "model school." This school was diAdded into three departments, the primary, the intermediate, and the grammar departments, each of which covered two years' work. When it was first estabhshed, Professor F. L. Ferris was Principal of the grammar department, Mrs. L. D. Ferris of the in termediate department, and Mrs. Amanda Greenwood of the primary department. The teachers remained in charge of these departments for three years. We have no information as to how the "Model" Avas organized or who conducted it in 1870-71 and 1871-72. Miss Kate Rowland was Principal of the Model School in 1872-73 and Miss Stephan from September to December, 1873. The enrollment for the different years was as follows: 1867-68, 144. 1870-71, 68. 1868-69, 220. 1871-72, 48. 1869-70, 1872-73, 53. Sept. to Dec, 1873, 33. From this table it will be seen hoAv much the enrollment of the last year Avas reduced from that of the first two years, and how the en rollment for the period after the school had been made a state institu tion gradually dwindled. It is not surprising then that President Bald win and Miss Stephan recommended to the Board of Regents at their meeting in December, 1873, that the Model School should be suspended, and that the Board acted in accordance with that recommendation. However, it was evidently not the intention of President Baldwin or the Board to give up permanently the idea of having a Model School. The Model School was not restored until November, 1882, over a year after President BaldAvin had left the school. The credit for its restoration belongs largely to President Blanton, who took charge of the administration of the school in September, 1882, though there are evi dences that the matter had been thought of by the school even before he had been elected to the Presidency. On November 13, 1882, the Model School was reopened under the supervision of Miss S. Augusta Jayne. The school was during the first year Avithout any special quarters of its own, having been accommodated in the various rooms of the building. In September, 1883, it was installed in the rooms which The Normal Sciux.jl. 215 had been newly fitted up in the basement during the previous summer. The basement had up to that time been used only for the heating appa ratus. Through a special appropriation of $3,500 Avhich the Legisla ture made in April, 1883, several rooms Avere built in it and the ground immediately surrounding the building Avas terraced as it is today. In these new quarters the Model School remained until it Avas removed to the annex that Avas built on the northeast of the main building in 1901. Unlike the Model School Avhich existed in the early years of the school, the one Avhich was re-established in 1882 gaA'e opportunity for practice teaching by the students of the normal deixirtment from the very start. Indeed, it is doubtful Avhether the term "Model School" was a proper one to use for it. It was in reality a Practice or Train ing School and not a "Model." It was not until President Kirk's ad ministration that the name "Model" Avas given up. In addition to the new quarters that Avere secured when the first annex Avas built in 1901, the apparatus used in the work of the school and the teaching force have been considerably enlarged. There are now a superAdsor, three critic teachers, and a kindergarten teacher. Prior to 1900-01, there had been only a supervisor, or principal, Avith occasiona- alh' one assistant. The kindergarten department Avas estabhshed in 1900-01. The Principals, or Supervisors, of the Training School since its re- establishment in 1882 are as follows.: Miss S. Augusta Jayne 1882-83 to 1886-87 Professor J. T. Muir 1887-88 to 1888-89 Miss Marguerite Pumphrey . . . 1889-90 to 1893-94 Mrs. Anna Seitz 1894-95 to 1897-98 Miss Mary DeWitt 1898-99 Miss Opheha Parrish 1899-00 to 1902-03 Miss Montana Hastings 1903-04 to 1904-05 Miss Gertrude Longnecker 1905-06 to 1909-10 Miss Susie Barnes 1910-11 to present. The school has had five Presidents: Joseph Baldwin, 1867-1881; W. P. Nason, pro tempore, 1881-82; J. P. Blanton, 1882-1891; W. D. Dobson, 1891-1899; John R. Kirk, 1899— . They have ah been men of ability, and each has made his contribution to the development of the school. It is perhaps avcU to relate here briefly the biographies of the Presidents and of the members of the original faculty. Joseph Baldwin Avas born at New Castle, Pennsylvania, on Octo- 216 History of Adair County. ber 31, 1827. His early education was obtained in the district school, and in Bartlett Academy at Ncav (^astle. In 1848 he entered Bethany College, Virginia, from which he was graduated with the A. B. degree in 1852. In August, 1852, he Avas married to Miss Ella Flukart of Ohio. Immediately after their marriage they came to Missouri, and in the fall he opened the Platte City Academy in Platte C'ounty. From 1853 to 1856 he and his wife conducted a ladies' boarding school at Savan nah, Mo. In 1856 he helped organize the Missouri State Teachers' Association in St. Louis. After havifig spent four years in Missouri, he returned to Penn sylvania and spent one year there in school work. He then went to Indiana, where within the next ten years he conducted several private normal schools. During this time he spent one year in the Union army. The story of his coming to Kirksville in 1867 and opening a Normal School in the Cumberland Academy buUding and maintaining it as a private institution for over three years, has alreadj' been told. Since the history of the institution during the rest of his connection Avith it is largely a part of his OAvn history, there remains little else to relate here than to mention that he was elected President of the Sam Houston Normal Institute at Huntsville, Texas in 1881 and, that after having served in that position for ten years he was elected to the newly created chair of Pedagogy in the University of Texas and remained there until 1897, when he Avas made Professor Emeritus in that institution. He died January 13, 1899 in Austin, Texas. President Baldwin greatly regretted leaving Missouri, but the ed ucational field to Avhich he was called in Texas Avas very like that of Missouri when he came in 1867. The pioneer instincts were strong in the man and he rejoiced in an opportunity to labor in a field that was new and unoccupied. But this was not the only reason he left Mis souri. For some years he had been the object of petty jealousies and harassing persecutions, and he had come to realize that his position in the Kirksville school Avas being undermined by some who assumed to be his friends. There was before him, therefore, the prospect that this opposition, which was altogether undeserved, would result in his being displaced some time sooner or later. Doubtless this and his natural aversion for any conflict in which his oAvn personal interests Avere in volved, had much to do with his going to Texas. The life of President Baldwin is an illustration of what a man Avith a few great ideas and the willingness to work, may accomplish. It can not be said of him that he was a broadly learned man or a man of The Normal School. 217 great versatility. Yet it must be acknowledged that as a result of long and deep thinking on some of the fubdamental educational questions of the day, he reached some very sound and definite conclusions of his OAA'u, for the realization of which he spent the whole of his life. This constitutes the basis of his greatness. He believed most firmly in the absolute necessity of the very best possible elementary and secondary education, and to this end he advo cated a thorough and scientific preparation of the teachers for thatwork. The efforts which he put forth to bring about these results have had a marked infiuence upon the educational systems of Indiana, Missouri, and Texas. As has already been said he was by instinct a pioneer. To him there Avas something decidedly fascinating in a field of labor that had been heretofore unoccupied. By nature he was eminently fitted to arouse enthusiasm on the part of others for a new system, and to lead them to assist him in getting it adopted. As an organizer of new work he Avas not surpassed. However, his success in further developing an established Avork Avas not as great as in initiating it. For this he was not always solely responsible. Had he received the support from the Board of Regents in the last years of his administration in this institution, he might have done much more than he did. Very few school Presidents have been able to command and main tain the loyalty and respect of the students as he did. He attained this through the confidence he placed in them and the sympathetic in terest he took in their ambitions and enterprises, thus making each stu dent feel that he was his personal friend. This explains Avhy his name has ahvays been held in sacred memory by those Avho are under his direction. The frank and unsuspecting nature of the man made him liable to be imposed upon by designing persons. Thinking all men were as hon est as himself, he frequently found himself badly defrauded and abused. Occasionally he was led into situations which gave his enemies an op portunity to attack and abuse him, while at the same time he generally refused to defend himself or to expose those Avho Avere injuring him. He Avas not Avithout faults. He was but human. However, in the light of the great service Avhich he did for the state and of the purity of the motives that always actuated his life, these imperfections appear as insignificant. His Avork Avas not confined to the school room. He Avas frequently before the public as a platform orator, speaking chiefly on educational 218 History" of Adair Counti. topics. He Avas an elder in the Christian church and occasionally preached and performed other rehgious services. There Avere A^ery few districts in Northeast Missouri in Avhich he had not spoken to the peo ple in some Avay or other. He Avas very actiA^e in the educational asso ciations of the state and nation, and appeared frequently in their dis cussions. He Avas a frequent contributor to some of the leading educa tion journals, at one time assisting in the editing of the American School Journal. He Avrote tAvo works on Pedagogy which Avere extensiA'ely used in this country and Canada. One of the most conspicuous cA'cnts in the historj^ of the Normal School at KirksviUe is knoAAm as BaldAvin Day, June 13, 1893. On that day President BaldAvin became the guest of the institution, at which time he Avas greeted by a large numl^er of his former students and asso ciates, many of AA^hom came from long distances. The idea of having such an affair as this was conceived by President Dobson. He and a committee of local alumni Avorked long and faithfully in arranging for the day. Invitations Avere extended to as many of the "BaldAvin stu dents" and the "Baldwin faculty" as could be reached, to be present. All day exercises were held at Avhich addresses Avere made by many of the former students. Professor Nason, President Dobson and President Baldwin. No one could fail to see from all this in what high esteem President BaldAvin Avas held bj^ his students and associates. In making up her list of great benefactors Missouri must always include the names of tAvo men who have spent the best part of their lives in Kirksville, President Joseph Baldivin and Dr. A. T. Still. An attempt at some appreciation of Dr. Still Avill be made in the next chap ter. Coming to Missouri at the close of a Avar which had greatly in jured it. President Baldwin spent fourteen years of the best period of his life in building up its school system and in that time "accomplished more for the cause of popular education than any other man in the state." As yet no formal recognition of the services of either of these men to the state has been made, but it is hoped that the time Avill soon come Avhen that will be done in such a way as to keep forever in the memory of future generations the greatness of the men in their day and time. Besides President Baldwin, there were in the original faculty Prof. and Mrs. F. L. Ferris, Prof. W. P. Nason, and Prof, and Mrs. J. M. GreeiiAvood. Prof, and Mrs. Ferris came, as has already been noted, Avith President BaldAvin from Indiana. They remained, however, with the school only about three years. They subsequently moved to Col orado and died there in 1873. His wife surviA^ed him several years. The Normal School. 219 Prof. Nason remained Avith the school from 1867 to 1SS7. For a couple of years thereafter he took up pastoral AVork, scrA-ing several different charges in the Cumberland PresbA'tcrian Church in this scx'- tion of the state. From 1889 to 1891 he conducted a private school at La Belle, but Avas compelled to giA'c it up on account of his ill health. From that time to his death on July 16, 1909, he led a hfe of retirement. Presidext Joseph P. Blantox. i^From a Crayon Portrait made in ISSli.") In June, 1902, the Board of Regents made him Professor Emeritus of Ethics as a recognition of the valuable serA-ices he had rendered the school Avhen in active connection Avith it. Prof, and ^Nlrs. J. :\I. GreeiiAvood remained Avith the school until June, 1870, Avhen they resigned to take charge of the :Mt. Pleasant Col lege at HuntsviUe, :\lo. In January, 1871, they returned to Kirksville and resumed their \\-ork, the school lun-ing been made, a state institu- 220 History of Ad\ir County. tion the latter part of December, 1870. In June, 1874, Prof. Green wood resigned to accept the Superintendency of the Kansas City Schools, a position which he has occupied ever since. Mrs. Greenwood had sev ered her connection with the school in June, 1872. She died some time in 1904. Prof. Greenwood is the only survivor of the original faculty. President William D. Dobson. (From a Photograph taken about 1895.) President J. P. Blanton was born in Cumberland County, Vir ginia, on January 29, 1849. After having received his early education in a variety of schools he entered the Freshman class of Hampden- Sidney College in 1864. In the spring of 1865 he joined the army of Northern Virginia in its retreat from Petersburg to Appomattox. After the surrender he returned home, but re-entered college that fall and remained there until graduation in 1869. After graduation he taught tAVO years in Kentucky country schools, and then came to Missouri. The Normal School. 201 After teaching three years in Watson Seminary at Ashley and three years at Troy, he became Superintendent of Schools at Mexico. He Avas elected to the Presidency of the State Normal School at Kirksville in 1882, and remained untU 1891 when he became Professor of Pedagogy in the State University of Missouri. In 1898 he became President of President John R. Kirk. (From a Photograph taken about 1910.) the University of Idaho, but remained there only two years. He died in St. Louis in 1909. President W. D. Dobson Avas born in Tusculum, Tennessee, on No vember 27, 1848. After getting his early education in the district school and the Academy of Tusculum College, he entered Greenville and Tusculum College, from which he Avas graduated in 1870. He then 222 History of Adair County. studied law and Avas admitted to the bar in 1872. He came to Missouri, but instead of practicing laAv began teaching. For eight years he taught in Grundy County, during which time he was Superintendent of the Trenton schools for flve years. After that he was Superintendent at Carrollton for ten years, and then Superintendent at Moberly for one. In June, 1891, he Avas elected President of the Normal School at Kirks Aalle and served untU 1899. He then entered the A. S. 0. at Kirksville from which he was graduated in 1902. He Avas therefore elected Pro fessor of Chemistry in that institution, and remained there until 1908 when he moved to St. Louis, Avhere he has been engaged ever since in the practice of osteopathy. President John R. Kirk was born in Bureau County, Illinois, Jan uary 23, 1851. In 1856 his father moved his family to Harrison County, Mo. He got his earlj^ education in the district schools and the Bethany High School. He entered the Normal School at Kirksville in 1873 and attended at irregular intervals until he graduated in 1878. As a teacher he has filled a variety of positions. Besides teaching in rural schools he has been Superintendent of Schools at Bethany, Mo., and at Moulton, loAva; Principal of a ward school in Kansas City, Mo.; a teacher of history and mathematics in the Central High School of that place, and Superintendent at Westport. From 1895 to 1899 he served as State Superintendent of Schools, and then part of one year "as High School Examiner for the University of Missouri. In 1899 be became President of the Normal School at Kirksville, and has remained there ever since. The following is a complete list of the faculty in the order of their appointment from the beginning to the present time Avith the period of service of each member: Joseph BaldAvin Sept., 1867 to June, 1881 W. P. Nason Sept., 1867 to June, 1887 J. M. Greenwood Sept., 1867 to June, 1870 Jan., 1871 to June, 1874 F.L.Ferris Sept., 1867 to June, 1870 Mrs. Amanda Greenwood Sept., 1867 to June, 1872 Mrs. L. D. Ferris Sept., 1867 to June, 1870 S. M. Pickler Jan., 1868 to June, 1873 Rev. J. S. Boyd Sept., 1868 to June, 1869 Rev. John Wa;yman Sept., 1868 to June, 1870 George Frankenberg Sept., 1868 to June, 1869 Mrs. J. S.Boyd Sept., 1868 to June, 1870 Sue Thatcher Sept., 1868 to June, 1870 A.H.John Sept., 1869 to June, 1870 The Normal School. 223 McReynolds) Frank M. Fluhart Laura Gleason Mary Norton (Mrs. McClellan) . . . Hattie Comings (Mrs. J. R. MUner) J. T. Smith C. H. Bigger Helen Halliburton (Mrs. Kate F. Rowland . . MoUie Bowen Mary WoodsAvorth Mrs. Mary Blackman H. F. Wilhams. . . S. S. HamiU . . . C. H. Dutcher . . . Miss Stephan .... Mary Murtfeldt . Mrs. Mary WiUiams W. H. Baker J. U. Barnard B. S. Potter M. T. Henderson . . Emmir Thompson (Mrs. Hannah) G. W. Krall Alta Westcott (Mrs. McLaury). . . J. W. Shryock Helen E. Swain T. Berry Smith E. R. Booth C.H.Ford Ahce Heath (Mrs. C John T. Paden . . . Ada Oldham Anna H. Grigg M. M. Thomas E. B. Seitz Chas. Ross Martha W. Prewitt (Mrs. Doneghy) J. P. Blanton. . . . Ermine Owen . . . Mrs. A. E. DeVine B. P. Gentry S. Augusta Jayne . W. Proctor) Sept., 1869 to June, 1870 Jan., 1871 to June, 1872 Sept., 1871 to June, 1872 Sept., 1872 to June, 1874 Sept., 1872 to June, 1873 Sept., 1872 to June, 1873 Sept., 1872 to June, 1875 Sept., 1872 to June, 1873 Sept., 1872 to June, 1873 Sept., 1872 to June, 1873 Sept., 1872 to June, 1875 Sept., 1872 to Mch. 1876 Sept., 1873 to June, 1874 Sept., 1873 to Sept., 1877 Sept., 1873 to June, 1874 Sept., 1872 to June, 1874 Sept., 1873 to June, 1974 Sept., 1874 to June, 1875 Sept., 1874 to June, 1887 Jan., 1875 to June, 1879 Sept., 1875 to June, 1882 Sept., 1874 to Dec. 1875 Sept., 1875 to June, 1879 Apr., 1876 to June, 1876 Apr., 1876 to June, 1882 Sept., 1876 to June, 1877 Sept., 1877 to June, 1878 Sept., 1879 to June, 1880 Sept., 1878 to June, 1882 Sept., 1879 to June, 1881 Sept., 1879 to Aug., 1884 Sept., 1879 to June, 1882 Sept., 1879 to June, 1880 Sept., 1878 to June, 1879 Sept., 1879 to Oct., 1883 Sept., -1880 to June, 1900 Sept., 1881 to June, 1882 Sept., 1882 to June, 1891 Sept., 1882 to June, 1904 Sept., 1882 to June, 1883 Sept., 1882 to present. Nov. 1882 to June, 1887 224 History of Adair County. Hortense Snyder C.S.Sheldon 0. E. McFadon :.. .. Mary T. Prewitt P. A. McGuire Carrie Eggleston G. W. McGinnis Miriam B. Swett Libbie K. MUler (Mrs. Traverse). . . J. I. Nelson W. F. Dann J. T. Muir F. A. SAvanger Mary Wight Marguerite Pumphrey (Mrs, Smith) . Edgar S. Place Clara Figge R.B.Arnold Carrie Hatton W. D. Dobson Marian Shackelford G. H. Laughlin C. W. Proctor J. W. Forquer R.C.Norton J. H. Scarborough Mrs. Anna E. Seitz William Richardson L. S. Daugherty HaUie Hall (Mrs. E. M. Violette) ... . Ruby Westlake (Mrs. Freudenberger) J. E. Weatheriy Kathryn Garwick (Mrs. Rogers) Margaret DeWitt John R. Kirk Ophelia A. Parrish : . . . E. M. Violette : . J. T. Vaughn Carrie Ruth Jackson A. P. Settle .Nov., . .Sept., . .Sept., .Sept;, .Sept., ..Feb., . .Sept., .Sept.,• Sept., . .Feb., . .Sept., .Sept., . .Sept., .Sept., .Sept., Sept., Sept., .Sept., • Sept., .Sept., .Sept.,.Sept., .Sept., .Sept., .Sept., .Jan.,.Sept., .Sept., • Jan., .Sept.,.Sept., .Sept.,.Sept., .Sept., .Sept., .Sept.,• Sept., .Sept., Sept., Sept., Sept., 1882 to 1883 to 1883 to 1883 to 1883 to 1884 to 1884 to 1885 to 1885 to 1886 to 1887 to 1887 to 1887 to 1888 to 1888 to 1888 to 1890 to 1889 to 1891 to 1890 to 1891 to 1891 to 1892 to 1893 to 1893 to 1894 to 1894 to 1894 to 1896 to 1897 to 1897 to 1897 to 1899 to 1898 to 1898 to 1899 to 1899 to 1900 to 1900 to 1900 to 1900 to June, 1884 June, 1893 June, 1886 June, 1904 June, 1884 June, 1885 Feb., 1886 June, 1888 June, 1886 Feb., 1891 June, 1892 Jan., 1894 June, 1894 June, 1889 June, 1894 Feb., 1889 June, 1891 June, 1891 June, 1897 June, 1891 June, 1900 June, 1892 Nov., 1895 June, 1897 June, 1898 June, 1900 June, 1899 June, 1898 June, 1900 present.June, 1902 June, 1900 May, 1906 Jan., 1900 June, 1899 present. present. present. Oct., 1909 June, 1908 present. The Normal School. 225 H. Clay Harvey M. Winnifred Bryan (Mrs. Fields) Frances Tinkham (Mrs. F. G. Crowley) Cass Bear. . . . Alice Adams (Mrs. W. J. Shepard) Susie Barnes Luther Winchester W. J. Shepard .... W. P. Nason (Professor Emeritus) Montana Hastings . . E.M.Goldberg.., . Sadie Westrope .... M. Olive Greer . . . T. Jennie Green. . R. M. Ginnings. . D. A. Lehman .... J. D. WUson Blanche Scott Margaret Linton . S. S. CarroU Minnie Brashear .... Gertrude Longnecker J. S. Stokes D. R. Gebhart .... Cora Reid .... E. Y. Burton .... Eugene Fair R. H. Emberson Belle Reed.. . J. W. Heyd W. A. LcAvis . A. B. Warner W. V. Pooley. A. D. Towne. E. R. Barrett Francis Portman W. H. Zeigel A. Otterson . . 0. C. BeU.... Sarah Pepper . Laurie Doolittle. Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept., Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept., Sept., Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept., Sept., Dec, June, June,June,June, Sept., Sept.,Sept.,Sept., Sept., June, Sept.,Sept.,Sept.,Sept., Sept., Sept.,Sept.,Sept., Sept., Sept., 1900 to 1900 to 1900 to 1900 to 1900 to 1900 to 1901 to 1902 to 1902 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1903 to 1904 to 1904 to 1904 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1905 to 1906 to 1906 to 1906 to 1906 to 1906 to 1906 to 1907 to 1907 to 1907 to 1907 to 1907 to present.June, 1906 June, 1905 June, 1903 Aug., 1903 present. June, 1902 Aug., 1903 July, 1909 June, 1905 Aug., 1905 Aug., 1907 Aug., 1907 present.Jan. 1910 Sept., 1905 present. June, 1906 Aug., 1909 Sept., 1906 present.Aug., 1910 present.present.present. June, 1907 present.Aug., 1906 Sept., 1907 present. present.present. Aug., 1907 present.present.Aug., 1907 present.present. June, 1910 Aug., 1909 present. 226 History of Adair County. Irma ^^latthcAvs Sept., 1907 to Aug.. 1908 F. W. Plunkett Sept., 1908 to Aug., 1910 :\Iarv G. Young Sept., 1908 to Aug., 1909 H. H. Laughhn Sept., 1908 to Sept., 1910 Edith Sharpe Sept., 1908 to June, 1910 Lora Dexheimer Sept., 1908 to Aug., 1909 Clara Kleinfelter Sept.. 1907 to Aug.. 1909 Ehzabeth Hughes Sept., 1909 to Jan., 1911 Lcota Dockery Sept., 1909 to present. .Mark Buitoaa-s Sept., 1909 to present. Harriet HoAvard Sept., 1909 to present. Byron Cosby Feb., 1910 to present. H. W. Foght ^ Feb., 1910 to present. J. L. Biggerstaff' June, 1910 to present. Julia Richardson Sept., 1910 to present. Bertha Dakin Smith Sept., 1910 to present. Carohne LiAdngston Sept., 1910 to jircsent. Marie Turner Harvey Sept., 1910 to present. Idella R. Berry Sept., 1910 to present. Eudora Savage . .Sept., 1910 to present. The goA^ernment of the school is vested in a Board of Regents, the present organization of Avhich differs quite materially from what it Avas oiiginallj'. According to the act of the Legislature of 1870, AAdiich proAdded for the establishment of tlie first two normal sciiools of the state, the goA-- ernment of both of these schools was placed in the hands of a single Board of Regents ctMisisting of scA'cn persons. It included the mem bers of the State Board of Education, that is the State Superintendent, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney General, and two other persons from each of the two normal school ilistricts, who were appointed bA' the Governor. In making the first appointments two of the regents Avcre appointed for two A't-ars and the other two for four A'cars. There after all appointments, except those to fill vacancies, Avcrc to be for four years. The First and Second District Normal Sciiools remained under the control of a single board, as originally organized, until 1874. In that year a laAV Avas passed which provided for a separate board for each of the tAVO schools. Each board Avas to consist of seven members, six of Avhom were to reside in the district for Avliich they were appointed, and one of Avhom A\'as to be a resident in the coimty in which the Normal 228 History of Adair County. School for such district is located. The State Superintendent Avas made an ex-oflacio member of each of the boards. The term of each appoint ed regent was extended from four to six years, and it was so arranged that two of these members should be appointed every two years. The substitution of two boards, one for each of the two Normal Schools, in place of the single board for both of them, Avas evidently in accord with the Avishes of the schools. At least this was true of the KirksviUe school, as the faculty voted on December 12, 1873, in favor of a separate board for each of the two schools, and ordered that this expression of its opinion be forwarded to Governor Woodson and State Superintendent Monteith in response to letters which they had written to the faculty on the matter. The Third District Normal School which was provided for by an act of the Legislature in 1873, was placed under the control of a sepa rate board. Doubtless this measure had something to do with the abolition of the single board for the First and Second District Schools and the creation of a separate board for each school. The Board of Regents for the three schools were, up to 1889, gen erally composed of men of the same political party as that in power in the state. In that year a law was passed which provided that not more than four of each board, including the State Superintendent of Schools, should be long to the same political partj', and the Governor was instructed in his subsequent appointments to change the personnel of the board so as to bring about this desired end as soon as possible. This arrangement did much to eradicate Avhatever tendencies there were to strict partisanship, and has largely prevented its recurrence. The officers of the Board are President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer, each of Avhom is elected for a term of two years. The Secretary has usually been some member of the Board. The Treasurer has always been some one outside of the Board. From 1871 to 1893, W. T. Baird Avas Treasurer. Since 1893, the Treasureship has rotated among the banks of Kirksville, some one in the bank holding the office for tAVO years at a time. The original Board Avas composed of the foUoAving persons : First District — E. B. Neeley St. Joseph. J. Baldwin Second District — G. R. Smith . J. A. Milner . State Board of T. A. Parker Education — Francis Rodman H. B. Johnson.. . . Kirksville. .Sedalis. . Springfield. . State Superintendent. . Secretary of State. .Attorney General. The Normal School. 229 The following is a complete list of the addresses, and the length of terms which yet to serve: Regents of the school, their they have served or have E. B. Neeley, St. Joseph, Dec. , 1870 to Jan., 1874 J. BaldAvin, Kirksville, Dec. , 1870 to Jan., 1871 G. R. Smith, Sedalia, Dec. , 1870 to Nov., 1871 J. R. Milner, Springfield, Dec. , 1870 to Jan., 1874 T. A. Parker, State Supt., .Dec , 1870 to Jan., 1871 Francis Rodman, Sec'y of State, Dec. , 1870 to Jan., 1871 H. B. Johnson, Atty. General, Dec. , 1870 to Jan., 1871 B. G. Barrow, Macon, Jan. 1871 to Apr., 1871 Ira DivoU, State Supt., Jan. 1871 to June, 1871 N. G. Ferguson, Louisiana, Apr. , 1871 to Jan., 1874 John Monteith, State Supt., June , 1871 to Jan., 1875 E. F. Weigel, Sec'y of State, Jan. 1871 to Jan., 1874 A. J. Baker, Atty. General, Jan. 1871 to Jan., 1873 E. A. Zeundt, Jefferson City, Nov , 1871 to Jan., 1874 H. Clay Ewing, Atty. General, Jan. 1873 to Jan., 1874 J. M. DeFrance, Kirksville, Jan. 1874 to Jan., 1875 Bartlett Anderson, Memphis, Jan. 1874 to Jan., 1877 G. L. Osborne, Louisiana, Jan. 1874 to Jan., 1876 D..S. Hooper, KirksviUe, Jan. 1874 to Jan., 1877 J. M. McKim, Newark, Jan. 1874 to Jan., 1891 John Oldham, KirksvUle, Jan. 1874 to Jan., 1880 R. D. Shannon, State Supt., Jan. 1875 to Jan., 1883 Andrew Ellison, Kirksville, Jan. 1875 to Mch., 1891 A. M. Alexander, Paris, Jan. 1876 to Jan., 1883 J. D. Vincil, Mexico, Jan. 1877 to Jan., 1878 W. B. Hays, Lancaster, Jan., 1877 to Jan., 1899 Ben Eli Guthrie, Macon, Jan. 1878 to Jan., 1889 J. S. Erwin, Kirksville, Jan. 1880 to Jan., 1891 T. C. Campbell, Kirksville, Jan. 1883 to Jan., 1887 W. E. Coleman, State Supt., Jan. 1883 to Jan., 1891 Sumner Boynton, Greencastle, Jan. 1887 to Jan., 1895 E. 0. Hannah, Moberly, Jan. 1889 to Jan., 1895 George Giller, Kirksville, Jan. 1891 to Jan., 1897 George Hall, Trenton, Jan. 1891 to Jan., 1903 A. D. Risdon, Kirksville, Mch ., 1891 to Jan., 1893 L. E. Wolfe, State Supt., Jan. 1891 to Jan., 1895 M. W. Laughlin, Monroe City, Jan., 1893 to Jan., 1899 John R. Kirk, State Supt., Jan. 1895 to Jan., 1899 230 History of Adair County. 0. J. Chapman, Breckenridge, Jan., 1895 to Jan., 1899 R. N. Bodine, Paris, Jan., 1895 to Jan., 1897 Scott J. Miller, ChiUicothe, Jan., 1897 to Jan., 1907 J. W. Martin, Kirksville, Jan., 1897 to Jan., 1903 C. C. Fogle, Lancaster, Jan., 1899 to Jan., 1901 S. M. Pickler, Kirksville, Jan., 1899 to Jan., 1905 A. W. Muffins, Linneus, Jan., 1899 to Jan., 1911 W. T. Carrington, State Supt., Jan., 1899 to Jan., 1907 J. M. Hardman, Edina, Jan., 1901 to Jan., 1913 G. A. Goben, Kirksville, Jan., 1903 to Jan., 1909 Reuben Barney, Sr., ChiUicothe, Jan., 1903 to Mch., 1903 Reuben Barnej^, Jr., Chillicothe, Apr., 1903 to Jan., 1909 John H. Wood, Shelbina, Jan., 1905 to Jan., 1917 H. A. Gass, State Supt., Jan., 1907 to Jan., 1911 Henry T. Burckhartt,> Fayette, Jan., 1907 to Jan., 1913 J. C. McKinley, Unionville, Jan., 1909 to Jan., 1915 E. C. Grim, Kirksville, Jan., 1909 to Jan., 1915 C. W. Green, Brookfield, Mch. 1911 to Jan., 1917 W. P. Evans, State Supt., Jan., 1911 to Jan., 1915 The school had no graduating class until 1872. The class that year was composed of eight young men as follows: 0. P. Davis, W. N. Doyle, W. F. Drake, I. N. Matiick, J. T. Smith, J. C. Stevens, Vincent Stine, and Selden Sturges. Since 1872 a class has been graduated each year in the advanced course. The total number of graduates down to the present is 966. The number of graduates each year is shoAvn elsewhere in this chapter in tabular form. Besides the graduates in the advanced course there have been so-called graduates in the sophomore course and for a while in the junior course also. These were called graduates because of the certificates to teach for five years that Avere conferred upon them at the time. By virtue of laAvs passed by the Missouri Legislature in 1887 and in 1889, the diploma Avhich is conferred on graduation from any of the Normal Schools of the state, entitles its possessor to teach in the pub lic schools of the state Avithout further examination, and the certificate Avhich is conferred on the completion of the elementary course, entitles the holder to teach two years in the public schools of the state. At the time when the state adopted the normal school system, the authority to examine teachers and to grant certificates was vested in the State Superintendent and the County Superintendents, and The First Graduating Class, 1S72. (From Photographs taken in that Year.) The picture on the right is Selden Sturges, that on the left is Vincent Stine. Those in the groups are: Top row reading to right, W. F. Drake, AV. N. Doyle, J, C. Stevens; Bottom row, I. N. Matiick, J. T. Smith, O. P. Davis. The group picture did not include Sturges and Stine, as they were not in school the year they received their diplomas. 232 History of Adair County. remained solely with them untU 1887. The certificates conferred by the State Superintendent entitled the holders to teach without further examination. Those conferred by the County Superintendents en titled the holders to teach in the counties for which they Avere given for a hmited period of time. They Avere of tAvo grades, corresponding roughly, according to the requirements, to the second and third grade county certificates of today. Up to 1887 those completing the different courses in the three State Normal Schools who sought to teach, were subject to the above rules and regulations, unless special arrangements were made in their behalf by the State Superintendent. The first instance on record of any special arrangement is in a let ter from State Superintendent Monteith to the County Superintendents, dated July 12, 1872, in Avhich he recommended that they "honor the Normal diploma by granting to its possessor a certificate Avithout ex amination," Avhich Avould be for two years only. As far as is known, it Avas not until State Superintendent Shan non's administration that certificates were conferred directly by the State Superintendent upon those completing the various courses in the three Normal Schools of the state. Beginning in July, 1878, he issued certificates to those completing the different courses of these schools, and kept up this practice until the close of his second administration in December, 1882. Upon those completing the two and the three years' courses, he conferred certificates which entitled them to teach two and three years respectively. Upon those completing the four years' course, he conferred a life certificate. It should be noted that it was the custom at the time for each of the State Normal Schools of Missouri to have its candidates for the diplomas and certificates of the school examined first by the faculty and then by an examining committee composed of the State Superin tendent and the Presidents of the three schools. This arrangement seems to have been first made in 1875-76. It continued for ten years, that is down to 1884-85 inclusive. These examinations by the committee Avere decidedly unpopular with the students and the faculty of the school. In May, 1885, the faculty adopted resolutions condemning them and asking the State Superintendent to adopt another plan for certificating the graduates of the school. In June, 1885, the State Superintendent and the Presidents of the State Normal Schools agreed upon a plan whereby the old system of examinations by the committee was abolished, and a written examina- The Normal School. 233 tion near the close of the school by the State Superintendent was to be substituted. This arrangement was carried into execution only once, that is, in June, 1886. Before another year rolled around, the matter had been taken out of the hands of the State Superintendent by the Legislature. When the General Assembly met in January, 1887, plans had al ready been laid for securing legislation which would settle the question of certificating the graduates of the State Normal Schools. A bill covering the matter was drafted by President Blanton, and Avas lobbied through largely by him. It passed the Assembly Avithout any partic ular difficulty and was approved on March 24, 1887. The act pro vided that "the normal diploma conferred upon completing a four years' course shall entitle its holder to teach school in any county in this state without further examination, until annulled by the Board of Regents or Curators granting the same, or by the County School Com missioner, or State Superintendent of Schools, for incompetency, cru elty, immorality, drunkenness, or neglect of duty, and the graded cer tificate now granted upon the completion of the tAVO years' course shall, in like manner, entitle the holder to teach the several branches of study named therein for a period of four years from the date of graduation, unless such certificate be annulled by said Board, or County School Commissioner, or State Superintendent of Schools for one or more of the causes above specified." Provision was also made for the applica tion of the provisions of this act "the the Normal Department of the University of Missouri, and of Lincoln Institute." This law was amend ed in 1889 so as to reduce the term of years that the holder of an ele mentary certificate might teach from four years to two. This legislation was a matter of great gratification to the friends of the State Normal Schools, and especially pleasing to the students. Immediately on the approval of the first certification bill, the students of the Kirksville school presented to President Blanton a very fine cane as a token of their appreciation of his activity in securing its adoption. The library as at present organized has existed only since Septem ber, 1903. In the early years of the school the hbrary facilities were extremely meagre. It was not until President Blanton's time that a beginning was made towards putting a library under way. But oAving to the fact that not one cent was ever donated by the State for hbraries or laboratories prior to 1899, and that all that went into them had to be paid out of the incidental fund upon which heavy drafts have always been made, it is readily seen how the library was slow in growing. In The Chapel as it was at First. (From a photograph taken prior to 1893, at least.) Opera chairs were put. in place of the desks in 1S93, and the platform across the far end was shifted to the corner on the right in 1899. The Normal School. 235 1899 the state Legislature appropriated $2,500 for libraries and labora tories. This enabled the school to furnish several departments with a few books in separate department hbraries. In 1901 an appropriation was made for a $30,000 buUding, and the plans for this included the present hbrary and reading room. In 1903 an appropriation of S5,000 was made for equipping this room and for buying books. In June of that year Miss Parrish Avas made librarian and the departmental libraries were brought together and the books classified according to the Dewey dec imal system. The aim has been to build up primarily a Avorking library for daily classroom use. The library has rapidly outgrown the reading room and now has use of the two rooms adjoining it which are used as stack rooms and working rooms. It is hoped that larger quarters may be had soon. The school has been the depository for the United States government documents ever since it became a state institution. Out side of those publications the library contains at present about 12,500 volumes. The history of the laboratories of the school is very much like that of the library. When the school occupied its new building in 1873, the small room just east of the chapel constituted the only scientific laboratory. Here all that passed for science was taught. In 1899 two rooms in the basement of BaldAvin Hall Avere fitted up for chemistry and physics. Since then the laboratories have been increased in number and equipment. There are at present laboratories for chemistry, phys ics, photography, zoology, and agriculture. The annex on the north west, called Science Hall and built in 1905, contains the physics, chem istry and zoology laboratories, also the manual training Avorkshop. A farm of sixty acres near town has been leased and will be ultimately purchased. This avUI be used as an experimental station in the agri culture department. The students maintain a variety of associations and organizations. The literary societies are the oldest. Tavo of them, the Philomathean and the Senior Societies have existed since the seventies. The Eliza beth Browning Society has been in existence only three or four years. Besides these there were several other literary societies, but they have long since expired. There are at present four active debating clubs among the young men. The first organization was the Websterians. The Claytpnians, Demosthenonians, and Ciceronians were organized later. Besides these literary societies and debating clubs there are several departmental societies, such as the German Club, Historical Society, Science Club, Nature Study Club, and Latin Club. Certain oOl a W O 14 a. in 2 W 1^ 'A O The Normal School. 237 members of the faculty have maintained a Shakespeare Club for some years. The students also maintain two active Christian Associations. The Y. W. C. A. was organized in May, 1895, and the Y. M. C'. A. in March, 1896. The Y. M. C. A. has maintained in connection Avith the Y. M. C. A. of the American School of ()steoi)athy, a lecture course of high grade for over twelve years. In Athletics the school has ])cen especially active in recent years. The school had no gymnasium until the northeast annex Avas built in 1901. When the northwest annex was erected in 1905, the gymnasium in the former building Avas given over to the women exclusively and the one in the latter buUding to the men. For outdoor games the school has had a fine athletic field in the uorthAvcst corner of the campus since 1903. Field Day exercises have been held every year since 1895. The students have at different times published perioilicals. The first student publication was, as far as is knoAvn, the Model HcacUight, a monthly published by the students of the Model School for about six months in 1888. In 1893 and 1894 pamphlet annuals were issued by certain literary societies. In September, 1894, the Normal Message, a monthly publication, was begun. It continued until April, 1900. Since then four year-books have been pubhshed, the Mnameion in 1901, and the Echo in 1902, 1904, and 1906. In March, 1909, the Kirksville Normal School Index, a Aveekly publication, AAas estabhshed. The honor of getting it started lies largely with Miss Mary McCool, '08, Avho Avas at that time a post-graduate in the school. It has just started upon its third year. The Music Department has, since April, 1909, maintained a spring Festival of music of high order. The Minneapolis Symj-ihony Orchestra Avith Emil Oberhoffer as Conductor, and the Normal School Chorus and the Minneapohs Orchestra Avith D. R. Gebhart of the Normal School Faculty as Director, together with a number of vocal soloists of special ability, constitute the talent. Four different programs are rendered during the festival. On Friday, October 18, 1907, the school celebrated its fortieth an niversary with appropriate exercises. Arrangements Avere made rather hurriedly for the event and the original plan Avas to make it largely a local affair. But several out-of-toAvn graduates and former students returned to join in the celebration. Prof. Nason and Supt. Greenwood, the two surviving members of the original faculty, were present and de livered addresses during the morning exercises. A basket dinner Avas held on the campus Avhich Avas participated in by a goodly number. 238 History op Adair County. During the afternoon exercises addresses were made by Judge Jacob Sands, Senator Humphrey, Dr. R. D. Shannon, Prof. J. U. Barnard, Mr. B. F. Heiny, Mr. G. W. CuUison, Mrs. Fluhart and Miss Grace Guy (noAv Mrs, C. M. Weyand). The roU of graduates was caUed by Prof. A. B. Warner, to Avhich response was made by rising as the names were called. A reception was held in the ladies' gj^mnasium from four to five. The day's program ended with a musical in the evening in the chap el, which was attended by an immense crowd. Most of the musical numbers were rendered by graduates and former students of the school. As an index to the growth of the school, the foUoAving tabulation showing by years the number of facultj^ members, the number of grad uates and post graduates, the number receiving certificates, and the enrollment, is offered. Undergraduates Post receiving certificates Year Fac- Grad- Grad- or diplomas Enrollment ulty uates uates .Tuniors Sophomores Normal Tr. Sch. Total 1867-68 6 — — — — 140 144 284 1868-69 12 — 203 220 423 1869-70 12 — — 15 263 263 1870-71 — — ^ — — 321 68 389 1871-72 7—8 4 13 434 48 482 1872-73 12 — 3 10 14 470 53 523 1873-74 10 1 9 10 21 668 33 701 1874-75 9 4 12 18 42 709 709 1875-76 10 5 14 14 28 627 627 1876-77 9—8 12 18 592 592 . 1877-78 8 3 12 8 27 534 534 1878-79 10 10 10 17 49 458 458 1879-80 11 8 11 14 45 513 513 1880-81 11 6 11 14 32 492 492 1881-82 10 8 9 13 42 481 481 1882-83 11 4 7 17 40 446 103 549 1883-84 12 6 17 27 51 501 181 682 1884-85 12 2 14 — 47 475 182 657 1885-86 12 — 26 — 40 413 126 539 1886-87 11 — 25 — 35 421 111 532 1887-88 11 1 21 — 58 490 169 659 1888-89 13 1 12 — 40 505 121 626 1889-90 12 — 15 -- 44 520 100 620 1890-91 13 — 15 — 49 560 100 660 The Normal 'School. 239 Undergraduates Year Faculty Post Grad uates Grad uates receiving certificates or diplomas Juniors Sophomores Normal Enrol Inn Tr. Sch. ent Total 1891-92 12 3 19 — 28 596 107 703 1892-93 11 6 22 — 32 606 112 718 1893-94 12 3 20 — 30 562 94 656 1894-95 12 — 23 — 41 620 102 722 1895-96 12 4 18 — 42 623 115 738 1896-97 12 2 35 — 26 719 105 824 1897-98 13 — 22 — 35 737 108 845 1898-99 13 1 29 — 43 739 103 842 1899-00 14 3 48 — 113 742 92 834 1900-01 15 3 43 — 58 • 753 102 855 1901-02 18 2 38 — 84 757 94 851 1902-03 19 4 41 — 65 784 179 963 1903-04 24 4 55 — 58 944 175 1119 1904-05 25 4 42 — 71 982 170 1152 1905-06 28 — 40 — 75 1040 180 1220 1906-07 32 8 62 — 67 1157 175 1332 1907-08 34 1 47 — 78 1250 190 1440 1908-09 36 — 44 — 122 1307 220 1527 1909-10 42 4 59 — 152 1394 227 1621 1910-11 45 — — — Total 101 966 178 1970 27558 4409 31967 The marked growth of the school in recent years is due in part at least to the summer school. The summer school was first held in 1895 as a private affair. Those of the faculty who cared to do so offered courses and they got their proportion of the fees paid by the students. In 1900 the summer school Avas taken under the control of the Board. Special appropriations were made for it by the Legislature in 1901 and 1903. Since then the appropriations have been made on the basis of four terms of twelve weeks each in every year instead of three terms as before. The school has therefore continuous sessions the year round, with the exception of a few weeks scattered betAveen the various quarters. Another index as to the growth of the school is its income from the state. This income is also an indication of the value which the state places upon its work. The following tabulation shoAvs what has been appropriated for its support since it became a state institution: 240 History of Adair County. Biennial Teachers' „ ., ,. _ . . Library and rmtoi Periods Salaries Buildings Repairs, etc. Labaratories ^°™' 1871-72 $10, 000 . 00 $50, 000 . 00 $60, 000 . 00 1873-74 20,000.00 20,000.00 1875-76 20,000.00 20,000.00 1877-78 15,000.00 15,000'. 00 1879-80 15,000.00 15,000.00 1881-82 20,000.00 20,000.00 1883-84 20,000.00 3,248.20 12,681.60 35,965.80 1885-86 20,000.00 20,000.00 1887-88 25,000.00 3,126.50 28,126.50 1889-90 25,000.00 2,873.00 27,873.00 1891-92 25,000.00 " 25,000.00 1893-94 25,000.00 1,500.00 26,500.00 1895-96 25,000.00 5,250.00 30,250.00 1897-98 27,500.00 6,280.00 33,780.00 1899-00 27,500.00 1,000.00 $2,500.00 31,000.00 1901-02 33,000.00 30,000.00 4,550.00 1,000.00 68,550.00 1903-04 50,000.00 3,250.00 8,500.00 61,750.00 1905-06 90,000.00 50,000.00 11,760.00 7,500.00 159,260.00 1907-08 117,805.00 19,400.00 8,000.00 142,205.00 1909-10 132,700.00 15,600.00 147,870.00 1911-12 156,000.00 10,000.00 25,800.00 13,000.00 204,800.00 Since 1901-02 the school has not been able to draw out all that has been appropriated for its use biennially, ovdng to deficiencies in the state treasury. These figures do not represent what the school has actually received since 1901-02. CHAPTER XII. SCHOOLS OF OSTEOPATHY. Section I. — The American School of Osteopathy. Any account of the American School of Osteopathy must include something in the way of a biographical sketch of Dr. A. T. Still, the founder of the science of osteopathy. Inasmuch as many of his early experiences paved the way for his ultimate discovery of osteopathy, it is well to give them in some detail. Andrew Taylor StiU was born August 6, 1828, three miles north of Jonesboro, Lee County, Virginia. He was the third son of Abram and Martha Still. In 1834 his father, who was a physician and a Methodist preacher, moved his family to New market, Tennessee. His first schooling was received Avhile living at this place, in what was knoAvn as "Holston College." In 1837 his father Avas appointed as the first Methodist missionary to North Mis souri, Avhich was at that time just being settled up. The trip was made in seven Aveeks, the family coming in tAvo wagons and with seven horses. The family lived in Macon County from 1837 to 1840 and thence moved farther north into Avhat afterAvards Avas knoAA^n as Schuyler County. In 1845 the family was back again in Macon County. Dr. Still's schooling during these years was fragmentary and prim itive in character. The pioneer condition of North Missouri at that time permitted nothing extended in the way of educational facihties. In his Autobiography he describes one of the school houses in which he attended school: "That autumn we felled trees in the woods and built a log cabin eighteen by twenty feet in size, seven feet high, dirt floor, with one whole log or pole left out to admit light through sheeting tacked over the space so we could see to read and write." An idea of the diversions and at the same time the strenuous life in Missouri is shown by this further quotation from his Autobiography: "My father owned a farm and raised a large amount of corn, and had a great many horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs to feed on it, so our crops were consumed at home. We had so much corn to husk and crib that we were compelled to commence very early in order to get it stored away before cold weather. When Ave were all in our teens, my eldest brother nineteen, the next seventeen, and myself fifteen, we Dr. Andrew Taylor Still. Schools op Osteopathy. 243 gathered corn from early morn till late in the evening, fed the stock, ate our suppers, and prepared for a good hunt for coons, foxes, opossums, and skunks. We always took a gun, an axe, a big butcher knife, and flint and steel to make a fire. We had a polished cow's horn which we could blow as loud as the horn that overthrcAv the walls of Jericho. As brother Jim was a great talker, we made him chief horn-blower. He went into the yard, and bracing himself tooted and tooted and split the air for miles, while the dogs collected around him and roared and howled. You never heard such sweet music as brother Jim and the dogs made. Shortly after his melodies began, we were in line of march, front, middle and rear rank, and soon journeyed to the Avoods to hunt opossums, polecats, coons, Avild-cats, foxes, and turkeys." Dr. Still has given expression to the effects of. this pioneer life upon his career as follows: "My frontier experience was valuable to me in more ways than I can tell. It was invaluable in my scientific researches. Before I had ever studied anatomy from books I had almost perfected the knoAvledge from the great book of nature. The skinning of squirrels had brought me into contact with muscles, nerves, and veins. The bones, the great foundation of the AVonderful house Ave live in, were ahvays a study to me long before I learned the hard names given to them by the scientific world. As the skull of a horse was used at my first school as a seat for the indolent scholar, I have thought it might be typical of the good horse sense that led me to go to the fountain head of all knowledge and there learn the lesson that drugs are dangerous to the body, and the science of medicine just what some great physicians declared it to be — a humbug." On January 29, 1849, he was married to Miss Mary M. Vaughn. Owing to the destruction of his corn crop by a hail storm in the foUoAV- ing July he was forced to teach school the next winter, receiving therefor $15 a month. In May, 1853, he and his wife left Macon County and went with his father to the Shawnee Mission of the Methodist Church, which was located on the Wakarusa, forty miles west of Kansas City. The land was yet occupied by the Indians. No Enghsh was spoken outside of the mission. Here he farmed and assisted his father in doctoring the Indians for erysipelas, fever, flux, pneumonia and cholera which pre vailed among them. His only preparation for this work had consisted in "reading medicine" with his father. His experience with the In dians offered him his first opportuinty to do original research work. From earliest youth the study of the mechanics of the human body Mrs. a. T. Still. Schools of Osteopathy. 245 possessed a great fascination for him. His interest in these things was probably due largely to his family environment: his father was both a phj-sician and a preacher; his father's three brothers Avere physicians; and later his two older brothers became physicians also. He increased his knowledge of anatomy by digging up the bones of many a "good Indian" and carefully studying them. His success as a practitioner among the Indians and the early pioneers was about the average. He went to Kansas just as the great crisis in the history of that territory was coming on. Having deep conAdctions on the issues that were up, he did not hesitate to take a part in the struggle. He was prominently identified with "Jim" Lane and John BroAvn in their ef forts to keep the territory free from slaA"ery, and was a member of the Free State Legislature of 1857, representing Douglas County. In September, 1861, he enlisted in the Ninth Kansas CaA^alry, and served as surgeon in that regiment until he was honorablj' discharged in AprU, 1862. He thereupon enlisted in the Twenty-First Kansas State ^Mihtia and served as Major in it until October, 1864. when that regiment was disbanded. In 1865-66 he attended the Kansas City [Medical School and re ceiA'ed there the onlj' formal instruction in medicine he CA^er got. He had, however, begun to lose faith in drugs while serving in the army, and his staj' in the Kansas City school does not seem to have strength ened his faith in them any. ^leanwhile, changes had taken place in his o-wn family. On Sep tember 29, 1859, his vdfe died, leaving three children, and in the spring of 1864 two of these children and an adopted child died of spinal menin gitis. Meanwhile, he was married a second time, taking as his Adfe Miss Mary E. Turner on NoA-ember 20, 1860. For nearly fifty years they journeyed together on the pathway of life, ]\Irs. StiU dying on May 28, 1910. In the early seA'enties Dr. StiU made some interesting inventions in machinerj^ Among them were a reaper, mower, and a churii. It seems as though a mowing machine company got hold of the idea he had worked out for a reaper and mower, and-used them Avithout making him any compensation. He was able, however, to peddle his OAvn churn, and he spent some time at this Adth some degree of success until the summer of 1874. In that year he made his famous discovery of osteopathy. Through years of study and thought upon the subject Dr. StUl had been gradually coining to a realization of the truth he was to im part. He relates that his first discovery in the science of osteopathy 246 History of Adair County. Avas made when he was a lad of only ten years. One day when he was suffering from a headache he made a SAving of his father's plow line be tween two trees, so that the swing hung within eight or ten inches of the ground. Throwing the end of a blanket over the SAving, he lay down on the ground and used the line for a SAvinging pillow. In a short time he Avas asleep and when he woke up his headache was gone. He was not able to reason it out how he had relieved himself, but he was accustomed thereafter to make a rope swing and use it when he felt a headache coming on. It has been noted how during the war he had begun to lose faith in drugs. He kept on revolving his ideas in his mind until finally on June 22, 1874, according to his testimony, the Avhole light burst in upon him. How he arrived at this discovery we will let him tell from his Autobiography : "This year (1874) I began an extended study of the drive Avheels, pinions, cups, arms, and shafts of human life with their forces, supplies, framework, and attachments by ligaments; muscles, their origin, and insertion; nerves, their origin and supply; blood supply from and to the heart; how and where the motor nerves received their power and motion; how the sensory nerves acted in their functions; voluntary and involuntary nerves in performing their duties, the sources of their sup ply, and the work done in health, in the obstructing parts, in the places through which they passed to perform their part in the economy of life : — all this study awoke a new interest Avithin me. I believed that some thing abnormal could be found in some of the nerve divisions which would tolerate a temporary or permanent suspension of the blood either in arteries or veins and cause disease." "With this thought I began to ask myself. What is fever? Is it an effect, or is it a thing, as commonly described by medical authors? I concluded it was only an effect, and on that line I have experimented and proven the position I then took to be a truth, AvonderfuUy sustained by nature responchng every time in the affirmative. I have concluded after tAventy-five years of observation and experimenting that there is no such disease as fever, flux, diphtheria, typhus, typhoid, lung fever, or any other fever classed under the common head of fever; rheumatism, sciatica, gout, colic, liver disease, nettlerash or croup, on to the end of the list, do not exist as diseases. All these separately and combined are only effects. The cause can be found and does exist in the limited or excited action of the nerves which control the fluids of part of the whole of the body. It appears perfectly reasonable to any person born above the condition of an idiot, Avho has familiarized himself with anat- Schools of Osteopathy. 247 omy and its Avorking with the machinery of life, that all diseases are effects, the cause being a partial or complete failure of the nerves to properly conduct the fluids of life." The theory of osteopathy has many versions, but there is none that describes it more thoroughly or plainly than the one given by its founder in his own characteristic language: "Osteopathy deals with the body as an intricate machine which if kept in proper adjustment, nourished and cared for, Avill run smoothly into a ripe and useful old age. As long as the human machine is in order, like the locomotive or any other mechanical contrivance, it will perform the functions for which it was intended. When every part of the machine is adjusted and in perfect harmony, health will hold do minion over the human organism by laws as natural and immutable as the law of graAutation. Every living organism has within it the poAver to manufacture and prepare all chemicals, materials and forces needed to build and rebuild itself, together with all the machinery and appara tus required to do this Avork in the most perfect manner, producing the only substance that can be utilized in the economy of the individual. No material other than food and water taken in satisfaction of the de mands of the appetite (not perverted taste) can be introduced from the outside without detriment." When Dr. Still made his discovery he Avas living in Baldwin, Kan sas. This was the home of Baker University, a Methodist institution which Dr. Still and his father and brothers had helped very materially to get started some years before. When he asked the privilege of ex plaining his new found science in the institution, he Avas flatly refused by the authorities. Finding Kansas an unwelcome field he came back to Missouri in 1875, and after spending three months visiting his brother E. C. Still at Macon, he came on to Kirksville. After sojourning here for three months he sent for his family, consisting then of a Avife and four little children. They arrived in May, 1875. In Kirksville he found at least four friends who aided him. One was Mrs. Ivie, who kept a hotel and gaA^e him his room and meals a month without charge. Another was F. A. Grove, M. D., who encour aged him in his ncAV ideas; another was Robert Harris, machinist and and experienced gunsmith, whose wife was relieved by Dr. Still from a distressing malady which had afflicted her for years; the fourth AA^as Charley Chinn, from whom he rented a suite of rooms over his store on terms that were exceedingly generous. The kindnesses of these people. Dr. Still never tires of talking about. 248 History of Adair County. In the North Missouri Register, a paper pubhshed in KirksviUe from 1870 to 1879, there appeared in the issue for March 11, 1875, Dr. Still's professional card, in which he announced himself as a Magnetic Healer and in which he gave his office and office hours. In the issue for March 18, this personal notice appeared: "The attention of the readers of the Register is called to the card of Dr. StiU, magnetic healer, Avho has quietly opened up an office for the healing of disease, and from the success attending his profession thus far at this place, he Avith others now associated with him expect to build up an Infirmary that will be noted for its good Avorks in healing the afflicted. They now occupy tAvo rear rooms over Chinn's store, and expect soon to occupy the whole of the upper story thereof." We see from the advertisement and this personal notice that at so early a date as 1875 Dr. Still was dreaming of plans for an Infirmary, which have been realized even more fully than he had then dreamed. We also note that he had not yet coined the word osteopathy; that Avas not done until 1887. Until then he used terms which Avould attract attention, such as Magnetic Healing, and even as late as 1891 he signed published articles as "The Lightning Bone Setter." His first patients were among the poor and unfortunate. Many a time he was either refused admittance or was compelled to come into the homes he would visit, by the back door, for fear the people Avho allowed him to come in Avould be ridiculed or ostracized. In the course of a few months after coming to Kirksville, he had acquired a practice sufficient, as he says, to feed his "Avife and babies and pay house rent," but a severe spell of typhoid fever which lasted from September, 1876 to June, 1877, proved hard on him physically and financially. In 1878 he went to Kansas where he remained until 1880, when he went to Wadesburgh, Henry County, Missouri. Colonel Lowe, who was his colonel in the army, Avas living at Wadesburgh and sent for him to come and treat him. For six years thereafter he prac ticed in and around Chnton, Holden, Harrison ville. Rich Hill and Kan sas City. He Avas popularly known as the "tramp doctor." The dif ficulty of getting patients in any one locality forced him to become an itinerant doctor. In 1886 he returned to the northeastern part of the state and opened up offices at Hannibal, Palmyra, and other places. Finally in 1887 he decided to give up travelling and settle down at Kirksville. He lec tured in every school house in Adair County, it is said, explaining to the people his theory. He always found the common people excellent listeners. The points made Avere illustrated by treating the afflicted Schools of Osteopathy. 249 in his audiences. Often his treating and lecturing Avould hold his au dience until after midnight. GeneraUy one of his sons was with, him and would assist him by holding some portion of the patient's body as directed, Avhile he did the specific work. In a fcAV years after he had returned to KirksA-ille he was travelling again, going over much the same territory he had covered in the early eighties. Ea'Cii after patients had begun to come in large numbers to KirksAuUe, Dr. Still and his sons were accustomed to traA'el OA'er this state and other states and giA-e treatments. This practice of going out on such trips seems to have been given up about 1894 or 1895. Dr. Still on such trips Avould frequently give public lectures on the streets and publicly demonstrate his ideas. At some places people would come from great distances to see and hear the AA'onderful "faith cure doctor," as they often called him. Almost all the patients he treated in public Avere treated A\ithout charge. ^lany a time an afflicted per son who had been relieved at some public exhibition would go aAvay shouting at the top of his A'oice for joy. The pioneer days in the seventies and eighties were times of much distress of mind and body to Dr. Still and his family. Not only were times hard, but ridicule and abuse had to be borne. Such terms as crazy crank, impostor, fake doctor and others still more uncomplimen tary were used to designate him. In many places little children Avere taught to cross the street rather than pass him on the sidewalk. Preach ers condemned him from the pulpit. These were trj-ing times and only a stout-hearted man could ha.A-e passed through them successfully. But Dr. Still was not left to bear his burdens alone. To his faithful Avife Avho remained cheerful and hopeful through it all, Dr. Still as- scrilies much of the credit of his ultimate success. As has been stated before, Dr. Still decided to settle doA\ai in Kirks A'ille somewhere in 1SS7. Very soon the practice became more than he could handle alone. For scA'cral years one or the other of his sons, Harry and Charles, had been accustomed to accompany him on his trips and render assistance, but up to this time neither was a practi tioner. It occurred to Dr. Still that he should give full instructions to his eldest son and make out of him a full-fledged practitioner. Suc ceeding in this and finding he needed more help in attending to his pa tients who were coming in greater numbers, he began to giA^e full instruc tion to two other sons, Charles and Herman, and finally to his young est son Fred, and at least three intimate friends of the family, Air. Wil- derson, Mr. Hatten, and ]Mr. Ward, each of Avhom were later given the title of doctor. The success he had AA-ith these members of his famih' 250 History' of Adair County. and intimate friends proved to him that his science was something which could be imparted to others, and refuted the oft-repeated statement of that time that when Dr. Still died osteopathy would die Avith him. He now began to think of establishing a school in Avhich the science of osteopathy might be taught to all who Avished to learn it. In a short time the school was established, but it was in connection with an in firmary, and for a long time the school was secondary to the infirmary. The establishing of the infirmary came as a result of the increase in the number of patients who came to Dr. Still for treatment. By The First Building of the A. S. O. 1891 they began to come in scores from aU parts of the country. It Avas nothing uncommon for him to have as many as 100 to 125 different patients every week. Up to 1892 treatments Avere given at Dr. Still's residence, or at the homes or boarding houses of the patients. His extended success in treating and teaching demanded a special building for this work, and several toAvns offered to erect such a building on con dition he Avould locate there and bring aU his patients and students Avith him. Macon Avas among the towns that offered special inducements. None of these propositions Avere accepted. He decided to remain in Kirksville, declining at the same time a proffered bonus. In May, 1892, the American School of Osteopathy was incorpor ated, and in June of that year Dr. Still made arrangements for the sec- Schools of Osteopathy. 251 ond member of the faculty, Dr. William Smith of Edinburgh, Scot land, who was to take charge of the instruction in anatomy and surgery. Dr. StiU tells in his Autobiography how he became acquainted with Dr. Smith. One day in June, 1892, Dr. Smith came to KirksvUle sell ing surgical and medical instruments. He called on Dr. Still, and the impression he made Avas so favorable, he was forthAvith engaged to teach in the school the coming season. The school opened in a little one-story frame building which stood where the Infirmary now stands. This building was later moved across the street where it now stands. The cut on the opposite page is from a photograph taken in 1911. The school was soon threatened with complete extinction by a bill which Avas introduced in the Missouri Legislature providing that no school except eclectic, allopathic and homeopathic colleges should grant diplomas. This biU was introduced in June, 1893. It was readUy seen that this bill if passed Avould wreck the American School of Osteo pathy, which had been doing a very lucrative business in Kirksville. A remonstrance against the bill was circulated and signed in KirksAoUe, and Judge Andrew Ellison and Dr. William Smith Avent in person to Jeffer son City to Avork against it. The bill failed to pass the House, and the school was saved. Besides opposition abroad there Avas some of it at home. The Kirksville papers all during 1893, especially March and June, contained controversial articles betAveen the champions and opponents of osteo pathy. The opponents were chiefly from the medical profession, though there were many outside Avho had no faith in osteopathy. But Dr. Still did not lack for ardent supporters in the toAvn by this time. This is seen in the demonstration made at the opera house on the evening of June 22, 1893, Avhen the nineteenth anniversary of the discovery of osteopathy was celebrated. His address was the event of the program, in which he gave a sketch of the history of osteopathy. A large crowd was in attendance and showed enthusiastic interest in his cause. The first graduating exercises were held at the Opera House on March 2, 1894. Including the three who had completed their work the preceding January, this class was composed of nineteen persons as f oUoAvs : Bird, Arthur Pierson Rich Hill, Mo. HUl, J. D San Francisco, Calif. Kerns, Mrs. L.J Springfield, Mo. BoUes, Mrs. Nettie H Denver, Colo. Davis, Andrew P Chicago, lU. Davis, F. S DaUas, Texas. 252 History op Adair County. Harter, Mrs. Mamie Sedaha, Mo. Hatten, Jas. 0 St. Louis, Mo. HUdreth, Arthur G KirksvUle, Mo. Machin, MiUer Keokuk, Iowa. Osborn, Jas. H Leon, loAva. Polmeteer, Frank Kirksville, Mo. Smith, Wm Kirksville, Mo. StiU, Chas. E KirksviUe, Mo. StiU, H. T St. Louis, Mo. StiU, EdAvard C Macon, Mo. Ward, M. L Kirksville, Mo. The first three in the above list are the ones Avho completed their AVork in January. Speeches were made by P. F. Greenwood, F. M. Harrington, Pres ident W. D. Dobson, Dr. StiU, and Mr. Dodge of Sedalia. President Dobson acted as master of ceremonies. After the exercises a banquet was giA^en by the class to a number of invited guests at one of the hotels. Subsequent graduations came at irregular intervals down to 1898- 99. Since that time two classes have been graduated each year, except the tAVO years, 1907-08, and 1908-09 when there was only one class a year. One class is graduated in June, the other in January or Feb ruary. The degree conferred was at first called Diplomate in Osteopathy. It is now Doctor of Osteopathy. Commencement exercises were held at first in the Opera House. After the main part of the present building was erected, they were held in Memorial Hall, or if the weather permitted the May or June commence ment exercises have been held on the front lawns of the residences of Drs. A. T. and C. E. StiU. The rapid increase in the number of patients and the excellent prospect for an increase in the number of students led certain towns, among which Avere Des Moines, Kansas City, Sedalia, and Macon, to offer special inducements to Dr. Still to locate there. In order to show their interest in Dr. Still and his work and to give tangible evidence of that interest, a large number of Kirksville citizens met in a mass meet ing on May 26, 1894. Every one present felt the importance of keeping Dr. Still and his institution in town. A committee was appointed to secure subscriptions to a fund which Avould be tendered to Dr. Still. S. M. Pickler offered to give five acres of ground in the west part of toAvn, and R. M. Brashear ten acres in the east part. In a fcAV days $2,600 Avere raised and presented to Dr. StiU, together with some valuable Schools of Osteopathy. 253 land donations for a building site. On May 28, the following resolutions were uanimously adopted by another mass meeting of citizens: "We, the citizens of Kirksville, assembled at the Mayor's office this evening. May 28, 1894, to take into consideration the advisability of assisting to erect an infirmary in conjunction with Dr. A. T. Still for his use and the benefit of humanity, try to express our appreciation of his great ability as the founder and exponent of the School of Osteo pathy. That we as citizens feel proud of him as a fellow-townsman; that we have the utmost confidence in his skill as a healer, as is evidenced The Second Building. by hundreds of his patients who come halt and lame and depart in a few weeks with light heart and straightened limb; that we believe in his integrity as a man, and we feel proud that he has gained a national reputation, and earnestly ask Dr. Still to remain with us, and we prom ise him substantial aid, and our most hearty support in holding up his hands, as the greatest leader of modern times." On accepting the money and lands tendered to him. Dr. Still prom ised to remain in Kirksville; and in doing so he said his decision had been reached not so much because of the bonus as the hearty co-opera tion of the citizens which had been manifested. 254 History of Adair County'. Dr. Still purchased sixty-one acres from Mrs. Haley which lay just west of his place, for $7,500, and also the G. R. BrcAvington residence Avhich joined INIrs. Halej^'s property on the south for $3,000. In August, 1894, the contract Avas let for a three-story buUding, 88 by 44 feet, to cost about $15,000. In the Democrat for August 24, 1894, there Avas pubhshed a letter from Dr. StiU, in which he thanked the citizens for their contribution and announced that the amount they had given Avould be used in building the hotel then under construction by his son, H. M. Still. He further announced that the money expended in building the ucav infirmarj^ would be what he had earned in the prac tice of osteopathy. The dedication of this building occurred on Thursday evening, January 10, 1895. A formal program Avas carried out, in Avhich there Avere addresses by J\Ir. P. F. Greeiwood, Dr. Still, Judge AndrcAV Elli son, Prof. G. H. Laughlin, and Mr. H. F. Millan. The addresses Avere interspersed with musical selections. The first anniversary of the dedication of the Infirmary was duly celebrated by appropriate exercises on January 10, 1896. At sunrise a number of guns Avere fired and at sundoAvn the firing was repeated. In the eA^ening ^Memorial Hall was croAvded to. its utmost capacity. Addresses were made by Dr. StiU and Dr. A. G. Hildreth. Meamvhile, the school had been rechartered. The first charter had proved to be deficient in regard to the poAvers Avhich it conferred, and a ucav one Avas therefore secured. Articles of incorporation Avere secured from the Adair County Circuit Court on October 22, 1894, and the same were filed Avith the Secretary of State on October 30. These articles, with some subsequent minor amendments, are as foUoAvs : "Article 1: — The name and style of this corporation shall be The American School of Osteopathy, and shaU be located in the city of Kirksville in the County of Adair, and State of Missouri. "Article 2: — The officers of this corporation shall be a President and such other officers as the Trustees shall from time to time deem necessary and appoint. "Article 3: — The object of this corporation is to establish a Col lege of Osteopathy, the design of Avhich is to improve our present system of Surgery, Obstetrics and treatment of diseases generally, and place the same on a more rational and scientific basis, and to impart informa tion to the medical profession, and to grant and confer such honors and degrees as are usually granted and conferred by reputable Medical Colleges; to issue diplomas' in testimony of the same to all students graduating from said school, under the seal of the corporation, with the The Third Building. This is the second building with additions in front and in the rear. 256 History of Adair County. signature of each member of the faculty and of the President of the CoUege. "Article 4: — That the corporate powers of said College shaU be vested in a Board of Trustees to consist of a number not less than five nor more than thirteen, and that the President of the Board shall be ex-officio President of the College; which board shall have perpetual succession, with powers from time to time to fill all vacancies in their body, and that A. T. StUl, Harry M. Still, Charies E. Still, Blanche Still and Herman T. Still shall be the first members of said Board, and shall have the power to increase their number as hereinbefore specified. "Article 5: — That said Board of Trustees and their successors, for a period of fifty years, shall have full power and authority to appoint a faculty to teach such sciences and arts as are usually taught in Med ical Colleges, and in addition thereto, the science of Osteopathy; to fill A^acancies in the Faculty, to remoA'e the same, to declare the tenures and duties of all officers and teachers, and fix their compensation there for; to provide a suitable building and furnish the same, and to fix the amount of tuition to be charged students, the number and length of terms students shall attend such CoUege before graduating, the qual ifications necessary to admit students into such College; to grant di plomas to all graduates who shall have passed an examination satis factory to the Board of Trustees and Faculty, in each and every branch required to be taught and studied in the curriculum of said College; and to make all by-laws necessary for carrying into effect the objects of this corporation not inconsistent with the laws of the State of Mis souri and the Constitution thereof." As will be noted, it is not organized as a joint stock company, or as a commercial concern, but its charter is granted by the State of Mis souri under the section of law which provides for the establishment of literary and scientific institutions, the provisions of which require that the needs and interests of the Avork which the corporation is char tered to perform shall always be paramount in the management of its business. The stock of the corporation is noAv owned (1911) by C. E. Still, Warren Hamilton, W. G. Font, and E. C. Brott. Up to October, 1895, not more than one class was enrolled a year. In fact, the school was as yet considered secondary to the Infirmary. The completion of the new building increased the facilities for both treat ing and teaching. In 1895 over 30,000 treatments were given to suf ferers who came from nearly every state in the Union. • In October, 1895, a class of tAventy-seven Avas enrolled, and in January, 1896, another Schools of Osteopathy. 257 class of twenty was enrolled. Of these tAvo classes twenty-eight Avere from Missouri and the rest Avere from five other states. These classes recited to just one teacher in a classroom only 20 by 25, the recitations taking up only two hours a day. The facilities which had been so much enlarged in January, 1895, soon came to be inadequate for both the school and the infirmary. In May, 1896, Avork was begun upon an addition to the building that more than doubled its capacity, but even before that Avas completed the rapidly increasing demands made it necessary to begin work on a second The A. S. O. Hospital. addition which trebled the size of the original edifice. The whole build ing very much as it stands today, was completed in January, 1897. It is 64 by 175 feet, four stories high, contains sixty rooms, aggregating about 30,000 square feet of floor space, and cost about $80,000. The largely increased facilities were provided none too soon, for while the inflrmary business had grown steadily, increasing at the rate of about one hundred per cent each j^ear, the increase in the school at tendance had been phenomenal during the year 1896-97, having in creased nearly five hundred per cent in that time. While in 1895-96 there were fifty students from six different states reciting two hours a 258 History of Adair County. day to one teacher in one room, there were in the following year two hundred and eighty-three students representing twenty-four states and two Canadian provinces, using nine large classrooms and engaged with lectures and recitations occupying the entire day from eight in the morning to five in the afternoon. For a long time it was felt that a hospital was needed for the accom modation of patients and for successful clinical work. The infirmary made no provision for the care of patients. Preparations were begun for meeting this need early in 1905, and on June 22, 1905, the corner stone of the hospital building was laid. This came as the closing event of the graduating exercises for the year. Appropriate addresses were made by President John R. Kirk, Dr. J. A. Crow, Dr. Nettie Olds Haight, and Dr. A. T. StiU. Dr. StiU laid the corner stone. In the course of a few months the hospital was open for patients. It has an aseptic operating room, a clinical amphitheatre, a lying-in ward, forty private rooms and two wards. It has a capacity of fifty to seventy-five patients. The building is made of brick and heavy gray stone, is two stories high, and is 78 by 108 feet. Patients are brought from all parts of the country by osteopathic physicians. In 1906 a training school for nurses was established, and young women were given training and instruction in nursing. The course is two years in length, and already sixteen have graduated as trained nurses. Across the street from the hospital is the nurses' cottage. The Superintendents of the hospital have been Leone Dalton, Mary Walters, Miss Gust, Lulie Hall, Bessie Ammerman, Rena Bam- bert, and Mrs. Ada R. Nesbit. In 1903 the institution estabhshed a sanitarium at St. Louis, called the A. T. Still Sanitarium and Hospital. Dr. A. G. Hildreth was in charge of it at first, and then later Dr. W. D. Dobson managed it. It was given up during the year 1908. Several schools of osteopathy have been consolidated Avith the American School of Osteopathy within the last few years. Among these schools that have been thus consolidated are: the Dr. S. S. Still College of Osteopathy of Des Moines, loAva, with which had already been consohdated the Northern Institute of Osteopathy of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the NorthAvestern College of Osteopathy of Fargo, N. D.; the Milwaukee Colege of Osteopathy of Mihvaukee, Wis.; the BoUes Institute of Osteopathy (the Colorado College of Osteopathy) of Denver, Colo.; the Ohio College of Osteopathy of Chillicothe, Ohio; the Atlantic School of Osteopathy of Buffalo, N. Y. ; and the Southern School of Osteopathy of Franklin, Ky. Graduates of these schools Nurses Cottage. Since this was talcen a full socond story has been added, 260 History of Adair County. were granted diplomas by the American School of Osteopathy, as the schools from which they had graduated were consolidated Avith the A. S. 0. The course of study at first was very brief. It consisted largely of a study of anatomy, physiology, diagnosis and practice of osteopathy. No set amount of time was required to graduate. A student was grad uated when he got through with his work. As a rule that took just about a year. In 1896-97 the course was added to, and two years of work of four terms of tAventy weeks each were required of each student for graduation. In 1905-06 the course was lengthened one more year, each of the three years having two semesters of eighteen weeks each. _ . n, i! S: i! !l il m'X s!-"' $.~iJ n iMw". The School and Hospital Buildings. This change in the content of the courses from time to time is seen by comparing that for 1897-98, when the school was just getting on its feet, and that for 1910-11. In 1897-98 the course of instruction extended over two years and Avas divided into four terms of five months each. The first term was devoted to Descriptive Anatomy, including Osteology, Syndesmology, Myology, Aryology, and Neurology; Histology, including the descrip tion and recognition of the normal tissues of the body; the principles of Chemistry and Physics. The second term included Descriptive Anatomy of the viscera, and organs of special sense; Regional Anatomy, Avith demonstrations on the cadaver; Didactic and Laboratory Avork in Chemistry; Physiological Chemistry, Urinalysis, and Toxicology; Schools of Osteopathy. 261 Physiology of circulation, respiration, digestion, absorption, assimila tion, secretion and excretion; Principles of Osteopathy. The third term included Regional Anatomy and Pathology, Avith demon strations on the cadaver; Surface Anatomy, Advanced Physiology, Symptomatology and Pathology; Clinical Demonstrations in Osteo pathy. The fourth term included Pathological Anatomy, Minor Sur gery, Gynecology and Obstetrics; Chnical Practice in Osteopathy. The Pit for Surgery Clinics. (In the Hospital.) The course in 1910-11 covers a period of three years divided into sixteen or eighteen Aveeks each, with a fourth year of seven months. The first year includes Anatomy, Histology, General and Physical Chemistry and Physiology in the first term ; and Anatomy, Bacteriology, Physiology, Organic and Physiological Chemistry, Histology and Em bryology in the second term. The second year includes Principles of Osteopathy and Applied Anatomy, Descriptive Anatomy, Demon strated Anatomy, Practice of Osteopathy, Osteopathic Mechanics, Pathology and Bacteriology, Hygiene, Pubhc Health, Dietetics, and 262 History op Adair County. Toxicology in the first term; and Demonstrated Anatomy, Practice of Osteopathy, Principles of Osteopathy and Applied Anatomy, Physical Diagnosis, Neurology and Spinal Pathology in the second term. The third year includes Osteopathic Clinics, General Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, Obstetrics, Clinical Practice, Skin and Venereal Diseases, and Pediatrics in the fir^t term; and Osteopathic Clinics, Op erative Surgery, Gynecology, Clinical Practice, Physical Diagnosis, Ambulance and Emergency Work, Obstetrics and Laboratory Diag nosis in the second term. In the fourth year the work is an extension of that of the three previous years. Each student in this year is re quired to elect at least tAventy hours of lectures besides laboratory work. As the course extends five months, there are 560 hours required of each student in addition to laboratory work. Research must be made in some subject assigned by the Faculty and the results embodied in a thesis. The strengthening of the course has meant a great increase in lab oratory facilities. There are at present twelve different laboratories. These include two for Anatomy, three for Bacteriology and Pathology, one for Gynecology, one for Histology, one for Optical work, one for Physiology, one for Diagnosis, one for Hospital work, and one for pri vate demonstration. The tuition fees have varied from time to time. In 1893 they were $500 for males and $200 for females. The course Avas then one year in length. In 1897-98, when the course had been lengthened to two years, they were $500 for the entire course for both males and females; in 1899-1900 they were reduced to $400. In 1900-01 they were reduced still further to $300, plus the dissection fees. In 1907-08, when the course was lengthened from two to three years the tuition was increased to $425. An attempt has been made to list all the members of the faculty from time to time, but there is no assurance that the list given below includes all who have been on the regular faculty. An effort was also made to determine the length of service of each member, but it is not likely that this hass been done successfully in every case. The faculty members in the order of their service and Avith the terms of their service as far as could be found, are as follows : A. T. Still 1892-93— present. C. E. StiU .... 1892-93— present. H. M. StiU 1892-93—1899-00 Wm. Smith 1892-93—1899-00 1907-08—1909-10 CO COo I o C3 o I O 03 (TO o C5 1 — ^ ^H LO ^H o o o o I I I I o o •* o o o o o Oi Oi Oi Oi o o I I 1 — I CD o o (M lO o o o o ft Oi Oi Oi Ct:i Oi O^ O^ O I> ,-1 O I I 05 CD _ O O t-i Oi Oi ft ,-1 ,-H 03p00o05 -1^ -t^ -IJ a ¦ ¦ CDm cc fl ri ft ft ft lO 00 00 00 OO GO ,-H H<: occ o otcooo iX! 05 03 I O^ O^ Oi Oi o^ o^ o o o o o o o o o o o o I I I I I I CJi 0> Ci Oi Oi o^ Oi o^ o^ o o^ o^ o o o o o I 1 I I I o o o o o o o o o o C^CO-^-^CDCDCDCOCOt^I^l-^t^t^oooooooooooooo 1 I I I I I 1 I I ! I I I I i-HCOCOCOiOiOiOLCliOCOCDCDCDCD oooooooooooooo ooQOooooooooa300ooooooooooa30502020(35a3C502a:>a3C20C503C3a30ia3 0000030303000 OOOOOt— i,-HT-H I I J, I J, i I I r^ 00 00 00 o 03 03 o o p o o o o <^ Oi O^ O^ t^ O^ Oi erson Patte ulett tor .. ard . T-! ^j CD >-M Q tS a V . u a K Ph ;^ E-i PL, III d H g^^ a ?^> a: 268 History of Adair County. acquire legal recognition through the legislature, and the first effort was made in 1895. A biU was passed by both houses providing among other things that no person should practice osteopathy in the state unless he had received a diploma from a legally chartered or established school of osteopathy. Much to the disappointment of the friends of osteopathy throughout the state, and especially in Kirksville, Governor Stone vetoed it Avithin four hours after the adjournment of the Legis lature. The principal objection Avas that osteopathy was a secret and should not be legalized. Though the defeat of this bill was disappointing at the time, the friends of osteopathy have since been glad that it Avas vetoed. The next bill was an improvement over the first one and served the profession better than the other avouIcI have done. In 1897 another bill legalizing osteopathy was introduced in the Legislature and after passing the House by a vote of 101 to 16, and the Senate by 26 to 3, Governor Stephens, avIio had been benefited person ally by osteopathic treatment, signed the bUl. This biU provided in the first place that the system, method or science of treating diseases of the human body, commonly caUed Osteopathy, and as taught and practiced by the American School of Osteopathy at Kirksville, Mis souri, is not the practice of medicine and surgery within the meaning of Article I., Chapter 110 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri of 1889, and is not subject to the proA'isions of that article. It further provided that any person having a diploma regularly issued by the American School of Osteopathy of Kirksville, Missouri, or any other legally char tered and regularly conducted school of Osteopathy, who shall have been in personal attendance as a student in such school for at least four terms of not less than five months each before graduation, shall be au thorized to treat diseases of the human body according to such system, after having filed the diploma for record with the county clerk of the county in Avhich such person purposes to practice. It Avas further pro vided that any person who should practice or pretend to practice or use the system, method or science of Osteopathy in treating diseases of the human body without having complied with the provisions of this act, should be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be subject to a fine. The credit for securing the passage of this bill belongs particularly to Dr. H. E. Patterson, now deceased, and Dr. A. G. HUdreth. Gov ernor Stephens Avas bitterly attacked by the medical profession of the state for his approval of the bill, but he repUed to his assailants that the overwhelming vote in both houses showed him that the state Avas evi- Schools of Osteopathy. 269 dently in favor of osteopathy and that he had reasons of his OAvn for believing in its efficacy. The rejoicing in Kirksville was great when the news came that the Governor had approved the biU. During the rejoicing Dr. StiU's ad mirers hterally forced him into a clothing store and presented him with a fine Prince Albert suit of clothes and a plug hat. They then got him into a photograph gallery and had his picture taken in this garb. As soon as he got home he took off these "duds," and it is asserted that he Memorial Hall. never put them on again. His usual careless dress was much more to his liking than what his friends would have been pleased to have him wear. The laAV of 1897 remained until 1903, when a bill Avas passed creat ing a State Board of Examination which should pass upon persons who were candidates to practice osteopathy. Only five votes were passed against this bill. Even the State Board of Medical Examiners rec ommended its passage, showing that the feeling of animosity against osteopathy was dying out and that active opposition Avas a thing of the past in the state. 270 History of Adair County. The most important provisions of the law of 1903, including the amendments of 1907, are as follows: 1. The State Board consists of five persons appointed by the Gov ernor of the State. Their terms are arranged so that the term of one member expires each j^ear. The Board elects its own President, Sec retary and Treasurer. The Secretary receives a salary of not more than $1,500 per annum. The Board keeps a register of all applicants for certificates, giving the name of the institutions from which they re ceived diplomas and whether they were rejected or granted certificates. 2. Persons desiring to practice osteopathy in the state must secure a certificate from this Board. This certificate is made on the basis of a statement made as to his study in a school of osteopathy and of an examination by the Board on anatomy, physiology, physiological chem istry, toxicology, osteopathic pathology, diagnosis, hygiene, obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, principles and practice of osteopathy, and other subjects as the Board may require. Provision is made, however, for a discretionary dispensing Avith this examination in the case of an osteopathic physician who is a graduate of a reputable college of osteo- pathjr and who presents a certificate issued on examination by a board of some other state. Other provisions are included for registering the certificates and for infractions of the laAV by persons who do not comply with its pro- Adsions. In addition to the legal recognition given to osteopathy in Mis souri, similar recognition has been given in some form or other in forty- one other states and territories, in the Union. They are as f oUoavs : Alabama Kentucky Oklahoma Arizona Maryland Oregon Arkansas Massachusetts Pennsylvania California Michigan South Carohna Colorado Minnesota South Dakota Connecticut Mississippi Tennessee Delaware Missouri Texas Florida Montana Utah Hawaii Nebraska Vermont Idaho New Mexico Virginia lUinois New York Washington Indiana North Carolina West Virginia Iowa North Dakota Wisconsin Kansas Ohio Wyoming It has also been legaUzed in British Columbia. Schools of Osteopathy. 271 The legal status given osteopathy in at least most of the states named above was secured very largely through the efforts of the A. S. O. Representatives of the institution have appeared before Legisla tures and Governors and explained the system and thus contributed to the success in securing favorable legislation. The American Osteopathic Association Avas organized in April, 1897. It has convened twice in Kirksville. The first time Avas in July, 1901. It was known at that time as the American Association for the Advancement of Osteopathy, but the name was changed at the meeting at Kirksville in 1901. Representatives of eight schools of osteopathj'- Avere in attendance, and three other schools were admitted by the Asso ciation. The twelfth annual meeting was held in Kirksville August 3-6, 1908. The particular reason for holding it in Kirksville at that time was in honor of Dr. Still's eightieth birthday. Osteopaths from all parts of the country came. Many came in special coaches, and the Chicago, Ncav York and eastern delegations came in a special train of six coaches. About seven hundred members of the A. 0. A. regis- istered, but it was believed there were several hundred more osteopaths visiting the convention who did not register. The sessions of the convention were held under a big tent in what Avas knoAvn then as the Chautauqua park on East Jefferson street be tAveen Mulanix and Florence streets. The opening session was on Monday morning, August 3, at which Dr. Still made the welcome ad dress in his OAvn characteristic style. Sessions were held every morn ing, afternoon and evening for three days. In addition to these general sessions, a number of surgical operations Avere performed at the A. S. O. Hospital and some clinical demonstrations given. Sessions of the Missouri Valley Osteopathic Association and of the Missouri Osteo pathic Association were also held during the A. O. A. convention. The biggest day was Thursday, August 6, the "Old Doctor's" eightieth birthday. The citizens of Kirksville and the delegates to the A. 0. A. joined in honoring the founder of osteopathJ^ At eight o'clock that morning a life-size portrait of Dr. Still Avas unveiled. The por trait was presented totheA. S.O., by the alumni of that institution. A special program was rendered, in which addresses Avere made by Dr. J. A. DeTienne of Brooklyn, Dr. J. L. Holloway of DaUas, Dr. A. G. HUdreth of St. Louis, Dr. Ernest Sisson of Oakland, Dr. Chas. Haz- zard of New York, Dr. L. van H. Gerdine of Kirksville, and Dr. Geo. W. Riley of New York. At eleven o'clock the first of the citizens' sessions was held. Ad- 272 History of Adair County. dresses were made by Mayor Selby, Dr. S. T. Lyne, and Dr. A. G. Hildreth. The second of the citizens' sessions was held in the afternoon at two o'clock. This was preceded 'by the parade, which had been post poned from the morning because of the rain. At the head of the parade were the Knights of Pythias in uniform, who Avere foUoAved by the Nov inger Band, and the Corporal Dix Post, G. A. R. After them came the Old Doctor's carriage which contained Dr. Still and his escort. Fol lowing the carriage came Dr. StiU's relatives and A. S. 0. Faculty, ,*> '•' '; m Procession on the "Old Doctor's Day," August 6, 1908. Osteopathic state delegations. Normal School students, A. S. 0. stu dents, and citizens of Kirksville. The head of the parade reached the park before the rear had left the A. S. 0. The program consisted of addresses by Mr. J. A. Cooley, Prof. B. P. Gentry, Rev. F. W. Gee, and Prof. H. Clay Harvey. In the evening the program was continued with addresses by Dr. W. C. Templeton and President John R. Kirk. At the close of President Kirk's remarks he presented Dr. Still a loving cup valued at $250 from the citizens of Kirksville. This Avas the second one presented to him during the con vention. During the convention $43,000 was raised for the fund for osteo pathic research. That fund aggregated at that time $70,000. Schools of Osteopathy. 273 Section II. — The Columbian School of Osteopathy. For several years Kirksville had tAvo schools of osteopathy, the second one being the Columbian School of Osteopathy Avhich was estab lished in 1897, under Dr. M. L. Ward. Dr. Ward had been' Vice-Presi dent of the A. S. 0. under the first charter of 1892, but for various rea sons he had withdrawn from this institution, and believing that there was room for another infirmary and school of osteopathy in Kirksville, he interested several people of the town in the matter and succeeded in maintaining a rival institution for several years. Naturally the rivalry between the two schools was quite bitter, and all the more so since ^ ^^ Dr. M. L. Ward. both Dr. StiU and Dr. Ward claimed to be the original discoverer of the science of osteopathy. Dr. M. L. Ward Avas born in Ohio on May 30, 1849. He came to Missouri in 1870. He claimed that he began his study along the lines of osteopathy as early as 1862, Avhen he was yet a youth, and that he frequently secured results without understanding how he got them. He claimed that in 1889 he made for himself the discovery for which he had been seeking. He was a member of the first graduating class in Dr. StiU's school of osteopathy in 1894, and graduated from the Medical CoUege of Ohio on April 9, 1897, after having spent the three Avinters there following his graduation with Dr. StUl. Schools of Osteopathy. 275 The Columbian School of Osteopathy was chartered in October, 1897, and was incorporated by the Circuit Court of Adair County early in November. The officers of the incorporation were: Dr. M. L. Ward, President; H. J. Bailey, Vice-President; P. J. Rieger, Secre tary; R. M. Brashear, Treasurer. The fifth member of the Board was J. M. McCall. The financial management was in the hands of Mr. Brashear, who is said to have furnished practically all the money needed to start the institution. This school was opened on November 8, 1897, in the McGuire building just off the northwest corner of the square. The enrollment on the first day was tAventy-seven. The faculty Avas composed of Dr. M. L. Ward, President; Dr. C. H. Thomas, Anatomy; Dr. H. B. Rob- bins, Chemistry; Dr. E. S. Quinn, PhysiologJ^ In a newspaper adver tisement prior to the opening. Dr. Ward announced that "the school Avill be non-sectarian; hence Spiritualism, Methodism, Presbyterian- ism, Baptism, Catholicism or any other ism or politics will not be in cluded in the courses of study." In a published intervicAv Avhich appeared in January, 1898, Dr. Ward had the following to say concerning the school: "The object of the Columbian School of Osteopathy is to bring forward some of the lost sciences that were knoAA^i, practiced and applied by the ancients in Athens over 2,000 years ago. This period of the his tory of Athens was looked upon by all nations as the one center of edu cation, healing, sciences and inventions. Masonry, architecture, and tempering of metals and many other things of Uke character gave it first place in the history of the world. During this, the Olympian age, the ancients had their annual games, such as wresthng, boxing, foot racing and various other sports, Avhich frequently resulted in injuries, and dis locations. Readjustments were made, medicine and surgery were practiced by men who Avere knoAvn as 'bone setters. "The true science of healing, considered in aU its phases, conse quently consists of osteopathy, surgery, and medicine. This science Avas practiced by Zeno, Epicurus, Epictetus, Catelles, and others about ninety-five years B. C. This is the science that is being brought for ward by Dr. M. L. Ward, the founder of the great Columbian School of Osteopathy. It is claimed to be the only school of osteopathy giving instruction in medicine, surgery and mechanical manipulation. It is likewise the only institution .requiring six terms to complete the fuU course in all departments." The osteopathy course required a period of tAventy months, or four terms of five months each. The course in medicine required tAvo terms 276 History of Adair County. of six months each in addition to the twenty months in osteopathy. In other words, at the end of twenty months, the diploma was granted to the student graduating in the full course of osteopathy. If the stu dent wished to pursue the course of medicine, he could do so and at the end of the three years he received a diploma recognizing him as a doc tor of medicine. The avowed object of the founder of the school Avas to combine medicine, surgery and mechanical manipulation so as to make osteopathy what he termed a true science. "True Osteopathy" was a favorite term with him. Prior to the opening of the school Avork had begun on a building for it in the southeastern part of the toAvn which, according to one ncAvs- paper, was called "Mount Brashear." The building was completed early in 1898 and was occupied at once. It was a very imposing three- story brick structure, with a great white dome surmounting it. It was arranged for both treating patients and giving instruction to students. It cost about $30,000. In January, 1900, Dr. Ward became the sole owner of the school and all its property, Mr. Brashear and the other stockholders retiring. It seems that this arrangement was in accordance with the agreements made Avhen the school was begun in November, 1897. The first graduating exercises were held in the grove adjacent to the school building on June 27, 1899. There were thirty-nine in the class. The second class of thirty-eight was graduated in February, 1900. A third class was graduated in June, 1900, but this was the last. The school opened in the fall of 1900, but before the year was out, it was suspended, and the students were enrolled in the A. S. 0. Long drawn out litigation betiveen Dr. Ward and Mr. Brashear over the property, ensued, terminating in the latter getting control of the same. For years the building has remained unoccupied, except when a club has occupied it temporarily. CHAPTER XIII. THE COUNTY PRESS. A sketch of journalism in Adair County would, if adequately writ ten, go back to the time Avhen the first newspaper was established in the county. Indeed it would go back further than that and give some account of what newspapers printed outside of the county circulated in the county prior to the founding of a paper in the county. But that part of the task cannot be accomplished, and what little is said on the early history of newspapers in the county must be fragmentary. This is largely due to the fact that no complete files of the earhest papers have come down to us, and of some of these papers not a single issue, as far as known, now exists. As a matter of fact no newspaper ever published in the county, save the North Missouri Register which was published from 1870 to 1879, has a complete file of its issues. Care lessness in preserving the files or destructive fires have been responsible for the incompleteness of the files. The historical value of the news paper in spite of its inaccuracies of various sorts, is not realized gener ally until Ave desire to look up some matter which we know will be set forth in a newspaper especially if it is of early date. Adair County's history will not be as fully written as it ought to be, especially in the late fifties and early sixties, because of the loss of the early newspaper files. Tradition has it that in February, 1843, a printer by the name of Benjamin Davis came to Kirksville and opened up a job printing office. He got out such things as posters and hand-bills, among which were some posters advertising the sale of toAvn lots in Kirksville. He under took, however, no newspaper. It appears that the Kirksville Enterprise Avas the first paper pub lished in the county. It seems to have been started in 1856 or there abouts. In other words, the county had been settling up for twenty- five years or more and had been organized about fifteen years before a single newspaper was established. This means that during these years the early settlers read practically nothing, for the probabilities are that very few newspapers published outside the county circulated among them. The Enterprise is said to have been started as a campaign pa per in behalf of Buchanan during his campaign for the Presidency. It was not intended to become a permanent publication, but it succeeded 278 History of Adair County. so well it was continued after the campaign. L. F. Walden is said to have been the first editor and pubUsher. This pubhcation changed hands frequently during its short career and was finally merged with the Democrat about 1859. The Democrat was founded some time in October, 1858 by Foster and Stone, with J. D. Foster as editor. Wm. B. Harmless in an article published in the North Missouri Register for January 6, 1876, mentions having an issue of the Democrat for December 23, 1858, before him, and says it was Vol. I, No. 15. This fixes the time AA-hen the paper was estabhshed with considerable certainty at about October, 1858. It is not known just when this paper and the Enterprise were merged, but it is believed it was done by E. M. C. Morelock in 1859. Morelock had bought the Enterprise from Charles Jones, and later the Democrat from Foster and Stone. When the war broke out the Democrat Avas the only paper in the county as far as is knoAvn; that the only paper in the county should be Democratic in politics at that time was in keep ing Avith conditions, as the county Avas largely Democratic up to the outbreak of the war. On August 17, 1861, the Third Iowa Regiment came into Kirks ville running down Confederate recruits. Many who had taken a prom inent part in the agitation of the Confederate cause fled the town, among Avhom Avas Major Morelock, the editor of the Democrat. The loAva Regiment took charge of his paper and got out a special edition on Au gust 23,1861. As far as is known this was the last issue of the Demo crat, and for many years the county was without any paper at all. Sev eral years after this event, Mr. H. F. Millan of Kirksville, came into possession of a copy of this Iowa Regiment edition of the Democrat, and he sent it to the Historical Department of loAva at Des Moines. This copy is being carefully preserved there. Further details concern ing this have been mentioned already in the chapter on the Civil War. The first Republican paper in the county was established by Keel Bradley some time in August, 1864. It bore the name of the Patriot. On November 23, 1865, it passed into the hands of W. G. Kernodle, and after one more issue its name was changed to that of the Weekly Kirksville Journal. Kernodle associated himself with J. H. Myers and E. S. Darlington in founding the Journal. The first issue of this paper was pubhshed on December 2, 1865. At that time there was considerable feeling over the question as to whether the State should disfranchise the ex-Confederates and their sympathizers. The Journal supported the Radical Republican Party which favored dis- The County Press. 279 franchisement. In April, 1866, W. M. Gill bought out Kernodle's interest; in the fall of that year John A. Pickler bought out Darlington. In June, 1868, Pickler and GUI were stiU the editors. On January 21, 1871, Pickler retired and GiU continued to conduct the paper until he sold it to S. M. Pickler on July 3, 1873. At the time when GiU assumed sole proprietorship in 1871 the paper was increased in size and the name changed t® the Dollar Journal. S. M. Pickler made several changes in the name, calling it for a Avhile Weekly Journal, then Weekly Kirks ville Journal, and finally Kirksville Journal, which name has been re tained continuously from that time to the present. In April, 1880, B. F. Heiny purchased a half interest from Pickler, and from that time to the present, Avith the exception of a period extend ing from 1891 to 1894, he has had some connection Avith the paper. A short time after Mr. Heiny had bought an interest, D.S. Hooper pur chased the remaining interest of Mr. Pickler. A little later Mr. Hooper disposed of his interest to S. S. McLaughlin. In December, 1886, Heiny and McLaughlin leased the paper to Wm. Gill and F. L. Link, but this arrangement lasted only a short time when Heiny and Mc Laughlin resumed the management. On March 15, 1890, the plant was completely destroyed by a fire that swept the south side of the square from the southeast corner up to near the southwest corner. All the files of the Journal were lost. The few old issues reaching back of the fire, that the paper noAv has have been picked up here and there since that event. The proprietors set to work to re-establish the paper immediately. Pending the arrival of the new equipment arrangements were made for publishing the next few issues in St. Louis. The week after the fire the paper came out on time, but it contained very little local ncAvs. An account of the fire and a few locals were all that the paper contained in the way of news. After three issues the plant had been re-established in temporary quar ters and the paper appeared Avith its usual amount of ncAvs. In October, 1891, Mr. Heiny retired from the paper to become Cashier of the Union Bank, a newly established bank in Kirksville, now the National Bank of Kirksville. W. F. Link and F. L. Link be came the proprietors, the former acting as editor and the latter as man ager. In AprU, 1894, F. L. Link sold his interest to W. F. Link. On April 22, 1897, articles of incorporation Avere filed for the Jour nal Printing Company. The firm owning the paper had been known by that name since November, 1891, but the paper Avas not incorporated until 1897. B. F. Heiny has been President of the company since its incorporation and F. L. Link has likcAvise been Secretary and Business 280 History of Adair County. Manager. The Board of Directors has from time to time employed some one to write editorial articles; among those thus employed have been A. N. Seaber and J. A. Cooley. B. F. Heiny has frequently done this part of the work himself. For years the Journal occupied quarters on the second floor of the buUding in which the Normal Book Store has long been, but in 1905 the company erected the large building it now occupies on McPherson street between Franklin and Elson, and moved into it the first day of January, 1906. F. L. Link With the exception of four years during the nineties, Mr. Link has been connected -with the Journal continuously since 1868. The equipment of the Journal has been its pride all along. In 1879 a two-horse-power steam engine was installed to run the press. Though it was insignificant as compared with engines such as would be installed now, it was the only one in the county and was something which the paper felt proud of. The pride of the proprietor, S. M. Pick ler, over this improA^ement was manifested in the imprimatur put on all things printed in the shop. It read "Kirksville Journal Steam Print." Since that time the equipment has been steadily improved The County Press. 281 until today it includes a monotype machine, a large tAvo-re volution book press and a pony book press. It is said that some of the stock holders sold out their stock at less than par when some expensive ma chinery was installed because they feared it Avould bankrupt the com pany. But the improvements have proved profitable investments. The press-work AA'hich this company does for other publications than the- Journal is very extensive. Four different monthly pubhca- tions connected with the A. S. 0., and one weekly pubhcation connected Avith the Normal School, besides other pubhcations, are printed by this company. It has also printed several different books of considerable size, and has for years printed the catalogues of the A. S. 0. and the Nor mal School. The capital stock when the company Avas incorporated was $4,750. It has been increased tAvice, once to $10,000, and in April, 1910, to 820,000. Its business for 1910 amounted to 824,913. Much of the success of this establishment has been due to the man ager, Mr. F. L. Link. He began to learn the trade in the Journal print ing office in 1868, when it was OAvned by J. A. Pickler and Wm. Gill. Since that time he has had some connection with the paper with the exception of about four years during the nineties. His connection Avith a county paper is therefore longer by far than that of any other ncAvspaper man in the county. After the suspension of the Democrat, that is the old Democrat, during the war, there was no Democratic paper in the county until 1867. Early in that year, Ellis & Sons established a paper called the Herald, which they managed to run until October, 1870. Before this venture in journalism succumbed, another had been started, which Avas called the North Missouri Tribune. The first issue was dated August 25, 1870. The editors, BroAvning and Scovern, were strong Radicals. But their career was short. On September 29, 1870, F. S. Hoag purchased the paper and changed its politics from Radical to Liberal Republicanism. It avUI be recalled that in the fall election of 1870 the Liberal Republicans had been victorious in the state over the Radicals, but the Tribune seemed to have had very little influence in affecting the result in Adair County, as this county remained staunch ly Radical during that bitter campaign. Before the year in which the Tribune was established was out, it had changed hands again. With the issue of December 1, 1870, W. C. B. Gillespie and a man by the name of Lyda became proprietors, the first acting as editor. The pohtics were changed to Democratic and the 282 History of Adair County. name Avas changed with the issue of December 8, 1870, to that of the North Missouri Register. Mr. Lyda retired from the paper in August,. 1871, but Major Gillespie retained his connection until April, 1879. For several j'ears during Major Gillespie's connection with this paper he conducted another one at Macon also. He was accustomed to di vide his time between KirksviUe and Macon, and to prepare material which was inserted in both papers identically alike. He found it up hill work maintaining a strong Democratic paper in a Republican coun ty, and once or tAvice he affiliated himself Avith some third party which had been organized in the county. In 1874 he espoused the People's party cause until late in the campaign, and in 1878 he came very near coming out squarely for the Greenbackers. When Major Gillespie sold the paper in April, 1879 to Felix Lane he reserved the right to use its name and he proceeded to buy the Macon Examiner and at once changed its name to the North Missouri Register. This paper he maintained for several years. Mr. Lane changed the name of the paper he bought from Major Gillespie in Kirksville to the Kirksville Democrat. He continued his connection Avith it until March 11, 1880, at which time Dr. A. H. John, a unique character in the political affairs of the countj' took charge. On July 20, 1882, J. U.Barnard, who had long been a member of the faculty of the State Nor- mal School at KirksviUe, bought the pap6r and in Au gust of that year W. L. Chappell became a partner of Mr. Barnard in publishing the paper. In October, 1883, the latter retired, having sold his interest to his partner. Later Mr. Chappell's brother bought an interest in the paper and still later, at least by March 29, 1888, the firm Avent by the name of Chappell, Bailey & Company. On March 15, 1890, the plant was destroyed by the same fire that destroyed the Journal. Fortunately its files from 1882 to 1888 were saved, but the files from 1879 to 1882, and from 1888 to 1890 were de stroyed. The files of the North Missouri Register from 1870 to 1879 were also destroyed in this same fire, but fortunately Major Gillespie had saved two files, and when he left Kirksville in 1879 took one of them Avith him to Macon. After his death in 1903, these files Avhich he had prized so highly, Avere donated by his daughters, Mrs. Ammen and Mrs. Maxon, to the State Normal School at Kirksville. On September 10, 1891, Chappell and Bailey sold the Democrat to C. S. Orcutt, Avho had been editor of the Monticello Journal in Lewis County. The first issue under Mr. Orcut contained a long editorial to the Democrats of Adair County urging upon them greater unity of action and more harmony of spirit so that victory might be more regu- The County Press. 283 larly theirs. It wiU be recaUed that the election of 1890 had been a regular landslide locaUy for the Democrats by a happy combination Avith the Farmers' Alhance, and it was not yet apparent that such a victory would not be regularly repeated. Mr. Orcutt remained in charge of the paper until ill health com peUed him to retire early in 1903. On February 6, 1903, Dr. W. T. Stephenson became proprietor and editor and remained so until De cember 29, 1905, when the Kirksville Democrat Printing Company was organized. This company Avas composed of R. Minter, editor, and J. P. English, manager. Under Dr. Stephenson the name had been changed to The Democrat. This Avas now changed back to the Kirks ville Democrat. On May 24, 1907, J. C. Calhoun became editor and manager. Since then frequent changes have been made in the manage ment. On January 17, 1908, S. T. Willey assumed the duties of man ager and has remained so up to the present. Several men have since that time had charge of the editorial work, among them C. N. Tolman, Jas. Ellison and S. T. Willey himself. The present editor is I. H. Hum- phrej'^."' Meanwhile, the company Avhich owned the paper was incor porated, this having taken place on October 17, 1908. The Graphic was established by Dr. J. M. Swetnam as publisher and proprietor; and W. M. Gill, who had been formerly connected with the Journal, as editor. It seems as though this second Republican paper in the county was established as the result of a faction in the party which is said to have grown out of a fight for the Kirksville post office. The Journal naturally opposed the move to get out another Republican paper, and a petition was circulated among the Republicans protesting against it, but all to no avail. Gill continued as editor until December, 1881. In June, 1882, Dr. Swetnam leased the paper to W. M. GiU and Jacob Sands. Sands seems to have been connected Avith the paper until the last of December of that year. In June, 1883, T. E. Sublette purchased the paper from Swetnam and retained Gill as editor until March, 1885, when he assumed control. He has been proprietor and editor from that time to this, and has today the record of having been an editor longer than anj' one in the county. The Graphic has been a sor.t of free lance ever since its establish ment. While Repubhcan in principle, it has not hesitated to criticize individual Republicans and to support Democrats at times. It was particularly favorable to Folk for Governor in 1904. In February, 1887, the plant Avas moved into a small brick build ing, said to be the oldest brick business building in town, on Franklin 284 History op Adair County. street, just off the southeast corner of the square. It remained there until it was moved in 1910 to West^^McPherson street, next to the Jour nal Printing Company. T. E. Sublette Editor of the Graphic since 1885. Each of the Aveeklj- papers in KirksAoUe has at some time or other maintained a dailj', but no one kept it up A'erj- long. The first to start, as far as is knoAvn, was the Daily Journal. The first issue was on Maj- 18, 1875, when S. M. Pickler was editor of the Journal. This venture did not outlast the j'ear, suspending at Christmas. In 1881-82 the Daily Graphic Avas issued, and some time in the eighties there was a daily Democrat. It appears that the Daily Journal was revived about this time, but for how long is not known. -It was revived again in 1891 and ran from August 26 to December 30. No one of these efforts was prof itable, hence their suspension shortly after their inauguration. The Daily Express has been the only daily paper in the county AA'hich has proved a success financially so far. It Avas started some time in November, 1901, by N. A. Mathck and J. Rice. In a short time the The County Press. 285 latter retired, and then in January, 1905, the paper was sold to the Journal Printing Company. On June 1, 1906, C. C. Howard, formerly of the Brashear News, bought the paper from the Journal and began a series of improvements which have brought it to what it is at the pres ent. In 1907 Walter Ridgway Avas employed as Business ^Manager, and in November, 1909 he and E. E. Swain purchased the paper from Mr. HoAvard. In March, 1911, Mr. RidgAvaj' announced his retire ment by May 1, having sold his interest to ]\Ir. Swain. The Thrice-a-Week Echo was estabhshed by J. W. Settle in ]\Iarch, 1905. As the name suggests it appeared three time a week. After maintaining it for tAvo or three years Mr. Settle sold it to S. R. Lloyd, who changed the name to the KirksAdlle Herald. Later he moved the paper to Greentop. The toAvn of Brashear has for a long time supported a ncAvspaper of some sort. The early efforts at estabhshing a paper were not verj' successful. Several papers were started and A'ery shortly given up. Among them were the Brashear Gazette which was started in 1880, but was very soon suspended because of the litigation among its cred itors; the Salt River Bugle, Avhich was edited by W. H. Jayne, but just when is not known; and the Brashear Citizen, Avhich was founded by E. S. Link in December, 1886. That, too, became a subject of litiga tion and was suspended by the close of the next year. The present paper, the Brashear News, has been a financial suc cess. It was founded by E. L. Hilbert, the first issue appearing on August 6, 1896. In June, 1897 he disposed of it to M. B. Sherwood, who in turn sold it to C. C. Howard in July, 1898 The paper was in a fair way of dying out Avhen Mr. Howard took hold of it, but he gave it a new start and considerably expanded it. When he came to Kirksville to take charge of the Daily Express, in June, 1906, he sold the News to Foster Moore, who is still editor and proprietor. The files that have been preserved shoAv that the paper has been careful all along to gather as much county news as possible from all parts of the county, especially the eastern part. The equipment of the office is considerable for so small a place. Novinger has one newspaper, the Novinger Record. This was founded by the Record Printing Company, with Nat L. Johnson as manager. The first issue was March 25, 1904. In 1907 the paper was sold to the Novinger Printing Company, which Avas composed of J. J. Wells, Marion Rombauer, and J. M. Wood. The last named was made 286 History of Adair County. editor. He was shortiy followed by George Melvin. In 1909 Walter Eason took charge of the paper and remained Avith it until October, 1910, when F. L. Morrow became editor. The circulation has run at times to as high as 1170, but its normal circulation is between 600 and 1000. For a while in 1906, Mr. Johnson of the Novinger Record, also pub hshed a Connelsville paper, but that proved unremunerative and hence was suspended. Besides the papers that have been mentioned there have been sev eral others started and kept going for a while. Many of these were political papers pure and simple. One of these was called the Pell Mell Greenbacker, edited by C. E. Kinman who had formerly Uved at Edina. As the name suggests the paper was an organ of the Greenback party. It Avas established before 1887, but just when it was started and when it quit is not known. The Farmers' Alliance gave rise to a paper devoted exclusively to its purposes, called the Adair County Farmer, and later the Farmer's Advocate. It Avas evidently established in 1892, Avith J. T. Miller as editor. In March, 1894 it Avas sold to a stock company, whereupon J. Weller Long of Warrensburg was made editor. When Mr. Long re tired in September of that year, J. M. McCall acted as editor for a few months. Allen Osenbaugh succeeded Mr. McCall and continued the paper until 1898, Avhen he sold the plant to a man who moved it out of the county. CHAPTER XIV. INDUSTRIES. Section I. — Agriculture and Stock Raising. The chief industry of the county is agriculture and has been from the beginning.. Prior to the war very few other industries were carried on. A little coal mining was done in the western part of the county, but it was not until rather recently that it was developed to what it is at the present. Many industries were carried on in the homes such as spinning and weaving. A tanyard was conducted from 1840 to 1855 bj' Washington and Lcaa^s Conner, on the farm now owned by Ira Collet six miles west of Kirksville. Deer, bear and cattle hides Avere tanned here. Inasmuch as farming has been the chief industry of the county, it will be considered first, and others Avill be taken up in the order which seems most logical. The eastern and western parts of the county offer the best, advan tages for farming, though certain portions of the Avestern part are very fine for agricultural purposes. The chief crop is corn, though some wheat, oats and hay are raised. The estimated production of these crops in the county during the year 1909 is, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1910, as follows: acres. average yield total yield estimated per acre OF COUNTY MARKET VALUE Wheat . . 2, 148 17 bu. 36,516 bu. $ 39,072 Corn ,62,296 29 bu. 1,806,584 bu. 1,083,950 Oats 3,640 25 bu. 91,000 bu. 37,310 Hay and forage . . ..73,309 80,639 tons 685,431 Total $1, 845, 763 From this it will be seen that the average yield of Avheat is only 17 bushels, of corn 29 bushels, and oats 25 bushels. That the soil of the county is capable of a large yield of at least corn and Avheat, has been well demonstrated. In 1884 the Graphic offered a prize of $25 in cash to the one who would raise the best acre of corn. Nine contestants entered the race. They reported yields ranging from 78 to 149 bushels to the acre. The prize was won by John W. Parker, who raised 149 bushels on an acre; Wm. Conway, who lived two miles south of Bra shear, came out second best with a yield of 132 bushels. In 1887 Mr. Salmon Otto of Sloan's Point, offered a prize of $25 in cash to one Avho produced the largest yield of Avheat to the acre. The prize was won by Haller's Clover Huller at Work. Industries. 289 Thos. Pope of the western part of the county, whose yield was over 56 bushels to the acre. Others showed 44 and 51 bushels. These tests show that at the present time with improved facihties and more scientific methods than prevailed in the eighties when the contests were on, the average yield ought to be more now than it is. A comparison of the data in the table given above for 1909, with similar data for 1870, shows some interesting facts. For example, in 1870 there were over 46,500 iDushels of wheat raised in the county as against 36,516 in 1909; of corn there were 216,162 bushels in 1870, and 1,806,584 in 1909; of hay there were 10,469 tons in 1870, and 80,639 tons in 1909. No report was made for oats in 1870. From these compar isons it is seen that the yield in wheat has decreased, while that of corn and hay has increased remarkably. The decrease in the yield of wheat may be due, not to a smaller acreage but to a poorer season, but the in crease in corn and hay is evidently due to a larger acreage as well as perhaps a better season. Tradition has it that the first crop of timothy grass in the county was grown by Wm. Collet in 1838. It was such a curiosity that people came for miles to see it. As new farm machinery has been invented it has been brought on by the enterprising farmers of the county. No one implement created so much interest as the harvester and self-binder. The mower and reaper had been great inventions, but the harvester and self-binder seemed to be an impracticable thing. It seems to have been brought into the county first in 1883. The Journal for July 12, 1883, gives a long account of the successful demonstration of this machine on the farm of D. L. Conner, ten miles southeast of Kirksville. The following table taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1902 regarding the number and acreage of farms and the values of specified classes of farm property on June 1, 1900, and the gross pro ducts of 1899, excluding what was fed to stock, is of interest. For sake of comparison the figures for the state and for Adair County are given: no. of FARMS acres IN FARMS Total With Buildings Total Improved Missouri 284,886 275,634 33,997,873 22,900,043 Adair Co. 2,696 2,616 319,132 240,892 VALUES OF FARM PROPERTY GROSS INCOME Lands & Buildings Implements Live Products Improvements Machinery Stock of 1899 Missouri $695,470,723 $148,508,840 $28,602,680 $160,540,004 $161,344,616 Adair Co. 9,275,060 1,167,360 240,580 1,685,966 1,299,620 20 290 HiSTOKT OF Adair County. Practicallj' every farmer in the countj- produces something in the way of live stock and fann yard and dairy products, and several carry on stock raisdng extensively. Among the latter are Still & Laughlin, pro prietors of the Kinloch Farm, Kirksville, and breeders of Jersey cattle; NoAnnger & Sons, KirksAnlle, breeders of shorthorn cattle; John W. Waddill, Brashear, breeder of Jersey cattle; Otto Bros., of Clay Town ship, breeders of mules; C. A. Robinson, Kirksyille, breeders of Jer sey cattle; S. J. Miller, Kirksville, importer- and breeder of fine horses; and H. M. Henley, proprietor of the Henley Ranch, four miles north west of Stahl, breeder of sheep, mules, horses and cattle. The Henley Ranch, which embraces 8,000 acres lying in Adair, Sullivan, and Putnam Coimties, has just recently been established. It has been particularly successful with Shropshire sheep and Percheron horses. The record for butter-fat is held by one of the cows of the Kinloch herd owned by Still & Laughlin. The annual sales in the herds owned by these dififer- ent proprietors attract buyers from long distances. The county assessor's live stock census for 1909 was as foUows: Head AssESSEao Valtje Horses 9,409 $405,370 Mules 1, 335 56, 510 Asses and jennets 42 2, 725 Cattle , 24, 209 305, 800 Sheep 11, 108 22,455 Hogs 9, 623 34, 540 MisceUaneous 305 300 Total value $827, 700 As the assessed value is about one-fourth of the actual value the above table wiU have to be multipHed by four. When that is done it is seen that the live stock of the county is worth about $3,000,000. The pioneers in the poultry business as a separate business in the coimty were Holebrooke, Pierce & Wilkes. They began business in KirksAdlle in 1885. After several changes in the firm the business was sold to R. C. Combs of Memphis, AAdio later sold out to Chas. Cole. In Augiist, 1895, Cole disposed of his busijaess to J. Selby of Quincy. A httle later the firm became Selby & Brother, aoad in 1901 it was in corporated under the name of Selby Poultry Company. This com pany has branches at Edina, Hannibal, and Quincy. iwith headquarters at Kirksville. Eggs, butter and poultry are the chief products that are bought and shipped to market; in addition, hides, furs, pelts, tallow, Industries. 291 and feathers are purchased in varying quantities. In 1896 the firm paid to the people of the county 840,000 for produce, and in 1910 about 875,000. The chief market for produce bought here is Ncav York. Besides the Selby Company there are the Jonas Produce Company of Kirksville and Joe Taylor of Brashear, both of whom deal in farmyard, dairy and packing-house products somcAvhat extensively; many mer chants at other points in the county do the same on a smaller scale. The value of the farmyard, dairy and packing-house products shipped out of the county in 1909 by dealers of all kinds amounted to over 8400,000, according to the last report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of ^Missouri. Burk Bros Packing Plaxt, Kirksville. One of the most recent industries in the county is the Burk Broth ers Packing Plant. For almost twelve years Burk Brothers have been carrjdng on a Avholesale business in meats Avhich has increased year by year. Seeing the possibilities for a profitable business done on a large scale these men organized the Burk Brothers Packing Plant Company in 1909 Avhich Avas incorporated for 870,000. In the spring and summer of 1910 a plant costing 850,000 Avas erected in the northwest part of Kirksville on the "0. K." railroad. It has been in operation since September and its products haA'c found ready sale not only in near liy towns but in manj' of our large eastern cities. It employs from tAventy- five to fifty men regularl}^ and slaughters from two hundred to six hiin- 292 History of Adair County. dred head of hogs, sheep and cattle per Aveek. A government inspector is retained at the plant and nothing is allowed to be offered for sale which does not bear his stamp. The officers of the company are A. J. Burk, President; L. J. Burk, Vice-President; Hiram Selby, Secretary. The stockholders are from all parts of the county. In the seventies several cheese factories were operated. The first as far as is known was established by Montgomery & Hooper in Kirksville in 1873. This was maintained only a year or two. Mr. Hooper then estabhshed one near Millard in 1875 and kept it going for three years. At the same time D. A. Ely started one at Sublette. The first creamery in Kirksville was started by Blackman & Wilkes in 1883. This they maintained until about 1890. For fourteen years thereafter the city was Avithout a creamery. In 1904 a stock company was formed and the creamery now in operation Avas built. J. F. Fon cannon was manager until 1908, when the company sold out to Logan & Edwards, who are the present proprietors. Statistics are wanting as to the amount of business of this industry year by year, but it is known that $28,000 was paid for cream in 1885, and $50,000 in 1910. The reports of surplus products of Missouri Counties, Avhich the Bureau of Labor Statistics have published from 1890 to the present, contain much of interest relative the products of various industries, of the county. The following compilation from these reports shows what have been some of the surplus products of Adair County from year to year. In the table certain years are omitted because no statistics were given for those years. Surplus products, it should be said are those that are shipped out of the county and do not include what is used in home consumption. Surplus Products of Adair County. LIVE stock Cattle, head Hogs, head Horses and Mules, head Sheep and Goats, head . FARM CROPS Wheat, bushels Corn bushels Oats, bushels Rye, bushels Hay. tons MILL PRODUCTS Flour, barrels Corn meal, pounds Bran, Ship stuff, pounds Chops, pounds FARM YARD PRODUCTS Poultry, live, pounds... Poultry, dressed, pound 8 Eggs, dozen Feathers, pounds FOREST PRODUCTS Hardwood lumber, feet Soft lumber, teet Walnut logs, feet Railroad Ties Fence and Pine Posts... Cord wood, cords DAIRY PRODUCTS Butter, pounds Milk and Cream, gal.. FISH & GAME PRODUCTS Game, pounds Furs, pounds Fish, pounds PACKING HSB. PRDCTS Hides and Pelts, pounds Dressed Meat, pounds. . . Tallow, pounds Lard, pounds VEGETABLES Vegetables, pound s Picljles and CuGumbers. . Potatoes, bushels Canned Veg.&fru!ts,qts. FRUIT Fresh, Fruit, pounds... Strawberries, crates Dried fruit, pounds Apples, barrels Raspberries, crates WOOL & MOHAIR Wool, pounds MINE&QUARRY PRDCTS. Coal, tons VALUE IKCD. MISC. PRD. 1891 1894 1896 4.342 18,360 540402 7.1!36 28,999 600 1,440 2,875 22,060 1,120 1,261 28,07466,284 101,989 3,736 77 21,45044,800 4,000 14,000 27,000 1,060 1,200 2.750 1,950 600 208,528 458,580 203,792 250,170 3,163 :366,690 4.030 266.066 460 225,000 72,000 84,400 45,793 312 259 112,937 73,21] 87,940 973 2,212 1,000 500 258,688 284,690 101,393 3,000 735385 30,400 11,370 4,400 9 80,060 2,405 46 28,838 245 9,188 72,988 43,940 46,895 7,614 13,300 16,600 1897 3,477 34,130 880 2,340 500500 2,800 1,350 316,079 194,250 1,840 210,000 22,800 49 32,594 4,837 1,244 127,258 714 60,285 940 1,164 7,929 30,69023,080 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 3,406 25,290 95 1,148 3,279 16,114 842 1,689 2,530 16,263 520 391 5,632 15,198 2,089 4,429 13,750 380 1,564 31,067 1,996 63,364 3,744 3,305 938 1,899 25,500 15,008 661 4,600 492 1,571 3,900 290 3,244 5;900 68,750 i.m 10,850 286 2,613 2,676 2,650299 155,979 28,960 418,680 305(205142,950 8,149 305,234 4t(0,l(l0556,010 15,972 143,803 432,161 142,920 21,790 106,050 400,700 144,960 28,900 607,700 80,000 81,000 2,700 54,000 18,000 18,614 66,000 156 22,500 24,758 15,850 288 36.000 17,325 6,300 84 22,500 11,925 212 18,000 9,800 180 51,190 27,567 34,992 33,711 37,920 800 855 7,752 1,9591,988 90 1,961 2,315 5,5252,095 5,275 750 62,922 1,962 21,855 137,236 3,169 2,125 122 131 18,996 6,780 150 135,620 24,981 5,536 75 187,100 9,090 8,870 15,400 25,895 1,000 1,950 120,000 54S 40,000 1,557 585 78 64,000 30 308,610 3,91) 1,000 940 1.420 26 790 480 82,019 720 1,760 60,800 58,320 114,400 250,560 299,460 299,500 1867,445 1903 4,68 18,249 400 2,475 9,495 195,995 24,954 1,,"-" 158,717 606,74127.6180 1,455 36,000 198,000 2,3257,000 252 48,520 6 36,725 568 110,630 70,303 220 2,022 1,090 60 150 2025 8,791 414,030 $1,273021 1904 5,602 21,805 401 2,998 3,798 173,790 23,450 1,425 5,5911,334 225,067 620,659315,125 540 9,000 2,770 6,775 265 73,183 14,750 4,000 91,946 47,961 510350 373 2,200 SO 180 39 453.500 $1,618,506 1905 -6,305 24,025 486 3,1467,320 51,28027,172 290 348,580 300.900 305,410 147,000895,000 18,600 17,775 14,950 1,356 65,374 560 7,164 5,012 280 290,000 6,4694,648 110 495 120,000 88 32,857 645,315 tl ,798, 460 1906 8,925 18,775 864 3,780 50 1,5301,2005,000 228,651 449,286301,240 5,1 528,000 450,000120,000 51,060 1.752 57,635 13,980 5,021 2,434 289,085 26,397 12,011 925 25,010 1,640 69,520 27 1,300 82B 28,461 522,228 $1,779,970 1907 18,831 869 2,857 5.430 113,223 89,472 1,108 264 1,599 40,356 109,850 94,200 182,656520,619 316,400 13,497 173,000705,000 9,000 20,000 64,800 4,176 87,619 5,27' 1,7665,070 207,786 29,596 15,948 4.706 7,018 61,430 1,7153,199 68470 54 1,400 174 12 44,338 583,880 $1,947,475 1908 5,078 20,668 697 8,7717,700 126,436 36,800 336 599 19,550 5,800 2,400 483,751 610,500 410,000 5,600 525,000 5,500 10,000 30,800 8,172 231,120 40,000 13,588 1,041 510 35,100 13,560 1,200 350 6,500 3,100 36,800 5,300 948 7,258 56.631 568,446 L ,767 ,754 1909 8,729 27,438 1,099 2,914 11,550 143,800 44,200 2,146 1,198 155,000144,(100 87,000 636,403 725,016742,400 8,609 1,104011 21,000 3,500 168,800 14,600 250,901 236,584 74,213 1,494 416 148.938 110,640 33,460 3,140 224,600 165,140 11,890 38,118 18,300 1,1001,250 10,200 216 104,106564,328 2.395739 294 History of Adair County. The nursery industry was at one time fairly extensive. The Pat terson Nursery, which was in operation from about 1870 to some time in the nineties, was a well ordered and successful plant. It was located one-half mile northwest of KirksviUe. Since its discontinuance there has been no Avell developed industry of the kind in the county. The Pattersons were during their time instrumental in stirring up an active interest in horticulture in the county. During the eighties a large hor ticultural society was organized and meetings were held once a month. During the early nineties the drying of fruit Avas a paying business. During 1890 Trescott Brothers are reported as having dried 29,272 bushels of apples. After 1894, however, no mention has been found of the business haA'ing continued. Section II. — Manufacturing. The milling industry has never been very extensiA^e in the county. but the history of the industry reaches back into the early years of the county. The first mills were water mills and Avere generally located on the Chariton. Mention has been found of two such mills on the Chariton, one called the Ely Mill at Avhat is noAV Connelsville, and the other Hargrave's Mill. These two are said to haA'c been built in 1842, and probably Ely's mUl was built first. The Ely mill was transformed into a steam mill by the German communists who came into that neighborhood in 1850 and founded the town of Nineveh, now Connelsville. This was the first steam mill in the county and for that niatter, it was the only one for a radius of perhaps fifty miles or more. Men came for miles and miles to get their grain ground. This mill ground both corn and wheat. With the dis solution of the colony, the mill was discontinued. The first flour mill in Kirksville seems to have been built in 1868. It Avas owned by Hoag, Swigert & Company, and stood in the northern part of toAvn. It was thoroughly remodeled in 1880, but Avas burned to the ground on July 8, 1883. It was then owned by Sam Swigert. The people of Kirksville were greatly distressed over this loss, especially the merchants. Frequent mass meetings were held in 1885 and 1886 to consider plans to get another miU. It seems that at that time there were no flour mills in the county at all, and it was frequently remarked that 60,000 bushels of wheat were raised in the county every year but there Avas no mill to grind it up. The desire for a miU was realized in 1887 or early in 1888, Avhen Russell & Burklin built one on the site of the present mill off the north- Filling A Silo on Patterson's Farm (This Silo was the first in the county.) 296 History of Adair County. west corner of the square. It was scarcely finished when it was burned to the ground. This occurred in June, 1888. Work Avas begun on its reconstruction at once and was finished by September of that year. In 1891 Millbank & Son purchased the mill, and in 1894 Charies Mill- bank became the sole owner and has remained so to the present. One or two other flour mills on a small scale have been started in the county, but they have not succeeded. Corn meal mills have abounded at all times and have been successful. For many years sufficient wool was raised in the county to furnish raw material for one or two woolen mills or factories. Mention has been found of tAVO Avoolen mills in 1868. One was the Buckhorn Woolen Mills near Sharr's MiU on the Chariton, which was operated by Paftnabaker & Company. The other Avas the Troy MiUs, four miles south of Kirks ville, which Avas operated by Caldwell & Hall. By 1873 there was one mill in Kirksville operated by T. C. Harris. By 1883 Edgar Bigsby Avas proprietor of a woolen mill in the northern part of town. Whether this is the same one which had been operated by Harris in 1873 or not is not knoAvn. Several different kinds of woolen goods were produced by these mills, such as cassimeres, flannels, jeans, satinettes, blankets, Unsy, plain and fancy yarn, and the like. By 1893 KirksviUe was with out a woolen mill. Scarcity of raw materials Avas responsible for this. The sheep industry has never been sufficiently revived and developed since then to call forth woolen mills. The planing mill industry has been carried on for thirty-fiA'^e years or more in the county by different firms. The first to undertake it on a large scale was A. L. Holmes. He came to Kirksville in 1870 and be gan taking contracts to erect buildings about 1875 and continued in that work until his death in NoA'^ember, 1910. He began with a small horse power saw and planing mill near the northeast corner of the square. In 1885 he bought a hoop pole factory building beyond the junction of the two railroads, and in 1887 moved it to where it now stands and considerably enlarged it. Mr. Holmes was the most exten sive contractor Kirksville has ever had. Among the public buildings erected by him are the Baptist church. Christian church, Cumberland Presbyterian church, M. E. Church, South, A. S. 0. Hospital, County Jail, and Science Hall of the Normal School. He built very many of the business houses and dwellings of the town. The most notable of the latter is the residence of W. T. Baird. C. C. Anderson began in the planing mill business in KirksviUe Industries. 297 about 1890. He shortly disposed of this business but started up again in 1895 and continued in it until his death in 1909. His most notable constructions in Kirksville are the Court House and Dr. A. T. Still's residence. W. S. Murphy began in the planing mill business in 1895, and has in the sixteen years since then built a great many private dwellings in the county. For several years the town maintained a wagon factory and a handle factory. Grassle Brothers started a wagon factory in 1887, which was maintained by one firm or another until about 1909. The handle factory was started by Mr. Storm about 1893 and was main tained for about ten years. No efforts have been made to revive these factories since their suspension. A foundry and machine shop has been one of the industries of Kirksville for years. Loomis's foundry was in operation in 1886. In recent years Mr. Sherwood has maintained one. The manufacture of building brick has been carried on by several different parties at different times in and around KirksAdlle. In 1907 J. M. Ivie & Son made an effort to organize a company to make paving brick on their land just west of town. In 1908 the Adair Brick & Coal Company was organized, and the land and machinery of Ivie & Son were temporarily leased. One kiln of paving brick was burnt Avith ex cellent results. The company plans to conduct the business on a large scale as soon as a switch can be laid out to the plant. The largest manufacturing establishment in the county is the shoe factory of the Friedman-Shelby Shoe Company of St. Louis. This is one of the several branch factories which this company has in dif ferent parts of the state. Early in April, 1907, the Business Men's League of Kirksville re ceived an inquiry from this company as to whether the town would be interested in raising a bonus to secure a shoe factory. The league sent a committee composed of Dr. H. M. Still and J. E. Goodwin to St. Louis to investigate the matter and an executive committee of twelve was appointed to act upon the report of the other committee and carry out the matter if the proposition should be accepted. The investigating committee reported that the company Avanted a bonus of $60,000, a free site for the factory, and free water for five years. They proposed to erect a brick building 60x300, four stories 298 History op Adair County. high, and to employ 300 hands at the start with an output of 1800 pairs of shoes per day, and to increase the force later to 600 hands and the output to 4000 pairs per day; they further proposed to bring not over 25 per cent of their employes with them and to secure the rest from Kirksville and nearby toAvns. Many diverse views were expressed regarding the proposition, but it Avas finally decided to accept it. F. J. Grassle was made Presi dent of the executive committee, and while the credit for the success of the scheme belongs to a score or more of men, no small part of that credit belongs to him. It was decided to get options on different tracts of land and to raise $80,000 in subscriptions. Of this amount $60,000 was to go to the company and the rest was to be put into the site and tracts of land adjoining the site. These tracts of land were to be divided into 350 or 400 different lots and every one who subscribed $200 was to get one of these lots in return for his subscription. -The site Avas donated by Dr. H. M. StiU and Will Reid, and the land adjoining it on both sides of the Wabash railroad was bought from different parties. This ground was platted into toAvn lots, and committees were appointed to sell the lots; By strenuous efforts by way of personal solicitations and public meetings, the amount was finally raised. In order that the company might be guaranteed the prompt payment of the amounts subscribed, one hundred citizens signed ' a guaranty for the entire amount. The executive committee was authorized to act as the board of trustees for the subscribers t-6 the fund. C. S. Sands was made President of this board, and F. J. Grassle, Secretary. . , The contract between the trustees for the subscribers and the shoe company was signed May 7, 1907, and as soon as the- word was brought back the next day from St. Louis by the committee 'that it had been signed, pi'eparations were made for a big celebration that evening in honor of the event. A big bonfire was built on the southeast corner of the square. Noise was furnished by all the steam A^histles of the city, the firing of anvils and giant fire crackers. The band added to the occasion with several lively selections. On January 9, 1908, the subscribers drew for their lots to which they were entitled. The lot numbers were put in one box and the names of the subscribers in another, and each subscriber got the lot which Avas draAvn at the same time his name was called. There was one prize lot, the one on which were a house and barn. ThisfeU to D. C. Rat- liff, J. F. Waddill, H. M. Adams, and Reese Frankum, who had com bined to subscribe for one lot. w Sai»:^ cc W H5 COwo oog>"1 oo s w tH 300 History of Adair County. The contract for the building was let to Hanlin & Garner of Hannibal for $53,820 on July 11, 1907. The building was completed in April, 1908, and operations were begun on a small scale early in May. The factory employs 300 people, to whom are paid $2,500 a week in wages. The daily output is 1200 pairs of shoes. Men's boys' and youths' medium priced welt shoes constitute the class of goods man ufactured. The factory here is one of several factories owned by this firm in the state. The manufacture of railroad ties was for a long time one of the important industries of the county. Most of the timber of the western part of the county was cut down and made into railroad ties. Oak, walnut, sycamore, locust, cherry, and mulberry trees were used. In fact, whole sections were denuded of trees, much to the detriment of the land. This industry dates back into the seventies, but it was at its height from about 1885 to 1900. Novinger, especially after the extension of the 0. K. railroad from Kirksville to that place, and Troy Mills were important tie stations. Millions of ties were made and shipped out of the county. They were used by the "0. K." railroad in its extension from Kirksville Avestvvard, by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul when it was built from Kansas City to Chicago, and by many other railroads. Many different men and firms engaged in the business. Among them were McDaniels & Bancroft, Pickler & Crebs, Aaron Kinyon, Wm. Van Cleave, John L. Porter, and P. C. MUls. Section III. — Coal Mining. The industry of the county which gives it high rank among the counties of the state is the coal industry. Because of its importance it is well to give it some considerable attention. Just when coal began to be mined in the county, is impossible to say. Owing to the fact that in the northwestern part of the county the coal veins crop out on the hUlsides, and hence more an easily accessible, it may be that some mining was done in a desultory way prior to 1850. But the sparsity of population, the great difficulties of transportation, and the cheapness of wood fuel made the demand for coal, hoAvever easily it might be gotten out, very light. The earliest instance of coal digging in the county that has come to the knowledge of the author is that by J. W. Madden, who worked a strip pit near Nineveh in 1854, and who operated the Beeman bank near Stahl in 1858. Until the Q. M. & P. railroad was extended west from Kirksville, Industries. 301 whereby the coal fields of the county were penetrated, whatever coal was produced in the county was used in home consumption only. The extension of the railroad west of KirksA^Ue in 1878 marked the begm- ning of the use of coal by the railroads that run through the county. In that year coal began to be shipped to markets outside the county. In the Qunicy Herald during the latter part of November, 1878, it was announced that the first train load of coal from the Adair County mines had recently arrived OAcr the Q. M. & P. Railroad, and that a train load would be receiA-ed CA-ery day. But the eastern market did not prove as good a one as it was hoped it would be, because of the heavy competition Avith the coal mines in Illinois. It would probably be not far from the truth to say that not untU 1897, when the Q. M. & P. R. R. was extended from Trenton to Kansas City and also made direct con nections A\-ith Omaha, over one-half of the entire output of the mines of the county was used in the county by railroads or the local trade. The coal fields of the county he for the most part in the western and northwestern parts of the county. The chief centers are Stahl, Novinger, ConnelsAdUe, and KirksA-Ule. Counting the small mines operated by indiAdduals and scattered throughout the coal fields, as well as the large mines operated by firms of large resources, there are at least twenty-fiA-e mines in the county. The annual reports of the State ]Mine Inspector, which began in 1887 and continue down to the present, giA-e a great deal of informa tion concerning the coal industry of the state by counties. From these haAC been compiled the statistical tables which are included in this section. ^Tiile it may be possible that the Inspector in his trips through the coal counties has not always inspected the httle mines and those in out of way places, yet it is more than likelj' that he has inspected CA-ery year aU the larger mines, and his statistics concerning them AviU be fairly indicatiA-e of the actual state of the industry. The fact that there is no mention made of the coal industry in Adair County in the first annual report of the State Mine Inspector in 1887 would seem to indicate that he had not been able to get around to this county, or that notAvithstanding the beginning that had been made to dcA^elop the industry commerciaUy it was not yet great enough to attract his attention. In the second annual report, the one for 1888, mention is made of only two mines which had an output of only 8,000 tons, and the county Avas ranked sixteenth in the state Avith only one county producing less than it did. In 1889 the output was doubled, but no further marked increase occurs untU 1893. In that year thou sands of acres of coal lands were bought or leased by those who felt 302 History of Adair County. that there was room for a more extended development of the industry, and the prediction Avas made by the State Inspector in his report for 1894 that Adair County would soon become one of the large coal pro ducing counties of the state. The output had been raised in 1893 to 20,957 tons, but the county still ranked only sixteenth in the state, and no marked increase in the output occurred until 1898. In that year it reached 62,215 tons and the county ranked elcA'^enth in the state. The extension of the 0. K. railroad from Trenton to Kansas City and Omaha in 1897, as has already been remarked, contributed consider ably to this increase, inasmuch as there were opened up new markets Avhich raised the demand for more coal. The years 1899 and 1900 shoAved a still greater output than the year 1898, but it Avas not until 1901 that the county began to take rank among the great coal producing counties of the state. In that year the output from fourteen mines was 347,047 tons, and the county ad vanced to fourth rank. The great growth of the coal industry of the county which marked the year 1901 is due in part at least, to the interest which certain Chi cago capitalists and railroad magnates took in the coal fields of the county. These men felt that the coal fields of the Chariton River val ley had not been worked as fully as they might be. Their plan was to organize a large coal mining company to operate along the Chariton River north of Novinger and near Nineveh, and to build a railroad which should run along the river and thus afford adequate transpor tation facilities for the coal mined in this river valley. Before their plans could be put fully into operation, a railroad com pany had been formed by H. F. Reddig and others, and a railroad begun extending northAvard from Novinger. This was the Iowa and St. Louis Railroad, a full account of which will be given in the next chapter. These Chicago capitalists took over the railroad which had just begun to be built and made Reddig president of it. They also made him pres ident of the Manufacturers' Coal and Coke Company which secured control over 50,000 acres of land in the neighborhood of Connelsville. He remained in these two positions only a little over a year. This new railroad, which was soon extended north to CenterviUe, loAva, and south to Elmer, Mo., undoubtedly helped to increase the output of coal in the county. Up to the time when it was built, the railroads which operated through the Chariton River coal fields either skirted it or crossed it at right angles, and the mines operated on a large scale had been confined to certain centers. But this new railroad running along the river and connecting with two other roads running east and Industries. 303 west, made it possible to open up fields that had heretofore been im possible to operate- because of the lack of transportation facilities. Besides the Manufacturers' Coal and Coke Company, several other companies were organized betAveen 1901 and 1903, some of them having large capitahzation. Among them Avere the Kansas City Midland, the Great Northern Fuel Company, Chariton Coal Company, and Kirksville Coal and Construction Company. These new companies immediately raised the output to about double what it had been before. The year 1902 shoAved a slight decrease in the output in the county as compared with the preceding year, but the years 1903 to 1905 Avere characterized by large increases. The banner year Avas 1905, in AA'hich there were mined from the tAventy-tAvo mines 708,388 tons. The county took second rank in the state, Macon County ranking first. The banner year was followed by one in which the output dropped to almost one-half of what it had been the year before. This Avas due to the suspension of all work for about three months.. This prolonged suspension was due to the inability of operators and miners to agree upon a new contract for the coming biennial period. Whenever the biennial contracts expire all work is suspended by the miners until new contracts are made; if there is no difficulty the suspension does not last long; if there is difficulty the suspension is prolonged. In 1906 the difficulty was unusually great and hence many months passed before the biennial contracts Avere agreed upon. This prolonged suspension, which amounted to almost six months, and the failure of several oper ators to renew work during the year at all, cut down the output of the Adair County mines so that it amounted to only 428,057 tons in that year, whereas it had been, as it has already been seen, 708,388 tons in the year before. During the years 1907, 1908 and 1909 the output Avas greater than it had been in 1906, and at the end of the year 1909 the county stood third in the state in the production of coal, but the output was yet nearly 150,000 tons less than it had been in the banner year. It is confidently asserted by men who are in the coal business in the county that the day is not far distant when the county avUI rank first. Statistics are not yet available for 1910, but when they come out it Avill show a much smaller production for that year than for many years previous, as avUI likely be the case for all other coal producing counties. The biennial suspension in 1910 Avas six months long, last ing from April until October. Moreover, disaster overtook the Great Northern Fuel Company, and it suspended operations late in Novem- 304 History of Adair County. ber. So the output for 1910 AviU prove to be far short of what the mines of the county have been accustomed to produce. In order that the groAvth of the industry may be readUy grasped, the foUoAving table shoAving the output by years and the rank of the county in the state in the production of coal, is presented: Year. Output of Coal Rank of County in IN Tons. Coal Production. 1888 8, 000 16 1889 16,522 13 1890 14,840 15 1891 17,110 15 1892 14, 820 17 1893 20, 957 16 1894 20, 744 15 1895 24,540 13 1896 23, 510 13 1897 27,078 13 1898 62,215 11 1899 104, 868 8 1900 181, 577 7 1900 (last six months) ... 52, 990 9 1901 347, 047 4 1902 512,403 5 1903 516, 267 4 1904 658, 558 3 1905 708, 388 2 1906 428, 037 3 1907 584, 371 3 1908 568, 446 3 1909 564, 328 3 Prior to 1900, the fiscal year ended June 30. In 1900 it was changed to December 31. Hence the two entries for 1900 in this table. The coal fields of the county, as has been said, lie for the most part, in the western and northwestern parts of the count5^ As far as is knoAvn no coal has been discovered east of a line draAvn north and south through KirksAdlle, though there were newspaper rumors in 1886 of coal having been discovered near Brashear. There are at least three veins of coal deposit in the county. The first one crops out in tlie hills in and around Stahl, and seems to be con fined to that part of the county altogether. The second vein extends pretty generally throughout the coal fields of the county, and is found Connelsville Coal Mines. 306 History of Adair County. at a depth varying from fifty to seventy-five feet. The third vein under lies the second at a depth of about 150 feet, and has been found at Stahl, Connelsville, Novinger, and perhaps at other places. These veins vary in thickness from 24 to 44 inches. All three of them are found at Stahl. The first is 42 inches thick, the second 32 inches, and the third 24 inches. An effort was made to AVork out the second vein, but it Avas not thick enough to be profitable. The third has never been Avorked. At Novinger and Connelsville the mines are working the second vein, but it is fully 42 inches thick and sometimes a little thicker, being therefore from ten to twelve inches thicker than the stime vein at Stahl. The Kirksville mines are working this same vein. As yet the third has not been operated, as it is too far below the surface and is not thick enough to pay. In 1908 there Avere, according to the State Mine Inspector, sixteen mines in operation, of which ten were shaft, four were slope and tAvo were drift mines. There are more slope and drift mines at Stahl than at any other place in the county. After having dug far back into the hills, the operators at Stahl constructed shafts on the brows of the hills over the place of operation, but it was found cheaper to haul the coal out of the original openings on the hillsides than to lift it to the top of the shaft, so the shafts were abandoned. Most of the mines are constructed on the pillar and room plan, there being in 1908 fourteen mines of that type and only three of the long wall plan. Prior to 1907 mining was done in all the mines of the county by hand, but in that year the mines at Stahl installed mining machines. The Manufacturers' Coke and Coal Company installed machinery in 1906, but the miners objected to it, so it was never put into operation. In 1910 the Rombauer Company installed machinery also, so that at present there are only tAvo mines in which the work of mining is done by machinery. The following table compiled from the Reports of the State Mine Inspector regarding the condition of the mines in the county may be of interest: (:00':0':oO(:OcOO<:ogiCcocooogoccccoo(jooooooo oooooooooooocooocdo'xjogogo Q0-j^a3lOl— ^0'X)00-^Caai>fa.COtOl-LOcOQO H- ' H- ' I— ' I— ' 1— ' h-* OOOCnOJl-'CDMCnCOh;^ OJ K) OJ to OJ lO_LO w to ^;^^j^^Ja.aaCOOJCO^^^^j^aTCOtOtO J-^Jr^. 4- >4^ CO to ^ M -.3 ^^^ ^t^ to COrfa-tOtOCOMCO-vIOirfi.CnOJLOCOCOvJ-OitOi-'tO ,- -'O b^ s9clo{g."a "¦ s^JlJQl s^id diJ^g^ lU'EOIgj OSJOJJ' H^ to 1— I H^ CO CO 1-^ 00 1-^ to to ^__ 10to _co_ 10 to -_ to to ^_ pmn CL 1 ? ^ I-- 1— ' ^,aij{^03|a; 1—'to ssaidmoQ -) w C^( >t^ >— I- t_. ^^ ,_! to J^ ^ CO to lUjruBN ? CO to to C7I C71 Ol 0 en en ^4^ ^^^ CO CO to 80Bujn,jI < 1— I 1— ' h- ' to F-' 0 1— ' 03 Ol h^ 0 01 to to to t-^ — - — — nnj 0 cc CO I-' ^ to I-- to Mi^ CO CO rf^ h-^ jl^Ai 3aoT; 0pr 0 hf^ 0:1 Cn toto p"co toGO 15 16,841 20 26,719 1938,936 5 123 5 1,000 4 1,915 81 5,311 101 15,701 CO toto en 0Z_ Cn0 C7i -vl rf^ rf^ 10 raoo^j 0 20,126 35,579 35,434 8 COto Ol 00 000 CD 0 000 JO 'ON 01 ¦-1 40,246 71,1.58 70,868 enOl 33,922 53,438 77,869 _t-^ 0 CO Jn2 "hf^ "cn "bo "to ^-' 0 to 00 Ol -J to 0 to 0 *. COa; to cn "to 01 0 CO§ "to to 01 ?soo 00O5cO00c;icOtOCOi-'i-i Mi-'OCn'OCO-j>f^to-4^-^cDOSOiCOtOtOi-' OOOCOtOOtOi-'COOOvf^O^iCOCnrfi'COlOtOCOtOtO'— ' t000OlOO^t^Ol-40it000a:CnC0t0-vI 4^ H-* H-' i4^ Cn I*' CO CaO 1*. rf^ 10 to to CO CJl to 02 c; CO to ;^ t^l 1 1 1 t CJl <>n TO rf^ 1-1 ^r rj i)^ CO CJi 1—^ CD h- 0 00 to to CD M (JO M CJl O ^ M to CD O • h^ 01 -4 Oi_ jsjniAil P' ^ 3 jarauitlg S E-Si g S £. jBjaiAv 3 2 janitungi ^ o, as^niAi lauiinng M-- H COOi-'sf^Cnh-'OOOt^^COCO'-'i-'i-' I-' i4^000i<:0-.00CO00CnOiOhf='-^00l— i-ai-'hfi.rf^CnOO--'kf^COO 0S H-1 ~q 00 00 -vT CO M ~J ga ^_P9_P_'^ _^ >• P_ O O ^O O >-* 00 I— * -q ^f^C^CO^' cnCobOcOhl^coioco^CO-JCOMtOtOCO CO to CO o: O c: " " CO to to 1^: (-' 4- 00 ^ 60 ^ h^ to to oj bi -^ cc cn cn >4^ ~ O^T^M02C^^^^OSt000-4C0- scribed slSl, while the county expended the immense sum of -$17. For a long time priA-ate ferries were hcensed and a schedule of rates authorized by the county court. For example, on Aug. 14. 1844 the Adair County court issued a hcense to D. A. Ely to maintain for tweh-e months a ferry across the Chariton and authorized the foUoAving rates: One four horse or ox Avagon 75 cents. One two horse wagon 50 cents. One one horse "charriage" or Dearborn 25 cents. One man or horse 12 1-2 cents. One foot man 6 1-4 cents. One led horse 6 1-4 cents. One sheep or hog 1 cent. One cow 3 cents. The extant records show many licenses such as this during the forties and early fifties. Sometimes private bridges were licensed. On March 4. 1857 an act was approved incorporating the Chariton River Bridge Company Transportation Facilities. 313 and authorizing it to build a bridge cross the Chariton. The toUs which it might levy were prescribed as follows: Horse and rider, 10 cents; footman, 5 cents; single horse, mule, jack or jennet, 5 cents; work ox, 2 cents; each head of other stock, 1 cent. No bridge or ferry was alloAved to be built or operated Avithin two miles of the bridge this company should erect. It is not knoAAn just Avhen the company built its bridge, but it is CAddent it did not build it in Adair County. Up to 1869 no bridge had been put across the Chariton in this county. This became a matter of interest to the business men of Kirksville and bridge meetings were arranged for, at AA'hich persons interested could express themselves as to what should be done. The Journal for July 18, 1868 speaks of one bridge meeting as having gone by default be cause of lack of attendance. The matter was not dropped, however, and by December, 1869, the first Chariton bridge in the county was erected. The contract had been let in August for a truss bridge, 260 feet long A\'ith a main truss of 130 feet, at a cost of over 84,000. This appears to haA^e been a free bridge. Section II. — Railroads. The Wabash Railroad. — The North Missouri Railroad was in corporated on March 3, 1851. According to the original charter the road was to be built along the dividing ridge between the IMissouri and Mississippi Rivers from St. Charles to the Iowa line. The incorporators were residents of the counties through which the proposed road Avas to run. In 1852 the charter was amended so as to allow the road to be extended to St. Louis. In 1853 the legislature extended the credit of the state to the amount of $2,000,000 to this company in order to ex pedite the construction of the road. A survey Avas made in due time and the Board of Directors at the meeting in St. Louis early in 1854 accepted the route that had been sur veyed through St. Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Audrain, Monroe, Macon, Adair, and Schuyler Counties. By 1855 the road had been completed from St. Louis to Warrenton, and haste in completing it to the loAva line was urged so that the Iowa trade mightbesaA-edtoSt. Louis. By 1858 the road was completed to Alexico, and by February, 1859, it reached Macon, where connections were made A\ath the Han nibal and St. Joe Railroad. According to the charter ferriage across the river was necessary at St. Charles. It was not untU after the war that a bridge was built at this point. The counties along the proposed route were asked to make subscrip- 314 History of Adair County. tions to the capital stock of the company, and aU of them voted bonds hberally except Macon County. In 1856 or 1857 the Macon County court submitted a proposition to the people to subscribe to the capital stock, but it Avas voted doAvn. The same thing was repeated in 1858. In Adair County the history of the North Missouri bonds is a rather complicated one. The first action taken by the county court seems to have been in 1853, Avhen that body ordered that a proposition to take stock in the North Missouri Railroad Company should be sub mitted to the people in May of that year. Evidently the proposition did not carry, as the same thing Avas submitted again in August, 1854. It evidently carried when submitted this last time, for in November of that year the county court appointed William P. Linder as the agent of the county to subscribe $25,000 capital stock, providing the road was built to the Iowa line. In the foUoAving December the county court authorized Linder to sell 25,000 acres of swamp land for 250 shares in the capital stock of this railroad. By this it seems that the county had made in all subscriptions amounting to $50,000. It appears that the county court Avas subsequently displeased with the way in Avhich Linder conducted the business he was appointed to transact. At the June term of 1855 he was caUed upon to give "a full report under oath of his doings in regard to the said road, AA^hat pay if any he had received of said company or its agent for having secured the stock thus subscribed by the county," and also to state "at what time and what amount the county was Uable to be called upon for." He appeared to ansAver to this summons at this same term, but his re port was rejected because it was not under oath and Avas not satisfac tory. He was thereupon dismissed and the County Clerk was instruct ed to find out directly from the railroad what had been done. It seems that Mr. Linder had unconditionally subscribed the full amount ordered by the court. According to the records W. H. Parcells took up the matter with the railroad directors himself, and though he had no authority to act for the county, he got them to agree not to call for the subscription of the county until the railroad was put under con tract north of the Hannibal and St. Joe Railroad. At the March, 1856, term of court the arrangements made by Parcells were ratified as though he had been the regularly appointed agent of the county. He had meauAvhile been appointed in February, 1856, to act as the agent of the county in the next regular election of officers of the directory of this railroad. In October, 1856, the county court appointed a committee com posed of one man from each township in the county to circulate a pe- Transportation Facilities. 315 tition among the people to ascertain whether it should subscribe $50,000 additional stock to the North Missouri Railroad. Later it Avas ordered that such a proposition should be submitted to the people in May, 1857, on condition that the bonds should not be issued until the Avork was commenced in the county. At the same time another proposi tion to subscribe $100,000 in the stock of the Keokuk Railroad was sub mitted. It seems that both proposition were defeated at the polls. In 1859 the county began to fulfil its obligations to this railroad, though at that time the road had not been built any farther than Macon. Perhaps the county court thought it would be encouraging to the com pany to hurry on with its work if part at least of the bonds should be issued. In that year the county court paid over to the company $500 cash and $14,500 six per cent bonds. Whatever may have been the expectations, they were not reahzed. The road was not extended north Avard from Macon for nearly ten years after Adair County had begun to meet its promises. The county therefore refused to issue the rest of the bonds. After the road was extended through the county and be yond the state line, attempts were made to get the county court to issue the remaining bonds, but these efforts proved futile. It is not known Avhether the railroad got the 25,000 acres of SAvamp land Avhich had been offered for 250 shares of capital stock. The breaking out of the Avar undoubtedly had much to do Avith delaying the completion of the road. Shortly after the Avar closed the task of completing the main line up to the Iowa state line and the branch line to Kansas City Avas taken up and completed by 1868. Likewise the bridge across the Missouri at St. Charles Avas built at the same time. During 1867 the grading of the road had been finished up to Kirks ville, and on July 4, 1868, the AA^ork of lajang the track to KirksviUe was completed. By December it was completed to the Iowa line. No event in the historj^ of Kirksville had CA'-er been looked forward to with so much interest as the "advent of the iron horse." In the Kirks ville Journal for July 2, it was announced that the road Avould be fin ished by the "Fourth," and urged the people to be on hands in the fol lowing words: "Railroads, Brass Bands, Tournaments, Horse Fair, Free Rides, ain't that enough for one day's amusement? Don't fail to be here." The completion of the road to Kirksville was celebrated by the railroad by way of an excursion from Macon to Kirksville on July 18, 1868. According to the Macon Journal for July 23, the train left Macon at 9 :30 a. m. Avith the band on board playing "Hail Columbia." AU along the way people stood in their doorAvays waving greetings to the excur- 316 History of Adair County. sionists. The train stopped at each station to let the band play a tune. It took tAVO hours to make the trip. At Kirksville the train was met by a great crowd and a band. The excursionists were escorted to a nearby grove, Avhere some felicitous speech making was indulged in The day Avas exceedingly hot, but every one seemed to enjoy the occa sion. The KirksviUe people who gathered at the depot when the train got ready to leave, were tendered by Supt. Crane a free ride to Macon and return that evening. Many accepted the invitation, going down on the excursion and returning on the evening train from St. Ivouis two or three hours later. The trains according to the time tables of 1870 afforded fairly good service. There were two passenger trains each way each day besides a freight each way. The passenger trains going south left Kirksville at 12:45 p. m. and 8:00 p. m., and the trains going north at 11:05 a. m. and 8:00 p. m. But these accommodations were not permanent. In 1874 there was only one passenger a day each way, and the St. Louis papers did not reach Kirksville until the day after publication. It is not known how long these poor accommodations lasted, but it is known that by 1882 at least the trains ran so that the St. Louis papers Avere brought at a satisfactory hour. The name of the road Avas changed in February, 1872, to St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railroad. It was subsequently acquired by the Wabash Railroad company, Avhich had been buying up a number of roads east and west of the Mississippi. In 1879 these various roads were consohdated under the name of Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. R. Later the system passed into the hands of a receiver. On October 21, 1889, it Avas sold to the present Wabash Company. In 1899 the Wabash system comprised 2,236 miles of road connecting St. Louis, -Kansas City Chicago, Detroit, Toledo and Buffalo. In July, 1894, there occurred one of the most extensive railroad strikes in the history of this country. It grew out of trouble between the Pullman Palace Car Company and its employees over the question of wages. The American Railway Union took up the causes of the Pullman employees, and in July, 1894, all railroads that handled the Pullman cars in the Avest were brought to a stand still for several days. The Wabash Railroad was one of the roads thus tied up. For days not a train passed over that road through Kirksville, and according to the Democrat for July 6, 1894, rust covered the track and the depot had a hohday air. Many people in Kirksville vividly remember the incon venience caused by this suspension of train service. The Wabash depot formerly stood on the west side of the track Former Wabash Depot at Kirksville Erected in 1895. Burned to the Ground Dec 19, 1907, A Brick Depot has Since been Erected. 318 History of Adair County. and a little to the south of the present depot. It was partially destroyed by fire on June 1, 1895. It had been partly burned down in April, 1885, but had been repaired and made to do service for ten years more. The citizens met in a couple of days after the fire in 1895, and petitioned the railroad to build a ucav depot. The railroad responded favorably to this request and built a new frame depot on the site of the present depot. There was some agitation in favor of compelling the two roads to maintain a union depot at the junction, but it never amounted to anything. The new depot Avas occupied in November, 1895. This was burned to the ground on December 19, 1907, Avhereupon the rail road built the present brick depot. There was again a good deal of agitation in favor of a union depot, but it failed again. This company has tAventy-four miles of track in the county. The "0. K." Railroad. — The North Missouri Railroad gave Kirks ville easy connection with St. Louis and Kansas City and points south. But as yet connections with Quincy and Chicago Avere difficult. It Avas quite natural that a railroad running east and west through the county should be desired. From the time the county was first set tled Quincy had been one of the important trading points for the people of this region. Both Kirksville and Quincy saw the advantage a rail road would be in maintaining their long time connections. Kirksville seems to have taken the lead in the agitation. As early as 1867, before the North Missouri road was built to Kirksville, a railroad committee composed of fifteen of Adair County's prominent citizens, was at Avork. A railroad convention was held in Quincy in May, 1869, to Avhich delegates came from various sections interested. It was resolved to do everything possible towards getting a road from Quincy to KirksviUe. On June 24, 1869 a big railroad convention was held in Kirksville, Avhich resulted in the organization of a company Avith a capital of $6,000,000. No time seems to have been lost in preparing for the Avork of con struction. A preUminary survey had been made in 1868 for the Quincy and Missouri Railroad from Quincy to Newark and Edina in Knox County, and in October, 1869, the line of the Quincy, Missouri and Pa cific R. R. was surveyed to the Chariton River. Ground Avas broken Avest of Quincy for the new road on February 23, 1870 and actual con struction was begun. When it appeared that the road would be a reality, the people of Kirksville and Adair County redoubled their activity in the matter. The favorable attitude of the people towards the project is seen in the vote that was cast on March 29, 1870, on the proposition to subscribe Transportation Facilities. 319 $100,000 in county bonds to the capital stock of the ucav railroad. The A'ote stood 760 for and only 237 against. In Benton township the vote was 438 for and only 9 against. The proposition carried Avith the fol lowing conditions attached: $25,000 in bonds were to be issued Avhen grading was completed from eastern line of county to Kirksville; $50,000 AA'hen iron is laid from West Quincy to KirksA-Ule; $25,000 AA'hen the grading is completed through the county. It was felt, hoAvever, that the prize Avas worth still greater effort. A meeting of Kirksville citizens was held in the office of De France & Hooper on December 14, 1870, to consider the adA'isabiUty of additional subscriptions to the capital stock. C. A. Savage, President of the ucav road, made a speech telling what it was proposed to do. It was voted by this meeting that it Avould be advisable for Benton toAA-nship to issue $40,000 in bonds Avhich should be subscribed to the capital stock of the company. This proposition was put to a A'ote of the people of the town ship in July, 1871, but it was defeated by a vote of 233 for and 241 against. Steps were taken, however, for an immediate resubmission, and on August 16 it was carried by a vote of 487 to 111. The outcome Avas A^ery pleasing. Bonfires, music, and speeches were indulged in on the night of the election. Meanwhile, interest Avas quickened in Quincy. Influence had been brought to bear upon the Illinois legislature to pass a laAV to alloAV Quincy to issue city bonds to assist in the building of this railroad, but the Governor vetoed it. The legislature then passed a laAV over the Gov ernor's veto in April, 1871, and Quincy proceeded to issue her bonds. The vote in Quincy on the bonds was 1,940 for and only 185 against. Adair County and Quincy were not the only communities that offered financial support. Practically every county along the proposed line from Quincy to Brownsville, Nebraska, made some sort of sub scription, as the following list shows: City of BrownsviUe $ 60, 000 Atchison County 150, 000 Templeton Township (Atchison Co.) 20, 000 Clay Township (Atchison Co.) 20, 000 Gentry County 150, 000 Harrison County 250, 000 Sulhvan County 200, 000 Adair County 100,000 Benton Township (Adair Co.) . . 40, 000 Centre Township (Knox Co.) 50, 000 Jeddo ToAvnship (Lewis Co.) 20, 000 320 History of Adair County. La BeUe Township (Lewis Co.) 45, 000 Highland Township (Lewis Co.) 25, 000 Total $1,636,000 The work of construction proceeded slowly. It was December,. 1871 before the road was finished to Lewiston. By January, 1872, it was completed to La Belle, and by March it was at Edina. Contracts were let for the grading,- bridging and trestle Avork be tween Edina and Kirksville in October, 1871, with the condition that the work should be completed by April, 1872. Iron was laid to Lcav- iston by December, 1871, and iron Avas then on hand to complete the road to Edina. Work was pushed on the extension west from Edina after that point was reached, and it was completed on August 27, 1872. The completion of the road to Kirksville was made the occasion for a demonstration. The last section of the track to be completed between Kirksville and Edina lay six miles east of town. At about three o'clock on the afternoon of August 27, President Savage took with him ten or twelve prominent citizens of Kirksville on a conctruction train down to the place where the crcAvs were at work. The Avork was completed at about seven o'clock that evening, and the two construc tion trains and the special passenger train that had come from the east ern end of the line pulled into Kirksville. Their arrival had been awaited by a crowd of 500 Kirksvillians, and as the last train pulled in cheer after cheer went up, and three salutes were fired by De Kemp's artillery. The railroad put in a turn table at Kirksville at once, and regular trains to and from Quincy were inaugurated by the first week in Sep tember. On October 1, 1872, the completion of the road was formally cel ebrated by the company by way of a grand excursion from Kirksville and other points on the road to Quincy. Quincy made big prepara tions for the event. The train Avas met at the depot by an immense crowd, and artillery salutes were fired as the train pulled into the sta tion. The Mayor of Quincy welcomed the guests of the day, and Pres ident Baldwin of the State Normal School of Kirksville, responded. The excursionists were invited to take carriages and they Avere taken over the city. The day was pleasantly spent and was long remembered by the people of Kirksville and Quincy alike. In December, 1872, the present frame depot Avas bnUt at Kirks ville, and it proves somewhat a shock to one's feeling to find that the newspapers of that time characterized it as a "handsome" building. Transportation Facilities. 321 In these later days a term quite the opposite has been the one used in describing it. This depot has proved to be "fire-proof" so far, much to the regret of the citizens of Kirksville. The Wabash depot burned twice, and a better depot Avas acquired each time. The 0. K. depot won't burn and it remains practically the same. In 1895 the 0. K. promised a new depot, and has frequently rencAved the promise. In 1896 it pro posed the erection of an immense depot reaching from Franklin to Elson streets, provided the latter street Avas closed up across its tracks, but this Avas declined by the city council. After the road Avas completed to Kirksville special efforts were necessary to get another depot between Kirksville and the eastern line of the county. The historj' of these efforts is given in full in the chap ter on Brashear. It is only necessary to note here that the people in the eastern part of Salt River toAvnship were exceedinglj^ desirous of a depot, and they arranged to vote bonds upon themselves to the amount of $6,000, provided the road would build a depot in that part of the town ship. It seems as though the proposition to issue bonds for this purpose had failed to carry in the whole township, so it was granted by the county court that the eastern and western halves of thetoAvnship should vote on the question separately. On September 2, 1871, the eastern half of the township voted by a vote of 73 to 22 to issue $6,000 in bonds for a depot, tracks and SAvitch. At the same time the Avestern half refused to issue $12,000 in bonds for the same purpose by a vote of 2 to 67. In January, 1873, the company had complied Avith the propo sition by Avay of opening up a depot at Brashear and drew the $6,000 in bonds for East Salt River bonds. It was expected that the road Avould be extended Avest of Kirks ville at once, but this expectation was long unfulfilled. By 1876 the road had been extended to the Chariton bottoms and much coal was thus taken to market. Quincy is largely responsible for the extension of the road from Kirksville to Trenton. In March, 1877, a meeting of the prominent manufacturers of that place occurred, and it was resolved to urge the extension of the road to at least Trenton. In a fcAv months, Quincy, through her town council, voted to issue $250,000 in bonds for the com pletion of the road to Trenton. The U. S. Supreme Court decided Quincy could issue these bonds, and Quincy began to get them out. By August, 1878 the grading was completed to the Sullivan County fine, and the laying of the track west of Kirksville had begun. In Oc tober, 1878, the bridge over the Chariton River was completed and an 322 History op Adair County. adequate test made. During 1879 the road was completed to Milan, and by August, 1881, it was extended to Trenton. The extension from Milan to Trenton was effected by the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. R. Company, which had leased this road in 1879 for a term of ninety-nine years. Trenton took an active interest in securing this extention by way of raising $50,000 for that purpose. The passing of the Wabash system into the hands of a receiver during the eighties terminated the lease of the Q. M. & P. R. R., Avhere upon the stockholders foreclosed the mortgage and took possession and reorganized it early in 1888, under the name of the Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City R. R. From this time the road has been known as the "0. K.," or the Quincy Route, the latter being the official short name. In 1897 the road was extended from Trenton to Pattonsburg, con necting there with the Omaha and St. Louis Railroad, Avhich gave an extension to Omaha, and shortlj'^ after that the road was extended from Pattonsburg to Kansas City. The name was then changed to Omaha, Kansas City and Eastern. In recent years the road Avas acquired by the Burlington system, and has remained so up to the present. There are thirty-two miles of track belonging to this road in this county. The Santa Fe Railroad. — The third railroad to be built through the county Avas the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe. This line orig inally operated only in Kansas, having been projected from Atchison by way of Topeka to the Arkansas Valley. In 1874 it entered Kansas City over its own tracks, and by 1881 it was extended to El Paso. It soon began to plan for an extension from Kansas City to Chicago, and by April, 1888, completed the work. The survey brought the road through the southeastern part of Adair County, and citizens of Kirks ville saAv the advantage there Avould be in having it pass through this place. In January, 1887, a citizens' meeting was called by Mayor B. W. Ross to consider the advisability of making an effort to secure the building of the railroad through Kirksville. Subsequently a prop osition was made to the company that if the road Avere built through Kirksville a liberal subsidy Avould be offered, but the company declined oAviDg to the fact that an effort was being made to make the line to Chicago as direct and short a one as possible, and to come to KirksviUe Avould lengthen it more than was advisable. The original line as sur- vej-ed through the county was adhered to. A depot was estabhshed Transportation Facilities. 323 at Gibbs, which place has become an important trading point for the southeastern part of the county. The Iowa and St. Louis Railroad.— The buUding of the fourth railroad in the county, the Iowa and St. Louis Railroad, is closely con nected Avith the coal industry of the county. For years coal has been mined at various places along the Chariton River, but Avith the excep tion of two or three places where the railroads crossed this river, the coal industry was not very extensively developed. It was all a ques- The Santa Fe Depot at Gibbs. tion of cheap and quick transportation. A mine located several miles from a railroad could not be operated on a large scale. Many men Avho kncAv hoAV rich the coal fields Avere along the Chariton saw the oppor tunity that lay awaiting some one who Avould construct a railroad up and down that river. All that was needed Avas the right man to take hold and push. In the early part of Maj^, 1901, W. S. McCauU, then claim agent for the Q. 0. & K. C. R. R., while sitting at a country hotel in Adair County, overheard a conversation between a railroad official and a coal ¦operator about the possibility of building a railroad from CenterviUe, 324 History of Adair County. Iowa, down, the Chariton. This matter appealed to Mr. McCauU im mediately. He knew personally of the coal fields around CenterviUe and in Adair County. It occurred to him that he might try his hand at building a railroad. The next day lie consulted A\dth H. F. Reddig, then chief clerk to the General Manager of the 0. K. R. R., and H. H. Kendrick, then auditor for the same company. These three men there upon organized a company, and on May 11, 1901, filed articles of in corporation for the loAva, St. Louis Raihvay Company. This company had an authorized capital stock of $50,000.00, and was organized to build a railroad five miles in length from a point on the 0. K. C. & E. R. R., at or near Novinger, northward to Shibley's Point. The articles provided that when the capital stock should have been increased sufficiently the company would construct a railroad to CenterviUe, Iowa. H. F. Reddig Avas made President of the company; H. H. Kendrick, Secretary and Auditor; W. S. McCauU, Vice-Presi dent and General Attorney. The combined credit of these three men was not enough to have enabled them to buy one mile of right of Avay, but they set to work to procure mining leases upon several thousand acres of good coal land, and managed to build a track of four or five miles north from a connection made with a mine track owned by the Kansas City Midland Coal Company, Avhich was in time connected with the 0. K. track at Novinger. Before the end of the first year of the corporate existence of the company, a Chicago syndicate composed chiefiy of Gates, Lambert and Keefe, became interested in this project and bought the road. They reorganized the company, retaining Reddig as President and Kendrick as Secretary and Auditor. Plans were made for constructing a road from Des Moines to IMacon, Mo., and later on from Macon to St. Louis. In a short time the track was laid from ConnelsAdlle to Cen terviUe. Meanwhile, a very bitter controversy arose between the 0. K. and the I. & St. L. over the Kansas City Midland track, which connected the tAVO roads. Some time in March, John W. Gates ordered Reddig to take possession of the Midland track. Thereupon Reddig proceeded to spike all the switches leading from the 0. K. main line to the Midland track. As soon as the general officials of the 0. K. heard what was go ing on, some of them proceeded in person to Novinger, and about five o'clock one morning, after having had the spikes drawn from the switches between the Midland and the 0. K.,they passed Avith an engine and caboose doAvn the Midland and the I. & St. L. tracks to ConnelsviUe, where they took up three car loads of coal from a mine there and returned to Transportation Facilities. 325 Novinger. They then dumped a heavy box-car across the I. & St. L. right of way, and tore up the connection between that road and the Midland track. It seems that such a trick had been anticipated and a watchman had been placed at the connection between the I. & St. L. and the Midland. But he grew tired during his watch and went off to sleep, and while he slept the officials passed and repassed on their trip to Connelsville. Had he remained on duty he could have given the alarm and a force under the I. & St. L. could have torn up the track and bottled up an 0. K. engine and caboose with officials on board. Before the 0. K. officials could finish the Avork of tearing up the connec tions between the I. & St. L. and Midland tracks, the I. & St. L. officials had a force out to protect their property, but this force was not large enough to oppose effectively those working under orders from the 0. K. officials. Excitement ran high, but only one altercation Avas reported, and that was between a drunken miner and an 0. K. section boss. Later in the day the I. & St. L. officials attempted to take up part of the Mid land track, but the men who were doing the work were arrested and put under bond. The difficulty Avas settled in March, 1903, by the C. B. & Q. buying all of the stock of the I. & St. L., and putting the manage ment of the road in the hands of the O. K. officials. The first work undertaken by the new management was the prac tical rebuilding of the road. All train service between Novinger and CenterviUe Avas suspended until June, 1903, Avhen regular train service was installed from Novinger to Sedan, loAva. Later the seven miles of road from Sedan to CenterviUe were abandoned and the track taken up. During 1903 the road was extended from Novinger to Mercyville (noAV Elmer), but has never been built any farther, so that today the road extends from Sedan to Elmer. At Sedan connection is made Avith Keokuk and Western Road. Most of the right of way has been secured to Macon, and it is planned to build to this point some time soon. It has been said that the acquisition of this road by the C. B. & Q. has checked the development of the coal industry as it had been planned when the I. & St. L. Avas first inaugurated, OAving to the interest of the C. B. & Q. in other coal fields. There are twenty-one miles of track belonging to the I. & St. L. in Adair County. Proposed Lines. — There has been a good deal of agitation in the past for a railroad passing through the county from the southeast to the northwest. Various lines under different names were projected, such as the Hannibal & Omaha R. R., St. Louis and NorthAvestern, or 326 History of Adair County. St. Louis and Omaha R. R., Sioux City and St. Louis R. R. These railroad schemes were talked of between 1888 and 1892, and at times there was a good deal of excitement over what appeared to be good prospects over a short line from St. Louis to Omaha passing through Kirksville. In a special edition of the Democrat for March 29, 1888, a raUroad map of the county Avas given in which not only the railroads in operation were shoAvn, but also two new projected roads. Up to the present noth ing has ever come of these, schemes. For some years recently there, has been some agitation in favor of trolley fines connecting Kirksville with towns in other counties. Among the routes proposed the one most talked about was to run from Hanni bal to Kirksville. During the year 1910 the matter was talked of very extensively, but as yet nothing. material has developed. Railroad Wrecks. — Railroad wrecks have been neither numerous nor disastrous in the county. So far as an examination of the newspapers has been carried only two AATecks have been discovered to have occurred in the county Avhich were accompanied by loss of life. One was on the Wabash on January 16, 1883. The morning train going south was wrecked near Millard, resulting. in the killing of Dr. F. M. Nickell and in the injury of a good number of people. The other was on the Santa Fe on August 12, 1894. Two vestibule passenger trains collided near Gibbs whUe - going at full spped. The collision Avas due to one of the engineers failing to obey orders to stop at Gibbs. Tavo men were killed outright, an engineer and an express messenger, and eight injured, some A^ery seriously. CHAPTER XVI. THE BANKS. There are ten banks in Adair County, four of which are in Kirks ville, two in Brashear, tAvo in Novinger, one at Connelsville, and one at Gibbs. The first bank to be established in the county was the Kirks ville Branch of the Bank of St. Louis. It was opened for business in November, 1859. The second bank, the Kirksville Savings Bank, Avas established in 1873. The rest of the banks have been founded since 1890. The banks of the county have proved to be sound financial insti tutions. There has never been a bank failure in the county. The panics that swept over the county in 1873 and 1893 passed off without any serious distress to the local banks. This was largely due to the confidence which the community had in the integrity of the bankers and the soundness of their institutions. The statements of the various banks of the county as published in the county as the close of business on November 10, 1910, showed that the deposits amounted to $1,566,499.59. The deposits were distrib uted among the banks as follows: KirksviUe National Bank Citizens National Bank . , Kirksville Savings Bank Kirksville Trust Company Novinger Bank Union Bank of Novinger , State Bank of Brashear . , Adair County Miners Bank. Bank of Gibbs Brashear Banking Co.. . , 363,, 055. 40 285,239,74274,477.29 190,779.01 113,194,54 102,548.25 95,569.84 58, 757 , 23 45, 042 , 25 37,835,04 Total $1,566,499,59 Bank of St. Louis. — The first bank to be organized in Adair Coun ty was, as has been said, the Kirksville Branch of the Bank of St. Louis. D. A. Ely, W. P. Linder, M. P. Hannah, J. T. Smith, Isham B. Dodson, Waddy Thompson, B. G. Barrow, John Thomas, W. H. Parcells, T. C. Wilson, W. L. Patton, M. G. Clem, and others Avere interested in its 328 History of Adair County. organization. There Avere to be nine directors for this branch bank; five Avere to be elected by the stockholders and four ap]x)intcd by the parent Bank of St. Louis. David A. Ely Avas elected President; W. P. Linder, Cashier; and C. R. Chinn, Clerk; W. T. Baird, clerk and jan itor. The organization Avas efi'cctetl on November 29, 1859. The bank Avas opened in a little old Avooden building known as the Thomas build ing, Avhich stood on the southeast corner of the square, Avherc the Baird bank building hoav stands. Some changes had to be made in this build ing to adapt it to its ucav uses. The accompanying cut is from a pic ture taken in 1859 before the bank was started. The changes madt> included some doors in the corner and the tearing away of the fence. The building Avas moved about 1869 to High street just south of the First Bank Building in Kirksville. It stood on the site of the present Baird Bank Building and was tlic home of the Kirksville Branch of the Bank of St , Louis M. E. Church, where it uoav stands. It has been remodeled consider ably, so that it now looks very little as it originally did. The capital stock of this bank ivas originally $50,000; later it was increased to $61,000, and finally to $10,000. For every dollar of capital paid up in gold and silver, the bank was alloAved to issue $2 in currency. That necessitated the keeping on hands a good deal of gold The Banks. 329 and silver to redeem any of the bank's currency that might be presented over the counter. When the battle of Kirksville happened on August 6, 1862, the bank had $78,000 in gold in its littie old safe. As Col. Porter came into town that morning Avith his Confederate recruits, he warned the citizens of the danger they were in because of the impend ing engagement, and they proceeded to flee to safety. Mr. Baird, who was then in charge of the bank, locked up the safe and the vault and, putting the keys in his pocket, fled Avith his family to a place about two miles from town. On returning the next day he found that the bank had not been molested, much to the relief of himself and those who were interested in it. It seems that Avhen this branch bank was organized several of the stockholders had to borrow the money with which to purchase their stock. This they did from a bank at Palmyra. After the bank at Kirksville had gotten started these men then borrowed from their own bank and paid off their indebtedness to the Palmyra bank. Their notes were renewed several times Avith the accumulated interest added, so that in a short time they were getting big accommodations from their own bank. With the coming on of the war, gold advanced in price, so that a large sum of money was realized on the sale of what the bank was fortunate enough to have on hands. In all about $50,000 in coin was sold at different times. Moreover, there were scA'eral thousands of dollars of the bank's currency Avhich were still outstanding and un redeemed when the period of redemption expired, so that these unre deemed bills proved a source of proflt to the bank also. These things saved many of the stockholders from bankruptcy. In March, 1863, Mr. Baird was elected cashier in place of Mr. Linder, Avho had left the county. On February 15, 1864, the State Legislature passed a law which authorized the winding up of the business of the branches of the Bank of St. Louis. The KirksviUe branch was thereupon closed up in 1865. The Baird Bank. — In the same year that the Kirksville Branch of the Bank of St. Louis was liquidated, a new banking company com posed of Porter & Stebbins was organized, with a capital stock of $5,000, and opened up for business with Mr. W. T. Baird as manager. Though there Avas no organic connection between this bank and the branch bank, the one may in a Avay be considered as the successor of the other. In 1867 it was discovered that owing to the fact that Stebbins and Porter were non-residents of the state, they could not continue bank ing business in the state because of some legal provisions regulating bank- 330 History of Adair County. ing. Thereupon Mr. Baird got Mr. Samuel Reed to buy up the capital stock, and the name of the firm became Baird & Reed. On Septem ber 2, 1868, Malone & Epperson of Macon bought out Mr. Reed, and for ten years the firm was known as the Exchange Bank of Baird, Ma lone & Company. Early in June, 1878, Mr. Baird bought out his partners, and the name of the bank now became Exchange Bank of W. T. Baird. In 1882 the bank was reorganized under the name of First National Bank with a capital stock of $50,000. Mr. Baird retained the controU- Mr. W. T. Baird (From a familiar photograph of about twenty years ago.) ing interest in this institution and was made its cashier and manager. The other directors were Edwin Darrow, S. M. Link, John Caskey, and Joseph Baum. EdAvin Darrow Avas elected President; S. M. Link, Vice-President; and W. T. Baird, Cashier. In 1883 Edwin Dar- roAv was succeeded by S. M. Link, who continued to serve as President until his death in 1904. In 1894 the bank was changed from a national to a state institu tion and took the name of First International Bank. In June, 1904, it changed back again to a national bank and went under the name of Baird National Bank. In February, 1906, the bank was sold to the Citizens Bank, mention of which will be made in that part of this ii^^^V Thb Baird Bank Building. (Now occupied by the Citizens National Bank.) 332 History of Adair County. chapter dealing with that institution. This marked' tlie passing of the oldest banking institution in the county. The Kirksville Branch Bank began business in 1859, it will be re caUed, in a frame building on the site of the present Citizens Bank. Before this bank went out of business it had bought what was knoAvn as the Linder building which stood on the southeast corner of the square Vhere the Myers Brothers' shoe store noAV is. The Porter & Stebbins bank bought the furniture of the branch bank, but occupied a building on the east side Avhere the Thomas Jewelry Store now is. In 1870 the banking firm of Baird, Malone & Company erected a building of their own on the site of the building in which the branch bank had begun business, this old building having been removed the year before. This building Avas destroyed by the fire that swept most of the south side of the square out of existence on March 15, 1890. The bank, then known as the First National Bank, was able to get all of its money out of the safe before the building burned, and business was resumed in the build ing diagonally across the street from the present post office building the next morning. By May 16 the bank was back in the new building which Avas erected on the site of the one burned. This building is noAv (1911) occupied by the Citizens National Bank, but it is OAvned by W. T. Baird. On the night of February 26, 1895, an attempt was made by bur glars to rob the International bank. One of the vaults was bloAvn open and the safe Avrecked; but fortunately for the bank all the money ex cept $2,000 in silver, was in another vault and safe, and the explosion had not wrecked the safe containing the silver sufficiently so the bur glars could get it. Savings Bank. — The Kirksville Savings Bank Avas organized in October, 1873, Avith a capital stock of $10,000. The officers were A. J. Knight, President; C. H. Dutcher, Vice-President; R. M. Ringo, Cashier. The Directors were F. M. Harrington and H. W. Snyder. This was the second bank organized in the county, and for nearly twen ty years this bank and the one with which Mr. Baird was connected, were the only two banks in the county. After one year's service as President, A. J. Knight resigned, and T. C. Campbell of La Plata succeeded him. On Mr. Campbell's death on February 21, 1887, Samuel Reed was made President. The bank began business in a building which stood on the site of the Odd Fellows' Building on the southwest corner of the square. In February, 1886, the Baylor building, which stood on the Avest end of the The Banks. 333 south side of the square was purchased and rearranged for banking pur poses. This building has remained the home of this banking institution from that time to this. In June, 1886, the bank was reorganized. New stockholders were taken in and the capital stock doubled. When the bank was organized in 1873 the capital stock was $10,000. This Avas increased to $20,000 in'1874, and in 1886 it was increased to $40,000. In 1891 it was doubled Mr. R. M. Ringo again, having been raised from $40,000 to $80,000. It has since been reduced to $60,000. • On the night of November 10, 1898, the Savings Bank Avas burglar ized. The vault was apparently entered by means of drilling the locks of both the outer and inner vault doors, but the safe Avhich stood inside the vault was entered by some other means than drills and explosives. The bank sustained a loss of $10,480 in money Avith $4,000 insurance against burglary. Mr. Samuel Reed lost $15,000 in government bonds and a box of gold amounting to several thousand dollars. The bank Avas 334 History of Adair County. not injured in any Avay by the loss. There was no break in the transac tion of business and the directors immediately IcA^ied upon the stock holders to make good their loss. The insurance company after investigating the case, refused to pay the bank auA-fhing on the 84,000 pohcy Avhich it had issued to the bank. The bank sued the insurance company but lost the suit. The grounds taken by Judge Adams of the U. S. Court at Hannibal in his instructions to the jury, were that the burglary was committed In- some Kirksville Samx(!s Bank one Ayho kncAV all about the safe and that the drill holes in the doors of the vault Avcrc only one of the many things done to make it appear that a burglar had done the work. .\s a matter of fact, suspicion was fastened upon a certain employee of the hank, and though no charges were ever brought against him," he soon resigned his place and left the town. The success of the bank has been largely due to H, M. Rimio, com monly called "Dick" Ringo, who s(M-vc(1 actively in one capacity or an- The National Bank, Kirksville 336 History of Adair County. other from the time of its organization to the time of his death in Jan uary, 1908. The present officers are: W. P. Foster, President; V. J. HoAvell, Cashier. National Bank. — The third bank to be organized in the county was the Union Bank, now the National Bank of KirksviUe. This was organized by P. C. MiUs and B. F. Heiny, and opened for business on October 2, 1891. The capital stock was $40,000. The first officers were S. S. McLaughlin, President; P. C. MiUs, Vice-President; B. F. Heiny, Cashier. A building was erected on the northwest corner of the square by this bank before it was opened up for business. It was changed to a national bank on Jan. 3, 1898, and has since been knoAvn as the National Bank. The capital stock was raised to $50,000. In January, 1908, Mr. Heiny severed his connection Avith this in stitution, and S. F. Stahl became Cashier. Mr. Mills is now President, and has been for a number of years. Citizens National Bank. — The Citizens Bank was opened up for business on July 5, 1904, in the building now occupied by the Kirks ville Trust Company. The chief stockholders in this bank were H. M. StUl, W. G. Fout, Warren HajnUton, J. E. WaddiU, Tyler Paine, Geo. England and others. J. E. Waddill was President and W. G. Fout, Cashier. The capital stock was $80,000. In February, 1906, this bank bought out the Baird National Bank and moved into the building which the latter institution had been occu pying. In May of that year the Citizens Bank was charteted as a National Bank, and the capital stock was raised to $100,000. The present officers are: H. M. StiU, President; Warren Hamil ton, Vice-President; W. G. Fout, Cashier. Trust Company. — The Kirksville Trust Company was organized by the Citizens Bank in March, 1906. It Avas opened up for business in the Citizens Bank building at the time when that bank transferred its quarters to the Baird National Bank building. J. E. Waddill was President, and R. M. MiUer, Secretary. The capital stock is $100,000, one-half of which is paid up. Several changes have been made. In January, 1908, B. F. Heiny severed his connection with the National Bank and became connected with this company. The present officers are: B. F. Heiny, President; R. M. MUler, Secy. The Banks. 337 Brashear Banks. — Brashear has two banks, the State Bank of Brashear and the Brashear Banking Company. The State Bank of Brashear was estabhshed on October 14, 1890, with 0. C. Sands, J. N. McCreery, Daniel Tuttie, M. F. Strock, F. M. Harrington, R. M. Ringo, F. P. Wiseman, Jacob Conkle, W. H. Sohn and others as stockholders. The capital stock Avas $5,000. Shortly after this Mr. Sands bought up the other stockholders. *-'jr- Kirksville Trust Company. and he conducted it as a private institution until March, 1900, when he sold out to Myers Bros. In 1907 Mr. C. S. Davis bought out Myers Bros, and remains the present owner. The capital stock is now $10,000. The Brashear Banking Company Avas established in 1907 by George Tuttie and -E. E. Black, and still remains under them. The capital stock is $5,000. NoAaNGER Banks. — Novinger has likcAvise two banks, the Novinger Bank and the Union Bank of Novinger. The Novinger Bank was organized on December 1, 1900, by L. D. HiUyer, with a capital stock of $6,000. The stockholders were L. D. Hillyer, S. A. Novinger, John Shibley, J. F. Novinger, J. A. Novinger, ,^3iiif*-!|v;,f ^Sft*»*.'_L» ¦^ St.ate Bank of Brashear and Residence of Cashier, Chas. S. Davis. The Banks. 339 Marion Shoop, F. W. Cain, Jacob Shoop, and John Shoop. Business was begun in a building on the hill near the present residence of Mrs. Aaron Kinyon. The present well arranged building was built in 1903 and occupied in September of that year. The capital stock has been increased from $6,000 to $12,000, and later to $20,000. The oflficers at the present time are: S. A. Novinger, President; 0. E. Novinger, Cashier. The Union Bank of Novinger was organized by L. D. Hillyer, S. A. Novinger, Isaac N. Novinger, J. F. Novinger, and P. C. Mills. Several of these men were stockholders in "the Novinger Bank. S. A. Novinger was made President and Isaac Novinger, Cashier. Most of the original stockholders have since sold out to others. The capital stock is $10,000. The present President is J. J. Wells, and the Cashier, I. N. Novinger. Adair County Miners' Bank. — For a short time Connelsville afforded two banks, the Bank of Connelsville and the Adair County Miners' Bank. The first Avas organized in November, 1902, by W. T. Baird of Kirksville, A. E. Jones, and E. H. Allison, an Illinois banker. In January, 1903, the Adair County Miners Bank was organized by L. D. Hillyer of Novinger. As the promoters of the first bank reahzed there was not enough business for two banks, they surrendered the field and sold out to the second. The capital stock of the surviving bank, the Adair County Miners Bank, is $15,000. The first Board of Di rectors was composed of L. D. Hillyer, F. S. Fechtling, Wm. Motter, J. W. Cook, and J. E. Reaugh. L. D. Hillyer was elected President and J. E. Reaugh, Cashier. In 1905 Mr. Hillj'er disposed of his stock, and F. S. Fechtling was elected President. In 1908 C. G. Young was elected Cashier. Bank of Gibbs. — The bank at Gibbs was originaUy a stockhold ers' organization and was called the Gibbs Savings Bank. It was sold to Craggs and Elmore in July, 1901, when the name was changed to the Bank of Gibbs, and the capital stock was reduced to $5,000. Craggs and Elmore sold out to Frank Myers in February, 1903, and in Decem ber, 1905, Frank Myers sold to J. H. Myers. Later J. H. Myers sold out to AUison & MUler, and on AprU 30, 1907, E. B. CampbeU bought out Allison & Miller. Mr. Campbell has remained in possession of the bank longer than any other person. The capital stock is stiff $5,000. Adaih County Minehh Bank, Connelsville, The Banks. 341 Building and Loan Associations. — The KirksvUle Building and Loan Association Avas organized in May, 1885, Avith W. G. Fout, Pres ident; A. M. Smith, Secretary; and W. T. Baird, Treasurer. The original stock was $80,000; this Avas later raised to $100,000, and then to $200,000. In 1907 the association Avas rechartered for fifty years, and the capital stock was raised to $250,000. W. G. Fout has been President ever since it was organized, and W. G. Downing has been the Secretary for the last tAvelve years. This association built some modern frame residences on Jefferson street betAveen Mulanix and Florence during 1909-10, as an investment, several of which Avere sold off almost as soon as completed. There is a Building and Loan Association at NoAonger, Avhich has been organized in the last year with a capital stock of about $25,000. These tAvo are the onh' ones in the countA'. CHAPTER XVII. KIRKSVILLE. Early Setilers.— Before Kirksville Avas laid out the vicinity was knoAvn to some as Long Point, and to others as Hopkinsville. The first Avhite settlement in the county Avas made in 1828, and Avas kuoAvn as "The Cabins." This settlement Avas six miles avcst of what is uoav Kirksville. It is not knoAA'u just Avhen settlers began to occupy the Mrs. Mary East Slo.\n, \A"]iHnv of David E. Slo.an Mr. and Mrs. Sloan settled in 1S40 in what later became Kirksville. land in and around the present KirksA'ille. By 1841, Avhen the toAvn Avas laid out, there Avere a fcAV settlers living in this vicinity, among Avhom AAcre Jesse Kirk and David E. Sloan. Mr. Sloan had settled first in ^^'alnut ToAvnship, but moA^ed his family to Avhat is uoav Kirks ville in 1840 and built a log cabin on the site of the Avarehouse of L. D. Cochran it t^ompaiiA-, more generally knoAvn as the KciuuhIa' ware house, just Avcst of the northwest corner of the square. The tradition Kirksville. 343 in his family is to the effect that his house was the first one ever built within the limits of the original Kirksville. He died very shortly after budding this cabin, but his AvidoAv, Mary East Sloan, lived on thirty years or more, and was one of the familiar characters in the early his tory of the town and county. Mr. Kirk lived near the present Willard School house, and for a long time kept a tavern there. Besides the Kirk and Sloan families, there Avere during the forties representatives of the Stewart, Floyd, Holloway, Parcells, Callison, James, Sheeks, Ivie, Hunsaker, Dodson, Mulanix, Goode, Murphy and Galyen families in Kirksville. There Avere doubtless other families •represented during that time, but just Avho they were has not been ascertained. Growth in Population. — Kirksville grcAv in population verA- slow ly at first. In fact, the rate of increase in population was greater for the county as a whole from 1850 to 1880 inclusive, than for the toAvn. Since 1880 the tOAvn has grown more rapidly than the county. The foUoAving figures taken from the census reports, show the pop ulation of the toAvn and county from 1850 to 1910: Year. 1850186018701880 1890 1900 1910 The population of KirksA-ille in 1850 is not known. In Chapter. II of this book some account was given of the growth of the population of the county. Since that chapter was put into print the Census Commissioner for the census of 1910 has made public his report on the situation in the Missouri counties and towns. Inasmuch as the detailed information concerning Adair County was not available when the above mentioned chapter was printed, it may be in order to bring it in at this point. Adair County had a population in 1910 of 22,700 as compared vyith 21,728 in 1900. The population of the various townships at these two dates was as follows: IKSVILLE. Adair County (Including Kirksville) 2, 342 658 8,531 1,471 11,448 2,314 15,190 3,510 17, 147 5,966 21,728 6,347 22, 700 344 The History of Adair County. 1910 , 8, 086 ,1,709,1,185 ,1,490 Township. Benton (including Kirksville) Clay Liberty Morrow Nineveh (including ConnelsviUe and Novinger)., 4, 677 Pettis 1,100 Polk 770 Salt River (including Brashear) 1, 470 Walnut 954 Wilson (including Gibbs) 1, 258 1900 7,8262, 207 1,2851,985 2,226 1,307 884 1,6241,112 1,272 In order that it may be clearly seen that the increase of population has been in the toAvns and the loss in the rural districts, the following facts are submitted: Cities and Towns Kirksville , , , , 1st ward , , 2nd Avard. , 3rd ward , , . 4th Avard . . . Novinger. . , , North Avard South Avard. Connelsville . , Brashear Gibbs Novinger Avas incorporated in 1901 and ConnelsvUle in 1904; hence neither town shows in the 1900 column. The foregoing tables, taken from the official statistics just issued by the Census Bureau at Washington, shoAV that during the past ten years Adair County gained in population 972. The City of Kirksville and the other towns of the county show increased population; hence the rural portion of the county shows a decided decrease. Kirksville's gain was 381. Brashear gained 57, and Gibbs gained 58. Novinger and Connelsville have made a marked growth, but as neither toAvn Avas incorporated at the time of the 1900 census, no com parison can be made. 1910 1900 ..6,347 5,966 1,341 989 1,684 2,333 .1,711 1,022 689 652 458 401 . . 229 168 KlRKSA^LLB. 345 Benton township, including Kirksville, gained 260. As Kirks vUle alone gained 381, the township outside of Kirksville therefore lost 121 of its inhabitants. Nineveh toAvnship, including Connelsville and Novinger, gained 2,451. This gain, however, Avas whoUy within the limits of the two towns; hence, the toAvnship outside of these towns shows a loss. Salt River toAvnship, outside of Brashear, sustained a loss of 211. Wilson toAvnship, outside of Gibbs, had a loss of 71. Clay and Morrow toAvnships show the greatest loss, the former losing 498 and the latter 495. The marked increase in the size of the toAvn since 1880 is largely due to the educational institutions located there, the First District Normal School and the American School of OsteopathA'. It is per haps not too much to say that Kirksville would not likely be any larger than the county seat towns in the counties immediately to the north, east and west of her if it Avere not for these schools. They have been the means of attracting many people here, Avho have remained after having educated their children in them. MUNICIPAL Organization. — The history of the municipal govern ment of KirksviUe may be divided into six periods: first, from the time the town Avas laid out in 1841 to the time of its incorporation in 1857; second, from 1857 to the suspension of the municipal government dur ing the war; third, from the reorganization of the town government in 1866 to the granting of a special charter in 1873; fourth, from 1873 to 1886, AA'hen the town surrendered its charter and became a city of the fourth class; fifth, from 1886 to 1892, when the city was raised to one of the third class; and sixth, from 1892 to the present. Some at tempt Avill be made to describe the changes in the governmental or ganization of the town as they have occurred from one period to another, as suggested in the aboA^e outline. The same law which estabhshed the county in 1841, provided for three commissioners to locate the county seat. They were Jefferson Collins of Lewis County, L. B. Mitchell of Clark County, and Thomas Farrell of Monroe County. They were instructed to locate the county seat within tAvo and a half miles of the geographical center of the county. Some time during 1841 they accomphshed the work they were author ized to do. They entered for the county the northwest quarter of section 9, toAvnship 62, range 15, which comprised 160 acres. The county very shortly thereafter disposed of the west half of this quarter section to W. P. Linder, retaining the east half for the county seat. 346 The History' of Adair County'. According to a story told in the North Missouri Register for December 4, 1873, it was largely through the influence of David E. Sloan and a few others that the commissioners selected this particular quarter sec tion for the county seat site. When the county seat came to be surveyed off an error was made by the surveyors in determining the exact boundaries of the land that had been entered for the county. It had been decided to lay off for the time, the north forty only of the eighty acres which the county owned- The surveyors put the northeast corner of this forty acres several feet too far to the northeast, so that when they had completed their Avork and had made a plat of the original town it was one block too far to the north and one half block too far to the east. In other words, the town was made to extend over into section four on the north and into the northeast quarter of section nine. The town was subsequently corrected b}^ taking off these extensions, and by adding what the county owned on the west and south in the forty acres that had been set aside for the original town. Later the county had the other forty acres surveyed and platted, and added them to the original town. The original toAvn of forty acres as the surveyors laid it out, was bounded on the north by Avhat is now Missouri Street, on the east by High Street, on the south by McPherson Street, and on the west by Main Street. When the corrections were made the northern boundary was Illinois Street, the eastern was an alley between Marion and High Streets, and the western the alley west of Main Street. There are therefore no blocks 5, 6, 15 and 16 in the original toAvn of Kirksville be cause of this error. The public square is block 9. The coimty disposed of the town lots that had been laid off in the eighty acres it had kept for a county seat, by auction sales usually. The toAvn was named after Jesse Kirk, who Avas living outside the limits of the town when it Avas laid out. According to the story, as tra dition has preserved it, his wife was cooking a turkey dinner the day the surveyors completed their work, and he offered to invite them to partake of that dinner and indulge in his supply of good whiskey, pro vided they would name the town in his honor. The offer Avas accepted and the name of Kirksville was given to the newly laid out town. The original plat was acknowledged on May 18, 1842, though it does not seem to have been filed until June 21, 1847. This document is now in possession of Mr. H. F. Millan of Kirksville. It was used as one of the papers in a suit of Linder vs. Adair County, and as the case was tried in Sulhvan County on change of venue, it Avas taken to Milan and for years Avas left there. Later it was brought from Milan to Kirks- Kirksville. 347 ville and given to Mr. Millan, who has since preserved it carefully in his office safe. Up to 1857 the town of KirksviUe was unincorporated, and hence was subject to the toAvnship officers of Benton township. No records have survived from that time, so that it is impossible to give anything concerning either the tovsmship officers of the transactions of the toAvn- ship organization. By the time the town was incorporated several additions had been made to the original toAvn. These Avere the county's first addition in 1842, Avhich consisted of a tier of blocks Avest of Main Street; the South addition in 1852, which consisted of six blocks and four half blocks south of the original town and the county's first addition; the Linder's first addition in 1854, which consisted of four blocks and four half blocks east of the original town; and Linder and Mulanix addition in 1856 of five blocks and eight half blocks south of Linder's first addition. In 1857 a petition was sent to the Legislature asking that the toAvn be incorporated and a charter granted. This was granted on January 30, 1857, Avhen the I^egislature passed a special act giving a charter to the toAvn. This act was only one of a number of similar acts passed during the fifties and sixties incorporating numerous toAvns in the state. According to this act of 1857 the town government of Kirksville was carried on by an elective toAA'n council and A'arious appointive of ficers. The council was what was commonly called the Board of Trus tees. It Avas composed of seven trustees elected annually on a general ticket. The first seven trustees were named by the Legislature in the act of 1857. They Avere M. P. Hannah, John Thomas, William Lough, 0. H. Beeman, Jesse C. Thatcher, John D. Foster, and E. W. Parcels. Thereafter the entire board was re-elected every first Monday in April. Within ten days after the election of each board, the members met and elected one of their oAvn number as chairman; they also elected a clerk. The chairman corresponded to the mayor, but he had no power over the board save that of a presiding officer. The board elected various other toAvn officers, such as assessor, constable, recorder and treas urer. The town justice was elected by the county court, .acting upon the recommendation of the trustees. No records have come down from the toAvn government as organ ized under the charter of 1857. It seems, hoAvever, that during the war the town government became suspended and remained so until 1866. In that year the State Legislature passed an act giving all the towns and villages in the state the power to reorganize under their for mer charters, which may have been ignored or set aside. KirksA'ille 348 The History of Adair County. took advantage of this opportunity. An order was therefore made by the county court ordering the election of a new board of trustees for the town, inasmuch as all the trustees at the time the toAvn government had suspended had left town. This special election too place on May 19, 1866. The trustees elected were J. W. Lee, S. W. WUhams, Sam uel Reed, W. 0. H. P. Ammerman, J. G. Jamison, John L. Rowlinson, and 0. H. Beeman. By June the town government was going again. The extant records of the toAvn begin with the work done by this Board of Trustees; that does not mean, however, that all the extant records are continuous from that time to this, for some of them are missing in the seventies. Judging from the character of the ordinances passed in 1866, one would suppose that the town Avas being organized for the first time, as they deal Avith everything from the procuring of a town seal to the levy of taxes. Barring a fcAV minor differences, the town government Avas the same from 1866 to 1873, as it had been from 1857 to its suspension dur ing the war. In 1873 a ucav charter was granted the town by the Legislature, and with this Ave pass to a consideration of the fourth period of the town's governmental history. This charter provided in the first place, that an election should be held in April, 1873, and every April there after, for the purpose of electing a mayor and four "councilmen. The town Avas divided into two Avards and two councilment were elected annually from each Avard. The council elected a President pro tempore who presided in the absence of the mayor. The chief powers of the councU were to regulate the time and place of holding its meetings, to judge of the quahfications of its members, to determine contested elec tions, to appoint and remove all appointive officers, fix their salaries and determine their duties, and to arrange the finances of the town. The .appointive officers Avere clerk, treasurer, attorney, marshal, as sessor and street commissioner. Two of the mayor's duties were to see that the toAA'n ordinances Avere enforced and to issue statements of the financial condition of the town. He had original and exclusive jurisdiction in all cases arising under the toAvn ordinances, and concurrent jurisdiction with the jus tices of the peace, subject, of course, to an appeal to the Circuit Court of Adair County. As presiding officer of the council he had no vote except in case of a tie. The next change made in the government of Kirksville was in 1886, when it gave up the charter of 1873 and became a city of the fourth class. On March 9, 1886, an ordinance was passed by the toAvn coun- Kirksville. 349 cil providing for submitting to the voters a proposition for Kirksville becoming a city of the fourth class under the general law of 1877, which provided for the reorganization of cities of the first, second, third and fourth classes. On March 30, 1886, a special election was held to vote on this proposition, and it was carried by a big majority, 245 to 96. On the following day Mayor Hope declared the town to be the city of Kirks ville. The chief officers under the ncAv goA'crnment Avere the board of aldermen, the mayor, and the marshal, all of whom Avere elective. The board of aldermen was composed of two men elected from one of the two wards of the city. The law of 1877 provided that at the first elec tion for aldermen the one receiAong the highest number of votes in each ward should hold his office for two years, and the one recei\'ing the next highest should hold his office for one year; after the first election each ward was to elect annually one alderman who should hold his office for tAVO years. The board of aldermen held tAvo regular meetings each month. The presiding officer was the mayor, but the board elected one of their oAvn number as president, Avhose only duty seems to have been to sign all bills passed by the board. The board Avas primarily a leg- islatiAre body, passing ordinances for the gOA^ernment of the city. It also levied taxes, granted licenses, and fixed the salaries of all officials and employees. The chief executive of the city Avas the mayor, Avho served two years. He presided at the meetings of the board of aldermen, but had no vote except in case of a tie. HoAvever, all bills passed by the board had to be signed by the mayor before they became laws. The mayor also saw to the enforcement of the city ordinances and made appoint ments, yyith the consent of the aldermen, to the various city offices. He Avas also a judicial officer and tried all cases in which the city ordi nances were involved. From his decisions appeals might be taken to the circuit court. One other oflScer Avas specially provided for at this time, the marshal. He was elected at the same time as the mayor and served two years. The marshal served as chief of police and assisted in enforcing the city ordinances. He was also required to attend the meetings of the board unless on otter duty or excused by the board or the mayor. The other officers were appointed by the mayor, with the consent of the board. On June 6, 1892, an ordinance Avas passed to submit to the voters at a special election a proposition to organize and become a city of the third class under the provisions of the general law. The election was 350 The History of Adair County. held on July 5, 1892, and the proposition Avas carried by a vote of 205 to 107; not half of the voters voted, however. The city did not begin Avork under the new charter until April, 1893. It has remained under that charter ever since. Under the ncAV organization the government has remained as before, with three notable exceptions. The first is the division of the city into four Avards instead of two, the election of tAvo councilmen from each Avard, thereby increasing the number of councilmen from four to eight, and the changing of the name of the council from that of board of aldermen to city council. The second is the increase in the number of elective officers. In addition to the maj'or and marshal, Avho had been elective under the preceding government, the city attor ney, collector, treasurer, assessor, recorder, and the police judge were made elective also. Each of these officers serve for two years. Many other officers are either appointed by the mayor with the consent of the council, or are elected by the council. The third is the transfer of the judicial functions of the mayor to the police judge. The chairmen of the Board of Trustees from 1857 to 1866 are not known, as all records are lost. Those from 1866 to 1873 were as follows: 1866— J. G. Jamison. 1870— A. L. Shepherd. 1867— J. G. Jamison. 1871— F. M. Potter. 1868— J. G. Jamison. 1872 (Jan.)— Geo. T. Spencer. 1869— J. B. Brewington. 1872 (Apr.)— S. M. Link. The Mayors from 1873 to 1886 were as foUoAvs: 1873— H. F. MiUan. 1881 (Jan.)— Dr. J. H. Wesscher. 1874—0. H. Beeman. 1881 (Apr.)— P. M. Smith. 1875— J. E. Watson. 1882— S. M. Pickler. 1876— W. N. Hope. 1883 (Apr.)— G. A. Goben. 1877— W. N. Hope. 1883 (Dec.)— Thos. Sees. 1878— W. N. Hope. 1884— Thos. Sees. 1879— F. M. Harrington. 1885— W. N. Hope. 1880— F. M. Harrington. Since 1886 the term of the Mayor has been two years instead of one. The Mayors since then have been: 1886— B. M. Ross. 1899— W. E. Noonan. 1888— John Richey. 1901— T. J. Dockery. 1890— Wm. Gibbons. 1903— G. A. Goben. 1892— J. W. Tinsman. 1905— T. J. Craig. 1893— J. W. Tinsman. 1907— H. Selby. 1895— W. E. Noonan. 1909— J. M. McCall. 1897— T. J. Dockery. 1911— G. A. Goben. Kirksville. 351 Bonded Indebtedness.- -As far as is known the city had no bonded indebtedness prior to 1894. Since then the city has voted bonds for waterworks to the amount of $60,000 in all; for a sewer system, $40,- 000; for paying old city Avarrants, $19,000. In addition, the city coun cil issaed at one time $9,000 for current- revenue purposes and $6,000 at another to pay off judgments which had been rendered against the city. In aU the city has had bonds amounting to $134,000 issued against her. Of this amount $60,000 has been paid, and $74,000 remains yet un paid. The foUoAving table presents the salient facts concerning the past and present bonded indebtedness of the city: bonded indebtedness of kirksville. Date of Issue Amt. Purpose Rate Term Amt, Paid Unpaid (1911) 1894(1) $20, 000 Water Works. 5% 20 yrs. $20, 000 1898 40, 000 Extension of Water Works. 5% 20 yrs. 24, 000 $16, 000 1903(2) 9,000 Current Revenue 6% 1 yr. 9,000 1906 40, 000 ScAver System. 4% 20 yrs. 7,000 33, 000 1908(3) 19, 000 Old Warrants. 5% 20 yrs. 19,000 1910(4) 6,000 Judgments. 5% 20 yrs. 6,000 Total, $134,000 $60,000 $74,000 (1) After $5,000 of these bonds had been paid off, the city refunded in 1900 the remaining $15,000 of 4% for twenty years, but managed to pay the entire amount off in 1906. (2) The council anticipated this much of the following year's in come, and issued bonds without a vote of the people. (3) The issue became a most urgent necessity because of the long standing inability of the city to pay off old Avarrants. (4) The bonds to pay judgments Avhich had been rendered against the city, were issued without vote of the prople. Dramshop Ordinances. — Just what dramshop regulations the town of Kirksville had prior to 1866 is unknown, as all records prior to that time have been lost. The first dramshop ordinance on the ex tant records is dated July 3, 1866. It provided that every dramshop, beer saloon, biUiard hall and the like, should be hcensed. The hcense for a dramshop Avas $25 for six months, and for a beer saloon $10. In November, 1866 the Ucenses were raised to $50 and $20. At no time since has the amount been so low as then. Drinking was evidently indulged in to very great excess in those 352 The History of Adair County. days. To put a check upon this evil an active temperance campaign was carried on in Kirksville in January, 1867. The campaign enlisted the interested and support of a great many prominent citizens. Among the results was the agreement made by a group of over forty prominent men of the toAvn not to take a drink for a year ; many of them were ad dicted to pretty heavy drinking. How faithfully they lived up to this pledge cannot be said. The campaign does not seem to have effected any immediate change in the town ordinances regarding the liquor traffic. The first anti-dramshop legislation in Kirksville, as far as is known, was passed in September, 1873, when an ordinance prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors and of beer in less than one gallon lots, was passed. It may be that this legislation Avas the result of a series of temperance meetings held in Kirksville in February, March and April of that year. Complaints Avere made, however, within three months after this ordi nance was passed, that it was being grossly violated, and the attitude of the people Avas seen in the spring election of 1874. There were two tickets in the field; one in favor of no licensed saloons, and the other in favor of them. The latter ticket won by a close vote, and licensed saloons were again restored. In April,- 1879, the proposition to license saloons was submitted to the people of Kirksville. The vote stood 284 against licensing and 140 for. As far as can be made out this is the first time the matter had ever been referred to the people of the town. It is not knoAvn how long the town was without licensed saloons after 1879, as the records are lacking for a fcAv years right at this time, but it is known that in March, 1884, the town council granted a saloon license to George Mevin, for which he paid $1,000 for six months, be sides putting up a bond for $1,000 not to sell to minors or habitual drunkards, or on Sundays. The license that was granted Avas said, however, to be only the renewal of one that had been running for tAvo years, and that the fee was raised at this time from $600 to $1,000. The city election campaign of 1884 Avas a rather exciting one. There were two tickets in the field, a no-license ticket and a citizens' ticket which Avas understood to be a license ticket. The no-license ticket won the mayorship and a majority of the councilmen by a small margin. Thos. Sees was elected mayor in opposition to P. M. Smith. On January 7, 1886, the council passed an ordinance regulating the sale of liquor in quantities of one gallon or over. In June, 1886, arrangements were made for a Temperance Camp at KirksviUe, which was to last six days, July 15-20, during which time Kirksville. 353 noted temperance speakers would address the assembled crowds. Among these speakers Avere Geo. Bain, Sam Jones, Sobieski, and St. John. The camp did not pay out financially, but it proved very influential. A few days after it closed a Prohibition Club Avas formed. The members declared they Avere not in favor of a third party, but that they would not A'ote for any man who did not favor temperance. All this agitation resulted in the people voting on August 22, 1887, to abolish the saloons for four years. The vote stood 340 against the saloons and 199 for. Before the four years expired, however, licensed saloons were again in operation in Kirksville. Six and Dr. Reamer applied for a saloon hcense in 1889, and on being refused by the town council appealed to the circuit court, Avhereupon Judge Ellison decided in December, 1889, that the ordinance prohibiting saloons in the city was invalid. By 1890 licensed saloons were in full blast again in the toAvn. Two of the three saloons were called "supreme court" saloons, because they paid no city or county license. An effort Avas made to have the question submitted to the people again, and the council actually ordered that a special election for that purpose be held on July 8, 1890, but from some cause or other the coun cil AvithdrcAv the order on the day before the election. The situation must have been bad at that time, as complaint M'-as made in the papers that original package houses Avere flourishing in the toAvn. The hcensed saloon question Avas submitted a third time on August 9, 1894, with the result that 356 votes were cast against hcensing saloons and 312 for it. An ordinance covering the niatter conformable to these returns was passed on January 6, 1895. At the close of the four years' period the same question Avas sub mitted a fourth time with the result that a majority vote was cast in favor of the licensed saloon. The vote was 594 for it and 421 against. The councU therefore passed an ordinance on September 8, 1898, reg ulating dramshops. The return to the licensed saloon in 1898 Avas largely due to the fact that all the attempts at suppressing club houses which were violating the anti-dramshop laAv, had been futile. A LaAv and Order League was formed in 1895 to suppress them, but it does not seem to have been successful. The last time the licensed saloon question was submitted was in December, 1907, when the drys won against the Avets by a vote of 645 to 486. The city has been Avithout licensed saloons since that time, but it is commonly known that liquor is sold in several places in the town, and several parties have been found guilty in the courts for vio lations of the liquor laws. 354 The History of Adair County. One of the most active agencies in sentiment making for the tem perance cause has been the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The Kirksville Union Avas organized on November 23, 1882, Avith the foUovying charter members: Mesdames E. Beazell, S. H. Smith, A. Dutcher, A. E. Lantz, Rankin, Brenneman, Blackman, Hooper, Bent- ley, Chambhss, Boyd, Wheat, and Mitchell. The Union has had a continuous existence from that time to this, though there haA'e been times Avhen interest Avas greater than ordinarily. Another active agent in this work was the Good Templars (I. 0. G. T.). Perseverance Lodge, No. 41, at Kirksville, AA^as organized in 1873. This association arranged for a hall by building a third story on the Watson building, which stood just south of the Odd Fellows' building. The members of the Good Templars in 1873 Avere S. F. Mil ler, Miss Rowland, Henry Harris, Miss Carrie Gill, W. T. ShoUy, Wm. Echvards, A. H. Kearnes, Miss Blackman, J. M. Greenwood, W. L. Stoddard, H. Spencer, Miss Gibson, Miss Brasfield and Miss Link The Grand Lodge of Missouri held its sessions in Kirksville in July, 1874. In October, 1879, the Templars of District 40, which was com posed of Adair and Macon Counties, held a convention in Kirksville. It seems that the Kirksville Chapter was reorganized on March 31, 1884, and then after another relapse it was again reorganized, this time on July 11, 1891. The meetings were held in the K. P. Hall every Thursday evening, and the membership in 1892 was said to have been ' seventy-five. It is no longer in existence, having been suspended sev eral years ago. The Good Templars had an organization at Brashear. Its mem bership in 1875 was at least forty. The Colored Good Templars had an organization at Kirksville. The Grand Lodge met here in 1883. In the more recent local option campaigns organizations were ef fected not only to carry on the campaigns, but also to see to the en forcement of the laAV. But invariably the organizations have lapsed and violations of the liquor laws have been indifferently prosecuted. Public Utilities. — The city affords in the way of public utilities an electric light plant, a telephone system, a Avater Avorks system, and a scAverage system. Only the Avater works and the sewerage systems belong to the city. The others are owned by private companies. Prior to 1894 the town had no water A\'orks. For fire protection dependence had to be put upon some wells which had been dug at the four corners of the square, from which the water Avould be pumped by Kirksville. 355 a hand engine pump in time of need. The very destructive fires from which the town suffered brought the people to a fuller realization of the necessity of providing for a water systein Avhich would afford more ample protection than the wells at the corner of the square. In March, 1890, the greater part of the south side of the square burned down. The necessity of a Avater sj'stem Avas made clearer than ever before. A special election was therefore held on June 26, 1890, to vote on the proposition to issue $40,000 in bonds with Avhich to build a Avater system. But the vote Avas only 333 for to 219 against, and since a tAvo-thirds niajority Avas not cast for it, it Avas lost. It was over three years before the matter Avas brought up again before the people by Avay of a special election. On January 16, 1894, a proposition to issue $20,000 in bonds to build a water works system Avas carried by a vote of 669 to 42. During 1893 an artesian well company Avas organized and an ar tesian well bored near the present electric light plant. About $3,200 Avas subscribed to the stock of this company. The contract for boring the Avell Avas let to L. G. BlackhaU of St. Louis in April. Water was struck at a depth of 425 feet, but that Avas not sufficient for a water system. When a depth of 1397 feet Avas reached a test was made, and it Avas discovered that 3,000 gallons could be pumped every hour out of the well Avithout loAvering the level. Thereupon the well Avas de clared finished. The cost amounted to $2,700. Now that it was thought a sufficient supply of water had been secured, the proposi tion to vote bonds to build the Avater works Avas again submitted in January, 1894, Avith the result as aboA'e noted. The bonds were sold to a Chicago firm for $20,065 in February, and by early April contracts Avere let by the council for four and a half miles of Avater mains and fifty Ludlow hydrants. Later in the month contracts for the plant complete had been let. The system included a reservoir and a pumping station. The Avater Avas raised from the well into the reservoir and then forced through the mains by the pump. In October a test was made and it Avas found a stream could be throAvn ninety feet high. The city accepted the system some time in Decem ber, 1894. The system proved to be inadequate. The supply of water was not sufficient and many complained that the Avater Avas not good either to drink or for steam purposes. Moreover, there was a groAving demand for a more extensive service. Some Avere beginning to advocate using the Chariton as the source of supply. But as that Avould entail heavy expense in laying a long main from the river to toAvn, it was feared that 356 The History' of Adair County. it could not be done. The fii-st plan of extension was to haA'e more AveUs and thus increase the supply of Avater, and a proposition to issue 815,000 in bonds to do that Avas submitted on ISIay 3, 1898, but it A\-as lost by a Aote of 373 for and 282 against. A two-thirds majority AA'as necessary to carry it. The demand became more insistent that mains be laid from the Chariton to a settling basin near tOA\-n from winch the water would be brought into the reserA'oir. It Avas also proposed that about three and a half mUes of new mams should be laid in the city. A special election was ctilled on July 16, 1898. to vote on a proposition to issue S40.000 to do the aboA'e mentioned things, and it was cai'ried by a A'ote of 648 for and only 147 against. In the course of a year the improA'ements were made. The main which brings the Avater from the Chariton to the settling basin is of scA'cn-inch Calamine steel pipe, and is 27,000 feet long. The main from the settling basin to the reseiwoir is of the same kind of ma terial and size, and is 9,000 feet long. Throughout the city there are OA'er eight miles of mains in serA'ice. For fire protection there haA'e been installed sixty-four hydrants. ScAen himdred and ninety permits haA'e been issued to patrons for tapping the mains. The system has again become inadequate and expensiA'e. In Jan uary. 1907, it was found necessary to install a motor pump at the set tling basin in order to force the Avater to flow doAA'ii hill into the reser A'oir, The proposition to repair the old plant or rebuild it completely has been considerably discussed in the last year. It is only a matter of a short time AAhen something avUI haA'e to be done towards making it up to date and sufficient for the demands of the time. Instead of being an expense to the city it should be made a source of income and undoubt edly Avill be Avhen it is put on a proper basis. The KirksviUe Electric Light, Heating, PoAver and Water Com pany AA'as organized Septemlier 6, 1888, AA'ith a capital stock of 810.000, The ofl[icers of the Board of Directors were John Caskey, President; W. T. Baird, Treasurer; C E. Ross, Secretaiy. This compauA- con tracted in November, 1888 for the Ball system of lighting and also let the contract for erecting its building. The council evidently made some sort of a contract Avith this company for street lights. In Seiitember, 1889, the Thompson-Huston Electric Company ar ranged to put in an incandescent plant, ^Meanwhile, the original com pany ordered machinery to put in the incandescent system of hghting too. These two companies existed side by side until January, 1891, Avhen the incandescent company sold out to the older company. The Kirksville. 357 . machinery of the company selhng out Avas moved to the plant of the old company near the 0. K. depot. In April, 1892, the plant was sold to H. C. McCahan, Fred Darrow, J. M. Kennedy and John Bragg for $15,000. It finally became the property of McCahan and Kennedy. They sold it in turn to the com pany that now OAvns it, in AprU, 1908. The stockholders in the company at that time Avere H. M. Still, Warren Hamilton, Chas. W Miller, John C. Mills, S. R. McKeehan, P]d. B. Reed, A. H. Garges, and Clarence Baxter. The city has been able at different times to make contracts Avith the electric hght company for street lights. From 1888 to 1894, and from 1898 to 1908, such contracts Avere maintained. The voting out of the licensed saloons in 1894 and in 1907 resulted in the discontinu ance of public street lights. The state of the city's finances was such as to make it impossible to do otherwise. If the state laws did not ham per the cities in their tax levies and assessment rates, it Avould not follow that when the saloon licenses were cut off the street lights would have to be shut off too. The Kirksville Gas, Heat and Electric Company was incorporated in February, 1905, Avith a capital stock of $50,000. The franchise AA'as granted to the company by a special election held on October 10, 1905, by a vote of 361 to 321. The franchise permits it to generate electricity and maintain a public heating plant, but it has confined itself to the Avork of manufacturing gas for heat and illumination. The plant is located just southwest of the Wabash depot. The present officers are B. F. Henry, President; C. S. Sands, Secretary; W. P. Foster, Treas urer; P. D. Schoonmaker, Superintendent. ExtensiA'e improvements are now going on, so that the capacity of the plant Avill be more than doubled as soon as they are completed. The first telephone line installed in toAvn was a private line from Mr. W T. Baird's bank to his residence. It Avas put up in July, 1881, and Avas indeed a very curious affair. There was no bell attachment for calling anyone to the phone. Instead, there Avas a little Avooden mallet Avhich was used to strike the transmitter. This Avould make a sound upon the phone at the other end of the line and thus the call Avas made. Mr. Baird still has the mallet Avhich he used. Within a year other similar private phones were put in by Dr. Coe, Dr. Grove, Henry & Hooper, N. A. Baylor, A. Dutcher, and the Graphic office. It seems as though each line comiected only two points, and no intercommunication was possible between the phones of differ ent lines. 258 The History of Adair County. About 1890 a local telephone company was formed in Kirksville, by Kennedy, English and Haley. Several changes were made in the membership of the company, but Mr. J. M. Kennedy remained in it until the system was sold to the Missouri and Kansas Telephone Com pany in 1905. MeanwhUe, the KirksviUe company had instaUed sev eral other exchanges in the county. AU of them were bought up by the Missouri and Kansas Company. Since this company assumed con trol of the Kirksville exchange it has instaUed a new system through out, making it entirely modern and more effectiA'-e. About 1890, or perhaps a little before that, the city began to put in sewer lines for drainage purposes primarily. The outlets were in the raA-ines at the edge of town. The expense of putitng these lines in Avas borne by the city. An effort Avas made to make the property owners pay for one line that was put in, but they refused to do so, and the company that put it in sued the city for the cost of the line and got judgment. The primary purpose of these lines that Avere laid was to carry off surface Avater, but after the city water system was inaugurated in 1894, the people began to connect their toilets to these lines. The result was than in a short time complaints began to be made by people liv ing in the Aicinity of the outlets that they were being injured and dam aged by the use that Avas being made of the sewer lines. Several dam age suits were instituted, the most important being the Kellogg suit. After several trials judgment was rendered against the city for $3,150, and this Avas confirmed by the higher courts. The intolerable conditions which had been brought about and the necessity for a scAver system that would be sanitary and adequate led to considerable agitation in favor of a bond issue to install one. A prop osition to issue bonds to the amount of $40,000 for a sewer system Avas submitted on January 23, 1906, and was carried by a vote of 439 to 111. It Avas decided to install a septic tank system and the contract Avas let in due time. A good deal of trouble arose between the contractors and the city treasurer, N. E. Winn, over the payment of the Avarrants issued by the city, but matters Avere finally adjusted. Later the city Avas made a defendant in a suit brought by a company complaining that their patent had been infringed upon in the building of the sep tic tanks. The city succeeded in making Lewis & Kitchen, the contrac tors, codefendants, and that has practically relieved the city of any further responsibility. The case is still pending (1911) in the U. S. courts. Kirksville. 359 Street Paving. — The first paving of the streets in Kirksville was done, as far as is known, in 1885. In the fall of that year macadam ized paving was put doA\Ti on the south and west sides of the square at a cost of $2,200. It does not appear that any other paving was done anywhere in the town until 1891, when the county court agreed to pay for one-half of the paving on the north and east sides of the square. Thereupon these two sides Avere paved across the entire Avidth of the street. In 1892 Franklin street from the 0. K. depot to McPherson street, and Elson for about the same distance, were macadamized. The cost of the Franklin street paving Avas said to have been $8,000. High street was macadamized from the Christian Church to the Normal School in 1895. Other streets were paved in a like manner, among which Avere Normal and Osteopathy avenues. The macadamized paving proved unsatisfactory very shortly. It Avas soon Avorn into ruts Avhich made the streets thus paved almost unusable. After much agitation and serious effort, paving was begun again after a lull of about ten years. The first of the streets to be paved during this second period of paving was Jefferson street. This work Avas done in 1906. The style of paving was the bitulithic. Owing to the change in grade, many damage suits have arisen out of this paving. The other streets that have been paA^ed since 1906 have been jiaved with brick. They are High, from Normal to Washington; Mulanix, from Normal to Hickory; Franklin, from the 0. K. depot to the southern end of the street; Elson, from Washington street to Jefferson street; Harrison street from Elson west to the cemetery; Normal avenue, from Mulanix to Franklin; Osteopathy avenue from Jefferson south to the end of that street. Post Office. — Just when, a post office Avas established at Kirks ville is not definitely knoAvn. The town Avas laid out in 1841, but it is evident that it was at least late in 1842 before a post office was estab lished in the toAvn. The evidence is in the election returns made by the Circuit and County Clerk, Da\'id James, in August, 1842, to the Secretary of State. In those returns he asked that all communications to the Adair County Court from the Secretary of State, be sent to the nearest post office, Bloomington, Macon County. Just how long this arrangement lasted is not known. The first postmaster Avas Jesse Kirk, Avho also kept a tavern near the present Willard school. The postmasters from the first to the pres ent, Avith the years when they began to serve, are given as follows: MAP OF KIRKSVILLE. (Showing the School Wards.) IHTRHSVILLI] Countv Scat of. Adair Co. ^^ilH ;(zziczi«U iSn ? czijizzi^izzi m d an iiRiQBL___ __ _ an an c=i c=],cz3.rz3 d Hr A Mle S tBi•s P