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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

MAP OF THE
>x County of Lunenburg,
NOV.A SCOTIA.

Seven miles lo the inch.

C3 n•A 1-3

HISTORY

OF THE

COUNTY OF LUNENBURG

BY

MATHER BYLES DesBRISAY,
Judge of County Courts, and Member of the Historical Society of Nova Scotia.

Sertrauen im ®ott.

SECOND EDITION.

" Follow me
Back through a hoary century."

TORONTO:
WILLIANI BRIOQS,
WESLEY BUILDINGS.
Montreal: C. W. COAXES. Halifax: S. F. HUESTIS.
1895.

Entered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight
hundred and ninety-five, by Mather Byles DesBrisay, Bridgewater, Nova Scotia,
in the office of the Minister of Agriculture, at Ottawa.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

To THE Inhabitants of the County op Lunenburg :
I have for some time given to the preparation of the following
history of my native county, the leisure left me by my professional and
public duties.
I am indebted for information to the works of Haliburton, Dawson,
Murdoch, Aikins, and others ; and to important public and private
documents. I have examined all the places of special historic interest
referred to, and heard from the lips of many of the most aged resi
dents, four of whom have attained respectively to ninety-five, ninety-
six, ninety-eight, and over one hundred years, their personal recollec
tions, and statements made to them by their ancestors.
To each one who shall peruse the work, I beg to say, in the words
of an ancient author, " I wish thee as much pleasure in the reading
as I had in the writing." I am, your Friend and Representative, Mather B. DesBrisay.
Bridgbwateb, La Have, February, 1870.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITIOiN.

In England, where county annals are highly valued, a writer has
said, " Local histories are always welcome, even beyond the districts
which they immediately concern. They preserve for us the past."
Since the publication, in 1870, of the first edition of this work, I
have received numerous applications for copies, which could not be
supplied, and I have been several times advised by friends to publish
another edition. I have also had from many of its readers very
encouraging words, some of which are the following, from a letter
written to me in August, 1889, by one living in a far away Province :
" I remember well the first appearance of your history, at which
time I read it with pleasure and much interest, for it gave a good
account of our antecedents. I have often wondered how and where
you got all the material for its composition. I regard it as one of
the most valuable of the collection of books I possess. I am proud
of my county, its antiquity, its early pioneers, its present inhabitants,
and its advancement in that which pertains to perfect civilization."
I have revisited many districts, conversed with the oldest people,
perused additional historical documents, and no pains have been
spared in the endeavor to make the book a complete county record.
Mather B. De3Brisay.
Bridgewater, October, 1895.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
FAOR
Situation of the County — Indian Names — La Tour Grant — Corn
wallis at Merliguesche — Township of Lunenburg — Obtaining
Settlers from Germany — Arrivals at Halifax — Description of
Liineburg in the Fatherland — Opinions about Germany and
the Germans - 17-26
CHAPTER II.
Arrival at Lunenburg — Captains Cobb and Rous — First Birth —
Military and Civil Authority — Block-houses — Rebellion —
Commons — Stock, Houses, Huts, Crops, Mills, and Vehicles
—First Ferry— First Shop 27-42
CHAPTER III.
Town Plot — Allotments and Registry of Land — First Deeds —
Letters, Petitions, Orders, and Official Returns — Boundaries
of Township — Jessen Expedition — Boundaries of County —
Townships established — Bounties — Settlers and Stock — First
Civil List — Governor's Praise of Germans — Inhabitants, Stock
and Crops — Governor's Letter to Earl of Dartmouth— Inven
tory of Property of C. B. Zouberbuhler 43-59
CHAPTER IV.
Councillor Creighton — Bulkeley's Letter and Orders — Leave Asked
to Dig Coal in Cape Breton — First Court-house — Block-houses
— Captures — Impressment — Invasion of Lunenburg — Grant
of Township — Militia Officers named in German Almanac —
Lieutenant Rudolf's Letter to Queen Victoria's father — Cap
ture of Vessels — Amended County Line . - . 60-79
CHAPTER V.
Churches of different Denominations in the Town of Lunenburg,
and Notices of Clergymen who have resided there 80-106

Xli CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI. PAGE
Biographical Notices of prominent persons, other than Clergymen,
who have lived in the, Town of Lunenburg 107-124

CHAPTER VII.
Distinguished Visitors and Public Celebrations — First Mayor and
Council — Town of Lunenburg 125-130
CHAPTER VIII.
Kingsburg, Ritcey's Cove, and adjacent Settlements 131-134
CHAPTER IX.
The Ovens, and Gold Discoveries there, witli accounts of other
Settlements - 135-139
CHAPTER X.
Cross Island, near the Entrance to Lunenburg Harbor, and other
Islands in the same vicinity - 140-142
CHAPTER XI.
Early Settlement at Mahone Bay, with History of its Churches
and Clergymen, and other matters of interest — Indian Point 143-152
CHAPTER XII.
Northfield — Maitland — Riversdale — New Cornwall 153-155
CHAPTER XIII.
New Germany — First Settlers — Churches — Clergymen and others
who have resided there — Manufactories 156-165
CHAPTER XIV.
Arrival of FEscarbot, French Lawyer and Poet, at La H^ve, in
1607 — Subsequent Settlement of French near Getson's
Cove, with account of Fort, Garrison, and Chapel 166-180
CHAPTER XV.
British Settlement in the Township of New Dublin 181-187

CONTENTS. Xlll
CHAPTER XVI. PAGE
Bridgewater — Its Early Settlement — Churches and other build
ings — Clergymen — Manufactures 188-210
CHAPTER XVII.
Riographical Notices of Persons who have Conducted Business
and Resided at Bridgewater 211-222
CHAPTER XVIII.
Settlement at Hebb's Mills— Gold Discovered at Mellipsigit 223-225
CHAPTER XIX.
• La Have River — Its Rise, and Course to the Ocean — Poems on
the Ri^er, by different authors 226-235
CHAPTER XX.
La Have Iron-bound Island - 236-239
, CHAPTER XXI.
Settlements and Places between Getson's Cove and Vogler's Cove
— Churches and Clergymen — Biographical Notices 240-252
CHAPTER XXII.
Arrival at Chester of Settlers from Boston, August, 1759 — Grant
of Township — Registry of lots — Progress made 253-277
CHAPTER XXIII.
Churches Built at Chester— Clergymen of Different Denomina
tions '- 278-291
CHAPTER XXIV.
Biographical notices of persons who have lived at Chester 292-299
CHAPTER XXV.
Islands in Chester Bay, and incidents coimected with the same,
inclulinc searches made for " Kidd s treasure" at Oak
Island 300-315

XIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXVI. PAGE
Blandford — Bayswater — Aspotogon — Deep Cove — Mill Cove —
Fox Point 316-320
CHAPTER XXVII.
New Ross — Its Settlement by Disbanded Soldiers — Rations
allowed — ^Churches and Clergymen —Settlement at Sherwood 321-330
CHAPTER XXVIIL
Rivers in the Township of Chester — Gold Deposits at Gold River 331-334
CHAPTER XXIX.
Scenery in different parts of the County 335-340
CHAPTER XXX.
The Aborigines — Murders and Scalpi gs by them — Burial-places
— Interesting Incidents - - 341-351
CHAPTER XXXI.
Diary of Rev. James Munr.je, and Recollections of Several
Aged People 352-378
CHAPTER XXXII.
Remarkable Instances of Longevity — Epitaphs — Old German
Bibles - 379-390'
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Baptisms, Weddings, and Fu erals in Early Times - - 391-395
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Education — Progress made in different parts of the County —
Teachers— Hardships endured by some of them 396-406
CHAPTER XXXV.
Temperance — Early and oontinut-d cffoits to secure Total
Abstinence — Temperance Societies organized and at work
in the County . 407-412

CONTENTS. XV
CHAPTER XXXVI.
PAGE
Geological and Mineralogical Deposits, with Reports on the same 413-417
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Natural History of the County— Mammals. Birds, Reptiles,
Molluscs, Fishes— Flowering and Flowerless Plants 418-430
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Census Returns from earliest dates, with Comparative State
ments 431-440
CHAPTER XXXIX.
Men returned, appointed, and called as Representatives in
Parliament, from 1758 to the present time — Wardens and
Councillors for Lunenburg and New Dublin, and Chester 441-447
CHAPTER XL.
Agriculture and Horticulture — Work done by Men and Women
in the County, and Improvements made from time to time
in the Raising of Crops and Fruits 448-460
CHAPTER XLI.
Fisheries — Kinds and quantities of Fish caught— Vessels, Boats,
and Men engaged— Deep Sea and other Fishing 461-471
CHAPTER XLII.
Manufactures in the Town of Lunenburg, with Vessels and
Boats Built there and elsewhere in the County 472-484
CHAPTER XLIII.
Exports and Imports 485-490
CHAPTER XLIV.
Celebration at Bridgewater of the Jubilee Year of Her Majesty
Queen Victoria - 491-493

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XLV.

PAGE

Tragical events which have happened in the County 494^508
CHAPTER XLVI.
Tales of Shipwreck suffered by Mariners and others belonging
to the County — Chase and explosion of ' ' Young Teazer " 509-521
CHAPTER XLVII.
Rescues of Persons in Peril on the Sea, and Presentations made
for Deeds of Bravery, and as Tokens of Esteem 522-531
CHAPTER XLVIII.
History of the Nova Scotia Central Railway 532-539
CHAPTER XLIX.
Visit of New England Journalists to the County in 1891 540-545
CHAPTER L.
Lighthouses — Rivers and Lakes — Heights of different places —
Tables of distances with old routes of travel , 546-552
CHAPTER LI.
Miscellanea 553-575

HISTORY

OF THE

COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

CHAPTEE I.
Situation of the County — Indian Names — La Tour Grant — Cornwallis at
Merliguesche — Township of Lunenburg — Obtaining Settlers from Ger
many — Arrivals at Halifax — Description of Liineburg in the Father
land — Opinions about Germany and the Germans.
LUNENBURG.
IUNENBURG is one of the counties situated on the south
-^ shore of Nova Scotia, and is bounded inland on the
north-east by the counties of Hants and Halifax ; on the south
west by Queen's county; and on the north-west by Annapolis
and King's counties.
It is a most valuable and important part of this " little
Province by the sea," which our distinguished fellow-country
man, Sir William Dawson, has declared to be " the richest place
on the face of the earth, for the size of it ; " and which another
clever Nova Scotian, the late Attorney-General Wilkins, said
in the House of Assembly, " came from the hands of the
Creator, endowed with greater natural advantages than any
territory of equal dimensions on the face of the globe."
" Fair land of river, lake and stream.
Of forests green through all the year,,
Of valleys that Arcadian seem.
Of homes that love and plenty cheer ;
No other land could be more dear
'Neath all the overarching skies.
And doubly blest is he who here
Contented lives — contented dies."
2

18 history of the county of lunenburg.
Town of Lunenburg.
, What is now known by the above appellation was first called
Merliguesche', and by many Malegash.
In 1880, the writer was told by the Rev. Dr. Rand, that the
name Malliggeak was, according to the best information he
could receive, applied by the Indians generally, not to one
particular harbor, but to the whole coast along by Lunenburg.
Malegash, he thought much nearer to it than the English
usually come, in their murdering of Indian names. " The word
is compounded of mal (bad, loose, imsteady, idle, good for
nothing), with a common grammatical termination, denoting
that the evil is inherent, and the object inanimate. As to why
the name was given, is not so easy to solve. There is often not
the slightest connection between the thing named and the
meaning of the name. Names are often given from some
accidental circumstance, of which no history survives. The
name Malliggeak means ' loose,' ' not firm,.' In the spelling,
I and g are doubled, to give, as near as possible, the exact
pronunciation." Information was subsequently given by the same authority
as follows : " Haliburton gives the best solution of Malegash I
have yet seen. He calls Lunenburg Merliguesh, or Malegash, an
Indian word signifying 'milky bay,' in reference to its appear
ance in a storm. Now, he is so far correct, that the Indian word
for milk is Melegech, and this comes nearer to Malegash than
any word I have seen. But milky bay is wrong, and I do not
believe the bay was ever called milk by the Indians. I cannot
find one who ever heard of Lunenburg, or any other place, being
so called. But the word suggests a clue to the blunder of the
original discoverers. The Indians, of whom they endeavored,
by signs, to learn the name, mistook their meaning, I can well
suppose, and gave them what the white foaming billows looked
like, namely, Meleg^ch-milk. Let anyone who does not under
stand Indian, attempt to collect Indian names or words from
an Indian who does not understand English, and see what
Wunders he will make."

history of THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 19
The first record of that part of the county now occupied by
the town of Lunenburg, is connected with the date 1630, in
which year Sir William Alexander gave, by letters patent, to
¦Sir Claude de St. Etienne, Lord of La Tour, and his son
Charles, certain "country, coasts and islands," part of the
description of which was, " unto the Port de la Tour, formerly
named L'Omeroy, and further beyond the said port, following
along the said coast, unto Merliguesche, near unto and beyond
the port and cape of La Hfeve, with power to build towns and
forts.'-' On the 9th August, 1656, Cromwell granted to La Tour,
Thomas Temple, and William Crowne, the country contained
within the following bounds : " Commencing at ' Merliguesche,'
and extending from thence to Port La Heve, following the
coast to Cape Sable ; and thence by other described courses to
Pentagoet " (or Penobscot), " and the River St. George ; and
further on to the first habitation made by the Flemmings, or
French, or by the English of New England." The rent re
served was twenty beaver skins and twenty moose skins
annually. In 1723, seventeen fishing vessels were captured at Canseau
by Indians, who obtained a large number of prisoners. Some
of the vessels were retaken, and several Indians having been
killed, it was decided to avenge their deaths by sacrificing
twenty of the remaining prisoners, who had been carried to
" Merleguesh." The usual preparations were being completed,
when the Indians were surprised by the arrival of a sloop with
Captain Blin, who made proposals for ransom, which were
accepted, and the prisoners set free.
Samuel Daly, of Plymouth, master of a fishing-sloop, put
into Malegash (Lunenburg) harbor for water, in August, 1726,
and invited on board John Baptist, a Frenchman, whom he
took into his cabin to drink. Daly and his mate, with three
men, went ashore, and Baptist's son, with two Indians, boarded
the vessel. The Baptists and the Indians took possession, and
hauled down the British ensign. Baptist wound the flag
around him and placed a pistol in it. Other Indians joined

20 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the party, and threatened Daly with their hatchets when he
tried to get the sloop back. He was ordered by Baptist to
sail the vessel, and watching his opportunity, with the help of
his men, recaptured it. He made prisoners of Baptist, his son,
and several Indians, the rest of whom threw themselves into
the sea. Taking them to Boston, Baptist, his son, and three
Indians were tried in the Admiralty Court, condemned and
executed. Colonel the Hon. Edward Cornwallis was gazetted Governor
of Nova Scotia, May 9th, 1749, and sailed from England the
14th of the same month. He called at Merliguesche on his way
to Halifax in June of the same year. In a letter dated the
22nd of that month, he wrote : " We came to anchor in Merli-
gueche Bay, where I was told there was a French settlement.
I went ashore to see the houses and manner of living of the
inhabitants. There are but a few families, with tolerable
wooden houses, covered with bark ; a good many cattle, and
clear ground more than serves themselves. They seem to be
very peaceable, say they always looked upon themselves as
English subjects ; have their grants from Colonel Mascarene,
the Governor of Annapolis ; and showed an unfeigned joy to
hear of the new settlement. They a;ssure us the Indians are
quite peaceable and not to be feared."
Murdoch says : " Colonel Cornwallis came out in H. M. sloop
Sphinx, which made the coast of Acadie on the 14th June (old
style), but, having no pilot on board, cruised off the land until
the 20th, when they met a sloop having two pilots, on her way
from Boston to Louisburg. He decided to go to Chebucto, for
which he had a fair wind. Before he went there he had
visited Merligueche Bay, where there was then a small French
settlement, Malagash, now called Lunenburg."
Cornwallis, in a letter dated Chebucto, July 24th, 1749, wrote
that Monsieur Ramsay (de Ramezay) had passed Merlegoch
a few days before he put in there.
Traces of old French cellars have been discovered in the
town of Lunenburg, and at the corner near King's hotel there
were found some years ago, several feet under the surface, part

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 21
of an old fireplace, a leaden weight of one pound and one
ounce, present standard, several staves of a cask that had been
used in a well, and a stout piece of oak timber.
In 1720, Governor Phillips recommended that a settlement
should be formed at Merliguesche, and it and La Heve were
named as places conveniently situated for the seat of Govern
ment. At a meeting of H. M. Council, held at Halifax, August 23rd,
1750, the following localities were named as suitable for a pro
posed new settlement : La Have, Malagash, Head of Chebucto
Bay, North-west River, and opposite side of Halifax harbor.
On the 16th October, 1752, Governor Hopson wrote to the
Lords of Trade that " Merleguish, by Margaret's Bay," was a
place to which it was intended to send settlers.
Township of Lunenburg.
At another meeting of Council, May 10th, 1753, it was "Re
solved, that the settlement to be made at Merligash be called
the township of Lunenburg, the district thereof to be hereafter
ascertained ;" and a commission to Colonel Lawrence, dated
May 28th, directed him " to settle a township by the name of
Lunenburg, lying on the harbor of Merligash, in this Province."
The township of Lunenburg is stated by Haliburton to be,
next to Halifax, " the oldest settlement formed by the English
Government in Nova Scotia."
Lunenburg was named from Liineburg in Germany, whence
many of the original settlers came.
The name was also given to a town in Virginia, United
States ; a county in the same State ; a town in the State of
New York ; a town in Worcester county, Massachusetts ; a
town in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, fifteen miles
north of the beautiful village of Bethlehem-; and to a post on
the left bank of the Pongolo River, in South Africa, where
Germans settled, many of whose farms were destroyed in the
Zulu war of 1879.
The word is spelled Liineburg, in an office book prepared for

22 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the Lutheran Church in this county, by the late Rev. Ferdinand
Conrad Temme, then pastor, and published at Philadelphia,
A.D. 1816.
The first emigrants who settled at Lunenburg under the
protection of the British Government came to the Province in
consequence of a proclamation, published in Germany in 1750.
Public notices were also posted in several populous towns.
Those who should avail themselves of the terms offered, were
to receive (so states the proclamation) fifty acres of land each,
free from all rent and taxes for ten years, with ten additional
acres for each member of a family, and further privileges in
proportion to the number of acres of land cultivated and im
proved, and were to be maintained for twelve months after
their arrival in the Province. They were to be provided with
arms and ammunition, and a sufiicient quantity of materials
and implements for housekeeping, clearing and cultivating
their lands, erecting habitations, and promoting the fisheries.
They were informed that the climate of the Province was
healthy, the soil productive and fertile, yielding an abundance
of everything necessary to support life, with a sea coast
abounding in fish, well situated for shipping and trade, and
furnished with secure and conv^enient harbors.
They were also told to " apply to Mr. John (Johann) Dick,
or to his agent^ in Frankfort-on-the- Mayne, who may be found
by inquiry of John Adam Ohenslagen, shipmaster, who resides
at the Saxenhausen bridge."
A large number applied, and secured passages for themselves
and families.
Besides those of the original settlers who came from the
district of Liineburg, there were some from Switzerland. Others.
were from Montbeliard, the chief town of an arrondissement in
the department of Doubs, France, at the confluence of the
Allaine and the Lusine, on the canal between the Rhine and the
Rhone. Cuvier, the great naturalist, was born there. It was
part of a territory which had been claimed by France and by
certain German duchies, and of which France secured possession
shortly before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 23
people have been referred to as the " Lutherans of Mont
beliard." The word is pronounced Mong-biiyar.
One hundred and thirty persons embarked at Rotterdam, on
a long voyage for this — to them, strange — country, and arrived
at Halifax, in the good ship Anne, John Spurrier, Master, in
1750. Between the date of this first arrival and 1753, an
additional number were brought out by the Pearl, Gale, Sally,.
Betty, Murdoch, Swan, and other ships, making in all 1,615.
We can imagine them, having been led hither in safety by the
guiding hand of protecting Providence, touching what was to
them a foreign shore, and looking back on the vessels they had
just left as the last outward and visible links in the chain
between the Old World and the New.
Mrs. Beechner, who came from Germany some time after the
first settlers, and who died in Lunenburg at the age of ninety-
six years, described the manner in which some of them left
home, as witnessed by herself. They assembled together at.
Klein Heibach, whither they were accompanied by friends and
relatives. On the morning of theif embarkation the church
bell summoned them to special religious services, and great.
lamentation was manifested at their departure.
Though it must always be a cause of sorrow to part from
kindred and friends and encounter the trials and privations.
incident to beginning a new life in an unsettled country, and
though we may well believe that the brave and undaunted
Germans and Swiss had this feeling in all its intensity, on
leaving their dear fatherland, yet, in the prospect of happy
homes for themselves and their children, and the enjoyment of
those peculiar privileges which belong to British subjects in the
colonies of the Empire, they bade adieu to the loved associations.
which had clustered round them from infancy, and with fare
wells on their lips, and sadness in their hearts, embarked to
cross the intervening ocean.
The following was signed by those who came in the Sally ;
"We, the underwritten passengers on board the Sally, Jofirt
Robinson, Master, bound from hence to Halifax, in Nova Scotia,
in North America, do hereby acknowledge and declare that we

24 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
are justly and truly indebted to Mr. John Dick, agent for the
colony of Nova Scotia, at Rotterdam, the several sums below
mentioned and set opposite to our names, in Dutch currency,
for ourselves and for our families, freights, etc., from hence to
Nova Scotia aforesaid, which several sums we do hereby oblige
ourselves jointly and severally to pay, by immediately going
upon such work as His Excellency the Governor shall think
proper to employ us upon, at the rate of one shilling sterling
per day, until the whole we owe is paid. In witness whereof,
we have signed three of these of one tenor and date ; the one
accomplished, the others to be void and of no force.
¦' Rotterdam, 30 May, 1752."
Similar obligations were probably made by emigrants in
other ships.
Governor Hopson, in a letter to the Lords of Trade, dated
Halifax, 16th October, 1752, writes : " The people in general
who were sent over this year by Mr. Dick, complain of his
having persuaded them at their embarking to sell everything,
even the little bedding they had, by which means they have
lain on the bare decks and platforms during their voyage, and
are still destitute of all kinds of bedding. This has caused the
death of many both on the passage and here ashore since they
were landed. . . It looks as if it was done to give room
for crowding in a greater number of people into the ships that
brought them."
The following description of Liineburg in Germany may be
interesting to descendants of early settlers in this county. The
facts have been gathered from "Meyer's Conversations Lexicon,"
" Chambers' Encyclopaedia," and " Encyclopaedia Britannica."
Liineburg is the chief town of a district in the Prussian
Province of Hanover, which was formerly an independent
kingdom, and in ancient times part of Saxony. The town is
near the foot of a small hill called the Kalkberg, and on the
River Ilmenau.
It was once strongly fortified, and is divided into four dis
tricts or quarters, called Market, Water, Sand, and Suelz
(Brine) quarters. Through the old walls and fortifications.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 25
now turned into promenades, led six gates, one of which was
Newgate, of the fourteenth century. These were removed to
make room for additions to the town. The oldest of the four
churches (Johannes Kirche) is of purest Gothic style, has a
steeple 360 feet high, an artistic stone pulpit, and other sculp
ture. In the St. Michael's Church is the vault of the Liineburg
Princes, who ruled from 1369 to 1705, when the last Prince
died. The earliest mention of Luneburg is in 795.
Through the disturbance of the War of Succession, the town
obtained its independence, for which it had long been striving.
In 1367, Luneburg joined the Hansa, a union of different
merchant cities, known as " The Hanseatic League." In the
seventeenth century it was the depot for all the merchandise
exported from Saxony and Bohemia to the mouth of the Elbe.
In 1714, George Louis, the Elector of Liineburg, ascended the
throne of Great Britain, as George I. The German war of
liberation, in 1813, was begun by an engagement with the
French, under General Morand, near Luneburg.
Luneburg owes its importance chiefiy to the gypsum and
lime quarries of the Kalkberg, which afford materials for its
cement works, and to the productive salt spring at its base.
Its industries also include the making of ironware, soda, and
iaircloth. The soil of the district bears wheat, rye, barley,
oats, peas, buckwheat, flax, hemp, garden vegetables, and dif
ferent kinds of foliage and needle trees. The raising of horses
and horned cattle is in some parts unimportant ; in others — for
instance, in the marshlands — very considerable. Among the
manufactures are yarn spinning, linen weaving, stocking
knitting, and woodenware making. The commerce of Liine
burg is confined to the sale and transport of the country's
products. Luneburg gives its name to the Liineburger Haide, or Lune
burg Heath, an immense tract of moorland occupying the
greater part of eastern Hanover. On this, heath graze numer
ous herds of a poor quality of sheep, mostly black, with long
and coarse wool, called " Heidschnucken." This and other
extensive heaths afford good sheepwalks, and when the heather

26 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
is in blossom, they are resorted to by the keepers of bees,
who tend their hives with much care and considerable success.
In one year there were 200,657 hives, chiefly in the Liineburg
district, yielding honey to the value of £40,000.
Mark Twain has written that " Germany, in the summer, is
the perfection of the beautiful."
Jerome K. Jerome says, in his " Diary of a Pilgrimage " : "I
like the Germans. They are a big, square-shouldered, deep-
chested race. They do not talk much, but look as though they
thought — easy-going, and good tempered.
" The Germans are hearty eaters, but they are not fussy and
finikin over their food. Their stomach is not their god, and
the cook with his sauces, and pates and ragoiUs, is not their
high priest. So long , as the dish is wholesome, and there is
sufficient of it, they are satisfied.
" In the mere sensuous arts of painting and sculpture, the
Germans are poor. In the ennobling arts of literature and
music they are great, and this fact provides a key to their
character. They are a simple, earnest, homely, genuine people.
They do not laugh much, but when they do, they laugh deep
down. They are slow, but so is a deep river. A placid look
generally rests upon their heavy features ; but sometimes they
frown, and then they look somewhat grim.
" The Germans believe in themselves, and respect themselves.
The world for them is not played out. Their country, to them,
is still the ' Fatherland.' They look straight before them, like
a people who see a great future in front of them, and are not
afraid to go forward to fulfil it."
Joseph Howe said . " The Germans everywhere are lovers of
freedom, manliness, and fair play.''
Dr. Richard Ely, of the University of Wisconsin, says :
" The Germans are generally admitted to be, perhaps, the best
immigrants we have ; and if not the best, undoubtedly among
the best. Our indebtedness to Germany, for material and
intellectual enrichment, is clear to the historical student of
our institutions."

CHAPTEE II.
Arrival at Lunenburg — Captains Cobb and Rous — First Birth — Military
and Civil Authority — Block-houses — Rebellion — Commons — Stock,
Houses, Huts, Crops, Mills and Vehicles — First Ferry — First Shop.
THE following letter was written by Governor Hopson to
the Board of Trade and Plantations, previous to the
departure from Halifax of intending settlers at Lunenburg :
" Halifax, May 25th, 1753.
" My Lords, — I last night received an express from the
officer commanding at Pisiquid (Windsor), advising me that he
is credibly informed that there are three bodies of Indians dis
posed of in those parts amounting to about three hundred, who
lie there in readiness, as they give out, to oppose the settlement
of Merlegash, and intend to begin their march there as soon as
they have information when the settlers are to sail, which in
formation they propose to get by intercepting our courier ; but
as I had intelligence before the couriers were despatched, I
have sent letters by them calculated to fall into the hands of
the Indians, acquainting the officer that I have sent a large
party to Cobequid to see how the Indians are disposed, and
that I had deferred the expedition until their return.
" However, the first embarkation of them will sail as soon as
the wind is fair, and will consist of about 450 persons, armed
and fit for service, the troops included ; the rest will follow as
soon as I hear these have got a footing.
" The only vessel of force we have here is the Albany sloop
of war, Captain Rous, commander, whom I have been obliged to
request to countenance the new settlement, which he has most
heartily undertaken."
Of those who arrived at Halifax, as above named, 1,453 em
barked there on the 28th of May, 1753, in fourteen transports,
the largest being 98 tons burthen, and the provincial sloop York,
Captain Sylvanus Cobb, which were employed to convey them
to Lunenburg, and 92 regular troops and 66 rangers were also

28 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
sent there, under command of Colonel Lawrence, in whose
charge the settlers were placed. He was to lay out the cleared
land adjoining the town among the people by lot, and to reserve
the beach to the Crown. Each family building a house was to
receive from him materials not exceeding seven hundred feet of
boards, five hundred bricks, and a proportionate quantity of
nails. They arrived at Lunenburg (then called "Merliguesch")
on the seventh day of the following month.
Leonard Christopher Rudolf wrote that they "went to work
to clear the wilderness on the 7th June."
Captain Cobb, above named, was engaged in the removal of
the French Acadians, and in 1758 he conveyed the immortal
Wolfe to a reconnoitre of Louisburg. In 1759, he was ordered
to Lunenburg in the York. He afterwards settled and built a
house at Liverpool, N.S. His daughter married Colonel
William Freeman. Cobb died at Havana, 1762.
The landing of the settlers, and the work referred to by
Mr. Rudolf, were the starting-point in the British settlement
of the county, called, as was the town whose foundations were
then laid, Lunenburg. An immortal poet has written " What's
in a name ? " but this name of Lunenburg would act as a con
stant reminder of the country to which these adventurers had
said good-bye. This part of the coast was selected for them
on account of the safety and beauty of the harbor, which
affords excellent anchorage, and is sheltered by several head
lands, and by Cross Island; the apparent fertility of the soil,
and its nearness to Halifax. Owing to a brook which emptied
into the harbor, and to their desire to perpetuate the name
of the captain under whose safe conduct they had come thither,
they called the spot where they stepped from the boat " Rous's
Brook." There was close by a cleared piece of ground which,
on being turned up, was found to be very rich from the decom
position of clam shells, immense quantities of which had been
left there, either by the French or Indians. Another place of
the same kind was discovered near the head of the harbor, and
in its immediate neighborhood an old burial-ground.
Captain John Rous was, in 1744, master of a Boston priva-

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 29
teer, and took eight French vessels laden with mud-fish into
St. John's, Nfld. In the following year he was engaged in the
expedition against Cape Breton, and was subsequently sent to
England with news of the capture of Louisburg. In 1754, he
was made a member of His Majesty's Council for Nova Scotia.
In 1758, he was in command of the Sutherland, fifty guns, at
the second siege of Louisburg, and in 1759, at the siege of
Quebec. It was from the deck of this ship that Wolfe issued
his last order before he ascended the Heights of Abraham.
Captain Rous died in 1760. His daughter married the Hon.
Richard Bulkeley.
The brave pioneers were referred to in the following lines,
which were part of an address in verse, read at the celebration,
June 7th, 1886, of Lunenburg's natal day, by Rev. R. C. Caswall,
M.A., then rector of St. John's Church.
" Oh, Lunenburg people, I am sure you don't know
Half the toil or the labor, the grief or the woe
Encountered of old by those worthies so brave.
Who faced every peril of tempest and wave.
Who landed right here in the midst of red savages.
And were often exposed to their murderous ravages ;
Oh, surely you'll honor those brave men and true
Who founded this town and prepared it for you ;
Who prepared it for you at the risk of their lives.
Not fearing the tomahawks, axes and knives.
The spears and the arrows, the bullets of lead.
Which assaulted them waking, or slew them in bed ;
Oh, then, honor the brave, and like them be brave, too.
If your numbers be great, or if they be few.
For God helps the weak, if their cause it be dear.
And He will defend you though danger be near."
On the 23rd of June, 1753, an order was passed for a review
of the militia and choice of sergeants, corporals, etc.
The first jail was built by Government and called the " King's
Prison." A pay list, dated September, is preserved, showing 4s. 6d.
paid. to German and Swiss overseers for raising frame of east.

30 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
block-house, with items and vouchers therefor. Also another,
dated in November, for building chimney in jail.
Arms called in — 451 firelocks.
A second jail was built in, 1816, and torn down in 1894.
Sills, timbers, and shingles were found to be sound and good.
The sum of £10 was voted in 1753 to the captain of a
schooner for the passage of two Indians, one of whom was a
chief, from Lunenburg to Halifax and back.
The following is an extract from a letter written by Gover
nor Hopson to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, dated July
23rd, 1753 :
" . . . I pitched upon Merlegash for the outsettlement of
the foreigners. It was preferable to Musquedoboit, as there is
a good harbor, which is wanting at Musquedoboit. Had it been
possible to have sent the settlers by land, it would have been a
great satisfaction to me to have saved the expense of hiring
vessels, but on inquiring, found it absolutely impossible, not only
as they would have had at least fifty miles to go through the
woods, but there is not any road."
The first birth in the new community was that of Jane
Margaret Bailly, which occurred during the night following the
landing, in a rude camp built among the bushes, in the rear of
what is now the residence of Mr. Charles Myra.
Preparations were made to secure shelter, and huts and log-
houses were erected as fast as circumstances would permit.
Owing to the presence of deadly enemies, in the persons of
the native Indians, who murdered or carried off every settler
they could find absent from home, it became necessary to
provide, as soon as possible, means of defence.
A militia regiment was formed, of which Patrick Sutherland
was Lieutenant-Colonel, and Leonard C Rudolf, Major. Block
houses were built as defences outside the town; and the new
settlement was enclosed with " a fence of pickets, sharpened at
the points, and securely fastened in the ground."

history of the county of lunenburg. 31
Memo, of Block-houses, etc., 1753.
Garrison block-house, on Gallow's hill.
A block-house by the burial ground.
A block-house on back of shore below Labroane's garden.
A block-house on back harbor, opposite Mason's.
A picket fence from Fort to Fort, from front to back harbor.
A block-house on Windmill hill.
A blockrhouse on Battery Point, called " Fort Boscawen."
A block-house at Mush-a-Mush.
A block-house at Morriott Brook.
A block-house at North- West Range.
A block-house at Lower La Have.
A block-house at Upper La Have.
A block -house at Jacob Hirtle's mills.
Fort Boscawen, Battery Point, cost £219 lis. 3d.
Civil, as well as military authority was required ; and this
was present in the persons of Patrick Sutherland, Sebastian
Zouberbuhler, and John Creighton, who were, on the 26th of
May, 1753, two days before the embarkation at Halifax,
appointed the first Justices of the Peace for Lunenburg.
Murdoch says: "The soldiers and settlers at Mirligash (Lunen
burg) are stated, October 1st, 1753, to amount to 650 men, well
armed. Hopson says they might fall into the same kind of
neutrality claimed by the Acadians, unless care be taken. He
approves of the idea suggested by the Lords of Trade, of giving
them live stock and hogs ; and thinks £2,000 would be well
laid out on that purpose. Some of them he has employed as
overseers, besides English in the same capacity. The Justices
Zouberbuhler and Creighton were also paid for their services.
The people of Lunenburg began to be uneasy at having neither
church nor clergyman, except the Swiss, who have a French
minister, Mr. Moreau. The church was put in the estimate for
1754. The people there were very industrious."
Tradition says that during the earliest year of the settle
ment an incident occurred which caused much excitement.
When the ice broke up in the spring, some of the boys were
amusing themselves by moving pieces from the beach and
taking a short pleasure excursion. Two of them got into deep

32 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
water and were " outward bound," with a fair wind. Boats
not being yet built, trees were fastened together and propelled
by boards or sticks, by which means the boys were overtaken
near Battery Point and brought safely back.
It was necessary that men surrounded by Indian foes should,
when obliged to go any distance from home, have one of their
number in whom they might confide as leader ; and they were
well supplied in the person of Henry Maxner, who, with his
resolute spirit, and a compass to guide him, would lead the
party venturing into the woods. It would have been fortunate
for old Mr. Hornish to have had his services, when, having lost-
his way near Lunenburg, he found himself, to his great sur
prise, after long travelling and " beating the bush," on a sand
beach at Lower La Have.
The severe labor exacted from the men at Lunenburg, in
their duties at and between the different forts, in defending-
stockaded houses and resisting the attacks of Indians, made
them ill-prepared to bear any additional grievance; and in
December, 1753, a riot occurred, under circumstances thus
described in the original record :
" Memo, of the Rebellion. " December 15th, 1753.
" A report was circulated that John Peterquin, a Frenchman,.
had received a letter from London, wherein it was stated that
Parliament had directed that each person should receive one
pound of bread, meat, pease, rice, hulled oats, molasses, one
pint of rum, stockings, shoes, shirts, clothing, all necessary
household utensils, and also implements of agriculture, and five
pounds in cash. On hearing this the people went in search of
Peterquin to get the letter, and when they found him they
imprisoned him in the cellar of the block-house. When this
came to the ear of Colonel Sutherland, he went with Mr. Zouber
buhler, Mr. Strasburg, and Major Rudolf, and released Peter
quin, but he was rescued from them by the mob and again
confined in the block -house, under a guard of ten men within,
the building, and a number outside. Here he was detained

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 33
until Sunday, when he endeavored to effect his escape, but
having been discovered by the guard, he was removed from
the cellar into the body of the block-houSe, bound hand and
foot, and threatened, if he did not produce the letter. On Sun
day morning he declared that Mr. Zouberbuhler had received
the letter from him. In consequence of this the inhabitants
were required to assemble on the parade at nine o'clock, to
take measures for getting the letter from Mr. Zouberbuhler, or
to imprison him, too. Then the people deliberated the whole
day, and sent hourly messengers to the Colonel for the letter
or Mr. Zouberbuhler, and this state of things continued during
several days. Mr. Zouberbuhler retired for protection to the
west block -house, which was on Gallow's hill, and called the
Star Fort, from the shape of the fence by which it was enclosed.
There was a variety of opinions and a great uproar, some
desiring one thing and some another. They wished to force
the soldiers to compel Mr. Zouberbuhler and the Frenchman
to appear on the parade, and undergo a public examination.
At the same time it was reported to the Colonel that the
Indians were near the town, and, in consequence, he took the
precaution of providing the storehouse with large guns. But
messengers from the inhabitants immediately repaired to him
and demanded to know whether he would remove the guns
again or not. In fine, it is evident that they have taken the
command in their own hands.
" On Wednesday, the nineteenth of this month, Peterquin
was examined by the Colonel, and declared that he had given
the letter to Zouberbuhler, and the time and circumstances of
the delivery, and professed that he had nothing against the
Colonel, but entertained for him all due honor and respect..
The people were somewhat pacified when Peterquin made this..
declaration. All possible pains were taken by Colonel Monck
ton to ascertain the rights of this aflfair ; and Peterquin made a
disclosure of the whole transaction to the Colonel, by which it
appeared that Mr. Hoffman showed a letter of a similar import,
to that first mentioned, to Peterquin, on the parade, and told
him that he had received it from a sailor, and that Hoffmam
3

34 history of the. county of LUNENBURG.
gave Peterquin directions how to proceed. In short, from
Peterquin's declaration Hoffman was the instigator and cause
of the whole mischief. The Colonel, hearing that Hoffman was
at Harshinan's house, sent an officer with a party of soldiers,
who immediately arrested and carried him to the block-house.
The following day he was brought before the Council, and from
thence sent on shipboard under a guard of twelve men, com
manded by Captain Trickett."
" John William Hoffman " (above referred to) " who had
previously been a Justice of Peace at Halifax, was sent up on
a charge of having been concerned in the mutiny, and was
committed to jail, by Governor Lawrence, with strict orders
that he should not be allowed to converse with, nor write to,
anybody, nor even have the use of pen, ink or paper. An
indictment was preferred against him for high treason, but
there being only one witness, the Grand Jury rejected the
bill. He was then indicted for high crimes and misdemeanors,
found guilty of some of the charges, and sentenced to fine and
two years' imprisonment, which he served on George's Island,
Halifax. Governor Lawrence described him as a mischievous
fellow, and declared that the immediate consequences of his
liberty would be the destruction of the peace and harmony
which prevailed at Lunenburg, and wished that the colony was
well rid of him."
An account of this transaction, in Murdoch's "History of
Nova Scotia," p. 220 (1753), gives the following additional
particulars :
" Lieut-Colonel Sutherland sent Lieutenant Adams to Halifax,
with a letter to PresidentLawrence,to inform him of his situation.
Adams arrived on the evening of Monday, the I7th December.
Lawrence applied at once to Mr. Henry Baker, Commander of
H. M. sloop Wasp, for twenty of his seamen, as he intended to
send the two sloops belonging to the Government to Lunen
burg immediately ; and on Tuesday he collected the Council at
his house, Messrs. Green, Steele, Collier, Cotterel, and Monckton
being present ; and the letter being read and Lieutenant Adams
examined, it was decided to send two hundred regular troops to

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 35
Lunenburg, whom Colonel Monckton volunteei-ed to command.
The Council advised that the inhabitants there should be dis
armed. Four vessels were at once sent to Lunenburg, with
Monckton's detachment. The vessels were got ready in a few
hours, and sailed as soon as the wind would permit. The garrison
of Halifax was thus reduced to three hundred men, and Law
rence had two militia guards mounted every night in addition.
The soldiers arrived in safety, and the militia block- house was
abandoned to them on Monckton's demand. In two or three
days he succeeded in disarming the people peaceably. Monck
ton stated that he observed a strong disposition in them to
throw off all subjection to any government, and to affect the
same kind of independency that the French inhabitants ha\'e
done. They had always insisted that the Indians would distin
guish them from the English, and never interrupt them, which
notion he believed had been privately propagated among them
by the French emissaries. There was no proof, however, that the
French had instigated them in this mutiny. Monckton advised
that as the people there were so generally implicated, the better
course would be to grant a general forgiveness. Lawrence,
however, desired to punish the ringleaders, and it will be seen
hereafter that one prominent actor was tried and sentenced."
By the 15th of January, 1754, the disturbances at Lunenburg
had subsided, and Monckton, leaving one officer and forty men
there to take charge of the block-house, returned to Halifax
with the rest of his detachment, leaving the people perfectly
quiet.
Lunenburg Common.
" Articles about the commons, made for the year 1754 :
" The great or horn cattle shall go by turns, one time to the
west, and the other time at the east side.
'¦ The small cattle shall go from the town pickets to the first
o-arden lots northward of the town, but not higher than the
back of the town.
'' It is proposed and found very necessary to have forthwith
hired, a herdsman, one for the horn cattle, and another for the

36 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
small cattle, and the inhabitants are to agree with the said
herdsmen for the payment, and to bind them to do their duty.
"It is proposed about the dogs, that a law should be made that
such as have dogs going over the common shall keep them in a
line, and everybody is to take care that no mischief may
happen by the dogs.
" It is proposed that next year some proper expert person be
chosen to visit the common.s and see what number of cattle
they are able to sustain."
In 1760, an Act was passed by the Legislature, reciting that
the Governor had granted and set apart a tract of land lying
in the peninsula of Lunenburg, to serve as a common for the
inhabitants of said town, and requiring the Grand Jury at the
Sessions in March (and annually in the same month), " to make
regulations for the common," to be approved of by the Justices.
On the 17th of April, 1761,. a grant was signed by Governor
Lawrence, gi\'ing to the inhabitants of Lunenburg two thousand
acres near the town for a common, and registered on the 13th
of August in the same year. A grant was also made on the
7th of February, 1785, of land to be held as a common.
In 1818, an Act was passed "in addit'on" to the Act of 1760,
empowering the inhabitants, at their annual town meetings, to
vote moneys for running, ascertaining and renewing the marks
of the original boundary lines of the common as often as shoXild
be found recjuisite. The General Sessions of the Peace were,.
by the same Act, authorized to make regulations for gathering
sea manure on the shores of the common or public lands. This
Act was made perpetual by Chapter 7, of Acts of 1820-21.
An Act was passed in 1826, enabling the trustees of the
common to make leases of parts of it for ten years : and in
1828, the term was extended to ninety -nine years. By enact
ment in 1862, power was given to the trustees to sell certain
portions of the common, and to executf conveyances in fee
simple. Under this Act, John Creighton, William Metzler, William
N. Zwicker, Henry S. Jost, John Young, James D. Eisenhauer,.
and Benjamin Berringer, were elected May, 20th, in the same

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 37
year, trustees for the improvement of the common near the
town of Lunenburg.
On the 3rd of June, fifty -nine lots of 70 x 79 feet, were sold
at prices from £2 15s. to £25 5s. The sales of the fifty-nine
lots realized £474 18s.
In 1754 the Government, carrying out a suggestion previously
made by the Lords of Trade and Plantations, sent to the inhabi
tants, "74 cows, 967 sheep, 114 pigs, and 164 goats, besides
poultry." One cow and one sheep, or six sheep, one pig, and
six goats, were allowed for two families. Sheep and pigs were
di^"ided between single men, according to their respective char
acters, the most deserving of whom received the largest share.
In an estimate " for the service of Nova Scotia for the year
1754," among other items appear the following :
" Lunenburg  £768 5 0."
" Church at Lunenburg  476 16 6i."
The following item is included in " sums disallowed " :
" Stone jail at Lunenburg  £282 10 0."
The people of Lunenburg, taken as a community, were then
con.sidered as having made some praiseworthy progress in
improvement. Besides the erection of 319 houses and ten
huts, much industry had been shown in the tillage of town
and garden lots. One hundred German families went to settle
on their farm lots in the country. Before the end of May,
" barley, oats, turnips, potatoes, and flax had been planted ;
timber, staves, and hoops had been cut," and canoes and boats
were afterwards built. The price of labor was not over " a
shilling a day," and firewood was supplied to vessels at " two
shillings a cord." At the end of the year five saw-mills had
been erected on different streams, and grain crops are said to
have been plentiful.
An aged inhabitant described to the writer the style of the
houses built in early days. Some were constructed of round
poles, and were about six feet in the post, and eighteen or
t\^"enty feet square outside. Others were of hewed timber,

38 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
about six inches through. The roofs of many were thatclied.
The doors and shutters were made of two-inch plank, whfii it
could be had, and fastened with iron bolts. The oldest liouse,
still standing in Lunenburg, was built in 1757. It was origin
ally occupied by a German brewer named Kailer, who used it
as a brew house. He may have been the man called Koehler
in the list of grantees. The house, which has been added to,
is the residence of Mr. John Robar. It is nine feet in tlie p^ist,
and the old part is about 26 x 14 feet. The walls in the lower
rooms were only six feet in height. Six steps led to the i-ooms
above, which were still lower. The doors were of plank, witli
massive iron hinges and bolts. Robar, on repairing the liouse,
had new sills taken there, but the old ones were found to be so
well preserved, that they were not removed. They were made
of the best pine, free from sap. The walls were filled in with
hewed timber, between the shingling and inside boarding.
There was a well in one of the rooms over thirty feet in depth,
in which, tradition says, money was placed in troublous times.
The writer was told by an aged resident of Chester, that
some of the earliest settlers in different parts of the county
built the chimneys of their log-houses of sticks, the spaces
between being filled in with clay kneaded with straw. What
would be called a brazier in our days, was constructed of hard
beaten clay, about a foot or more in height, and slightly
hollowed in the centre. Li this were placed coals brought from
the clay oven, in -which the wood was burnt, to heat tlie room.
The supply of rations, except for the aged and infirm, was
discontinued June 14th, 1754, and some of the people being-
very poor, their domestic comforts, already few, were thus
rendered even less. Their aged descendants yet speak of this,
and mantion that sea shells were substituted for wooden spoons
brought from Germany, many of which had been lost or injured,
though specimens are still to be seen. Some were without Hght,
and did not know how to obtain it, when one Herman told his
neighbors to cut under the fin of the dog-fish (then caught in
large quantities), and take out the liver, and the oil thus pro-
dneod would supply them with light This plan was eagerly

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 39
adopted, and proved successful. Tea, coffee and " sweetening "
were luxuries to which many were strangers, while potato
soup formed a chief article of diet. The men wore stockings,
and breeches fastened with buckles at the knee, and round
jackets, made of rough cloth, or homespun. Hats with small
crowns and large rims, and wooden shoes completed the outer
clothing. The hair was frequently plaited, and fastened
behind with ribbon, a fashion described to the writer by persons
who remembered it. The women wore petticoats of linen made
from native flax, with gowns of calico or red baize. The head
dress was a calico cap or handkerchief, bonnets being unknown.
Shoes or clogs, made of wood, and sometimes partly of leather,
and ornamented with buckles, covered the feet, and were
similar to those worn by peasants in the north of England, or
the sabots of the French. In France, wooden shoes are made
both by machinery and by hand. The best are made of maple.
In the provinces many ladies possess a pair of the finer sabots,
for wearing out in damp weather. These have monograms and
other designs carved on the vamps, and they are kept on the
foot by ornamental leather pieces over the insteps. When the
shoes or clogs brought from Germany were no longer service
able, they were replaced with new ones made by M. Jeanperin
and others. Those used for festive occasions were described as
having been very neat in appearance.
A writer in a British magazine states that wooden shoes are
used in Germany, " in the plains and near the sea coast." He
adds that birch is generally used, as it is " the toughest, most
elastic and least liable to split. Farmers in remote districts
often employ themselves and their men during the long
winter evenings, in sawing, boring and scooping out wooden
shoes for their households ; in the same way as they chop up
their firewood, make their ladders, and the wheels and axles of
their wagons. The manufacture of proper wooden shoes is
quite a separate trade. Makers of them abound in the villages
of Lower Saxony. We recognize their small dwellings at once
by the piled-up blocks of birch wood, and the heaps of shav-
ino-s outside of them. The scooping out, the mo.st important

40 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
part of the work, requires tools of peculiar form, which have
been used in the remote villages on the moors and heaths,, of
Germany since the earliest ages. One shoemaker can make
four or five pairs of wooden shoes in a day, about the number
which a peasant requires in the course of a year."
" Loose cotton" was purchased, and carded and spun at home,
as " spun cotton " could not be otherwise obtained. It was cus
tomary for the women to divide their work, more than is done
at present. In a small settlement, or amongst a lot of neigh
bors, some women would do the spinning, some the weaving,
and others the knitting. Firewood was carried home by hand.
Grain was frequently threshed, and rocks drawn from the land
by night, after the day had been spent in hard work.
The first style of vehicle used for conveying wood and other
articles was made of native beech or birch, the wheels being
sections of the trunks of trees, with holes bored to receive the
wooden axles. As for a travelling conveyance, none was seen
until about fifty years ago, when the late Rev. Thomas Shreve
drove the first gig, the first four-wheeled carriage having been
imported by the late Dr. Bolman. Previous to this the ladies
were more accustomed to horseback exercise than those of the
present day. They frequently rode many miles on a pillion
liehind their husbands. Those of the people who depended on
water travel for their visits to Lunenburg, and were unable to
afford the whole expense of a boat, joined with their neighbors
in their efforts to build one for their common use. To remedy
the want felt by some of those who were not thus provided
for, a ferry was established between " South " and Lunenburg
by one Kolp. The distance was about three miles, and the fare
charged, four pennies for going and returning. It is related of
Kolp that on one occasion he had to regret the loss of' his red
cap, which was sent into the harbor by the wind of a cannon
ball, which passed unpleasantly close to his head.
Many of the original settlers had a superstitious belief in
omens, charms and witchcraft. It is not to be wondered at,
however, when it is remembered that the same notions pre-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 41
vailed in Germany. Hauber says that 157 persons were burnt
at Wurtzburg, in two years, as witches, some of whom were
vicars of cathedrals, and others sons of senators and noblemen,
and as late as 1749, only four years previous to the settlement
of Lunenburg, Maria Renata was executed at the same place
for the like offence.
The Germans were not the only persons among whom these
superstitions were cherished. Some of the English military
settlers also brought with them ideas of this description. The
log hut of one contained sufficient crosses of witch hazel, as
well as horse-shoes, to drive away as many witches as ever
existed. As the districts outside of the town became more thickly
settled, footpaths, with stiles at the different fences, led from
one house to another, and in truly primitive style all lived
happily together. They were poor, honest, true-hearted. God
fearing, self-reliant, industrious people, and worthily represented
the nations from which they emigrated. The simple habits
and languages of their forefathers were long retained, and when
the Rev. C. E. Cossmann came to the county, in 1835, he could
distinguish by the different dialects, the places in Germany to
which many of their ancestors belonged. We cannot under
stand the hardships and privations to which these early adven
turers were subjected, nor can we sufficiently estimate their
indomitable energy of character. They had to contend day by
day with obstacles which, under less adverse circumstances,
might have been deemed almost insurmountable, and were often
obliged to go forth, carrying in one hand the axe to fell the
forest, and in the other a suitable weapon of defence.
One of the curiosities of early times is a trunk made of
heavy birch plank, 4 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet in height, 1 foot
9 inches in width, with a till 9 inches wide and 1 foot in depth,
and having iron hinges of great strength and a massive German
lock. It is said to have been the first shop in Lunenburg, and
was kept by Mrs. Born, wife of Martin Born, in a log-house
built bj' him, nearly opposite the site of the Presbyterian

42 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
church. This trunk was a depository for calicoes, ribbons,
needles and other goods supplied by Mrs. Born's sisters, residing
at Halifax. The German lassies of those days went, we may
believe, with as much pleasure to purchase from Mrs. Born, as
our modern belles now take in their visits to the more attrac
tive establishments of the present day ; and we can imagine
with what satisfaction that good old lady put aside what she
daily received, as an addition to her accumulating treasure in
that " deep till."

CHAPTEE III.
Town Plot — Allotments and Registry of Land — First Deeds — Letters,
Petitions, Orders and Official Returns — Boundaries for Township —
Jessen Expedition — Boundaries of County — Townships established
— Bounties — Settlers and Stock — First Civil List — Governor's Praise
of Germans — Inhabitants, Stock and Crops — Governor's Letter to
Earl of Dartmouth — Inventory of Property of C. B. Zouberbuhler.
THE town plot of Lunenburg was laid out, according to a
plan approved of at Halifax by Governor Peregrine T.
Hopson, in six divisions, namely : Zouberbuhler' s, Creighton's,
Morreau's, Rudolf's, Straesburgher's, and Steinfort's divisions,
named after the officers in command. Each division contained
eight blocks, and each block was divided into fourteen town
lots of 60 x 40 feet.
The principal streets were named Cornwallis, Duke, King,
Prince, Hopson, Lawrence (the continuation of which takes in
" Kissing Bridge "), York, Fox, Townsend, Cumberland, Lincoln,
Pelham, and Montagu.
Mrs. Kaulbach, who died at the age of 102, told the writer
that she could remember when there were only two streets in
the town.
Each settler was allowed a town lot, a garden lot, a three-
hundred-acre lot, and a thirty-acre lot. Over five hundred lots
were drawn, and registered in a list marked " examined and
approved," and signed by Patk. Sutherland. Each man was
required to enclose his town lot, and erect suitable buildings
without delay. Cards were used for drawing the lots, some of
whidh have been produced in court as evidence, in part, of
title. One was received in the case of Boutilier et al. vs. Knock,
tried before Young, C.J., at Lunenburg, October, 1865. It
was alleged to have been drawn by Jacques Boutilier in 1767.
Doubts having arisen as to whether the registry of lots of

44 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
land imported a conveyance in fee simple (having been granted
merely as lots, without any formal conveyance under the seal
of the Province), an Act was passed in 1760, 34 Geo. IL, cap.
81, reciting the doubts above named, and declaring "that all
and every person having a right to claim by virtue of such
registry, shall be entitled to a full and absolute estate in fee
simple, in the lands so registered."
The first deed executed at Lunenburg, was dated December
3rd, 1753, and was made by Henrich Kolbach to Wendel Wust.
The consideration money was £1, and Wust became entitled to
the grantor's right and claim to garden lot No. 11, in 4th
division, letter E ; measuring 70 feet in front, and 165 in depth.
The witnesses were Sophia Wust and Benjamin Bridge.
In 1752, the name"Wenel Wust" was entered in the list
of persons employed in His Majesty's works in and around
Halifax. The first conveyance of land from one of the settlers, re
corded at Lunenburg, was a deed dated November 16th, 1759,
from Johan Casper HoflFman to Johannes Haas, of two house
lots in Zouberbuhler's division, for the sum of fifteen pounds
ten shillings. The witnesses were Gotlieb Koehler and Andreas
Spannagel. The document was registered on the 20th of the
same month.
Among the earliest documents is the last will and testament
of Hans Adam Eisenhauer, which is in the writer's possession.
It bears date March 26th, 1757, less than four years after the
settlement of Lunenburg. One of the three witnesses was
" Joseph Howe."
The following letters were sent to the commanding officer at
Lunenburg : " Secretary's Office, March 18th, 1754.
" . . Captain Floyer desires me to acquaint you that
he has given a pass to three Frenchmen to go to Lunenburg,
under a pretence of hunting ; but he has reason to suspect
they are employed by Le Loutre to entice away the Germans,
and therefore thought this intimation might be useful to you.
" (Signed) Wji. Cotterell.
" Col. Sutherland."

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 45
Paul Boutin, Julian Bourneuf, Charles Boutin, Francois
Lucas, Sebastian Bourneuf, Joseph Gedri, Pierre Gedri, Pierre
Erio, and Claude Erot, with their families, in all twenty -five
persons, having been brought from Cape Breton to Halifax,,
took the oath of allegiance and caine to Lunenburg in the
autumn of this year. " Secretary's Office, August 24th, 1754.
"Dear Sir, — . The bearers hereof, being in all
twenty-five persons, are just arrived here from Louisbourg,
from whence they made their escape to avoid starving. Some
of them were fornierly inhabitants of this country and are
nearly related to old Labrador ; they have all taken the oaths ;
the Colonel desires you would treat them kindly, order them
to be victualled, to have tools given them, and land laid out-
for them where you shall see most convenient.
" I am, Dear Sir,
" Yours, etc.,
" To CoL. Sutherland, " Wm. Cotterell.
" Commanding at Lunenburg."
The following appears in a document headed, " Remarks
relative to the Return of the Forces in Nova Scotia, March
30th, 1755," mentioning the several posts occupied :
" Lunenburg is the place where the Palatine settlers have
been set down. It is .situated upon a neck of land which forms
a peninsula, having the harbor of Mirleguish on tho south-west
and a branch of Mahone Bay on the north-east, distant from
Halifax by water about sixteen leagues — we have as yet no
communication open with it by land. There is great necessity
for the troops at that place, both to protect the settlers, and to
awe those of them that are of a turbulent disposition."
In the same year a petition was sent from Lunenburg to
Governor Lawrence, for a further supply of provisions, and
praying him not to punish "the good and industrious with
the seditious and idle."
In a letter from Governor Shirley to Governor Lawrence,
dated Boston, March 13th, 1756, he writes : " As to the settle
ment of Germans at Lunenburg, if the end of posting the 152
men there, which I find by your return of the cantonment of

46 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
the troops are placed there at present, is to be a guard upon
the inhabitants of that town, the Province had better be with
out the settlement, unless an equal number at least of settlers,
whose fidelity to His Majesty's government may be depended
on, can be soon introduced among them ; otherwise the more
that settlement increases, the more dangerous and burthensome
it will grow to the Province ; and this instance seems to show
the risque of making entire settlements of foreigners of any
kind in so new a government as Nova Scotia, without a due
mixture of natural-born subjects among them."
Murdoch writes, that although the conduct of some of the
people may have been rash, still unacquainted, as most of them
were, with the language or ^laws of our nation, allowance
should be made for the errors they were led into. He refers
to the general industry and uprightness the people had always
evinced. General Order.
" By Col. Patrick Sutherland, Esq., Commanding Officer of His
Majesty's Troops in the Township and Garrison of Lunen
burg :
" Whereas, the number of troops under my command are not
sufficient to defend the frontiers of this settlement, I have
thought proper that two officers of the militia, with twenty
men, should be ready on the parade, Monday morning at eight
o'clock, in order to march to the Mush-a-Mush block-house,
to remain there one week, and then be relieved by another
detachment, and thus to continue till His Excellency's farther
orders. " And in consideration of most of the inhabitants' circum
stances, I have, without the governor's instructions, ordered
every man for this time a full allowance of provisions for one
week, over and above what is allowed for himself and family,
and everyone is hereby warned to provide haversacks to carrj^
their provisions with them. And in case anyone named is
absent, or refuses to appear, the same shall be prosecuted with
the utmost rigor of the law. This detachment shall be chosen
out of those who dwell in the town, and those whose habita
tions are nearest the block-house, and I shall augment, or lessen
the number, both with regard to the apparent danger and the

history of the COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 47
necessity of the season for cultivating the land, and order it
from time to time ; and in order for signals to the disappoint
ment of our enemies ; and, after this manner, I hope when the
guard is appointed, the people will be more easy in their minds,
and when the orders are made known to them everyone will
know his turn for guard, and manage his affairs so that it may
be little or no detriment to him. I recommend to those who
go upon guard, particularly that dwell in the country, that
their families retire in the night time to such houses where
most people are assembled.
" And whereas, the intent of the last signals was not rightly
understood, I find it necessary to acquaint the inhabitants, that
on firing two guns in Mush-mush, or in the town, in one minute,
that. the town inhabitants directl}' appear with their officers on
the parade, to attend and wait my orders ; and those men at
the Mush-mu'h block -house, to receive orders from the com
manding officer there ; but those who are distant both from
town and block -house, shall, among their own habitations, meet
together and remain on their defence till the cause of the alarm
be made known to them, and to hinder false alarms, no one
shall dare to fire a piece in this settlement, unless upon the
enemy. " Lunenburg, May 15th, 1756."
" On July 30th, 1756, Captain John Steignfort, with fifty
armed men, went from Lunenburg to the Basin of Minas, and
drove away 120 head of horned cattle and a number of horses,
being part of the confiscated property of the French Acadians.
The party returned to Lunenburg, September 3rd, with sixty
oxen and cows, the rest having perished on the way — all the
horses included."
This was truly a hazardous journey, made through an
enemy's country ; an enemy who, though uncivilized, was not
wholly ignorant of some of those resources by which successful
generals have been largely aided on modern fields of warfare.
The cattle were ' drawn for in the jail-yard, in the presence of
the commanding officer and other gentlemen useful thereto.'
The above enterprise is referred to by Grace Dean McLeod, in
" The Cow-bells of Grand Pre."
Captain Steignfort came to Halifax in 1749, and with the
settlers to Lunenburg, in 1753. He had been a lieutenant in
the Salamander, and was appointed a captain in the militia.

48 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBERG.
In 1756, Government authorized the building of a block
house at La Have River, and another half way between that
and Mushamush (now Mahone Bay). A private one had been
erected at the latter place by Ephraim Cooke. Rations were
granted for such of the Germans as would occupy these build
ings. On the 3rd of January, 1757, it was decreed by the Governor
and Council that until the Province was divided into counties,
twelve members of Assembly should be elected for the Province
at large, and ten for the townships, that of Lunenburg to have
two ; and it was resolved that the last-named township should
" comprehend all the lands lying between La Have River and
the easternmost head of Mahone Bay, with all the islands
within said bay, and all the islands within Mirliguash Bay,
and those islands lying to the southward of the above limits."
Extracts from the Minutes of H. M. Council
AT Halifax.
"February 19th, 1757. — Appeared before the Council a num
ber of the German inhabitants of Lunenburg, who proposed to-
undertake to cut the intended road from Lunenburg to Halifax,
and who had marched hither by land in order to view the
country through which the said road is proposed to be cut.
" They were informed that they were to make the road a
rod wide, and were offered to be paid at the rate of six pounds
per mile, which they would by no means accept of, but, on the
contrary, insisted on so exorbitant a price that no agreement
could possibly be made with them.
" Wherefore the Council did advise that the Lieutenant-
Governor should write to Colonel Sutherland at Lunenburg,
and direct him to endeavor to agree with those men, or any
other of the said Germans, for the cutting of the road at the
said rate of six pounds per mile, which the Council did esteem
a very handsome recompense for their labor."
" May 20th, 1757.— Mr. Pernette appeared before the Council,
and undertook the work. The road was to be ten feet wide.
The Government was to provide a guard for the workmen,.

history of THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 49
who were also to have their arms with them. The price was
to be six pounds per mile. The contractor was given an
advance of fifty pounds, and he was to be paid afterwards as
each ten miles was cut."
In 1757, the Lunenburg settlers were compelled to do " much
militia duty, which, added to a dry and hot season, causing
scanty crops, left them still dependent on Government for
provisions." Governor Lawrence commended their industry
in high terms.
" A return of the settlers at Lunenburg, with the alterations
from the 28th of May, 1753, being the time of embarkations to
the 22nd of January, 1758 :
Original number  1,463
Dead  152
Discharged  854
Deserted  19
Born  440
Entered and re-entered  506
Total number  2,399
Remaining at Lunenburg  1,374
(Signed) D. Christopher Jessen."
In 1758, the people of Lunenburg were much alarmed by
the movements of Indians, and requested " aid from Govern
ment to put up a block-house between every ten families by
furnishing them with boards and nails," which request was
granted on the 22nd of April.
The industry of the settlers had been much interrupted by
the Indians, and some of them had been killed, and others
taken prisoners.
It was ordered at a meeting of Council on the 20th of May,
that 50,000 pounds of pork, 14,000 pounds of beef, and 136,000
pounds of fiour, should be purchased for their use, and that
rations of flour should be furnished until July, 1759.
On the same day it was resolved that sixteen members of
Assembly should be elected for the Province at large, with four
for the township of Halifax, and two for the township of
Lunenburg. 4

50 HISTORY OF the COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
In the same month. Captain Fesch, 3rd Battalion Royals,
was sent with a detachment to Lunenburg, to relieve Captain
Sutherland and the troops there.
Copy, Verbatim et Literatim, of an Old Journal.
" A Journal book kept gan hounting after the Indians, Septem
ber 8th, 1758, under the command of Capt. Christopher
Jessen and Lieut. Campbell, of the Regular Troops :
" 1758. Sept. Sth. — This morning a party of twenty -three
men, regular troops, and one Lieut. Campbell, and one captain-
lieutenant, four lieutenants, six sergeants, eight corporals and
sixty-one private men of the militia, being in the whole one
hundred and four, under the command of the officers, Lieut.
Campbell, of the regulars, and Capt. D. Christopher Jessen, of
the militia, went away in the morning at six o'clock to La Have
block-house, close to the road, and came there at about ten
o'clock and a half. Cut about four miles from the block-house.
Close to the road we found two soldiers scalped, and bare naked,
except one coat lying upon them — they were going to to-wn for
provisions, and about seven of the clock in the morning they,
hearing two guns firing off, and this finder poor fellows where
scalped. From the block-house we stood W. by N. About ten
miles from the block-house we encamped. Nothing extraor
dinary. About five o'clock we found the place where the
Indians had rested themselves about two hours.
" 9th. — We steered away from hence N.-E. about five miles,
then made a halt to breakfast, but in the morning made some
tracks of the Indians, and the different divisions were ordered
to be ready to. At ten o'clock we steered E. N.-E., and about
eleven o'clock we found a place where the Indians had encamped,
but could discover nothing. A little after five o'clock we came
to encampment. Nothing extraordinary, except we found the
place on the La Have River where the Indians got over, and
the road was to be seen at the other side.
" 10th. — At six o'clock we went away from our encampment,
steered E. S.-E., and about eight o'clock we came down to

history of the county "OF LUNENBURG. 51
Mush-mush River, eight miles from the block-house; and from
thence we went down by the river and arrived at eleven o'clock
at the block-house at Mush-mush, and about two o'clock we
went to Baker's in Oakland, and was rainy weather, but met
nothing extraordinary.
" 11th. — From the, 10th in the afternoon to the 11th day,
rainy weather. Encamped by Baker's till about twelve o'clock;
when, clearing up, went to Mush-mush, and from thence to
N.-W. Range block-house, where we got intelligence from
Pierre Jean, who sent his son last Friday to No. 24 L. B. between
eight and ten o'clock, and in coming back he was carried off by
the Indians, being ten years old. From the block-house we
stood S.-W. for about three miles, then stood S. S.-E., where we
encamped. Nothing extraordinary.
" 12th. — About eight o'clock went from our encampment and
steered E. S.-E. about six miles, and from thence stood W. S.-W.
about five miles, where we encamped between La Have and
Centre, about five miles from the block-house, . . . for
guard before we came to Centre, at the back of N. W. Range,
we found a ladder of four steps high. Nothing extraordinary.
" 13th. — From our encampment between or at the back of
Centre and La Have, and stood through the woods to the La
Have settlement. Came there about four o'clock. Nothing
extraordinary. " 14th. — From La Have we marched to the head of Rose Bay
to old Meyer, and from hence to Old Miller, . . . and
encamped behind F. Heyberger's lot, but nothing extraordinary.
" 15th. — We went away from our encampment about six
o'clock in the morning, and about twelve o'clock arrived at
town, in Lunenburg, and dismissed our men, and gave them
thanks for their good services."
Among those who went on the above expedition were : Cap
tain D. C. Jessen, Lieutenant J. Donig, Captain H. Meixner,
Daniel Hiltz, Mathias Fener, Mathias Langille, George Boutilier,
Frederick Emonaud, Michael Morash, Heinrich Ernst, Frederick
Arenberg, Frederick Rhuland, George Tanner, Henrich Oxner,

52 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Leonard Hartlin, Jacob Moser, Andreas Young, and Henry
Feder. The watch, in solid gold case, carried by Captain Jessen on
the above expedition, is in possession of Mr. James Jessen
Rudolf. It was made by Thos. Bray, London. Lost for forty
years, it was found by Mr. John M. Watson and his sister, in
the house commonly known as " the old barracks."
December. — Indians still infested and harassed the promising
settlement of Lunenburg, and Governor Lawrence wrote to the
Lords of Trade, that they " had just destroyed a whole family
remarkable for their industry, and that in so bloody and bar
barous a manner as to terrify and drive three parts of the
people from their country lots into the town for protection."
In La Have block-house. May 13th, 1759:

2 loaded swivels. 31J pounds of powder.

1 grindstone.

20 cartridges. 1 powder horn.

1 bucket.

10 balls. 3 axes.

1 lamp.

12 packs of small balls. 1 spade.

1 horn glass.

58 small balls. Ipot.

1 spear.

Bed and blankets.

" A return of the births and cradles in the different barracks
at Lunenburg, May 23rd, 1759 :
In the Fort barracks  13 births, 12 cradles.

In the block-house  8
In Fort Sutherland block-house .... 10
In the Royal barracks  33
In the Parade barracks  20
In the hospital  14

Total  98 26 "
On August 17th, 1759, the Province was divided into five
counties, of which Lunenburg was one, and its boundaries were
thus defined : " Beginning at a brook at the bottom of Mahone
Bay, anil on the easterly head thereof, and thence to run
northerly till it meets the lake called Long Lake, and to be
bounded easterly by the said lake, and north-westerly by the
County of Annapolis, and King's county, south-westerly by the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 53
River Rosignol, and Port Senior, and south-easterly by the sea
shore to the first limits, comprising all the islands southward
of the same." Three townships were afterwards established in
the county : Lunenburg, Shoreham (now called Chester), and
New Dublin.
In a letter from Governor Lawrence to the Lords of Trade,
dated Halifax, September 20th, 1759, referring to the incur
sions of "the Indians and scattered neutrals," he writes: "Your
lordships will perceive from such strokes as these " (taking of
vessels) "how enterprising these people must be, and how diffi
cult the poor settlers at Lunenburg must find it to keep their
ground and maintain themselves on their farm lots, scattered
as they are in a circle of little less than forty miles."
A petition " from German settlers at Lunenburg for a
minister, German or English, and for an English school-master,"
was received in the House of Assembly, December 27th, 1759.
Peace was made with the Indians at Halifax, in March, 1760
(Paul Laurent, chief of La Hfeve, being one of the contracting
parties), and then began to dawn that happy period when,
with only occasional interruptions, every man could sit under
" his own vine and fig tree," and when, instead of the wild
whoop of the Indian, his ears became accustorued to sweeter
sounds — the cheerful voices of his wife and children calling
him from toil to the rest and quiet of his home. • Additional
acres were cultivated, mills erected, and shallops built to carry
produce to market. President Belcher, writing to the Board of
Trade, in December of the same year, states : " I must not omit
to mention to your lordships that the settlement of Lunenburg
is in a very thriving condition, and that none are in want there,
except the sickly and infirm ;" and Andreas Young, in a letter
to his relatives in Germany, about the same time, informed them
that provisions were plenty, and that all he and his people
then wanted was an evangelical Lutheran minister.
In March, 1760, the following bounties were given in the
township of Lunenburg :
Good hay raised on cleared upland — for one year  2s. per cwt.
Hay cut and made within four years  Is. "
Oats, each bushel raised in two years  2d.

54 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
" November 20th, 1760.
" A return of the number of inhabitants, and stock of cattle,
within the settlement of Lunenburg, in the Province of Nova
Scotia, with an account of its progress from the year 1753 to
the present time :
Number of men  350
" " women and children  1,114
Total  1,464
Number of cattle — milch cows  600
" 1753. — Inhabitants employed in building on and enclosing
their town lots, it being deemed expedient to settle them in a
compact manner, to prevent any attempt that might be made
on them by the Indians.
" 1754. — Employed in cultivating and enclosing their garden
lots. " 1755. — Employed on their farms, in erecting houses, and
clearing land.
" 1756. — Little progress could be made as some of the inhabi
tants were killed, and others carried off by the Indians.
" 1757. — More of the inhabitants were killed and taken
prisoners, by which many were too much exposed, and others
apprehensive of danger. The people much discouraged^ and in
great distress.
"1758. — The settlement much disturbed, many being killed.
Yet notwithstanding the people exerted themselves, and were
extremely vigilant of the approach of the enemy, and by
assembling many families together in stockaded houses, the
timorous were encouraged to abide on their lands, and much
grain was raised.
" 1759. — No dij^turbance from the Indians, — a prodigious
quantity of grain was raised, almost equal to their bread, and a
sufficiency of roots to supply the fleet, the army and the inhabi
tants of Halifax.
" 1760. — A peace being established with the Indians, a vast
progress is made in agriculture, and a great increase of cattle.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 55
by means of which they are in a capacity of subsisting them
selves, excepting such as are afflicted with sickness and
infirmity of age." March 11th.
Court of Special Session being opened in the usual form.
Present, Seb. Zouberbuhler, Leonard Christian Rudolf, Esquires.
A number of inhabitants having produced certificates of their
having taken the holy sacrament and desiring to be qualified
(by taking the oath of allegiance, etc.) they were accordingly
sworn, as by law, required.
The court then adjourned to eight o'clock next morning.
Lunenburg, Marchl2th, 1761.
Present, S. Zouberbuhler, Leonard Christian Rudolf, Esquires.
After the Court having qualified some present that offered
themselves for that purpose, it was adjourned without day.
In a letter, dated New York, April, 15th, 1761, Governor
Amherst thanked President Belcher for the directions he had
given for the immediate hire of transports to proceed to Lunen-,
burg for receiving the troops of Montgomery's regiment, that
were posted in that part of the Province.
On the 6th of June, 1761, fifty pounds was voted to Leonard
Christopher Rudolf, Esq., for his services as a Magistrate at
Lunenburg. On the 9th of November, 1761, a treaty of peace was signed
with Francis Mius, then chief of the tribe of Indians at La Heve.
In the following year a sloop was ordered to Lunenburg for its
protection, in consequence of " the insolence of the Indians."
There is no doubt that the causes of disturbance between the
Indians and settlers sometimes originated with the latter. In
this same year we find that thirty La Hfeve Indians had
assembled at Lunenburg, with others from Cape Sable, to meet
M. Maillard ; and that one of the inhabitants " stole a keg of
rum out of a canoe," and was ill-used by the Indians in
consequence. Owing to information that the French had landed a body of
troops at the " Bay of Bulls," in Newfoundland, a council-of-

56 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
war was held at the Governor's house in Halifax, on Saturday,
July 10th, 1762. The council, fearing " that the enemy might
make some attempts on this town and harbor," agreed to
several resolutions, one of which was :
" That the militia of Halifax be forthwith arrayed ; and that
Majjor Sutherland be required to make a detachment of two
hundred men from the militia of Lunenburg, and to march
them to Halifax, as soon as possible, or bring them by water
as shall seem to him most convenient."
A remonstrance was forwarded from Lunenburg, and on
account of the insolence of the Indians there, the above order
was countermanded ; and one sloop being deemed sufficient to
protect the boom at the North- West Arm, Halifax, the other
was ordered to Lunenburg, to protect the settlement.
The following is a copy of an account, endorsed :
No. 1 — First original civil list, June 30th, 1764.
The Government, Dr. To the following persons :
To Adolph Wiederholt, quarter salary — ->
91 days, at Is 6d per day  £6 16 6 | ^'^^ Wiederholt.
To Gottlob Newman, quarter salary — ~v
Shoal master, 91 days, at Is per day .... 4110 >G. Newman.
To ditto, quarter house rent  1 50 J
To Maria Moser, midwife, quarter salary . 3 15 0 Maria Moser.
her
To Maria Tatteray, midwife, quarter salary 15 0 Maria x Tatteray.
 mark.
£17 12 6
A petition had been sent to Government for the appointment
of midwives.
The Lieutenant-Governor, writing to the Lords Commis
sioners of Trade and Plantations, April 30th, 1765, refers to
the Germans as a frugal, laborious, and industrious people, who
will not only improve and enrich their property, but pertina
ciously defend it.
The following information is given in a general return
(signed by Michael Franklin, Lieutenant-Governor) of the
several town.ships in the Province of Nova Scotia, January
1st, 1767:

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

57

LUNKNBURG.
340 Men. 9 Irish. 6 Saw-mills.
416 Boys. 25 Americans. 6 Fishing boats.
1 Negro man. 1417 Germans and other 6 Schooners & .sloops.
294 Women. foreigners. 158 Bushels wheat.
416 Girls. 44 Horses. 3486 Bushels rye.
1 Negro woman. 218 Oxen and bulls. 683 Bushels pease.
1468 Persons in the 610 Cows. 5315 Bushels barley.
township. 527 Young neat cattle. 2990 Bushels oats.
1464 Protestants. 224 Sheep. 86 Bushels flax seed.
4 Roman Catholics. 16 Goats. 3 Hundreds hemp.
13 Enghsh. 443 Swine. 23 Hundreds Flax.
4 Scotch. 3 Grist-mills. 400,000 Feet boards.
Alteration of inhabitants since last year :
Born  Males, 33 Females, 37 Total, 70
Died   tl 2 n 3 ,i 5
Arrived  n 2 u 2 n 4
Left the Province  None
The following letter, besides its local interest, is of value as
affording an example of the delay consequent upon doing busi
ness through the authorities in England, and of the desire
there was, even in those early days, to get hold of, and keep
tied up, immense tracts of Crown land.
Letter of Governor Francis Legge to the Earl of Dartmouth,
Secretary of State: " Halifax, Sept. 28th, 1774.
" My IjORD, — His Majesty's order-in-council to the Governor
of this province, for granting 5,000 acres of land to Mr. Sebas
tian Zouberbuhler, has been lately presented to me. It is
dated the I7th of February, 1766, and had not been presented
to the late Governor.
" Mr. Zouberbuhler died a year and a half ago, and left all
his estate, real and personal, to his daughter. She died within
these few months, and by will left her possessions to Mr.
Franklin and Mr. Pernette, who were appointed by Mr. Zouber
buhler his executors, and who, finding this order among the
papers of the deceased, have applied that they may be intituled
to the benefit. No mention is made in the will of this order.
" I beg leave to observe to your Lordship that the late Mr.

58 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
•
Zouberbuhler obtained a grant of 20,000 acres the year before
this mandamus, in 1765, with the rest of. the Council, and then
memorialized the Board of Trade for a confirmation, with other
members of the Council. Their obtaining these grants was
disapproved of, but they were allowed to take up 5,000 each,
on mandamus, which each of the councillors received ; where
upon Mr. Belcher and Mr. Morris reconveyed their 20,000 acres
back to the Crown, and have taken their 5,000 acres agreeable
to their mandamus. But Mr. Zouberbuhler, in his lifetime,
conveyed his 20,000 acres to James Boutineau Franklin, as it
stands on record, which I suppose is the true reason for his not
applying for this in his lifetime."
Some of the property referred to in the foregoing letter is
included in a very lengthy " inventory of the late Catherine
Barbara Zouberbuhler's effects, found November 5th, 1773,"
and of which the following forms part. It is interesting as
showing old-time prices, and the use of articles not in much
demand at the present day.
Money —
In a canvas bag, silver  £1 19 4jt
In a green purse in said bag, gold  16 12 10
In another green purse, among her trinkets, gold  410 0
Plate —
Silver coffee pot  42
Handle 
2 silver pint cans 
2 silver half -pint cans  42
2 silver salvers 
1 silver punch ladle 
1 silver soup ladle 
Fashon 
1 silver soup spoon 
F. 8 
12 silver table spoons, P. 4 
12 silver table spoons, new fashion, F.
P 
12 silver tea spoons, F. 8 
1 pair silver tea tongs, P. 4  177 9 13 £62 14 10

£23
2
2*
oz.
DWT.
OR.
42
14
0
16
7
4
0
2
6
42
7
0
15
4
6
14
3
0
5
5
10
2
4
18
0
14
4
6
4
0
1
15
8
0
15
6
7
10
0
2
5
0
18
18
12
5
13
6
9
10
12
2
17
1
8
18
11
6
9
10
4
19
16
3
8
7
3
3
12
0
19
0
2
14
0
0
16
2
HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 59
Jewels and Trinkets —
1 diamond ring in a case, left by will to Mrs. Franklin.
1 gold watch, with a steel chain and white stone seal . . . .£25 0 0
1 pair women's stone buckles  1 0 0
1 pair men's knee buckles  0 2 6
1 pair men's silver shoe buckles  0 10 0
1 pair women's silver shoe buckles  0 8 0
2 pairs black mourning shoe buckles. Is., and 6d  0 1 6
1 yellow knee buckle  0 0 1
2 stone brooches : gold, 20s. ; silver, 4s  1 4 0
1 pearl Marcasite hair-pin, in a case  0 10 0
1 garnet hair-pin  0 5 0
1 white stone hair-pin  0 2 6
1 pair white paste negligee ear-rings  0 10 0
Others in black drop, white stone, garnet, and white French bead.
Necklaces in white stone, mock garnet, white French bead, and black
bead.
1 paper snufi'-box.
2 china snuff-boxes.
1 Cornelian seal of arms.
1 Indian bark box for dressing table, with nine inside boxes.
Indian looking-glass, etc.

CHAPTEE IV.
Councillor Creighton — Bulkeley's Letter and Orders — Leave Asked to dig
Coal in Cape Breton — First Court-house— Block-houses — Captures —
Impressment — Invasion of Lunenburg — Grant of Township — Militia
Officers named in German Almanac — Lieutenant Rudolf's Letter to
Queen Victoria's father — Capture of Vessels — Amended County Line.
ON the 6th of May, 1775, John Creighton, Esq., was sworn
in as a member of Council, under the king's mandamus,
having been strongly recommended by Governor Legge, and
subsequently John Newton, Esq., took the seat which had
become vacant in the Assembly.
Light Infantry companies of two hundred men were directed
in this year to be formed at Lunenburg. Hon. Mr. Goold was
colonel of the militia there. He offered to take command in a
mission to Argyle, to settle diflferences, and received the thanks
of the Council.
(Circular.) " Secretary's Office,
" Halifax, July 6th, 1775.
" Gentlemen, — I am to inform you that, in consequence of the
rebellion now in New England, the Governor requires that you
will be watchful and attentive to the behavior of the people in
your county ; and that you will apprehend any person or per
sons who shall be guilty of any opposition to the king's
authority and government, and send them properly guarded to
Halifax. " I am. Gentlemen,
" Your most humble servant,
"Richard Bulkeley.
" The Justices of the Peace for
the County of Lunenburg."

In August two hundred Light Infantiy were ordered to bo
in readiness at Lunenburg, to march to Halifax, and in Sep
tember four companies, forming at Lunenburg, wore ordered to

HISTORY OF the COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 61
march immediately to town (probably to Halifax). Another
record states : " Four hundred militia from Lunenburg, ordered
to march for protection of Halifax."
In October, the Council and House of Assembly were peti
tioned that people of Lunenburg might be allowed to dig coal
in Cape Breton.
The first court- house was built in this year.
In 1776, seventy men at Lunenburg volunteered to serve
under Colonel Creighton, on a rumored invasion of the Province.
In June, 1779, the House of Assembly complained to the
Governor that money had been paid without Act or vote of
Parliament, and that it included hire of crew- for schooner
Loyal Nova Scotia to convoy Lunenburg vessels.
In the same month Colonel Creighton's request for block
house and guard, at Lunenburg, was sent by the Governor to
the House of Assembly, and £50 was voted " out of the money
to be borrowed for the defence of the sea coast," towards
building the block-house.
It was ordered in 1780 that Lunenburg, and nine other
districts, should furnish one-sixth part of their militia for three
weeks' service on the public works at Halifax.
Captures.
In 1780, the American brig Sally, from the French West
Indies, bound to New England, laden with rum, sugar and
molasses, came to anchor near Lunenburg harbor on the night
of the 24th February. In the morning a boat went from the
vessel to the shore, the crew of which were secured at a farm
house. As the boat did not return a gun was fired from the
brig, and the American flag hoisted. She was attacked by two
boats from the town, with twenty-one (officers and men) of the
militia, who quickly made her their prize.
In 1781, several persons belonging to Lunenburg were pressed,,
at Halifax, into the Royal Navy. Their hands were "tied
behind their backs ; they were carried through the streets like
malefactors, lodged in guard-houses, and carried prisoners on
board ships of war." The Court of Quarter Sessions was then

62 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
sitting, and the Grand Jury, on the 8th of January, made a
presentment, in which they stated how largely the town had
been supplied with the necessaries of life by Lunenburg and
Chester, and expressed their wish for some more satisfactory
mode of impressment. The gentlemen of whom the jury was
composed, were : William Meany, William Graham, Robert
Killo, Peter McNab, John Boyd, William Mott, William Millett,
jun., John Moore, William Carter, James Creighton, John
Creighton, John Cleary, Richard Jacobs, and Charles Hill. On
the 15th the justices in session concurred, requesting the
Governor's interference ; and on the 22nd Sir R. Hughes issued
his proclamation, declaring that " impressing men for the king's
service, without the permission of the civil authority, is con
trary to, and an outrageous breach of, civil law," and calling
upon all magistrates and other public officers " to resist all such
attempts and bring offenders to justice."
On the 15th of March, 1782, a privateer sloop of six guns
from Boston (Captain Potter) took the schooner Two Sisters off
Green Island, and released her for £80 in money, 10 bushels
of potatoes, 20 pounds weight of butter, and two barrels of flour.
Invasion of Lunenburg.
On the 30th day of June, 1782, Captain Weiderholt, who had
just arrived at Lunenburg from Halifax, warned Leonard
Schwartz and others, of the probable arrival of an enemy, and
said: "The Yankees are coming to-morrow." Mr. Schwartz
lived on what was afterwards called Myra's Island, a little over
a mile from the town, and connected at low water with the
mainland. Magdalena Schwartz, Leonard's wife, went out early
to milk the cow. Hearing a noise, she looked up, and seeing
the invaders, who had landed at the " Blue rocks," coming over
the hill, she dropped the milk-pail and ran into the house with
the alarming news. Mr. Schwartz started for Lunenburg, and,
though fired at while passing Rous' brook, managed to reach
town safely. The following is a copy of the statement sent to
the Government at Halifax, by Leonard C. Rudolf, Esq. :

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 63
" Minutes of the Invasion and Sutynse of Hlc Tou-n of Lunen
burg, on Monday, July 1st, 1782.
"At the rising of the sun the town was alarmed by the firing
of a number of small guns near the block-house and Mr.
Creighton's. The case M^as, that Mr. Creighton's servant, having
perceived a large company of armed men coming on the road
from the commons, had acquainted his master thereof. The
night guard being already gone off". Colonel Creighton, with
only five men, got into the block-house, and at the approach of
the enemy they fired at and wounded three men of the enemy.
" The rebels directly di^^ded in several parties, two of which
ran to our two batteries, spiked the guns, broke eveiything,
turned the guns and balls down to the water. Some remained
at Mr. Creighton's, spoilt and burned his house and eflfects.
They took himself with the five men ; and their vessels being
now come round to the Point, they earned the colonel, with the
others, prisoners on board their vessels. In the meantime other
parties had overrun all the town, entered every house, seized
all arms, which they either beat to pieces or kept, particularlj-
the silver-hilted swords and regimentals, to themselves. When
their vessels were in, which were in all six, viz., one brigantine,
a large schooner, a row galley, a sloop and two small schooners,
they landed more men with some small carriage guns, which
they carried up and placed near the old fort, with a main
guard to secure themselves against our countrypeople that
might come in that way. Now the}' fell a-plundering the chief
houses and the shops, which they cleared. The suffei-ers are
chiefly : Mr. Creighton, his house robbed and burnt : Mr.
Creighton, the store on the wharf cleared ; Mr. Foster's store :
Mr. Jessen's house spoiled and robbed: Knaut's heira' stores
robbed; Mr. Bohlman's store robbed; Mr. Woolenhaupt's stores;
Mr. Donig's shop ; John Christopher Rudolfs shop ; Mr.
Munich's and several other small shops.
" These are to my certain knowledge, but there are many
more robberies and damage done whereof I am not yet informed.
I am not able to value the whole loss, but think it will nearlv

64 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
amount to  " (The sum is not named in the paper kept by
Mr. Rudolf, but Haliburton states it to have been £12,000.)
" For town we are at present almost without arms, ammuni
tion, provision and merchandise ; besides, I hear they have
carried off" from some houses money — gold and silver.
" The surprise was so sudden that we had no alarm, except
by the report of the firing at the block-house.
" When I saw that Colonel Creighton was carried off, I ven
tured to expose myself by going from house to house to see
matters, and if anything could be done. I was also with Mr.
De La Roche, to beg his advice, who afterwards ventured, with
some principal inhabitants, to go on the vessel to try what he
could do for Mr. Creighton, but without success."
Murdoch thus refers to the enemy:
" On Monday, July 1st, 1782, they landed a force of ninety
men (stated in one account to have been commanded by Captain
Badcock, and in another to have been under Lieutenant George
Bateman) at a place called Redhead, about two miles from
the town of Lunenburg. . . . They landed some ship guns,
and put them in position in the streets. They then plundered
the little town of all they deemed worth taking, and threatened
to burn it all down unless it were ransomed. Some of the
townspeople, to avoid this, gave them a document for ransom
of £1,000. Colonels Rudolf and Jessen exerted themselves to
defend the place, but the men were, if all there, insufficient;
and had chiefly left the town. . . . They also stripped the
town of all kinds of provisions. There were in it, of regulars,
a corporal and six soldiers. Of these they took the corporal
and four men. Two had concealed themselves, and so escaped
capture. They burned Mr. Creighton's house and a block-house,
and sailed out of Lunenburg harbor on the same day, July 1st,
five o'clock p.m. The town of Lunenburg, at this time, con
sisted of about forty or fifty dwelling-houses. The male popu
lation of men and lads — say, males from sixteen to sixty — were
about sixty in number. Of these about twenty were constantly
absent, trading to Halifax. Twenty more were useless for
military purposes, including the three clergymen, clerks, school-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 65
masters, the old, sick and lame, so that, according to a letter
officially ^-ritten at the time, the effective militia force of the
to-wn, officers and men, on the morning of the surpri.se, did not
amount to twenty, and their officers, sevei-al of whom, as they
came out of their houses singly. Avere disarmed by the enemy."
The inhabitants were in great consternation. While some
were resorting to measures of defence, others were fleeing from
before the enemy ; and several were trying to make a safe
deposit of their money and valuable goods. Colonel Creighton,
Mathew Ernst, Ferdinand Miller, Frederick Blysteiner, and two
others went into the block-house, to defend the same.
A message was sent to Major Joseph Pernette, La Have
Ferry, who reached to-wn in the evening with ninety or one
hundred men ; but owing to the lateness of the intelhgenee and
bad roads, he was not in time to afford relief. Had he amved
a little earlier, there is no doubt he and his brave companions
would have made the escape of the enemy rather a difficult
matter. Mr. Pernette wrote the following letter to Mr. Franklin at
Halifax : ' La Have, July 3rd, 1782.
" Dear Sir, — I have the mortification to acquaint you with
a melancholy affair that has happened at Lunenburg, the
circumstances of which are as foUows :
"Last Monday morning, about half an hour after sunrise,
about ninety men who had been landed in the night by six
rebel privateei-s at an uninhabited, woody place called the Red
Heads came suddenly upon the towTi and surprised it. Colonel
Creighton, whose house they wanted to surround first, matle
his escape, and with three men that remained of the guard (the
rest having, unfortunately, left it at stmrise), shut himself up
in the block-house, which he defended for some time, I suppose,
in expectation that the country militia would assemble and
come to the relief of the place, but the privateers who by this.
time had got into the harbor and landed more men — a strong
detachment of them — -with four field-pieces, took possession of
the Block-house hill, which commands the whole neck of land
that leads from the country to the town, so that the communi
cation with the country being cut off, and the militia in town
taken and disarmed, he was obliged to surrender. All this

66 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
having been effected without firing a single cannon, the people
who lived at a distance from the town were not alarmed,
and knew nothing of what had happened till it was handed
from one neighbor to the other, and it was near twelve o'clock
before the news of the disaster reached me. As soon as I heard
of it I went down in a boat to the five houses, where I ordered
the guns (say, two 12-pounders) to be fired, in order to alarm
the militia in this harbor, and as soon as I had assembled
twenty men, I marched with them, leaving orders for the rest
to follow as fast as possible ; and as I had in my way to the
five houses received a message from Major Jessen, acquainting
me that he had early in the morning escaped from the enem}-
just as they were breaking open his house, that he had sinc(^
assembled a number of the country militia, and posted himself
on a hill at the back of the town, I directed my march thither;
but notwithstanding I made all possible despatch, it was past
four o'clock before I could join him. Immediately on my
arrival, I consulted with Major Jessen and some other officers
in order to form a plan for the relief of the town ; but whilst
we were deliberating a message came out from our friends,
acquainting us that the commander of the privateers had not
only demanded a ransom for preserving the town, but had
threatened that in case the militia made the least motion
against them they would immediately set fire to it and burn
every house in the place, that to prevent such a calamity they
had actually begun a treaty with them, and begged that the
militia would not, by an untimely attempt, prevent the negotia
tion ; and immediately after another message came out to
acquaint us that the inhabitants had agreed to pay a thousand
pounds for the ransom of the town, and at the same time we
saw the privateers under sail, going out, deeply loaded with
plunder, they having before their departure nailed up the guns,
taken away all the powder and burned the old block -house
upon the hill. Indeed they have swept the town pretty well ;
all the shops, which were full of spring goods, are now empty,
and few private houses escaped being plundered either of
furniture, clothes or money, and amongst the last our friend
Mr. Jessen has been a very great sufferer. They took away
the greatest part of his best furniture, his plate and all his
clothes, except what he had on his back, besides a good deal of
his own and the public money. They were more severe upon
him than anybody else, because he fired at them and defended
his house till they had almost broke in upon him, and was
obliged to make his escape through a back door. They broke

mS'WUV Ui;' TllK COUNTY OF LUNF.NIU'HI!. 67
UKW all his windows In- tho sliut^x wivioh tho\- tivod tuvd b}-
oudoavvn-ing to iji^t itito tl>o houso. and ho thinks tho loss ho
lvrts< sustniuod will amount to uoar sovou lumdrod pounds. In
slmrt, this has lunni a hwivx- blow, which Mis all upon tho
inl\abi(-»»ut>» of tho tuwu : as to tho couutrypooplo, thoy havo
lost i\otliiug, I havo not \-ot boon ablo to loani what tho \vlioU>
Itiss will amount to ; but fnim tlu> ditVoivut n^poi'ts I think tho
^Huouutof tho phiiidor which privatoors havo carried off' cmiuot
Ih> loss tlu«> X8,000. Hy what I could loaru. this armumout —
oi>nsistiuji' ol" tluvo schooners, ouo brig. i>uo small sloop and a
small nnv gstUoy (^tlvo largvst of tho six boiug a topsjvil schoonor
of I'ourtoou guns, somo stiy sixtoou')— was Httod out in Hastou,
^tu purpt»<o to i\>u\o ami pluudoi' lAUioubui-g. Roloiv I cimcludo
I must not Fiu'jjvt to toll \ou tho prixatoors havo carried ott'
Colouol OnMghtou, and two of tho u>iUtia-uion that woi"o ftnuid
in tho bKK'k-housi* with him, and also that a lioutonaut aiid four
of tho prixatoors men woiv woxiutlod. Two of tlxo tivo woiv
woundvnl by our luilitia whilst thov and somo moix» woiv
<»tt><^'u»ptiug to pluudor a ivouso ou tho common, nwu- tho town>
which piwontod thom j;x>ing fnvthor,
¦ Being \u»cortaiu whether this will Hivd yovi in Halifax, 1
haw* sent it i>peu to Mr. Oight, for his porusjvl, dmring him to
forwaixl it by tho tii-st opportunity. Please to cv>nvminuoate
this to Hr, Head, and tell him tiot to Iw uneasy about us. foi'
we a>v all well and sutlbivtl no duningv — that 1 had not iimo^ ix>
write him by this opportunity, but shall do it by the next^
Mine ««k1 Mi-s. Pornetto's respwtful innnplimont^ \\'ait on you.
Mrs, bX-jMiklin and the wnuig lailios,
" IVHovo »ue to be. deal* sir,
" Yovu" nuvst olHHliont hvimble ser\'ai\t,
"Jt>SKPtt Pkrnkitb,"
Sylvia, a C(.vIoi\h1 servant v>f Colonel tVnghton. carriwl cart-
ridgv»s \J» her api\>n fivm the house t<> the fort- She must have
Uhmi bwsily e»npK\vOii fvu' she w»s jvu-t of tiie time ongjigeii iu
pnitwting the Colonels son. When the house w}»s tiiwl at,
she oinenHl him with her IhhIv. A number of valuable coins
and a <^na>itity of plate we»^ put »t\ a bvg, which Sylvia placed
in x\\v wwll, and which was trtken out when the enemy had
ivtiivnl, Mr. Born was ni-gvHl by his daughtoi's. thivugh jvHixlouable
fwur. to deliver up his nioney. ami it is sj»id they weiv about

68 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
doing it for him, when he called out, " Don't give it up for
your lives,'' and it was safely deposited in the garden. The
house once occupied by Mr. Lewis Hirtle, as a hotel, was then
the residence of D. C. Jessen, Esq. ; and musket-balls were fired
in the rear of it, making two holes in the partition boards,
inside of the back door, one of which was seen by the writer.
Two men, of whom it is said George Boehner was one, started
from the back harbor, in an open boat, on the morning of the
enemy's arival, reaching Halifax in the evening, and the next
day a ¦ ship of war was off Lunenburg ; but the privateers
had disappeared. On the latter leaving Lunenburg, Christian
Wambolt and others were forced to pilot them out of the
harbor. The House of Assembly, on November 22nd, 1783, voted
" that there be paid to John Creighton, Esquire, Colonel of
Militia, for the County of Lunenburg, for himself, a non-com
missioned officer, and one private (who were made prisoners at
Lunenburg and carried to New England, and who were after
wards set free), the sum of £106 19s. out of the arrears of
the land tax due from the counties of Lunenburg, and Queen's
county, when the .same shall be paid into the treasury."
A gentleman who, in Boston, met Captain Stoddart, formerly
of the Scammell, the leader of the privateer fleet already
mentioned, stated, on his return to Halifax, that he had
inquired particularly about the family of Colonel Creighton,
and said that he had a " great regard for the old gentleman."
Captain Stoddart, in the same year that he attacked Lunen
burg, assisted in taking off the crew of H.M.S. Blonde, lost on
the rocks off Seal Island.
, After the departure of the invading force above named, the
privateers continued to visit the coast and annoy the inhabi
tants ; and Captain Bethell arrived at Lunenburg in the same
year, with a detachment of troops, who took up their quarters
in the windmill battery. Several armed vessels were also sent
by Governor Hammond, for which he received the thanks of
th^ Council, Assembly, and principal inhabitants of Lunenburg.
Peace having been made between England and America, the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 69
inhabitants of Lunenburg were relieved of their anxiety. A
marked advancement was made in material prosperity, and in
1791 there were in the township of Lunenburg "388 families,
numbering 2,213 persons," many having removed to other
districts. It is recorded that a grant of the township of Lunenburg
was agreed to August 18th, 1761. On June 30th, 1784, one
was passed as follows:
To all to whom these jyresents shall come.
Greeting. — Whereas the settlement of the township qf
Lunenburg commenced in the year one thousand seven hundred
and fifty-three, and was carried on progressively by laying out
and locating plantations to the inhabitants as they advanced in
cultivation and improvement, until the location of the whole
was completed in the year one thousand seven hundred and
sixty-five, at which time a grant of the said township, for and
in behalf of the said inhabitants, passed the seal of this pro
vince, which grant from various causes was not accepted nor
taken out of the office of the Secretary of this province. And
WHEREAS, many of the said inhabitants do now pray that the
lands so laid out and assigned to them heretofore may be
granted to them in due form and the possession thereof con
firmed to them. Know ye therefore that I, John Parr, Esquire,
Captain-General, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and
over His Majesty's Province of Nova Scotia and its depen
dencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, etc., etc., etc., by virtue of
the power and authority to me given by His present Majesty
King George the Third, under the Great Seal of Great Britain,
have given, granted and confirmed, and do by these presents,
by and with the advice and consent of His Majesty's Council for
the said province, give, grant and confirm unto Acres.
Casper WoUenhaupt  930

Acres.
John Creighton, Esquire  800
L. Christopher Rudolf, Esquire 540
D. Christopher Rudolf, Esquire 300
Joseph Pernette, Esquire  810
J. Christopher Rudolf  30

John BoUman  420
John Donig  50
Philip Herman, sen  714
John Becker  375

70

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OK LUSENIUIRG.

•Tohn Deauphinee, sen  180
Andrew Jung  1307
Just Shup  360
Henry Ernst  334
Babitfc Baohman  405
.John Bachman  100
Michael Morash  330
Philip Winter, sen  360
Jacob Heid  .300
James Vienot  1020
Philip Scweinheimer  330
Jacob Hirtle, sen  1530
Peter Lo-vv  450
Adam Acker  57
George Bohiier, sen  KiO
Mathias Fihner  390
John Rufus, sen  390
Christopher Veinot  660
Frederick Lery  120
Valentine Whitman  430
Philip Heniricii  720
Philip Schmeldzer, sen  454
Frederick Emounot, sen  360
Peter Wambolt, sen  330
George Frank, sen  3;!()
.John Gerhart  360
Casper Zinck, .son  750
Nicolaus Glassen  100
Christian Fehr  330
George Tanner  70
John Berringer  495
(lotlib Berringer  49,")
Henry Wagener  700
.John Eisenhauer  520
Christian Greff'  320
Ulerick Bohliver  130
Christian Eicherd, sen  30
George Frederick Bailly  :i00
Henry Meichszner  500
Wendel Wust  1025
Uleriolc Hablich  125
John Vogely  42
Frederick Weil  360

Henry Bockor  30(>
(loorgo Born  200
George Aronborg  690
(leorgo Pliilip Brothenhauor . . 630
Michael Lnhnos  410
.John Henry Fehdor  518
James Leangille  300
.loaoiih Contoy  360
Philip Triftian  150
Leopold Lean!i;illo  660
Jacob Rufus  260
Assimns Dhill  346-
Peter Schnor  80
Ijudewick Schnor  45
Peter Masson  95
.Jacob Mosser  420
John Richard Halter  194
(lOorgo MoHsor  75
Potor KlattonUorger, son .... 75
George Eisonhaiior  145
Mathias Ernsh  :J0
John Mohdor  349
Casper Meisner, jun  5.36
John Uildtz  ;{()
Honry Mosiser  i>'2
Samuel Mossor  24'.t
Conrad Knocholl  330
(Jocivgo KnockiOl  30
Christopher Nasz  735
Jacob Sohllor  :?;)(»
.Jacob Colp  :(0
Frederick Rufus  30
Lcirondz Conrad  "95
Oourge Michaul Suhmit-  50
.lohn .lodery  130
Nicolaus Borghau.s  (>(?
Aloxandci- Jjai  495
.Jolin .Jaiiios Bissansa  445
Aloxiuulor Kody  737
William Kudy  1608
Conrad Krass  345
Francis Thimon  63()
Frederick Rhuland  318

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

71

AcroH.
Frodorick Beautilliov  90
(Jeorge Beautillier, jiiu  120
Unto tho heirs of George
Uoaiitillier  736
Guorgo Meiror  170
George Koch  2
Frederick Rigolow Miller .... 330
The heirs of Martin Kaulbach. 778
John Smith  330
LJrvanus Bonder  34
.b)hn Dhiol  .'!(iO
Valentino Dh iel  360
Jacob Wosthollbr  380
(iotlib Harnish  615
.Jacob Bolbaok  30
Charles Bolwor  450
.John Moisnor  660
Christophor Lohnos  410
.John Bargett, son  360
(Jasper J ung  30
Krudoriok Pinck  338
Etion Harriot  480
Nicolaus Wolf  675
Nicolaus Roinhart  330
.lohn Michael Smith  168
Honry Oxnur  59
Conrad Ramgo  177
.Jolm Dlioibuvt  30
Adam Huhlor  330
(Jooi'gd Conrad  1055
TlioniaH Itoioherd  390
Philip Potur Dhiol  255
Potor.loBoph Woir  210
(Joorgo Wolf  180
(ioovgo lliiMohnan  510
.lacob Kraiis  360
Potor Aruuburt,'  356
Albrooht Ma\issoi-  210
John Morash  32Li
I'etor lvaun)aoU  45
(Joorgo Casper BricklHUior. . . . 300
Honry Wanor  -W
Leonard .lung  155

Aoree.
Casper Hickman, sen  .300
.lohn (luorgo Deithoft'  .360
George Deithoff  6
Conrad Deithoff  6
Henry Koch  2000
Christian Born  264
Nicolaus Rust  20
Thomas Pinnel  30
.Jeanhurben Jeanperin  330
George Walter  14
Honry Lohnes  65
Christopher Rust  300
Unto tho heirs of Jucob Born . 214
Bernard Mehder . .  65
Frederick Jodrey  320
Marcus Leslie  390
Christian Ernst  410
I'otor Ernst  30
Michael Pock  135
Philip Heison  675
Frederick Hanu  30
Jacob MoHor  373
•lohn Risser  360
Leonard Noufahrt  390
The heirs of Baltaszor Weinacht 270
Honry Wagoner, son  120
Nicholas Hamm  806
Jacob Schenekel  187
.lolm Brum  172
Tho hoirs of Valentine Musler 330
Molchor J^wiokoi-  60
Honry band/.  190
David Burgoyne  173
Mark Burgoyne  360
Nicolaus Eisenhauer  410
Molchor Brum  330
Peter Gorcknm  .330
Mary Barbara IMotlei'  57
.lohn Ijandz  130
Unto tho heirs of Daniel Hildz 460
John Andreas  30
Conrad Wentzel  555
James Darey  275

72 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
Acres. , Acres.
Peter Leangille  110 Adam Hebb  380
Deodores Nau  60 | The heirs of Ptulip Jacob
Jacob Speidel  170 i Heisler  360
George Zwicker  264 | Michael Keizzer  110
James Sertie  90 ' Michael Zeller  60
George Sharp  75 - John Lohnes, jun  60
Lorendz Wentzel  225 i The heirs of George Evalts . . 325

Martin Minich  60
Peter Zwicker, sen  330
The heirs of Adam Wambolt . . 330
Frederick Lott  .366

Cornwallis Morreau  30
Nicholaus Conrad  724
John Matthew Blystner  480
Richard Jacobs  300

John Wynacht  140 ; Henry Kitchn  330
John Arenburg  90 i The heirs of Frederick Otts . . 315

Frederick Rigolow  165
Leonard Arenburg  90
George Rimby  15
Urvanus Heiner  415

John Seburger  110
Jacob Getz  80
Ludewick Spindler  60

Martin Wagner  330^,
Peter Zwicker, jun  1140 And unto Jonathan Benny, Esq. 345
Containing in the whole of said allotments and parcels of land '^
seventy-one thousand four hundred and six acres. Situate,
lying and being within the County of Lunenburg and compre
hended within the limits hereinafter described, to wit :
Beginning on the western side of the River La Have, at the
first falls, and at the upper bound of land granted Joseph
Pernette, Esq. Thence to run north thirty -three degrees forty^
five minutes west by the magnet, one hundred and twenty
chains (of four rods each). Thence south fifty-six degrees west,
four hundred and eighty chains. Thence north thirty-four
degrees west, eight hundred chains. Thence north fifty-six
degrees east, fourteen hundred and fortj?- chains, or until a
line produced south, thirty -three degrees fortj'-five minutes east,
will come to the centre of the first falls on Salmon River, being
the old bounds between Lunenburg and Chester, thence to be
bounded by said line, and lij' said river, down stream and by
the seashore of Mahone Bay running westward and southward
round to La Have River aforesaid, and the several courses of
the said river up stream to the bounds first mentioned, con
taining in the whole district by estimation one hundred and
eighty thousand acres more or less.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 73
A reservation was made of mines of gold and silver, lead,
copper and coals, ami the land was subjected to a yearly quit
rent of one farthing per acre. Tlie grantees were bound by
the terms of the grant, " to clear and work within three yeai-s
from its date, three acres for every fifty granted, in wliatevor
part of the land they maj- deem most advantageous : or clear
and drain three acres of swampy or sunken ground ; or drain
three aei-es of mareh, if any such should be within the bounds
of the grant ; or put and keep on the said lands within three
years from the same date, three neat cattle, to be continued
thereon until three acres for every fifty be fully cleared and
improved. But if no part of sjiid tract be tit for present
cultivation, without manuring or improving the same, then
the said grantees, their heira and assigns, shall within three
years from date, erect on some part of their said lands one
dwelling-house, to contain twenty feet in length by sixteen in
breadth, and to put ou said land three neat cattle for every
fifty acres, or if said grantees shall within three years after the
passing of this grant begin to employ thereon, and so to
continue to work for three years then next ensuing, in digging
any stone quarry or other mine, one good and able hand for
every one hundred acres of such tract, it shall be accounted
a sufficient seating and improvement ; and every three acres
which shall be cleared and worked as aforesaid, and every
three acres which shall be cleared and drained as aforesaid,
shall be accounted a sufficient planting, cultivation and improve
ment, to save forever from forfeiture, fifty acres of land in any
part of the said tract hereby granted." Pi'oof of these im
provements wa.s to be allowed in any court of the county,
district or precinct. The grant was signed by John Parr.
Governor and Commander-in-Chief ; countei-signed by Richard
Bulkeley. Secretary ; registered by A. Gould, Registrar, and
entered by W. A. Shipton, Deputy Auditor.
The following is an extract from a volume, entitled '" The
Present Stsite of Xova Scotia," printed for William Creech and
T. Longman, London, 178li : dedicated to ' The Right Honorable
Jolin, Lord Sheffield," and republished in several numbei-s of the
Halifax Morning Chronicle, in 1884 :

74 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" Lunenburgh is a fine town and respectable colony, founded
by some Germans in the year 1753. It is 70 miles north
east from Shelburn, and 36 south-west from Halifax, which
place it supplies with cordwood for fuel, having a great
number of small vessels employed in that and the cod fisheries.
It also sends some lumber to the West Indies, and no place in
the peninsula, notwithstanding the unpromising appearance of
the lands at their first settlement, is in so prosperous a way,
excepting the two places above mentioned (Port Matoon, or
Gambler Harbor, and Liverpool). Industry and perseverance
have rendered it highly flourishing, while the primitive sim
plicity of manners, which remain uncorrupted to the present
time, have very much endeared them to all their neighbors.
The lands about Lunenburgh are greatly improved, and their
population, which was at first about three thousand persons,
may be estimated at nearly three times that number at present.
'' Le Have is a settlement that ought to have been mentioned
before Lunenburgh. It had a number of inhabitants upon its
river in detached situations some time before the war, who have
been greatly increased, and whose settlements appear to be well
adapted for carrying on a trade with the British West Indies
for fish and lumber."
In 1793, the people of Lunenburg, hearing of an apprehended
attack on the Province, by the French fleet, applied for cannon,
small arms and ammunition.
The following names of officers of Lunenburg militia are
taken from a German almanac, the title page of -which,
translated, is :
THE NOVA SCOTIAN CALBNDAE
For the year after the xaliiation bringing birth of our Lord Jesus ChriU,
1798,
Which is a common year of 365 days, etc., etc., etc.
PUBLISHED POR THE FIRST TIME.
HALIFAX :
Published and sold by Anthon Henrich, in Sackville Street.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.

Colonel
Lieutenant-Colonel

Jonathan Prescott.
John Donig.
Wendel West.
Cornwallis Moreau.

George Koch.
Henry Vogeler.
Johan Arenberg.
Christopher Born.
Johan Pernette.
Benj. Knaut.

John Creighton.
Joseph Pernette
Captains. Gasper WoUenhaupt.
Francis Rudolph.
Thomas Pinnele.
John Prescott.
John Christ. Rudolph.
Lieutenants. L. M. Wilkins.
Wilhelm Mervin.
Mathias Earnst.
Johan Henry Jacob.
Antony Thickpenny.
Nicholas Reinhard.

Johan Wooden.
Charles Creighton.
Thomas Akins.

Ensigns. Philip Rudolf.
Johan N. Oxner.
Franc Rudolph, Adjutant.
A letter from Lieutenant Charles Rudolf, to Queen Victoria's
father, may be of interest: " Halifax, February 28th, 1799.
" May it please your Royal Highness. — I embrace the earliest
opportunity to express my grateful and most respectful regard,
and most humbly congratulate your Royal Highness on your
safe arrival in your native country, and your happy reception
by His Majesty and the Royal family must have been a
peculiar satisfaction to your Royal Highness, better to be felt
than my pen could describe.
" 'Tis a singular regret to me in particular, as well as to
every loyal subject within this Province, that your Royal
Highness will not return to this country, which is most sensibly
felt by all ranks and well-wishers of this colony. Neverthe
less, though at a distance from us, I have confidence in your
Royal Highness' benevolent and princely philanthropy, so
conspicuous in your Royal breast, especially to those officers
who have met your Royal Highness' approbation when punctual
in discharging their duty (in which number I humbly hope
your Royal Highness has been graciously pleased to arrange
me), and in the assurance given my worthy uncle. Colonel
Jessen, of Lunenburg, when he had the honor to pay his

76 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
dutiful respects to your Royal Highness at the Lodge, whose
exertions have been indefatigable in promoting the welfare and
prosperity of its inhabitants since the year 1753, to bring those
foreigners to the knowledge of the English laws and institu
tions, both in and out of the Courts of Justice, and he is
looked upon as a father by them, and in all cases they flock to
him for advice, and otherwise. Indeed, he has been a mere
slave, and he never had a salary from Government all the time.
He says he is sure to receive a reward hereafter, where every
good deed will be amply rewarded, who lives in hopes of your
Royal Highness' patronage, which I humbly crave your Royal
Highness' continuance of.
" In full assurance of which, I shall think myself perfectly
happy. " May it please your Royal Highness that I have the honor
to be, with profound respect, your Royal Highness' most dutiful
and most devoted humble servant,
"Charles Rudolf,
' ' Lieutenant, Royal Nova Scotia Regiment.
"Lieut.-General His Royal Highness Prince Edward.
"Castle Kensington."
Erection op New Block-houses.
War having been again declared in 1812, former fears were
renewed, and those much-dreaded enemies, privateers, were
again on the coast, ready for their destructive work. A long
continuance of peace had been looked for, and the forts and
block-houses had fallen to decay. Four new block-houses were
now erected — one on the hill near the town, the site of the old
fort, mounting two 9- and four 12-pounders, two small guns
and two brass field-pieces ; another on the site of old Fort
Boscawen, Battery point, built of stone and wood, and mounting
four 12-pounders ; a third at Lower La Have, and a fourth at
Kingsburg. The hill above referred to, was, in early days, called " Wind
mill Hill," from the fact that there was a mill on it for grind
ing corn. It was afterwards known as " Block-house Hill."
The last block-house was moved from its position in the great
gale of October, 1871, and set fire to and destroyed in 1874.
The men at work on the hill in 1889, digging a cellar for

history op the county of LUNENBURG. 77
Captain F. Geldert's house, found, about four feet below the
surface, a ladder and cask, supposed to have been put there by
persons in charge of the block-house.
Capture of Lunenburg Vessels.
During the war just referred to, a number of Lunenburg ves
sels were making a voyage home from the West Indies, a brig
belonging to John N. Oxner, commanded by Captain Robert
Bremner, being convoy to the fleet. Bremner. had arranged to
fire a gUn every morning at sunrise, and the report was one
day heard by an American privateer, which bore down, took
the whole fleet and carried them to American ports. One of
these vessels was a large topsail schooner, of which John Aren
berg was captain and part owner. Christian Born, Frederick
Rhuland, Conrad Rhuland and Philip Arenberg — names still
well known in the county — were also owners. The crews of
these vessels were exchanged for Americans, who had been
taken prisoners by English ships. This disaster was a severe
loss to the owners, most of whom were young and enterprising
men. They had, under the circumstances, however, to experi
ence, with others, the " fortunes of war."
Some of the Lunenburg merchants, in order to redeem their
losses, purchased a privateer in Halifax, that had been taken as.
a prize, called her the Lunenburg, and appointed Joseph Fait
captain. She has been described as a long, low craft, and a
very fast sailer. A number of vessels, were taken by her, but
she failed to make good the damages her owners had previously
sustained. Among her prizes was a large American schooner,
the Minerva, which was afterwards new-topped and changed
into a brig at the late Charles Rudolf's, La Have River, and
called the Lord Exmouth. She sailed for Halifax to load for a
port in the West Indies. When outside the river, an American
privateer, called the Fox, met her off" Rose Head. The crew of
the Lord Exmouth were told by the captain to " bundle up "
their clothes, as he would run his vessel ashore if the Fox came
too close. The position of the two ships was seen from Lunen
burg, and about thirty men went out in three large boats. The-

78 history of the county of lunenbukq.
Fox retired, and the Lord Exmouth was taken into Lunenburg
harbor, and lay there three days, as the foruier vessel was seen
from Block-house liill during that period, as if waiting for her
prey. The Lord Exmouth escaped by running down to Halifax
in the night.
Ijunenburg coasting vessels wore taken by American priva
teers and sometimes burned, after being robbed of what was on
board. The people at Moser's Island once witnessed a grand
sight in the burning of two vessels at night while drifting sea
ward. The Americans wei-e very troublesome to the people
inhabiting this and other islands. Being less protected than
those on the main, they were frocjucntly obliged to leave their
houses. They hid their money under old stumps of trees and
carried the rest of theii- goods to Ritcey's Cove, and other places
for safety, and. from time to time took them back in small
quantities. The crews of the privateei's were so bold in their
visits to these islands, that they removed the cattle and emptied
the cellars. At Iron-bound, they once acted as ii' determined to
secure everything within reach, and were only persuaded to
.desist on being assured by Mr. Wolf, that a member of his
family was dangerously ill.
A Lunenburg vessel, returning home from Halifax, was chased
by the privateer Sweat. Having an experienced pilot on board,
she ran in among the ledges at Heckman's Island, and was
followed by her pursuers. The latter went ashore and was
never got off. She had hieavy guns on board, which were seen
on the island many years after.
A shot fired from another privateer ancliorcsd off" Oxner's
shoal, entered the dwelling of Mr. Reinhardt, at the " Five
houses," and cannon-balls, and chain and grape sliot have been
dug out in tlie neighborhood, and at other places on the sea-
coast within the county.
In 1823, an amended boundary lino between the counties of
Lunenburg, and Queen's, was surveyed, and laid down on a plan
thereof. The following is a description of the tract of land which, by

history of the county op LUNENBURG, 7i)
said amended lino, was ttikon from Lunenburg and added to
Queen's: Beginning at a rock in Port Modway harbor, thence
running north, 38" 45' W„ thirty-two and a quarter miles to
tlie Annapolis county lino, thence north 00'' E. by said lino
seven miles imd twelve chains, thonco by tho sovoral courses
defined on said plan, to the pbioo of beginning.
Tho lino as so chiuugod was confirmed, and the boundaries of
the County of fjunonburg, woro in 1826, defined as follows :
"' Commonoing at a large rock in tlu> harbor of Port Metway
((»//«»,s' Medway), marked with the initials L and N D, being the
anoimit bound and bmdmark betwoon tho County of Lunen-
bvirg, and Quoou's county ; from thonco running north 2(5" W.
twenty -four milos and sixty-four rods to Pleasant Rivor; thence
following tho courses of said rixor to tho ontranco of Shingle
Lake, to th ) eastern bounds of laud granted to Zenas Water
man ; thonco uoitherly along the eastern bound of said Water-
mmi's land, and tho line of land granted to John Payzant, Zenas
Waterman, junior, and John Einger, 777 i^ods; thence nortli
26* W, seven milos to a spruce tree uiarkod N. W, angle, thence
north 60^' E. thirty-seveii milos to a post and pile of stones
placed on tho wostorn side line of tho township of Horton ;
thonce soutliorly along tliat line to tho end thereof; tlience
oastorly along tho lino oi' Horton townsliip until it comes to
tho i-eaT bound of tho township of Falmouth to a blazed tree,
marked on four sides ; thonce in a right lino to a squai-e post
surrounded by a pile of stones, standing on the public road
leading from Ohostor to Windsor, »vnd mai'ked on the northern
side ' H»uits county," on the south ' Lunenburg county,' and on
the south-east ~ Halifax county"; thonoo to run soutli 27° E.
twelve and a qu»u>ter milos to tho sea-shoro of St, Mai'garet's
Bay, at tlie western side of tho entrance into tho cove called
Harness Covo, to a squju'e post surrounded by a pile of stones
and mai-kod on tho oHvstorn side ' County of H»Uifax,* on tlio
western side 'County of Lunenburg"; thonoo soutliex'ly and
westei'ly. by tho sovoral courses of the soa-shore, to the eastern
side of tho entrauoo of Port Metway; tlienw northerly up said
hai'boi", to tlie rock and place of boginniug, comprehending all
the islands in front of said limits,"'

CHAPTEE V.
Churches of different Denominations in the Town of Lunenburg, and
Notices of Clergymen who have resided there.
Church of England.
IN April, 1 749, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
was informed by the Lords of Trade and Plantations,
that in each of the several townships to be formed in Nova
Scotia, a particular spot would be set apart for building a
church, and four hundred acres granted in perpetuity, free
from quit rent, to a minister and his successors ; in pursuance
of which the church (called St. John's), 60 x 40 feet, was built
in Lunenburg, at the expense of Government, A.D. 1754, and
was the first English church built in Nova Scotia, after the
erection of St. Paul's, at Halifax." The frame of the building
was first put together in Boston. The cost was £476 16s. 6Jd.
The sum of £224 9s. 9d. being required to repair and furnish
the church at Lunenburg, the House of Assembly, in 1762,.
refused to grant it, and mentioned to the Governor, as a reason,
" the great load of debt due by the public."
On the 5th of July, 1870, the church was moved twenty-five
feet forward, to add that much to its length at the rear.
The first service in the building, as enlarged, though not
finished, was on Thanksgiving Day, November 23rd, 1871.
Further improvements have been made, including a large
addition at each side, giving over forty more pews.
The parish register is a book which, from its date and first
entries, must have been commenced in Halifax ; and as it is
continued in the same writing, without remark, it is diflicult to
tell when the Lunenburg registry began. The first entry after
the date of the landing of the settlers, is "1753, June 13th,
baptized Charles, son to Johannes and Gertrude Van Hoboken."
The first registered marriage after the same date : " July
10th, 1753, Ulrick Hubley to Anna Cath. Treffian."

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 81
The first death recorded after same date : " June 20th, David
Lancert." Under the registry of baptism of " Franklin Bulkeley Gould,
son to Rev. Peter De La Roche, and Ann his wife. May 27th,
1773," the fact is noticed that he was the first child inoculated
for sinall-pox (September 25th, 1775).
The only three deaths recorded in 1773, were Hon. Sebastian
Zouberbuhler, January 31st, aged 68, one of the first magistrates
at Lunenburg, and who for some years received a pension of
fifty pounds out of the Parliamentary vote ; Rev. Paulus Bry-
zelius, April 9th, being Good Friday, aged 60 ; and Frederica
C. Jessen, November 23rd, aged 16. They were all buried
under the church.
The Rev. Jean Baptiste Morreau, " formerly a Roman Cath
olic Priest, and Prior of the Abbey of St. Mathew at Brest,
had been received into the communion of the Church of Eng
land," and appointed a missionary of the S. P. G. He was
entered in a list as " Gent and School-master," and came with
his wife, and two male and two female servants, to Halifax, in
1749, in the frigate Canning, Captain Andrew Dewar, with
the Cornwallis expedition. He first preached at Halifax,
September 9th, 1750, and afterwards accompanied the original
settlers to Lunenburg, in 1753, and had service every Sunday
on the parade (where the Holy Communion was administered,
" under the blue sky, to two hundred at a time "), until the
church was erected. There were then more than two hundred
regular communicants, German and French. Mr. Morreau, in
writing to Halifax, spoke of " the great mortality that had
befallen his people," and stated that " fifty-six families of
Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians, and Anabaptists, had
become worthy members of the Church." Mr. Morreau min
istered in three languages to his congregation, and also acted
as " Missionary to the Indians, several of whose children he
baptized." It is recorded that he "discharged the duties
assigned him with fidelity and success." Governor Hopson
commended him as " an example in the several duties of piety,
charity, and humanity." He was in Lunenburg seventeen
6

82 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
years, and died in 1770. Mr. Morreau was the father of
Cornwallis Morreau, the first male child born in Halifax, and
named in the Lunenburg grant.
In his report for 1757, Mr. Morreau gave an instance of eccle
siastical discipline. " On Easter Day one of the congregation
was put to public penance, because he had been one of the
chief conspirators in a recent plot against the Government;
after a humble prostration of himself in the church, the
penitent rose up and humbly asked pardon of God, of the king
and of his Christian brethren, whom he had off'ended by his ill-
conduct and disobedience. After a suitable exhortation from
the pulpit to a sincere repentance and amendment of life, he
was readmitted to the Holy Communion with 149 others." The
behavior of the congregation in general is described as being
marked by great piety and devotion.
A head-board under St. John's Church contained the follow
ing epitaph :
" Here
Lyes the Mortal Part
OF the Rev. J. B. E. L. Morreau
FOR 20 ODD YEARS
A Missionary of a French
Congregation at Lunenburg.
Who departed this Life
THE 25th February
1770, aged 59 YEARS."
Rev. Robert Vincent. — The following minutes were recorded
at Halifax :
" 1761. August 7th. — Advised, that Rev. Robert Vincent be
appointed to minister at Lunenburg. Salary, seventy pounds,
and twenty pounds per annum as school-master there.''
" August 13th. — Advised, that Rev. R. Vincent be admitted to
celebrate divine service in the church at Lunenburg, and there
perform all rites and ceremonies, according to the usages of the
Church of England, alternately with the Rev. Mr. Morreau ; and

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 83
that Colonel Sutherland be requested to adjust all matters
relating to the church between them."
The above-named clergyman commenced his duties as mis
sionary and school-ipaster in 1 762. Of him it is stated that
" he was remarkable for indefatigable application and moderate
conduct in the course of his mission." It was believed that " his
persevering in his duty, even beyond his strength, shortened
his days."
Rev. Paulus Bryzelius (formerly a Lutheran minister) had
been " ordained by the Bishop of London to the charge of the
German mission at Lunenburg," and was for a time contem
porary with Mr. Morreau. He received warm encomiums from
Governor Franklin and Chief Justice Belcher for the success of
his labors, particularly among the young.
The oldest magistrate in Lunenburg wrote a letter to Gover
nor Franklin, which he sent to England, saying of Mr. Bryzelius,
" It is scarcely to be expressed how much our people are satis
fied with his behavior and preaching. He has given them last
Sunday and Monday most excellent sermons, insomuch that
most of the people were shedding tears. The breast-work of
the upper galleries was in danger to break down on account of
so many people."
At Easter, 1768, forty-six young persons were for the first
time brought by him to the Holy Communion. He held
three services on each Sunday, in English, French and Ger
man respectively. Prayer-books in German were sent out from
home for his congregation, and he translated Lewis' Catechism.
In September, 1769, he returned " the number of children in
his mission under twelve years of age, at 684, of whom he had
himself baptized 129. At Easter, 1770, his English, French^
and German communicants were 201, of whom thirty were
then admitted for the first time. This faithful servant of God
was struck with apoplexy while preaching on Good Friday,,
1772 or '73, and expired in half an hour. He was "buried
exactly under the pulpit wherein, indeed, he died." He was.
sixty years of age. His widow and several children were left ia

84 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
very distressed circumstances. Lord William Campbell recom
mended that the remainder of the year's stipend should be given
to them.
On the death of Mr. Bryzelius, it was determined to dis
continue the German mission, and to maintain instead an
itinerant missionary. Mr. William Ellis, having been selected
and ordained by the Bishop of London, embarked for this
Province, via Boston, in 1774. Small-pox broke out in the
vessel, which led to difficulties in landing at Boston, or Salem,
on being ordered from one port to the other. Having made
their way to Quarantine Island, and complied with the regu
lations, Mr. Ellis and his wife proceeded to Boston, but " must
have lain in the street, had not an old woman, tempted by
their money, have given them a lodging." Shortly after his
arrival in Nova Scotia, Mr. Ellis' destination was changed, and
he was sent to Windsor.
The Rev. Peter De La Roche, a native of Geneva, was
ordained to "the cure of Lunenburg, in 1771." About this
time, the Rev. Mr. Muhlenburg (President of the Lutheran
Synod, Philadelphia) had been applied to by Calvinists and
Lutherans to supply them with a missionary. He advised
them " still to adhere to the Church." For this advice he was
thanked by the Halifax Committee, who requested " that no
declaration or measure should be at any time used to disturb
or prevent the Calvinists and Lutherans in the full exercise of
their religious principles and mode of divine worship." Mr.
De La Roche studied German, and in 1775 was able to officiate
in German, French, and English. At Easter in the same year,
his communicants in those tongues were, respectively, 120,
50 and 30. Lord W. Campbell wrote that Mr. De La Roche
could speak English sufficient to perform ' service, and that he
thought it best to abandon services in German. He felt with
his people " the want of provisions during the American war ; "
the assistance then received from the people being very small.
During his residence at Lunenburg he " published several
excellent sermons and a commentary on the four gospels. One
of these sermons was entitled ' The Gospel of Christ preached to

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 85
the Poor,' ' Repent ye,' etc. — St. Peter in Acts iii. 19 ; printed at
the author's expense ; to be given, and not to be sold : ' Freely
ye have received, freely give.' — Jesus Christ in Matthew x. 8.'
It was dedicated " To all the Settlers and Inhabitants of the
township of Lunenburg, in Nova Scotia, and especially to the
Poor, whether bound or free."
' Mr. De La Roche removed to Guysboro' in 1787, and died
there. In 1773, Mr. De La Roche prevailed upon his people to
establish a school for the French, and to make a yearly allow
ance, in aid to the master, of forty bushels of grain and twenty-
four cords of wood.
This master, Geo. Fredk. Bailly, was born in Franche Comte,
and came to the county as teacher and lay reader to the French.
One of his books has written in it, " Maitre d'Ecole and Clerk
de I'Eglise Francaise de Lunenburg." He taught school for
the French at North- West Range. There is still extant a
sermon on the fifth commandment, written in French, in his
own manuscript, and read by him on the 21st of March, 1775.
A book of sermons in French, also in his own hand- writing,
which is remarkably legible, is entitled " An abridgement of
sixteen discourses on the redemption of man by the death of
Christ." His French Bible is still preserved, and bears date
1702. Mr. Bailly died in Lunenburg at the age of eighty-two.
Several of his grandchildren still reside in the county, and one
of them, Henry Bailly, Esq., now Registrar of Deeds, represented
it in the Provincial Legislature for eight years. The widow of
one of his sons spoke of the old gentleman with great affection,
and pointing to the chair he occupied during his five years'
blindness, said, with much feeling, to the writer, " He was an
old Christian."
The Colonial Ghurchm,an said : " Mr. Bailly behaved worthily
and with great pains in his office."
In 1787, Rev. Richard Money, B.G.L., Oxford, was appointed
missionary at Lunenburg. He had a paralytic stroke in 1800,
and was for some months laid aside from work. He resigned
in 1803, and was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Shreve, who had

86 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
been stationed at Parrsboro', and began his work at Lunenburg
in 1804. He died August 21st, 1816, in his sixty-second year,
and Rev. Robert Ferryman took charge for twelve months.
In 1817, Rev. Roger Aitken, oi the Scotch Episcopal Church,
and a missionary of the S.P.G., came to Lunenburg. He was
sent by Sir John Sherhrooke in October, 1814, as garrison
chaplain to Moose Island, on the boundary line between New
Brunswick and Maine, where he remained for three years.
Bishop Charles Inglis wrote to him a very kind letter, intro
ducing him to brother clergymen in the neighborhood, and
expressing his assurance that the reverend gentleman and his
family would receive all the kind attention to which they were
fully entitled. Mr. Aitken was Rector of Lunenburg until his
death on the 21st of November, 1825, in the seventy-third
year of his age, and the forty-eighth of his ministry.
The late Doctor Charles G. Aitken, of Lunenburg, was a
grandson of the deceased clergyman.
Rev. James G. Cochran, M.A., became rector in 1825, and held
the position until 1852. He was born in King's College, Wind
sor, September I7th, 1798, his father. Rev. William Cochran,
D.D., being then vice-president. He took his B.A. in 1825. He
had been a short time in mercantile life, which he abandoned
for the ministry. As a travelling missionary he worked labori
ously in his large district, which included outstations now in
charge of their own clergymen. In 1835, he commenced the
publication at Lunenburg, of the Colonial Churchman, and
edited it for five years. He was afterwards associated with
Mr. William Gossip in editing and conducting the Church
Times. Mr. Cochran removed to Halifax in 1853, and had charge of
the mission of Terence Bay, the scene of the great shipwreck
of the steamship Atlantic, and of the adjacent settlements.
He officiated at Salem Chapel, Halifax, 1854 to 1866, and
was incumbent of Trinity Church there until 1875, and chap
lain to the House of Assembly for nineteen years. His labors
in behalf of many benevolent institutions can never be for
gotten, and the Temperance bodies had good reason to be proud

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 87
of him. He was a total abstainer, and did grand work in this
county and in Halifax.
He was a man of herculean frame, and his strong constitution
carried him through many and great hardships in his minis
terial work.
Dr. Cochran died at his residence near Trinity Church,
Halifax, on Sunday, June 20th, 1880, and the interment took
place at Windsor on the following Wednesday. On the morn
ing of that day, fifty-nine pupils of the institution for deaf
mutes marched in the procession to the railway depot, to show
their respect for the beloved clergyman who had been one of
the original founders, and who had never ceased his eff"orts in
its behalf till death.
A memorial window has been placed in St. John's Church,
Lunenburg. The next Rector of Lunenburg was the Rev. Henry L. Owen,
M.A., who came in 1852. He was born in Halifax, December
24th, 1809. His father was John Owen, Esq., a native of
Wrexam, in Wales, who removed with his family from Halifax
to Lunenburg, about 1819. He held in the last-named town,
the offices of Collector of Customs and Excise, and Justice of the
Peace until his death, November 22nd, 1824, at the age of forty-
seven. Rev. H. L. Owen had been a scholar at the famous Blue Coat
School, London, founded by Edward the Sixth, where he
received most favorable testimonials. His education was further
pursued at King's College, Windsor, where he graduated in
1833, afterwards proceeding to M.A., and D.D. Among his
classmates were the late Rev. C. J. Shreve, B.A, of Chester, and
Rev. W. H. Snyder, B.A., of Mahone Bay. He was ordained
deacon, and in 1834, advanced to the priesthood, at St. Paul's,
Halifax, by the late Bishop Inglis. Mr. Owen was appointed
Rector of Aylesford, and took duty temporarily at Yarmouth,
and at St. Andrew's, N.B., where he married Anna, daughter
of S. Fry, Esq., M.D. He preached his first sermon as Rector
of Lunenburg, in St. John's Church, on Sunday, June 13th, 1852,
from Philippians iii. 13, 14. He was a well-read theologian, a

88 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
fine specimen of the Christian gentleman, of an aflfectionate and
loving disposition, noted for his piety, a true comforter in
trouble, and at all times a sincere and faithful friend. Dr. Owen
preached his last sermon on Easter Sunday, March 25th, 1883,
and entered into rest on Saturday, May 31st, 1884. He had
officiated at 1,701 baptisms, 302 marriages, and 644 burials.
Notwithstanding very unfavorable weather, great crowds of
people from town and outside settlements attended the funeral
services. In the hand of the deceased was a paper, which he
had requested should be. put in his coffin. On it were the words,
" Be kind to the' children." This was a last expression of his
love for the " little ones," who were most sincerely attached to
him. A memorial window has been placed in the church at
Lunenburg. While Rector of Aylesford, Dr. Owen sometimes
officiated in Christ Church, Dartmouth. His visits were very
acceptable to pastor and people.
" His race well run. "
" His work well done."
"Now rest.''
Edward H. Owen, one of the sons of the above-named clergy
man, was educated at King's College, Windsor, and was for
several years principal of the academy at Lunenburg. He was
a clever, well-informed man, and wrote a history of the county,
for which he received the Aikins prize. He died in November,
1893. His brother Beverley, also deceased, was a very estim
able young man.
One of the brothers of Rev. Dr. Owen is Daniel Owen, Esq.,
Barrister, who was born in Halifax, and came to Lunenburg in
1819. He was admitted an attorney in April, 1833, and now
stands nearly at the head of the list. Mr. Owen is in his
eighty-ninth year, and very active for his age.
Dr. Owen was, in 1884, succeeded in the rectorship by Rev.
Robert C. Caswall, M.A., of Toronto, who resigned in 1886, and
was followed in 1887 by Rev. George Haslam, M.A., of Trinity
College, Dublin, and a native of County Dublin, Ireland. He was
formerly a Fellow of Trinity College, Toronto, and lecturer in

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 89
natural science, and is now a Governor of King's College,
Windsor, and lecturer in apologetics.
Much credit is due to Rev. Mr. Haslam and his co-workers
for making " St. John's " one of the handsomest and most
spacious churches in the diocese.
The late Mrs. Kaulbach, widow of Sheriff Kaulbach, gave the
beautiful brass eagle lectern, and the organ was presented by
the late John William Y. Creighton, Esq.
Mr. John Burke, who had been sexton for forty years, died
very suddeiily, October 29th, 1864.
The curates have been : Revs. Dr. Drumm, Hodgson, Padfield,
Wainwright, Ellis, Brenton, Groser, Skinner, and G. D. Harris.
On Sunday, May 23rd, 1869, Rev. George W. Hodgson, M.A.,
preached his farewell sermon at the evening service from 1 Cor.
iii. 7. He was a zealous and faithful clergyman. The congre
gation presented him with an address on the 24th, and a number
of parishioners, in eight carriages, accompanied him for some
distance on the road to Halifax.
The lay readers were (afterwards clergymen) : J. 0. Ruggles,
G. Hodgson, and G. Osborne Troop.
On June 17th, 1871, there arrived at Lunenburg, Rev. Wm.
Ross, of the American Episcopal Church, and stationed at Spring
field, Kentucky, son of the late Wm. Ross, Esq., of Lunenburg.
On Sunday, June 18th, Mr. Ross preached to the congregation
of St. -John's in the Lutheran church, which was kindly loaned
for services during the repair of the English church.
On Thursday, January 21st, 1886, the new Church of St.
Barnabas, Blue Rocks, in the parish of Lunenburg, and four
miles from the town, was opened for divine service.
The Rural Dean, Rev. W. H. Snyder, preached an earnest,
practical, extempore discourse on Psalm xciii. 5, " Holiness
becometh thine house, 0 Lord, forever."
The church is built of wood, clap-boarded, in pointed Gothic
style. Inside measurement, 44 x 22 feet; cost, $1,540. The site
was presented by Mr. Joshua Knickle.
Rev. Theodore E. Dowling, M.A., Chaplain to Bishop Blyth,
in Jerusalem, preached in St. John's Church in September, 1891,
on '' Missionary Work among the Jews in Palestine."

¦90 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The frame of a church, afterwards consecrated as St. Matthew's,
was raised at Upper La Have, near the residence of Mr. Charles
Rudolf, on Monday, July 8th, 1839. The day was " rarely fine."
After the singing of the 100th Psalm, Rev. James C. Cochran,
M.A., Rector of Lunenburg, offered up appropriate prayers, and
the work proceeded. The situation was described as "pleasant,
near the margin of the beautiful River La Have." This was the
seventh church of the same body erected in the county, and
was then in the parish of Lunenburg, as was also St. Bartholo
mew's, at East La Have Ferry, built in 1836.
In September, 1884, a separate parish was formed, which
included the churches above named, and of which Rev. George
D. Harris, still there, became the first rector. Another church,
St. Alban's, was built in the Wynacht Settlement, in 1890. The
old St. Matthew's Church was taken down in 1891, and a new
church, which bears the original name, was erected partly on
the former site. Presbyterian.
Among the first settlers were " a number of persons belonging
to the Dutch Reformed Church," who were for some time with
out the services of a specially appointed minister. A church
was built by subscription in 1769. A delegate who was sent to
Germany brought back some money, and also a communion
service, which is still in use. Application was made to the
Church in Philadelphia for a minister, but there were congre
gations there requiring pastors, and the Church at Halifax was
requested to supply the want at Lunenburg. Mr. Bruin Romcas
Comingo (commonly called Brown — his name was curiously
altered in one of the newspapers to Rev. Brum Ran-kino
Commingo) was ordained in Halifax, July 3rd, 1770 — " Mr.
Kaulbach and Mr. Shupley having there renewed the call of
the congregation," joined in by sixty families. He M^as then
forty-six years of age.
Objection was made to the ordination because Mr. Brown
was not a thoroughly educated man. The Church at Halifax
full}' considered the objection, declared themsehes justified.

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 91
under the circumstances, in what they were about to do, and
cited from " the minutes of the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel, A.D. 1768, the ordination of the Rev. Philip Quaque,
as a missionary, catechist, and school-master, for the Gold Coast."
They said : " We do not mean that our procedure in this affair
should be made a precedent of, or brought into usage in this
infant colony or elsewhere, unless in cases of necessity, as above
mentioned." The Right Honorable Lord William Campbell, then Governor,
and several members of His Majesty's Council were present
during the ordination services, which were conducted by Revs.
Murdoch, Lyon, Seccombe, and Phelps, the latter a Congrega-
tionalist, in a building called " The Protestant Dissenting Meet
ing-house, afterwards St. Matthew's Church."
The sermon was preached by Rev. John Seccombe, M.A., of
Chester, from John xxi. 15, 16, and was said to be the first
delivered in this Province on such an occasion. It was published,
and dedicated to Malachy Salter, Esq. An appendix contains
the reasons for the ordination, by Rev. Mr. Murdoch. Rev.
Mr. Lyon addressed the candidate, and the right hand of fellow
ship was given by Rev. Mr. Phelps. It is recorded that Mr.
Brown was the first Presbyterian minister ordained in the
Rritish North American Provinces.
He was born at Leuwarden, in the Province of Groningen,
in Holland, October, 1723, and came to Halifax with the first
German settlers. His name is included in the original list of
grantees at Chester. Mr. Brown lived in Lunenburg as pastor
for about half a century, preached regularly to the end of his
ninety-fifth year, and died January 6th, 1820, in his ninety-
seventh year, after a life of faithful service to his Master,
having largely aided the advancement of religion, and being
"universally respected and beloved. His remains were interred
under the Presbyterian church in that town.
His name is signed to a recorded deed, dated September 21st,
1767, " Bruein Rumkes Comango."
Mr. Brown was succeeded hy Rev. Adam Moschell (so spelled
in his own German Bible), who was born at Manheim, in

92 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
Gei-many, and who was sent for by Rev. F. C. Temme, the
Lutheran pastor. He was married in Lunenburg, April 20th,
1820, by Rev. R. Aitken, to Mary Ann, fourth daughter of
Edward James, Esq.
(Mr. Davis, a probationer, was in Lunenburg in 1828.)
Mr. Moschell returned to Germany with his wife in 1837,
and died at Hohensachsen, near Heidleberg, aged fifty-three
years. His widow came back to this county, and lived at
Bridgewater, where she died December Sth, 1888, in her eighty-
seventh year. Up to the very last she retained the full use of
her mental faculties.
Mr. Moschell's successor was the Rev. Donald A. Fraser, of
the Church of Scotland, who arrived at Pictou in 1817. He
was a native of the Island of Mull, of which his father was the
minister. In 1837, he removed from New Glasgow to Lunen
burg, and from there, in 1842, to St. John's, Newfoundland,
where he founded St. Andrew's Church, in connection with the
Church of Scotland. He died there, highly esteemed,- February
7th, 1845. Mr. Fraser was a man of great energy, "in labors more
abundant " ; and exercised his ministry, not only at Lunenburg,
but in many of the outside settlements, and travelled between
three and four thousand miles a year. Mr. John Brown Com
ingo, son of Rev. Bruin Romcas Comingo, was one of his elders.
The next pastor was the Rev. William Duff, who was born
at Berry Hill, near Perth, Scotland, September 15th, 1808, and
came to Lunenburg in 1843. He received his preparatory
education at the Perth High School, and took his collegiate
course at St. Andrew's University, where he graduated in Arts
and Divinity. His proficiency in college work is attested by
the many class prizes still in the hands of his family. In
theology he had the advantage of sitting under the teaching of
Dr. Chalmers, for whom he ever cherished the highest regard.
Like his long-time neighbor and friend. Rev. Dr. Cossmann,
he had to minister to an immense district. The work of a
pastor in those days was excessively difficult and wearisome,
but like " a good soldier," he endured " hardness '' cheerfully.
He made himself fully acquainted with all the interests of his

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 93
people, for whom he lived and labored. It has been truly said
that he was a man of the most amiable disposition, the ideal of
a Christian gentleman, and that to know him was to respect
and love him. His sermons were full of wise counsel, and
most earnestly and affectionately delivered. Among them was
that preached at the funeral service of the late Mrs. Kaulbach,
who died at Lunenburg, aged 102 years, from the text, " This I
say, brethren, the time is short." " Even in the case of our
deceased friend who lived to such a very advanced age, how
true is the statement," said the preacher, " that the time is
short." Mr. Duff died at his residence near Lunenburg, May Sth, 1888.
The procession on the day of interment was led by nine clergy
men, including three rectors of the Episcopal Church. An
impressive service was held in the church where the deceased
had so long ministered to his beloved fiock, who sincerely
mourned his departure. His successor. Rev. E. D. Millar (now
of Yarmouth), gave a very interesting account of Mr. Duff's life
and labors, showing, among other things, that " he was the first
Moderator of the United Synod of 1867," and that " after
nearly thirty-seven years of arduous labor he retired from
active duty in 1879."
It may here be added that he was an agriculturist and
orchardist, and kept his property in a high state of cultivation.
He took great interest in all such work by his fellowmen, and
in the Lunenburg Agricultural Society's efforts for improvement.
Mr. Duff was married to a daughter of the late Hon. John
E. Fairbanks, of Woodside, Dartmouth. One of his daughters
is the wife of Rev. John Forrest, D.D., President of Dal
housie College and University. There are two sons — one,
William M. Duff, Esq., residing at Bridgewater, and Kenneth,
living with two of his sisters at the old home near Lunenburg.
Mr. Duff's successor was Rev. Ebenezer D. Millar, who was
inducted April 15th, 1880. He resigned June, 1891, and Rev.
Daniel McGillivray became pastor in May, 1 892.
The Late Mr. Alexander Gow. — Mr. Gow was born at Auch-
tergaven, Perthshire, Scotland, in 1789, and there married

94 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
Margaret Dow. They came to Lunenburg in 1846, where Mr.
Gow was for nine years employed as a catechist and assistant
to the pastor of the Presbyterian Church, and where he died in
July, 1855.
He used to hold Bible-classes and expound the Scriptures in
the country districts, and often walked to the Hebb settlement,
beyond Bridgewater. He was summoned to conduct the ser
vices at the interment of John George Hebb, and was notified
that Mr. Hebb had selected the text from which he wished the
funeral sermon to be preached : " Rejoice not against me, oh
mine enemy ; when I fall I shall arise ; when I sit in darkness,
the Lord shall be a light unto me " (Micah vii. 8). The Rev.
W. Duff, being unable to attend, used this text on a subsequent
day. Mr. Gow has been described as a very holy man, and most
friendly to everybody. One of his old associates said, " He was
ever talking of the goodness of God, and turned everything to
the Lord's account." A member of another denomination said,
" That man seems to me to be always in close communion with
God." It is not to be wondered at that he was greatly
respected and beloved by all who appreciated his worth. He
had two sons (Andrew and John), referred to elsewhere in this
work. His widow, a lady highly esteemed, died at the resi
dence of Mrs. Stephen Fink, Lunenburg, January 13th, 1895,
aged ninety years.
The present church was built by one Grant, a Scotchman, in
the time of Rev. Adam Moschell, according to a plan sent from
Halifax by Mr. Dechman (father of James Dechman, who lived
at Mahone Bay), and by free subscription, at a cost of £1,200.
The church was remodelled in 1879, which gave a length of
83 feet, and a breadth of 40 feet. A new and handsome spire,.
118 feet in height, was added. A very interesting service was
held at the reopening, December 19th, in the same year. The
sermon was preached by Rev. E. D. Millar, then of Shelburne,,
from 2 Chronicles vi. 40. Addresses were also delivered by the
pastor (Rev. William Duff), Rev. Mr. Toland, agent British and
Foreign Bible Society, Rev. Mr. Sutherland, and Rev. D.S. Fraser.
On the 1st of March, 1885, a neat Presbyterian church, 27 x 46

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 95
feet, to accommodate 250, was dedicated for divine worship at
the Rocks, near Lunenburg, Revs. E. D. Millar and D. S. Fraser,
assisted by Rev. W. Burns (Methodist), conducting the opening^
services. The building was the first place of worship built in
the locality. It cost $950.
In October, 1890, a new Presbyterian church, of 74 feet in
length, with an auditorium 60 x 40 feet, was opened for service
at Cross Roads, Lower La Have. Rev. E. D. Millar preached at
the morning service from Isaiah Ix. 1, and Rev. John McMillan,
of Chalmers' Church, Halifax, in the afternoon and evening,,
from Isaiah xi. 10 and James iii. 17. The total cost was about
$6,000. The collections on the day of opening were about .$200.
Lutheran.
In 1760, the Lutherans secured a school-master, by whom.
their children were taught. He also conducted religious ser
vices in private houses.
The first Lutheran church was built by German settlers. The
frame was raised May 22nd, 1770. The first sermon was read
in the church by a layman on the twenty-fourth Sunday after
Trinity, 1771. In 1772, a parsonage was erected, and the con
gregation received a German Lutheran minister through the
Rev. Mr. Muhlenberg, who was considered the father of the
Lutheran Church in America, having been sent out by the
celebrated Professor Franke. This first clergyman was the
Rev. Frederick Schultz, who preached his first sermon Novem
ber 1st, 1772. The church was dedicated by him as " Zion
Evangelical Lutheran Church." He resigned his charge in
1782. His successor was the Rev. Johann Gottlob Schmeisser,,
" of blessed memory," from Sorau, in the kingdom of Saxony,
Germany. He was born March 22nd, 1751, studied in Halle,
was ordained in Wemigerode, and commenced his ministerial
duties at Lunenburg, May 1st, 1782, and died, after arduous.
labor, December 23rd, 1806. Rev. Thomas Shreve, Rector of
Lunenburg, mentioned Mr. Schmeisser's death, and, at request
of the elders, preached the funeral sermon from the text Mr..
Schmeisser had selected. Psalm ciii. 13-18. A sermon preached

96 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
by him in German in Lunenburg, in 1797, on " The Holy Com
munion," from Luke xxii. 19, 20, has been translated by Rev.
D. Luther Roth, M.A., and printed for circulation.
The next pastor was the Rev. Ferdinand Conrad Temme,
the only son of the Rev. Daniel Temme, Evangelical Lutheran
minister in the Duchy Braunschweig, Liineburg, and his wife,
Marie Antoinette. He was born March 12th, 1763, and baptized
on the 15th of the same month. His sponsors were His Highness
Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig, Luneburg, General Field-
Marshal of the King of Great Britain, and the child's grand
mother, the widow of the late Rev. Prior and Prebendary Jacob
Albrecht Temme. He was confirmed in his father's parish in
1777. After he had studied theology at Halberstadt and
Gottingen for three and a half years, he was examined in the
Consistorium of Wolfenbuttel on March 12th, 1783, and ordained
as minister of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in 1787. In
1790, after defending his thesis in the great auditorium of the
University of Gottingen, he was, at the expense and desire of
His Highness the Duke Ferdinand, appointed Professor of
Philology and Philosophy. Thereupon he founded, with the
approval of the ruling Duke, an institute of learning for fourteen
sons of the nobility, and at the same time served the Church as
" vacancy minister " for nearly seventeen years. He then set
out on a visit to the United States, arrived in Philadelphia in
November, 1807, accepted temporarily a charge in Pennsylvania,
and there received an invitation from the Church at Lunenburg.
His work in that town was commenced on May Sth, 1808. In
December, 1809, he was married to Marie Barbore Schmeisser,
daughter of his predecessor. He died in 1831. His daughter,
Conradina, was married to the late William V. Andrews, Esq.,
Bridgewater, and died there in 1883.
A request for another minister was sent to the University
of Halle, and the Rev. Carl Ernst Cossmann came out to
fill the vacancy. He was born at Sachsenburg, in Saxony,
1806; frequented the colleges of Frankenhausen, and Goerlitz;
studied in Halle, under Tholuck, Gesenius, Uhlmann, and Thilo;
was ordained in Merseburg, September 16th, 1834; arrived at

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 97
Lunenburg, January I7th, 1835, and preached his first sermon
on the fourth Sunday in that month, from Romans xiii. 8.
He has baptized 3,966 ; married 622 couples ; buried 1,041 ;
has preached 11,000 sermons, and travelled 200,000 miles.
The following is taken from a letter in the Acadian Recorder,
written by one who attended morning service in " the little
Dutch Church," on Brunswick Street, Sunday, October 17th,
1880: " Once a year the Rev. Charles Cossmann, a retired Lutheran
minister living in Lunenburg, comes to Halifax and preaches
in the German language, and administers the communion to
¦ the German residents of the town, residing principally in the
north end.
" Yesterday was one of these occasions, at which I happened
to be present, and I was much impressed with the simplicity
and solemnity of the services. The quaint little church, with,
its weathercock surmounting its small spire, was built in 1755,'*
just six years after the settlement of Halifax, and a few years'^
before St. Paul's.
" The little church, which holds about fifty persons, was well
filled. The preacher was impressive and earnest in his manner, i.
and held the attention of his audience throughout his sermon.
After this the Lord's Supper was administered in the primitive
style of the Lutheran Church. A plain, earnest man reverently
knelt before what was probably a common deal table, covered
with a pure white cloth, and then broke bread, and gave of the
symbolic wine to devout recipients, very much after the fashion
of the great Master himself, when He instituted the Supper in
that upper room in Jerusalem, something over eighteen cen
turies ago. The scene was impressive to a degree — rendered
more so by the associations and surroundings of the place.
" I spent a pleasant morning, as no doubt did those descend
ants of the old German settlers, and other residents of the
town speaking the language, who once a year, at all events,
are privileged to hear the Word preached in the beloved tongue
of the Faderland."
In the Halifax Herald, of September 26th, 1892, reference
was made to Rev. Dr. Cossmann's sermon in the same church, on
the day before — Sunday. The sermon was on the right way
to live, and set forth the eternally destructive consequences of
evil courses. 7

9a HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" The reverend gentleman is now eighty-four years old. He
has a grand command of language, and for one so old his dis
course was an exhaustive and a great attempt. He left Ger
many in 1835. He has preached regularly twice every Sunday,
in one place or other. In the early days of his ministry he
travelled annually about four thousand miles, the most part
in the saddle. This evidently did not do him harm, as he looks
well and hearty at the present day."
On the 25th of June, 1880, the Lutherans of the county
celebrated, at Lunenburg, the three hundred and fiftieth anni
versary of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession, before
Charles the Fifth.
The bell of Zion Church rang out at six o'clock in the morning.
People came from all directions, and every available place was
occupied, so that the church was literally crammed.
The Lutheran service was read, and Luther's grand old hymn,
" Ein' Feste Burg Ist Unser Gott," was sung with great force
and feeling.
An address of welcome was delivered by the pastor, Rev.
D. L. Roth, who traced the course of the Church in the county
from the coming of the first settlers, and asked his hearers to
see the great change from early days, in his announcement :
" Now we have 4 ministers in the county, 14 churches, 1,400
communicants, and fully 5,000 people." In closing his remarks,
he said : " Before we leave this church, allow me to read to you
the names of the noble men who, as elders and officers in the
church, so well served their day and generation when the con
gregation was organized here at the beginning of this town.
Here are their names : Freidrick Arenberg, Jacob Maurer ^now
Myra), Michael Houptman, Andreas Jung (now Young), Henry
Ernst, George Conradt (now Conrad), Melchoir Bromm (now
Broome), Wendel Wust (now West), Philip Rodenheiszer (now
Rodenhizer), Leon. Anton Trober, Christoph. Naasz (now Naas),
Heinrich Vogler.
" Only two of those names are unknown among us to-day.
God has fulfilled to His people His gracious promise of long
life and blessing to the faithful. The memory of the just is
blessed. Let us rise up to-day and call these worthies of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 99
past blessed, and let us imitate and emulate their faithfulness.
Allow me now to conclude by repeating the names of four men,
the servants of God who, in an unbroken succession of more
than one hundred years' duration, have honorably filled the
position and discharged the labors of ministers to God's people
in this church. Those men are the Rev. Frederick Schultz,
Rev. Johann Gottlob Schmeisser, Rev. Ferdinand Conrad
Temme, Rev. Charles Ernst Cossmann.
" Grey-haired and venerable, the last-named father in Christ
now sits among us. He is the living link which connects us
to-day with the proud historic past. All honor to his honest
faithfulness. May God's rich mercy crown his declining years
with holy peace and gladness. We pray God to spare him long
to bless us with his counsel and presence — and let all the
people say, Amen." Reading the Confession.
" Father Cossmann now ascended the pulpit, and read, in the
original German language, the immortal document whose doc
trines he has set forth through more than forty years — the
Augsburg Confession. Although many in the audience could
not understand the German tongue, yet the older people, and the
better educated, could, and a respectful hearing was obtained
to the close."
An immense procession was then formed, and was headed by
the fine 75th band. After a march around town the walk was
continued to the "Head," where dinner was enjoyed, in the
shape of a great basket picnic. This over, " All hail the power of
Jesus' name," was heartily sung, and Rev. J. A. Scheffer, of
Mahone Bay, addressed the immense assemblage upon " The
Causes which led to the Reformation." He was followed by Rev.
A. L. Yount, of Bridgewater, who spoke about " The Reformers."
The closing address was by Rev. D. Luther Roth, of Lunen
burg, on " The Infiuence of the Augsburg Confession."
Closing exercises were held in the church as follows: "A
prayer of thanksgiving to God, for the blessings of the day and
for the glory and good of the Church ; a chorus in unison with

100 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the band to render 'God Save the Queen,' the Doxology, 'Praise
God from whom all blessings flow,' and the final benediction."
The four hundredth anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther
was celebrated at Bridgewater, on Saturday, November 10th,
1883, by Lutherans from all pai'ts of the county. There was
an immense procession, headed by the band of the 7 Sth Battalion.
Very interesting memorial services were held, and addresses were
delivered by the pa.stors of the several Lutheran congregations
in the county. Luther's hymn, " Erhalt uns Herr bei deinem
Wort," was sung. Dr. Cossmann pronounced the benediction.
On the same day, at the union service of the Old South,
Central and Berkeley Street churches of Boston, there were on
the platform a " chained Bible," printed in 1480, and a copy of
Luther's translation, printed at Liineburg, in Germany, in 1656.
The bell of the old church at Lunenburg "was originally
brought from France, and hung in the chapel of the fort at
Louisbourg. Upon the dismantling of that stronghold in 1758,
it was taken out and carried to Halifax. There it lay stored
away, with other spoils of victory, until 1776, when it was pur
chased from the Government by the Lutherans at Lunenburg,
and hung in their newly erected church." It was rung for the
first time, August 11th, 1776. Total cost, £27 16s. Sd.
A second church was built 1840 and 1841, by free subscrip
tion; and was named the "German Lutheran Zion Church."
It was 42 X 62 feet, and cost about $5,000, besides a large
amount given in labor and materials.
The money chest, which was kept in the old church, and
brought from Germany, is quite a curiosity. It is about four
feet long, by fifteen inches wide, made of very hard wood, and
lined with iron. The corners, on the outside, are also covered
with iron, and bands of the same material are placed round the
front, ends, and part of the back. It is fastened with three
locks, two of which are of peculiar construction. Through a
hole in the cover was passed the collection made on each Sun
day. The chest is stamped in the four corners and centre of
the top, and in other places with an ornament of circular design.
The hinges and lock fastenings are secured with heavy rivets.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 101
Two blackboards, and tickets of large size, pasted on wood, with
numbers from one upwards are still to be seen. The boards
were formerly placed, in accordance with an old custom, on the
sides of the church, and the numbers of the hymns to be sung,
with the verses, were put on them by the sexton before the time
for service, so that the whole congregation might know where
to find the words, without waiting 'for their announcement by
the minister.
The plate used in the celebration of the Holy Communion
was presented to the Church, at diff'erent times, by D. C. Jessen,
and Philip Rudolf, Esquires.
St. Luke's Church, nearly midway (on the main road)
between Lunenburg and Bridgewater, was dedicated for divine
service on the first Sunday in Advent, 1879. The clergy present
were Revs. D. Luther Roth, A. L. Yount and J. A. Scheffer.
The building is in Gothic style, 28 x 41 feet, with a neat spire.
On the 30th of September, 1880, the corner-stone of a new
Lutheran church in Upper Branch, was laid, with appropriate
ceremonies, and a copy of the Bible and other articles were
deposited within it.
The pastor. Rev. A. L. Yount, of Bridgewater, led the services,
assisted by the Rev. Chas. E. Cossmann, and Rev. D. Luther
Roth, of Lunenburg ; the former delivering in German, and the
latter in English, addresses suited to the occasion.
The building, 30 x 40 feet, was soon completed, and named
" Mount Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church."
On the fourth Sunday in Advent, December 23rd, 1888, a
new Lutheran church in Feltzen ¦ South, was dedicated, with
special services held by Revs. Rankin, Scheidy, Kohler, Maurer,
and Schweinsburg. An address in German was delivered by
Rev. Dr. Cossmann.
The Lutherans and Congregationalists built a union church,
32 X 45 feet, at Hemford, Ohio.
In 1888, it was decided to take down the second, and erect a
third church, at Lunenburg. The corner-stone was laid in July,
1890, and the building, which is 109 x 73 feet, reflects the highest
credit on pastor and people.

102 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
On Saturday, February 14th, 1891, a service was held pre
paratory to the administration of the Lord's Supper. The first
sermon was preached by Rev. A. C. Sweinsberg, of Midville, from
Exodus iii. 5. On the next morning the sermon was preached
by Rev. J. H. Orr, of Bridgewater, from 1 Cor. xi. 23-25.
The dedication sermon was preached in the afternoon by Rev.
H. W. Roth, D.D., of Chicago.- Rev. G. L. Rankin, pastor. Rev.
C. E. Cossmann, D.D., Rev. Messrs. Orr, Maurer, and Sweinsberg,
took part in the service. The preacher in the evening was
Rev. J. Maurer.
Among the beautiful windows is one in remembrance of the
life-long work of the Rev. Dr. Cossmann. It was said Ijy
the late Rev. W. H. Snyder, rector of Mahone Bay, " If ever a
man served a people faithfully, Mr. Cossmann has done it."
The sixtieth anniversary of Dr. Cossmann's ordination was
celebrated in the chuich on Sunday, September 16th, 1894. The
building was richly adorned with flowers and densely packed
with people. The services were very interesting, and an eloquent
address on Dr. Cossmann's labors was delivered by Rev. A. C.
Sweinsberg. Resolutions were submitted by the pastor, Re\-.
G. L. Rankin, who read an address to the aged clui-gyman. A
most touching reply was made by Dr. Cossmann, who was
moved to tears, and asked all present to pray with him. Hymn
276 having been sung, he pronounced the benediction.
Rev. D. Luther Roth Vjecame pastor of the Lunenburg Church
in July, 1876, and resigned in 1885, in which year, on the 9th
of September, he was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev.
George Luther Rankin. These clergymen belong to the Pitts
burgh Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, in connection
with the General Council of North America. Both are nativt^s
of Pennsylvania. Methodist.
The fiist church at Lunenburg was erected in 1813. Rev.
George Orth, who preached in German, was the earliest settled
minister. The church was for some time unfinished, with rough
benches for seats. There was a young assistant named Snowball.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 103
Mr. William T. Waterman, of Queen's county, said, shortly
before his death, that he was led to a Christian life by a prayer
offered by Mr. Snowball in a service at Lunenburg.
The following appeai-s from a statement published in
November, 1894 :
"On tlie 24th of January, 1817, Jacob Hamge and wife
deeded to Rev. George Orth, lots 6 and 9 alongside the cliurch
property for £50, upon which the Methodist paraonage was
erected. This property cmne into tlie hands of the trustees on
the 1st day of November, 1831.
"In 1819, tliex-e wero only ten circuits in Nova Scotia, wliicli,
with three in Now Brunswick and two in P. E. Island, made
one district under the English Conference. Lunenburg was
the last circuit foi'med, and at tliis time had a membership of
seventy-tivo, including Petite Riviere and tho surrounding
countiy. " In 1821, the renowned William Black, founder of Meth
odism in Nova Scotia, spent some weeks in Lunenbui'g. Many
of his sermons woro i"epeated in German to the congregation by
the minister. On one Sabbath morning Mi\ Black administered
the Lonl's Supper to as many as one hundred communicants,
but only ten of these were residents of the town.
" Dr. T. W. Smith (' History of Methodism in E. B. America")
sliows tliat by 1822 the Lunenburg Circuit included Petite
Eiviero, La Havo, Ritceys Covo, MaJiOiie Bay, and tlie sur-
ixnuiding country.
" Rev. Thouuis H. Davis was the second minister stationed
hero, and he will over bo romomborod as the man who tried to
have all the seiwicos and business meetings conducted in the
English language,"
Rev. Matthew (afterwards Dr.) Richey was in Lunenburg
for a few months in 1824,
"In 1865. during tho second yoiu- of Rev. J. J. Teasdale's
minivstry, the churoh proved too small for the inci-ejising congre
gation, and after considerable discussion it was at last decidetl
to saw the churoh down through the middle, and removing one
pai't ten foot from the other, add that lengtli of spjice in the

104 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OK LUNENBURG.
centre of the church. Again, on tho 20th of Feliruary, 1871, an
agreoment was made for tho enlargonient of the church l>y
extending it twenty foot at tho north ond ' with a circle thereto
for the choir.'
"This was dui'ing tho pastorate of Ro\-. Jo.seph (laetz. Then
on Juno 2nd, 1882, a mooting was held for the purpose of fixing
upon a site for the present church. Rev. A. S. Tuttlo in the
chair. "Tho corner-stone was laid October 1 7th, 1883. After the
formula had been read by the pastor, Rew Win. Brown, and
stirring addresses (loli\-erod hy Re\s. Fishor, Lockhart and
Miller, and inspiring singing by the Sunday School children,
under the leador.ship of Mr. Jo.seph Selig, tho corner-stone on
Cumberland street was well and truly laid by the pastor's wife,
Mrs. Wm. Brown. Tho church measures 56 x 1 12 foot, and is
amply fitted with a basement and class-rooms.
" On Sundaj;-, March 15th, 1885, tho cluuch was opened, when
appropriate sermons wore pj-oached in tho morning by Rev. J.
Gaetz, in the afternoon by Re\'. J. J. Teasdale, and in the ovon-
ing by Rov. Wm. Brown. Crowded andioncos gi-ootod i>ach
speaker, but more particularly in the afternoon, when it is sup
posed that fully fifteen hundred were aCcoinmodatcMl in the
spacious edifice."
Tho following ministers of tho donomination havo also boon
stationed at Lunenburg : Revs. tJcorgo Miller, Henry ¥o\n\
John Marshall, Wm. E. Shcnstonc, Wm. Wobb, John Snowball,
William Wilson, Roland Morton, Joscpli Hart, ('harles Stewart,
Richard Woddall, James Buckley, John I'oasdale, G. 0. Huestis,
Joseph Gaetz, Richard Smith, Thomas Rogers, M.A., A. S.
Tuttlo, Wm. Brown, Jolm Johnson, W. H. Langille, J. J. Teas-
dale, and J. L. Batty.
Rev. Joint Marshall, abovt^ named, grandfather of Wm. K.
Marshall, E.sq., Barrister, Bridgewater, died at Lunenburg, July
12th, 1864.
The centenary celebration of the death of the Rov. John
Wesley, M.A., was postponed from 2nd of March, 1891, on
account of election meetings, and held in Lunenburg on tho

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 105
1 7th of the same month* in the Methodist church, which was
well filled. An eloquent sermon was preached by Rev. A. W.
Nicholson, of Liverpool, district chairman, from Deut. xxxii.
11, 12. In the afternoon, a great crowd of people were enter
tained by speeches, band music, and singing of hymns. Rev.
Mr. Nicholson took the chair, and gave the opening address.
He was followed by Rev. S. F. Huestis, of Halifax, on " The
nature of the celebration being held;" Rev. J. L. Batty, of
Ritcey's Cove, on "Personal Reminiscences of Epworth and other
Associations of Wesley ; " Rev. W. H. Langille, of Lunenburg, on
" Wesley among his Contemporaries ; " Judge Chesley, on " The
Mission and Achievements of Methodism in the Nineteenth
Century," and Rev. Joseph Gaetz, of Halifax, a former Lunen
burg pastor, on " Methodism and Money."
In the evening a very large congregation gathered in the
church for an evangelistic service. Addresses were delivered
by Revs. Nicholson, Huestis, Gaetz, Williams, and Batty, and
several laymen, including Mr. Solomon Mackey, of Northfield.
A cornet and , clarionet well played were a great assistance to
the choir with tlieir fine organ. The singing was heartily joined
in by the whole assend)ly. Roman Catholic
The Chapel at Lunenburg (St. Norbert's) was completed about
1840, in the time of tho Rov. Edmond Doyle, who succeeded
Rev. Mr. Kenney. A glebe house was also built. Over fifty
years ago, Father O'Reilly lived in Lunenburg. He had been a
missionary among the Indians in the West, and for three years
had not seen the face of a white man. The districts these
priests had to servo were very large, extending into several
adjacent counties. Rov. E. Doyle drove a pair of small ponies,
with which lie made long journeys to Caledonia and other
places. The county was for many years visited by priests who lived
elsewhere. Rev. David O'Connor was the officiating priest in
1851. Ho left in October, 1862.
Rev. P, Danaher came from Liverpool in 1861, and Rev.
Jas, Kennedy, from Windsor in 1862.

106 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Rev. E. Kennedy, who resided in Liverpool, visited this
county, commencing in October, 1865, and continued his visits
for five years, with an interval, during which Rev. J. R. Love-
Joy lived in Chester.
Rev. David O'Connor again officiated in this county (coming
from Liverpool) about 1871.
The names of other priests are given in those parts of this
work which relate to Chester, and Bridgewater.
Baptist.
The history of this Church in the county, referred to else
where in this work, states : "In 1812, the Lunenburg Baptist
Church was organized at North- West, and the Chester Church
and this church are to be regarded as the parents of all the
other Baptist churches in the county. New Ross, Chelsea,
Bridgewater, New Germany, Tancook, Dayspring, New Corn
wall, Pleasantville, and Lunenburg town.
" The La Have (now Dayspring) Baptist Church is an off
shoot from the North- West, or Lunenburg Baptist Church, and
was organized on the 15th of November, 1853. When the
pastorate of the Lunenburg Church was settled in charge of
Rev. Maynard Parker, the La Have Church was formed, under
the pastoral care of Rev. Bennett Taylor, who continued to
cherish it during his life.''
The Baptist church in the town of Lunenburg was built in
1884. The resident pastors have been Revs. S. H. Cain, J. W.
Brown, J. S. Brown, and E. N. Archibald who is now in charge.
A very great improvement has taken place in church archi
tecture. Some of the churches in this county, erected or
reconstructed in recent years, are highly creditable to the
people. Those have nearly become things of the past which
answered to the description of M. Diferville, who, in 1708,
writing of one at Port Royal, said, it was more like a barn than
a temple of God.

CHAPTEE VI.
Biographical Notices of prominent persons, other than Clergymen,
who have lived in the Town of Lunenburg.
JOHN CREIGHTON, the first person named in the Lunen
burg grant, was born in 1721, at Glastonbury, in England,
(a town famed for its " ruinous remains " of one of " the
great abbacies of the Middle Ages "), and came to Nova Scotia
in 1749, with his wife and four servants, in the Charlton frigate.
Captain Richard Ladd, in the expedition with Governor Corn
wallis. He was a lieutenant in the army, and served under
George II. and III., saw some hard service on the Continent of
Europe, and was wounded in the battle of Fontenoy. He was
" among the officers discharged at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,
in 1748, and was placed on the half -pay of Colonel Warburton's
Regiment of Foot."
Colonel Creighton was sent by Lord Cornwallis to settle a
number of the first emigrants from Germany at Lunenburg ;
and was commanding officer of the block -house, then situated
in Cook's lot, when the town was invaded by American priva
teers. As Colonel of the militia he was much respected by
the men who served under him. He was a Justice of the
Peace, Judge of Probate, and a Judge of the Inferior Court,
was esteemed a shrewd and clever magistrate, and was generally
consulted on matters of public importance. In 1798, he gave
£100 to the funds raised by "loyal subscriptions " in aid of
Government. Lord William Campbell, in a letter dated September I7th,
1767, wrote: "Mr. E. Crawley is returning, to England, and
resigns his seat in the Council ; " and he recommended in his
place " Mr. John Creighton, who served as an officer in the
army until the reduction of the troops in 1749, and since that
time in this province, as a magistrate and Justice of the Court
of Common Pleas, with a fair character and reputation ; and I

108 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
further recommend him to your Lordship as a person perfectly
attached to His Majesty's person and Government, and very
capable of advising in the Council of this province."
Mr. Creighton was appointed, and took his seat in the Upper
Branch. He died at Lunenburg, on the 8th of November, 1807,
aged eighty years. His children were, John, father of the late
Hon. John Creighton, Q.C, M.L.C., a lieutenant in the 19th
Regiment, and afterwards captain in the Nottingham Fencibles,
who served with the Duke of York in Holland; Joseph, a
colonel, formerly residing at Halifax ; and Charles, a lieutenant
in the army ; Sarah, wife of the late Judge Wilkins ; Lucy,
who married the Hon. H. N. Binney ; and Jane, unmarried. A
monument was erected to his memory by his children, in St.
•John's Church, Lunenburg.
Leonard Christopher Rudolf, the second proprietor named in
the original grant, was the son of John Christopher Rudolf,
gentleman, a descendant of the old family of Von Rudolf, of
Thuringen, and was born at the village of Illesheim, three miles
from the Imperial city of Windsheim, in Francony, Germany,
where his father was secretary to the Ancient Free Barons of
the Empire.
When seven years old he was sent to school at Windsheim,
where he remained eight years, attending the various classes in
the Gymnasium, Illustre. After being some two years in a
business establishment at Roegen, he entered the service of the
private secretary to the Duke of Wirtemburg. Several years
after he became secretary to Prince William Von Durlach, who
finally appointed him lieutenant in an infantry regiment. In
1746, he attained the rank of Captain.
In 1751, having been persuaded by his friend Dr. Erad, he
came with him and his family to Nova Scotia, under the pro
tection of Lord Halifax. He states in his journal (which, as
showing his recognition of the Supreme Being, he commenced
with the following ascription : " Glory, honor, praise, thanks
and adoration to the almighty, everlasting God, through Jesus
Christ — Amen") that he was appointed overseer, and his friend,
medical adviser, to a company of immigrants. He was nomin-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 109*
ated a Justice of the Peace, for his services in which office £50 was
voted to him, June 6th, 1761, and he was connected with the first
settlement of Germans and others. He wrote : " I built in four
months a small, but strong house." His son, Francis J. Rudolf,
father of the late John Joseph Rudolf, and grandfather of J.
Jessen Rudolf, was born in this house. May 18th, 1761. It was.
moved back on the same lot and added to, and is now occupied
by Captain John Hebb. Mr. R.udolf was a Judge of the Inferior
Court, first Registrar of Deeds, Colonel of Militia and Member
of the House of Assembly for many years. He died in Lunen
burg, May 20th, 1784, aged seventy-four years, and was buried
under the Lutheran church, of the congregation of which he
was a member.
Detleb Christopher Jessen was born at Holstein, in Germany,.
on the 2Sth of February, 1730 ; came to Halifax in 1752, and
soon afterwards to Lunenburg. He was a Ju.stice of the Peace,
Judge of the Inferior Court, Registrar of Deeds, Lieutenant-
Colonel of Militia, Member of the House of Assembly, and a
Commissioner to distribute the farming implements and rations
sent out for the early settlers. In 1785, he was appointed
Collector of Impost and Excise. He held the office in 1791..
Mr. Jessen was a liberal benefactor to the Church of England,
having subscribed £140 in aid of the funds of St. John's Church.
The Lutheran Church is also indebted to him for a silver paten
and two chalices. He died at Lunenburg, August 12th, 1814,.
in the eighty-fourth year of his age, and a monument was
erected to his memory in St. John's Church, Lunenburg.
Mr. Jessen, shortly before his death (August 9th, 1814),.
requested the attendance of the rector and wardens at his
house, and addressed them as follows :
" The kind providence of God has been pleased to spare my
life till this happy moment, wherein I have it in my power to-
manifest my love and high regard for the Established Church
in this place, by presenting it with a bell for the steeple and a
complete set of plate for the altar, for the sole use of said
Church. " I am now upon my death-bed, and, perhaps, to-morrow may

110 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
be in eternity (the awful sense of which is now deeply impressed
upon my mind), to appear before God to give an account of my
stewardship both as a public officer and private member of this
society. With these the few last breaths of my life, I pray the
peace of God upon you, and that when you hear the bell per
forming its duty in calling you to assemble at the house of
God to worship Him, and that when you see the plate displayed
at the altar for the administration of His Holy Sacrament, you
may remember the prayer of this your brother and fellow-
member of this church. That the peace of God which passeth
all human understanding may rest upon you, and that each
member in his vocation may adorn the doctrine of our Lord
and Saviour Jesus Christ, as taught and preached in this
church, is the fervent and devout prayer of your affectionate
and dying brother, D. C. Jessen."
The whole cost of the articles named above was £133 19s. 3d.
Philip Augustus Knaut came from Saxony. He and Otto
W. Schwartz arrived at Halifax in the frigate Canning. At
the first settlement of Lunenburg he was a coroner, and per
formed the duties appertaining to the office of sheriff. He
was also a Justice of the Peace, kept one of the earliest stores
opened in Lunenburg, and represented the county in the first
Nova Scotia Parliament. He dealt largely in furs, purchased
from the Indians, and it was said "that is the way he made his
riches." Mr. Knaut left three children: Catharine, who married
Mr. Newton, collector at Halifax ; Sarah, and Benjamin who
became Sheriff of the county. Some of Mr. Knaut's descendants
still reside in the counties of Lunenburg, and Queen's.
Among the earliest settlers at Lunenburg, was Martin Kaul
bach, who came from Germany, and whose heirs are included in
the list of original grantees. His son, Henry Kaulbach, was
appointed Sheriff of Lunenburg in 1798, and was succeeded in
that office by his son, the late John H. Kaulbach. One of
Martin Kaulbach's great-grandsons, Hon. Henry A. N. Kaulbach,
Q.C, was returned in 1863 to represent the county in the
Provincial Legislature, and was afterwards called to the Senate,
and another grandson, Charles E. Kaulbach, was firet returned

history op the COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. Ill
in 1878, as representative for the county in the Dominion House
of Commons. Martin Kaulbach was a voter at the first Lunen
burg election of Members of Assembly.
Robert Bethel, was one of the most worthy of the early
inhabitants of Lunenburg. He was born in Chester,' England,
in 1753, tbe year of the settlement of his afterwards adopted
home. Before coming to the county he had been employed in
the service of the Customs in Boston, New England. When
war broke out between England and the United States, he
jciiiied the Orange Rangers, and after four years" service as
lieutenant was promoted to the rank of captain. On the
reduction of that corps he came to Nova Scotia, and settled in
Lunenburg, where he held several important public offices. He
was much esteemed, and bore the character of a truly honorable
man. His death occurred at Lunenburg, February, 1816.
Edivard James was one of those intimately connected with
the advancement of the county at a later date. He was born
at Southampton, England, in 1757, and came to Lunenburg
from New York, about the year 1780. Mr. James entered the
Navy as midshipman at Portsmouth, in H.M.S. Dunkirk, sixty
guns, and went to the West Indies. He also served on board
the Resolution, and the Centaur (an old French ship), and
afterwards came to America in the Roebuck. His ship and two
others having been ordered to cover the landing of a body of
troops, he was severely wounded and taken to New York,
where he remained six months. There he left the navy, by
permission, and joined the army, obtaining a commission in
the King's Orange Rangers, a regiment raised in New York,
and commanded by Colonel John Bayard. He was at the
taking of Fort Washington, where he was wounded ; also at
the taking of Fort Lee, and afterwards came to Halifax with
British troops commanded by Sir Henry Clinton. Mr. James
served His Majesty faithfully during the revolutionary war in
America, and was with the troops detached from New York by
the above-named officer, and sent up the ]N orth River to reinforce
the army under General Burgoyne. The Orange Rangers were
disbanded at Halifax, and in that year Mr. James was put on

112 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
half-pay. He held the office of Sheriff of Lunenburg, was a
Justice of the Peace for over fifty years, and Custos of the
county from 1823 to the time of his death.
He married Sarah, daughter of Philip Knaut. They had six
sons and six daughters. Mary Ann married Rev. Adam Mos
chell, and Eleanor married the late John Koch, of Upper La
Have. Mrs. Koch was a widow fifty-two years, and died in
1880, in her eighty-eighth year. They had one son and seven
daughters. One of the latter is Mrs. James Grinton, living at
East Bridgewater. Arthur James, one of the sons of Edward
James, was the father of Edward James, who formerly repre
sented this county in the House of Assembly, and of the late
Mrs. John N. Hebb, of Bridgewater.
John Hdrley, Esq., M.D., was born in London, educated in
Dublin, and studied medicine in that city with his uncle,
Richard Clarke, during an apprenticeship of seven years,
receiving, in 1797, from Andrew Thynne, M.D., a certificate
of his diligent attendance on the lectures prescribed. After
graduating, he went to Portchester Castle, where there were
five hundred French prisoners, many of whom were ill with
typhus fever, to which disease he paid particular attention.
He was persuaded by a brother, who was coming to America,
to accompany him, but he was so disappointed with the country,
that if he had not written for his wife to come out, he would
have returned. His sons John and Thomas, and his daughters
Mary and Charlotte, came with him. They had a very rough
passage of sixty days, and suffered much with sea-sickness.
Three years were spent in Boston, where Dr. Harley heard
from a gentleman who lived in Lunenburg, that typhus fever
prevailed in the town, and that there was only one resident
doctor, and he decided to remove there. In dealinsr with the
disease, he was very successful, and it is said he lost but one
patient— a man who, when becoming convalescent, went into
his garden and ate green cucumbers. Dr. Harley lived in
Lunenburg many years, and had a very extensive practice.
Owing to want of proper roads, much of a doctor's travel
had to be done in the saddle, and Dr. Harley had many, long

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 113
and hard journeys in that way. He once nearly lost his life
by his horse breaking through the ice, while returning from a
^'isit to Martin Henneberry, of Chester. In 1832, Sir Peregrine
Maitland appointed him surgeon in the Lunenburg militia.
He died October 12th, 1846. His wife died January 14th,
1858, aged seventy-eight years. The Harley house in Lunen
burg was on the site of the present imposing residence of James
RudoK, Esq. The last of the family who lived there was Miss
Charlotte Harley, who died in Geneseo, Illinois, U.S., April
17th, 1894, aged ninety-three years.
Hon. William Rudolf son of John Christopher and Elizabeth
Rudolf, and grandson of Leonard Christopher Rudolf, one of
the earliest settlers, was born at Lunenburg, June 6th, 1791.
He was in early life in a West India business, in the firm of
William Rudolf & Co. A member of the Church of England,
he engaged actively in promoting its interests. He was elected
a member of the House of Assembly in 1827, and served in
that capacity until 1837, when he was appointed to a seat in
the Legislative Council, holding that position until his death,
January 1st, 1859, in his sixty-eighth year. Mr. Rudolf was a
Justice of the Peace, Lieutenant- Colonel of 1st Battalion Lunen
burg Mihtia, Postmaster, Registrar of Deeds, and held at dif
ferent times other public offices. He was twice married — first
to Catharine Stevens, of Halifax, who died at the early age of
twenty, and second to Anna Matilda Oxner (a daughter of
John Nicholas Oxner and Anna Barbara Kaulbach, a sister of
the late Sheriff Kaulbach), by whom he had six children.
Anna M. Rudolf, widow of the late Hon. William Rudolf, and
for many years Postmistress at Lunenburg, died December 14th,
1886, in the seventy-sixth year of her age. She was ill for some
time previous to her decease, waited for her summons in quiet
submission to God's will, and passed away without suffering
Mrs. Rudolf was a wiUing worker in the interests of the
Church of England, to which she belonged, giving cheerfully
pecuniary and other aid, as required. She was a loving and
devoted wife and mother, and a very kind and warm-hearted
friend. Those who visited at her house can well remember-

114 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the cordial welcome they received. The surviving members
of her family were three sons, W. Norman Rudolf (England);
James Rupert Rudolf, of Lewis Anderson & Company ; J. M.
Moyle Rudolf, Manager of Dominion Savings Bank; and one
daughter, Louisa, wife of Charles Gray, Esq., M.D., Mahone
Bay. On the day of the funeral, a cablegram announced the death
on the same day of her son, W. Norman Rudolf, who had been
engaged in business in Pictou, N.S., and afterwards in Glasgbw,
and Liverpool, G.B. He was a man of good business ability,
upright and honorable, " kind and considerate to the poor and
needy," and ready to all good works. The writer had personal
experience of his kindness on his first visit to Pictou.
Anna B. Oxner, mother of the late Mrs. William Rudolf,
and sister of the late Sheriff Kaulbach, was born in Lunenburg.
She was married twice, had a family of seventeen children, and
lived for many years at Lower La Have, in what is known as
" Big House," from which a very beautiful view is had, where
the warmest hospitality has always abounded.
A privateer once came in by " Oxner's shoal," off the entrance
to La Have River. Mrs. Oxner was in the garden picking
cherries, and heard cries from the crews of three small coasting
vessels, which were being closely pursued. She called her
husband, and bravely followed him with a fire-brand to the
fort on the hill above their house, where they fired a gun and
hoisted a flag, as signals for the people to assemble. A shot
from a 12-pounder, tearing up the water, hit the enemy
under the bow, when she turned about and sailed towards
Ironbound Island.
When eighty-four years of age, Mrs. Oxner, with her son
Ephraim, walked eight miles of the way to Lunenburg, and went
the remaining two miles in a boat. He stopped, thinking she
required i-est, and heard her say, " Come along, you are only
playing on the road." They had left home at an early hour,
and arrived in time for breakfast at Sheriff Kaulbach's. In
the forenoon she went to Hon. J. Creighton's and spent the
day, and in the evening was one of the guests at a large party

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 115
at Mrs. George Oxner's, where she remained till two o'clock the
next morning. Telling this, she said, " I didn't mind it." She
was wonderfully erect and vigorous, even in advanced age, and,
as she always had been, noted for great kindness. Two of her
children (Joshua and Arabella) still reside at the old homestead.
Her sister, Mrs. George Oxner, died at Lunenburg in 1887, aged
' ninety-three 3''ears. She was a very active old lady, and was
only sick for about three weeks before her death.
Godfrey Jacobs, Esq., M.D., who was born at Halifax, died at
Lunenburg, May 28th, 1863, aged sixty -nine years. He was
skilful in his profession, which he practised in Lunenburg and
the surrounding country for forty years, and was highly and
deservedly esteemed. His wife was Mary Ann, eldest daugh
ter of Rev Thomas Shreve. Three sons of the Doctor became
members of the same profession. One of them, James Stan-
nage Jacobs, M.D., called after Rev. John Stannage, practised
in Lunenburg thirty- one years, and died there, February 3rd,
1891, aged fifty-four years. He married at St. John, N.B.,
Henrietta, daughter of Lieutenant Samuel Huyghue, 60th
Regiment. Their daughter Florence Edith is the wife of
Charles W. Lane, Esq., Barrister.
John Heckman, born in Lunenburg, and who died there, April
21st, 1871, aged eighty-six years, was an upright and straight
forward man, very highly and deservedlj- esteemed. He sat
for twenty-eight years as a representative in seven Parliaments,
from 1819 to 1847, and was called the Father of the House of
Assembly. He held high rank in the militia, and was Gustos
Rotulorum, and Registrar of Deeds for many years.
Adolphus Gaetz, Esq., was born in Wertheim, River Main,
Germany, May 13th, 1804, and came to Lunenburg in August,
1832. He was in business there for some years as a dry goods
merchant ; filled the office of Registrar of Probate for eight
¦\-ears, and was County Treasurer for fourteen years. He died
April 12th, 1873,
Mr. Gaetz was an honorable and upright man in all the
relations of life. He kept a very neatly written journal of
events as they occurred, from 1855 to 1873, to which, through

116 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the kindness of his son, William A. Gaetz, Registrar of Probate,
the writer is indebted for information.
Hon. John Creighton, Q.C, M.L.C., grandson of the Colonel
Creighton who was one of the earliest residents of Lunenburg,
was born in Somersetshire, England, and came to Halifax when
quite young. He has been described by those who knew him
there, as a remarkably neat and gentlemanly lad. He studied
law at Halifax, in the office of the first Judge Wilkins, and was
admitted an attorney in 1816. In 1825, he was made a Queen's
Counsel, and had for his circuit as Crown Prosecutor, the south
shore from Lunenburg to Yarmouth. He continued to discharge
his professional duties up to the time of his last illness. He
was a member of the House of Assembly for many years, and
was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1859. He was one
of the Provincial Government when the late Hon. Judge
Johnston was Premier; and President of the Legislative Council
at the time of his death, which occurred at Lunenburg, March
16th, 1878, at the age of eighty-four. His decease was noticed
in the House of Assembly, on the 18th of March, by the Hon. P.
Carteret Hill, Premier, who referred to "his great professional
knowledge and industry, his wisdom, sound judgment, and
unbending integrity," and moved that the House should, as a
mark of respect, adjourn until the next day at three o'clock.
S. H. Holmes, Esq., Leader of the Opposition, seconded the
motion, and, in closing, said: "It is appointed unto men once to
die, but the Hon. Mr. Creighton has departed full of years, and
full of honors, and I heartily concur in the propriety of adopt
ing the resolution moved by the Hon. Provincial Secretary."
It passed unanimously.
In the Legislative Council, on the same day, Hon. Robert
Boak referred to the death of their late President, and expressed
the esteem in which he had held the deceased. He moved that.
the House do adjourn. This was seconded by Hon. Samuel
Creelman, who said that Mr. Creighton had occupied the
position of a teacher in the Council. He could say that he had
learned much at his feet. For some years he had been the only
legal member of the House, and the correctness of much of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 117
legislation during the time he sat here, was the result of the
keen insight which he bestowed upon the various measures
which came before the House. He was sure that they all felt
grieved and sorrowful at the death of their late friend. The
motion was supported by other gentlemen, and passed unani
mously. Johv H. Kaulbach, Esq., was the grandson of Martin Kaul
bach already referred to, and was born in Lunenburg, April 10th,
1797, and died there, February 2Sth, 1879. His father, Henry
Kaulbach, who died in 1833, held the office of High Sheriff for
thirty years, and resigned it in 1828, when the subject of this
notice was gazetted to fill the same. Father and son held it for
eighty years. The predecessors of the Kaulbachs in the office
of Sheriff, were, in the order of appointment, Philip Knaut.
Benjamin Knaut (Philip's son), William Dalton (1784) and
Edward James (1788).
The last Sheriff Kaulbach married, in 1826, Sophia Frederica,
daughter of the late Adolphus Newman, Esq. She was a most
estimable lady, and died at Lunenburg, August 14th, 1889, aged
eighty-seven years. They left four children, Hon. Senator Kaul
bach, Archdeacon Kaulbach, Charles E. Kaulbach, M.P., and
Sophia, widow of the late Hugh M. Moyle, Esq., Collector of
Customs. Mr. Kaulbach was very closely attentive to the duties of his
office, and bore throughout the Province the reputation of an
excellent sheriff. He frequently stood between the poor and
the removal of the property on which he had to levy, and was
a kind-hearted man. At the same time he looked out well for
his rights, and acquired a considerable fortune. He was a
"total abstainer," and in his correct style of living set a
good example to all who knew him. He was always active
and vigorous, and performed many of his longest journeys
on horseback, even to an advanced age. An attached member
of the Church of England, he was a constant attendant
on her services in his native town. He was a man of fine
presence, and when presiding at the court-house on election
days, with his cocked hat and sword, made a very imposing and
martial appearance.

118 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
During the election riots in Pictou, Sheriff Kaulbach held a
commission as sheriff" for that county.
Mrs. Charles J. Rudolf, a sister of the late sheriflp, died at
Upper La Have, April 2nd, 1882, aged eighty-one years, greatly
esteemed and regretted.
Robert Scott was born in Halifax, and died at Lunenburg,
September 7th, 1879. He was for many years engaged in
mercantile business, and was a prominent citizen, much esteemed
in the community. His wife was a daughter of the late John
Heckman, M.P.P.
One of the best men who have lived in the county, was Judge
' George T. Solomon. He was born at Halifax, N.S., A.D. 1800,
and was the youngest son of John Solomon, Captain in the
Duke of Kent's Nova Scotia Regiment. Three of his brothers,
John, Edward and Charles, received commissions in the army
through the influence of the Duke, who was a great friend of
the family. One of his sisters, Charlotte, married Colonel
McKenzie, of the 4th King's Own Regiment, and died in
Australia. Another sister, Caroline, married Hon. Hibbert
Binney, grandfather of the late Bishop of Nova Scotia.
Mr. Solomon was educated at Windsor, studied law with Hon.
Richard J. Uniacke, was a fellow-student of the late Beamish
Murdoch, Q.C, admitted a barrister in 1822, and held the office
of Judge of Probate for many years. He married Jane, second
daughter of the late John Pernette, Esq., West La Have Ferry,
and they lived to celebrate their golden wedding.
On the 1st of September, 1863, Mr. Solomon commanded the
1st Regiment of Lunenburg Militia, called out on that day for
drill, none haying been held for over twenty years.
In March, 1864, he received the distressing news of the death
of two sons. A telegram came at noon that John, his eldest
son, master of a ship owned in Canso, had been drowned.
When last heard from, he had arrived at Philadelphia, and was
loading there for another port. A few hours afterwards Mr.
Solomon heard that his son George had been lost overboard
from the ship Tecuviseh, bound for Liverpool, England, four
days after the voyage commenced. The sympathy felt for the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 119
good old man and his family in their great grief, was deep and
widespread. Mr. Solomon died August 19th, 1882, and his wife, February
I7th, 1892, aged eighty-six years.
He was a typical gentleman, " one of the olden time." In
his professional duties and in all his relations to God and his
fellowmen, he was just and true in the strictest sense. During
his long life in Lunenburg he was universally esteemed, and
the large concourse of clergy and laity who attended the inter
ment, showed how great was the loss sustained by his death.
Robert Lindsay, Esq., died at Lunenburg, December 11th,
1883, aged sixty -five years. He was a native of Castle Doug--
lass, Kircudbrightshire, Scotland.
The notice of his death, published at Lunenburg in the
above-named year, stated that " he was one of our most highly
respected merchants and citizens. He came to Nova Scotia
over forty years ago, and established himself in a general dry
goods business in, this town.
" The tidings of his death will be heard with regret by his
numerous friends in Lunenburg and the county generally. As
a citizen he was ever ready to advocate and support anything
calculated to advance the interests of the town. As a business
man he bore a reputation for sterling integrity. He was kind
to the poor — in him there beat a kindly and generous heart."
Mr. Lindsay was engaged in shipping, in fishing and foreign-
going vessels. He was an enthusiastic amateur farmer, and
improved a tract of about twenty acres near the town.
The following additional biographical notices have been taken
from local newspapers :
Dr. Joseph Steverman, an old and highly respected resident
of this county, passed away on September 24th, 1886, at the
advanced age of seventy-seven years and ten months. The
deceased was a native of Westphalia, a Province of Prussia,
where he studied medicine, emigrating to Nova Scotia in 1830.
For five years he practised his profession in Halifax, removing
to Lunenburg in 1835. In 1836, he obtained an additional
diploma in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.

120 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
He married Mary Ann Schrage, daughter of a former promi
nent and wealthy citizen of Halifax. After about forty years
of practice in Lunenburg, he retired, and lived a quiet and
secluded life on his beautiful property at Lily Dale. He left
two sons and four daughters.
Mr. Charles T. Godfrey, an old and esteemed resident of
Lunenburg, died there in December, 1886. He was born in
London, England, September 3rd, 1815, and was a son of the
late Thomas Godfrey, and came here with his parents some
sixty -five years ago. His father held the position of Collector
of Customs, having previously been purser in the British Navy,
and prize agent at Halifax during the war of 1812. At the
close of the war he was recalled to England, taking with him
his young bride, and remained there until his appointment of
collector for this town. The eldest son, William, was also born
in England, and was educated for the Church in this Province,
and held the position of Rector of Clementsport, in Annapolis
county, for over forty years. The third brother, Arthur, was
a projector of the Intercolonial Railway. During his early
life Mr. Godfrey occupied many positions of trust, and was
postmaster for a considerable length of time. He was honest,
sober, and respected in the community.
Stephen Finck, Esq., died at his residence on Friday after
noon, October 21st, 1887. The deceased was born November
8th, 1838. He was a magistrate, and was for several years
High Sheriff" of the county. Trustee of Common Lands, a fire-
ward, an honorary member of " Relief " fire company, and
several times trustee of the public schools, taking a special
interest in the well-being of the county academy. Mr. Finck
was also agent at Lunenburg for the Merchants' Bank. He
was for several years captain in the 75th Battalion, Canadian
militia, was subsequently appointed paymaster, and afterwards
attained the rank of major. He took a keen interest in rifle-
shooting-, and was one of the best shots in the country, often
attending the annual competitions at Bedford, where he won a
number of prizes. He was at one time a warden of St. John's
Episcopal Church, and for several years teacher in the Sunday
School connected with that church.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 121
Gentle and pleasing in manner, refined in feeling, warm
hearted and genial, though somewhat retiring in disposition,
and always most generous towards religious and charitable
objects, it is not surprising that he had many friends, and few
men in this town would be more generally missed or more
sincerely lamented. The simplicity of his life, the rectitude of
his character, his unswerving honesty and his sterling worth,
gained him universal esteem and affection.
He was buried with military honors. The funeral cortege
consisted of a firing party of forty-four men of the 75th
Battalion, who fired three volleys over the grave ; the band of
the battalion, which played " Webster's Funeral March " after
leaving the church, and ' Pleyell's Hymn " at the grave ; a
number of his brother officers in uniform, clergymen, doctors,
and a very large number of citizens.
Another well-known citizen and upright man, Mr. Michael
Anderson, carried on a boat-building business for many years.
Those who knew him well say that he was scrupulously honest
in all business transactions, the best of fathers, a true friend,
and was always considered one of the leading citizens of
Lunenburg. John Joseph Rudolf, grandson of Leonard Christopher Rudolf
¦(before referred to) was born in Lunenburg, November 19th,
1807. He had only one brother, Francis Jessen, who died in
1837. He received his education at the Grammar School,
Lunenburg, and at the Collegiate Academy, Windsor. He was
engaged in the shipping business for many years in partnership
with different relatives, and subsequently kept a general store,
moving into his late residence and place of business, one of the
largest and most commodious in town, early in 1883. He was
attentive to business, and was generally liked by those with
whom he came in contact. He always manifested great interest
in matters connected with the welfare of his native place. He
was one of the thirty-two original members of the Lunenburg
" Crown" fire company formed in 1829, only three of whom are
now living; also Justice of the Peace for the county, and
Lieut.-Colonel of the 2nd Battalion of Lunenburg Militia. He

122 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
was made a Master Mason in 1828, but was not actively con
nected with the Masonic body during the latter part of his life.
He passed away calmly and peacefully on the afternoon of
Sunday, the' 20th of November, 1887. His widow, Mary Caro
line, died in April, 1890, in her eightieth year.
Lewis Anderson, Esq., died at Lunenburg, on the evening of
Wednesday, April 11th, 1888.
The deceased gentleman had for many years occupied a most
prominent place amongst the leading townsmen of Lunenburg,
being known throughout the surrounding country as a man of
sterling qualities. His remarkably clear judgment and keen
foresight enabled him to plan and carry out successfully, the
most extensive undertakings connected with the chief business
in which he was engaged for more than a quarter of a century,
as a West India merchant.
Withdrawing from the firm of J. D. Eisenhauer & Co., he
purchased the property known as Anderson's wharf, taking
into partnership Mr. James R. Rudolf to assist him in his new
venture, under the name of Lewis Anderson & Co.
A man of the strictest integrity and honor, he was respected
and esteemed by all. He was courteous, aflFable and easily
approached. A true friend, large-hearted, sympathetic, kindly,
he was ever ready to give advice or to relieve distress when
ever it was brought to his notice.
On Monday, April 1st, 1889, Henry S. Jost, Esq., an aged and
venerable citizen, was taken ill, and at 7.30 o'clock the same
evening, died of congestion of the lungs. Mr. Jost was born in
the city of Halifax, on the 28th of May, 1804, and, consequently,
was in the eighty-fifth year of his age. In 1826, he removed
to Lunenburg, being in the mercantile trade here for more than
forty years. Before leaving Halifax, Mr. Jost joined the militia
as a private, and after coming here worked himself, step by
step, into the office of Lieut.-Colonel, a rank which he held in the
reserve militia at the time of his death. In 1848, he was made
a magistrate, and in 1851, was first elected to represent Lunen
burg in the Parliament of this Province. He contested the
county in 1855 and 1859, and was defeated both times, but was

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 123
successful in 1863, defeating the Hon. Joseph Howe. The
deceased was a warm supporter of Confederation, and for a
decade or more was Custos of this county, until the law was
changed. He was a Free Mason of sixty years' standing, and
was also District Deputy Grand Master. He filled the office of
Overseer of Fisheries for the County of Lunenburg, to the
satisfaction of the public.
One of Mr. Jost's daughters is the wife of Mr. Daniel J.
Rudolf, of Finck & Co. A son, Mr. H. M. Jost, was postmaster
at Lunenburg, and died there, May 28th, 1891.
On Thursday, September 15th, 1892, George Acker, the
oldest person in or around Lunenburg, was called away. "He
was born April 20th, 1799, and was therefore ninety-three
years of age last April, and up to within a day of his death he
was hale and bright, and his intellect vigorous. His memory
was excellent, and he could relate many of the notable events
since 1815, and often spoke of hearing the explosion at the
blowing-up of the privateer Teazer in Mahone Bay on the night
of the 1.3th of June, 1813. He lived in two centuries, and
under four sovereigns, viz., George III. and IV, William IV.
and Victoria. He was very intelligent, and was an active
business man before most now living were born, having begun
packeting between Lunenburg and Halifax eighty years ago,
which business he continued fifty-four years. He was married
sixty-five years, and left a wife eighty-five years of age, thirteen
children, thirty-two grandchildren and thirteen great-grand
children. The homestead which he always occupied was
granted to his grandfather in 1754, and has been left to his
son George, who worked on it from boyhood, so that it still
remains in the hands of George Acker, he being the fourth one
of that name to hold it.
Charles G. Aitken, Esq., M.D. — The Progress of August 14th,
1895, contained the following notice of the decease of the
above-named gentleman : " About two months ago. Dr. Aitken
remarked to a friend that he was not feeling well. He, how
ever, kept on practising till some two weeks later, when he was
compelled to take to his bed and become the patient of Drs.

124 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Mack and Gray. In the face of their best efforts, seconded by
careful nursing, he gradually sank, expiring at eleven o'clock on
Saturday evening at the age of seventy-one. Deceased was a
son of Lieutenant Roger Aitken, of the Royal Navy, and
grandson of the Rev. Roger Aitken, who came from Scotland to
Lunenburg in 1816, and for eight years performed the duties
-of rector of St. John's Church. While his father was rector.
Lieutenant Aitken visited Lunenburg, married a daughter of
Dr. Bolman, and afterwards resided here. Unto this couple
were born two children, one being Charles C, who, after
obtaining a good common school education, became a
student at King's College, Windsor. On finishing a collegiate
¦course he went to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, and there studied
medicine with Dr. Goff, and a few years later on he graduated
at Harvard. Shortly after becoming an M.D. he settled in
Pictou, where he practised for some time. Eventually he moved
to Bridgewater, and two years later returned to his native
town, where he built up a wide practice, made hosts of warm
friends, and enjoyed the confidence of the community at large
till the last moment of his life. This will be apparent when
it is known that all through Sunday, and up to the closing of
the casket on Monday, men and women in numbers from the
outlying sections came to town to take a parting look at one
who had been their family doctor for well on to forty years.''
The funeral was attended by seven clergymen, five medical
men, the resident barristers, and a large concourse from town
and country.
In the cemetery at Lunenburg, near to handsome monuments
erected for members of the Kaulbach family, is one in memory
of the historian of Nova Scotia. On one side is the inscription:
" In Memoriam. Beamish Murdoch, Esq., Q.C, of this Province,
and D.C.L. of King's College, Windsor. Bom August 1, 1800.
Departed this life February 9, 1876. Requiescat in pace." On
the other sides are the mottoes respectively: " Celebrated in
Law," " Celebrated in Politics," " Celebrated in Literature."

CHAPTEE VII.
Distinguished Visitors and Public Celebrations — First Mayor and
Council — Town of Lunenburg.
IN 1821, Sir James Kempt, Lieut.-Governor, visited Lunen
burg in the Chebucto (Lieutenant Stewart, commander). He
was accompanied by Lord Frederick Lennox, and Lieut.-
Colonel Arnold.
Amongst the notabilities who have from time to time resided
in Lunenburg, was the late General Sir John E. Inglis, who was
sent by his father, the last venerable Bishop of that name,
in 1832, to St. John's rectory, to pursue under Rev. James C
Cochran, until he should obtain his commission, those studies
wliich might be of service to him in his future profession.
While there, he received his commission in 1833. His horse,
dog and gun afforded him that recreation with which he was
most pleased. He endeared himself to all with whom he was
acquainted. He afterwards became, by his deeds of valor, the
hero of " immortal Lucknow's tale.''
On the 28th of June, 1838, there was a celebration at Lunen
burg in honor of the coronation of Queen Victoria. Bells were
rung and cannon discharged at sunrise. A grand procession
was formed. Militia under Major Hunt as marshal, and Captain
Anderson, with music and colors; Sheriff, Chief Justice, Clergy
men, Custos and magistrates, gentlemen of the Bar, Doctors of
medicine, and people from town and country. A bountiful
lunch was enjoyed in " Mrs. Oxner's long room." An eloquent
speech was made by the Chief Justice. The proceedings ended
with a fine illumination.
Centenary Celebration.
The 7th day of June, 1853, was the centenary of the found
ing of Lunenburg. The following programme of proceedings
was prepared ;

126 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
Decided that twenty -five rounds be fired from Barrack Hill.
Twenty -five rounds at Rous's Hill, after the oration by the
Hon. Wm. Rudolf.
Twenty-five rounds at 4 p.m., at block-house.
Twenty-five rounds at sunset, at block-house.
That John Ernst promise to get men to attend field-pieces
and make cartridges.
Peocession at 10 o'clock a.m., fkom Court-house.
1st Artillery Company.
Band.
Volunteer Company.
Sheriff, mounted on horseback.
Ministers, robed.
Magistrates.
Gentlemen of the Bar.
Doctors. Citizens. Children.
Final fire-works at 8.30 p.m., from Block-house Hill.
On the Sunday previous. Rev. H. L. Owen preached a sermon
in St. John's Church, having reference to the event to be
celebrated on the following Tuesday, on which day the inhabi
tants of Lunenburg and the surrounding country kept high
festival in commemorating the landing of those who gave
Lunenburg " a local habitation and a name," and laid the foun
dation of that wealth and prosperity which, in the short space
of one hundred years, became on every side so clearly discern
ible. Men they were who well deserved to be thus held in
remembrance by a grateful posterity. May each succeeding
centenary find the county advancing still more rapidly than it
has hitherto done. At sunrise on the day named a salute of
twenty-five guns was fired from Block -house Hill, accompanied
by the ringing of all the bells in the town. Appropriate ser
vices were held in St. John's Church at ten o'clock, after which
a procession of the inhabitants, headed by the sheriff, magis
trates and other county officials, marched to " Rous's Brook,"
where an oration was delivered by Hon. Wm. Rudolf, in which
he gave an account of the landing of the first settlers on the

history of the county op LUNENBURG. 127
spot where they were then assembled, after a long and tedious
voyage, and also of the perils and hardships they had endured
through the early years of the settlement. At noon twenty-
five rounds of cartridge were fired, and the procession re-formed
and marched through the town. A third round of twenty-five
guns was fired at one o'clock from Gallow's Hill by the artillery
company, and the assembled thousands amused themselves in a
variety of waj's until sunset, when the last round of twenty-
five guns was fired from Block-house Hill, and a display of
fireworks at the same place closed the deeply interesting-
proceedings of the day. To commemorate the occasion an oak
Avas planted on the hill where the Academy had been recently
erected. June 9th, 1856, was recommended by the Governor to be kept
as a public holiday " to celebrate the peace." Four guns were
fired at sunrise, and at noon twentj'-one, both from Block-house
Hill, Lunenburg, with ringing of church bells. Flags Avere all
about the to'wn, and from the masts of vessels in port. " Fiddles,
fifes, drums, tambourines, and penny whistles were played by the
band through the streets, at which time numerous fiags were
carried, and followed by nearly all the boys in town, each one
endeavoring to make as much noise as his lungs would allow
him." A salute at 7.30 o'clock, and fireworks from the church
square closed the proceedings.
August 9th, 1858. — The Earl and Countess of Mulgrave
landed at Lunenburg, from H. M. S. Styx (Captain C. Vesey),
under a salute from Block-house Hill. An address was read to
the Earl at the court-house bj* Rev. H. L. Owen. A drawing-
room reception was afterwards held by the Countess at the
house of John Creighton, Esq. Escorted by a party of ladies
and gentlemen, their Excellencies drove to Mahone Bay, and
returned to Mr. Creighton's residence. On re-embarking, the
Countess observing two gigs in the harbor, oflfered a prize to be
rowed for at 6 p.m. One boat was disabled, and returned ; the
other went round the couree and received the purse of SIO,
which would have been much larger but for the accident. A
great number of persons were present, who were disappointed
in not seeing an actual contest.

128 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
On the 3rd of August, 1861, H. M. S. Nimble a,rvived with the
Honorables Joseph Howe, John H. Anderson, and Adams G.
Archibald to settle disputes at the Ovens.
The Nimble arrived again on the 12th of August, witk
Lieut.-Governor the Earl of Mulgrave, some members of his
Council and Vice-Admiral Milne.
June 7th, 1862. — One hundred and ninth anniversary of the
landing of first settlers at Lunenburg. There was a salute at
6 a.m., ringing of bells at eleven o'clock, and a proces,sion to
the court-house, headed by the Sheriff", mounted, and thence to
the landing-place, where the crowd was addressed by the Custos,
John Heckman, Esq., and Rev. H. L. Owen, after which a salute
of eighteen guns was fired, and the procession re-formed and
marched to the court-house. Three hearty cheers for the Queen.
April 14th, 1863. — Day appointed to celebrate the marriage
of the Prince of Wales. There was a great display of fiags at
Lunenburg, and a procession of volunteers, school children,
clergy, lawyers, magistrates. Free Masons, and hundreds of
others to Block-house Hill. A royal salute was fired by the
artillery, followed by the ringing of bells, and a march through
several streets in town. A halt was made in front of the
court-house, the children were feasted, and three cheers were
given for the Queen.
The Confederation of the British North American Provinces
was celebrated in Lunenburg, July 1st, 1867. The proceedings
were commenced with a salute of twenty-one guns before
sunrise, by the Volunteer Artillery Company, followed by
the ringing of all the church bells. Flags were displayed in
many quarters. The artillery company, preceded by a band,
marched to the square in front of the Academy, after service,
numerously attended, had been held in St. John's Church. The
High Sheriff, wearing his official hat and sword, read Her
Majesty's proclamation ; which done, hearty cheers were given
for the Queen and the Dominion. The National Anthem was
rendered, and a great gathering of children sang an ode pre
pared for the occasion. Additional cheers were given for the
Queen and the Dominion, followed by a second salute, the band

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 129
finishing with " God Save the Queen." The people were then
treated to good music, as the band paraded through the town.
High holiday was kept, and a salute of twenty-one guns ended
the day's rejoicings.
On the 1st day of September, 1891, the corner-stone of the
handsome new brick building for court - house and public
offices, in Lunenburg, was laid with Masonic ceremonies,, by
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles J. McDonald, Grand Master. He
was presented with a trowel of solid silver, which he used on
the occasion, manufactured by J. Cornelius, of Halifax, and
suitably inscribed.
The churches, the court-house and post-office buildings,
with the provisions made in the two latter for the several
departments of the public service; the Academy and other
buildings, with the steps being taken to .supply the town with
pure water, place Lunenburg well in the foreground, as one of
the most advanced towns in Nova Scotia.
In 1888, Lunenburg was incorporated under Chapter I., Acts
of same year, and Augustus J. Wolff, Esq., was, on November
20th, elected first mayor. He was born near the city of Stral-
sund, in Prussia, Germany. Mr. Wolff" followed the sea, and
having passed the Board of Trade at Liverpool, G.B., received
p, master's certificate, being then mate of the barque Mary,
in which vessel he came to Bridgewater the following year.
Among the vessels commanded by him were the Jura and St.
Kilda. He left the latter ship in 1880, and in 1881 settled at
Lunenburg, becoming ship broker and insurance agent. He
was, at two elections subsequent to the first, returned as mayor,
by acclamation, and was re-elected in 1895.
The councillors returned at the first election were : David
Smith, S. Watson Oxner, Charles Hewitt, Allan Morash, Daniel
J. Rudolf, and James A. Hirtle, Esquires.
S. Watson Oxner, Esq., was elected mayor in 1891, and at
each election thereafter, until 1895.
" Rising Sun Lodge," of the Order of Oddfellows, with brethren
of " La Have Lodge," assembled on the 18th February, 1894, at
St. John's Church, Lunenburg, where a sermon was preached
9

130 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
by Rev. H. How, B.A., Rector of Annapolis. Next evening, a
social entertainment was held, presided over by the Mayor, S.
Watson Oxner, Esq. The preacher of the previous day was
presented with a handsome gold-headed ebony cane. Addresses
were delivered by the Chairman, Thos. Howe, and W. A. Letson,
Esqs., Rev. J. L. Batty, A. K. McLean, Esq., Rev. Messrs. Brown,
and Archibald, and a reading was given by Judge Chesley.
" The Right Worthy Grand Orange Lodge of Nova Scotia "
held its thirty-sixth annual session in Lunenburg, on Tuesday,
February 20th, 1894. There were forty-eight delegates in
attendance, of whom thirteen were from different parts of this
county. After the reception of the annual report, officers for
the ensuing year were installed, and among them S. D. Grand
Master, Lewis Church, Chester.
On Wednesday evening, the Orangemen marched with the
band of the 75th to the drill shed, where addresses were
delivered by the Grand Master and others, including Revs. J. L.
Batty, D. McGillivray, and E. N. Archibald, andW. A. Letson, Esq.

CHAPTEE VIII.
Kingsburg, Ritcey's Cove, and adjacent Settlements.
KINGSBURG, upper and lower, was settled originally by
families named Mossman, Keizer, Knock, and Hautman.
The last mentioned sold their property and removed to other
districts. Many descendants of the settlers above named still
reside at Kingsburg and elsewhere in the county. They have
always been a frugal, saving people, which has often enabled
them to loan money freely. Kingsburg was called, at one time,
" a bank for Lunenburg ; " and a number of young men have
been enabled to start in life by assistance there obtained. Per
haps there is no place in the county where the sterling virtues
of the first settlers are more fully displayed than at Kings
burg. The simple habits of the people have ensured to many
of them a good old age.
Rose Bay, near to Kingsburg, is prettily situated. Small
islands, with white sand beaches, which form a pleasing con
trast to the green trees above them, make up, with the
village itself, a charming picture, as it meets the eye of the
traveller, on his emerging from the woods lying between the
two settlements.
On the 3rd day of June, 1794, the brig Falmouth (William
Corran, master), which sailed from Port Royal on the 24th of
March, bound for Belfast, Ireland, anchored in Rose Bay.
Joseph Porter, passenger, had been murdered by the captain,
who was carried on shore, committed to prison, and taken to
Halifax. He was convicted in the Admiralty Court, Governor
Wentworth presiding, and suffered death at Point Pleasant.
Having been a man " distinguished by the general quietness and
inoffensiveness of his manners," temporary insanity may, it
has been thought, have led to the deed.

132 history op the county op lunenburg.
Ritcey's Cove, Creeser's Cove, and Five Houses.
The coves above named are inlets of the La Have River,
and, with the Five Houses, are situated on its eastern side,
nearly opposite Fort Point. They are places of some impor
tance, on account of the fishing business carried on in vessels
owned there. Excellent farms add to the means of wealth
enjoyed by the people. In these settlements, as well as at New
Dublin, busy scenes are witnessed on the return of the fisher
men; and the flakes which line the shores are often covered
for miles with choice codfish and haddock.
Ritcey's Cove is crossed by a bridge six hundred feet long.
There have been great improvements in dwellings and stores at
the Cove and vicinity, and much taste is evinced in the display
of handsome flowers in houses and gardens. The same may be
said of the whole river side.
The Methodist Church at the Cross Roads, near Ritcey's
Cove, was built about the year 1870, and took the place of one
built at the Cove many years before. The church at Middle La
Have was opened during the ministry of the Rev. Joseph Gaetz
(Lunenburg), and the church at Feltzen South, in the last year
of the ministry of Rev. R. Williams.
In 1879, a separation was made from the Lunenburg Circuit;
and La Have Ferry, Ritcey's Cove, Rose Bay, Upper and Lower
Kingsburg, Middle South, and Feltzen South, were formed into
the Ritcey's Cove Circuit. The following are the names of the
clergymen who have resided at the Cross Roads, where a
parsonage was completed in August, 1879 : Revs. Arthur
Hockin, D. B. Scott, G. 0. Huestis, R. Williams, J. L. Batty,
William Ainsley, and Oskar Gronlund.
Rev. Frederick A. Bowers, who lives at the Cross Roads, is
the pastor of the Lutheran Church. He is a son of the first
Lutheran pastor of Bridgewater, and a grandson of Rev. Dr.
Cossmann. The church, St. Matthew's, was built in 1846. Mr.
Bowers also officiates at St. John's, Feltzen South, and St.
Mark's, Middle La Have. His predecessor was the Ron'. George
W. Scheidy. This district ceased to be a part of the Lunenburg
Mission, January 3rd, 1890.

M — \
Q

history of the county of lunenburg. 133
Incident at Creeser's Cove.
In the early part of this century two Frenchmen and an
Englishman went to the house of George Creeser, Lower La
Have. They left Halifax in a ship's long boat, intending to
escape to the United States, and were wrecked near La Have,
at which place they became a cause of annoyance to the inhabi
tants. In endeavoring to get from the beach to Mr. Creeser's
shallop, of which they meant to take possession, the boat upset
and one of the Frenchmen was drowned. He was buried at the
Five Houses. The others remained at Mr. Creeser's for a day
or two, and were taken to Lunenburg and thence to Halifax.
The surviving Frenchman placed his hand on his side and made
•signs to Mr. Creeser to take out something, and he removed a
double-barrelled pistol, which was afterwards in possession of
James Creeser, Creeser's Cove. The body of the deceased
Frenchman was, it is said, disinterred by persons from another
district in hopes of finding money, which it was believed had
been buried with him, as the survivor had a belt filled with
gold pieces. The result of the search is unknown. Mrs. George
Creeser, who saw the runaways, said that one of them wore
epaulettes, and that they were all above the position of ordinary
seamen.' The settlement of Five Houses, which for many years had
five dwellings, but now has eight, is prettily situated. On a
hill above it may be seen the mounds of an old defence, and a
cannon formerly used for alarms when privateers were at hand.
A most extensive view of land, river and bay is here afforded.
Oxner's Beach.
The largest sand beach in the county is directly in front of
Five Houses. It was found on measurement by Mr. Lawson,
formerly Crown Land Surveyor, to contain seventy-five acres.
It was much used in old times for militia drill.
At low water it is travelled on foot or in carriages, whereby
much of the main road is avoided and the distance materially
lessened. When the tide is in it is crossed in boats.

134 history op the county of LUNENBURG.
Close to this beach is the Presbyterian manse, which has been
occupied successively by Rev. Donald McMillan, Rev. Isaac
Simson, and Rev. George A. Leek. It has been sold, and the
minister will occupy a new manse at the Cross Roads, near the
church which was built in 1890. The other church is a union
building at Middle La Have, erected in 1870. This mission
was formerly visited by Rev. A. Moschell, and Rev. W. Duff.
Parks' Creek.
William Parks, son of James, one of the early settlers at
Petite Riviere, went to La Have River when the land was
covered with woods to the water's edge. The place at which
he settled is one of the most prettily situated and fiourishing
districts on the river, where the descendants of Mr. Parks still
reside and worthily represent the good old stock from which
they sprang. He died November 12th, 1838, aged eighty-six
years. The same age was attained by Miss Ann Parks, who
lived in the house built by William, and died there in 1875.
She was afflicted with blindness for eight years, but was con
tented and cheerful, and well remembered the events of early
days. Her brother William was the father of William now
residing at Parks' Ferry. Stedman Parks, son of the latter,
was drowned in the Bay of Fundy. He did excellent work in
wood-carving. Parks' Creek is crossed by a substantial bridge which shortens
very much the old route to Ritcey's Cove.

CHAPTEE IX.
The Ovens, and Gold Discoveries there, with accounts of other
Settlements.
THE " Ovens " are situated on a peninsula a mile and a
half in length, and three-quarters of a mile in breadth,
distant four miles by water, and twelve miles by land, from the
town of Lunenburg, and have long been objects of attraction to
strangers -visiting the county. They are deep caverns worn in
the sides of the rocky cliff, the largest of which is about eighteen
feet in height, and forty or more in depth. The sea, when
. moved by a storm, rushes into them with a noise like the report
of heavy cannon. There is a legend that an Indian who entered
the largest oven in his canoe made his exit at Annapolis. Some
years ago a party went into the same oven at low water, and
the tide returning faster than they expected, upset their boat
and rendered their escape difficult.
The northern side of the peninsula " is a ridge formed chiefly
of quartzite and slate," and its southern side " is principally
composed of metamorphic slate containing thin seams of quartz."
The Ovens were brought more prominently into notice on the
discovery there of auriferous quartz, by James Dowling, Esq.,
on the I3th of June, 1861, in a vein three-quarters of an inch
thick on the "bluff"; and in July following, John Lawson, Esq.,
then Government Surveyor for the county, discovered gold in
the sand on the shore. Claims were eagerly sought after;
many persons went earnestly to work, and the result gave
promise of a plentiful supply of the precious metal, and imparted
a stimulus to the prosperity of Lunenburg.
The leads of quartz at the surface are generally small, being
composed of a number of very thin veins. As their depth
increases the leads increase in .size and richness. Veins of

136 history of the county op LUNENBURG.
three-quarters of an inch at the surface, have, at a depth of
twenty feet, inci'eased to the thickness of five inches.
The official returns from 1861 to 1864 gave 1,282 ounces of
gold from the Ovens district, of which over 1,000 ounces were
from alluvial washings in 1861 and 1862. These were found
in a cove " formed by the rapid disintegration of the slates, into
which the sand of the shore and debns of the slate with gold
had been collected." It is said that a few lots on this beach
were " sold for $4,800, with a reservation of one- (quarter, and
after, as it is believed, a large amount of gold had been removed,"
The gold appears in "jagged grains and scales, as if it had been
melted and suddenly cooled." Several nuggets were obtained.
The largest was attached to a piece of reddish-colored quartz,
and weighed one ounce and a half.
An assay of gold gave from 100 parts :
Gtold  93.06
Silver  6.60
Copper  '.  0.09
Iron — a trace  99.75
It was estimated that the quantity of gold obtained gave a
slight average over one ounce per month to each miner employed.
It has been declared by scientific men that gold abounds at
the Ovens, but capital and labor are required to a much greater
extent than has yet been supplied.
The following is from a report to the Government, by Henry
P.Poole, Esq., in 1861:
"The gold district is at present confined to the peninsula
known as the Ovens, from the caves of which I counted four
teen in the cliffs on the shore, and which are constantly forming
and washing away by the action of the sea at high tide. Dur
ing storms in particular, the waves dash with great violence
against the cliffs, which are about fifty feet high, and composed
of alternate bands of hard and soft laminated slates, with quartz
veins, and cubical iron, and arsenical pyrites bands intermixed.
At these Ovens the coast section shows these bands' dipping to
the north at an angle of 75°, and strike S. 75° W., to N. 75° E.,

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 137
while the slaty cleavage is about vertical. The constant action
of the salt water decomposes the pyrites and crumbles the
softer slates and decayed quartz away.
" The following claims appear to be rich : Nos. 1 to 7 (Cunard,
Benjamin, etc.), also 53 to 68 ; No. 58 on the ' Fish House "
point, particularly so. The largest piece of gold was found on
No. 107. Very rich washings were also obtained at Nos. 117,
118, and 119. On Dowling's claim the gold was found in the
cross veins of quartz ; but in the other claims the gold was
principally found in the veins running parallel with the slates,
varying in thickness from the eighth of an inch up to one inch,
while some of the cross veins are six inches in thickness."
From Report of Commissioner of Mines for 1869 :
" The works in this district, principally carried on by Smith,
McKay, and associates, by whom a considerable amount of
labor was performed, have not as yet been attended with very
satisfactory results. The Waddelow mine at Indian Path has
been to a large extent idle, at which I am the more surprised,
, as, from the appearance of the lode when visited by me in 1868,
I had every reason to believe it would pay a handsome profit ;
and I strongly suspect that the want of success is largely due
to the crushing and amalgamating apparatus, particularly the
latter, which, like the appliances generally used in the Province,
is only adapted to secure the coarse free gold."
The following are from entries made by the late Adolphus
Gaetz, Esq.: ^
"1861. July 4th. — Great excitement in consequence of gold
found at Ovens. Beautiful specimens.
" July 16th. — About one hundred gold-hunters arrived.
" July 22nd. — Ovens attracting attention of whole Province.
" August 2nd. — Within few days gold discovered in sand on
sea-shoro. Some taken up by a lad of this town, of value of
two dollars. A young lady picked up two or three dollars'
worth. " August 3rd. — Messrs. Howe, Anderson, and Archibald, came
to settle disputes.
" August 6th. — Stoaiiiur Osprey arrived, with workmen,
lumber, etc.

138 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" August 8th. — Town full of strangers. Hotels full. Some
had to pitch their tents on the common.
" August 9th. — Whole talk is gold, gold, gold. Excitement
intense. " August 10th. — Steamer Neptune arrived with seventy-five
passengers. Packet from Halifax, with 104 additional.
"August 31st. — Upwards of six hundred now at work.
Shanties erected, and grocery shops and restaurants opened.
i" September 3rd. — One Crowell took a nugget from his claim
valued at $26.
"December 12th. — Rich specimens found.
" 1862. April 14th. — Schooner Lion, from Eastport, with
twenty passengers for Ovens.
"April 16th. — Schooner Alma from Boston, with sixteen
passengers for Ovens.
"May 12th. — Two vessels from United States, with large
number for Ovens. Becoming quite a town.
" June 9th.— Governor — Earl of Mulgrave — landed at Ovens
from a gunboat.
"August 12th. — Arbitration between land proprietors at Ovens
and Government, to settle disputes under an agreement made
by them. Attorney-General for Government, and John W.
Ritchie for proprietors.
"August 15th. — Proceedings closed.. Award in favor of
proprietors. Will cost about £4,000."
" November 26th, 1861. — A tragic scene took place this fore
noon at the Ovens gold diggings. Some persons there had been
amusing themselves firing at a target with a revolver
which contained five charges. Mr. Traunweiser had the pistol
in his hand, and supposing that all the charges had been fired
out, called to a friend of his, a Mr. James McDonald, who was
coming along the road, to clear the way or he would fire at him,
to which McDonald immediately replied, " fire away." Traun
weiser pulled the trigger, and, to the consternation of all around,
McDonald fell dead, the ball having entered his head near the
eye. The report of the pistol and the death of McDonald
caused quite a sensation among the bystanders; neither Traun-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 139
weiser nor any of the party had the least idea of another
charge being in the pistol. Both parties were very respectable,
and connected with the gold diggings. McDonald was from
Pictou, where he left a wife and other relatives to mourn their
loss." There are several other interesting settlements within short
distances of Lunenburg, and among them the following:
First Peninsula, about half a mile from town and about one
mile long.
Second Peninsula, about a mile and a half from town and
about five miles long.
On these are many small, productive farms.
Black Rocks, six miles from town. The families of Tanner
and Allen were the first settlers. Thirty-eight families now
live there.
Blue Rocks, five miles from town. The first settlers were
people named Knickle and Heinich. There are sixty-two
families. The people at the Rocks are chiefly engaged in fishing, and
are generally in comfortable circumstances.
Also, Martin's Brook, North- West, South, Garden Lots, and
Centre.

CHAPTEE X.
Cross Island, near the Entrance to Lunenburg Harbor, and other
Islands in the same vicinity.
CROSS ISLAND lies near the entrance to Lunenburg har
bor, south-east from Lunenburg about eight miles.
Haliburton says: " Lunenburg harbor is sheltered by Cross
Island, which is about 30 feet high, containing 253 acres."
In one of the early years of the county history, Randal S.
Crawley was here employed in the fishery, with thirty-seven
males and one female as assistants. " Lunenburg, September 6th, 1782.
" Comes before us Mr. John Newton, Mr. John Arenberg, Veil
Blysteiner, Mathias Blysteiner and George Sharpe, and informed
that one Seidler, being a prisoner to some American privateer
boats now upon Cross Island, and saith that said Seidler is still
on Cross Island naked and in irons, and is likely to perish in
that condition ; wherefore we beg to have leave jointly, with
some other volunteers, to go armed in a shallop to redeem and
endeavor to take said Seidler off from Cross Island.
" (Signed) John Newton, Jun.
John Arenberg.
J. M. Blysteiner.
George Sharpe.
" On the above representation, being so laudable to release a
fellow-subject now in danger of losing his life in his present
deplorable situation, and in consideration of which leave is
hereby granted to any persons who will voluntarily, upon their
own risk, go in any boat or shallop to endeavor to retake and
redeem said Seidler from his imprisonment, taking all possible
care to run no risk of the enemy, being now on Cross Island,
but not to go farther than said island or thereabouts, and from
thence to return as soon as possible; and in case they meet with
an enemy whom they judge not to be too strong for them, they
are to defend themselves, or take them if they can.
"(Signed) L. Christopher Rudolf.
D. Christopher Jessen."

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 141
Jacob Smith, aged eighty years, and for a long time keeper-
of the lighthouse, died on the island, August 2nd, 1869.
Israel Tanner, of Eastern Point, caught near the island, in
1888, a halibut 7 feet long, weighing 300 pounds ; and in 1893,.
Stephen Smith caught one in the same locality which weighed,
when dressed, ^30 pounds. It was 6 feet 7 inches in length
and 9 inches thick.
Great quantities of seaweed are thrown ashore on the island..
In the spring of 1893, more than seven hundred cartloads were
obtained by people from Tancook.
The other islands in the vicinity of Lunenburg are Corkum's,
Eastern Point, Blue Rock, Herman's, Mason's, Heckman's, Fifty
Acres, and Ross. All are inhabited except the last two.
The Hon. William J. Stairs and family have for some years
lived in the summer months on Herman's Island. Their house
is most pleasantly situated.
Search for Money at Hobson's Nose.
In or about 1830, a party of pleasure went from Lunenburg
to Heckman's Island, where they were told by Mrs. Heckman
that a strange vessel had anchored off the island a few days
before, that the crew had landed at Hobson's Nose, and that
she could see them at work with crowbars, as if searching for
a place in which treasure had been previously deposited. After
examining several spots, they left a crowbar standing in the
ground near a broken tree, and walked round the point out of
sight. Shortly afterwards they returned on board, and in the
course of the day landed at Heckman's Island, made various
inquiries of Mrs. Heckman about the different paits of it, and
went again on board. In the night they revisited Hobson's
Nose, and commenced to dig at the place where they had left
the crowbar, then went round to the point with lanterns and
were again hid from view. They left the bay about daylight
the next morning. The islanders then examined the place, and
saw blocks and ropes left in the trees, and underneath a hole
which has been described by others as sixteen inches in depth,.

142 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
lined with paving-stones from the beach. There were indis
putable marks of the removal of a box or cask. On the point
before referred to was found a second hole, from which a pot
or vessel of some kind had been taken. Mrs. Heckman was a
person of undoubted veracity, and the visit of the strangers is
corroborated by an old inhabitant, who told the writer that he,
with his father and brothers, were on board their vessel off
Long Island when the schooner referred to passed close along
side, and they saw the crew land at Hobson's Nose and walk
up the beach, as described by Mrs. Heckman ; that they visited
the island after the strangers left, and saw the holes above
mentioned. If the treasure-seekers at Oak Island had made
Hobson's Nose their centre of operations, they might perhaps
have there discovered what they have searched for in vain at
the former place.

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CHAPTEE XI.
Early Settlement at Mahone Bay, with History of its Churches and
Clergymen, and other matters of interest — Indian Point.
Mahone Bay.
IT has been said that this name was originally given to the
bay, because it was a place much resorted to by pirates,
and as their vessels were low crafts, often propelled by long
oars, called sweeps, the French word Mahonne, which means
" a Venetian boat," was very appropriately employed to
designate the bay, and was subsequently anglicized, and
extended to the village on its shores. Being, as it is, so inti
mately connected with the earliest history of the place, to say
nothing of its euphony, it is to be hoped that no further
attempt will be made to change it.
A public meeting was held in Victoria Hall, April 13th, 1857,
to establish boundaries for the village and give it a name. It
was Resolved, — That the bounds take in the front row of thirty-
acre lots, coming southerly at Mader's bridge, running north
westwardly to Lantz's corner, and eastwardly as far as Brume's
point. Several names were submitted, spoken to, and voted upon,
and " Kinburn " was adopted by a considerable majority. It
means " relative or kindred streams," and there are two rivers
or streams emptying into the bay.
This name fell into disuse, and the original name " Mahone
Bay " has been shortened to " Mahone." The old appellation
will probably continue to be largely used.
There is much that is exceedingly beautiful about the place,
which makes it specially attractive. Strangers think it one of
the charming spots of the county.

144 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
In May, 1888, Mr. A. J. McDougald thus wrote of it : " On
the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, .sixty miles to the westward
of Halifax, is situated the most charming town of Mahone Bay.
Its population, principally of German extraction, is in the
neighborhood of two thousand. It is pleasantly nestled at the
head of a bay of the same name, which in grandeur of scenery,
facilities for bathing and fishing, defies competition. It is
studded with innumerable islands, and teems with fish, is free
from fog, and its surface is always unruffled. The inland
scenery from the surrounding hills is unsurpassed in grandeur."
Captain Ephraim Cook, who commanded one of the trans
ports that brought out the original settlers, and who had
expended a large sum of money in the improvement of land
at Halifax, proposed, in 1754, to establish a settlement at
Mahone Bay, and took with him a block -house. " A Govern
ment sloop was furnished for his a.ssistance ; a party of rangers
was sent for the protection of the settlement ; and, at his
request, his friend Captain Lewis was appointed to command
them. Colonel Sutherland, at Lunenburg, was directed to
supply him with such aid as he might require, and to reserve
any land he might wish to retain." He was probably the same
Ephraim Cook who, as master of the schooner Snow Edward,
was engaged from October, 1755, to June, 1756, in assisting to
convey the French Acadians out of the Province.
The following were orders and directions for the officer com
manding the party at Mush-mush Block-house, 1 757 : " You
are to send out detachments of your party, who are to range
every day near the inhabitants' houses on Oakland and Mahone
Bay, which the guards will show you, to protect them while
they are out at their work ; and at night they are to be
quartered in their houses, as may be found most convenient
for their own accommodation, and the .safety of the settlers.
You may, if you should see occasion, send out a party to
reconnoitre, and range a little outside the settlement, taking
all necessary precautions to prevent a surprise, and always
leaving a sufficient number of men for the defence of the
block-house. Great care must be taken of the ammunition

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 145
and utensils in the block-house, and that none of your party
fire away their ammunition, unless on real service, under pain
of being punished and paying for the same. You are to
mention in your report the quantity that shall be used on
service, and the time of its being expended.
" Upon any alarm, or appearance of an enemy, you are to
send notice thereof to your commanding officer; and in the
meantime you are to act with the utmost vigor in attacking
the enemy, defending your own position, or sending reinforce
ments to any other party that may be attacked.
" You are to use your best endeavors to prevent any diffi
culties arising between your men and the inhabitants, that
they may be always ready to join for the common defence of
the settlement.
" The alarms from the different posts are :
" From the town — two guns at the fort, to be answered by
two from Boscawen's battery.
" From La Have block-house — two swivels.
" From North- West Range — two swivels."
In 1778, " 250 acres of land on the east side of Mahone Bay
were granted to David Ellis, who fied from Rhode Island in
1776, rather than renounce his allegiance to the British Crown."
One of the original settlers at the bay was John Kedy, who
came with his father from London, and with his brothers,
Alexander and William, bought the mill-site on Mush-a-mush
River, afterwards occupied by their descendants. Zwicker,
Ernst, Rooder, Loy, Ham, Mader, Smeltzer, Swinehammer,
Moser, Eisenhauer, Lantz, Keizer, Vienot, and Hyson, were.
among the first settlers on the west side of the bay.
The first dwelling built on the same side was erected by
Peter Zwicker, grandfather of Valentine Zwicker, sen., of
Block-house, near the site of the hotel afterwards owned by
Mr. Alexander Zwicker.
It has been said that a man was once offered many acres of
land on the west side of the bay for forty dollars, and replied'
that he would not be such a fool as to throw away his money.
This land became part of the village site.
10

146 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Old men can remember when (sixty years ago) the west side
of the bay, where the village is, was forest, and when there
was only one building from where Arthur J. Vienot resides to
the road from the bay to Faubourg. One informant recollects
when (fifty years ago) the land where are now the residences
of Dr. Gray, James M. Metzler, John McLean, and John W.
Mills, was covered with pine woods, in which owls were heard
hooting at night.
As the name " Oaklands " indicates, the land on the east side
of the harbor was formerly covered with beautiful groves of
oak. On the same side one Kneiss built a mill on or near the
site of that owned by the late John Kaulbach, Esq. ; and in
order to obtain sufficient force to drive it, the early settlers dug
an outlet from the lake, a distance of a quarter of a mile,
through which water was furnished in plentiful supply.
The Indians were formerly as troublesome at Mahone Bay
as elsewhere, and piles of wood and inflammable materials
were always ready for lighting on the surrounding hills, to
give warning of their approach. Communication was kept up
between the forts at the bay and La Have, for which the
militia had often to work day and night.
The writer was informed by an aged inhabitant (Mr. Valen
tine Zwicker) that when some of the first settlers were buried,
there was no road to the graveyard, and they were taken
thither in boats from what is now the village. He also described
a snow-storm in those early times, and said that on one occasion
it stormed for nine days successively ; that in many places the
snow had drifted to the depth of fourteen feet, and was four
feet deep on a level in the woods, where, the tops of the small
trees or saplings having been cut off, oxen travelled without
difficulty, and that persons were unable for some time to get
to their barns to feed the cattle. This man was obliged to go
shortly afterwards to Lunenburg, and called at the house of
Joseph Selig, the front rooms of which were darkened from the
windows being blocked up with snow. The boys were coasting
from some of the chimney tops to the street, and the weather
was so intensely cold that men skated over the frozen surface

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 147
of the drifts, from the bay to Lunenburg. The dead were
carried on hand-sleds to the place of interment. He also spoke
of the hard work that had been done by the people, and said he
used, by laboring into the night, to get out one hundred cords
of wood in a season ; and that it was quite a usual thing to cut
and haul two loads, or to haul six loads, in one day from the
block-house to the bay, a distance of two miles. Wood some
times sold for $6 and $6.50 per cord, and fiour at $20 a barrel.
Grain and other crops yielded plentifully. The writer's informant
further stated, that in one year he raised 97 bushels of rye, 100
bushels of oats, and an immense quantity of potatoes, which
were so generally abundant that they sold for sixpence a bushel.
He had some so large, and with so many " prongs,'' as he called
them, that he offered to wager that he would tie half a bushel
of them together with a rope and carry them half a mile ; but
that he could not find a man to accept the challenge.
Mahone Bay is a great emporium for cord- wood ; and that,
besides the lumber furnished by the numerous saw-mills in the
surrounding country, forms a chief article of export. The bay
has for some time been justly celebrated for its shipbuilding,
and owes its superiority in this art chiefly to the Langilles and
the Zwickers, who may be called self-made men, and who, if they
had followed their occupation on wider fields of action, would
have won a far larger share of fame.
Mahone Bay is a rapidly improving village. Much taste is
shown in the style of the buildings erected within the last few
years. With a fine agricultural country in the rear, and
excellent lumbering and shipping facilities, it must make still
greater progress. The beautiful scenery of the bay is elsewhere
described. Mush-a-Mush River, emptying into the bay, is connected with
Big Mush-a-Mush Lake, distant from the salt water between
ten and twelve miles. This lake is fed by several small lakes.
There is half a mile of still water on the river, about six miles
from the bay. Langille's Lake, in the rear of Block-house, and
Long Lake, northward of the main stream, empty into it.

148 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Fourteen mills are in operation on the Mush-a-Mush, and ten
on branches of the same.
Martin's River, a few miles east of the bay, at the boundary
between the townships of Lunenburg and Chester, has its source
in Big Lake, distant twelve miles from the sea, and is connected
with several smaller lakes, one of which is called Western
Lake. There are some falls or rapids on the main stream, and
three mills are in operation.
On the 19th of March, 1871, the schooner Phebe (Jacob
Laybolt, master), sailed from Mahone Bay, laden with lumber,
for Halifax. Joshua Zwicker, and R. McLellan, merchants, and
Joshua Eisenhauer, and A. Boutilier, were passengers. When
half-way up Halifax harbor, a sudden squall upset the vessel,
and all were drowned, except the master, who managed to get-
on the bottom of the schooner, where he remained until day
light, and was then taken off. Mr. Zwicker's body was recovered
the same day, the only one of the five ever found.
Westhaver's, Andrews and Strum's islands are prettily situ
ated near the entrance to Mahone Bay.
CHURCHES.
The first church erected in Mahone Bay was a union build
ing, commenced July I7th, 1833. The trustees were : Valentine
Zwicker, sen., for the Presbyterians ; Peter Strum, sen., for
the Lutherans; John Andrews, for the Baptists; and Frederick
Mader, on behalf of the Methodists. The utmost harmony pre
vailed among these bodies. , This building became too small for
the increasing number of worshippers, and separate churches
were built. The old church has been changed into a dwelling-
house.
Church op England.
The next church (St. James') was erected on the hill above the
graveyard, in 1835. On the 14th of July, Rev. J. C. Cochran,
Rector of Lunenburg, preached the first sermon from Genesis
xxviii. 17. This church was taken down in 1888. The new
church (also St. James') was opened September 27th, 1887;
architect, W. C. Harris, Esq., A.C.R.A., brother of the present

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 149
rector ; cost, $8,000 ; length, 103 feet ; nave, 42 feet wide ;
chancel, 26 feet wide.
Rev. J. G. Cochran was the first visiting clergyman. Rev.
P. J. Filleul (now Dr.) was first resident missionary, 1845. The
second was Rev. Wm. H. Snyder, B.A., 1852. He left the
parish in 1874, and returned in 1875. Between these dates he
was curate in charge at Weymouth, he and Rev. Mr. Filleul
having made an exchange. After his return, his rectorship
continued until his death, October 15th, 1889.
Rev. Edward A. Harris, M.A., appointed curate, March 19th,
1884, and elected rector, November 25th, 1889.
Curates in order named : Rev. P. H. Brown, Rev. (now
Archdeacon) D. Smith, Revs. A. C. McDonald (Rev. E. H. Ball,
vicar), G. Maynard, C. E. Churchward, D. S. Sutherland, and
E. A. Harris.
In September, 1892, Rev. Dr. Filleul visited his old parish,
and preached there and at other places in the county. For one
of his advanced age, he was remarkably active. The agent of
the Bible Society published the following account of the Doctor's
attendance at a meeting of the Weymouth Branch : " It was a
scene most touching and one worthy of the brush of art, as that
venerable and staunch churchman wended his way with staff
and lantern along bluff and beach to attend our annual Bible
Society meeting in the distant Baptist Church. Beautiful
indeed must be the soul and lion-hearted the frame of that
Christian patriot, who, while the young and stalwart shrank
from leaving their firesides on that night, joyously ventured
out to aid by his voice a Society that deals out the bread of
life to a hungry world."
Christ Church, at Maitland, in the parish of Mahone Bay,
was erected in 1866, and St. Martin's Church, at Martin's River,
in 1888.
Rev. William H. Snyder (Rural Dean) was born in the
historic town of Shelburne, on June 21st (Nova Scotia's
natal day), 1812, and died at the rectory, Mahone Bay, October
15th, 1889. He took his B.A. degree at King's College in
1832, and was ordained, by Bishop Inglis, deacon in 1835,

150 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
and priest in 1836. In the latter year he was married to Ann
Freeman DeWolf (daughter of James R. DeWolf, Esq., of Liver
pool, N.S.), who died in October, 1878 ; and in 1880, to Caroline
A. Mills, daughter of John Mills, Esq., of Granville Ferry.
Seven of his children died before him, and five were Jiving at
his decease. At the commencement of his ministry Mr. Snyder
was for a while curate at Lunenburg, and went thence to
Weymouth, where he remained seventeen years. He was
stationed at Mahone Bay for over thirty-five years. He was
partly of German descent. One of his ancestors, Simon
Snyder, came from Heidelberg, and was Governor of Penn
sylvania. His great-grandfather, on his mother's side, was an
admiral in the British Navy.
The bishop of the diocese (Right Rev. Dr. Courtney) thus
alluded to Mr. Snyder in his address to the first Synod held
after he had been called away :
" The venerable rector of St. James' Church, Mahone Bay,
was one of the oldest of the Nova Scotia clergy, of a type that
I fear is gradually disappearing. He was a zealous, faithful,
energetic, spirituaUy-minded man, desirous of promoting the
cause of the Church, while endeavoring to live in friendly
neighborliness with all : a peaceable man, yet withal bearing
himself courageously in disputes, being confident that victory
would light upon his banners. Struggling against the creeping
infirmity induced by age, and seeking to do what little he
could while life should last, he yet bowed in lowly submission
to the chastening of the Lord, and humbly accepted his enforced
withdrawal from the active life to which he had so long been
accustomed. A strong, forceful nature was that of the Rev,
W. H. Snyder, and I am sorry to think that I shall not again
be welcomed by him, nor be able to learn from him more lessons
of faith and resignation to the perfect will of God."
The deceased clergyman was author of a " Catechism on
Confirmation." Presbyterian.
The church was built in 1861, on the Clearland Road, on a
hill above the bay, and near the old Episcopal church. It was

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 151
removed to its present site in October, 1885. By means of
heavy jack-screws it was lifted two feet from the foundation.
Heavy timbers were placed crosswise under the building, and
two runners its whole length. Timbers made into rollers and
other appliances were used, and also a heavy chain with large
double block and tackle, connected with a capstan, to which a
horse — sometimes two — was attached. The rollers were
replaced by others as fast as they dropped out. The removal
was effected by J. B. Chute & Son, of Bear River, County of
Annapolis, and the distance was about one-quarter of a mile.
The time occupied was ten days. The church, with spire and
everything just as it stood before, was moved and placed on the
new site without any injury. The cost of removal was $800.
and for the groundwork and new foundation, $250 additional.
The church is now close to the manse, and for pastor and people
conveniently situated.
Rev. Ebenezer MacNab was the first pastor ordained and
settled in Mahone Bay, May 19th, 1867. He was followed by
Rev. D. Stiles Fraser, ordained and inducted to charge of the
mission, November 30th, 1877.
Rev. John W. Crawford was ordained and inducted May
28th, 1889. • Methodist.
The Methodist church was completed and opened for regular
services in 1873, prior to which date the mission was a part of '
the Lunenburg Circuit, and so continued until the Conference
of 1884.
The first clergyman was the Rev. C. Lockhart, succeeded by
Rev. A. C. Borden, B.D. Rev. J. L. Batty was the first pastor
after the separation from Lunenburg. He was followed by
Rev. R. Williams, and Rev. R. McArthur.
Baptist.
The Baptist church was erected in 1874, previous to which
services were held in Ham's Hall and the Union House. This
mission was originally a branch of the old Church, founded at
the North- West in 1812. The visiting ministers were : Revs.

152 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
R. S. Morton, R. Davis, P. Shields, Walker, Shaw, Archelus,
Barss, De Long, and others from the North- West.
The ministers resident at Mahone Bay have been : Revs.
A. E. Ingram, J. Williams, L. B. Gates, A. W. Barss, D. W.
Crandle, J. W. Williams, W. J. Rutledge, and H. S. Shaw.
Indian Point.
The settlement of Indian Point, in the township of Lunen
burg, takes its name from the Micmacs, who had made it one
of their headquarters. Further reference to Indian Point is
made in this work in the chapter on the scenery of the county.
It is about five miles from Mahone Bay, and the same from
Chester. Among its first settlers were Haverstock, Lohnes, Frederick
Ernst, William Wentzel, Mathias Ernst, William Hyson, Nicolas
Eisenhauer, and Peter Zwicker.
It is situated on the sea-shore for a mile, and has neat and
tastily arranged dwellings and fine farms. The soil is good,
excellent crops are raised, and the vegetable gardens are very
productive. There are in the vicinity beautiful oak trees and
many stumps of very large ones cut down. The islands close
to the settlement are Nathan Ernst's, formerly owned by Peter
Young, who died at Bridgewater, July, 1895 ; Heisler's, Boiler,
Zwicker's, Spectacle, Ernst's, Young's, Stevens, Sheep, Goat, and
Misener's islands. There are good farms, and seventeen families
on them.
Many of the men at Indian Point are deep-sea fishermen.
Martin's River and Murderer's Point lie between Indian Point
and the western shore. They are improving settlements, and
the people are busy and enterprising.

CHAPTEE XII.
Northfield — Maitland — Riversdale — New Cornwall .
^J ORTHFIELD, an important and improving agricultural
S settlement, is about eight miles from Bridgewater, and
about half-way between there and New Germany. The first
settlers were Peter Mackay, George Ramey, George Fancy, Fred
erick Ramey, Philip Wagner, and George Tibert. Mr. Mackay
had been a British soldier, and was paid off at Halifax in golden
guineas at the close of the American war. He wanted bread
during the embargo, and meeting a man with two loaves he asked
him to sell one. The request was refused, even on the offer of
a guinea, the man giving as a reason that his children were
starving. In telling the story, Mr. Mackay said : '' What's the
good of money when there's no bread ? " He settled on and
cleared the farm at West Northfield, foot of Wentzel's Lake,
now occupied by the widow and children of the late Nathaniel
Wentzel. Councillor Heli Mackay is one of his grandchildren.
Mr. Mackay died about 1861, aged seventy -eight years.
A union church for Episcopalians, Lutherans, and Presby
terians, was built in the above-named year.
The Methodist body erected a church in Upper Northfield,
which was opened for service, Sunday, June 12th, 1881.
A mill for sawing lumber and staves, and threshing grain,
built by Mr. Casper Feener in 1882, has been of much service
to the surrounding country.
Maitland is an agricultural district on the railway line
between Bridgewater and Block-house. Good farms and com
fortable dwellings furnish evidence of a thrifty people.
Riversdale.
This settlement is about ten miles from Bridgewater, on the
line of the Nova Scotia Central Railway, between Northfield

154 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
and New Germany, and near to Wentzel's Lake. It is an
advancing agricultural district, through which flows the La
Have River. The original settlers were Daniel Mossman,
Jacob Mossman, Edward- Knock, William Knock, and John
Eisenhauer, who came thither from Kingsburg about fifty
years ago.
The large quantity of cultivated intervale and the beautiful
elm trees which are about Riversdale, the character of the soil
and the comparatively small amount of stone, cause it to
resemble what one sees in the rich valleys of the western
counties. A Presbyterian church and manse were erected about 1880,
during the pastorate of Rev. Thos. H. Murray, who resided
there from that year until 1883. He was followed in 1884 by
Rev. Henry Crawford, who remained about four years, and
was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. Stephen G. Lawson.
New Cornwall.
This is a large and improving settlement, between Block
house and New Germany.
About ninety years ago a settlement was made at the head
of little Mush-a-mush Lake. Andrew Rafuse, Michael Brum,
and Thomas C. Hallamore, were the first settlers. John and
Nicholas Spidle moved in from North- West about 1821.
The late Lewis Langille, Esq., who moved to New Cornwall
in 1838, wrote that when the settlement was first commenced
New Cornwall was a wilderness and but little known, except
by the Indians as a hunting-ground. Moose, caribou, bears,
and other fur-bearing animals abounded. There was no road
within four or five miles of where these people moved, and
they were obliged to haul their oak staves and other produce
across the lake in boats, and then on sleds through the woods
to the nearest road, to get them to market.
Mr. Langille "moved into the woods below little Mush-a-
mush Lake, about two and a half miles nearer town than the
first settlers. It was then almost all wilderness. Salmon and
alewives were very plentiful in the lake and the surrounding

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 155
lakes and rivers." He used to catch " from fifty to seventy
salmon in one season, and the people could catch as many ale-
wives as they wished."
, When Mr. Paulus Langille, father of Lewis and Gideon
Langille, moved, in 1841, from Covey's Island, the scene of the
Payzant massacre, to New Cornwall, gaspereaux were so plenti
ful that " the river was alive with them." Salmon were also
abundant. These fisheries have been destroyed for twenty
years. A few small trout and some eels are left. Farming
and lumbering are the chief pursuits of the inhabitants.
The first Baptist church was erected in 1849, up to which
time the members of the denomination had been connected
with the North- West or old Lunenburg Baptist Church.
A union church for Church of England, Presbyterians, and
Lutherans, was raised in 1861, and opened for divine worship
in 1863.
A second Baptist church, erected in 1879, was used for some
time in an unfinished state, and dedicated in August, 1889.
Miss Louisa Zwicker, daughter of Mr. James Zwicker, ob
tained in 1889 a prize of " Macaulay's History of England," in
five volumes, from the proprietors of the Montreal Witness, for
an original story relating to the early settlement of New
Cornwall.

CHAPTEE XIII.
New Germany — First Settlers — Churches — Clergymen and others who
have resided there — Manufactories.
NEW GERMANY is one of the most thriving agricultural
districts in the county. The first settlement was made
to the north of what is now known as Chesley's Corner, by
persons from La Have, principally of German origin, between
eighty and ninety years ago, and is distant eighteen miles from
Bridgewater. John Fiendel built the first log-house. His son
George was the first white child born in New Germany, and is
now eighty-eight years old. One of the earliest settlers was
John Michael Varner (grandfather of Elias and Mathew
Varner), who came from Germany. Other early arrivals were
John Mailman, William Woodworth, and Thomas Penny. The
latter was a very robust man. He carried a bushel and a half
of potatoes on his back from Bridgewater to his new home,
when there was only a pathway chopped out.
The first settler at Chesley's Corner was one Condore, followed
by a German named Gross. About sixty years ago, Messrs.
John Chesley and others moved there from the County of
Annapolis. Nathaniel Morgan built a saw and grist mill at
Morgan's Falls, previous to which the inhabitants had to carry
grain on their backs to Kaulbach's mill, more than twenty
miles, and bring back flour. John Chesley afterwards built a
mill on the site of the one now owned by his grandson, John
Chesley. Men and boys used to come to it, carrying grain on
their backs long distances. Five sons of an Ohio settler were
often sent by him so laden. He apportioned each boy's load to
his age and strength. They were short, stout and strong.
Nathaniel Morgan, above named, was fond of visiting places
away from home. He was travelling towards Liverpool, and

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 157
it is supposed he became bewildered and lost his way in a
storm. His dead body was found by Mr. Avard Wile, not far
from where Aaron Hebb now lives. His son Edward was a
Justice of the Peace and merchant in New Germany.
Nelson Chesley, Esq., son of John, first above named, lived in
New Germany for over sixty years. He was a County Magis
trate and postmaster for a long time, and died, much respected
by all who knew him, April 3rd, 1894, in his eighty-eighth year.
What is now known as the back settlement of New Gerrnany,
distant about eighteen miles from Mahone Bay, was commenced
by Messrs. Simpson, Ramey, Hawksworth, and others, about
seventy years ago. Farming and lumbering are the principal
occupations of the people. Those who took possession of the
forest were men well fitted to convert the ground it covered into-
the fertile fields which now gToet the traveller's eye, and to
substitute for the temporary habitations at first erected, those
substantial dwellings which give evidence of their owner's
comfort and independence.
Among the early settlers was Richard Trethewey, who was
bom in Cornwall, England, February 2nd, 1799, and died in New
Germany, December 24th, 1875. His wife Catharine was also
bom in Cornwall, March 2Sth, 1796, and died in New Germany,
June 6th, 1893. She told the writer how bitterly she cried
when she looked on the widespreading forest and thought of
all she had left behind. Foster Settlement.
In April, 1848, David Kaulbach, now living at East Bridge-
water, and his brother Edward went to what is the Foster
Settlement, about ten miles from Chesley's Corner. Ezekiel
Foster and family were 'living in a small log-house, the only
building there. His brother Henry lived temporarily some
distance away, in a house built by Nelson Chesley, near Whet
stone Lake. These Fosters were the first settlers. When the
Kaulbachs went in there was no road — only a narrow path.
Bams had not been built, and the grain was stacked until it
could be threshed.

158 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Foster Settlement is now one of the most improved agricul
tural districts in the county. The soil is good and many of the
farms are first-class, while the dwellings and outbuildings show
how well the farmers have succeeded. The farms of the
Fosters, Wentzels, Fronks, and others are highly cultivated
and yield good returns. One cannot drive through the settle
ment without being struck with its fine appearance and the
wonderful advance which has been made since the brothers
Foster first went there.
Church of England.
The first service at New Germany was held by Rev. J. G.
Cochran, in 1828 or '29, in the barn of Mr. John Fiendel. On
his visits in those early days he sometimes slept on a moose-
skin placed on the floor. He frequently officiated in Mr. Wood-
worth's kitchen, with light from a candle and a fire. The first
building for divine worship was erected in 1844, part of the
lumber for which was taken from Bridgewater. It was conse
crated by Bishop Inglis, and called the " Church of St. John in
the Wilderness." This name is in the front of the Prayer-Book
used at the desk, and is in Mr. Cochran's writing.
A rectory, commenced in 1892, has been built on a site gener
ously given by Mr. Paulus Varner, near Varner's Bridge, and com
manding a beautiful view of lake and river. It was occupied
first by Rev. E. D. P. Parry, until he left in April, 1895, on a
visit to his old home in Wales.
The resident clergymen have been : Revs. Philip Brown,
T. R. Gwillym, Parry, and the present incumbent, Samuel J.
Andrews, a native of Newfoundland, who came to New
Germany in June, 1895. Baptist.
The Church was organized April 14th, 1842, with twelve
members, and a church erected in the same year, in the time of
Rev. Thomas De Long. The present church was built in 1860.
The congregation have enjoyed the labors of earnest and zealous

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 159
pastors — Revs. Nathaniel Viditoe, Thomas De Long, W. H.
Caldwell, Robert Morton, Bennet Taylor, W. E. Hall, M. W.
Brown, W. P. Anderson and G. P. Raymond, B.A. Messrs.
Enoch Sweet, Bigelow, W. H. Newcombe, and L. M. Weeks,
licentiates, also labored here.
The Baptists of New Germany held their Jubilee, September
21st, 1892. There was an immense assemblage of people, and
pastors from other places were also present. Beautiful wreaths
and bouquets, and appropriate scriptural and jubilee mottoes
adorned the church, and the " Jubilee Bell " summoned all to
worship. In order to purchase this bell the infant class of the
New Germany Sabbath School gave $17.17, which they earned
by raising vegetables and poultry, and by trading in general
merchandise. From statistics submitted, it was shown that in 1812, the
Lunenburg Baptist Church was organized at the North- West,
and that this, and the Chester Church, are to be regarded
as the parents of all the other Baptist churches in the
county, viz.: New Ross Church, organized 1831 ; Chelsea
Church, organized 1835 (reorganized 1853); Bridgewater
Church, organized 1837 (reorganized 1848) ; New Germany
Church, organized 1842 ; -Tancook Church, organized 1855 ;
Day Spring Church (La Have), organized 1853 ; New Cornwall
Church, organized 1856 ; Pleasantville Church, organized 1876,
and Lunenburg Town Church, organized 1885. It was further
shown that the Baptists, who started in this county in 1811,
with one church with a membership of only thirty-two,
numbered ten churches with a total membership of 1,600 and
upwards, while the Census Report of 1891 gave a Baptist
population of 5,584.
Among those present was " Mrs. John Mader, sen., widely
known as ' Grandma Mader.' She was baptized sixty-seven
years ago at North- West, and is now (date of the meeting)
ninety years old, and in possession of all her faculties, walks a
mile to Conference Meeting at New Canada once a month, and
has rarely missed one of these meetings in sixty-seven years."
Greetings were received from Rev. Robert Morton, a former

160 history of the county of LUNENBURG.
pastor, confined to his house by sickness for the last twenty-
three years. He sent verses, some of which were as follows:
" Just fifty years ago
This Church was organized.
None then could see nor know
What now is realized ;
'Twas then a dimly shining star,
Lo ! now, its radiance streams afar !
" Those noble pioneers
From us are passed away,
But one alone remains
To greet us here to-day ;
And soon he too with joy will rise
To join the saints in Paradise.
' ' O Lord, accept the praise
Which now we ofier Thee ;
O be with us to-day,
Let us Thy glory see ;
That we may all, with sweet accord,
Adore our Gracious Sovereign Lord.
" This is our jubilee.
And so we raise our voice
In songs of praise to Thee,
And in Thy name rejoice ;
But when in heaven Thy face we see,
'We'll sing a sweeter jubilee."
The following are part of lines by Mr. Whitman Morton the
first Baptist settler in New Germany, and read at the jubilee
services : " In the history of Germany
Some fifty years ago,
A little band joined heart and hand.
To frame a church below.
" They met in private dwelling-house,
And there with prayer and soAg
The little Church was organized
By Elder T. De Long.

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 161
" Though fifty years have come and gone
And many heads laid low.
The little band is stronger now
Than fifty years ago.
" May Heaven's blessing on it rest.
Though many go and come ;
And may the band be stronger still
In fifty years to come."
Rev. William H. Caldwell was the first person to be buried
in the new cemetery, beside the church which he had so recently
framed with his own hands, and in which he had just commenced
to preach the Word of Life.
Rev. William E. Hall was the first Baptist minister ordained
in New Germany. Methodist.
The church was built in 1850. The resident clergymen have
been : Revs. S. B. Martin, John Johnson, Benjamin Johnson,
B. Needham, Caleb Parker, James Scott, Arthur Hockin, John
Gee, James Sharp, John W. Howie, J. R. Downing, W. H.
Edyvean, Joseph A. Hemeon, and J. R. Downing.
The clergyman stationed at New Germany has under his
charge the churches at Northfield and New Canada.
There are some very remarkable rock formations in the
vicinity of New Germany.
West Cliff is about six miles from Varner's Bridge, and is
well worth a visit. Immense masses of granite of great height
and extent form the cliff.
The writer visited it with Elias Varner and others, in an ox-
team. A man walked ahead to find the best way, and the oxen
followed, bending down and passing over the young trees.
Many obstructions were met, and the place was arrived at with
difficulty; but the sight was reward sufficient. Qreat blocks of
stone had been detached from the main body and removed quite
a distance, suggesting that mighty forces had been some day
there at work. One piece was found to be over 18 feet
long, 12 feet 4 inches wide, and 16 inches thick. It had
11

162 history of the county op lunenburg.
a perfectly flat surface, and one of the men remarked, "You
could not plane it better." Another large block had two
of the sides faced. Near the cliff was a smooth carpet of the
most beautiful moss. Two red pines, about twenty-five feet
high, were growing on the top of the granite, where there did
not seem to be any soil. Some of the disjointed masses had
so fallen as to form a large and very deep well-shaped cavity.
On one side of it was a ledge or shelf, and on this stood a
large circular mass of earth, as if some hand had placed it there.
From it were growing very handsome ferns. A most enjoyable
hour or two was spent in rambling about the locality. There
is now a shorter and better way to the cliff from the railway
track, near the property of Jacob Meisiner.
Little Bluff is about a mile south-west- of West Cliff, and five
miles from Varner's Bridge. It is only visible when close to it,
as the approach for the last half-mile is by a gradual ascent,
which brings the visitor nearly to the top. Passing to the
valley below, the front of the bluff is in full view. It is about
seventy feet high. There is a projection of the rock upwards,
forming a complete roof over a space of about 60 x 20
feet, where the shade is most enjoyable. Close by the rock
was found a pool of the purest water, refreshingly cool after a
warm tramp through the woods. In the winter, icicles ten feet
or more in length, and of immense thickness, hang from the
projection, presenting a magnificent appearance.
About half-way to the top is a cavity, twenty feet or more
in width at the front, and gradually narrowing for about six
teen feet inwards, while on the top, and nearly covering it, is a
thick, flat stone. One part of the bluff is peak-shaped, and
much higher than the rest. In one place there are layers of
rounded rock. Two of these are like the trunks of trees, of
great length and thickness. The crevices between many of the
layers are fringed with delicate ferns. The summit of the mass is
higher than the tops of the forest trees, and is not very difficult
of access. Here is a very fine and extensive view. West Lake
in the distance, and, away beyond, the district of Pleasant
River, farm-houses on the hills fifteen miles off, the hilltops

history of the county op LUNENBURG. 163
at Springfield, and the New Germany railway station, with
adjacent buildings, are all in sight. A thrifty white pine is
growing on the top, where no soil is to be seen, and at the foot,
on a fiat, moss-covered rock, are three healthy spruce trees.
There is so much massiveness and grandeur about the whole
bluff as to lead the beholder to use the words of the Psalmist, " O
Lord, how great are thy works." One of the party, who had
been there several times, said that when under this projection
he always thought of the passage in the Revelations, " And said
to the mountains and rocks. Fall on us, and hide us from the
face of Him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the
Lamb." A boulder about twenty feet from the bluff was found, by a
measuring tape, to be ninety -one and a half feet round. Out of
one part of it, which has a fiat surface, blocks twenty -seven
feet in length could be taken. It is about twenty-two feet
high. Ten feet from it are two others, not quite so large, and
about two feet apart.
If a good road were made to the bluff, it would become a
place of resort, as none privileged to see it could ever fail to
recommend others to visit a spot so full of interest.
Mount Varner is another elevated and extensive mass of rock
on the property of the late Mr. Elias Vamer, and situated two
miles and a half north-east of West Cliff, in what is known as
the Robar Settlement, and adjoining land called " The Jessen
Grant^^ Besides Morgan Falls, which are referred to in the descrip
tion of the La Have River, there are others on Solomon's Brook,
in the back settlement, which are, when there is a good supply
of water, about twenty -five feet perpendicular, and well worth a
visit. H. S. Poole, Esq., visited New Germany in 1861, and wrote
that he " found quartz at Indian Brook, some being very promis
ing, but no gold was visible."
A pulp mill was erected in New Germany in June, 1893, by
the Morgan Falls Pulp Company, composed of Hon, A. G. Jones
and sons, and Joseph S. Hughes, Esq., the latter gentleman

164 history of the county op LUNENBURG.
being manager at the works, which are near the falls above
named. During the first week in May, 1895, 1,206 bales of pulp, of
200 pounds each — a little more than twenty tons a day — were
manufactured. Fourteen cords of wood are required for each
day's run. Spruce is the material chiefly in demand, the
obtaining of which gives employpient to many persons.
Mr. Edward Zwicker, of Upper Cornwall, has built a large
stave and shingle mill below Varner's Bridge. The work is
chiefly done by him and his five sons. No intoxicating liquor
or tobacco is used by any of them, and they set a good example
of industry and close attention to business, which is widespread
ing and profitable.
Whetstones (scythe and other stones) of a superior kind are
manufactured at Whetstone Lake by Mr. George McFadden, of
Bridgewater. They have been introduced into Scotland, and
the United States, and are considered a good article.
Mr. Otto Wile, of Bridgewater, opened a factory at New
Germany, July Sth, 1896, and cheese of excellent quality is
being there manufactured. This is the commencement of a
business which Mr. Wile intends to enlarge, as opportunity
offers in New Germany, and elsewhere in the county.
A large number of straw hats have been manufactured for
many years, and met with ready sale. Those made of the
best material display very neat handiwork.
New Germany is the birth-place of Rev. J. Hibbert Langille,
M.A., of Buffalo, N.Y., son of the late Caleb Langille, Esq., and
brother of Mr. Nathaniel Langille, carriage builder, Mahone
Bay. He is the author of an illustrated work, entitled " Our
Birds in Their Haunts : a popular Treatise on the Birds of
Eastern North America," 624 pages, published in Boston, 1 884,
and dedicated to Dr. Elliott Coues, an eminent authority on the
subject of which it treats. It is written in a very interesting
and elevated style.
" William Sumner Robertson, whose death occurred at his
residence in New Germany, on the morning of June 12th, 1888,
was born at St. John, New Brunswick, and at the time of his

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 165
decease was in his fifty-second year. He was for some years
a student at Sackville, N.B., and afterwards entered the College
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, where, in due course,
he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. One of his
lecturers was the late celebrated John William Draper — a man
of world-wide reputation on account of his scientific researches
and philosophical writings. Through the influence of Thad-
deus Sumner, a connection of his through his mother, the
Doctor obtained a position in the Federal Army, as assistant
surgeon, and was attached to the Sth corps under General
Warren. The Civil W^ar was then in full progress, and the
Doctor was in five engagements before Petersburg and at the
Crater — which latter action was called 'The Tragedy of the
Crater.' He remained in active service for two years, and was
twice wounded. After the close of the war he returned home,
and fourteen years ago settled in New Germany, where he
practised his profession and devoted his leisure time to farming
and mechanical inventions, for which latter he had a great
fondness. As a man he was genial and warm-hearted, and at
the beck and call of all who needed his services. He had a
fund of varied knowledge, and was a pleasing conversationalist
and forcible debater. Dr. Robertson left a widow and a large
family of children."

CHAPTEE XIV.
Arrival of I'Escarbot, French Lawyer and Poet, at La Hfeve, in 1607 —
Subsequent Settlement of French near Getson's Cove, with account
of Fort, Garrison, and Chapel.
THE Micmac Indians were the only inhabitants of this
county, so far as records or traditions show, until the
arrival from France of M. De Monts and M. De Champlain.
De Monts and his associates having been granted the exclusive
trade in fUrs and other merchandise in territory which included
all the coasts of Acadie, he and Champlain sailed from Havre de
Grace, France, in March, 1604. They called the first land reached
by them " Cape de la Heve." The lighthouses which show to the
mariner the position of Havre, the great seaport of westernFrance,
are on the " Cape de la Hfeve," in the suburb of Sainte Adresse.
We may see in the similarity of its position, the probable reason
for the name they gave to our own cape, which has been
shortened to Cape La Have. The arrival above referred to
was about three years in advance of the first permanent English
settlement in America, made at Jamestown, Virginia, Maj- 13th,
1607, and is mentioned in the " Encyclopedia Britannica," Vol.
XVII., p. 603 ; " Nova Scotia was first visited by the Cabots
in 1497, but it was 1604 before any attempt at colonization by
Europeans was made. This was the expedition headed by
De Monts, a Frenchman, which tried to form settlements at
Port Royal, St. Croix, and elsewhere."
The cape, which is part of La Have Island, rises in the form
of a cliff or bluff 107 feet above the sea. It has been supposed,
from old clearings, that part of the island had been at an early
period settled by the French. Champlain described Cape de la
H^ve as " a place where there is a bay, where are several islands
covered with fir-trees, and the mainland with oaks, elms and

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 167
birches." " It is on the shore of Acadie, in 44° 5' latitude (N.),
and 16° 5' declination of the magnet, distant 18 leagues from the
entrance to Halifax, and from Cape Breton (N.E.), 65 leagues."
De Laet, in 1633, describing " Cadia," says : " Near Cape de
la Hfeve lies the port of the same name, 44° 5' north latitude,
with safe anchorage. A small island is near, long but narrow,
clothed with trees, to the east of which the bay runs into the
continent, embracing some smaller woody islands in its bosom."
La Have Island was granted by His late Majesty King George
III., A.D. 1785, to Joseph Pernette, Henry Vogler, Mathew
Park, Joseph Whitford (named in the grant of the township of
Liverpool), George Grieser, and John Baker, or the survivor or
survivors of them, and their several and respective heirs, " in
trust for the use and benefit of the inhabitants of the township
of New Dublin, and of all those persons who were then settled
on the eastern side of the River of La Have, extending from
Parks' farm, so called, up to the falls of the said river, and
their several and respective heirs and assigns, for a common for
feeding and depasturing their cattle, and for no other use or
purpose whatever."
The first man to live on the cape is said to have been one
Porter, at Seal Cove. Thomas Crooks settled at Halibut Head.
Many years ago it was deemed advisable to remove from
Cape La Have a number of persons who had settled there.
They included one Porter, from the United States, Thomas
Crooks, Joseph Moser, James Johnston, Edward Fanning, Frank
(a colored man), and others. These men had built houses,
cleared land and fenced in hay lots, and claimed the right to
sell sea manure from the beaches. Two of them kept ten head
of cattle for several years. Measures were taken for their
removal by authority. The trustees, with Sheriff" Kaulbach,
and Hon. John Creighton, went out and warned them to leave
in three or four months. When this time had expired, no
attention having been paid to the warning given, Alexander
Bell, Nicholas Wolf, Joshua Wolf, Garrett Romkey, and others
were sent to eject them. Crooks had so placed guns in his
house that when the door was broken the contents might be

168 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
discharged, but no serious results ensued. All the articles in
the houses were taken out and piled up carefully, and the
buildings were torn down, after which the trespassers departed.
They had set the law at defiance, and seriously interfered with
the rights of the whole people of the township. The latter paid
the expenses of the removal.
Cape La Have is a most interesting place for a visit in the
summer season.
McLeod's harbor, a rendezvous for fishermen, is a beautiful
canal-shaped inlet, extending to a beach which separates it
from the waters of the bay, and is a most romantic spot. The
fishermen have small huts as temporary places of abode. A
picnic party, of which the writer was one, were here regaled
with freshest herring and new potatoes, finely cooked and
served by Reuben Bushen. There are very pretty beaches
from this harbor to Seal Cove — about two miles. The highest
part of the beaches is formed of the finest paving and other
stones, of varying shapes and sizes, many perfectly round ;
while the lower part is, in many places, composed of pebbles of
every form and size, and of different colors. They are tossed
about in thousands by breakers on the shore — the waves,
advancing and receding, making a loud rattling noise. In
other places the lower part of the beach is formed of the
whitest sand. At Seal Cove a good view is had of the actual
headland, or Cape La Have. Large quantities of marsh grass
are mowed on the island annually, in the month of September.
A signal is given by one of the trustees, and the assembled
mowers, sometimes numbering over two hundred, begin their
work ; each man, with a few sweeps of his scythe, first mark
ing out grass which he intends to cut for himself. The mowing
is generally finished in a few hours, and the hay is removed on
the same day. Women and children accompany the party, and
spend part of the time in picking cranberries, which grow in
abundance. There is another privilege, that of cutting fire
wood, for which a small sum yearly is paid. Huts, for use
during the fishing season, are built at several localities on the
island. Mosquitoes are very numerous, and often force the
people out of the tents erected for shelter.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 169
Near McLeod's harbor, and just above the beach, is the lone
grave of a man who was some years ago drowned at Liverpool,
in attempting to get from a tug boat into a skiff. The body
drifted to the cape, and was found there three weeks after the
sad occurrence. An inquest was held, and the remains interred
near where they were found. Two brothers of the deceased
enclosed the grave and set up a stone slab, inscribed " W. P.
Dolan, drowned 1856, August 11th." The grave is inside of a
bank of sand, surmounted by tall grass. There, though lonely
be the place of- his interment, " after life's fitful fever he sleeps
well " — as well as those who are laid to rest in the best kept
cemetery. A kind-hearted fisherman, who pointed out the
place, said he would return and nail up boards that had fallen
down. Indian Island lies about a mile south-west by south from
Seal Point, Cape La Have. It is about half a mile long. The
brigantine Diadem (Sponagle), from Boston for Lunenburg,
struck on this island, at midnight, June 18th, 1894, in thick
fog. The next day " the vessel was found bottomless, and the
cargo beyond saving."
Black Rock is six feet above high-water mark, and about
one hundred feet long, and lies one mile south-east of Green
Head — the actual cape. The schooner Rose Standish (Crowell,
Master), of and for Barrington, with 450 quintals of fish, struck
on this rock in August, 1880, and went to pieces. The crew
were saved. The First Landing.
The first actual landing in what is now the County of
Lunenburg, of which any account is given, was that of Marc
I'Escarbot, a French lawyer and poet, and advocate of the
Parliament of Paris, who called at La H^ve in July, 1607, on
his way from Port Royal (now Annapolis) to Canseau, and who,
it is said, found there " a mine of marcasite of copper."
In 1613, a French lady, Madame la Marquise de Guercheville,
wife of the Sieur de Liencourt, first esquire of the King, and Gov
ernor of Paris, fitted out an expedition, the command of which she
gave to M. de Saussaye. The captain of the vessel, which was

170 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
100 tons burthen, was Charles Flory de Hable ville. The queen
supplied four tents and some ammunition. One year's allow
ance was given for the settlers, and horses and goats were also
sent. The whole party, crew and passengers, numbered
forty-eight, among whom were two priests, Gilbert du Thet,
and Pere Quantin or Quentin. The former was afterwards
killed on board a French vessel attacked by Captain Argal, of
Virginia. They sailed from Honfleur, March 12th, and made
land at Cape La H6ve, on the 16th of May. Arrived at the
harbor and river La Hfeve, they planted a cross with the
armorial bearings of their patroness affixed, and mass was said.
This was probably the first Christian service held in the county.
They went on to Port Royal.
Isaac de Razilly, Knight Commander of St. John of Jeru
salem, and Commander-in-Chief as lieutenant-general for the
king (belonging to a family allied to that of Richelieu), a
captain in the navy, who had distinguished himself under
Admiral de St. Luc in 1621, and was ^lade chef d'Escadre in
Br^tagne in 1629, and selected to take possession of Acadie
from the English, was so charmed with La Hfeve that, by an
arrangement with La Tour, he obtained possession of it, fortified
it, and fixed his residence there in 1632.
In the same year, he sent a French man-of-war to Pemaquis,
and took the trading-house and goods at the post established
by the Plymouth colonists for commerce with the Indians. He
commenced preparations for carrying on the fis(lieries, brought
settlers from France, to whom he gave lands, and at his decease,
supposed to have been in 1636, had established there forty
families of agriculturists. In 1634, he " built a fort on a
hillock of land of three or four acres." This was doubtless the
defence of which the ruins are now seen at Fort Point. A
large chapel was also built. " He treated with great kindness,
while resident at La Heve, a crew of Connecticut seamen who
were wrecked on the Isle of Sable in 1635," and sent them to
their homes. After his death, his property went to his brother
Claude, by whom it was transferred to Charles de Menon, Sieur
d'Aulnay Charnise, who was Isaac's successor in the Government
of western Acadia, while La Tour still governed the eastern

o ?idO

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 171
part. La Hfeve was under the Government of La Tour, though
occupied by Charnise, who received instructions from his King,
February 10th, 1638, not to change anything in the settlement
of La Hfeve, or the ports thereto belonging. The document was
signed " Louis," and below was the signature of "Bouthillier,"
Secretary of State. It was addressed to " Monsieur d'Aulnay
Charnisay, commandant of the forts of La Hfeve, Port Royal,
Pentagoet, and the coasts of the Etchemins, in New France."
D'Aulnay Charnise, in 1643, went to war with La Tour, by
whom he was conquered. This caused him to. fiee to Port
Royal, whither he had already removed the thirty or forty
families from La Hfeve. Ferland says : " They were the begin
ning of the French Acadian race." Charnise was drowned in
the river at Port Royal. In 1651, La Tour received a new
commission as Governor and Lieutenant-General of Acadie, and
La Heve was again settled.
Emmanuel Le Borgne, a creditor of Charnise, who died in
1650, obtained in 1654 an order from France to take the lands
of the deceased, and a party of his men, in passing by La Hfeve
on their way from Cape Breton to Port Royal, by his direction
set fire to all the buildings, including the chapel. The property
then destroyed was valued at one hundred thousand francs.
"After the surrender of Port Royal to the forces of Cromwell
under Sedge wick, which caused La Hfeve among other places to
revert to the English, a son of Le Borgne returned to Acadia
with a Rochelle merchant named Guilbaut, and erected at La
» Hfeve a wooden fort for its defence."
" The English, on receiving notice of Le Borgne's movements,
went to dislodge him. The latter fied to the woods, while
Guilbaut remained at his post, and so well defended his position
that many of the English, including the commanding officer,
were slain. Guilbaut having been warned of a second intended
attack, and having no special interest at La Hfeve beyond the
preservation of the property brought from France, surrendered,
he and his men being allowed to retain that property."
In 1657, Le Borgne was appointed Governor of Acadie by
the King of France, and in 1658 he was made prisoner at La
Heve by the English, and sent with other prisoners to London.

172 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.,
La Heve seems to have been esteemed in those early days a
place of much importance, judging from the frequent mention
made of it in negotiations for possession of lands in Acadie.
In 1667, the whole country was ceded to France by the treaty
¦of Breda, between Charles II. of England and Louis XIV. of
France. The tenth article required restoring and giving up of
Acadie, in North America.
The following condensed items are of historical interest, as
connected with La Hfeve, and show what a lack there was in
early days of clearly understood territorial boundaries :
1667. December 31st. — Sir Thomas Temple ordered by
King Charles II. to surrender Acadie. Temple objected ; said
some places in the order were in Nova Scotia and not in Acadie.
Nova Scotia not named in Treaty of Cession. La Hfeve and
Cape Sable the only places of all named that belonged to Acadie.
1668. August. — Temple ordered by King not to deliver up
¦country till his further pleasure was known.
November. — Temple wrote Lords of Council that Acadie was
but a small part of Nova Scotia.
Morillon du Bourg wrote about this time from Boston, that
Temple made a great dift"erence between Acadie and Nova
Scotia, which he claimed as his own property, extending from
Mirliguesche (now Lunenburg) as far as Pentagoet, and stretch
ing from the coast of Cape Breton as far as the River of Quebec.
" Thus, gentlemen," wrote Du Bourg, " one is misunderstood,
and you see thereby that Pentagoet, St. John, Port Royal, and
La Hfeve, specified in the orders, are not in Acadie, but in Nova
Scotia." 1669. March. — King Charles referred to his letters of
December, 1667, and August, 1668, and ordered Temple to
•obey first letter and give up possession. Acadie named in this
order. August. — The King referred to Temple's scruples and ordered
unconditional delivery of forts named, of which La Hfeve was
one. 1670. July 6th. — Herbert d'Andigny, Chevalier de Grand-
fontaine, gave the order to Temple at Boston, and showed him
commission from French king to receive possession of Acadie.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 17S
July 7th. — Temple, who, it is said, was sick, gave written
order to Captain Richard Walker to deliver Acadie to M.
Grandfontaine, naming the forts, and among them La Hfeve.
1680. February. — The French king granted to the Sieur
Borgier, of Rochelle, and others, lands which they should find
suitable along the coast of Acadie, to establish there a shore
fishery and all other trade.
16H4. April 14th. — Borgier commissioned as Lieutenant du
Roi, in Acadie, under Sieur Perrot, the Governor.
July 15th. — Borgier wrote an order from La Hfeve to Michael
Boudrot (Judge) and Mius Sieur d'Entreinont (Attorney-Gen
eral), at Port Royal (Annapolis), to register there a royal order-
of April 10th, forbidding La Valliere to act as commandant in
Acadie or to grant fishing licenses to foreigners.
July 20th. — Order certified by Claude Petipas, Secretary.
M. Perrot, who had been Governor at Montreal since 1670,
was transferred as Governor to Acadie iu 1684, and the next
year he asked the French minister to grant him La Hfeve " as
a seigneurio, with a frontage of twelve leagues on the sea-coast,
beginning at Port Rosignol (now Liverpool) on the west, and
ten leagues in depth inland, with ' high, middle and low
justice,' and all rights of fishing, trading and hunting, under
the quit rent of a gold croAvn on each change of property."
He asked for " fifty soldiers (including fifteen seamen), with
the thirty then in garrison, to bo maintained at the king's
expense; a corvette of ten guns (8- and 12-pounders), a
coast pilot, and a missionary, to be likewise supported..
Cannon wore to be furnished for the fort, with the requisite
ammunition and utensils of war ; also tools to rebuild the fort,
with twelve barrels of tai\ and three hundred blocks or pulleys
t)f all sizes." Perrott further requested permission to " collect
vagrants and compel them to settle in the country, and stipu
lated that the soldiers should be allowed to marry, giving them,
as in Canada, fifty li\'res or an equivalent." On these conditions
" he offered to put the fort of La Have in a state of defence; to
build there a! dwelling-house, storehouses, cazernes, and a guard
house; to erect a mill, settle a village, and collect inhabitants-

174 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
for the shore fisheries by the advances he would make thom ;
and further agreed to build a church." He described the place
as " most convenient for his purpose, and within three days'
journey of Port Royal and Minas, the most populous places in
Acadie. In order to incite the people to the culture of the
land he promised to buy their corn, and assured them of the
profit to result from the fisheries." It is not recorded that any
reply was made to this request. More, in his " History of
Queen's County," writes : " On the western side of Beaver Brook
I discovered part of the old Acadian road, which formerly led
from Annapolis Royal to La Have."
In 1690, David Basset, who was called " a dangerous man,"
and who had been guilty of bad conduct at Port Royal, came to
La Heve, where he robbed and cruelly treated a resident family.
He was sent by Villebon to France.
M. de Brouillan, Governor of Placentia, was appointed
Governor of Acadia, on the death of M. de Villebon. He
visited La Hfeve in 1701; recommended building a fort there;
said it was "already fortified by its happy situation;" and
ought to be "immediately occupied, and become the principal
place in the Province." He also planned to have a road made
to La Heve from Minas.
At a later date he again urged on his Government "the build
ing of i^ fort at La Heve, for which he was very anxious, as the
pirates were ruining the people on the coast. He also planned
the establishment of a look-out party, to speak men-of-war in
the spring, and give him news from La Belle, France."
Brownell, in his work, "The English in America," and refer
ring to 1701, writes: . . " Extended schemes for emigra
tion and fortification- were projected, but wore soon laid
aside. Orders were, however, sent to the Governor, Brouillard
(Brouillan), to do all in his power to enlarge the trade of La
Heve, to strengthen its fortifications, and to keep the New
Englanders out of the fishery. Brouillard receiving no forces
to execute these orders, either from France or Canada, had
recourse to the pirates, who were then quite numerous all along
the Atlantic coast of America, and succeeded in inciting them

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 175
to depredate upon the New England trading vessels. They
made La Hfeve their depot, and the money and merchandise .
they brought in enabled Brouillard to pay the Indians whom
ho set on to attack the English by land, so that he managed to
make his two branches of warfare self-supporting. To avenge
these hostile acts. Colonel Church was again sent to invade
Nova Scotia, in 1704, with a fleet and five hundred and fifty
men." In 1702, a store-ship was taken at La Heve. M. Bonaventure
wrote to the Minister, in 1704, that Brouillan had granted him
a piece of land near La Heve, and he wished to havo it con
firmed to him. In 1706, he asked for leave to reside at La
Heve, if it should be again fortified, so as to be close to his
property. In 1705, a small privateer from Boston, " burned the dwell
ings, and almost the inhabitants, who had then begun to settle
at La Have."
The late P. S. Hamilton, in "Old New World Stories,"
referring to the attack on Port Royal by New Englanders,
under Major Wainwright, August 20th, 1707, Subercase in com
mand there, states that there was also a body of Micmacs from
Chebucto, and Metis from La Have, under one Le Jeune dit
Briar, courier du bois." A. Martin le Jeune lived at La Heve
in 1686.
Subercase, who was Governor of Acadia, proposed La Have,
in 1708, as a chief port and place for building vessels; and said
the people were " excellent workmen with axe and adze, and
only wanted a few master shipwrights and caulkers " to super
intend them. " He urged on the Government, as Brouillan had
done, the erection of a fort : requested that a swift sailing man-
of-war, of fifty-six guns, should be sent out to. cruise on the
coast. She would make a million yearly in prizes, and would
probably capture the Boston frigate. It was believed that if
La Heve was properly fortified, and settlers came there in con
sequence, Rhode Island could, with such helps, be captured, and
the fact was mentioned that it was inhabited by rich Quakers.
He added that the Bostonians had a project to seize La Hfeve

176 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
and make a station there, and but for the high price of pro
visions, he thought they would have done so.
" The English again obtained Acadia in 1710, and Ponchar-
train, in a letter to the Intendant of Rochelle and Rochfort,
pointed out tho necessity of expelling them and forming exten
sive depots at La Heve and Chedabucto, and corresponded for
that object among others with the most opulent traders of St.
Malo, Nantes, and Bayonne."
In early days La Havo made its influence felt at headquarters,
as may be judged from the following report of a council held at
the Lieut.-Governor's house, Annapolis Royal, May 11th, 1720:
"The, Council considered certain objections of the French
inhabitants of Annapolis River, to send two delegates in place
of two previously sent but not qualified." It was advised and
agreed " that it is for His Majesty's service that means be
found out to send to La Have for Monsieur Petipau with all
expedition, who it is thought may be of great use and service to
this Government in the present circumstances of affairs, and
that Mr. John Broadstreot, a volunteer in this garrison, is
thought the most proper person to send on that expedition."
Paul Mascarene, in his description of Nova Scotia, 1720,
named La Have and Marligash as conveniently situated for the
chief seat of Government.
La Have and Canseau were represented, says Haliburton, as
" suitable places for the main military position."
Governor Philipps wrote in 1720 : " My voyage from Boston
hither (Annapolis) has fully confirmed me that this country
will never be of any consequence in trade until the seat of
Government be removed to the eastern coast, either at Port
Rosway (Razoir, now Shelburne) or La Have."
In April, 1753, an Indian named " Claude Gisigash, who
styled himself Governor of La Hfeve, appeared before the Gov
ernor and Council to make peace, and signed a document to-
that effect."
The agricultural capabilities of La Have must havo been
immense, if the following account given by Chaiiebois could be
accepted as truth ;

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 177
" Near the harbor of La Have one single grain of wheat pro
duced 150 ears of corn, each of them so loaded with grain that
they wore forced to enclose all the ears in a ring of iron and
support them by a pole ; and near the same place there was a
field of wheat whore every grain of the seed, even the least, put
forth eight stalks, every one of which had an ear of at least
half a foot long."
Historic records and traces of former occupancy remain to
show that the French were here, and owned and dwelt upon
the coast from Lunenburg to Petite Riviere. Like the British
settlers, by whom they were followed, thoy exiled themselves
from home and friends to spread their nationality over a wider
field. They endured the severance of the same loving ties and
encountered the same difficulties, and as fellow-members of the
one great human family, all that pertains to their history is
replete with interest. At Fort Point, now strewn with ruins,
how many happy hours were passed in days of yore by those
whose bodies mingle with the dust beneath. There the glad
some voices of merry children were heard, and all the endearing
attractions of home were known and felt. The hills and vales
at morn and even echoed the sound of the bugles from the
garrison, and tho solemn music of the chapel bell mingled with
the incessant praise of ocean, and turned heavenwards the
thoughts of those who, in obedience to its summons, " all sounds
of labor silenced," entered to worship " the one living and true
God." The French language was here spoken, and the people wore
the old-time dresses, and retained the habits and customs of
their forefathers. The men plied their avocations, bearing;
" the burden and heat of the day ;" and " matrons and maidens.
in snow-white caps, and in kirtles of scarlet, blue, and green,,
wore the ear-rings brought from France, and spun the golden
flax." There were heard the " fragments of song, and the-
carols of Christmas, such as were sung in Norman orchards
and bright Burgundian vineyards." Evangelines and Gabriels.
sat and whispered together "in the twilight gloom of the
window's embrasure," and exchanged in the dance the " hurried
12

178 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
words of love," and "the sweet good-night on the doorstep."
Beautiful lilies were doubtless then, as now, growing in the
pond, and were often gathered by stalwart youths and maidens
fair. ' ' The tranquil skies of sunny France,
The peasant's harvest song and dance.
The vines around the hillside wreathing,
The soft airs midst their clusters breathing,"
and all else that made the Fatherland so dear, were held in
loving memory.
The French havo gone — we hope to " tho glory of regions
celestial," but Fort Point, on which stands the harbor light
house, and the rivers retaining tho names they gave thom, will
always remind us of our predecessors in possession.
The ruins of the fort and of the chapel are distinctly visible.
The outer bank of the point yet contains a portion of the wall
built up by the French, and judging from what is left, it must
have been a substantial piece of masonry. In the face of this
wall, about ten feet from the top, was a circular aperture,
walled round with stone, which the inhabitants, who saw it
before it had fallen, suppose to have been a drain leading from
the fort. The latter is described as having been about one
hundred feet from high-water mark. A great part of tho bank
has been since washed away, so that the lines of the works
inside cannot now be accurately defined. One who has lived
long in the vicinity says that a slope of land, part of the
point, and on which several hundredweight of hay had been
cut, has disappeared.
It would seem, from the mounds still visible, that the fort
must have been of large size, and that other buildings had
been erected in its immediate neighborhood — perhaps the
residences of the Governor and other officers of State. Inside
the fort wall, on the side nearest the sea, were seen some years
since the walls of the magazine. About ten feet from the
south-west corner of the fort walls is a well, two feet in
diameter, very neatly made, walled with smooth stones, and
evidently a work of groat care. It has been partly filled up.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 179
but can be soon to the depth of several feet. All the work
that has been exposed was of verj' superior qualitj-.
About three hundred j-ards distant from the fort walls, in a
northwardly direction, are the foundation walls of tho chapel,
seventy feet in length and twentj- -three feet in width. There
is a division wall crosswise, thirty feet distant from the western
end, which was probably used to support a chancel arch. The
enclosure nearest the river has been converted into a gravej-ard,
in which repose the mortal remains of James Norris, Patrick
Power, Nicholas Power, Douglas, Hunt, Mr. John Oakley, and
eight children, with their kind-hearted mother, Mar3' Oaklej'',
Avho died May 28th, 1894, aged seventy-eight years.
Trees have, since the chapel was burnt, grown out of the
walls. They were cut down about twenty -five years ago, some
distance above the roots, and their trunks measured from ten
to fifteen inches across. Nine feet from the south wall is
another well, similar to the one near the fort. It was cleaned
out in a search for monej" believed to have been hidden there,
and found to be twenty-one feet in depth. A third we\l has
also been discovered.
The stump of an old tree, called the " French appletree,"
stands a short distance from the chapel wall. It is about two
feet in height, and the same in diameter, and has a large num
ber of shoots almost hiding it from view. Several apple and
willow trees remain. The old French burial-ground is in the
neighborhood of the chapel site, and although many were
interred there, the stones are without inscriptions to show who
lie beneath. Here are the graves of Benjamin Reinhardt, a
former countj^ representative in the House of Assembh', after
wards Collector of Customs at Getson's Cove, who died Sep
tember 27th, 1880, aged sixty-three years ; and his wife, who
died July 11th, 1892, aged sixty-two years. There is an
inscription in memory of their son Alfred, who was lost at
sea, with his entire crew, in the Cashier, August 21st, 1892,
aged thirty-two years.
Maiij' other English-speaking people are here interred, and
among them Henry, son of late John M. Oxner, who died March
27th, 1828.

180 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Nicolas Reinhardt, the great-grandfather of Norman and
Henry N. Reinhardt, Getson's Cove, and W. Augustus Reinhardt,
Vogler's Cove, came from Germany, being then in his thirteenth
year, and arrived at Halifax and Lunenburg in 1753, and moved
to La Have in 1754. He sailed from Rotterdam in a vessel
named Goehl, with 261 others, of whom fifty-three died on the
passage. Mr. Reinhardt died at the Five Houses in 1800, in his
sixtieth year.
Some years ago, an old key, which from its size was supposed
to have belonged to the chapel, was found by a Squaw, and
given to Mrs. John Getson, as the only return she could make
to her for kindness received. It was afterwards obtained by
Rev. P. M. Holden.
Plates, pipes, hoes, picks, axes, hatchets, a large brass button
of a soldier's coat, leaden pipe, a glass ornament, a circular
piece of lead with inscription, bath-brick and other articles have
boon removed from the earth.
Mr. David Wile, of Pleasant River road, and Mr. Adam
Farrell, of Lower Dublin, found there in a circular cavity, at a.
depth of over twenty foot, two French picks, one of them with
a short oak handle, well preserved. Those had evidently been
used in digging the hole, which was probably intended for
another well.
The point of land on which these ruins are situated contains
about four or five acres, including a pond of fresh water one
hundred and fifty yards in length, and one hundred in breadth;
abounding in summer with beautiful lilies, and having a small
island near its southern extremity. It is said that the chapel
bell, candlesticks, several brass cannon and other treasures were
thrown into this pond, where they still remain, and that they
could be taken out by not very expensive work.
On the western side of the point, the land has a gradual
ascent, and one cannot look at the whole place without sharing
the opinion of the early settlers, both French and English, that
it would be a most desirable site for a town.

CHAPTEE XV.
British Settlement in the Township of New Dublin.
A SETTLEMENT was made at Lower Duljlin by people
from Ireland, in 1762. Hence the name of Now Dublin.
These immigrants left from time to time for places promising,
as they thought, more inviting prospects.
A grant was given to 260 proprietors, who had emigrated
from Connecticut, of which grant no further notice need here
be taken, as the grantees made but little attempt to cultivate
the soil, and in a few months had quite abandoned their lands,
which were subsequently regranted to Germans and others.
As the following papers show, a largo grant was made to
Joseph Pernette, Esq. :
"At the Court holden at Saint James's, London, the 11th day
of July, 1764, at which were present His Majesty the King,
Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor, Duke of Ancaster,
Marquis of Granby, Lord Steward, Earls of Sandwich, Litch
field, Halifax, Hillsborough, Bishop of London, and James
Oswald, Esquire, an application made by Mr. Pernette to the
Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations for a grant
of lands in Nova Scotia, was considered.
" The Governor or Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's
Province of Nova Scotia was authorized to cause 20,000 acres
of land to be surveyed in one contiguous tract, ' in such part on
the continent of said Province as the said Joseph Pernette or his
attorney shall choose.' "
On the 20th day of June, 1765, a grant was made to Joseph
Pernette, his heirs and assigns, of " a tract of land on the
La Have River, beginning on the western side of said river, at
the first falls, at Lunenburg boundaries ; thence running north
33° 45' west, 120 chains ; thence running south 56° west, 240
chains on Lunenburg line, and thence keeping the same course
140 chains on ungranted lands ; thence south 34° east, 880
chains on ungranted lands ; thence north 45° east, 380 chains

182 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
on ungranted lands, when it meets the rivor, and from thence
up the river by the course of the same, until it meets the first-
mentioned bounds of the township of Lunenburg, at the first
falls of said river, containing in the whole, by estimation,
22,400 acres, wherein is also included an allowance for 2,400
acres, laid out on said river into twelve lots of 200 acres each,
reserved for the following persons, namely : John Cunningham,
Richard Cunningham, Gotlieb Kohler, John Crook, Frederick
Rhuland, Benjamin Leigh, John Sloane, Robert Porter, Thomas
Little, John Benjamin Bridge, Patrick Hiltz, and Casper Hick
man, more or less, with allowance of lakes, waters, hills and
roads, where it shall be judged necessary, with all and all man
ner of mines unopened, excepting mines of gold, silver and coals,"
The grantee bound himself and his heirs to pay a quit rent
of one " farthon " per acre for one-half of the granted premises
within five years, the whole to be payable within ten years
from the date of the grant, and so to continue payable yearly
forever. And tho said grantee bound and obliged himself, his
heirs and assigns, to plant annually five acres of said land with
hemp, and the grant was upon this further condition : that if
the said grantee should not settle the said tract of land with
Protestant settlers, in tho proportion of one person for every
two hundred acres within ten years, then the grant should
revert to the Crown ; and the Governor, Lieui-Governor, or
Commander-in-Chief of this Province, for the time being,
might at his pleasure grant the same to any other person or
persons. The grant was signed by M. Wilmot, Governor, and
Richard Bulkeley, Secretary, and recorded on the 23rd July,
1765, by John Collier, Registrar.
Mr. Pernette, before obtaining the above-named grant, drew
his allotment at Ramshag (now Wallace), in the County of
Cumberland ; but in going through the woods to Liverpool,
with an Indian as a guido, he was so struck with the beauty of
the La Havo, that he decided, if possible, to effect an exchange
of grants with a brother officer, which he succeeded in doing,
and established his home at West La Have Ferry.
In pursuance of the terms of the grant, Mr. Pernette settled
many families of Germans and others on the banks of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 183
river ; and to him is due the credit of making, under British
authority, the first settlement of any importance in the town
ship. He built the first saw-mill, and carried on an extensive
business, having at one time as many as thirty men living with
him. Large ships, including one of eight hundred tons, called
the Duke of Cumberland, came from England every year to
carry back ton timber, which he supplied.
Mr. Pernette was born at Strasburg, educated at Bonn, and
came to Nova Scotia an onsigTi in H. M. 42nd Highlanders. He
was aide-de-camp to one of the generals at tho taking of Quebec.
The " good service " certificates of the brothers " Pemete "
or " Pernette," with whom Mr. Pernette was connected, have
been seen by the writer. These are in French.
One, bearing date January Sth, 1746, is signed by " Le Baron
de Bergh," and states that Mr. Pernete served eighteen months
with all possible distinction, and only left the German regiment,
in which he was a volunteer, to enter the Breton volunteers as a
lieutenant. The second bears date January 19th, 1749, is signed " Le
Baron du Blaisel," and testifies that Mr Pemete had served two
years as lieutenant in his brother's company of the Breton
volunteers with honor and distinction.
The third, signed by the same Baron du Blaisel, certifies that
Captain Pernete of the Breton volunteers always served with
honor, and distinguished himself on all occasions. This is
dated October 21st, 1748.
Mr. Pernette built the homestead, occupied a few years ago
by his granddaughter. Miss Mary Ann Pernette ; gave it to his
son, and then built the house near St. Peter's Church, which
afterwards became the property of his son-in-law, the l&te
Garrett Miller, Esq. He was a Justice of the Peace, Judge of
the Inferior Court, and was returned for the county as a
member of the third General Assembly, which met at Halifax,
July 1st, 1761.
Many persons wore married by Mr. Pernette, at his residence,
before a clergyman went to live in the district. Becoming-
tired of country life, he removed to Halifax, and subsequently
returned to the county and lived at Lunenburg until his death.

184 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
His descendants still reside on each side of the river, at and
near the old homestead which he first erected.
Charles Russel Pernette, only son of the late Lieutenant
Michael Pernette (King's Royal), was a grandson of Mr. Pernette.
He was born in Halifax in the year 1803. His mother was the
widow of Lieutenant Knox, Royal Navy, and only child of the
late Colonel Russel, England. He died at Middle La Have,
January 3rd, 1889, in his eighty-sixth year, highly esteemed
hy all who knew him. His widow, residing at East La Have
Ferry, attained her ninety-first year, February 15th, 1895, and
on that day received some of her friends at her home.
The idea of having a town at Lower Dublin was also enter
tained by those settlers who followed Mr. Pernette. One of the
chief men among them was John Sloane, above named, and a
piece of land at tho contemplated site is still known as
"Sloane's Point." It helps to form Getson's Cove. John
Crooks moved from Lunenburg to Park's Creek, on the oppo
site side of tho river, intending to establish a ferry, but Mr.
Sloane died, many of the people became poor and moved away,
and Mr. Crooks engaged in farming
A steam saw-mill, 110 x 40 feet, with chimney about ninety
feet high, was built on Sloane's Point by McClearn, Morton &
Co., about the year 1871. The business was afterwards con
ducted by Morton, Collie & Spencer.
There were two unfortunate boiler explosions, by the first of
which one man was killed. The second explosion, a few years
afterwards, destroyed the lives of three men. The mill was in
operation for several years, and manufactured a large quantity
of lumber for shipment to British, South American, and other
points. A steam mill, 100 x 50 feet, throe and a half stories high, was
erected b}' Mr. George Boehner near West La Have Ferry, in
1870. A large quantity of lumber, varying from one-half to
one million feet per year, has been there manufactured, besides
church, store and house furniture of various kinds. Large
orders have boon filled, and much work done in buildings
required in St. John's, Nfld., owing to the late disastrous fire.
The firm, for somo time known as George W. Boehner & Sons,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 185
with this work and the executing of home orders, have been kept
busy, and have aided considerably in the employment of others.
St. Peter's Church, West La Have Ferry.
This church was built in 1818, on land given by Garrett
Miller, Esq. (who married Catherine Pernette), part of tho beau
tiful property on which he lived, and on which his son, Garrett
Miller, now resides. This is one of the most lovely spots on the
La Have, and commands extensive and attractive views up and
down stream. A pretty, shaded pathway led from the river side
through the orchard to tho old church, to accommodate the
parishioners coming from the south and across from La Have,
while another way led from the main ferry road to accommo
date the people from up river and the country in the rear.
The chureh had a double row of windows on each side and a
gallexy at one end. It was taken down in 1872.
To this old church belonged two pieces of solid silver com
munion plate given by Rev. Roger Aitken, who brought them
from Scotland. The chalice was made of hammered silver,
without handle, having straight sides and a narrow rim. The
bottom bore the date 1663, and had this inscription, " For the
church at Ke[a]rn " — supposed to be Kearn, in Aberdeenshire.
The paten was also of hammered silver, ten inches in diameter,
with a scalloped edge and inscribed on the bottom, "Communion
plate, 1776." To provide communion vessels for two churches,
the above articles were offered for sale, purchased by Hon.
Senator Almon, and by him presented to the Hensley Memorial
Chapel, Windsor.
A Bible, date 1701, backed with sealskin and bossed with
brass, was given by "Lord Viscount Waymouth and Aberdeen."
The Rov. Joshua Wingate W^eeks, missipnary of the S.P.G.,
who long officiated in the old church, lived in the house near
by, now occupied by Louis S. Miller, Esq. He was born in
Wej^mouth, where his father (also Joshua Wingate) was incum
bent for a few years. There was a Joshua Wingate Weeks,
rector of St. Michael's Church, Marblehead, Mass. (built in
1714), for whose outspoken loyalty to the king the church was
closed. Se then came to Nova Scotia, and was probably the

186 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
grandfather to the clergyman first above named. Mr. Weeks
married Ann E., daughter of the late John Koch, of Upper La
Have. His work in New Dublin commenced in 1827 (until
which time the Rector of Lunenburg sometimes officiated), and
was carried on for many years. He died in 1852. He was
called " the pious missionary of La Have," and it was said of
him that " he was as good as any human being could be." A
distressing complaint was endured by him for seven years with
exemplary patience and submission to the divine will. He
relinquished a large part of his income to secure an assistant
clergyman for his extensive parish. Rev. E. B. Nichols, after
wards for many years Rector of Liverpool, was stationed in the
parish, and lodged with the old Pernette family. He once.
remarked that the days he passed in N ow Dublin were among
the happiest in his ministry.
Another clergyman called away from his work in Now Dublin
by illness and death was the Rev. Abraham Jordan, who was
born at Marlesford, Suffolk, England, July 23rd, 1811, and came
to Nova Scotia as a catechist and school-master for the Colonial
Church and School Society. He was the first teacher in the
mission at St. John's near the Three-mile House, Bedford Basin,
and resigned that position in May, 1843, to become one of the
Society's missionaries. He went to Malta, where he was ordained
deacon by Rt. Rev. Dr. Tomlinson, Bishop of Gibraltar. There
he filled the office of chaplain to Her Majesty's forces. On his
return to Nova Scotia, he was ordained priest by Bishop Binney,
and was stationed successively at Country Harbor, Caledonia
(Queen's), six years; Barrington, six years; and West La Have
Ferry, eighteen years. He was a fine-looking man, with a high
intellectual forehead, a great lover of books and well informed
on general subjects, a painstaking theological student and most
devoted to his clerical duties, in which he never spared himself.
Some of his parishioners have said that on many a Sunday,
when they considered tho weather too severe to venture out,
he passed their houses on his way to keep the appointments he
had made. Indeed, his close attention to his work led to the
illness which resulted in his death. His visits to the sick and
suffering were warmly welcomed, as he was a true comforter.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 187
and when he left them thej- expressed an anxious hope for his
speedy return. He was greatly esteemed by his flock, and the
aged and poor knew that in him they had a sincere and loving
friend. In his reading of the church services, he brought out
their full meaning ; and as a preacher he was earnest, afi'ec-
tionate, and impressive.
To win souls to Christ was the great end for which he
labored and prayed, and he will doubtless have many as his
"joy and crown of i-ejoicing." He died in Bridgewater, where
he had lived in retirement for two years, in February, 1888.
On the 1st day of March, his mortal remains were conveyed
from his late residence over the frozen La Have to Getson's
Cove, at the mouth of the river, and thence to St. James'
Church, Lower Dublin, where a service was held and a sermon
preached by Rev. G. D. Harris, from Numbers xxiii., last part
of vei-so 10 ; after which the interment took place in the
adjoining churchyard, in presence of an immense concourse of
sorrowing people, gathered from all the surrounding country.
There, by the waters of the beautiful Dublin Bay he had so
often admired, lie the ashes of this devoted soldier of Christ.
" Servant of God, well done !
Rest from thy loved employ."
The Rev. C. Easton succeeded Mr. Jordan, and in 1887, Rev.
Charles P. Mellor became incumbent". He having rehioved to
Petite Riviere, Rev. Klement Richardson, M.A., T.C.D., took
charge in November, 1892.
A union church, in which Rev. Mr. Richardson also officiates,
was erected at Mount Pleasant, about three miles from the
ferry, in 1859, by the Church of England, Methodist, and
Baptist bodies.
The Methodists have since built a separate church.
John A. Barry, who was at one time a merchant in Hahfax,
mai-ried a daughter of Rev. W. Black. In 1830, he was elected
to represent Shelburne, his native county, in the House of
Assembly. His second wife was Sophia, daughter of the late
John Pernette, Esq., of West La Have Ferry, between which
place and Pleasantville, ilr. Barry lived for a number of years,
and died in 1872. He was a man of superior abihties.

CHAPTEE XVI.
Bridgewater — Its Early Settlement — Churches and other buildings —
Clergymen — Manufactures.
BRIDGEWATER, very appropriately named, is the chief
place of business on the La Have River. Its rise and
rapid progress are full of interest.
Many visitors to Bridgewater who have travelled a great
deal, have been loud in their praises of its pretty situation on
the La Have, and the beautiful scenery surrounding it. One
of these, after enjoying an excursion by boat, published the
following : " What a spectacle is this glorious La Have River !
Bridgewater is unquestionably one of the prettiest places in
Nova Scotia, and this whole river down is a marvel."
Professor De Sumichrast, who came with his wife in the
summer of 1890, by the Bridgewater, Captain Oakes, thus
wrote : " We had passed Ironbound, and New Dublin Bay was
smiling before us, with its lighthouse on the site of the old
French fort, and the La Have winding on beyond. In twenty
minutes I was charmed, in twenty-five delighted, and the
rest of the time I became a perfect nuisance to tho party,
because I would insist on their trotting from one side to the
other, now forward and now aft, to see this or that point, to
admire this or that view. A lovely river and no mistake ; and
this for the reason, among others, that it has sense enough not
to be too big, but manages to keep within easy -looking range
fore and aft and on either hand. You can take in the scenery
in comfort without looking through a glass, and that is a
sensible kind of river. How long it takes to go up I have not
the faintest idea ; all I know is that I want to go back to
Bridgewater another season, and take as many friends with
me as I can ; American friends, Americans who are convinced

1-3HW

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 189
that there is nothing worth looking at outside their own
country. I want to hear what they havo got to say when
they first get a glimpse of Bridgewater from the river — the
hills rising on either side, the town perched on the wooded
bank, the picturesque bridge spanning the gorge, the road,
shadow-checkered, vanishing under the green copse, and a
black-hulled, white-sailed schooner slowly dropping down with
the tide."
Of tho view from the top of Fairview hotel, he added : " Well,
it is a fine one. You look right down upon the town, and the
river winding in and out between the wooded hills, and across
at the picturesque, buildings of the Nova Scotia Central, and
you see church spires rising amid the trees, and houses, nestling
in groves, and great spots of color where the gardens show out,
and away down a schooner on the stocks, and far off another
schooner apparently sailing among the tree-tops ; and there is
the gleam of the water and the vaporous blue haze on the hills,
and altogether you delight in the lovely scene. For Bridge-
water is uncommonly pretty, whether you look at it from that
precarious point of vantage on the top of Fairview house, or
from the steamer's deck as you approach, or from the bridge,
or from the hill on the opposite side, where nature has made a
slope expressly for the photographer. The air is so pure away
up on the hill, the breeze is so cool, and the prospect so fair, that
Bridgewater should become a very popular summer resort."
One might travel long distances in the most beautiful parts
of the world, and see nothing finer of the kind than the views
up and down the La Have, from the bridge which spans it at
Bridgewater. A lady, who has been quite a traveller, viewing the pictures
here presented by moonlight, said that she had only once
beheld another bit of water scenery that could be compared to
it, and that was the far-famed Lake Windermere.
By an Act of the Local Legislature, passed in 1874, a survey
was made by Mr. J. W. Andrews, Crown Land Surveyor, of
land to comprise the town plot of Bridgewater. A committee
was appointed to join in the work, consisting of H. S. Jost, Esq.,

190 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Custos of Lunenburg; D. Dimock, Esq., Custos of Chester, and
Mr. Thomas Waterman, of Bridgewater. The boundaries were
defined as follows : " Commencing on the western shore of
La Have River, at the north angle of the property of John
S. McKoan, thonce running south 55° 30' west, 2,950 foot, more
or less, to a post standing at the distance of 2,750 feet from the
western side of the main road leading along the margin of said
river ; thence north 34° 30' west, 7,320 feet ; thence north
54° 30' east, 3,822 feet, to the shore of said river; thence
southerly by said shore to the place of beginning."
The streets north and south are : Commercial, by the river ;
Pleasant, from Dufferin street to Victoria street ; Queen, from
Beardsley street to Victoria street ; Slocomb, from Dufferin
street to Maple street ; and Church, from Dufferin street past
Trinity church.
The streets east and west are : Maple, beginning at the resi
dence of Mr. C T. G. Taylor; Dufferin, known as Liverpool
road ; Beardsley, by tho Temperance Hall hill ; Letellier, from
residence of Mrs. Edward Waterman ; and Victoria, from the
corner property of Mr. W. J. Wentzel, through Sebastopol.
Other streets have been made in different directions, but are
not yet named.
The first sale of land on the town site was of an acre by
Nicolas Conrad to Ralph Hotchkiss, a shoemaker, for £5,
which was paid in boots and shoes. On it, whore now stands
a building erected by Mr. Aaron E. Rhodes, next to the post-
office, Mr. Hotchkiss built the first house in Bridgewater, the
frame and part of the lumber for which were sawed at Frideaux
Falls, in Lower Northfield, by William Caldwell and David
Wile, of John.
It is described by one who was often in it, as a small building
of two low stories, with a kitchen and porch attached, through
the latter of which was the main entrance. The house was
erected with the side right on the street, and one end so much
in the street as to be plainly noticed. There was a stairway
two feet wide, from the kitchen to two very small rooms in the
second story, with a third room so small as to look like part of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 191
a very narrow hall. The house was enlarged by Mr. Philo
Beardsley, tho next occupant. Mr. Rufus A. Newcomb pur
chased the property in May, 1867, and occupied it eight years,
keeping the post-office in it for four years and a half. It? was
taken down in the summer of 1875. There are no really
authentic records to show the exact date of its erection, but it
is supposed to have been only a few years previous to the build
ing of the second house, next mentioned.
Mrs. Catharine Ramey, since deceased, was, on April 6th,
1894, within two days of being ninety-one years old, and said
that when she was nine years of age, she carried dinner daily
to John Vienot, while he was framing the dwelling-house in
Bridgewater, built by Garrett and Frederick Wile, on the site
of the present residence of Councillor W. J. Wentzel, corner of
Commercial street and Pleasant River road, and taken down
by him in 1874. The date of its erection would be about 1812.
This was the second house built in Bridgewater, but the first
one suitable for a good-sized family. It was about 26 x 34 feet.
The first story was of split stone. The chimney was a massive
one, and commenced in the centre of the ground fioor, about
two feet from which was a spacious brick oven ; and on one
.side of the house, opposite this oven, was a large closet, built
in the same kind of brickwork. The stone story was about
seven feet high, and above it another story of wood and a
pitched roof. Very little frame wood was used, for which planks
were substituted. There were five posts of hewed timber, about
a foot square, on each side. The spaces between the posts were
filled in with planks of clearest pine, spiked and nailed. The
partitions were not studded, but stout, clear pine boards two
foot wide, some wider, were placed perpendicularly from fioor
to ceiling ; and on these the laths were nailed. Timbers, about
seven inches square, were laid on the walls for the first upper
floor, about four feet apart, to which the flooring was fastened
with sharp-pointed, large-headed nails, four or five inches in
length, and so close together that the hammer used to remove
them could hardly be placed between thom. The stone wall of
tho first story was extended for about forty feet from it, and

192 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
used to support part of the garden. The house was for many
years occupied by George Michael Fancy, and was called tho
" Michael Fancy house.''
In 1815, there were no houses in Bridgewater (except the
Hotchkiss, or first house) between the house of Mr. John Hebb,
south of the shipyard, and the Wile house, last described. The
nearest house on the Pleasant River road was George Him-
melman's, on the hill where Mr. Dean Wile now resides.
The first hotel in Bridgewater was kept by James Starratt,
on the upper side of the main street, nearly opposite the site
of the bridge. It was first erected on Bolman's hill, by Peter
Hirtle, and after some years' occupation by him, taken down
and re-erected in Bridgewater.
There were not more than three or four houses on the east
side of the river opposite Bridgewater. These included " Glen
Allan," the present residence of Mrs. Joseph P. Miller, and a
house still standing near the carriage factory of Mr. Jacob
Wentzel, which was occupied by a Welshman named Davis.
The only street in Bridgewater was much more crooked than
it is now. There was no crossing as at present over the brook
by Dawson's wharf. The roadway was close to a small saw
mill some distance above. The bank near the residence of
Mr. Alexander Stewart extended to the river, and travellers
had to pass to the west of it.
When Mr. William Cronin came to Bridgewater in 1853, the
dwelling-houses on the street by the river were those of Messrs.
Wile, Waterman, Tobin, Andrews, Porter, Harley, Starratt,
Hebb, Manning, Beardsley, Hyson, Mrs. Randall, Slocomb,
Sheppard and West ; a house at the corner of the Alley road
(since named Maple street), built by Alexander Sim, who came
from Scotland, one of whose eight daughters married the late
Mr. William Geldert, and the house now occupied by Mr.
Howard Hall.
A blacksmith's shop, in the rear of which there was a forest,
was built and used by Mr. Angus McDonnell, on the site of
the house at the corner of Commercial street and Victoria road,
opposite Mr. Keefler's store. Mr. McDonnell is now in his-

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 193
ninety-second year, well and active, and takes long journeys
alone. There were no streets parallel with the one by the river side.
A rough pathwaj' led from it where Letellier street now is,
and was called " Hardscrabble."
Joseph Pernette, Esq., who had a saw-mill at La Havo Ferry,
wanted Andrew Baker, father of Mr. Solomon Baker, Bridge-
water, to work in it for a month, and offered to give for that
much labor all the land from the shipyard to Nowcombe's
brook, and extending quite a distance westerly from tho river.
Mr. Baker thought the land was not worth it, and the offer
was declined. Andrew said, when he saw people buying lots
and building on them, that if Mr. Pernette's proposal had been
accepted, he would have been a rich man.
Country folks who lived in the neighborhood had to contend
with many difficulties. Men carried bags of grain on their
backs to Jacob Slaughen white's mill, at North- West, and
returned with the flour tho same evening, frequently doing
the journey barefooted.
" When we had shoes," said the writer's informant, " we got
them at Lunenburg, or down the river at Bagley's. ' Hop into
Lunenburg to old McGregor,' his father used to say, ' and get
shoes, and be back in the evening in time to milk the cows.' "
Bagley lived a few miles below Conquerall Bank. In a dispute
he had with one Falkenheim, his nose was bitten off by the
latter. People used to walk from the country outside .what is now
Bridgewater to Lunenburg to attend divine service Sunday
after Sunday, and return in the evening. There were no
churches nearer home, and no school buildings. The children
were instructed by itinerant teachers in private houses.
Only two horses were owned in those early days, one by
John George Hebb, at Hebb's Mills, and one by Nicholas Hebb,
on the same road.
The first vehicles were owned by John George Hebb, John
Wile, and Henry Koch. They were two-wheeled, and had
wooden springs so placed as to make them comparatively easy,
13

194 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
James Nicholson kept a scow ferry below " Glen Allan."
Two men, who had been to Lunenburg on horseback, once
came to the ferry. They were rather lively, and in crossing
upset the scow, from which all were summarily discharged,
and land was reached with some difficulty. Nicholson's was
a place of call for travellers to and from Lunenburg, and much
liquor was consumed and money wasted there.
The styles of dress and materials differed much from those
now used. Men wore shirts of coarse, homemade linen, without
fiannel undershirts.
Many of the women wore handkerchiefs on their heads
when visiting among their friends at home, but when they
went abroad they wore " the old-fashioned scoops." " There 'd
be no end of laughing now,'' said an aged lady, " if they went
with such bonnets." " Bonnets,'' said another, " which could
be kept for Sunday-best for twenty-five years."
Homemade skirts were worn, and " bedgowns,'' as they were
called, of printed cotton, formed the outer covering. Large,
blue-spotted handkerchiefs were pinned down like shawls.
The winters in old times were intensely cold. Snow was often
so deep as to render it impossible to move for any distance, and
sometimes to get even from the house to the barn. When hay
was short, the cattle had to suffer. George Hebb, father of
Abraham, once took his vessel to Halifax, and among other
things, brought back hay. With great trouble some of it was
hauled out at different times, on hand-sleds, until the oxen,
reduced in strength for want of food, were sufficiently recovered
to take home the remainder. When hay was scarce, it com
manded very high prices. Nicolas Conrad paid £9 ($36) in
Spanish dollars for a ton. No receipt was taken, and the seller
having died, it was found charged against the purchaser, who
paid for it a second time. George Hebb and Nicholas Hebb
paid the same price for a ton delivered at Five Houses, from
whence they had to bring it in their vessel to Bridgewater.
Wood was sometimes sold for $6 per cord. None was brought
in for a long time from the country north of Bridgewater. It
came chiefly from the west. Most of the people living north

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 195
niades ton timber, and rafted it to Messrs. Cook and Rudolf,
where it was shipped by large vessels (which came for it) to
England. The snow-storms in March were so heavy that it
was often impossible to haul wood, and a supply sufficient
for that month was generally secured in February.
Among the early settlers in New Dublin township was one
Muirhead, who came from Scotland, and lived on the property
afterwards occupied by the late Frederick Haine, near Conquerall
Bank. His style of living and working was truly primitive, and
his sustenance cost him little, as the river was full of fish and
there was no potato rot ; and he is described by an old inhabi
tant as " a man who knew how to live upon nothing." Horn
spoons and pewter plates were used by the family, and he had
a cap brought from Auld Scotia, which turned up every winter
of his long residence, and was always fit for wear. He bought
a pair of three-year-old steers, and worked them fifteen years,
until he moved from the county ; and doing without a wheeled
vehicle of any kind while on the farm, he used sleds in winter
and summer, and " looked out for wet weather to make easiest
hauling." He also cut out a roadway through his best wood
land, on which he placed skids, six feet apart, and over these,
with oxen and sled, he hauled firewood for home, and the cord
wood which he shipped from the river.
Other instances are given in this work of the use, in summer,
of sleds instead of wheeled vehicles.
Writers on early days in Canada have referred to roads on
which wheels had to be dispensed with, and where "jumpers " or
ox-sleds were used for conveyance of goods.
The first bridge was built about seventy years ago, by Messrs.
Archer and Nicholson. The commissioners were George Hebb,
John Wile, and John Vienot. Garrett Miller, Esq., and his son,
Joseph P. Miller, were inspectors. The stringers were round
timber, hewed on one side to receive the plank roadway.
They were sixty feet long, and ten inches at the small end, and
were cut in a hemlock forest on the hill in rear of Mr. Solomon
Hebb's house, near the foundry, and land adjoining. The farm
of the late Robert Whitman was then covered with the sajne

196 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
kind of trees, of immense size and perfectly straight. Other
timber for the bridge was rafted down the river by John Wile.
The newel posts in the house of tho late Benjamin Wile, near
the Pleasant River road, were turned from pine timber used in
this first bridge. It was a very strong and serviceable structure,
with neat side-rails. There were but few of the many men at
work who did not use intoxicating liquor freely. It was found
that too much time was lost in bringing it from the tavern,
some distance away, and a small room, purposely for rum, was
partitioned off in a shed erected near the bridge for the safe
deposit of tools. On the evening the work was finished, an old
soldier, Goudo, who was with others on a spree, got into the
shed, and in smoking, set fire to it, consuming many valuable
tools and a quantity of rum. The liquor used by workmen was
charged against their wages, and often the wages were not
sufficient to pay for it. A man there employed told the writer,
a few years ago, that between morning and evening he could
drink a gallon.
Persons were often assisted across the river by men working
at the bridge. On one occasion a man was seen up stream
trying in vain to get an ox into a scow. One of the men said
to John Wile : " He'll be down here for us to help him over,
and when he speaks to you, tell him I am the man that helps,
and I'll bargain with him for a gallon of rum." The man
came, sure enough, and said he must get across, as he had an
ox for Lunenburg, and the people there were looking out sharp
for beef. The bargain was made, but the ox was no sooner in
the boat than he was out again. Conrad, the ferryman pro
tern., said : " That's only one start. You get in the boat, and
hold the rope, and I and two more will push him in with a
plank.'' This they did, and the ox having been safely landed
on the east side, the gallon of rum was forthcoming.
James Grinton, Esq., a thoroughly reliable man, said that he
knew fourteen puncheons of rum were purchased, and thirteen
used in the vicinity, during the building of the bridge. Every
person who came along, and wanted it, was treated.
The bridge stood for about twenty years, when the upper

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 197
woodwork was found to be decayed, and it was rebuilt from
high-water mark.
Some time after the completion of the first bridge, a wharf
was built close by it, as a foundation for the erection of
buildings by Messrs. James Starratt and John N. Hebb. The
logs were cut by William Francis, a colored man, on the land
in front of the present store of Dawson & Sons, from which
they were hauled by him and David Wile, of John. Francis
occupied a house south of Davison's upper mill, built and used
by William Hartlin before the erection of the Hotchkiss house
in Bridgewater. It was burnt, and Francis built another closer
to the road, and occupied it for many years.
In 1869, the bridge was rebuilt from the piers, tho height
of it somewhat increased, and it was otherwise improved. The
contractors were the late John E. Pack and Joseph R. Wyman,
and Charles H. Chase was the commissioner.
The present bridge was built by the Dominion Bridge Com
pany, and completed in 1891.
It is a " Warren girder deck bridge." The abutments are of
solid granite masonry, and the piers are formed of filled tubes,
three to each pier. The length is 300 feet, with a roadway of
18 feet width and two footways of 6 feet each.
The total cost was $23,342. It is considered as likely to last,
with proper care, for a hundred years. Tho materials are of
excellent quality, and it is one of the best bridges of its kind
in Canada.
Garrett and Frederick Wile had a saw-mill where W. E.
Vienot now has his carriage factory.
A saw-mill was built about fifty years ago by David Morgan
(son of Nathaniel) for James Nicholson and John Hayes, near
where now stands the upper mill of Davison & Sons. It was
finished and ready for work. Morgan was called to repair a
mill at Pleasant River, and gave orders to have the building
ballasted for safety. This was neglected, and a heavy rain was
followed by a freshet, which removed the mill from its place
into the river. It floated down stream, turned over, and went
to pieces. Morgan was a fine workman, and the mill, with

198 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
which he had taken great pains, was the best then in the county.
This was a great loss to the owners, as there was in the neigh
borhood plenty of good timber, including the finest quality of
pine. One of the principal vessels employed in the coasting trade
from Bridgewater, was owned by a Mr. Cunningham, of Halifax,
and sailed by Christian Snyder.
Michael Himmelman, of Lower Dublin, took lumber to Hali
fax. As others have done, he built and sailed his own vessel.
Schooners and boats were constructed by him at what is now
Himmelman's Ferry. He was a very ingenious man, but had
been very little at school. It has been said of him and others,
'"They learnt between themselves." Many articles of iron
required for his vessels, and shoes for his oxen were made and
placed by him. Finding that copper nails he bought for his
boats would not clinch, he purchased copper and made nails
that would. He also made barrels for sale, and the hoops and
staves required. One of his vessels took lumber brought in from
Hebb's mills, and he often walked there with his returns in
silver dollars tied up in stout handkerchiefs. He used to say
that those walks were hard ones.
To avoid the long joumey by coach, passages were very
often taken to Halifax in the coasting schooners. Delays at
the mouth of the river for days together, from fogs and adverse
winds, were not uncommon, and made the voyage one little to
be desired.
Improved accommodations were at length provided by the
sailing to and from the capital, of the trim, yacht-like Pansy,
in charge of Captain Joshua Oakes, so favorably known to the
travelling public. This vessel averaged thirty to thirty-one
trips per season until the close of the river, carried about five
hundred passengers from spring to winter, and was so employed
for four years. Captain Oakes had been in other vessels for
nine years in the like service. The Pansy was superseded by
the steel steamship Bridgewater, built by A. McMillan & Son,
Dumbarton dockyard, Scotland, 1889. Captain Oakes, who saw
the building of the vessel, came out in her, and has been ever

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 199
since in command. The worthy engineer, William Cuthbert, also
came out in the ship and has remained at his post. The Bridge-
water arrived at Halifax, August 27th, 1889, in eleven days,
thirteen hours from Greenock. Her work is performed \^th
almost clock-like regularity, and she is extensively patronized.
The towing of vessels connected with the business of Bridge-
water was first done by oxen, generally from Haines' Point to
the town, about two and a half miles. Mr. William Oakes was
owner of the teams. Three schooners were often towed at once.
The payment for towage was from one to two dollars for each
schooner, with more for larger vessels. Five yoke of oxen were
sometimes employed. A man walked on the river side, about
one hundred feet from the oxen, to keep the ropes clear of
rocks. The sons of Mr. Oakes, including Captain Oakes, of the
Bridgewater, were frequently engaged in towing during the
night, while the father was resting from the labors of the
previous day. The work above described came to an end by
the arrival of the steam tug Gypsy, Captain Bobbins Corning,
in 1869. She was followed in 1871 by the steam tug La Have,
with the same captain, until Captain James Ross took charge.
He gave place to Captain G. H. Burkett, and ^e in turn to
Captain William H. Cashon, who has been so employed for
over fifteen years. The La Have was built by the Burrill-
Johnson Iron Company at Yarmouth.
Bridgewater has now a daily mail, but there are those still
living who can remember that the first mail between Lunenburg
and the former place was established with the express under
standing that the Government should be reimbursed for any
loss sustained by tho undertaking.
In the House of Assembly, February 10th, 1842, a petition
of George Michael Fancy and others, was presented by Mr.
Creighton and read, praying for the establishment of a weekly
mail between Lunenburg and the District of Bridgewater.
Ordered, — That the petition be referred to the Committee on
the Post-office Department, who reported : " An allowance for
opening a new route, once granted, is rarely, if ever, withdra-wn
— it comes therefore to be a permanent charge upon the revenue,

200 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
and ought not to be too easily or hastily conceded. ... A
grant should in no case pass till the necessity of it has been
made apparent, by the inhabitants supporting it at their own
expense, with the aid of the postage thereon, for two years."
The petition was not granted.
The first mail was carried on horseback once a week by John
Vienot (father of Elkanah), who, after a while, had a waggon
built at his farm, Pine Grove road, by John Williams, a Welsh
man then living at Lunenburg, from wood grown on the place.
The oak spokes were boiled in a large iron pot, to get them
clear of sap.
The mail from Halifax to Liverpool was formerly conveyed
via Lunenburg and the La Have Ferry. This route was dis
continued on the opening of the road from Mahone Bay to
Bridgewater, and its extension towards Mill Village. The
latter was laid out about 1858, by Surveyor Thompson, with
Henry Bailly, M.P.P., and others.
The lumber mills of the Messrs. Davison, at Bridgewater, are
at the head of the manufacturing establishments of the county.
They employ about 350 men and fifty ox-teams ; and their sale
of -lumber, the output of which averages twelve million feet, is
about $120,000 yearly. They import from forty to fifty
thousand dollars' worth of goods annually, and the volume
of business passing through their books amounts to over
$200,000 per annum.
There are also the steam sawing and planing mill of Mr. J.
Arthur Miller, the inventor of " Miller's patent barn-door
fastener"; the steam planing and edging mill of Dawson & Sons,
the planing mill and carriage factory of Mr. W. E. Vienot, and
the carriage factories of Messrs. Reuben Durling and Jacob
Wentzel. Hunter's iron foundry. Waterman's tanyard. Wile &
Sons' carding mill, and Whitman Brothers' grain mill and plough
factory are in that part of the town plot called Sebastopol.
The works of the electric light company, and Mr. G. J. Kelly's
marble and granite works are on Commercial street.
What a contrast is presented when we compare the busy
scene we now witness in and around Bridgewater, with the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 201
state of things which existed in early days. The town and
the adjacent settlements show a remarkable development of
resources and steady advancement in material prosperity.
First-class manufacturing facilities abound in and around
Bridgewater, and the same may be remarked of the county
generally, the water-power in which is sufficient to put in
motion all kinds of machinery and give employment to a large
population. The writer never looks at the drift-wood about the river, or
at the great piles of edgings, large and small, being burnt near
the mills, which would keep hundreds of families from the cold,
¦without thinking of the poor whom he has so often seen in the
city, gathering arms and aprons full of whatever they could
collect that was fit for fuel.
CHURCHES.
The first place of worship erected in Bridgewater was one
used as a union church. After its erection it remained for a
long time unfinished, and was so open that sheep were some
times found inside. Mrs. Calvin Wheelock taught in it what
is said to have been the first school in Bridgewater. The
scholars were placed in one end. A large portion being without
proper fiooring, an old inhabitant tells how the boys used to set,
in this part, traps made by themselves, in which they occasion
ally caught some of the squirrels that were about the premises.
The public school was once kept in this church during repair
of the old school-house.
The following verse was composed by the late John Harley,
Esq.: " This Church a paradox aifords
In saving wicked people —
Old Harry furnished half the boards.
And old Nick built the steeple."
Henry Cook and Nicolas Conrad were the men referred to.
The building was purchased by the Baptists, and is still used
by them. When it was erected there was no house between it
and Mr. John Hebb's beyond the shipyard. It has been very

202 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
much improved, and a neat parsonage built on the adjoining
land. From " Early History of the Baptists in Lunenburg County,"
by Rev. S. March: "In 1848, on the Sth of May, the Baptist
Church in Bridgewater was reorganized with fourteen members
(only two of whom survive), and in the same year it was
received into the Association held at Liverpool, N.S. Services
in Bridgewater were conducted for several years in the ' Old
School-house,' a building used for school purposes long after
tho writer took charge of this field. It stood on lands now in
possession of R. Dawson & Sons, and nearly opposite their
store on the hillside. The house of worship now occupied by
the Church was originally designed as a ' Union House,' to be
used by the Episcopalians, Presbyterians and Lutherans, but
was never by them completed. It stood so long in an
unfinished condition that tho cattle often took shelter in the
basement, and it was designated by some the ' Lord's Barn.'
It was at length sold, and much to the surprise of the original
claimants, was purchased by the Baptists, then indeed a feeble
band; but with energy and pluck they finished and opened the
building for worship in 1854. Quite a number of ministers
have occupied the pastoral office here, and done good work —
Revs. Jas. Stubbert, Walter G. Goucher, James V. Tabor, I. J.
Skinner, L. M. Weeks, S. March (for nineteen years and a half,
and six years additional, with portion of Church outside town
of Bridgewater), John Williams, A. J. Cogswell, E. Roberts, S. H.
Cain, C. R. B. Dodge, C. W. Corey, and Jas. W. Brown. From
among those who had been instructed in the Sabbath School
here, may be named Revs. J. W. Manning and Isaac Wheelock,
now of tho United States.
"The Pleasantville Baptist Church was a branch of the
Bridgewater Church, and was for many years supplied by its
pastors with the preached Word. The Church was organized
in 1875. Rev. Frederick Crawley was ordained as its first
pastor. A few of its members were originally from North-
West Lunenburg Church."
Rev. James W. Manning, M.A., above referred to, was born

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY. OF LUNENBURG, 203
in Bridgewater,. He was for seventeen years pastor of the
North Baptist Church at Halifax, and is now Secretary of the
Foreign Mission Board, residing at Carleton, N.B.
Church of England.
The Rev. Joshua W. Weeks, who lived at West La Have
Ferry, conducted divine service semi-monthly in the Union
Church,, now owned by the Baptist bodj'. He also preached
at times in the house at present occupied by Mrs, J. McKean,
and in the house of Mr. John Hyson, which stood on the site of
the residence of Dugald Stewart, M.D.
Occasional services wore afterwards held in the old public
school-house, by Rev. J, C. Cochran, M.A., and others.
In and after 1852, Rev. H. L. Owen, M.A., of Lunenburg,
held service once a month when convenient.
At a meeting in the school -house, in March, 1854, it was
resolvoil to adopt means for the erection of a church, and col
lecting and building committees were appointed. Thanks were
voted to the managing committee of the Lutheran Church, for
offering the use of their building, and it was intimated that
the Sunday collections would bo for their benefit. Fourteen
candidates were confirmed there, by Bishop Binney, in May,
1855. A site was kindly given for a church by Joseph P.
Miller, Esq., but the present site, given by the late John N.
Hebb, Esq., was preferred. The frame was erected in October,
1855, in the time of Rev. Honry De Blois (first resident clergy
man), and blown down by a gale in December. In July, 1856,
a new frame was raised. Funds were obtained by subscriptions,
society grants, and the inevitable bazaar, leaving a debt which
was soon paid.
The church was opened for divine service on Sunday, Feb
ruary 22nd, 1857, and consecrated by the name of " The
Church of the Holy Trinity," on Saturday, the 12th of June,
1858, the following clergymen, besides the Bishop, being pres
ent : Revs. H. L. Owen, W. H. Snyder, H. M. Spike, and the
Incumbent, Rev. J. H. Drumm, M.D. One adult was baptized,
and twenty-four candidates were confirmed. An able sermon

¦204 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
was preached by the Bishop, from John ii., last part of the
16th verse. The Holy Communion was administered to thirty-
two persons, including most of the newly-confirmed.
Rev. H. De Blois commenced his labors in Bridgewater, in
1854, and remained about three years.
J. H. Drumm, M.D., who had boon practising at Bridgewater,
was ordained and appointed to the mission early in 1858. He
was followed in the latter part of the same year by Rev. John
T. Moody, son of a former rector of Yarmouth, who was in
charge three years and a half. For two years and a half after
his removal to Tusket, Rev. H. L. Owen and George W. Hodgson,
Esq. (afterwards Rev. G. W. Hodgson), then lay reader and master
of the Grammar School, Lunenburg, officiated at intervals.
Rev. Wm. H. E. Bullock, B.A., became incumbent in 1865,
and here commenced his ministry. He removed in 1868 on
his appointment as Assistant Garrison Chaplain at Halifax.
The reverend gentleman was noticed by tho Aldershot News in
the following terms, when about to leave England for Nova
Scotia :
" After five years of useful work at Halifax he was posted
to the cavalry brigade at Aldershot, being afterwards trans
ferred to North Camp. He next served in Dublin and the
Currah for twelve months, and was retransferred to tho old
Iron Church in South Camp, in succession to Rev. Dr. Edghill.
In 1880, he was appointed Senior Chaplain at Gibraltar, at
which station he remained five years. He is well remembered
in connection with the " Rock," as being the means of starting
the pleasant steamer trips to the African side of the water.
Active service came to his lot in 1885, when he was appointed
Senior Chaplain to the expeditionary force, under Sir Gerald
Graham, to Souakin. He distinguished himself in that
campaign, received special mention in despatches, and was
promoted into the first class, receiving also the medal and clasp
and Khedive's star. On returning home he spent four years in
Chatham, and was sent to Ireland as Senior Chaplain, and
remained in the sister isle for three years. He has occupied
his present post for two years, and is proceeding on leave prior

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 205
to his departure for Nova Scotia, his native place, which in
all probability will be his last appointment before he retires.
The reverend gentleman will be much missed in the division,,
for his helping hand has been ever at the service of those who-
needed it."
Rev. Mr. Bullock was followed at Bridgewater, in 1868, by
Rev. David Christmas Moore, of St. Bees College, England,
whose successor was the present Rector and Rural Dean,.
Rev. William E. Gelling, a native of the Isle of Man, and edu
cated at St. Augustine's College, Canterbury. Re preached his-
first sermon on Sunday, August 13th, 1871, on the Saviour's.
holy work and example, from Luke ii, last part of verse 49.
The corner-stone of the rectory was laid July 15th, 1868
(St. Swithin's Day), by Rev. W. H. E. Bullock, then Assistant
Garrison Chaplain at Halifax, who preached an appropriate
sermon, and referred feelingly to his former connection with
the parish. Revs. Messrs. Moore, Owen, Hodgson, and Kaulbach
took part in the services.
At different periods the late Rev. Dr. Almon, and Rev. Charles.
G. Abbott acted as lay readers, and Revs. Edward Parry, and
Edward Lawlor, M.A., as assistant clergymen. Mr. Alban B.
De Mille, B.A., has been lay reader in the parish since October,,
1894. Elizabeth D. Breading (a native of Bermuda), widow of late
Rev. James Breading, and mother of Mrs. W. E. Gelling, died
at the rectory, Bridgewater, on the morning of Sunday, Janu
ary 11th, 1891, at the age of eighty-five years. Mrs. Breading
was a most estimable person, and. a fine example of the highest
Christian character, abounding in gentleness and in kindness.
to all who knew her. She was well described as " a lovely old
lady." Rev. Theodore E. Dowling, M.A., of Jerusalem, preached
in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Bridgewater, in September,
1891, on " Missionary Work among the Jews in Palestine."
During recent years several improvements have been made
in the church. The old and contracted chancel gave place to
the present large and handsome one, and the main body of the-

206 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
building was subsequently renovated. New pews were put in,
and a tower placed on the north comer, changing for the better
the whole appearance of the church. Neat stained glass win
dows were given by Hon. W. H. Owen, and a bell by another
member of the congregation. Presbyterian.
The old church (St. John's) wa^s built in 1848, and the first
sermon was preached by Rev. William Duff.
A new and commodious church (also St. John's) was erected
in 1874. It is a fine addition to the architectural ornaments of
the town.
The tower and pews were removed from the old church, and
the building was made into a comfortable hall for the Sunday
School and public meetings.
The resident ministers in Bridgewater have been: Revs.
Howard D. Steele, John Morton (now Rev. Dr., a most success
ful missionary in Trinidad), Peter M. (now Rev. Dr.) Morrison,
William Robertson, John Cameron (who has passed the jubilee
year of his ministry), John Ferry, John F. Dustan, and Fred
erick C. Simpson the present pastor, who came in July, 1892.
Mr. Simpson is a native of Hull, Yorkshire, England. He is
assisted by Mr. Daniel McG. Gaudier, student of Queen's College,
Kingston. The first manse was built about 1857, and exchanged
for the present one in 1879.
Among the visiting preachers in the church at Bridgewater
have been two of the best missionaries sent to heathen lands.
Rev. H. A. Robertson, in 1884, described among other things
the last administration of the Lord's Supper, and the farewell
by his people on the beach when he and his wife were leaving
on furlough. In the following year. Rev. Joseph Annand gave
an account of his work on Aneityum (the scene of Dr. Geddie's
labors), and of the people to whom he ministered. These were
among the most interesting addresses ever heard in Bridgewater.
Rev. Edward Roberts, retired from active duty, resides in
Bridgewater and gives occasional assistance in church work.

history of the county of lunenburg. 207
Lutheran.
The church was built about forty years ago. Before it was
erected, Rev. C. Cossmann preached in the Presbyterian Church
loaned for the purpose, and afterwards in the Lutheran Church.
Rev. William W. Bowers, who came from Philadelphia in
1859, was the first resident English minister, and for him the
parsonage was built. The other resident clergymen have been :
Revs. Hutchinson, Hunton, Yount, Kohler, and Orr, the latter
succeeded by the present pastor, Rev. Albert R. J. Graepp,
who came from Greenville, Pennsylvania, and was installed
with appropriate services, on the evening of Wednesday, July
24th, 1895. Revs. Sweinsberg, Maurer, D. L. Roth, Rankin, and
Rev. Dr. Roth took part in the services. Rev. Theophilus B.
Roth, D.D., is President of Thiol College, Greenville, and Rev.
D. L. Roth, a former pastor at Lunenburg, lives at Albany, N.Y.
The Bach Amateur Orchestra formed the choir for the
occasion. The proceedings of the day terminated on the
grounds of the Lutheran parsonage, which were handsomely
illuminated under the tasteful direction of J. W. Andrews, Esq.
Rev. R. J. Graepp was born near Strahlsund, in Pomerania,
Germany. Methodist.
The church was erected in 1873 and finished in 1876. Ser
vices had been previously held in the old school-house, in
the Temperance Hall, and other places in town. A lot for a
parsonage was purchased in 1884, and after the cellar was com
pleted, the generous offer of the late Edward D. Davison, Esq.,
to build the house was accepted.
While Bridgewater was part of the Lunenburg Circuit, it was
visited by Revs. Dr. C. Stewart, J. F. Bent, Joseph Hart, James
Hart, R. Smith, J. J. Teasdale and others.
Mr. A. H. Clayton, a probationer, came in 1873, and was
succeeded in 1875 by Rev. C. W. Swallow. The other resident
clergymen have been : Revs. John Cassidy, Wm. Brown, God
frey Shore, David Hickey, J. C. Ogden, J. R. Borden, J. W.
Prestwood, C. H. Huestis, and R. S.* Stevens the present pastor.

208 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The clergyman resident in Bridgewater officiates at Summer-
side, and in a union church at Conquerall Bank.
Roman Catholic.
Tho handsome St. Joseph's Chapel was dedicated by Arch
bishop O'Brien, on the Feast of the Patronage of St. Joseph,
Sunday, May 12th, 1889. His Grace, in addressing those
present referred to the exceeding beauty of the building, to the
zealous labors in its behalf of tho priest in charge. Rev. Edmond
Kennedy, and tho praiseworthy efforts of all who aided in the
work. The church is 70 x 30 feet, with end gallery for the choir,
and is finely finished. Mr. Dumaresq was the architect, and
Mr. R. H. Lamb, of Bridgewater, the chief carpenter, while the
decorative painting was done by Mr. Richard Hurley, ably
assisted by William, son of Mr. Stephen Messer, whose work
with his brush in many ways has been highly creditable for a
young man. The natural grain of the woods used— oak, white
and black ash, birch, and rock maple — is well brought out and
worthy of inspection.
It was fortunate for the Roman Catholics of Bridgewater
that they had as their priest a man of uncommon push and
energy, with all required devotednoss to the work, for it was
mainly by these qualities that the church, an ornament to the
town in its exterior and interior, was carried to completion. It
must give great satisfaction to priest and people.
Father Kennedy is a native of Waterford, and came to the
county in 1883. He was appointed first resident priest in
Bridgewater in 1885.
During his residence here he took a warm interest in the
advancement of the town, and was esteemed a valuable citizen.
He several times delivered interesting addresses to tho children
of the public schools on Arbor days, and was himself a great
lover of trees.
On the ISth of May, 1893, he was presented, on his departure,
by a committee on behalf of his parishioners, with a gold-headed
cane and a well-filled purse, in appreciation of his ten years'
labor in the county.

history of the county op LUNENBURG. 209
He left Bridgewater for Windsor, and was succeeded by Rev.
John Walsh, a native of Kilkenny, Ireland, who in August,
1894, was ti"ansferred to Annapolis, his place here being fiUed
by Rev. Walter J. Doody, also a native of Kilkenny.
Rev. J. J. Sullivivn, who has been stationed at Pubnico for
eight year's, was once in Bridgewater for some montlis during
the absence of Rev. E. Kennedy.
In addition to tlie churelies of Bridg-ewater, tlie large and
conveniently arranged music hall, court-house, and exhibition
building add much to the appeaa-ance of the town.
There is also a lai^ drill shed, whicli was formerly used for
militia purposes, and for public meetings and entei-tainments.
A well-appointed fii-e-engine liouse was erected some year's ago.
The Bi'idgewatei" Cemetery is close to the town, on Victoi-ia
I'oad, and is a most beautiful spot. It would be hai"d to find a
place more suitable for the purpose, or for whicli nature has
done so much. The undulating surface has given opportunity
for a succession of fine terraces. The old pines, with tlie trees
juid slirubs planted on hill and valley, add greatly to tlie
attx'activeness of tlie cemetery, which has afforded lovely resting-
places for tlie depai'ted, and which is admii-ed by all visitors.
The cju"e taken of tlie graves by relatives and friends, and
their loving remembnuices in the deposit of beautiful flowers,
ai"e liighlv ci"editable. Winter, 1869-70.
The mildness of the weatlier during the " winter months " of
1869-70 W81S quite unusual. In midwinter tlie ice in the lakes
was too tliin for ti-iivelling. and the rivei-s were open, the La
Have having been closed to navigation only for a few hour's.
Ou tlie lltli of Janwu-y, the scliooner Frank Neivton, Captain
Geoi'ge Burkett, arriveil in tlie river fix)ui Hidifax, and dis
charged cargo at the \-illage. On tlie IStli of the sjime month
tlie sdiooner Stella, Captain Robert Loy. ai-riveil from Lunen-
buig to be laden witli staves. On the 21st. the thi-ee-masted
sdiooner Zehxi, Daniel Adams. Master, arriveil from Boston and
14

210 history op the county of LUNENBURG.
discharged a cargo of flour and meal. The schooner Templar,
Caleb Dauphinee, Master, arrived from Halifax on the 28th,
and the cargo was unloaded. On the 29th, the Zebra cleared
for Providence, Rhode Island. The river was subsequently
closed for a short time, but was clear of ice on the fourth day
of March, and continued open to navigation. During the whole
season it was only closed for one month.
Late in January farmers ploughed newly-broken land, and
the same work could have been done in February. One of the
oldest inhabitants declared that he had not known such a winter
in seventy -two years.
Bridgewater is surrounded by a fine agricultural country.
The important settlements of Conquerall, Campertown, Lapland,
Baker Settlement, Waterloo, Chelsea, Midville Branch, Lower
Branch and others, furnish it with staple articles for consump
tion and export.

CHAPTEE XVII.
Biographical Notices of Persons who have Conducted Business and
Resided at Bridgewater.
JAMES STARRATT (son of John Starratt, who emigrated
from the north of Ireland), born May 24th, 1799, and Eleanor
Morse, born August 7th, 1808, were married June 19th,
1828, at Paradise, County of Annapolis, and came in that year to
Bridgewater, Mrs. Starratt performing the journey on horseback.
The site of the present town was then chiefiy forest to the river's
brink. Mr. Starratt, a pushing, enterprising man, was a house- -
carpenter and carriage-builder, and erected several houses for the
Messrs. Koch on the New Germany road, and for others. He
built the third house in the village, and kept the first hotel. The
latter business was continued by him for many years, and after
his decease, by Mrs. Starratt. The house was always well patron
ized. Mr. Starratt died June 20th, 1865, and his widow, Feb
ruary 22nd, 1889. Mrs. Starratt ,was much respected by all
who knew her. She was a very warm-hearted woman, and
exceedingly kind to the poor. She died without the least pain
or suffering, and as if going quietly to sleep.
Calvin Wheelock was born at Granville, and came to Bridge-
water about sixty-five years ago. His son and two daughters,
who followed him, had a horse but no vehicle, and they " rode
tie " (that is, by turns) over a very bad road from Nictaux.
Mr. Wheelock tailght in Lunenburg, what is said to have been
the first regular singing school held in the county, and also kept
a day school in Chester, and other districts. He had a school
in the house now occupied by Mrs. McKean, and for some time
lived on tho Nicholson property. East Bridgewater, where
he made brick, in company with his son Calvin, and his
son-in-law, Amherst Martin. His daughter, Mrs. Benjamin

212 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Wile, tells of the assistance given by her and her sisters in
" edging the bricks," placing them on end to dry. Mrs. Wile
gave the writer one of the bread-dishes formerly much in use.
They were made by John Deidrich, a German, who travelled
about the country and supplied such articles, and baskets, when
required. The dishes were bowl-shaped, and formed of neatly-
made straw ropes, coiled one above the other, and kept in place
by small withes worked between and over them.
In these dishes the prepared loaves were carried to the oven,
and there turned out. The one referred to was used by three
generations, for over a hundred years, and looks as if it would
last for another century.
Mr. Wheelock died at Aylesford, King's, N.S., where some of
his relatives lived.
Benjamin Ramey, born near Conquerall Bank, November
19th, 1818, worked for several years in the lumber business at
Lapland, and afterwards established himself as a merchant at
East Bridgewater. He was known as an honest, upright man.
The words on his tombstone, " A man of truth," are deservedly
placed there. Mr. Ramey died suddenly, November 7th, 1871.
He belonged to the Presbyterian Church.
One of the most honorable and upright men who have been
in business in Bridgewater was the late John N". Hebb, son of
Nicholas Hebb. He resided for about thirty years on the farm on
Liverpool road, afterwards owned by his son Simeon, and was
for about forty years engaged as a merchant in Bridgewater,
where he died January 8th, 1875, aged seventy- seven. He
first married Elizabeth, daughter of the late Henry Cook. His
second wife was Eliza Ann James, who was born at Block
house, and was a granddaughter of Edward James, who entered
the Royal Navy as a midshipman on board H.M.S. Dunkirk, at
Portsmouth, and on promotion served in the Resolution and
other vessels, and was transferred to the army, with a commis
sion in the King's Orange Rangers. Mrs. Hebb died in Bridge-
water, March 13th, 1890, aged seventy-three years.
John Harley, eldest son of the late Dr. Harley, of Lunenburg,
was a native of Farham, England. In the early days of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 213
Bridgewater he carried on a mercantile business. Conveyances
were hard to get, and he often walked to Lunenburg on
Saturday evening, and came back on Monday morning. He
subsequently made Bridgewater his home, and was for many
years Collector of Customs. He had been a captain in the 3rd
Battalion of Lunenburg Militia, and became lieutenant-colonel,
commanding at Bridgewater. Mr. Harley was strictly upright
and honorable in all his dealings, a total abstainer, and one of
the chief promoters and supporters of the first temperance
society organized in Bridgewater, and ho frequently spoke and
lectured in aid of the cause. Being a man of good abilities
and a great reader, with a poetical turn of mind and much
ready wit, his conversation was always interesting and profit
able. He died at Bridgewater, September 7th, 1875, aged
seventy -one years. His wife (who was a daughter of Zenas
Waterman, Esq., a former representative for Queen's county
in the House of Assembly) died on the 29th of December in the
same year, aged 57. Mr. Harley's three surviving sons are,
respectively. Postmaster of Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska,
U.S., Rector of Digby, N.S., and Rector of Liverpool, N.S.
Abraham Hebb, Esq., son of John George and Rebecca Hebb,
was born at tho old homestead, Hebb's Mills, and was one of
the most highly respected men in the county. He was a noble
specimen of manhood, and had always been most industrious
in his calling as a farmer and orchardist. Nature had many
charms for him, especially round about his home ("Indian
Garden," not far from his birthplace), where it gave him great
pleasure to receive visitors, and extend to them a warm welcome.
He took much pride in his farm, which, all things considered,
is the best in the county, and paid great attention to his
orchards, in which he was ever grafting choicest varieties.
Much valuable advice was cheerfully given by him to others
similarly engaged, and he sometimes addressed the people of
the country districts, to their groat advantage, on matters con
nected with their special work. Mr. Hebb was a really good
man, and set a fine example to all. He was a fearless total
abstainer, opposed to the use of tobacco, and a well-wisher to

214 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
everything that promoted the best interests of his fellowmen.
He was elected to fill tho vacancy in the House of Assembly
caused by the death of Dr. Slocomb, and when he was con
ducted to the clerk's table to be sworn in, his fine presence
was much admired.
Mr. Hebb died at his residence, September 18th, 1880, in his
sixty-eighth year. An immense concourse of people followed
his remains over the farm to the place of interment, inside the
entrance gate. It was truly said in the press, "For sterling
honesty and conscientious adherence to principle, he has not
left his superior."
.Joseph P. Miller, Esq., son of the late Garrett Miller, Esq.,
M.P.P., was the owner of much land in Bridgewater and its
vicinity. He lived on the east side of the La Have, at " Glen
Allan," which some of his family still occupy. The beauty of
this place has been greatly marred by the two tracks of the
Nova Scotia Central Railway, made through it.
The situation of the property near the river, the forest trees,
the rows of willows and hawthorns, the brook, and the roads
and pathways through the woods, with the pretty views from
the hill-tops, give to " Glen Allan " a peculiar attractiveness.
Mr. Miller once carried on business in a large store near the
bridge. He was a well-informed man, and for a long time held
the office of Justice of the Peace. His death occurred April
14th, 1881.
The following notice of the death of Andreiv Gow, Esq.,
appeared in the Lunenburg county Times, October 17th, 1883 :
" It is our melancholy duty to record the demise of our late
respected townsman, Andrew Gow, Esq., which event occurred
on Friday morning last from the effects of the carriage accident
of the 26th ult., previously noticed in our columns. His remains
wore conveyed to the new cemetery on Saturday afternoon,
escorted by a largo concourse of people of both sexes, many of
whom came from other parts of the county.
" The deceased gentleman was a native of Scotland, born in
Perth in 1838. In 1846, he migrated with his parents to Lunen
burg. He entered Taylor's drug store, Halifax, as a clerk in
1852, where he remained about four years.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 21 5
" In the fall of 1858, he settled at Bridgewater, and by his
energy and ability soon acquired a prominent position in the
commercial community. He early turned his attention to the
building and sailing of vessels, in which business he became
an adept, and at his death was ship's-husband to quite a fleet of
barques and brigantines employed in both the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans.
" He held the position of agent of the Merchants' Bank of
Halifax, from the spring of 1871, or since the agency was first
established. "The deceased was singularly candid in expressing his honest
conviction about men and things; in social life, was a cheerful
companion; and in business matters, bore a high character for
integrity." Mr. John Gow, brother of the deceased, is a graduate of
Dalhousie College, and has been for several years engaged as a
school-teacher. He is the author of a valuable illustrated
history of Cape Breton.
James Grinton was born at Corstorphine, near Edinburgh,
Scotland, December 31st, 1798, and came to Nova Scotia in
May, 1819. He bought land at what was known as the Grinton
Settlement (Springfield, Annapolis), from whence he removed
to East Bridgewater, and built the house now occupied by his
widow, in part of which he did a mercantile business for many
years. He was a member of the Baptist Church, to which he
gave liberally. The poor always found in him a kind friend.
In all his transactions he was honest and upright, and much
respected by his fellowmen. He was a Justice of the Peace.
Mr. Grinton died March Sth, 1884.
Samuel F. Ramey (brother of Benjamin previously noticed)
was born near Conquerall Bank, and carried on a mercantile
business at East Bridgewater for moro than forty years. Like
his brother, he was noted for his integrity and honest dealings.
He was a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Ramey died
July 25th, 1884, in his sixty-seventh year.
William Henry Brownrigg, barrister-at-law, died in Bridge-
water, April Sth, 1888, at the age of thirty-two.

216 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
"He was educated at the Pictou Academy and Dalhousie
College, where he took high rank in his classes, and he supported
himself by his own industry and unaided efforts. He was a
born athlete, and excelled in cricket, foot-ball, and all manly
sports. Those who knew him only in his later years, when a
lingering disease had broken down his once magnificent
physique, can form but a slight conception of what he was a
few years ago, when, as captain of the Dalhousie foot-ball club,
he led his team to victory against the best city and military
clubs. After leaving college Mr. Brownrigg became Principal
of the Stellarton High School, and subsequently of the Guys
boro' Academy, and more recently of the Bridgewater High
School. He was an able and successfol teacher, and always
esteemed and beloved by his pupils. He subsequently studied
law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1886.
" In the death of Mr. Brownrigg, our town has lost one of its
best and most promising citizens. Ho was one of Nature's
gentlemen, and his many friends will not soon forget his kind
and unobtrusive disposition, his genial and unassuming manner,
his innate love of truth and justice; and above all, that rich vein
of quaint, original humor which not even disease and suffering
could subdue."
Mr. Brownrigg married Amelia F., daughter of the late E. D.
Davison, Esq.
Robert West died suddenly at Bridgewater, October 7th, 1891,
aged seventy-one.
Ho had resided here for nearly fifty years, having removed
from King's county about 1843. He was engaged in a general
mercantile business, in which he continued to the time of his
death. The Baptist Church had in him a prominent member,
and he was a Justice of the Peace, and a son of temperance.
His strictly honorable conduct in all his dealings ensured for
him universal respect.
One who had extensive transactions and frequent settlements
with him, said that " his accounts were always right to a cent."
Joseph Whitford was summoned away by death, April 19th,
1893, "after an illness lasting only a few days. Tho deceased

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 217
gentleman was born at Chester, N.S., in 1827, and was the
second son of Thomas Whitford, Esq., a much respected resident
of that place, who died there about five years ago. Mr. Whitford
carried on a large business at Chester, for many years shipping
lumber and ships' knees, etc., to the United States in his own
vessel, but about twenty years ago he moved to Bridgewater,
and accepted the responsible position of postmaster, which he
held at the time of his death. He "was also a Justice of the
Peace. " As a citizen he was widely known and respected, and
whether in his magisterial capacity, or as postmaster, he was
most painstaking and courteous in the discharge of his duties.
It was largely his close and constant attendance upon the postal
work which eventually undermined a vigorous constitution, and
caused his death.
" Mr. Whitford brought up a large family of sons and daugh
ters creditably, all of whom, save one, survive him."
A son and daughter reside in Bridgewater.
The death of Robert Dawson, Esq., occurred at his residence,
Bridgewater, January 18th, 1894.
" The deceased gentleman was the senior member in the firm
of R. Dawson & Sons, the oldest business concern in Bridgewater,
and one of the oldest in the county. He was born at Port Mouton,
Queen's county, in the year 1825, being in his sixty-ninth year
at the time of his death. He was the only son of a young
Scotch trader of the same name, who came to this country from
Aberdeen, but who was accidentally drowned when Mr. Dawson
was only a few months old. As a youth he entered the
employ of the late Joseph Jennings, merchant, of Halifax,
where he remained as clerk for several years, during which
time he succeeded in so favorably impressing his employer that
Mr. Jennings opened a business in Bridgewater under his man
agement in the year 1848. Shortly after he was able to buy
out his employer, and established himself on his own account,
and by strict attention and thorough honesty in all his trans
actions he soon placed himself among the foremost and most
reliable business men in the county. Early in his career he

218 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
engaged in shipping, and became interested in a number of
large sailing vessels, which he managed with marked success.
He was married in 1856, to a daughter of the late John N.
Hebb, of Bridgewater, and leaves a widow, one daughter and
two sons to mourn their loss. A man of sterling integrity,
high principle and gentlemanly manners, he succeeded in
impressing all who knew him most favorably, and his death
makes a gap in our community that cannot easily be filled.
The esteem in which he was hold by his fellow- townsmen is
seen in the many offices he was called to fill. At the time of
his decease he was Chairman of the Board of Fire Wardens,
Commissioner of Schools, Treasurer of the Bridgewater Agricul
tural Society, and of the Masonic lodge, which positions
he held for many years, discharging the duties most faith
fully. Any appeal on behalf of the suffering and distressed
met with a ready response from him ; he was given to deeds of
charity. Mr. Dawson was a consistent member, a most liberal
supporter, and a manager of St. John's Presbyterian Church,
where he will be greatly missed."
The above tribute will be heartily joined in by all who knew
Mr. Dawson.
" /. Edward Waterman passed away quietly on Sunday
evening, February 18th, 1894. He was one of the most enter
prising and public-spirited men in our town. His voice was
always raised, and his purse perhaps too often opened, to
further any enterprise that promised to develop the industries
of the county or benefit the condition of the community. A
man of a sympathetic nature — as long as able — he spent much
of his time and means in ministering to and helping the unfor
tunate. He did not herald his good deeds, but rather concealed
them — they are written, however, upon the hearts and memories
of many. He materially aided in moulding the history of this
county for the past forty years. Every step in the way of
reform received his regard and intelligent support. He was
associated for somo years in an extensive mercantile business
with the late John N. Hebb, whose daughter Eliza he married,
and who survives him. Subsequently with his brother Joseph,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 219
and his cousin Thomas Waterman, under tho firm name of J. E.
Waterman & Co., he carried on a large tanning and shoe manu
facturing business, and took great interest in, and materially
aided the development of, our mining industries., He was a
consistent adherent of the Presbyterian Church, and most broad
and charitable in his religious views."
Edward Doran Davison diedat his residence. East Bridge-
water, February 21st, 1894. The following is a condensed
statement from accounts published in local papers : " He was
born at Mill Village, in Queen's county, in tho month of June,
1819. There he became the head of a flourishing lumbering,
farming and fishing industry, and prosecuted his affairs with
untiring zeal until about 1865, when, owing to destructive
forest fires, he removed to Bridgewater. Here ho founded the
well-known firm of E. D. Davison & Sons.
" At the time of his death he had fairly earned the proud
distinction of having the largest lumber business in the Pro
vince, and one of the largest in the Dominion.
" In 1854, he was elected to tho Provincial Parliament, as
member for Queen's county, and sat in the House during the
palmy days of Johnston, Howe, and Young.
" Socially, Mr. Davison was an exceedingly interesting person
to meet. He always had a fund of anecdotes concerning old
times, and the men who helped to build up Nova Scotia. He
was a veritable encyclopaedia of reminiscences, and seemed a
link between the old and the new. No one in need ever went
away from him empty-handed, and the monuments of his
benefactions are numerous."
Mr. Davison was a fine-looking man, and even in his later
years there seemed to be no lessening of his abundant energy.
" He was fond of out-door life, and always superintended the
management of his mills, having a thorough knowledge of,
and great liking for, machinery. He has in the past twenty-
five years given more than any other twenty men in the
county towards the erection of churches. Wo have learned
from outside sources of his charitable excursions, spending two
or three days at a time, visiting needy families of former

220 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
friends, employees and old family retainers, cheering them -with
his hearty laugh, and hope-inspiring presence, and leaving with
them such substantial assistance as would fully meet their
necessities." The writer can warmly unite in the praise of which the
deceased has, by others, been deemed worthy.
Instances of Mr. Davison's generous dealings have been told
to him, but in accordance with what would have been the wish
of the giver, they are not here specially named. They stamped
him, however, as a noble-hearted man. He was very fond of
reading and hearing about the discoveries from time to time
of pro-historic relics, and he was also a great lover of scientific
study, and followed with the greatest interest the marvellous
improvements of the nineteenth centmy.
About a month before his death he referred, in conversation,
to the great loss the community had sustained in the decease
of Robert Dawson, Esq., little thinking that his own departure
was so near at hand. " He was twice married. His first wife,
to whom he was united at the early age of twenty, was Desiah
Mack, daughter of Elisha Mack. She died some years ago. By
her he had a family of ten children, seven of whom are living.
His second wiie, who survives him, was Martha, daughter of
the late Hon. John Campbell, of Liverpool, N.S."
Miss Bertha L. Sirixonson died at Bridgewater, March 19th,
1894, aged nineteen years and eleven months.
" Miss Simonson was a young lady very highly esteemed. The
floral offerings after her death were the finest and most exten
sive ever seen here.
" A short funeral service was held at the house, after which
the body was conveyed to the Methodist chapel and placed in
front of the platform amidst a profusion of flowers left there
by loving hands. The services at the church were conducted
by Revs. R. S. Stevens, J. W. Brown, and F. C. Simpson, and
at the grave by Revs. Stevens, and Gelling. No words of ours
can do justice to the intelligence, understanding, and general
merit which characterized this bright young girl's life."

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 221
The following lines on Miss Simonson's death, were written
by William E. Marshall, Esq., barrister :
" Into a garden, soft, a shadow stole
And looked upon a flower, the loveliest there ;
It was a Morning Glory, bright and fair,
Uplifting to the Sun its yearning soul.
Seeking more light and lite while yet 'twas day.
Drinking such beauty from the earth and sky.
The Rose and Lily made a bower close by,
And sang that Night and Death were passed away ;
The shadow nearer crept, then sweetly smiled.
And lo ! the spirit of that flower was free.
And all the air was hushed, as if beguiled
By some most subtle, dreamlike, mystery —
Perchance it was an Angel in disguise ;
For now the flower doth bloom in Paradise."
Captain Joseph H. Wade died March 26th, 1894, aged sixty-
four years,
" Captain Wade came to Bridgewater some twenty-five years
ago and engaged in mercantile business, and was at one time
in partnership with C. H. Chase, now of Portland, Oregon. He
was shipping master for this port for nineteen years and collec
tor of customs for four years. He resigned these positions a
few months before his death, and was succeeded by N. C.
Owen, Esq. Captain Wade had been a sufferer for four
years, and ofttimes attended to his business when under the
influence of great pain. He leaves a widow and two daughters."
The interment was with Masonic honors, joined in by many of
the brethren from Lunenburg. Captain Wade had been in his.
younger days an eager and successful moose hunter.
Since his decease, one of his daughters. Miss May Wade, has
been called away, at the early age of twenty-two years. She
was much esteemed in the community. The illness which
caused her death was said to have been partly tho result of close
and faithful attendance on her father during his long sickness.
Robert Whitman died at his residence near Bridgewater, on
Saturday evening, April 14th, 1894, aged seventy-two years and
three month s. He was the son of David W hitman , of Round Hill ,.

222 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
County of Annapolis, came to Bridgewater at twenty-one
years of age, and remained till his death. He was twice
married — first to Lydia, daughter of the late James Waterman, of
Pleasant River, and many years after her decease, to Sophia,
daughter of the late Michael Himmelman, of New Dublin. Mr.
W^hitman was engaged in the building of the first hotel erected
by James Starratt at the Bridge Corner, the Slocomb house,
and many other buildings in and outside of Bridgewater. He
built the Methodist church at the Cross Roads, and the light
house at Fort Point. He had the highest regard for what was
right and true, and was strictly honest and upright in his
dealings with his fellowmen. Whatever he promised could be
depended upon, and no bond could make more certain its per
formance. He was a lover of the beautiful in nature, -with a
strong sense of the greatness and goodness of God, and took
every opportunity to speak of and" admire them.
Mr. Whitman left, besides his widow, five sons and three
daughters. " John Allen Tupper died at the age of sixty-five years, on
Friday, August 9th, 1895. He was a native of Queen's county,
born, we believe, at Pleasant River, came to Bridgewater about
forty years ago, and has ever since made this town his home.
For a long time he was in the employ of E. D. Davison & Sons
as foreman of one of their mills, but latterly he superintended
the mechanical department of the Nova Scotia Central Railway.
Mr. Tupper was a hardy, strong man, and never incapacitated
on account of illness. He was conscientious and energetic in
the performance of his duties, and enjoyed the esteem and con
fidence of his employers. As a citizen Mr. Tupper possessed
the regard of the community, and had many staunch friends,
who testified their appreciation of his integrity by attending
his funeral in a body."
Mr. William S. Tupper, manager and agent at Bridgewater
of the Merchants' Bank of Halifax, is a son of the deceased,
and one of his daughters is the wife of Henry T. Ross, Esq.,
barrister.

CHAPTEE XVIII.
Settlement at Hebb's MUls — Gold Discovered at Mellipsigit.
HEBB'S MILLS are two and a half miles from Bridge-
water, on the Liverpool road. Adam Hebb, the first
settlor in this locality, came from Germany with his widowed
mother when he was about twelve years old, and was brought
up by her second husband, a Mr. Eisenhauer, at Lunenburg.
Mr. Hebb built a schooner named the Sawpit, from thti locality
in which she was constructed, and afterwards moved to an island
near Lunenburg. He took up a tract of land and built a log-
house in the front of the property now occupied by Mrs. John S.
McKean, at Bridgewater. His name was included for 380 acres
in the grant of the township of Lunenburg. One of his sons,
John George, came from the island and erected a log-house
and mill at the place now called Hebb's Mills. He subsequently
put up part of the large frame house which still stands there.
The provisions at first required in his new home were taken
from the island in a boat, which he sometimes rowed around
to La Have River, and at other times to Lunenburg, whence
he proceeded, with his load on his back, to Centre, and from
there a distance of several miles by a footpath. People used to
hoot at him, and say he was going out of the world. He and
another man carried on their backs an iron mill-crank of over
300 lbs. weight from Bridgewater to the mill before a road was
made. There was no road then to Pleasant River. He went
there through the woods, with blazed trees for guides, to buy a
horse, and returned with him the same way. About seventy
years ago, he had a shallop built by Jacob and John Randall at
the mills in front of the old homestead, and it was hauled thence
to the river at Bridgewater by seven or eight yoke of oxen.

224 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
He and one Deidrich went in it on trading voyages to Halifax.
By hard work he established himself comfortably, and was at
length enabled, out of other lands he purchased, to give seven
farms to as many sons, on which they settled and brought up
large families. He also gave to each son a German family
Bible. Several of his sons had John for their first Christian
name. In such a case, the two names would be used together,
as John Nicolas, or John George. Sometimes men of the same
first Christian name and surname would be known by adding
their places of abode. Thus John George Hebb was called
" Shore John " when living close to the river, to distinguish him
from " Beech Hill John," and other Hobbs named John. Mr.
Hebb died at the advanced age of over eighty years. Of his
family (himself, his wife, seven sons and three daughters), Mr.
Solomon Hebb, living on the Pleasant River road, now in his
eighty-sixth year, is the only survivor.
In the old days when business was brisk at Hebb's Mills, there
was a forest of first-class pine close at hand, of which the
Hebbs had 2,700 acres, called the mill grant. It was quite
usual to find trees from two to throe feet, and sometimes three
to four feet, through. Many of the stumps are now to be seen.
A union mill was built by three Hebbs, which gave place to
three separate mills. Much money was made there, and large
loans were obtained from the Hebbs. Fifteen hundred pounds
and six hundred pounds, in gold, were two of the many sums
lent. Extensive fires destroyed the remaining timber and the
business connected with it.
The farms between the mills and Bridgewater have been
chiefly owned by Hebbs. It used to be said that there were
miles of Hebbs on that road, and miles of Kochs on the opposite
side of the river, on the road from Bridgewater to New Ger
many. The descendants of all still largely occupy the ground.
John, David, Enoch, and Henry Koch were sterling men, as
were John, Abraham, Jacob, and others of the Hebbs, strictly
straightforward and true in all their transactions. Their
memory is honored.

history of the county of lunenburg. 225
Mellipsigit.
The Mellipsigit gold-fields are about nine miles from Bridge-
water, and three miles from Hebb's Cross on the Liverpool road.
A 'writer in the Progress, in 1883, stated that he had visited
the Owen pit, and other claims, in their infancy, and had then
recently revisited them. Three leads had been opened up, one
from 14 to 16 inches thick, all three gold-bearing. At a depth
of 80 or 90 feet, another lead had been struck, 6 to 9 inches
wide, showing gold and other metals, as Avell in the slate
as in the quartz lead. He was informed that the work, so far,
was only one of development.
Another account was given of a lode which had increased
from 8 inches in width at the surface, to 15 inches at a depth
of 80 feet, carrying an unusual quantity of gold.
Other leads promising well have been discovered from time
to time, but have not' been sufficiently worked. It is believed
that this district would, with a wisely directed expenditure of
capital, prove to be one of the best in the country.

15

CHAPTEE XIX.
La Have River — Its Rise, and Course to the Ocean — Poems on the
River, by diS'erent authors.
THE La Have is the most beautiful river in Nova Scotia.
It is also the largest, as has been proved by actual com
parisons and measurements.
The surplus waters of Lake Paul, Oak Lake, Frog Lake,
Shellcariip Lake, Cloud Lake, Jqe Simon Lake, and Lake Spry,
all on the south mountain, the two last in Annapolis county,
and the rest in King's county, reach the La Have ; tributary
also to which are several lakes and streams in the timber lands •
of Davison & Sons.
A dam three feet high, at the outlet of Cloud Lake, has turned
the water down the north side of the mountain into the
Annapolis River, some of tho sources of which are not more
than half a mile from Lake Le Marchant, near Joe Simon Lake.
A road intended for direct travel to Lunenburg, which was com
menced about seventy years ago, passes by the two last-named
lakes. Forty-seven River rises at Cloud Lake, and flows through
Dalhousie near Falkland ridge. On this stream are tho Dog
Falls, about fifty rods above the sink spout, which is half a
mile from the Cherryfield railway station. This spout is a
narrow gorge, with perpendicular rock on each side, thirty feet
high. There is a whirlpool or eddy here, which tosses the logs
in wild confusion. Before the roll dam was put in by the
Messrs. Davison, to cut off part of the falls and make a sluice
way, a log would sometimes get fixed crosswise, and had to he
cut out to relieve the jam of logs it had occasioned in their
passage. Mr. John Morrison, of Springfield, was once so

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 227
engaged, when away went the " key log," with others, and he
disappeared. It was supposed that he was drowned, but a log,
coming end first, lifted him up on logs which were in the eddy,
and he was caught by fellow-workmen and saved. Men similarly
employed have from that time been secured by ropes.
Forty-seven River continues its course through still waters,
and marshes which cut about three hundred tons of hay.
The North River has its rise at Oak Lake, and runs through
East Dalhousie in King's county, and on near to Stanboume in
Lunenburg county.
When nearly opposite Jacob Meisiner's house. New Germany,
Forty-seven and North rivers unite in the La Have, which fiows
on into New Germany Lake (where also empty the waters of a
considerable stream, known as Westbrook), and thence to
Morgan's Falls, a most attractive spot, especially when there is
high freshet, and the logs in transit to the mills below are pass
ing over. The water under the falls is very deep. A stone
was once fastened to a fifty-foot line, and did not reach the
bottom. A spar sixty feet long has gone down out of sight, and
reappeared some distance off. The river pursues its way from
the falls on to Wentzel's Lake, through the pretty settlement of
Riversdale, where another stream, connected with the La Have,
is seen, the course of which will now be traced.
The Sherhrooke River flows from Lake Paul, where there is
.an important settlement. The Gully River rises about five miles
above Nine-Mile Lake, or " Big Sherhrooke Lake," which is in
Lunenburg county, and receives the waters of both these rivers.
On the Gully River there are several very beautiful views, of
which photographs have been taken. In the Nine-Mile Lake
are caught the " grey lake trout " referred to in another part of
this work. About three and a half miles south of this lake is
Indian Lake, at the inlet of which is a " reserve," where the
Hammond family live. The Kedy River flows from this point
nntil it passes under the railway bridge at Riversdale, and a
short distance below empties into Wentzel's Lake, a mile and a
quarter long, round the shore of which travels the iron horse of
the Nova Scotia Central Railway. At the south end of the

228 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
lake, the La Have passes out near the finely situated and pro
ductive farm of Mr. Stephen Wentzel, where luscious grapes are
grown in the open air. Its course, thence, is by lovely camping-
grounds, and past Governor's Island, a former tenting-place of
the Earl of Mulgrave, about nine miles in all to Bridgewater,
where it meets the tides of ocean. Koch's Falls, or rapids, are
on the river, about two miles above the town, and are very
pretty. Below the bridge, by boat, and along either shore by
carriage, most enjoyable excursions may be had.
The distance from Bridgewater to Fort Point is twelve miles.
Good views are obtained from the river of the different places
of interest on either side.
Conquerall Bank, on the west side, about three miles and a
half from Bridgewater, has steadily advanced and is quite a
village, having considerable trade and commerce. Two miles
farther on is Pleasantville, where many fine vessels are built.
A few miles beyond it is West La Have Ferry, one of the river
shipping-places. Near Fort Point, with its old French ruins, is
Getson's Cove, a place of call, as is also Conquerall Bank, for
the steamer Bridgewater.
Summerside is on the left hand, about three miles below La
Have bridge. Here are the busy shipyards of Mr. Stephen F.
Leary and others. A short distance on is Koch's Point, where,
and in the vicinity, the late John Koch and John C. Rudolf, and
Charles and William Rudolf, once carried on business and loaded
English ships chiefly with ton timber purchased for $16 per
ton. Merchantable pine was $10; pine shingles, 20 inches long, $3 ;
hemlock lumber, $6 ; flooring boards, 60s.; clapboards, 80s. per
thousand. Rudolf's store was for a long time the only one on
the La Have River.
Mr. Koch erected, and in 1820 moved into, the house now
occupied by Rev. G. D. Harris. The old Rudolf homestead is
near St. Matthew's Church, and occupied by Josiah Rudolf, Esq.,
son of the late Charles Rudolf.
Tradition says that a soldier who in early times was stationed
at the block -house in this vicinity, strayed int& the woods, and
beiiig missed in the evening, a party went out and searched for

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 229
him in vain. Many years afterwards parts of his knapsack and
gnn were found near what is now called the Mullock Settlement,
where it is supposed he perished.
Arenberg's Island, which the Misses Arenberg also called
Paradise Island, about four miles from Bridgewater, is a beautiful
place, where many an enjoyable picnic has been held.
Below Summerside, on the eastern shore of the river, are the
Bear Hills, Wilkie's Cove, East La Have Ferry, Walter's Cove,
Parks' Creek, and Ritcey's and Creeser's coves, the fine resi
dences around which attest the well-to-do position of their
owners. Passing Fort Point, which is on the western side, the
mouth of the " Rhine of Nova Scotia " is reached.
Other views, both extensive and charming, are to be had
about the river. One of the finest is from a hill in rear of " The
Five Houses," near to and opposite Fort Point, taking in several
miles of the river, Ritcey's, Creeser's and Getson's coves, Dublin
Bay and shore, the " Big House," and Oxner's and Mosher's
heads, the Spectacles and other islands, and away in the dis
tance, West Dublin and Crescent Beach. There are no more
delightful drives in the country than those along the banks of
the river, on roads over which it is a pleasure to travel.
In 1826, £25 was voted in Parliament to George Chipman,
Esq., of Horton, to enable, him to complete his survey of the
practicability of an inland water communication between the
Gaspereau River and La Have River, and for clearing out
certain runs and falls.
Haliburton wrote in 1829 : " There are upwards of thirty
saw-mills fed by this (La Have) river, and a number of vessels
are annually loaded here for Great Britain with timber, lumber,
and staves. Codfish, sturgeon, halibut, salmon, shad, alewives,
herring, etc., are caught in great abundance here."
A minute and careful survey of the coastal portion of La
Have was made by Captain Shortland, under order of the British
Government, in 1862.
In December, 1863, during the civil war in the United States,
the Chesapeake,^ wooden steamship of 495 tons. Captain Millet,
which had been plying as a packet between New York and

230 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Portland, and was taken possession of by Southerners, who
were on board, with Lieutenant Braine as leader, came into the
river, and was reported at the Custom House under the name
of the Retribution. She remained in the vicinity of Conquerall
Bank for a few days, and made her exit from La Have previous
to the arrival of the steamer Ella and Annie, belonging to the
United States Government, and commanded by Lieutenant
Nichols, by which vessel she was afterwards captured.
The harbor inside of Fort Point is one of the finest in America,
free from shoals, and in which vessels are safe from every wind
that blows. It is generally as smooth as a mill-pond. Hali
burton says : " It is unquestionably one of the best harbors in
the Province."
This river furnishes, at sunset and by moonlight, exceedingly
beautiful pictures. It is in itself so charming that it is matter
for regret there are so many in Nova Scotia who have not seen it.
The La Have River.
By Mary J. Katzman (Mrs. W. Lawson).
The tinted robe of Autumn was folded round the land.
And beauty, like a girdle, the quiet country spanned.
Meadow and sloping hillside where grazing herds were seen.
In soft October sunlight, wore glance of summer green —
The rosy apples ripened beneath the golden ray.
Within whose mellow radiance the pleasant orchards lay^
While the iris clouds bent downward to kiss the laughing wave
That sparkled on the bosom of the broad and blue La Have.
On swept that noble river, the beautiful — the free —
Till its shining waters mingled in the far-oflF sounding sea ;
Itself a mimic ocean, where snowy sails were spread.
Whose depth gave back the shadow by barques at anchor shed, —
Its dimpled waves resounded to music from the oar.
As stalwart boatmen guided their skiffs from shore to shore —
The pleasant shore, whose margin slopes gently down to lave
Forever in the ripple of the beautiful La Have.
How gracefully the shadows fell through the mellow air
From quiet forests stretching on either headland there :
That grand old limner Nature, with variegated dyes.
Had draped the quiveriiig branches in robes of royal guise —

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 231
So duskily the fir-tree shot up with spiral cone —
So gorgeous gleamed the maple with scarlet mantle on —
And sloping to the river they donned their vesture brave,
Beside the liquid mirror of the flashing bright La Have.
Miles, miles of rushing water forever grand and free ;
On sweeps the mighty river through Time's eternity —
Fresh as when erst it bounded from God's creative hand —
A never- failing fountain to bless a lonely latid.
So long a silent watcher, with the distant stars that shine,
And droop their golden shadows in Acadia's forest Rhine,
So long a voice and witness from the Past's eternal grave —
Unshadowed and unfettered — 0 glorious La Have !
Chant not thy waves a legend, as they wander to the sea,
Of the Micmac race who journeyed beside, and like thee, free —
How the bright and glancing arrow o'er the shining waters flew.
As they cut the dimpled billows in their fairy-like canoe?
Did not bright Indian maidens bend down with eager glance.
And braid their dusky tresses beside thy blue expanse ?
Did not the chieftain's wigwam shoot up from forest glaive,
And his war-song wake thy echoes, O beautiful La Have ?
Where are those dusky warriors ? A failing, feeble band —
Wanderers, and almost exiles, in this their fatherland.
No longer curls the smoke- wreath from birchen tent at eve —
No more the dark-browed maidens the motley network weave,
Within the pine-tree's shadow, oh, river of the west.
No longer doth the Micmac beside thy waters rest.
For tyrant voices drove him from the soil he sought to save.
From the hunting-ground of kindred, beside the blue La Have.
And stranger tones have fallen where meet thy drooping trees.
And foreign songs have lingered all homesick on the breeze —
Thy waves have caught the cadence, and seen the merry glance
Of the peasant sons and daughters from vine-clad La belle France —
Thou hast heard their ringing laughter — a sweet melodious din —
Seen bodice, cap and kirtle, and beaded moccasin ;
But the old regime is over — for arms and conquest gave
Acadia's soil to England, with thee, thou proud La Have.
And thus thou roUest ever — bright, peerless, uncontrolled—
The peaceful sky above thee — around, the forest old —
Stretching in vast magnificence on to the mighty sea —
So beautiful in slumber — so grand in liberty —

232 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
So solemn and mysterious beneath the tone of night —
So gorgeous in thy raiment of glad effulgent light ;
Bright living type of freedom in nature's temple brave —
Rejoicing ocean's youngest born — thou beautiful La Have.
December, 1859.
Extracts from Lines on the La Have.
By Ada A. DesBrUay.
Thy winding way is perfect in its grace,
A thousand diamonds sparkle on thy face ;
Blue are thy waters, lovely islands there
Add charms to what already was so fair.
Thy banks are hung with branching oak and pine,
Here maple, fir and ash their arms entwine.
And midst them rises some romantic peak.
While through the leaves the breezes seem to speak
In voices mournful, if our hearts are sad, —
In merry tones, if haply we are glad.
Small villages on either side are seen,
With scattered dwellings all the way between ;
Like some continuous suburb of a town,
On hillsides sloping to the river down ;
Stretches of forest sometimes intervene.
And tall church spires arise amidst the green.
A resting-place for those who've passed away.
Lies where my feet were often wont to stray.
Secluded spot, whose solemn tombstones seem
Forever watching thy swift-flowing stream ;
Few sounds will mar its quiet till the time
When God shall call the dead with voice sublime.
On summer eves, when dusty heat has flown.
And zephyrs cool thy surface sport upon.
By oars or paddles moved, or left to float
Down with the tide, we see some well-filled boat ;
Sounds of gay laughter wafted to the shore.
With sweet songs mingle, echoed o'er and o'er ;
The rising moon a stream of radiance casts
Across the water, while the vessel's masts
Catch on each point a gleam of silver light.
Which shadows only serve to make more bright.
The lighted windows peeping here and there.
Are scarce espied, so bright the outer air ;

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 233
And happy rest alone appears to reign —
We think thou ne'er hast witnessed care nor pain.
Surely thou couldst relate a different tale.
Of crowds -with anxious hearts and faces pale,
Who found thou treacherously wouldst form a grave
For children loved, they vainly tried to save ;
Of wearied ones, whose reason fled its throne.
Tired of the scalding tear, and sighing moan.
Worn by the struggle with the demon Drink,
Would wander restlessly upon thy brink.
And, tempted by thy promises of rest.
Plunge life and woes at once beneath thy breast ;
Of sudden gales from thy encircling hills.
Which swept unnoticed o'er their trees and rills,
TUl some frail skiff, with jaunty sails all set,
Receives them, and is helplessly upset
With all its freight ; and oh, to some how dear
May be the forms which find a death-bed here !
But still I love thee, wander where I may.
No other stream can tempt my heart to stray ;
Content to dwell in sight of thee forever.
And sleep at last beside thee, beauteous river.
The Beautiful La Have.
By Rev. G. 0. Huestis.
Lkt others of Saint Lawrence sing.
Or Mississippi grand ;
My muse would fain a tribute bring.
To one in Scotia's land.
Not muddy Shubenacadie,
Nor Avon's classic shore.
Nor of the streams of Cumberland,
Dear in tho days of yore.
But of La Have the beautiful.
As fair and lovely now
As when the French explorer's ship
First upward turned its prow.
Enchantment seized them on that day,
No scenery more grand :
A home long sought, at last was found,
' In fair Acadie's land.

234 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Briefly Razilly viewed the scene.
Death closed the Governor's eyes ;
And soon the little band removed,
To dwell 'neath other skies.
The footsteps of the sons of Gaul
Are scarcely seen to-day ;
While Celtic and Teutonic crowds
Here live, not merely stay.
Hail, Scotia's most delightful stream ;
Tourists no finer crave ;
Here let me live, and sing and dream.
Beside the fair La Have.

The La Have River.
By Rev. William Almon DesBrisay.
Oh, what would I give for a sail to-night.
On the beautiful river of dreams ;
On the peaceful breast of the calm La Have,
Where the magic of starlight gleams.
Oh, the bright green vales and the hillsides fair,
Are the fairest the wide world knows ;
And the picture I love is a pure white sail,
Where its whispering water flows.
Prom its source where the gliding brooklet sings,
To the spray of old Iron-bound ;
Sweet nature her loveliest landscapes took.
And strewed them over the ground.
Oh, I wonder to-night how the music swells,
And the wild pine forest seems ;
With the moonlight deep in its weird paths.
On the beautiful river of dreams.
O memory's isle, are you happy yet ?
Are you minding a dipping oar ?
Do you think of the golden summer days,
And the greetings that come no more ?
Oh, never a twilight on tender wing.
Comes tinted with purple beams.
But memory hallows the matchless scene.
On the beautiful river of dreams.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 235
Dream on, O soul of the longing night,
O heart of the prayerful past ;
Some days must in shadows descend to earth,
Some nights must be overcast.
O spirit of love that must sometimes bring
A sorrow the Father deems
Is best for a life ; keep faithful watch
On the beautiful river of dreams.
O wings of the faces that come and go.
Float back from your golden clime ;
And waft me the musical voices still.
In the leaf-strewn isles of time.
Oh, bring me the language love hallows yet.
As the sweetest of all life's themes;
And sing with me when the night winds sleep.
On the beautiful river of dreams.

CHAPTEE XX.
La Have Iron-bound Island.
LA HAVE Iron-bound Island, so-called to distinguish it
from Chester Iron-bound, was granted in 1778 to
Leonard Christopher Rudolf. It is about five miles from
Fort Point, and has one of those superior lights with which
the coast is well supplied to increase the safety of mariners.
In the summer of 1879, the writer, with seventeen
others spent a few weeks on the Dublin shore, and visited the
places of interest in the neighborhood, two excursions being
made to Iron-bound. One of these will be here described.
The start was made at 8 a.m., in the Lobster Seeker, Captain
Ephraim Oxner, the party numbering eighteen. The expansive
sheet of water was sparkling beautifully in the beams of the
morning sun. Whale-boats and small fiats were sailing out
for fish. When the island was neared there was a heavy sea-
roll on, and a whaler not far off" was now and then hidden from
view by the bounding billows. The wind failing on a closer
approach, some of the ladies asked permission to " man the
oars," and so helped us to reach the island. We soon entered
a snug little cove, formed by two small islands of granite,
where fishing-boats were moored, and, trying to put our craft
on shore, found the surf too heavy, and returned to the
anchorage. A son of Mr. Enos Wolfe, the light-keeper, kindly
put off his large boat, and took us, in two trips, safely to shore.
As some of us were waiting our turn, a clerical friend who was
of our party. Rev. D. McMillan, now of Sydney Mines, nar
rated the terrible experience of himself and several others in
once attempting to land at this island. A huge wave upset
their boat, and they were in deep water and in great peril.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 237
One had a limb broken, but otherwise they were unhurt, and
reached land with hearts full of gratitude for their deliverance.
We received a warm welcome at the home of Mrs. Frederick
Wolfe, and went thence to the lighthouse. After a short visit,
Mr. Enos Wolfe and some of his family accompanied us on
a walk about the island. We had a most extended ocean
view, and saw the mighty waves rolling in grand <Btyle upon
the rocky shore. Tho keeper showed us rocks, weighing many
tons, which had boon moved long distances by the sea. We
found on the beach pretty wild-flowers, one resembling the " for
get-me-not." Attached to the lighthouse was a neat and
comfortable home. There we saw a handsome sofa, and chairs,
made by Mr. Wolfe, of yellow ash, and finely finished, with
fruit very neatly carved in the top of each piece, the upholster
ing being done in scarlet cloth. Having dined, we went to the
lantern, and enjoyed from the balcony a widespread view of
sea and land, the fisher-boats in the distance looking like toys
on the crested waves. In the parlor we listened to music from
an organ played by a daughter of the keeper, accompanied by
her brother with a violin, and one of her sisters with a home
made tambourine, and songs by the whole party.
We had another walk, this time to the " grey rocks " on the
opposite side of the island, passing large fields of fine grass and
potatoes. Immense masses of granite were piled heap upon
heap, including square blocks of huge size, as if nature would
laugh to scorn the puny efforts of man in putting great stones
together. One large square rock, in a very elevated position,
with a flat and even surface round which a number of men
could stand, was pointed out. It is called " the fishermen's card-
table," used sometimes when -w^aiting for the appearance of fish.
While we were on these rocks a vast shoal of herring came
close in shore. A large grampus, judged to be over thirty foot
long, was seen plunging into the midst of them and scattering
them on all sides. And now the cry was, " There ho is ' there
he is ! " as he several times gave us a fine view of his noble
proportions, when, rising from the water, he dived into the
moving mass, and was evidently making a satisfactory evening

238 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
meal. The whole thing was a splendid sight, such as the keeper
said he had never seen, though he had been on the island a long
time. Similar sights are sometimes witnessed on the other side
of the ocean. Hugh Miller tells of one in Cromarty Bay, which
was literally covered with herrings and birds, while no fewer
than seven whales, apparently of a large size, were seen within
the space of half a mile.
Returning to the beach, we re-embarked. Passing Mosher's
Head, the eastern ond of a beautiful island, to which, as a choice
spot, the Bridgewater firemen have sometimes gone on their
annual picnics, we neared the Spectacle islands, appropriately
named, as at low tide a strip of sand, used as a roadway, unites
the two. Opposite to these we had in view Oxner's Head, pro
jecting boldly seaward, like a smaller Blomidon, and in front
the mainland from Fort Point to Bell's Cove ; altogether making
up a beautiful picture, as in smoother water, and with song and
story, we made our way to our temporary home on the New
Dublin shore, where a grand spread of creature comforts ended
the proceedings of this long-to-be-remerabered day.
Over forty years ago, and before the erection of the light
house, the schooner Jack Hilton, of Liverpool, owned by
Charles and William Gooseloy, was wrecked on the west side of
the island. The vessel and cargo were totally lost ; but the
crew — Thomas, James, and William Gooseloy, with two others,
Richardson, and Falls, and a woman from Shelburne — were
saved. The bank near tho lighthouse is forty-seven feet above sea level,
and the waves have often gone over it in boisterous weather. On
the ISth of April, 1881 (Good Friday), there was a heavy gale
with rain during the day, and about 9 p.m., the wind blowing
violently, a tremendous sea, which the keeper thought was
about fifty feet high, broke over that part of the island where
the lighthouse then stood, and in which ho and his family lived.
When he first saw it coming it looked like an immense white
cloud. Miss Maude Wolfe was in the kitchen, and her screams,
caused by the sudden bursting in of the water, were heard by
her father, who rescued her with some difficulty from her peril-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 239
ous position. The wave which covered the cooking stove, took
in a quantity of sand and stones. A large portion of the
foundation wall was torn out, and part of it carried twenty feet
away. The oil store was struck on the gable end and shifted
five feet, ten feet of the shingling being removed. The wood
and lumber lying about were carried as with a flood, about an
eighth of a mile. This was the wildest storm Mr. Wolfe ever
witnessed there.
In 1892, for greater security, the lighthouse was moved sixty
feet farther from the sea to its present position.
On tho 18th of April, 1893, during a heavy gale, the schooner
Am^anda, Captain Spright, coal laden, went ashore on the
north side of the Spectacles, and the schooners Isabella, Cap
tain Pettipas, and Lillian, Captain Sangster, went ashore at
Mosher's Island. The Amanda and Isabella were broken to
pieces.

CHAPTEE XXI.
Settlements and Places between Getson's Cove and Vogler's Cove —
Churches and Clergymen — Biographical Notices.
GETSON'S COVE is a place of importance on account of its
very excellent harbor, and tho business done in con
nection with the fisheries and home trade. It has a customs
house for the entry and clearance of vessels resorting thither.
Great improvements are being made in the dwellings of the
people. Between Getson's Cove and Petite Riviere lie the settlements
of Lower, and Upper or West Dublin. They are supplied with
churches, school-houses, stores, and temperance halls. There
are many neat and comfortable houses all along the shore.
Picturesque inlets from the sea meet the traveller at every turn.
Close to the beach at Lower Dublin, with only the post road
between, is the commodious house of Mrs. Susan McFarlane, a
kind and attentive hostess. The situation is very fine, and
commands an extensive bay view, away to Iron-bound and
other islands, taking in the vessels entering and leaving the La
Have, and the boats of the island fishermen with their red and
white sails, and rowing skiffs passing to and fro. Many a
beautiful marine picture is here presented. There have been
none finer than the one seen on a bright day in May, 1895,
when forty American fishing-vessels (mackerel seiners) set sail
together from New Dublin Bay.
About a mile farther west, near the pretty Bell's Covo, is the
summer boarding-house of Mr. William Oxner, which is well
spoken of, and is a pleasantly situated place. American and
other visitors enjoy outings in this section of the county.
One of the best views on this shore is from a hill on the farm
of Mr. Nicolas Oxner, including Dublin Bay, the settlements

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 241
near it, and some of the La Have islands. On this farm once
lived Nicolas, and Anna Margaret Oxner, parents of the above-
named Nicolas, and of J. Levi Oxner, Esq., of Bridgewater.
Mr. Oxner was an industrious, kind-hearted man, " given to
hospitality." His wife was noted for her kindness to all, espe
cially the poor and needy — a true friend, one who never spoke
ill of anybody. In her advancing years she looked like a lady
of the olden time, with her hair arranged in cannon curls
around her handsome face. She died at the age of eighty-four
years. The lobster canning business was here engaged in by James
Young, a Scotchman, in 1854. He was succeeded in the work
by J. L. Oxner, and he, in turn, by the brothers Waddelow, of
England, who were followed by Oxner brothers.
Large deposits of clam shells have been found some distance
below the surface, westward of Fort Point, marking the resorts
of Indians or French.
The churches at Lower Dublin are/' St. James'," erected in
1861, in which Rev. Klement Richardson, M.A. (T.C.D.), of West
La Have Ferry, officiates ; and two Presbyterian churches.
One, erected in 1859, has, in gilt block letters, over the door,
" Gloria in Excelsis Deo." The manse was erected in 1879, and
near it is a new church, built in 1893. New Dublin was in
early times visited by the Presbyterian clergymen at Lunen
burg, and subsequently by Revs. H. D. Steele, of Bridgewater,
and D. McMillan, of La Have. A separate charge was
established about 1876 ; and the pastors resident at Lower
Dublin have been Revs. D. McGregor and Archibald Brown
(since deceased), followed, January 1st, 1888, by the present
pastor. Rev. Henry Crawford.
The ministers at West Ferry and Lower Dublin officiate in a
union' church at West Dublin, where there is also a Methodist
church, served by the pastor resident at Petite Riviere.
Apple-trees, planted by the French at West Dublin, now two
feet and a half in diameter, still yield their fruit ; and hops,
growing from roots said to have been planted by people of the
same race, can be seen among the alder bushes at a brook on
16

242 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Loveley's Point, now Risser's, where there are traces of ancient
clearings. Some of the bushes were removed, and poles having
been placed there, the hop vines embraced them, and wound
their way to the top.
Account of Disaster t6 Schooner " Industry,"
December, 1868.
" West Dublin, County of Lunenburg,
"March 17th, 1869.
" To M. B. DesBrisay, Esq., M.P.P.
" Dear Sir, — We proceed to give you, as nearly as possible,
a correct and minute account of the disaster that we met with,
and the privations that we endured, while on board the In
dustry ; and, furthermore, an account of the kindness that we
experienced at the hands, and through the instrumentality, of
persons who, at the time, were perfect strangers to us.
" We sailed from West Dublin in the schooner Industry, of
thirty tons burthen, on Friday, the 11th of December, A.D.
1868, about 7 a.m., having a crew of five men, including our
selves, viz.: Captain Lewis Sponagle, and R. B. Currie, owners ;
Henry Wolfe, Daniel Wambach, Henry Le Gag, jun., all of
West Dublin ; and two passengers. Miss Angeline Publicover,
of West Dublin, and Wentworth Murphy, of Lawrencetown,
County of Halifax.
" Our cargo was dry and pickled fish and wood, and our port
of destination, Halifax. We had light westerly winds and
moderate weather, until one o'clock at night, when the wind
veered to the north-east, and was accompanied with snow,
rendering the land invisible. At that time, Sambro light bore
north-north-west from us. Deeming it dangero.us to make any
further attempts to gain the harbor, we commenced preparations
to return to La Have ; but just prior to our doing so the force
of the wind caused our foresail to split. We, however, started
for La Have, and having run for some time with the wind as
aforesaid, until we judged that we were in the vicinity of Cross
Island, we were confronted by a breeze from the north-west,
which increased in vehemence until it blew a perfect gale. Our
foresail, which was badly damaged in the first instance, was
now rendered valueless as a means for propelling our little craft ;
and being unable to lay her to, we had to put to sea, and
scudded for three days and nights under bare poles. While
running off, we cleared our decks, and unfortunately a cask of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 243
water was thrown overboard, and another one accidentally
¦crushed so badly that we managed to save only two gallons of
its contents. On the fifth day we spoke an American schooner,
but the sea was so boisterous at the time that the captain was
unable to render us any assistance. At our request, however,
he gave us the course for Bermuda, and we proceeded upon it
for three days, with favorable winds, in the vain hope of rescu
ing ourselves from our perilous position. A strong breeze which
sprang up from the westward drove us back again, and lasted
for a similar length of time, namely, three days, during which
we suffered severely. The wind was so high as to cause a
heavy sea, which made a perfect breach over our little craft,
tearing her bulwarks, rails and stanchions away, and flooding
our cabin, so that it was with difficulty that we kept her free.
The tarpaulin was beaten off our forward hatch, and we had to
secure over it a cowskin that was on board. Our paraffine oil
was spilled the first night we were out, and on the fourth day
our stove was broken, and rendered almost useless. We were
comparatively without water, having only about two gallons
that we saved from the cask, and a teakettle full of hailstones
that we gathered in a remnant of the foresail. We dared not
•eat any of our salt fish, because of our want of water, and there
was nothing eatable on board that was not saturated with salt
water. We had a bag of oats which we roasted on the stove,
though it was, as before stated, in a very shaky condition.
From the date of our departure from New Dublin, we were in
all eighteen days on board the vessel, and for the last six days
subsisted upon seven hard biscuit. Not once, but many times,
during these eighteen days, when in the height of despondency,
and we saw, as we supposed, grim death staring us in the face,
did we bid each other farewell.
" At last, on the 29th of December, when we were altogether
despondent and exhausted, in short, in such a state as can be
more easily imagined than described. Captain Hiram Coalfleet
came to our assistance with the barque Providence, which hailed
from Windsor, but belonged to Hantsport. The sea was running
high. Captain Coalfieet, perceiving the danger of the task he
was about to undertake, ran his barque alongside our disabled
craft, and during the time the vessels were together, which could
not have been more than a few minutes, his mate, Abel Coalfleet,
who was also his brother, gallantly hazarded his life to save
ours. He ran out on the mainyard of the Providence, which
was caught in our rigging, by which he speedily lowered him
self on board our schooner, and, having first rescued Miss Public-

244 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
over, aided some of the rest to ascend the side of the barque.
We were assisted also by Captain Coalfleet's crew, who, although
not on our deck, still were at the scene of action. This was done
most expeditiously, and the schooner's rigging was cut to dis
entangle her from the barque and to prevent further damage
being done to her hull, as both vessels were injured by coming
in contact. This no doubt caused the Industry to sink sooner
than she would have done. About three-quarters of an hour
after our rescue she disappeared.
" When wo first got on board the barque our tongues were
swollen, and we were in such an emaciated and exhausted con
dition that we were almost unable to articulate ; and it cannot
be wondered at, being but the natural sequence of the fatigue,
together with tho want of both food and water.
" Our preservation while on board the Industry was perfectly
miraculous, and the manner in which we were relieved almost
as wonderful, comprehensible only by an eye-witness, and both
must be attributed to the providence of an all-wise God. Were
we to state all that we endured, and were we able to describe
graphically the intensity of the gale that our little craft sur
vived, our story would appear, even to some of the most experi
enced navigators, a fiction ; but the accounts received from other
quarters with reference to the severity of the weather on the
Atlantic during the time referred to, and the number of wrecks
that occurred, will go far towards corroborating our statements.
" We cannot speak in terms sufficiently commendable with
respect to the conduct of Captain Coalfleet and his crew. He
treated us hospitably until we arrived at his port of destination,
London, England ; but notwithstanding his kind treatment, we
still had hardships to endure. The barque was laden with
paraffine oil, and the strength and flavor of it had penetrated
everything that was eatable. Even the water was contaminated
by it, so that whether we ate or drank we had to experience an
unpleasant taste. We found that although it produced an almost
ravenous appetite, it sometimes caused excessive vomiting, and
at other times violent diarrhoea.
" When we arrived in London we met with kind and sympa
thizing friends, who tendered advice and material assistance.
Conspicuous among our benefactors were Captains HarringtoUi
Wilson, and Henderson. We thence by an overland route pro
ceeded to Liverpool, whore we again met with friends, prominent
among whom were T. C. Jones, Esq. (a Nova Scotian and a rela
tive of Alfred Jones, Esq., M.P. for Halifax), and William Inman,
Esq., proprietor of the Inman line of steamers. The latter

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 245
f;entleman gave six of us free passages (two in the saloon and
our in the steerage of the steamship Etna) to Halifax, N.S.,
whore we again found friends, who were ready not only to con
gratulate us upon our return to the Province, and to hear of our
hairbreadth escape, but also to forward us to our respective
homes, where we arrived to find our relatives and friends
waiting in anxious anticipation, and ready to welcome us with
tears of joy.
" With compliments, we remain,
¦" Yours respectfully,
" R. B. Currie.
" Lewis Sponagle."
The brave conduct of Captain Hiram Coalfleet and his brother,
Abel Coalfleet, above detailed, was brought by the writer to the
notice of the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Hastings Doyle, by whose
command the facts were communicated to the Governor-General.
A handsome gold watch and a binocular glass, each bearing a
suitable inscription, arrived from England, and were given
respectively to the captain and mate.
At West Dublin, and about eighteen miles from Bridgewater,
by an excellent road near river and sea, and sixteen and thir
teen miles respectively, by other routes, there is one of the most
attractive beaches in the Dominion — ^formerly known as Rom-
key's, now called Crescent Beach. It adjoins the main highway
and is more than a mile in length, separating Dublin Bay from
Petite Riviere Bay. The sand is very smooth, and the wheels
of carriages, of which a large number can travel abreast at low
tide, leave but a faint impression. Surf and other bathing can
be there enjoyed. As a watering-place, it is quite equal to
some of the best in the United States. It should, in the near
future, with suitable hotel accommodation and improved facili
ties in travelling, attract hosts of visitors. Part of this beach
was the subject of a famous law suit, tried at Lunenburg, about
fifty years ago. The late Sir William Young, C.J., and John
Creighton, Esq., Q.C, were opposed by the late Judge in- Equity,
Johnston, and George T. Solomon, Esq. The trial lasted from
Tuesday till Saturday, and ended in non-suit. The jury retired
in the evening of the last-named day, and came into court at

246 history op the county of lunenburg.
midnight. Benjamin Legge, Esq., of Mahone Bay, was foreman.
The contentions of the parties were afterwards settled.
At the end of the beach there is a long bridge, forming quite
a promenade and connecting it with the nearest of the La Have
islands, George's Island.
The other islands are named. Cape La Have Island, Bell's,
Wolf's, Tumblin (2), one of which is also called the Knob,
Bushen's, Thrump Cap (3), Round, Baker's, Walfield's, Outer,
Bush's, and George's, and are inhabited by sixty-one families,
eighteen of them living on Bell's Island. The channels and pas
sages add much to the beauty and romantic nature of the scenery.
Standing, on a Sunday morning in summer, by the church on
Bell's Island, the sail and row boats laden with respectably
dressed people coming from all directions to service, or return
ing when it is over, make up a lovely picture. The islanders
are very kind to visitors, who fail not to remember the warm
welcomes they receive. Those who go there from Bridgewater,
in the steamboat of the brothers Munroe, on pleasure bent, are
often much indebted to the kindness of Mr. George C. Burton,
who manages, on Bell's Island, the branch business of J. D.
Sperry, M.P.P. He came from Dominica, when a lad, and has
lived in Petite Riviere for over thirty years, and borne an
excellent character. He built a yacht {Ivy), which is " a thing
of beauty," noted for speed and safety, and which carries him
to and from his home on the main. The spars and sails were
also made by himself. The handsome brass-mounted wheel
was presented to him by Robert Hunter, Esq., of Bridgewater.
Round the shores of these islands can be heard
" The surges lapping on the shallow sand,
The sea-bird's wail."
There one can
' ' See the falling wave.
Foam-fretted, flashing — the sunlight clear
Through its blue crystalline curve.
" Can watch the blessed waters lave
The sea-weed girdled boulders — feel the spray.
Breathe the soft breeze, taste the Atlantic brine."

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 247
The first settlers were Wendel Wolf, Benjamin Tumblin, and
Michael Publicover.
Alexander Bell, who is in his ninety-third year, lives on
Bell's Island. He was born at Bell's Cove, Lower Dublin. Mr.
Bell is in the enjoyment of good health and strength, and has
the use of his hearing and other faculties in a remarkable degree.
The house and premises at the entrance to Crescent Beach
were purchased a few years ago by F. B. Wade, Esq., for a
summer resort. West from this place, other white sand beaches
are passed over, up which roll "the great waves that come
arched and majestic to the shore."
The Petite Riviere hills are in full view.
While travelling along this shore by moonlight, with a picnic
party conveyed in a decorated ox- waggon, a large fire was noticed
seaward. A young man who passed was asked about it. " Oh,
that," he said, " is the burning ship, and she comes every seven
years, goes up the bay, and then returns ; and you can hear the
screams of the men on board." He said he had seen it twice,
and that it had been there often. This story amused the party,
especially when it was afterwards ascertained that tho fire was
one consuming rubbish on Cape La Have.
A similar tale, the burning excepted, has been told of the
Teazer, in Chester Bay.
Cotton Mather, Bryant, and Longfellow have written of
" spectre ships," and Irving, refers to the pilgrim superstition
of a missing ship that reappeared on the coasts in bad weather,
as " a faith more or less common in all the colonies." It has
been said that " the legend of the spectral ship is cherished in
almost every quarter of the globe. '
Petite Riviere.
The river from which this village takes its name, flows from
Wile's Lake at Lapland, passes through large lakes in the rear
of Hebb's Mills, and other lakes at Conquerall, and meets the
salt watfer near the village, which lies chiefly at the base of
steep and pretty hills. The water between Cape La Have and
the beaches at Petite Riviere, commonly called Petite Riviere

248 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Bay, is referred to by Haliburton, who says : " Behind Cape La
Have is situated Palmerston Bay, at the head of which is Petit
River, whose waters take their rise at a great distance in the
country. There are many valuable farms on the borders of
this river." The writer has been unable to find the origin of
the name " Palmerston Bay." It has been laid down on recent
charts and maps as " Green Bay."
As the name Petite Riviere suggests, the French settled near
the mouth of the river. Isaac de Razilly, Commander at La
Hfeve, sent some of his countrymen there. Denys wrote, in
1672, that the entrance to Petite Riviere was good for barques;
that the river did not extend far inland, but there was a fine
and excellent country ; that De Razilly had established a port,
and had families there, by whom a large quantity of wheat
had been gathered.
In or about the year 1700, M. Bonaventure, who had com
manded the king's vessels on the coast, asked the French Gov
ernment for a grant to himself of Petite Riviere.
Beauharnois and Hocquart wrote, September, 1745: "Again
west of La Heve, at the place called the Little River, are two
moro settlers. Germain le Jeune, one of these, is intimately
acquainted with the coast.''
Remains of some of the old clearings and cellars are still to
be seen.
More, in his " History of the County of Queen's," says that
" Benjamin Harrington was the first settlor at Petite Ri-vdere,
and removed early to Brooklyn." He was the first British
settler. He engaged in the shore fisheries at Brooklyn and
La Have.
James Parks, a native of Ireland, who was there a yam
merchant and farmer, and carried on the business of weaving
and spinning, established himself at Petite Riviere in 1769.
His descendants still live at Parks' Creek, La Have.
Church of England.
In June, 1812, Rev. Thomas Shreve, of Lunenburg, visited
Petite Riviere, and held service in a bam. There were about

history of THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 249
three hundred persons present. Fifteen infants and one adult
were baptized, as the beginning of the mission. Petite Riviere
was set off as a separate parish in 1868. It had been part
of St. Peter's Parish.
The churches are St. Mark's, Broad Cove, built in 1842 ; St.
Alban's, Vogler's Cove, 1879 ; St. John's, La Have islands,
1885 ; St. Mathias, New Italy, 1887 ; and a church at Cherry
Hill, 1894, not yet consecrated.
The old church, St. Michael's (first intended for a school-
house). Petite Riviere, was built about 1853. It was taken
down, and a new church, with the same name, first opened
September 29th, 1886, was consecrated February 27th, 1889.
The resident clergymen have been Revs. R. F. Brine, J.
Ambrose, H. M. Spike, J. S. Smith, J. Spencer, and the present
rector. Rev. Charles P. Mellor. Rev. J. S. Smith, after ten
years' residence, removed to Dartmouth, where he died, and
where his son and daughter reside.
A handsome font was presented to the New Italy Church, by
Hon. W. H. Owen, M.L.C. Methodist Church.
Petite Riviere was formerly part of the Lunenburg Circuit,
and was visited by the pastors resident in that town. A
separation took place in 1842.
The church which was first built at Petite Riviere, stood for
about fifty years. The present " Wesley Church " was built in
1866. The ministers who have resided in Petite Riviere, were Revs.
Henry Pope, jun., Charles de Wolfe, John S. Addy, Joseph
Hart, George Johnson, Christopher Lockhart, John J. Teasdale,
S. W. Sprague, Thomas Rogers, Paul Prestwood, John Johnson,
C. M. Tyler, James Sharp, William Purvis, J. C. Ogden, John
Gee. The latter clergyman is assisted by Mr. John W. Aikens.
Churches were built at Broad Cove, 1844 ; Bell's Island,
1882 ; Vogler's Cove, 1886 ; and Grouse Town, 1887.
Rev. Jonathan C. Ogden, the then resident Methodist pastor,
died at Petite Riviere, Sunday morning, July Sth, 1894.

250 history op the county of lunenburg.
He was born in Yorkshire, G.B., June 3rd, 1849. He finished
his education with a four years' course, at the Wesleyan College,
Mount Allison, N.B., and was ordained at Truro, in 1880. He
occupied several circuits, never sparing himself in his work,
and was more than once laid aside by illness. Mr. Ogden lived
three years in Bridgewater, where he was very highly esteemed.
His last sermon was preached on June 17th, 1894, from the
' text, " Unto you therefore which believe, He is precious." It
was described as an able and impressive discourse.
He was twice married — first to Mrs. Curry, of Falmouth, N.S.,
by whom he left one daughter, and afterwards to Miss Bessie,
daughter of the late John H. Mulhall, Esq., of Liverpool, N.S.
Mr. Ogden once lived in Haworth, the parish of which Rev.
Patrick Bronte, father of Charlotte and Emily, the celebrated
authoresses, was rector. He knew the family, and often heard
Mr. Bronte preach.
There is a burying-ground near a sand beach at Petite
Riviere filled with graves. In one corner of it, twenty or thirty
were once visible, but they are now covered to the depth of
over five feet, with sand blown from the beach. The head
stones, many of which are of immense size and rounded at the
top, are without inscriptions. A stone wall over four feet in
height was built to enclose the place of sepulture, but much of
it has fallen down, and is hidden by sand. In the same -vicinity
are the graves of shipwrecked Americans, and others, including
the crew of a vessel wrecked at Indian Island, and the captain
of a Norwegian barque. There, far from home,
"They keep
The long, mysterious exodus of death,"
awaiting reunion with those they loved on earth, in that eternal
city, " Where every severed wreath is bound.''
The foundations of buildings formerly, it is supposed, occupied
by the French can be distinctly traced on the grounds adjacent.
It is said that a small chapel once stood there, and that Indians
in large numbers encamped on and about the old site for more

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 251
than forty years, and spoke of it as a sacred spot. They had
a canoe-shaped hole in the earth, where they framed the boats
of bark, with which they so skilfully breasted the restless waves.
Old cellars, and the remains of a fort, are seen near the resi
dence of the late John C. Sperry, Esq.; and cannon-balls and
chain-shot were taken from the ground by him. He said that he
found on his premises, at a depth of two feet below the surface,
a deposit of clam shells, over half an acre in extent.
Mr. Sperry, who was the father of J. D. Sperry, M.P.P.,
carried on a large mercantile business in Petite Riviere for
about thirty years. He died September 13th, 1884, aged sixty-
one. Lemuel W. Drew, Esq., was also engaged in business for
many years. Ho died May 23rd, 1895, aged seventy-three.
His son, Lemuel W. Drew, is the worthy High Sheriff of
Queen's county.
Mr. Sperry and Mr. Drew largely aided in the advancement
of the place where they lived.
Mary Ann Drew, mother of Mr. Drew first above named, died
January 27th, 1892, aged ninety- two years.
Petite Riviere is very prettily situated, and from the hills
near the main roads, some of the most charming views in the
county can be obtained. Shipbuilding has been carried on, and
fine vessels have been added to the county fieet.
There is good hotel accommodation, and there are many
visitors during the summer months.
Crouse Town is a settlement bordering on Petite Riviere, part
of it near the river from which the latter village takes its name.
New Italy is situated between Crouse Town and Conquerall.
Broad Cove lies about four miles west of Petite Riviere. It
is a thriving village, having good lands, and extensive fishing
facilities. Grand ocean views are afforded from the road to Cherry Hill
and other points, taking in the many sailing ships and steamers
passing up and down the coast.
The first settlers at Broad Cove were John Michael Smith,
Martin Tool, Nicolas Reinhardt, and Jacob Smith. Leonard
Reinhardt came there, after them, in about 1810.

252 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
Vogler's Cove is an important settlement at the western end
of the county, opposite to Port Modway in Queen's county, and
seven miles from Mill Village.
The first settler, one McDaniel, or McDonald, an old soldier
from Scotland, who had a grant, lived near tho present
residence of Enoch Conrad. He had his house picketed for
protection from Indians. His brother, who lived at La Have,
and left there to visit him, was drowned by the upsetting of his
boat, and the one at the Cove returned to Scotland.
Nicolas Conrad, who lived in the township of Lunenburg,
settled his sons George, Frederick, and Casper at the Cove.
One Pedloy took a grant, and sold to Parks. The next settler
was Frederick Vogler, who came from Prussia. Many of his
descendants made the Covo their home, and this accounts for
the name it bears. It has long been a busy enterprising place,
and many of the finest vessels launched in the county have been
built there.
Part of Great Island, on which is an Indian burial-ground,
and the island known as Selig's Island, are in Lunenburg county.
John Mann was the first" discoverer of gold in the neighbor
hood. He took some from a boulder ten years ago, and a
year later, Hiram, Martin, and W. Augustus Reinhardt found
gold, but did not then discover the right lead. About six years
ago the same parties prospected with greater success, and met
with gold in considerable quantity. A house and barn were
erected two and a half miles from the Cove, and also a crusher.
The Reinhardts took other parties in with them, and owing to a
difference of opinion as to obtaining more machinery, the work
was not vigorously prosecuted. It is said that the indications
were excellent, and that specimens to the value of several
hundred dollars were taken to the United States and elsewhere.
Rev. W. M. Alcorn a most highly esteemed minister of the
Methodist Church, died at Vogler's Cove, Sunday morning,
March 11th, 1893, aged sixty-four years. He was ordained in
1856, and before coming to this county had been stationed at
Bale Verte, Bathurst, and Sussex, N.B., Parrsboro', Springhill
Mines, River Phillip, Sydney, and other places in the Province.

B5 Mt/} ao

CHAPTEE XXII.
Arrival at Chester of Settlers from Boston, August, 1759 — Grant
of Township — Registry of lots — Progress made.
" Here, where my infant joys were found.
To me is ever holy ground."
CHESTER is forty-five miles from Halifax, thirty-seven
from Windsor, twenty- four from Lunenburg, and twenty-
six from Bridgewater.
This part of the county is justly celebrated for its beautiful
scenery. A writer refers to Chester and its surroundings as " the
bright and lively scenes which Nature has so profusely planted
on that arm of the sea — the soft harmony and gay brilliancy
with which she has there decked her gently waving hills and
green-wooded islands."
In an account of a sail from Mahone Bay to Chester, the
latter is thus described : " This is one of the most delightful
places in the country. There is a brightness and gladness
about the beauty of Chester, which you cannot find anywhere
else. For a magnificent ideal blending of land and water,
Chester is unsurpassed. Every island is a perfect picture in
itself." The late Professor de Mille said, that " the scenery around
Chester might safely be classed among the most beautiful in the
worid." Another wrote of " beautiful Chester, with its lovely bay and
countless islands."
Still another wrote, " Kissed by the restless waves of the
broad Atlantic, and veiled by the moonlight shadows of Mount
Aspotogon, nestles the paradisaical and attractive watering-
place of Nova Scotia — Chester.

254 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" Chester, with its 365 emerald-carpeted isles — one for each
day of the year — is a veritable elysium. During my rambles I
travelled through Mexico, British Columbia, thirty-throe States
and territories, including Alaska, and I never saw a more
picturesque spot than Chester. Words are inadequate to
portray the exquisite scenic attractions of Oak Island, Deep
Cove, Gold River, and the kaleidoscopic view from the summit
of old Aspotogon."
Chester has long been a favorite resort for United States
tourists, and has proved attractive to many from the interior
of this Province and other parts of Canada. It has a remark
ably fine harbor, of sufficient depth for large vessels.
The hotel accommodation is pronounced to be very good, and
there are excellent facilities for sea bathing and boating, -with
good fishing and smooth roads for carriage driving. It ought
to be more largely visited by those in search of health or
pleasure. Railway communication should be opened up be
tween it and the capital, and thereby with the contiuent,
making it easy of access and giving it the advanced position to
¦which it is entitled.
Far, far away in happy Acadie
Stands a quiet village by the laughing sea ;
By the light waves singing, sunny islands round.
Islands bright and vernal, sleeping in the sound ;
Sleeping in the moonlight, passing fair to see ;
0 peaceful dreamland ! Happy Acadie !
— Rev. W. A. DesBrisay.
Chester.
Jemima Penelope.
'Tis here the heart of Nature sleeps
'Mid those calm islets of the bay.
Where I have loved, and lived my life
Prom day to day.
From day to day have dreamed sweet dreams.
Which long I hoped to realize,
Sweet hopes engender'd in the heav'n
Of two blue eyes.

history of the county of lunenburg. 255
How oft I've watch'd the boats outside.
Amid those islands ever fair,
And fancied they were birch canoes
That glided there.
Where now the smiling fields are green.
And homesteads fair enliven all.
The forest and the hut were seen.
The Indian's hall.
Towards silver shores the ocean creeps.
And pats the stones with gentle hands ;
Or draws the pebbles to her lap
From out the sands,
To fling them back in sportive play.
Like children sated with their toys,
Unconscious proving day by day
How pleasure cloys.
About fair Chester stand the hills
As erst they did in days of yore.
Clad in green robes, but forests then
Fringed her lone shore.
The Indian lov'd those woodland haunts
Where rov'd at will the cariboo.
Those coves where flash'd the finny tribes
Thro' waters blue.
O'er all the spirit of Repose
Folds her white wings — and here is rest ;
For here the weary city child
Is surely blest.
Fair art thou, Chester, in thy sleep,
Bathed in the moonbeam's silv'ry rays !
The painter's brush, the poet's pen
But faintly praise.
My native soil ! I kiss thy ground !
I love each pebble on thy shore !
Each dimpling wave, each wild wood flow'r *
I do adore !
Wherever I my steps may turn.
Where'er in other lands I roam.
Still, still for thee my heart will yearn —
For home, sweet home !
Chbstek, August 28th, 1893.

256 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The coming of some of the early settlers to Chester is con
tained in a journal kept by Rev. John Seccombe.
The party left Boston, Mass., on Thursday, July 30th, 1759,
at nearly noon, and arrived at Chester on tho following Tues
day. The name of the vessel is not given. Robert McGown
was captain. The others on board were : Robert Montgomery
(mate), Robert McGown (captain's son), Walter Bourk, Thomas
Partridge, Captain James Nichols, Gregory Bass, Stephen
Greenleaf, Jonas Cutler, Ebenezer Cutler, Captain Timothy
Houghton, wife and three children, Aaron Mason, wife and five
children, Joseph Whitmore, wife and two children, Robert
Melvin, John Houghton, and Sarah Birley.
The following are entries in the journal :
July 31st.^ — Mr. Houghton's calf jumped overboard, but was
saved. Three dishes of tea for breakfast. Dined on broiled
pork and cucumber.
August 3rd. — First saw land, viz., Cape Negro. Saw two
whales and fishing- vessels. Chocolate for breakfast.
The arrival is thus noticed :
Tuesday, August 4th. — Saw divers islands. Arrived at
Chester and anchored in a most beautiful harbor. A hot day.
Many guns fired at our arrival. Went on shore and refreshed
ourselves at Mr. Bridge's. Took a view of saw-mill. Very hot.
At night there was an Indian dance.
Sth. — Fair, hot day. Dined on pork and squash, cucumber,
cheese, etc. P.M. — Went to Prescott 's Island for gooseberries.
Fried tom cod and cunners for supper, with cucumbers, etc.
6th., p.m. — M'^ent to view the country lots, and had a most
pleasant time and prospect. A fine spring up Middle Rivor.
Salmon jumped out of water. John Houghton killed three
gulls at once.
7th. — Two Indian squaws brought in a birch canoe five salmon
and eighty salmon trout. One of the salmon weighed twenty-
two pounds, and one dozen of the trout weighed fourteen pounds.
9th, Lord's Day. — Preached a.m., 2 Sam. vii. 10 ; p.m., Luke
vii. 34.
10th. — Dutch people from Mush-a-Mush brought to sell tur-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 257
nips and beans. Butter at 6^d. a pound. Fired guns at going
off-. 11th. — A dinner of cod's sounds and tongues fried, and
cucumbers. A superexcellent dish.
14th. — Fair this morning. Went in company with Captain
Houghton, Aaron Mason, Robert Melvin and John Houghton to
view the eastern bay, etc. Saw Prescott's lands. Viewed
Phineas Willard's farm lot. Caught some pond perch at the
beaver dam and at the pond adjoining thereunto. Abundance of
lilies in the pond. Dined on soused eels and salmon. Found
divers good springs of water.
17th. — Saw several Indian wigwams at Gold River.
24th. — Town meeting day. Chose Captain Houghton, Mod
erator, and adjourned.
27th. — Dined on stewed pigeons.
29th. — Two squaws brought seal-skins to sell.
30th. — Mush-a-Mush people brought pigeons to sell.
September 2nd. — Dined at Adolphus Weiderholt's, Lunenburg,
on soup made of a fowl, with little dumplings in it. Klose-
suppe : Roast leg of mutton, roasted pigeons, boiled pork, pota
toes, carrots, green peas, and cucumbers with salad oil.
To show, with the above, the style of living in some quarters,
the following entry is here given of a dinner at Mrs. Clapp's,
Goreham's Point, enjoyed by Major Shepherd, Captain Hough
ton, and others on their way from Lunenburg to Chester :
September 3rd. — Dined on a pudding with raisins and plums
in it, boiled pork and pigeons, carrots and Spanish potatoes,
beans, squash, cucumbers, new cheese, boiled corn, good claret
and beer, currant jelly, etc.
7th. — Mr. Melvin and Mr. Houghton caught a salmon in
Middle Rivor with their hands.
16th. — Paul Labrador, an Indian, brought five partridges to
Mr. Bridge's, and lately killed four moose and two bears; brought
also dried moose and tallow. Indian squaws brought mink-
skins and a large bear-skin, and sold them for a quart of wine.
27th. — Supped with Mr. Melvin and Captain Houghton on
baked beaver. It was extraordinarily good.
17

258 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
29th. — Caught at mill-pond, one trout, one pout, one shiner,
twelve pond perch.
October 7th. — Esquire Craton gave me a razor, and Mrs.
Clapp a pair of black silk stockings, cost $6.
9th. — Mr. Johnson caught a skate at the wharf — a curious-
made creature.
13th. — Went to view land lying north-west, with Houghton
and Bradshaw. Travelled about seven miles. Saw much good
land and good pine timber.
I7th. — Up Middle and Gold rivers. Saw two wigwams, and
Indians, and apple-trees.
20th. — Went to Halifax. Caught codfish and mackerel.
Killed a penguin. Two Indians came alongside with ducks and
penguins. 28th. — Received £4 15s., Halifax currency, for preaching last
Sabbath. 30th. — Visited the Governor, who made very kind offers to me.
November Sth. — Visited the Governor. Dined on boiled
mutton and sauces, roast duck, celery, apple and cranberry
tarts, etc. Supped on squabs, duck, neat's tongue, tarts, etc.
21st. — Supped on moose steaks and dried meat. Indians
brought in wild-fowl, beaver, etc.
22nd. — Indians brought in a moose, killed this morning.
Abundance of ducks, coots, etc.
25th. — Thomas Grant appeared as a deserter from Captain
Wall, of the Grenadiers.
29th. — Preached all day ; Psalm xxvi. 9. Dined at Mr. Fair-
bank's on bbiled beef, roast veal, apple tarts, etc.
December Sth. — A Highlander stabbed a sailor to-day with
his sword.
10th. — Hasty pudding, made of New England meal — a great
rarity in these parts.
12th. — Mr. Bridges came from Chester to Halifax in six
hours. 20th, Lord's Day. — Visited James Morrison in the morning,
being under sentence of death for desertion. Preached all day
from Titus ii. 11. «

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 259
Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, visited the poor prisoner.
Attended him to the place of execution, where he was shot at
twelve o'clock.
The saw-mill referred to under date August 4th stood near
the outlet from Stanford's Lake, on the property where Mr.
Benjamin Mills resides. The lower timbers are still to be seen.
" Shoreham," afterwards changed to " Chester," was, in pur
suance of an application made by Timothy Houghton and
William Keyes, for themselves and others, granted by Charles
Lawrence, Esquire, Captain-General and Go vernor-in- Chief,
on the 18th day of October, A.D. 1759. The tract of land
erected into a township was described in the grant as follows :
"Situate, lying and being at the bottom of Mahone Bay,
and thus abutted and bounded: Beginning at the east side
of a small river, called Martin's River, and bounded westerly
by said river, and to proceed up said river to the first falls ;
from thence north 28 degrees west, and there measuring fifteen
miles ; thence east 28 degrees north, measuring eleven miles and
a half ; thence south 28 degrees east, measuring fifteen miles ;
and thence west 28 degrees south, 200 chains, to a head
land toward the bottom of Mahone Bay, on the east side
thereof, and by the said Mahone Bay to the bounds first
mentioned, comprehending all the islands included in a line
from Murderer's Point to the point on the east side of Mahone
Bay, above mentioned, as one of the boundaries of the said
township, containing in the whole by estimation 100,000 acres,
more or less, according to a plan and survey of the same here
with to be registered, which township is to be called hereafter
and known by the name of the township of Shoreham."
The tract above described (with the reservation of gold,
silver, precious stones and lapis lazuli) was granted unto
Timothy Houghton, William Keyes, David Samson, Phineas
Willard, David Dickenson, Jonathan Samson, Miles Putnam,
Solomon Samson, Ephraim Stone, John Hastings, Jonathan
Nicholls, Nathaniel Butler, Levi Whitcomb, and fifty-two others,
of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, one share ; Francis

260 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

I

Guildard, Patrick Sutherland, jun., and Kenneth Sutherland,
all of the Province of Nova Scotia, one share each ; and to
Alexander McCulloch, Adam McCulloch, Murdoch Stewart,
George Young, and Thomas McLanen, of said Province, half a
share each (saving previous rights of any person or persons),
" each share and right of said granted premises to consist of 500
acres, to be hereafter divided into one or more lots to each
share or right, as shall be agreed upon."
A free yearly quit-rent of one shilling sterling for every
fifty acres granted, was to be paid for His Majesty's use on
Michaelmas Day, and so in proportion for a greater or lesser
quantity of land so granted. Tho first payment was to be
made in ten years from the date of the grant, and so to con
tinue yearly thereafter for ever. Should three years' rent be
at any time unpaid, and no distress found, the grant was to be
forfeited. No alienation or grant of the premises was to be
allowed within ten years from the date of the grant, except by
will, without license from the Governor or Commander-in-
Chief. The grantees were to plant, cultivate, improve, or
enclose one-third part of the land within ten years ; one-third
part within twenty years; and the remainder within thirty
years from the date of the grant. It was recorded at Halifax
on the 27th July, 1792. Shoreham contained about three-
fifths of the territory comprised in the present township of
Chester. The following bounties were granted by Government in
1759: Bounty on Dry Codfish, per quintal  £0 13 6
Any Pickled Fish, per barrel  0 9 0
Hay, per cwt  0 18 0
Potatoes, per bushel  0 4 6
Turnips, per bushel  0 2 3
Wheat, Rye, Barley, Peas, per bushel  0 13 6
Hemp and Flax, per lb  0 0 10
Stone Wall, per rod  12 6
" N.B. — This bounty is varied and altered, at the pleasure of
tho Governor and Council, for the encouragement of settlers,"
etc.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 261
The sums named above were calculated in " old tenor," which
was one-sixth of sterling.
Barrel staves were sold at Halifax in the same year, at £12. 3s.
per thousand, and shingles at £5. 8s. per thousand, also in " old
tenor.'' President Belcher, writing to the Board of Trade, in 1760,
said that " persons of considerable substance " were engaged in
the township.
In 1761, £30 was granted to aid in the conveyance of settlers
to Chester.
Returns for 1763 showed that Chester had 30 families and
30 cleared-up acres.
The earliest birth in Chester is thus recorded by Rev. John
Seccombe, Presbyterian minister: "A.D. 1762, July 11th. I
baptized Lucy, a child of Benjamin and Anna Bridge, being
the first child born in Chester."
The first male child born in Chester is said to have been
William Shires. In his youth he was very fond of astronomy,
and afterwards went to England and studied that science.
A list was kept by Mr. Seccombe of those who " publickly
renewed their baptismal covenant, in order to the baptism of
children," followed by this entry : " Dinah, my negro woman-
servant, made a profession and confession publickly, and was
baptized July I7th, 1774."
Solomon Bushen, a son of Dinah, and who was brought to
this country as a slave, died near Chester, on the 24th of June,
1855, in the ninetieth year of his age.
" Salmon, a servant boy, born in my house, April 4th, 1767,
commonly called Pompey." There are entries of baptisms of
children of Melvin, Houghton, one marked " a 7th son," Brad
shaw, Greenlaw, Webber, Marvin, CoUicut, Frail, Lynch,
Dimock, Fitch, Millett, Gorkum, Prat, Walker, Ellis, Crandel,
Levy, Pulcifer, Baker, Thompson, Smith, Stout, Eldridge,
Rudolph. 1778. October 11th. — Benjamin, son of Jonathan and Anna
Prescott, baptized by Rev. B. R. Comingo.
The first marriage was that of Jeremiah Rogers and Eliza-

262 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
beth Harlow, widow, on the 20th day of January, 1765. Fees
paid, 5s.
Among others :
1770. November 18th. — Ebenezer Fitch and Hannah Sec
combe. 1785. June 15th. — Andrew Bargelt and Rebecca Gardner.
10s. October 4th. — Zadock Weston and Mary Prat. 10s.
The first recorded death was that of William Fitch, son of
Ebenezer and Hannah Fitch, two years, seven months, and
eleven days old, on the 27th November, 1775. Entered by
Ebenezer Fitch, Town Clerk, on the 29th of the same month.
The names of other settlers, and of those who obtained lots of
land, were John Shepherd, Benjamin Bridge, Samuel Waters,
Ralph Nesham, Bruin Romcas Comingo, Benjamin Lary, Isaiah
Thomas, Nathan Woodbury, Samuel Jenison, David Miller,
Jeremiah Rogers, Thomas Rogers, Simon Floyd, Thomas Floyd,
Jno. Records, Isaac Weston, Nathaniel Tumer, Joseph Tumer,
Thomas Grant, Patrick Sutherland, John Mason, Eloazer Ham-
len, Israel Lovett, Thomas Armstrong, Nicholas Comey, Jona
than Prescott, Philip Knaut, Adolph Wiederholt, John Lonus,
George Collicut, Captain Jno. Atwood, Jno. Crook, Abraham
Bradshaw, Edmister Hammond, and Nathaniel Leonard. They
came from Boston, Kingston, Hanover, Pembroke, Plymtown,
Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Concord, Lexington, Casco Bay,
Piscataqua, Lancaster, Stoughton, Rochester, Middleberry, and
Littleton, in New England ; and from Lunenburg and Halifax.
Several of these people brought with them a stock of cattle,
and were better furnished with means of support than those
who first settled at Lunenburg.
For the defence of the town, a block-house, furnished with
twenty small guns, was built near its southern extremity. At
Freda's Point, a part of which is still retained by Government,
earthworks were thrown up, and preparations were made to
build a fort ; but this was abandoned. A guard-house was kept
on the hill near the site of the old Baptist meeting-house.
The block-house was, when there seemed to be no further use

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 263
for it, given by the Government to the late Dr. Prescott, who
made it his dwelling-place ; and it afterwards became the
property of the late George Mitchell, Esq., who, by adding to
it, made of it a large and comfortable dwelling-house. The
street leading from it northwards was called Fort street.
The streets now in Chester, running north and south, are
Water, Duke, Queen, King, Central, Prince, Victoria, Granite,
and Brunswick ; and those running east and west are North,
Main, Tremont, Regent, Union, Pleasant, and South streets.
The oldest building in Chester is the north end of the house
so long occupied by the late Charles L. A. Church, Esq. It
was built 135 years ago by Captain Bangs, for one of the first
settlers, named Houghton.
William O'Brien built the house where Mr. Andrew Murphy
lived (now occupied by Mr. Henry Cole) and kept a tavern.
He had a swinging sign, with a painting on it of a maid
milking a cow, and under this the words,
' ' Come in, good friends, and you will see
What beautiful milk my cow gives me."
The corner near this house was a sort of battle-ground,
where disputes were settled by fists, without gloves.
The following is a copy of an address from the inhabitants
of Chester to the Lieutenant-Governor, in 1763 :
"To the Honorable Montague Wilmot, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor
and Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Province of Nova
Scotia, or Acadia, and Colonel of His Majesty's Eightieth Regi
ment of Foot, etc., etc.
" The humble address of the Minister and principal inhabi
tants of the township of Chester.
" May it please your Honor, — We, the minister and principal
inhabitants of the township of Chester, beg leave to congratu
late your Honor on your safe arrival at this your seat of gov
ernment ; and at the same time to express the great pleasure
and satisfaction we have in His Majesty's most gracious care
of this his Province, in appointing, at so critical a juncture,
your Honor to the command of the same.

264 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" When we reflect on your distinguished virtues, we flatter
ourselves with the pleasing hope that every measure will now
bo pursued that can make us a flourishing and happy people ;
and we beg leave to assure your Honor that it shall be our
constant study and endeavor to conduct ourselves in such a
manner as to merit your favor and protection, and to do every
thing in our power to make your administration agreeable and
happy. " By order and in behalf of the town of Chester.
" (Signed) Timothy Houghton.
Jonathan Prescott.
" Chester, November 20th, 1763."
To the above address, His Excellency was pleased to make
the following reply :
" Gentlemen, — I return you my thanks for this obliging
address. Your approbation of me, and the aff'ectionate manner
in which you express it, is the most flattering acknowledgment
I can hope to receive for my constant endeavors to promote
your welfare." " Chester, April 1st, 1766.
" We, the subscribers, do by these presents agree to have a
public road laid out and established from the head or bottom
of the cove commonly called and known by the name of Scotch
Cove, westward to the town of Chester, running as straight as
may conveniently be done, in and by the judgment of us, the
Committee. "(Signed) Josiah Marshall.
Thomas Floyd. "(Signed) Robert James.
William Harvey.
Asa Dimock.
John Umloch.
John Hutcheson."
From Governor Franklin's Return for January 1st, 1767.
CHESTER.
76 Men. 17 English. 42 Cows.
54 Boys. 17 Scotch. 42 Young neat cattle.
51 Women. 11 Irish. 25 Sheep.
49 Girls. 175 Americans. 21 Swine.
1 Negro woman. 11 Germans and other 2 Saw-mills.
Total, 231. foreigners. 8 Pishing boats.
227 Protestants. 1 Horse. 5 Schooners and sloops.
4 Roman Catholics. 14 Oxen and bulls. 153 Bushels wheat.

history of the county of lunenburg. 265
647 Bushels rye. 23 Bushels beans. 174 Barrels salmon,
54 Bushels pease. 10 Bushels flaxseed. mackerel, etc.
131 Bushels barley. 1 Hundred flax. 12 Barrels oil.
735 Bushels oats. 374 Qtls. dry codfish. 70,000 Feet boards.
Alteration of Inhabitants Since Last Year.
Males. Females. Total.
Born  3 6 9
Arrived  10 8 18
Left the Province  8 . . 8
1772. June 6th. — A great fire occurred in the neighborhood
of Chester and Lunenburg, which consumed sixty houses and
buildings, and a large quantity of valuable timber. " Rev. Mr.
Wood was ordered by the Governor to preach at Halifax, in
behalf of the sufferers."
Return of Settlers, Farm Lands, Stock, Produce, etc.,
AT Chester, in 1783. When Family.
Settled. Male. Female.
Mrs. Abraham Bradshaw  1762 1 2
John Bradshaw  1782 1
Joseph Bradshaw  1768 3 1
William Bradshaw  1781 1 2
James Butler  1765 2 2
George Collicut  1760 4 6
Elijah Crocker  1779 2 2
Owen Cornelius  1760 2
Adam Fader  1782 1
Ebenezer Fitch  1764 2 4
Simon Floyd  1761 5 7
EHjah Pitch  1763 2 1
- George Frail  1771 3 3
Thomas Floyd  1761 3 6
James Greenlaw  1760 , 3 4
William Harvey  1760 1 3
Gotleib Hawbolt  1782 1 3
Henry Hatt  1762 5 3
Mrs. Timothy Houghton  1760 8 3
William Knowlton  1775 2 3
Timothy Lynch  1765 5 4
George Millett  1760 4 2
William Marvels  1765 5 4
Cornwallis Moreau  1782 2 5
Ralph Neasum  1760 1 1
Henry Neal  1765 2 3
John Pulsifer  1778 1 2
Peter Rudolph  1778 2 4
Anthony Vaughan  1772 5 2
Daniel Vaughan  1772 6 3
John Vaughan  1768 3 7
James Webber  1760 4 5

266 history of the county op lunenburg.
These persons occupied farm lands, varying from 40 to over
200 acres, amounting in all to 4,593 acres, many of them
having islands, or shares of islands, in the bay. The number of
acres cultivated by them was 41 4|. Dwelling-houses, 34; barns,
25 ; shop, 1 (Timothy Lynch, blacksmith) ; mills, 2 ; lumber,
230,000 feet ; oxen, 38 ; cows, 72 ; heifers and steers, 54 ; sheep,
173; hogs, 49; wheat, 99 bushels; barley, 344 bushels; oats,
78 bushels ; corn, 213 bushels ; peas, SO bushels ; potatoes, 2,025
bushels; hay, 205 tons.
Cabbages do not appear in the above return. They wore first
introduced by Jacob Clattenburg, in the year 1800, and grown
on the farm afterwards occupied by William Hennaberry, at
East Chester.
" A General Description of Nova Scotia," printed at the Royal
Acadian School, Halifax, 1823, says: "In 1784, a few Loyalist
families came to Chester, with some property ; but, being
unacquainted with farming, they expended their money on
buildings and unprofitable pursuits. Discouraged and dis
appointed, most of them abandoned the settlement, and returned
to the United States."
The following are extracts from original papers :
" The township, from east to west, is about eleven miles by
water. Around it, at high water, is thirty-three and a half
miles, containing thirty islands."
" The farm lots of the old proprietors of this township, in the
grant under the name of ' Shoreham,' and those admitted as
proprietors under said grant, in the place of the absentees con
tained therein, by a committee appointed by the Governor and
Council for that purpose, are here registered to the present pro
prietors, according to such of their claims as appeared legal and
just, by a careful inspection and examination of William Morris
and Jonathan Prescott, Esquires, appointed by Government to
examine the same, and make their report to the Governor,
which was accordingly done, March 5th, 1784."
Present Proprietors. Claims. Acres. Entitled unto.
l.—Gotbeb Hawbolt. Purchased. 60 600
(Then follow in all 101 lots.)

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 267
Twelve farm lots on the west side of the bay, from Gold
River southwards, were also registered.
Present Proprietors. Claims. Acres. Entitled unto.
1. — Anthony Vaughan. Original proprietor. 200 500
(Additional names given.)
Charles Morris, Esq., by letter dated January 7th, 1785, made
the following suggestion :
" Suppose, for instance, the man who has a grant for 500
acres, to draw 100 in the first division; the man who has 100,
to draw 20 in the first division ; this would bring them into a
compact settlement : the land would be the sooner laid out, and
everybody set to work making improvements immediately — the
after division may be made at leisure."
The Governor's approval was signified in the following terms:
" I approve of the above plan, and strongly recommend the
laying out of the land near the town of Chester, into small lots,
that is to say — no lot to be above 100 acres, within the distance
of six miles of the town. "(Signed) J. Parr."
This was followed by a letter from Mr. Morris :
" I am directed by the Governor to inform you that he in
tends the money which has boon collected from sale of lots shall
be laid out on the Windsor road. "(Signed) Charles Morris."
The proprietors made application for a meeting, January 13th,
1785, " to act upon the following articles :
"1. To choose a moderator.
" 2. To ballot for seven men as Committee of Reference.
" 3. To consult on most equitable measure for distribution of
lands. " 4. To ballot for two men to be recommended to Governor,
as additional magistrates for this county.
" S. To act in all such matters as may be legal and neces
sary."

268 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
This was signed by twenty proprietors, and addressed to
Jonathan Prescott, Esq., Proprietor's Clerk, who issued " a
warrant " on the same day, requiring all the proprietors to meet
at the house of William Kennedy, Inn-holder, on Monday, the
thirty -first day of the same month, at ten o'clock ; and naming
the articles to be considered at the meeting.
The meeting was held, and Josiah Marshall chosen Moderator,
and the following as agents for the proprietary : Jonathan
Prescott, Anthony Vaughan, William Nelson, Franklin Etter,
John Martin, Samuel Morehead, and Josiah Marshall.
On the 25th of February, 1785, Mr. Morris addressed a letter
to Jonathan Prescott, Josiah Marshall, and Franklin G. Etter,
Esquires, in which he expressed the satisfaction of the Gover
nor with the proceedings taken by the proprietors ; thanked
them for their approval of his own endeavors for the public
good ; promised to continue his exertions " in promoting the
welfare of the rising settlement ; " and wished the inhabitants
" all the success and prosperity they can wish themselves."
The late Mrs. William Lawson, whose mother was Martha
Prescott, says, in her history of Preston : " John Prescott was the
eldest son of Dr. Jonathan Prescott, and brother of the late
Hon. Charles R. Prescott. Dr. Prescott came from Boston,
Mass., in 17S8, and settled in Chester, where he died January
21st, 1807. He had five sons. One, Joseph, was a doctor in
the United States army, and afterwards a physician in Halifax.
The eldest, John, purchased Maroon Hall, in 1811. He had
been engaged for some years in farming, at Zink's Point,
Chester." Miss Anna Prescott, daughter of John, above named, married
the late Hon. John E. Fairbanks, of " Woodside," Dartmouth.
The Misses Duff, of Lunenburg, and W. M. Duff, Esq., of Bridge-
water, are her grandchildren.
Capture of Schooner ' Patty."
" Friday, September 13th, 1776. — At 10 o'clock a.m. we* saw a
small schooner coming into the harbor of Chester. She came
to anchor off" Quaker Island, alongside of Jonathan Prescott's

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 269
schooner. At 2 o'clock p.m. the captain (John Leach) and his
lieutenant (Brookhouse) came up to the town of Chester, and
alongside of our schooner Patty (which was ashore in order for
hanging our rudder), and asked us several questions concerning
our schooner Patty and her cargo, and from that went alongside
Captain Morris's schooner, which was then ashore to be graved.
The said Leach and Brookhouse told us they had been taken by
the Milford and sent into Halifax, and were there set at liberty.
There they had bought the said schooner above mentioned, and
had got thirteen men on board who were going passengers with
them to New England, and that they left Halifax the day before.
From Captain Morris's they went about the town till sunset or
thereabouts. When the schooner got under sail in order to
come up to town, the captain and lieutenant went on board,
brought the schooner to anchor within pistol shot of us, fired a
swivel shot over us, then manned out their boat and came on
board of us, with their men all armed, and took us a prize, and
when the schooner floated they hove up the anchor and went
out of the cove where we had hauled in for convenience of the
above-mentioned business ; next morning, ballasted the schooner
and took her away, after letting us, the subscribers, and
Nathaniel Beal, take our clothes and other things belonging to
us, on shore, but carried with them the boy Francis Lassey.
The above is, to the best of our knowledge, the particulars as
transacted. " (Signed) Nehemiah Webb,
John Morse."
" Province of Nova Scotia,
" County of Lunenburg,
" Chester, September 16th, 1776.
" This day personally appeared Nehemiah Webb and John
Morse, and on oath testify that the above Protest is according
to the above proceeding, to the best of their knowledge.
" Sworn to before me, " (Signed) Timothy Houghton, J. P.
" N.B. — It would have been attested to before, but my being
absent, was not done."

270 history of the county of lunenburg.
" Chester, December 3rd, 1779.
" We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, do acknowledge
to have received of Timothy Houghton, Esq., two shillings and
sixpence (each of us) out of thirty shillings generously given by
Joseph Pernette, Esq., for encouragement in cutting a road from
Chester towards Windsor.
" Timothy Houghton,
On behalf of David Houghton
and Charles Houghton.
" Simon Floyd,
On behalf of James Butler.
his
" GuTLip X Walker, Jun."
mark
It was resolved, on the 4th of June, 1779, to send a sergeant,
corporal and twelve men of the troops to Chester to be added
to militiamen there, as several Chester vessels had been cap
tured by rebels, whose depredations might continue.
In June, 1799, it was resolved to " send a sergeant, corporal
and twelve men to Chester, to join the militia there, as several
vessels belonging to that place had been taken by American
rebels, and they wore exposed to injury."
Visits of Privateers.
Chester was frequently visited by American privateers, and
the people were robbed of their cattle, poultry and other goods.
Many persons who had been taken prisoners, were landed from
privateering schooners, and on the inhabitants remonstrating,
they were told : " You may be glad to get them. Suppose we
had thrown them overboard."
In 1782, three American privateers, under the pilotage of a Mr.
Umlah, who was taken out of a fishing schooner, went into the
harbor of Chester, and commenced firing at the town. Captain
Prescott had the guns at tho block-house loaded, but the powder
being bad, the shot failed to take effect, and it was feared the
enemy would enter and gain possession. Better ammunition
having been obtained, one of the privateers was struck, which
caused them all to retreat behind Nass's Point. The crews,
fully armed, then went ashore, and crossed the point as if

HISTORY OF the COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 271
prepared for a land attack. Seeing Captain Prescott on the
opposite side of the harbor, they called to him, and asked per
mission to bury their dead, which it is believed was only a feint.
He replied that if they would stack their guns, and advance in
front of them, he would go down and make the necessary
arrangements. The end of the conversation was an invitation
given to the captains of the privateers to take tea with him.
During the latter part of the evening, and while they were
enjoying themselves under his hospitable roof, a loud knock was
heard at the door, which was followed by a son of the captain
asking him, in a very audible voice, where he should billet one
hundred men sent from Lunenburg by Colonel Creighton.
" Billet them," the old gentleman replied, "in Houghton's bam,"
and turning to his guests, he said, " Gentlemen, I will be ready
for you in the morning." This of course was a ruse, and well
served its purpose, although the hundred men never made their
appearance. Grey cloaks lined with scarlet were fashionable in those days,
and were often worn with the lining outwards. Some of the
women of Chester, as has been told of the women in Wales, on
the occasion of a landing made by the French, near Fiscard, in
1797, showing the military color, were at a distance supposed
by the privateers to be " regulars," and were considered, with
the "arrival from Lunenburg," too formidable a force to en
counter. Cannon-balls that had been fired by privateers were ploughed
out on Barry's lots, and other places, many years ago.
1805. — " Deserters from His Majesty's service and French
prisoners were understood to be hovering and concealed about
Aspotogon and Lunenburg. A party of Chester militia ten
dered their services to take those who were possessed of arms.
Sir John Wentworth requested Lieutenant-General Bowyer to
issue seven stand of arms to Lieutenant Covey of the Chester
Artillery Company. He stated that more than two hundred
men in the district of Chester were unarmed, the regiment
having increased more than that number since arms had been
issued to Colonel Creighton."

272 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The following is an extract from a report of the situation:
" One company of forty men, under Captain Thomson, reside
near Chester, and, from their position, may discover the approach
of an enemy before it can be known here. This company will
in a few hours be able to join York Redoubt."
1806. December 19th. — " The House of Assembly, in an
address to the Lieutenant-Governor, asked him to give a repre
sentation to Chester, pursuant to Provincial Statute V., George
IIL 1807. — Freemasons' lodge, on the registry of Nova Scotia,
No. 9, called " Chester," held at Ches'ter.
1816. — " Admiral Sir John Griffith arrived at Chester, on his
way to visit the new military settlement of Sherhrooke."
May 24. — Snow fell at Chester, and remained until noon next
day. This was " the year without any summer. Rains, frosts, and
fogs. Crops grew a little, and were frozen."
1817. April ISth. — People walked on the ice from Chester
to Misinger's Island, a mile from the town.
1820. March 6th. — A road from Halifax to Chester was
recommended by the Lieutenant-Governor ; also, a road through
the military settlement in the County of Lunenburg.
Town House and Lock-up House.
In the House of Assembly, February I7th, 1842.
A petition of Michael Schmitz and others was presented by
Mr. Zwicker, and read, praying that a law may pass to
authorize the Grand Jury and Sessions for the County of
Lunenburg to vote and assess moneys in the said county for a
town house and lock-up house at Chester.
Mr. Zwicker, pursuant to leave given, presented a bill in
accordance with the petition.
On the 21st of February, Mr. Creighton moved that the further
consideration of the bill to provide a lock-up house and town
house at Chester be deferred until this day three months,
which, being seconded and put, and the House dividing thereon,
there appeared for the motion, eight ; against it, twenty-eight.
The bill passed in both Houses.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 273
The Cunard steamer Unicorn arrived at Chester, in 1848,
with a large party from Halifax.
In 1854, H. M. S. Argus, Commander Purvis, came to
Chester, having on board Sir J. Gaspard le Marchant, Lieut.-
Governor, and Hon. Lewis M. Wilkins, Provincial Secretary.
An address was presented to His Excellency in the Temperaiice
Hall, to which he replied at some length, and this was followed
by an interesting speech from Mr. Wilkins. A great many
people were in attendance.
A grand regatta was held at Chester, Thursday, September
4th, 1856.
First race — Gigs of four oars. Prize, ladies' purse, with gold
— $27.70. Won by First-step. Built in Chester by David
Millett — his first attempt to construct a race-boat. Rowed by
Benjamin, Joseph, and Thomas Nass (brothers), and William
Coolen. Distance, four miles. Time, twenty-eight minutes.
Second race — Whale-boats of four oars. Won by Betsy.
Third race — Flats. Winners — Lucy Short, Lucy Long, and
Eastern Belle.
Fourth race — Punts, rowed by boys under eighteen years.
Winners — Alma, Flirt, and Silver Tip.
Fifth race — Sail-boats. Twelve miles ; nine started. First,
Katy Darling (E. J. Robinson), silver cup, $24. Second, Secret
(Dr. Pearson), $16. Third, Star (B. McLachlan), $8.
Sixth race — Canoes. First, Thomas Hammond and others.
Second, Nicholas Paul and others.
Seventh race (September Sth) — Eleven open boats started
(twelve miles). First, Secret (Dr. Pearson), silver cup, $20.
Second, Quickstep (John Hyson), $12. Third, Mayflower
(Nathan Isnor), $4.
More than three thousand persons were present. Terminated
with general illumination, fine torchlight procession, and a
beautiful display of fireworks.
In or about the year 1858, a race came off in the harbor of
Chester between two boats rowed by ladies. The crew of the
winning boat were Annie Richardson Bessie Garrison, Mary
Jane Smith, and Belle Barry, dressed in white, trimmed with
18

274 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
blue. Charles E. Church (now Commissioner of Works and
Mines) was steersman.
The other crew, dressed in pink, were Helen Richardson,
Mary Kearney, Ellen Barry, and Annie Porter, with John
Richardson as steersman. The rowing of both crews was
excellent. The course was from Mitchell's wharf to a boat
moored about half a mile distant, and return. Much interest
was excited, and a large crowd assembled.
A ball, numerously attended, was given in honor of the win
ners, with a grand supper, at the Mulgrave House.
A small canal or passage-way for boats was constructed in
1864-65, at the town end of Freda's Peninsula, making the latter '
an island. This gives a shorter way of approach to Chester for
people from diff'erent places, and has been a great public con
venience. On the 12th of October, 1871, there was a tremendous storm
— a great gale from the south-east — wliich carried away Charles
Hilchey's boat-shop, two or three hundred cart-loads of stone
from the bank, William Robinson's wharf and store, only a
waggon being saved; all the other wharves, and those of Thos.
Nass, and James Bond, on the east side of the harbor. It tore
out the bottom of David Whitford's store by his wharf, and
washed away flour and other goods. William Evans' schooner
was driven up into the street, and a fortnight's work was
required to get her off. Boats were carried into Mr. Evans'
garden. The water came up by Mr. Thomas Whitford's house, in the
lower street, and was about six feet deep. The harbor was filled
with drift stuff" to Thomas Nass's wharf. Several acres of land,
with a barn and wharf, were washed away from Quaker Island.
The storm lasted about two hours.
William Dominoy, who lived between Chester and Hubbard's
Cove, tried to fasten his boat at James Corkum's Lake, and was
carried to the head of it and to a swamp in the woods, where
he was found the next day, dead. He was over seventy years
of age.

history of the county op lunenburg. 275
Chester Common.
An Act was passed. May 7th, 1874, which provided for the
appointment, by the Go vernor-in- Council, of three or more
trustees, who were required, under the direction of the General
Sessions of the Peace, or of a special Sessions, to divide the
Common into lots, set apart a portion for a public cemetery,
lay out roads, and otherwise improve it, and make suitable
arrangements with persons who wore in possession of lots
thereon, with power to sell or lease said lots. It was also
enacted that an annual return should be made to the Sessions
of the work done and of the sums received and expended, the
moneys received to be paid to the District Treasurer, and
expended by order of the General Sessions, or of any special
Sessions called for that purpose.
1876. November. — Jacob Stevens and two sons, one married,
went from East Chester to Lunenburg. While returning, it
blew very heavy. They landed at one of the Sand islands for
ballast. All were afterwards lost. Nothing was found but
oars, hats, and a bundle of cotton warp, which were washed up
at Tancook.
In June, 1878, Cornelius Bezanson, aged 19; Samuel B. Eisen
hauer, 16 ; George Shaffer, 15, and Albert Dimmel, 14, were
-drowned by the upsetting of a boat near Borgald's Point,
Chester Basin. Four others of the party were saved.
1882. Friday, December 8th. — Two young men, sons of
George Graves, left Chester for Woody Island, to get sea-weed.
The boat was found on Saturday morning, on the water, bottom
up, and the caps of the men were floating near by. Three
other brothers of the same family, and a brother-in-law, were
drowned during a collision, while bank-fishing, the previous
spring. In the summer of 1888, a boat returning from Chester to
Tancook capsized, and George Mason, John Wilson, and David
Langille were drowned. They left widows, and six, seven, and
five children, respectively. Isaac Mason (brother of George),
William Thomas, and George Cross were saved.

276 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
On the 14th of June, 1892, there was a heavy rain-storm,
with loud thunder and sharp lightning — the latter very brilliant
in many places, forked, and lighting up the whole heavens.
The house of Wilham Eldridge, Chester Basin, was struck by
an electric flash and part of the roof broken in. He was injured,
and a son was paralyzed. Two large bams and a piggery were
also struck and damaged. Mrs. Eldridge got her husband from
the house to the bam, and returned for the children, and after
placing them by their father, went to her neighbors, who put
out the fire and saved the house, in a damaged condition. In
the same storm, the bam of Ezekiel Eisenhauer and son, Windsor
road, was struck and consumed, -with all the farming tools,
waggons, sleighs, three cows and several head of young cattle,
etc., a loss in aU of over .S1,000.
Scotch Cove, now called East Chester, two miles from Chester
on the Halifax road, was originally settled by John Hutcheson,
John Duncan, Thomas Thomson, emd others, most of whom came
from Glasgow and Edinburgh. Some of the grants were given
for service in the British army, and were made by Lord William
Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor, consisting of about 250 acres
each, subject to a quit rent of one farthing an acre. John
Duncan came from Edinburgh. Six brothers left there at
different times for America, and emigrating to various places,
never heard of each other afterwards. Two descendants of Mi-.
Duncan (John and George) — both lately deceased — good and
worthy men, long resided at East Chester. They spoke to the
writer of the difficulties that were encountered when they
were without roads and the people had to carry their provisions
on their backs. George Duncan was one of those drafted for
service at Halifax during the American war. As his mother
was largely dependent on him for support, he was aUowed a
chance of escape, but was again drafted, and was absent from
home from November until April. He and his comrades were
employed in getting out fascines and hewing timber for forts.
Having obtained leave of absence for a month, he returned
home by land, when for much of the joumey there was not

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 277
even a foot-path. In those days the mails from Halifax to
Chester were carried via Hammond's Plains, sometimes on
horseback, and at other times on foot. Pitts, Sullivan, and
Johnson were mail-carriers on this route. One of them (Pitts)
was once taken by Mr. Duncan in a schooner to liidian harbor,
because it was impossible to travel the intervening distance by
land. The mail was carried in a small knapsack, and the whole
package did not exceed five pounds in weight.
Chester Basin is about five miles from Chester on the post-
road to Mahone Bay. It has churches, a school-house, several
stores and a large hotel, and is very prettily situated, giving fine
views of the bay and islands. A number of handsome vessels
have been built there. There are gold-fields in the immediate
vicinity, which are elsewhere described.

CHAPTEE XXIII.
Churches Built at Chester — Clergymen of Diflferent Denominations.
THE first church in Chester was Congregational and
Presbyterian, with Rev. John -Seccombe, minister. He
was born at Medford, Mass., May 6th (N.S.), 1708. He gradu
ated at Harvard College in 1728, and continued for some time
to reside at Cambridge. On October 10th, 1733, he was
ordained as pastor of a church at Harvard, a small Massachusetts
town, and held the position until 1757. He married, March
10th, 1736 or '37, Mercy, daughter of Rev. William WiUiams, of
Weston. Her mother was a cousin of Jonathan Edwards.
The following verses are from a humorous poem, in the shape
of a will, written by Mr. Seccombe :
" To my dear wife.
My joy and life,
I freely now do give her
My whole estate.
With all my plate —
Being just about to leave her.
' ' My tub of soap,
A long cart rope,
A frying pan and kettle.
An ashes pail,
A threshing flail.
An iron wedge and beetle."
There are thirteen additional verses.
On Sunday, August 9th, 1759, tho first Lord's Day after the
arrival of the settlers, Mr. Seccombe preached in the morning
from 2 Sam. vii. 10 : " Moreover, I will appoint a place for my
people Israel, and will plant them, that they may dwell in a
place of their own, and move no more." The text for the after
noon sermon was St. Luke vii. 34.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 279
When the town and farm lots wore laid out, Mr. Seccombe
received a share. He lived for some years on an island west
from Chester, which has been known as Seccombe's Island.
In a deed of lot No. 2, the east half of the island, September
21st, 1767, to John Seccombe, it is called Gold River South-east
Island. Consideration, £2. The deed is signed, " Bruein
Rumkes Comango. Witnesses : Timothy Houghton, Philip
Payzant." By deed of same date, Mr. Seccombe, for love and good-will,
conveyed to his son John, half of said island, lot No. 1, on the
west side.
The following letters are connected with early ministerial
work: "Halifax, February 20th, 1771.
" Rev. AND Dear Sir, — I saw Mr. Flekes this day, who in
forms me that you and your family were well when he came
from Lunenburg, which I was very glad to hear, and thought I
would embrace this opportunity of writing to you, to inform
you that I am, through the goodness of God, in a comfortable
state of health, though I have lately been exercised with a cold.
I wish you would write a few lines to me any opportunity. I
don't know when I shall go to Chester again, I suppose not till
the beginning of May. So you need not fear of the letter
finding me here. I would be glad to know how the ordination
sermon and services were approved of by the people at Lunen
burg, and whether you meet with any discouragements in your
ministerial work, and whether you have reason to think your
labors have been made profitable among your people, and
whether brotherly love yet continues. May the God of peace
be -with you, the God of all grace strengthen you, and succeed
you in the great and important work whereunto He hath
called you, and make you instrumental of bringing many sons
and daughters to glory. I have no time to enlarge at present,
being in great haste. My kind regards to Mrs. Brown, Mr.
Knaut, Shupley, and Mr. Colbauck, with their wives best.
" I am,
" Your sincere friend and fellow-labourer,
" J. Seccombe."
" To the Rev. Bruin Romkes Comingoe,
" Lunenburg."

280 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
In a letter to Mr. Comingo, September 6th, 1786, Mr.
Seccombe wrote : " Doubtless you have heard of the awaken
ing and concern which some among us are under here, and of a
beginning of reformation in several families. Probably a work
of grace is begun in some few of them. But we must wait and
see what good fruits they bring forth — fruits meet for repen
tance — for further proof."
He did a great deal of ministerial work in Halifax, where the
Governor was very kind to him. In mentioning his pay for
one Sunday's work, he said, " The Governor gave a Johannes."
He was in Halifax in 1774, 1775, 1779, 1780, and 1781, as
noted, and probably oftener.
The sermon he preached on the death of the Hon. Abigail
Belcher (wife of the Chief Justice), at Halifax, October 29th,
1771, was printed at Boston in 1772, with an epistle by Mather
Byles, D.D.
In 1778, he preached a funeral sermon from 1 Cor. xv. 56, 57,
on the occasion of the death of the wife of the Hon. Benjamin
Green, which was printed by Anthony Henry.
There is a manuscript sermon bj^ Mr. Seccombe, on small
note paper (four pages lost), from St. Luke v. 31, preached at
Halifax, June 22nd, 1777, and April 28th, 1782, and at Chester,
May 23rd, 1784.
He died at Che.ster, October 29th, 1792, aged eighty-four
years and five months. Rev. Bruin Romcas Comingo preached
the funeral sermon from Hebrews vi. 11, 12.
Mr. Seccombe had preached the sermon^at the ordination of
Mr. Comingo (the first Presbyterian minister ordained in the
British North American Provinces), in Halifax, July 3rd, 1770,
from St. John xxi. 15, 16.
He was taken before the Council in December, 1776, charged
with having preached a seditious sermon in September, and in
January following he was again before that body, when an
affidavit was produced that he had prayed for the success of
the " rebels." He was ordered to find security for good be
havior in the sum of five hundred pounds, and to cease
preaching until he signed a recantation. Sufficient particulars

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 281
are not given to show that he was intentionally guilty. From
other accounts of him, he appears to have been a very worthy
man, and Chief Justice Belcher had confidence enough in him to
appoint him as preacher of the funeral sermon already men
tioned. Baptist.
A history of the Baptist Church in this county was prepared
by Rev. Stephen March, for many years the worthy pastor at
Bridgewater. It shows that "the first church, and out of
which grew the present Baptist Church, was established in
Chester town in 1788. In 1793, this church called to the pas
torate Rev. Joseph Dimock, who was afterwards well and
familiarly known, not only in Lunenburg county but throughout
the Province, as "Father Dimock." On the 4th of, May, 1811,
this church was reorganized after the present order with a
membership of thirty-one, and so became the first strict com
munion Baptist church of the county. From this time until
the death of Joseph Dimock (June 29th, 1 846, in the seventy-
eighth year of his age), this church took a leading part in the
development of the Baptist denomination of this Province."
Rev. J. Dimock, referred to by Mr. March, was born in New
port, Nova Scotia, December 11th, 1768. His father, Daniel
Dimock, was a minister, and also his grandfather, Shubael
Dimock. In his journal he says : " My honored father gave me
a common education. Though my attainments were small, they
were beyond any of my age in the village where I lived. A
thirst to excel in education was in my nature implanted, so
that I do not remember ever to have boon so taken up with
exercises or pastimes, but I would willingly leave it for a book
of instruction. This was from God, for which I desire to be
thankful. My parents taught me to read my Bible daily.
When in my seventeenth year, God, by His Spirit, was pleased
to show me my state, and I could find no rest till I found rest
in Jesus, and saw that He was able to save all that came to
God through Him."
"Mr. Dimock was baptized in Horton, May 6th, 1787, and
joined the church there. In December, 1789, he accompanied

282 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
his uncle, Joseph Bailey, who was a Baptist minister, on a
visit to Chester, to which they travelled, as was customary,
on snow-shoes. They stopped there a short time, and their
labors were greatly blessed among the people. Mr. Dimock
began to preach in 1790. He spent part of the year 1791
in Annapolis county. In the autumn of that year he went
through different parts of the Province, sometimes enduring-
groat privations. At one time he was travelling through
the woods from Windsor to Chester, and night came on before
ho could reach a place of shelter. It was in the depth of
winter, and the blazed trees were his|Dnly guide, there being
no road. It was therefore imprudent for him to proceed
farther in the dark, and, aware of tho danger of sitting down
lest he should fall asleep and perish with cold, he adopted thfr
only expedient that could save him. He walked backward
and forward for a short distance the whole night, partaking
from time to time of some refreshment, which providentially
ho had in his pocket. As soon as morning came, he fastened
on his snow-shoes and resumed his journey. He continued
laboring among this people, proclaiming the Gospel with much
acceptance. In 1793, he was laboring in Queen's county, when
he received a call from the church at Chester. He returned
with the messenger, and a blessing seemed to attend his labors.
On September 10th, 1793, ho was ordained. Mr. Dimock was
always ready to engage in a good work. Sometimes he met
with opposition, but that did not daunt him ; he was willing to
endure hardness in his Master's cause.
" At one time about a dozen men were sent from a neighbor
ing tavern to lay hold on Mr. Dimock and drag him thither.
When they returned to their comrades without the preacher,.
they were laughed at as cowards, but they replied, ' You could
not touch him ; there he stood like a child without any resist
ance.' Sometimes the people threw stones at him, sometimes
they went armed, but always missed their aim. The last time
he was molested in this way was at North- West, three miles
from the town of Lunenburg, and Colonel Creighton, an influ
ential gentleman and magistrate in the town, saw that it was

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 283
his duty to interfere ; accordingly he put a stop to it. Three
years after Mr. Dimock's settlement in Chester, he went to the
LTnited States, and landed at Boston, November 21st. He con
tinued there about three years, preaching with good acceptance
among the people. On the 21st of August, 1798, he was
married, and immediately started for Nova Scotia. He em
barked at Salem, October 27tli, and that day Aveek landed at
Liverpool, N.S., the length of the voyage having been occa
sioned by an error in the captain's reckoning. They got as
far as Halifax before they discovered their mistake. After
spending some time in Liverpool with Christian friends,
endeavoring to stir them up to duty and zeal in the Master's
work, Mr. Dimock proceeded to Chester, where he and his wife
received a hearty welcome. Mr. Dimock always lived in
Chester, except when on missionary labor or away on business.
Ho travelled much in different parts of the Province, yet was
pastor of that church until his death, whicli took place at
Wilmot. He died at the house of his son-in-law, Mr. George
Starratt, on the 29th of June, 1846, after a few days' illness.
This venerable and beloved servant of Christ was in his
seventy-ninth year. Upwards of fifty years he labored in
the service of his divine Master in the Christian ministry. It
might be truly said of him, ' Behold an Israelite, indeed, in
whom is no guile.' "
Mr. Dimock's wife was his cousin, Betsy Dimock.
On Friday, the 3rd day of July, 1846, "from a distance of
many miles around in every direction, the inhabitants congre
gated in eager, solemn groups. They met to pay their last
tribute of respect to their dearly beloved pastor. Business had
been largely suspended from the first reception of the startling
intelUgence." The funeral sermon was preached by Rev. Theodore Harding,
from Isaiah xxv. 8.
On the next Sunday, Rev. Mr. Harding tdok the services in
the morning, and preached from Hebrews iv. 14. Rev. Anthony
V. Dimock (son of the deceased) preached in the evening, from
Revelation iii. 20. The last-named clergyman was bom

284 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
at Chester, January 21st, 1810, educated in Acadia College,
ordained December 11th, 1831, and sent as missionary to tho
Indians. In 1847, he went to the United States, and served
churches in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey, and
was for many years Secretary of tho American and Foreign
Bible Society. He was referred to in the New York Herald,
as " a noted Baptist preacher of Elizabeth, N. J., and founder of
Lincoln Division, Sons of Temperance." He died in the latter
city in March, 1888.
The following lines were sung at the funeral of Rev.
Joseph Dimock :
" The voice at midnight came,
He started up to hear,
A mortal arrow pierced his frame.
He fell, but felt no fear.
" Tranquil amid alarms,
It found him on the field,
A veteran, slumbering on his arms.
Beneath his red cross shield."
His portrait was presented " by friends in Chester " to the
historical collection in Acadia College.
Daniel Dimock, Esq., J. P., who was born in Chester, and
lived there for many years, was a son of the deceased. He died
in Stonington, U.S.
Rev. D. W. C. Dimock, of Truro, is also a son of the deceased.
He was ordained at Chester, December 6th, 1841, his father
offering the ordaining prayer, and preaching the sermon from
2 Timothy ii. 1. The right hand of fellowship was given by
Rev. A. V. Dimock, brother of the candidate, while tho latter
gave the concluding prayer.
In the same year " the Baptist Association of Nova Scotia
met at Chester, Lunenburg county. Among the business trans
acted was its first contribution to foreign missions. A
beginning was made, and some interest excited on behalf of the
heathen. Upwards of $34.60 was sent to the Treasurer of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 285
Auxiliary Bible Society, Halifax. This was the commencement
of the foreign mission enterprise of the Baptist body in the
Maritime Provinces."
. At the same meeting. Revs. Joseph Crandall, and Samuel
Bancroft were sent to the poor on the east shore of Chester,
and were to receive five shillings a day each, for three months.
This was the beginning of the home missionary movement.
" So deep and intense was the interest taken in educational
matters by some of the sisters of the Baptist churches of this
county, that in 1828, besides the delegates sont from Chester
Church to attend the Association, six sisters walked through the
woods from Chester to Horton Road, now Wolfville, to be in
attendance upon the sessions ; the leader, of whom was
Elizabeth Roach, afterwards Mrs. Edward Heckman, and nick
named " Joshua " because she conducted her sisters on towards
the promised land. The names of the other five were :
Catherine Roach (a sister of the first named) Mrs. John Mader
(then Aniiie Emino), Regina Lloyd (afterwards Mrs. Philip
Andrews), Sophia Spidle (afterwards Mrs. Philip Corkum, of
New Cumberland), and her sister, Elizabeth Spidle, of North-
West. These sisters were all kindly entertained during their
stay by the late Judge DeWolfe, an Episcopalian." They
remained over night with Mrs. Susanna Pulciver, midway
between Chester and Windsor.
The new church in Chester was erected in 1872.
Rev. Dr. James C. Hurd, who was stationed in Chester for
about three years, died in Burlington, Iowa, December 22nd,
1879, aged fifty years. " He ranked among the ablest men of his
denomination, and as a preacher and platform speaker had few
equals." He was pastor of the First Baptist Church in
Burlington. In Nova Scotia and abroad he fought well for the
temperance cause.
The Sunday School convention of the Baptist Church held
its first session in Chester, September 15th and 16th, 1890,
Charles A. Smith, Esq., President. Reports from twenty
schools were read.
At a large evening mooting. Miss Hannah Church conducted

286 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
a " model class," which was highly instructive to all present.
Addresses were delivered by Rev. C. W. Corey, and Rev. J. S.
Brown. The ministers resident at Chester have been Revs. Joseph
Dimock, Munroe, George Armstrong, (who had been a teacher
in the old school-house), Stephen DeBlois, James Spenser,
Sutherland (a Scotchman), Thomas Crawley, J. C. Hurd, I. J.
Skinner, John Weeks, J. F. Kempton, George Taylor, Norman
McNeil, and H. N. Parry.
Services were conducted by Mr. John Bezanson, of Marriott's
Cove, in the absence of Mr. Dimock and succeeding ministers.
Ebenezer Munroe came from Scotland. He was married at
Chester, afterwards ordained, and became pastor of a church
at Onslow. He attended an association meeting at Chester,
and was taken ill and died there.
Revs. Nutter, and Rees, preached in Chester in early times.
A church was erected at Blandford in June, 1895.
Church of England.
On the arrival of the Rev. Thomas Lloyd, missionary of the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, a meeting was held
on September 21st, 1794, to establish a church at Chester.
" St. Stephen's " church, forty feet long, by thirty broad, was
erected, in 1795, by "the liberal subscription of friends to
religion, and to the Church of England as by law established."
The list of subscribers was headed by His Royal Highness
Prince Edward, father of our gracious Queen, for five guineas.
Then followed Sir John Wentworth (Lieutenant-Governor),
Charles, Bishop of Nova Scotia, General Ogilvie, Admiral
Murray, Admiral Vandeput, Major DesBrisay, Royal Artillery,
Hon. Captain Cochran, and other oificers then serving in the
garrison at Halifax ; also Hon. John Haliburton, Hon. Charles
Morris, and others. The Lutheran Church at Lunenburg, Rev.
Mr. Schmeiser, D. C. Jessen, Esq., and many more subscribed
liberally ; while the parishioners of Chester gave sums ranging
from £8. 13s. downwards.
Jonathan Prescott, and Robert Bethell were appointed the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 287
first churchwardens, and Franklin G. Etter, John Stevens, and
Thomas Thomson were the first vestrymen.
The following particulars relative to the lamented death of
Rev. T. Lloyd, are extracted from the vestry book :
" The Rev. Thomas Lloyd, missionary from the Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel, came to reside in Chester in the
month of September, 1794. This worthy and respectable mis
sionary perished in an attempt to go through the woods from
Chester to Windsor. Having engaged a young man as a guides
for the journey, he set out on Tuesday, the 24th ' day of Feb
ruary, 1795, and proceeded about nine miles, when a dreadful
storm of snow, hail, and rain came on, which continued all the
day and most part of the night. The next morning about
eight o'clock, he told his guide to go back to Chester as fast as
possible and bring him assistance; who, about three in the
afternoon, reached a house two miles from that place, nearly
exhausted and quite confused, imagining he was still proceeding
to Windsor. A message from him to the town caused a party
to go off immediately to Mr. Lloyd's relief, who, after extreme
fatigue, exploring their way all night by the help of a candle,
found his body frozen as hard as a rock, on Thursday morning,
about fourteen miles from the town. It is supposed that he
perished about noon the preceding day, as he had travelled but
a short distance from the place whore the guide had left him.
His remains were brought back and decently interred, amidst
the groans and lamentations of the people of the township.
They were all inconsolable for him, and were persuaded they
had lost their best guide and director to a future happy life."
Another account says : " He went off with two others, who
were determined to accompany him as far as a horse which he
rode was able to travel. When they had proceeded about nine
miles they were obliged to part ; but not before the returning
persons used every effort in their power to persuade him to
come back." — From a letter dated Chester, March 2nd, 1795.
Rev. Robert Norris, missionary of the S.P.G., came to Chester
in July, 1797, and remained until 1801. For some years from
this date there was no resident clergyman. Mr. George Weidle,

288 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
by permission of the Bishop, regularly used the church service
and read a sermon of Bishop Wilson, or Seeker, or Sherlock, in
the morning ; and in the afternoon (as many of the congrega
tion were Germans) one from Eisleus in German. This worthy
churchman died in 1815, aged 81, having enjoyed for four or
five years before his death the ministrations of the Rev. Chas.
Ingles. Chester was formed into a parish, February 9th, 1800.
From 1801, occasional visits were made by Rev. Mr. Money,
and Rev. Thomas Shreve.
Rev. Charles Ingles, B.A., was inducted rector, December 13th,
1812. Captain Ingles, H.M. 17th Regiment, is a son of this
clergyman. In September, 1817, Rev. Joseph Wright took charge, and,
after his removal to Horton, Rev. James Shreve, B.A., was sent
as missionary, April 1st, 1822, and inducted April 20th, 1 826.
The last service in the old church was held June 21st, 1840,
and it was taken down next day. Tho corner-stone of the new
church, also " St. Stephen's," was laid on the 25th of June, in
the same year, and the frame was raised on the 27th of the
same month. The building cost £1,100.
Rev. W. Weinbeer, a native of Berlin, was curate to Rev. Dr.
Shreve, and died in Chester, after a brief ministry, July 13th,
1845, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, from disease con
tracted on a passage of ninety days to Nova Scotia. He was a
very devout Christian, a learned scholar, and a fine musician,
and in all the work of his holy office, most devoted. His early
death was greatly deplored.
Rev. Dr. Shreve was chosen Rector of Dartmouth, and was
succeeded at Chester by his brother. Rev. Charles Jessen Shreve,
B.A., then Rector of Guysboro' (Juno 18th, 1854), who was born
in Lunenburg (of which parish his father was rector), April
9th, 1808. He died in Halifax, where lie had lived for one
year, April 5th, 1878, and where his widow and daughter now
reside. He had been a missionary in charge of Harbor Grace,
and Carbonear, Newfoundland, and was on the island from
1833 to 1836. Mr. Shreve and his brother James were very

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 289
hard-working men, and had extensive and trying fields of labor
They were good preachers and readers of the church services.
It was said of Rev. C. J. Shreve, that " he always prayed the
prayers," and he conducted the services with great seriousness
and devotion. He used before the sermon, with a slight altera
tion, the second last Collect in the Service for the Ordering of
Priests. His son Selwyn was a very useful member of the
Church, and, as licensed lay reader, did good work at the
North- West Arm, Halifax, and elsewhere. A commemorative
tablet has been erected in the church at the Arm. Another
son, Thomas C. Shreve, Esq., is Mayor of Digby.
Rev. John Manning was appointed vicar at Easter, 1875, and
resigned April, 1877.
Rev. Andrew Merkel was then elected vicar, with right of
succession to rectorship.
Rev. C. J. Shreve resig-ned May 2nd, 1877, and Mr. Merkel
was inducted rector.
Rev. George H. Butler, M.A., took charge June, 1880, was
inducted July, 1884, and resigned December 31st, 1890.
Rev. Theodore Wood Clift, a native of St. John's, Newfound
land, took charge of the parish, June, 1891, and was inducted
rector, February 18th, 1892. He had been incumbent at
Carbonear, Newfoundland.
Rev. Samuel J. Andrews, of Heart's Content, Newfoundland,
was in charge during the temporary absence of the rector,
from November 15th, 1894, to Easter, 1895.
On the 2nd of July, 1895, Rev. Edward H. Ball, of Tangier,
was elected rector. Rev. Mr. Clift having resigned in conse
quence of his wife's illness requiring residence in a warmer
climate. They were very much beloved.
The bell which was placed in the first St. Stephen's Church,
at Chester, was cast in France, A.D. 1700, and used in
an ancient monastery. It bore a long Latin inscription, and
the outer rim was encircled with a wreath of flowers finely
wrought. A larger bell having been obtained for the new
church, the old bell was used for a fog alarm on board a fishing
schooner on the banks of Newfoundland.
19

290 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
It was again on shore at Chester, where it rang in the New
Year, and sometimes gave greetings to a newly-married couple.
The sleepy watch were often called by it on a gallant ship, to
which it had been transferred, the Peerless, Captain J. M. Allen,
and of which Captain E. D. Lordly, now residing at Chester,
was for three years a chief officer. After leaving this vessel.
Captain Lordly did not see the bell again for fifteen years,
when it was still hanging at the pawl-post in the same old ship,
then a coal hulk in Valparaiso.
St. Mark's Church, Western Shore, was erected in 1878 ; St.
James' Church, Chester Basin, in 1883, and St. George's'
Church, Indian Point, in 1889.
Rev. Henry Stamer was rector of Hubbard's Cove for over
thirty years. Fox Point and Mill Cove, in Lunenburg county,
were in his mission. He was a faithful, hard-working clergy
man. His widow is a daughter of the late Colonel Poyntz, of
Windsor, to which town Mr. Stamer retired when he became
incapacitated for work, and where he died, in December, 1894.
On the 7th of that month his body was taken to Hubbard's
Cove, and interred, in accordance with his own desire, in the
cemetery by the parish church in which he had so long minis
tered, in the presence of a large assemblage of mourners, who
well remembered how for so many years he had broken to them
the Bread of Life.
Rev. Mr. Stamer has been succeeded in the rectorship by
Rev. J. W. Norwood.
Rev. Thomas H. White, D.D., in his ninetieth year, and the
oldest Church of England clergyman in Canada, still doing duty
at Shelburne, with Rev. W. S. H. Morris as his vicar, worked
in St. Stephen's Parish, Chester, for somo months in 1829. Dr.
White is a delightful old gentleman, and his memory is stored
with reminiscences of early days, which he tells to his visitors
in the most interesting manner. He was always considered a
superior reader and preacher, and the clearness of his voice,
even in his advanced age, adds to the impressiveness of his
delivery. It is a privilege to hoar him.

history of the county of lunenburg. 291
Roman Catholic.
A subscription list for the erection of a Roman Catholic church
in Chester, was commenced in 1844, and was headed by William
O'Brien, sen., for £7. 10s. The contributions were very liberal.
The Rev. Edmond Doyle, of Kilkenny, Ireland, was then the
priest officiating in the county. Archbishop Walsh, who gave
generously to the fund, was present at a meeting of the congre
gation held in the church (St. Augustine's) on September 7th,
1846. He made an entry in the church register, of which the
following is a copy : " I was informed, on making inquiry, that
Mr. Michael Schmitz contributed a very large amount towards
the erection of the church. I regret that I cannot state the
precise sum, as he never wished to make it known, but I deem
it an act of justice to him to record the fact here." The church
was completed and consecrated by the name " St. Augustine's."
Rev. Father Lyons, and other priests visited Chester from
time to time. Those who have resided there were Revs. Holden,
Danaher, Walsh, Lovejoy, McCarty, and Kennedy.
Rev. Edward J. McCarty, who is most kindly remembered in
the county, came to Chester in 1877, and remained six years.
He was bom in Halifax in 1850, and was educated at St. Mary's
College there, and St. Sulpice Seminary, Montreal. Previous to
his appointment here he had been assistant priest at Kentville.
His mission, while in this county, embraced parts of King's and
Annapolis counties. He was transferred to Yarmouth in 1883.
A Methodist church was erected in Chester in 1881, and a
Lutheran church in the following year.

CHAPTEE XXIV.
Biographical notices of persons who have lived at Chester.
ALEXANDER PATTILLO settled in Chester in 1783. He
married the widow Bartlett, whose maiden name was
Roberts, of Liverpool, N.S. He was tall, stout, and very mus
cular and powerful. Lime-burning engaged his attention, and
he was owner of a vessel. At that time there was no road
between Chester and Windsor — only a foot-path. He started
on one occasion, with his horse, to go to Windsor, and was lost
in the woods. On the ninth day his horse was tired out, and
he took off the saddle and bridle, and hung them on the limb of
a white birch tree, on the west side of Nine-Mile Lake, distant
from Chester about eleven miles. He then left the horse and
proceeded as best he could without him. After being in the
woods for nineteen days he was discovered by Indians, near
La Have River. He said if he had not found somo birds' eggs
and berries, he must have died of hunger. He was badly bitten
by files, and it was some time before his face healed.
In tho summer of 1822, two sons of Lot Church, while in the
woods searching for cattle, picked up the stirrups and other
parts of the saddle, and the bit, which were on the ground near
the tree above mentioned.
Mr. Pattillo was a Scotchman, a native of Aberdeen. He
died at Chester, December 31st, 1833, aged ninety years, and
was interred in the burial-ground of St. Stephen's Church.
Captain James Pattillo, bom in Chester, died in North
Stoughton, U.S., in 1887, aged eighty years. He is said to have
been the first man who placed a platform over the ballast of a
fishing schooner. He was described as " stalwart, brave, gener
ous, and true, and the grasp of his hand might almost crush the
handle of an oar. One of the most successful fishermen of his
day."

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 293
Captain Pattillo was a man of great size and strength. One
who knew him well, a gentleman now residing in New York,
and who believes he was one of the strongest men ever bom on
this continent, says that he was one day standing on Mitchell's
wharf in Chester, and saw Pattillo lift several barrels of pickled
fish by the chimes, from the hold of his vessel to the deck, and
support one of the barrels on one of his broad shoulders, and
then lift it backwards over his head, and lay it on his neck and
shoulders. Having had them properly placed, he carried a
barrel of the fish on each shoulder into Mitchell's store.
George Bethune Mitchell, one of the principal business men of
Chester, was a native of Londonderry, Ireland. He was ap
pointed a Justice of the Peace, which office he held for many
years. His death took place on the 3rd September, 1855, at the
age of seventy years, after a life in which " the strictest integ
rity and the most active benevolence endeared him to the
community." Mrs. Mitchell and several children occupied the
old homestead for many years. The former died July 6th,
1877, aged seventy-six years.
Michael Schmitz, also a merchant in Chester, was born in
Germany, November 11th, 1787, and became a resident of the
former place in 1817, where "unobtrusive and retiring, fearing
God and assisting mankind, he lived universally respected, and
was lamented in the end." He died June 11th, 1848. His
widow, Mary M. Schmitz, died September 18th, 1857, aged
sixty-two years.
Anthony Thickpenny was born in England, and had been a
British officer. He was a great lover of fun, generous and off
handed. The house now owned and occupied by James E.
Whitford, Esq., was built by him. He used to read the service
of tho Church in the absence of the clergyman. When Chester
was visited by privateers, he buried his money under an old
stump, near what is now the residence of Mrs. Timothy Gorman.
Thomas Thomson died February 14th, 1821, in his eighty-
third year. He had been a Bombardier in the Artillery, and
was always fond of military display. He lived near Chester,
and used to ride in on his white horse "Cato," on His Majesty's

294 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
birthday (when a grand salute was fired), and when annual
militia drill took place.
David Evans was born in Swansea, Wales, and came to
Chester in 1805. He had served in the British navy, and was
on board the Bellerophon (called, also, by the sailors, " Ball of
spun yarn "), Captain Thomson, at the battle of the Nile ; was
also at Copenhagen, and Trafalgar, and styled himself " one of
Nelson's bull-dogs." He was with the
" Stout veterans who battled and bled
Where Nelson expired, and where CoUingwood led."
Mr. Evans was accustomed for many years to go from
Chester to Dover, in the County of Halifax, fishing, in an open,
flat-bottomed boat about fifteen feet long. The year before his
decease he went alone in his boat as usual, and, when the fish
ing season was over, returned in the same way. He died in
Chester (where his son William now resides), in 1864, aged
eighty-seven years. »
Franklin G. Etter, formerly a resident of Chester, was a
Loyalist. He had been a glass manufacturer in Massachusetts,
and subsequently a lieutenant in the British army. On his
arrival at Chester he was appointed a Justice of the Peace, and
was esteemed a most useful and worthy man. One of his eight
daughters was Mrs. Amos Lovett, of the well-known Chester
House. Thomas Belcher DesBrisay^ M.D., son of Captain and
Adjutant Thomas DesBrisay, Royal Artillery, and grandson of
Lieut.-General DesBrisay, at one time Commandant at Halifax,
practised his profession for some years at Chester, and in 1832,
removed thence to Dartmouth, of which parish his brother.
Rev. Mather Byles DesBrisay, M.A. (King's), was rector, where
he continued to practise until his decease in 1869. In Dart
mouth, as in Chester, he was highly esteemed. He proved
himself, both in his profession, and outside of it, the good
Samaritan to the poor and the suffering, and died deeply
regretted. Captain Samuel Gowan, one of the most worthy inhabitants

, HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 295
of Chester, perished, with all his crew, in the schooner Sophia,
off Cape Sable, N.S., in the great gale of October, 1871.
Wallace Geldert, and Israel Moser, of Bridgewater, were among
the crew.
Charles Lot Church was the son of Charles Church, and was
bom on Rhode Island (then a British colony), March 13th, 1777,
and went with the Loyalists to Shelburne, in 1783, from whence
he removed to Dover, County of Halifax, and subsequently to
Chester, where he married Hannah Millett, granddaughter of
Timothy Houghton, the first person named in the Chester
grant, and settled on the Windsor road, ten miles and a half
from Chester, which distance he was ten hours in travelling
with his family, the road being then scarcely cut out. He
inherited the loyalty of his father, who refused to take up
arms against his King, though much persuaded so to do —
having been offered a commission first in the land, and then in
the naval service of those opposing the Government. When
afterwards asked to send to Halifax his claim for losses, he
replied that he could not " add to the loss the British Govern
ment had already sustained." Mr. Church was elected, in
1820, a member of the House of Assembly, and travelled
through ten counties that he might make himself more fully
acquainted with the wants of the people. He had excellent
natural abilities, and being a great reader and very observing,
he became a most useful public man, and was re-elected to
Parliament. His conduct in the Legislature on several public
questions was considered very patriotic, and he was highly
applauded by the people without reference to party. "As
honest as Lot Church," passed into a proverb. In 1824, he was
received at Windsor with great applause, and a public dinner
was given in his honor.
Mr. Church, in a memorial to His Majesty George IV., asked
that the quit rents which, owing to the poverty of the people,
had largely accumulated, and which pressed heavily upon their
industry, might be remitted.
He died April 14th, 1864, in his eighty-eighth year. His
family numbered five sons and eight daughters.

296 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Mrs. Church died within ten months of hig decease, aged
eighty-two years.
The last surviving son, Charles L. A. Church, Esq., died in
Chester, December 22nd, 1889, in his eighty-fifth year. He
was the father of Hon. C. E. Church, Commissioner of Public
Works and Mines.
One of the earliest settlers in the district where Lot Church
lived, was John Hutchinson, a native of old England, some of
whose descendants still reside on the road between New Ross
and Windsor. He went into what was then a wilderness. For
several years, in common with other settlers, he had to carry
all his provisions home from market on his back. He was over
six feet in height, stout in proportion, and uncommonly strong.
Once he was attracted by a noise among his sheep, and seeing
a large bear about to destroy one, he ran to his house, seized an
old Queen Anne musket, and killed the bear with a few blows
from the butt end. He was a great moose hunter, and used to
describe graphically his journey ings in the forest.
WUliam A. Kearney, M.D., was born in Waterford, Ireland,
came to this country in 1831, and took up his residence at Guys
boro'. He soon decided to return home, but was advised by
the late Garrett Miller,, Esq., to remove to this county, and
practised at Chester for seven years. He was married in
Halifax to Lucy, daughter of John Creighton, Esq., who now
resides at Chester with her daughter. Dr. Kearney died there
suddenly in 1 840 from a severe cold, which he took on a visit
to Tancook.
Ja/mes S. Wells, Esq., was born in Cornwallis in 1789, and
was sent to school in London, G.B. At sixteen years of age,
he entered the Royal Navy as captain's clerk, and was made
purser two years afterwards. He was below the age required,
but his heavy whiskers made him appear older, and he was
entered as having attained twenty-one years. Mr. Wells served
in seyeral ships, the last one being the Centurion, which was
the receiving ship at Halifax when the Shannon arrived with
the Chesapeake. Captain Ross and Quartermaster Kiens, with
whom he was intimate, persuaded him to reside in Sherhrooke,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 297
now New Ross. He removed thence to Chester in 1830, where
he was a Justice of the Peace, and filled several other public
offices, and where he died May 10th, 1846, in his fifty-seventh
year, from a severe fall among rocks, caused by a runaway
horse His son, James S. Wells, resides in New York. Two of
his daughters live in King's county, and one in London, G.B.
Charles W. Hiltz, M.D., son of the late John F. Hiltz, Esq.,
practised his profession in Chester for some years. He had
been formerly engaged as a teacher, and succeeded Mr. Lawson
in the office of Inspector of Schools. He died in Chester,
January 31st, 1882, much regretted. His ability was admitted
both as teacher and doctor.
Mr. John Stanford was born at Maidstone, Kent, England,
and came to Nova Scotia about 1840, and to Chester in 1845,
where in the latter year he established a tanyard near the town.
He married Mary Jane, daughter of the late Alexander Lynch,
and built a neat residence not far from the pretty lake known
since as Stanford's Lake. The family included six boys and
five girls. Two of the former and one of the latter still live
with their mother at the old homestead. Another daughter
(Annie) is the efficient postmistress at Chester.
Mr. Stanford, had also a grist mill and carding mill. He was
a very busy and enterprising man, and the goods manufactured
by him were much sought after, owing to their superior quality.
His death occurred June 30th, 1883, in his seventy -third year.
The two following notices are from local papers of 1887 :
" The death is reported of Thomas Whitford, of Chester,
which occurred at his home on Saturday, May 28th, at the ripe
age of eighty-nine years. Mr. Whitford was born at Chester,
in March, 1798. Until a few weeks since he enjoyed compara
tively good health, and for more than half a century was
remarkable for his robust form and fine physique. He leaves
a widow, five sons, thirty-three grandchildren, eleven great
grandchildren, and a very large circle of friends to mourn
their loss." He was a man of great hospitality, and his house
was always open to the people from the country around, and to
the stranger. The large farm which he cleared and improved
is occupied by his son, James E. Whitford, Esq.

298 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" Died. — At Chester, December 7th, Mrs. C. Corbin, aged
ninety-one years and six months. Charitable and kind-hearted
to the sick, generous to a fault, she now reaps the reward of a
spotless, well-spent life. With lips sealed with perpetual silence,
she sleeps beneath the shadow of the very sanctua.ry where for
years she knelt and adored her God."
Charles Lordly, Esq., was born in Chester. He removed to
Terence Bay, County of Halifax, and lived there for some years.
He was largely instrumental in the erection of the church, and
aided in other improvements. In Chester he was a public-
spirited citizen, kind-hearted, and always ready to assist in
matters affecting the general welfare. He was a Justice of the
Peace, and Clerk of the Municipal Council. For several years
he owned, and had a number of men employed in, a limestone
quarry at Indian Point. Mr. Lordly died in Chester, September
11th, 1889, aged sixty -nine years. One of his daughters
(Lillian), now at Brownsville, California, is a bright writer of
poetry and prose. Some of her sketches appeared in the Halifax
Critic. Severin W. Wielobycki, M.D., was born in the Province of
Volbynia, Poland, January 8th, 1793. "After his university
career he fought for Polish independence in thirty-six battles,
often sleeping with his horse in the open when the snow was on
the ground. When Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided Poland
amongst them, he was allowed to choose between going to
America or Great Britain." He passed through ten years of
great privations in Edinburgh, where he graduated in medicine,
and decided to practise in Nova Scotia. He came to Chester
about 1842, after the death of Dr. Kearney, and remained for
some years. Much of his travelling was done in the saddle, and
he is remembered as a very expert horseman, and skilful in his
profession. He spent the latter part of his life in London, whore
he died September 7th, 1893, aged one hundred years and eight
months. He attributed his great age to " No alcohol, no
tobacco, and very little animal food." His centenary was cele
brated in the rooms of the Medical Society, London, January
10th, 1893. Dr. Norman Kerr presided, and among tho many

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 299
distinguished persons present were Canons Duckworth, and
Leigh, Dr. Dawson Burns, Lady Henry Somerset, and Miss
Willard. Congratulatory messages were received from Lady
Frederick Cavendish, Dr. B. W^. Richardson, the Bishop of
Marlborough, and a host of others.
The Rev. Frederick J. Tomkins,M.A., D.C.L., of London, G.B.,
now a prominent member of the English Bar, referred to Dr.
Wielobycki, as " this distinguished and very remarkable man,''
in a letter dated Halifax, October 2nd, 1893, and added: " He
was a patriot, a man of i~are ability as a physician, a devoted
advocate of the temperance cause, and a sincere Christian.
Some years ago I was with him at a meeting in the town of
Gravesend, and his genial countenance, his wholesome look and
the healthy bloom upon his cheek gave e\-idence that temper
ance and strict observance of the laws of diet are indeed next to
godliness. He lived, I am happy to say, in comfort. I have a
grateful remembrance of this kind man's hospitality. The late
John Creighton, Esq., Q.C, of Lunenburg, was his trusted friend,
and I was the bearer to London of the proceeds of the fidelity
of oiu- departed friend's integrity. Allow me to place a garland
on the tombs of these two old friends, whom I expect to meet
beyond the cold obstruction of the gTave."
John Butler, father of Mr. Edward Butler, was born in
HaUfax, January 20th, 1795, came to Chester about 1820, and
was in business there for over fifty years. He died September
15th, 1876, in his eighty-second yeai-. Mr. Butler was of a
quiet, retiring natui-e, a good citizen, honorable and just in his
deaUngs, and highly esteemed.
WiUiam Henry Robinson, a native of Chester, was there
engaged as a general dealer for twenty -five years. By close
attention to his business, which extended over a large field, he
made it a profitable one. He died January 20th, 1882, aged
fifty-six yeai-s. Mr. Robinson was one of the sons of Wm. H.
Robinson, Esq., a man of excellent character, who Hved at the
junction of the Lunenburg and Windsor roads, and was for man\'
years a Justice of the Peace, and a Commissioner of Schools.

CHAPTEE XXV.
Islands in Chester Bay, and incidents connected with the same, including
searches made for " Kidd's treasure " at Oak Island.
MAHONE BAY, as laid down on the chart, includes the
water to the shore of the Blandford Peninsula, but
that part of it which is in the vicinity of Chester is called
Chester Bay, and is celebrated for the number and beauty
of its ' ' Fairy crowds
Of islands, which together lie.
As quietly as spots of sky
Among the evenmg clouds.''
Many of them are inhabited and well cultivated. Islands
between " La Heve " and " Sesambre " were called by Cham
plain, " The Martyrs," on account of Frenchmen killed there
by Indians. He also wrote : " The islands and shores are full
of pines, firs, birches, and other inferior timber. The catch of
fish there is abundant, and so is the quantity of birds."
The names of some of the Chester islands are : Green, The
Tancooks (2), Iron-bound, Big and Little Duck, Anshutz, Mark,
Lynch, Mountain, Saddle, Snake, Greaves, Big and Little Fish;
Gooseberry (2), Clay, Birch, Grassy, Oak, Frog, Apple, Sand-
islands, Star, Mason's, Rafuse, Barkhouse, Flat, Calf, Quaker,
Meisinger's, Hume's, and Borgald's. A few of these will be
referred to more at length.
Among the islands, none is more widely known than Oak
Island, four miles from Chester, so called from the beautiful
oak trees, some of which remain.
It has become famous for the searches from time to time
made for treasure supposed to have been buried by the noted
pirate. Captain Kidd. The first settlers were John McMullen,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 301
and Daniel Mclnnis, father- of Mrs. Thomas Whitford, of
Chester. One of the early residents was Samuel Ball, a
colored man, who came from South Carolina, where he had
been a slave to a master whose name he adopted. His wife
had been a domestic in the house of Treasurer Wallace, at
Halifax. Their union is thus recorded in his family Bible :
" Samuel Ball and Mary Ball was married, 1795." Tho farm
of thirty-six acres, on which he lived and which he cleared, is
now occupied by Mr. Isaac Butler, who resided with him.
Silhouettes of Mrs. Ball and others are seen in one of the rooms
of the house built by Mr. Ball. He died there, December 14th,
1845, aged eighty-one years. He was known as " a good man."
The other occupants of the island are James Mclnnis, and Enos
Jodrey. The pits hereinafter referred to were dug on the farm for
merly owned by John Smith, who was bom in Boston, Mass.,
August 20th, 1775, and died on the island, after a residence
there of seventy-one years, on the 29th of September, 18S7.
He brought up his children very respectably. His daughter
Mary lived in the family to which the writer belongs for
sixteen years, and he takes pleasure in here mentioning her
name, remembering with gratitude her faithful attention in the
days of his childhood, at Chester, and afterwards at Dartmouth.
Several accounts havo been given to the writer of work from
time to time done on the island, and some of it he has himself
witnessed. The leading facts are embodied in the following
condensed statement from lengthy papers published December
20th, 1863, and subsequently, by a member of the " Oak Island
Association," who said that more than a century before, an old
man died in what was then known as the British Colony of
New England, who on his death-bed confessed to having been
one of the crew of the famous Captain Kidd, and assured those
who attended him in his last moments that he had many years
previously assisted that noted pirate and his followers in bury
ing over two millions of money beneath the soil of a secluded
island east of Boston. This news having been widely spread,
many searches were made, but all in vain.

302 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Three men — Smith, Mclnnis (grandfather of James Mclnnis)
and Vaund (should bo Vaughan) — emigrated from New Eng
land to Chester. Smith, and Mclnnis took up land on Oak Island,
and Vaughan settled on the adjacent mainland. Mclnnis one
day discovered a spot that gave evidence of having been visited
by some one a good many years earlier. There had been cuttings
away of the forest, and oak stumps were visible. One of the
original oaks was standing, with a large forked branch extend
ing over the old clearing. To the forked part of this branch,
by means of a treenail connecting the fork in a small triangle,
was attached an old tackle block. Mclnnis made known
his find to his neighbors. Next day the three visited the place,
and on taking the block from the tree it fell to the ground and
went to pieces. They found the remains of a road from the
tree to the western shore of the island, and they concluded that
if Kidd had .buried money it was probably here. Tho ground
over which the block had been had settled and formed a hol
low. They cleared away the young trees, and removed the
surface soil for about two feet, when they struck a tier of flag
stones, which they found differed from the island stones, and
concluded they had been brought from the vicinity of Gold
River. On removing these, they saw they were entering
an old pit that had been filled up. The mouth was seven
feet in diameter, and the sides were of tough, hard clay ; but
the earth which had been used in filling was loose, and easy
to be removed. Ten feet lower was a tier of oak logs, tightly
attached to the sides, and the earth below them had settled
nearly two feet. The logs were very much decayed on the
outside. Removing these, they went fifteen foot farther down.
To get below this they required help, but none seemed willing
to assist.
About fifteen years afterwards, • Simeon Lynds, of Onslow,
visited Chester, and saw Vaughan, to whom his father was
related, and the next day they went to the place, and, as a
result, he and many of his friends, with tools and provisions,
came to the island, and 'were joined by Smith, Mclnnis and
Vaughan. The pit was found to have caved in, and mud had

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 303
settled at the bottom. On taking this away they came to the
three sticks which had been put in the mud by the three first
men on leaving off work. They wont on, and struck a second
tier of logs like those first found. Ten feet lower they came
to charcoal, ten feet below it to putty, and farther down to a
flag-stone about two foot long and one foot wide, with rudely
cut letters and figures which they could not decipher. The
engraved side was downwards.
On reaching a depth of ninety feet, the earth in the centre
became softened, and water began to show itself. At ninety-
three feet, it increased, and they took out one tub of water to
two of earth. Night coming on, they, as usual, probed the
bottom with a crowbar, to see if they could strike anything.
At the depth of ninety-eight feet, five feet below where the
bar entered, they met a hard impenetrable substance, bound
by the sides of the pit. They expected the mystery to be
solved in the morning, but on returning, they found sixty feet
of water, and their bailing buckets failed to lessen the depth.
They discontinued the work, and sent a committee to Mr. Mosher,
of Newport, considered the best man for such purpose in the
Province, to provide a way for removing the water. He pre
pared a pump, at a cost of £80, and it was lowered to
the depth of ninety feet, but before the water reached the
surface it burst. Robert Archibald, Esq., uncle to tho late
Master of the Rolls, then had charge. In the following spring,
a new shaft was sunk to the depth of 110 feet, and water then
came'in until it was sixty-five deep.
In 1848, work was resumed, the old pit was reopened, and
twelve days afterwards, the men were down eighty-six feet.
On a certain Saturday evening, everything was so far satis
factory, but on returning from morning service at Chester, on
the following day, there was sixty feet of water in the pit, and
level with that in the bay. A great deal of additional work
was done. The water rose in a new pit to the same height as
that in the old one.
In 1861, a new shaft was made; but the men were driven
out by the coming in of water and mud.

304 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
In 1863, further work was performed ; but it was found
impossible to keep out the water.
The work was afterwards carried on by Halifax members of
the company, under special agreement with the Association. A
new shaft was sunk, and there was confidence in ultimate
success ; but no discovery of treasure was made.
The writer above referred to stated that he was for fifteen
years a member of the " Oak Island Association," occasion
ally actively engaged at the works on the island, and thus
gained information which enabled him to write with confidence
on the subject. From all he saw, with what he believed in the
experience of others, he had no doubt that the " money pit,"
and the drains on the island, were purely works of art, con
structed at a very early period in the history of the country ;
but for what purpose he could not say, and as to whether
Kidd's buried treasure lies at the bottom of the " money pit," or
whether, as more believe, it does not, he did not feel it safe to
offer an opinion.
Sixty men and thirty horses have been at one time engaged
on Oak Island.
Many years ago, a day was named when all who should visit
the island would see Kidd's treasure brought to the surface.
Schooner and boat loads of people gathered from all directions.
An old German, looking at the work, said, " the deeper they
dig, the deeper it sinks."
Parties from abroad have continued the search at intervals,
and as recently as 1892 and 1893 new pits were dug. Those
who were employed in one of them were told that the ground
would cave in, but they were not inclined to believe it. They
soon had an indication of the truth, and had been out only
about five minutes, when several cart-loads fell in. This ended
the attempt then made, and the party left the island. Another
pit was afterwards dug, but not to any great depth. These
latter workings, with others, are said to have been prompted
by the dreams of a man in an eastern county, to whom certain
spirits appeared, by whom he was taken to the island, and
shown the long-coveted deposits of gold and silver.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 305
Some of the most advanced counties in the Province have
furnished many of the stockholders in the companies from time
to time formed to prosecute tho search, and notwithstanding the
repeated failures, men of much intelligence express their belief
that success will yet be achieved.
Henry S. Poole, Esq., who in 1861 was visiting different locali
ties on behalf of the Government, wrote in his report : " I crossed
to Oak Island and observed slate all the way along the main
shore, but I could not see any rock in situ on the island. I
went to the spot where people have been engaged for so many
years searching for the supposed hidden treasure of Captain
Kidd. I found the original shaft had caved in, and two others
had been sunk alongside. One was open and said to be 120 foot
deep, and in all that depth no rock had been struck. The exca
vated matter alongside was composed of sand and boulder rocks,
and though the pit was some two hundred yards from the shore,
the water in the shaft (which I measured to be within thirty-
eight feet of the top) rose and fell with the tide, showing a free
communication between the sea and the shaft."
There are many who know all about Oak Island and the
searches made there for Kidd's treasure, Vho have little know
ledge as to what he really was and did. It is deemed right to
introduce here, especiaUy as of interest to people in this county,
some information on these points. Perhaps it may help to a
decision as to the probability or otherwise of his having been
in this vicinity, or of having buried any of his spoils on this
coast. Kidd was sent out in the Adventure, a galley of 287 tons,
against vessels which had not only attacked the French, but the
English as well. He left Plymouth, G.B., April, 1696, and
reached the American coast in July. He entered New York
harbor from time to time, and the Assembly gave him £250
sterling. He sailed for the East Indies, and on the way resolved
to become a pirate, and on arrival off the Malabar coast, he
burned settlements, and captured ships, selling one, the Que-
dagh, with her cargo, for $40,000. He exchanged for a larger
vessel, and robbed whatever ships he met. In 1698, he arrived
20

306 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
at New Y'ork with a large amount of spoil, much of which he
buried on Gardiner's Island, at the east end of Long Island,
dividing the rest among his crew. He was arrested by order
of Bellamont, Governor of Massachusetts, and sent to England,
where he was tried for the murder of a gunner, whom he killed
with a heavy iron-hooped bucket. There were six indictments
against him. He was convicted, and hung in chains at Execu
tion Dock, on May 12th, 1701.
Searchers sent by Bellamont to Gardiner's Island discovered
a box containing 738 ounces of gold, 847 ounces of silver, 1 bag
of silver rings, 1 bag of unpolished stones, and a quantity of
agates, amethysts, and silver buttons.
All the property found as above, with that on the person of
Kidd, and in his ship, the San Antonio, was in value $56,000.
This find induced the belief that other deposits must have
been made, and repeated searches have been set on foot, but so
far in vain, on the coasts of New York and Massachusetts.
The " Gold Bug," written by Edgar A. Poe, has reference to
the buried treasure of Kidd.
The late Professor de Mille used the earh' incidents con
nected with Oak Island, as the foundation of his novel, " Old
Garth."
Green Island.
"No whirl of worldly tumult here is known.
Hither, across the wave, the ocean bird
Flies homeward and alone."
This island is distant from Chester about sixteen miles, and
lies from the north-east point of Big Tancook, six and a half
marine milos. It measures from north to south, 103| rods, and
its greatest width is 47 rods and 15 links. The highest part is
about forty-three feet above high water, and the height at the
lighthouse a little more than twenty -three feet.
The writer had long wished to visit this outlying lonely isle.
On the 15th of June, 1876, he met at Chester, Walter Pearl, a
worthy old resident of Big Tancook, who kindly offered to take
him there. We sailed to Tancook that afternoon, and leaving

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 307
the next morning at six o'clock, rowed three miles to Blandford,
from Avhence, after a brief delay, we pursued our voyage to
Iron-bound Island, where we dined in the lighthouse on sundry
substantials, among them a massive " plum-duff," prepared by
Mrs. Young, the keeper's good wife. Thus refreshed, we went
on towards Green Island, sailing and rowing alternately. On
reaching our destination, great care had to be taken to avoid
being upset, as there was a run, or race ; that is, " a strong ripple,
a tossing, breaking sea, when there is anything of a swell on."
Mr. Pearl stood facing the bow, and watching his chance when
the waves were nearly spent, had to be quick with his oars. A
long-handled hook, held on shore by his son Albert, the light-
keeper, helped to steady the boat and give us a dry landing.
We wore very fortunate, as visitors have been obliged to return
after repeated attempts to get on shore.
The island comprises about thirty acres in all, and is destitute
of trees or shrubs, twenty-five and a half acres being covered
with very short grass and sorrel. Under the grass there is a
brown turf, from six to eighteen inches deep. Beneath the turf
there is about an inch of whitish clay, over hard rock, chiefly
slate. The turf is almost completely honey-combed, even close
to the lighthouse, with the holes or resting-places of " Mother
Carey's chickens " (stormy petrel), of which there are countless
numbers. Their noise is distinctly hoard in walking over the
island, and they sometimes fly out as the disturber approaches.
They generally remain in the holes during the day, leaving them
at dusk, when thoy seem to fill all the surrounding space. Their
size is nearly that of a robin; color, blackish, marked with white
close to the tail. They live chiefiy on squid, shrimps and other
fish found on the shore. Attracted by the light, they often fly
against the lantern, as the writer heard, while resting under
it for the night. "The sea-bird wheeling round it with a din
Of wings, and winds, and solitary cries.
Blinded and maddened by the light within,
Dashes himself against the glare and dies."

308 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
A large Newfoundland dog, owned by the keeper, maintained
himself in good condition by scratching out and devouring the
occupants of the holes referred to. These birds visit the island
about the ISth of April, and leave about the middle of
October. They come and go gradually, taking in all about two
weeks. The strong smell they cause is plainly perceived somo
time before the island is reached. The keeper said that this
and the loneliness of his position were affecting his health.
Haliburton says, that on the American coast these birds are
called Mother Carey's chickens, after a celebrated New England
witch of that name ; and they are said to have derived their
designation of "petrels" from St. Peter, on account of their
singular habit of running upon the water.
Pennant relates, that the inhabitants of the Feroe Islands
make them serve the purpose of a candle, by drawing a wick
through their mouth and body; which being lighted, the flame
is fed by the fat and oil of the body.
A writer describing the Washington Museum says: "You
will see the little bird with the wick pulled through his fat
body, serving as the luminary of some arctic igloo."
One of these birds, nicely mounted, and some eggs, were
kindly sent to the writer by the keeper, Mr. Pearl.
There is only about seventy feet of gravelly beach on the
island, the sea being elsewhere met by rocky cliffs. Table-
shaped masses of slate perfectly smooth extend in a gradual
ascent for about two hundred feet from the shore, and are fifty
feet or more across, separated by narrow fissures, at the bottoms
of which are veins of quartz, of about the same width as most
of those at the Ovens, and about four inches apart. On the
shore below these slates are others of great thickness, in a level
position, grooved by the combined action of sea and storm.
Only two pieces, or boulders, are seen — one at the south-west
landing, and one farther southward.
The Dominion Government erected a lighthouse on the island
in 1873, at a cost of about $1,800, with $1,600 additional for
illuminating apparatus and oil tanks. The lantern is ten feet
in diameter, having twelve squares of glass. The light is said
to have been seen from Sambro — twenty-four miles.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 309
Seven coast lights are in sight from the balcony. On a clear
day the spire of the old Methodist church at Lunenburg could
be plainly seen.
It was of course necessary to provide the inhabitants of the
island, Albert Pearl, wife and seven children, with pure water.
That which was found at a depth of three feet was of a reddish
color and brackish taste. To secure a good article, the Govern
ment built a brick tank, covered with hydraulic cement, and
holding one thousand gallons. This tank received the rain
water from the roofs of the buildings, and it was filtered by
two iron sieves, passing through charcoal and sand. The supply
lasted about seven months. In the winter, snow was often
melted for making tea.
The only landing-place was a small natural inlet, situate at
the northern extremity of the island. A bar of solid cliff, about
seven feet high, lay across the middle of it, at half tide, with
only a small crevice at its eastern side, barely deep enough to
admit a rowboat at the same tide. The upper part was filled
with large loose rocks ; in the outer part lay two sunken rocks.
These were found to be extremely dangerous in landing. The
matter was brought to the notice of the Minister of Marine, and
money was granted for improvements. The work began in
the"feummer of 1874, and was continued, as smooth water would
allow, until completed, in the fall of 1878. It was performed
by the keeper and his assistant. A large quantity of powder
and dynamite were used in blowing out the cliff.
A more lonely place for a residence can hardly be found on
this coast. Mr. Pearl said he had lived there for over two
years, and that during that time the Government steamer had
twice landed stores ; that, besides his father and brothers, and
fishermen passing occasionally to and from their nets, the writer
had been the only visitor.
He referred to the deprivation of church services and
educational privileges, and said, with a smile, that he was
never called upon by agents for sewing machines and other
modern improvements.
A cow had been taken to the island, but seeming ill-satisfied

310 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
with the change thus made in her life, she tried to get into a
boat leaving for Tancook, and persisted in the attempt till
beaten back by the waves. She followed the keeper and
the writer around the island as if she thought we must be
going away from it and was determined to accompany us. Ho
said he would have to exchange her for goats.
A man in Mr. Pearl's situation should be very handsomely
remunerated for his services, especially one so intelligent and
so capable of rendering valuable assistance in cases of distress
as he is.
On returning from the island the fog was very thick. The
old man placed his compass on the seat in front of him, and,
using his spectacles, set his course for the eastern head of
Tancook, which was made exactly, and in an hour and forty
minutes. Rounding the point, Mrs. Pearl's hospitality was
again extended, and in the afternoon we returned to Chester.
This was the last the writer saw of his kind old friend, and he
was grieved to notice in the Morning Chronicle, of April 11th,
1882, the following account of his death :
" Several days ago, Mr. Walter Pearl, aged 65, and his
youngest son Benjamin, agfed 35, left their home at Tancook, in
a centre-board squid boat, for Mason's Island to obtain manure.
About ten o'clock they were returning, and when half-way
across Chester Bay the boat was seen to disappear. It is sup
posed that, as she was probably heavily laden, she sprang a
leak and sank. The old man has seven or eight children living,
and the son, a wife and three children " — a striking instance of
" the changes and chances of this mortal life."
The Tancooks.
The largest island, commonly called " Big Tancook," is about
seven miles from Chester, and near to another island known as
" Little Tancook." It is three miles long and one mile wide.
Its original name was Queen Charlotte's Island, and it was
granted to Patrick Sutherland, Esquire, but was escheated for
non-performance of the conditions imposed.
On the 19th of December, 1792, a grant was passed which

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 311
gave to John Henry Fleiger, and George Grant, the two Tan
cooks and Starr Island, adjacent, as follows : To Mr. Fleiger
the western part of Great Tancook, bounded as in the grant
described, and comprising 279 acres; also the north-eastern
half of -Little Tancook, as described, containing fifty acres,
and the whole of Starr Island — one acre — in all, 330 acres.
To Mr. Grant was given the eastern part of Great Tancook,
as described, 280 acres, and the south-western half of Little
Tancook, fifty acres — in all, 330 acres: "the whole of the said
islands being wilderness lands, and now granted agreeable to
a former promise made by the late Lieutenant-Governor."
A memorandum as follows, dated June 11th, 1788, is annexed
to the original plan of the islands:
" Great Tancook Island contains 550 acres of land. It is in
general good hardwood land — beech, birch, and maple, and some
oak, and ash. There are several small rivulets and springs,
which afford good water. It has no harbor, and water is shoal
on the Mahone Bay side, so that there is no anchorage within
two hundred yards, even for small schooners.
" Upon a moderate calculation, there may be about ten
thousand cords of wood, and some timber trees for building."
In 1821, the bay was frozen from Chester to Tancook, and
loaded teams passed between the two places. Frederick Clat
tenburg, who lived at East Chester, left Chester late in the
afternoon, and was found the next day lying dead between the
Tancooks. It is supposed that he became fatigued, and was
unable to reach the island.
During this winter persons skated from Zink's Point, near
Chester, .to Tancook ; and from thence to Murderer's Point,
Winter's Island, and Young's landing near Lunenburg. The
ice is described by one of the skaters as having been very thick
and as smooth as glass. Vessels belonging to the county were
at anchor outside of Green Island. This happened on Friday,
and on the following Tuesday the bay was free from ice.
Puncheons of molasses and barrels of flour were hauled in
1846 from Aspotogon to Blandford, and thence on the ice to
Chester. Lot Church went to Tancook, March 28th, and to

312 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBUIU!.
Blandford, April 7tli, with a horse and sleigh. In February,
Charles Lordly, Esq., had goods hauled from Shoal Cove by
three pairs of oxen and two horses. The ice was cut with axes
to a depth of two feet without finding water. In March, John
Corkum hauled hay with oxen from Tancook to Chester ; and
on the 15th of April, hay was hauled from Nass's Island to
Chester. Once since then, persons left Tancook intending to
go to Chester, but when they reached Mark Island, near the
latter place, they were obliged to return owing to an opening in
the ice. On the I7th of February, 1875, John Pearl and sixteen
others walked tivei- the ice-bound ba^- f i-om Tancook to Chester
in one hour and forty minutes. Of late years the winters hn\o
been much less severe, and the ice has not been sufficiently
strong to admit of travelling over it, except for short distances.
Haliburton wrote, in 1829," The great Tancook is settled, and
contains thirty families, who derive their subsistence wholly
from tilling tho land."
The population in 184.-) was 310; in 1871, 496; in 1881, 572;
and in 1891, 570, These figures relate to Tancook as one of
the thirteen districts named in the census returns, and not to
Big Tancook alone. On this island there were seventy children
attending the public school in 1845. In 1895, tho population
of the same island is about 465, with 120 children attending
school. There are 119 voters on the island, and 130 in the
polling district. The voters living on the Tancooks, Iron-bound,
and the Sand islands, elect one of the municipal councillors.
The island of Little Tancook is half a mile from Big Tan
cook, and is about three-quarters of a mile long and half a
mile in width. It has fifteen families, and a school, attended
by about eighteen children during half tlie yeai-.
" The Baptist Church on Tancook was constituted in 1855,
but its foundation was laid in the labors of Rex. Joseph
Dimock." The following have been resident ministers : Revs. Nelson
Baker (a native), Shaw, De Long, Foster, Whitman, Bentley,
Huntley, Arthur Baker (son of Nelson), Parker, GuUison,
Henderson, Marple and Porter. Revs. Dr. Wolton, I. J. Skinner
and others haA'o from time to time visited the island.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 313
A breakwater was built at Big Tancook in 1872. It is 190
feet long, and 30 feet wide, with a key 60 feet long, at an
angle from the head, and cost $4,000, one-half granted by
the Dominion, and half by the Provincial Legislature. The
commissioners were George W. Richardson, and Albert Pearl,
Esquires. In 1885, $2,500 was voted for repairs.
Great numbers of wild-fowl have been killed about the Tan
cooks. It was reported that two thousand were shot by two
or three men in 1864.
The Tancook people, having excellent land, which yields
plentiful crops, coupled with facilities for fishing, have advanced
in prosperity, and many of them are independent.
Big Tancook is the birthplace of Hon. C. E. Church, M.P.P.,
Commissioner of Public Works and Mines.
The Tancook boats are noted for their fine qualities, and the
men for the ability with which they handle them in rough
weather. The following is from the Progress, Juno 20th, 1894 :
" A whaler, built last winter by Mr. Amos Stevens, of Tancook,
was recently bought by the officers of the Royal Engineers,
Halifax, for the sum of .$300. She will become a member of
the Nova Scotia yacht squadron. Last year Mr. Stevens sold
one to the officers of the Royal Artillery. She sailed a number
of races last summer, several of which she won. She has
sailed but one race so far this season, coming in an excellent
third."
Quaker Island.
Quaker Island, a little over a mile from the town of Chester,
received its name from the circumstance that a number of
Quakers emigrated from New England, and wishing to prose
cute the whale fishery, were anxious to purchase it and make it
headquarters for fitting out their vessels. Having been unable
to secure it, they abandoned the scheme and returned home. A
very fine view of Chester and the bay is obtained from the
highest point of the island. The shore fronting the town is
formed by a shelving sand beach, on which shells are found. A
lighthouse, to give a harbor light, was erected on this island in
1883, and is kept by Mr. William Whalen.

314 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Many years ago, Henry Heckman, who lived in Chester, went
to Lunenburg on business, returned over the frozen bay, and
when near Quaker fell in among ice cakes. He reached the
shore, where his dead body was found by the late John Cole.
Clay and Sand Islands.
Clay Island, a short distance from Quaker Island, furnishes
superior material for brick-making, and Mason's Island, near
Tancook, supplies builders at Halifax and other places with
sand of good quality. Thousands of bushels of gravel are
obtained for garden walks in the city, and some of it is used iir
the public gardens there.
One of the islands which serve as breakwaters to the harbor
of Chester, was originally called Nancy's Island. It is about a
mile from the town. A Mr. Bethel once lived on it. John
Wendel Nass, who was born at sea on passage from Germany,
became owner of it, and there brought up a large family.
About the year 1823 they were thrown into deepest mourning.
The mother, daughter and sons were at home, except two of
the latter (Joseph and David), who had gone with their father
to the western shore. One of the sons, Mathias, had become
somewhat deranged in mind. Though he was occasionally
the cause of trouble, and had the family sometimes in great
fear, he did a share of the labor required, and in the forenoon
of the day to which this sad story refers, seemed well and was
engaged in farm work. Those about him had little idea that
anything dreadful was so soon to happen.
Thomas, then in his fourteenth year (now the only survivor
of the family, residing at Chester, and in his eighty-fifth year),
and his brother Benjamin were getting stones to place between
the poles of a water- fence. George, the eldest brother, aged 18^
was twisting a withe around two of the stakes, and was struck
by Mathias on the back with a heavy crowbar and instantly
killed. A second brother, Benjamin, was also killed by a blow
on the head with the same implement. Thomas was pursued
by Mathias and escaped into the woods. Mathias returned
and dragged the dead bodies into the water, and then disap-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 315
peared. When the boat of the absent father and brothers
neared the island, Thomas hailed them and told them to hasten,
as Mathias had murdered two of his brothers. He was searched
for and found behind the barn. Though it was done with much
difficulty, he was captured. One of the brothers so engaged was
in height six feet and three inches, and the other, six feet and
one inch, and both were of great strength. The struggle must
have been desperate on the part of Mathias, who was also tall
and strong, as his captors were roughly handled, and one of
them had both eyes badly blackened.
This slayer of his brethren was a very fast walker. He left
Chester once at earliest dawn on a summer morning and walked
to Halifax. There he was met in the street by Timothy Smith,
of Chester, who found him much overheated from his rapid
travelling. He dined with Smith on board his vessel, and said
he must get home again that night. He accomplished the whole
journey before the morning of the next day.
Had there been then, as there is now, a suitable place in which
to " minister to the mind diseased," this and other tales of sorrow
might not have been written.
In this Nass family there were nineteen children. The father,
his eldest daughter, and Thomas, above referred to, the youngest
son, all had for their birthdays the 7th of June. Mr. Nass was
a wealthy man. He owned a number of islands and a large part
of the town plot of Chester.

CHAPTEE XXVL
Blandford — Bayswater — Aspotogon — Deep Cove — Mill Cove — Fox Point.
THE first inhabitants of Blandford were Irish people, named
Murphy, Carroll, HoUehorn, Keating, Fannen, Riley and
others. They Uved on both sides of the peninsula ; made fishing
their occupation in summer, and spent the %^dnter in cutting
cordwood. Tho foundations of somo of their huts can stiU bo
traced. The following is taken from Governor Franklin's return,
January 1st, 1767 :
Blandford.
41 Men. 22 Irish. 4 Schooners & sloops.
19 Boys. 11 Americans. 508 Quintals dry codfish.
19 Women. 3 Oxen and bulls. 1109 bbls. salmon, mack-
16 Girls. 8 Cows. erel, etc.
72 Protestants. 10 Young neat cattle. 1 bbl. of oU.
23 .Roman Catholics. 60 Swine.
62 English. 18 Fishing-boats.
In or about the year 1809, persons belonging to the families
of Publicover, Seaboyer, Misinger, Zink, Gates and others, at
Rose Bay and Lunenburg, purchased land from Hon. Mr. Cochran
(who had obtained a grant from Aspotogon southwards), and
removed to Blandford. The first German settlers at Sandy
Beaches, on the eastern side of the peninsula, were Richard, and
Knickle, who went thither from Lunenburg.
By an Act of the Legislature, passed in 1865, Sandy Beaches,
North-West Cove, South- West Cove, Coleman's Cove, and Aspo
togon Harbor, on the western side of St. Margaret's Bay, were
all included under the appropriate name of " Bayswater." White
sand of finest quality, for sanding floors, is taken from Sandy
Beaches. It is so used in part of the Hospital for the Insane at
Dartmouth. The inhabitants of the peninsula retain the primitive sim
plicity and warm hospitality of their forefathers.
It is asserted that a ship was once wrecked at Herring Cove,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 317
on the south-east point of Blandford ; that the sailors, having
escaped to the shore, left some women on board, who perished ;
and that a loud noise frequently heard, as if proceeding from a
horn blown with great power, is connected with the above inci
dent. It is well known, however, that in many places on the
coast there are holes -worn in the rocky cliffs, through which
the sea dashes and the wind roars with tremendous force, the
noise of which probably gave rise to the superstition referred to.
H. S. Poole, Esq., visited Blandford, and wrote : " At Blandford,
strong bands of ironstone slate wore visible for some distance
in the banks of the shore, with a moderate dip of 20° N. and
strike N. 80° W. Diluvial scratches, or striae, were very visible
on the surface of the rocks, bearing S. 30° E. The rock was of
a dark blue color, with a good deal of copper pyrites running
through it. It might be worth while to make search for a
copper lode at this place."
The brothers Revs. James, and Charles J. Shreve, successive
rectors of Chester, held occasional services at Blandford.
The first resident clergyman was Rov. Richard Payne, an
Englishman, who commenced his work there June 19th, 1859.
He had been curate, and a most efficient teacher of the Grammar
School, at Chester.
He died at Blandford, in February, 1877. Two churches
wore built during his incumbency — " All Saints," at Bayswater,
in 1865, and "St. Barnabas," at Blandford, in 1867. These
churches are on opposite shores of the peninsula, and about two
miles apart.
Mr. Payne was succeeded by Rev. John Manning, who
resigned in 1884. Rev. Edward Roy took charge in June, 1885.
Revs. Wm. A. DesBrisay, Edward Softley, and Alfred A. V.
Binnington have officiated for short periods. Rev. Frank W. M.
Bacon took charge July 1st, 189S.
A chapel school-house was built at North-West Cove, in 1882.
Mill Cove and Fox Point.
Between Bayswater and the post-road to Halifax, lie the
settlements of Mill Cove and Fox Point, inhabited by persons

318 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
who chiefly depend on the produce of the fisheries, sometimes
doing well, and at other times meeting with reverses.
Mill Cove is four and a half miles, and Fox Point two and
a half miles, from Hubbard's Gove.
A church named "St. Mark's," was built at Mill Cove, in
1889. Aspotogon.
Aspotogon rises on this peninsula to a height of between
four and five hundred feet, and is a noted landmark to navi
gators. From a boulder referred to by Mr. Poole in his Geological
Report, one of the most extensive views in Nova Scotia is
obtained. He wrote, " The summit of Aspotogon, I found by aneroid,
was 450 feet (mean of ascent and descent), and wherever the
rock was visible, it showed hard ironstone slate, bearing
S. 80° W. Granite boulders were frequently passed, and on the
very summit was a large triangular mass, upwards of eighteen
feet on every side."
"Aspotogon, the highest land on the south shore of Nova
Scotia." Such is the usual reply to the traveller's inquiry,
" What is that blue hill away over there ? " In clear weather it
can be seen from many parts of the county, and with the
beautiful blue distance tint so much admired by artists.
Near the base of Aspotogon, on the west shore of St. Margaret's
Bay, is a miniature harbor, called the " chimney corner," from
the position of the rocks which form the entrance. There is a
granite boulder in the vicinity, of about forty tons' weight,
which formerly rested on three smaller boulders on the side of
the cliff. After several vain attempts, it was at last dislodged
by fishermen, and rolled down into the water.
Deep Cove.
There is on. the Blandford side of the peninsula an arm of
the sea which runs up to the base of Aspotogon, called " Deep
Cove," about a mile long, the water of which, at the head, is of
sufficient depth for a -large ship to lie close to the shore. It

history OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 319
is here about nine hundred feet across, and of varying width
to the mouth. The road to Blandford passes between this deep
water and the western end of Aspotogon, and presents from
its small breadth a somewhat dangerous appearance to tho
traveller. A solid bridge, with massive iron supports, has been
recently placed there. No difficulty is, however, experienced,
except when the road is very icy. Hundreds of tons of stone
have rolled down the face of Aspotogon, which is covered with
" destruction's splinters," suggesting from their position that,
in the words of the poet, they had been
" In nature's rage, at random thrown."
A tourist, who was in this very interesting part of the
county under most favorable circumstances, says :
" To see Deep Cove in all its glory, one must be there in the
early morning or evening. Starting at 4 a.m., I climbed the
steep path that leads to tho summit of Aspotogon ; on either
side, dark spruce trees and tangled bushes marked the course
very plainly. Here and there some giant trees, unable longer
to stand erect against the winter's gale, had fallen prone across
the path, and the occasional whine of the partridge, startled by
the unusual intrusion, reminded one that this would be a para
dise indeed for the sportsman. After a long struggle I reached
a table-land overlooking the bay, from whence, if possessed of
a good nerve, one can look down a sheer precipice of some
hundreds of feet into the cove beneath. One glance around
banishes all feeling of fatigue. Looking toward the mountain,
one sees the dark background of the evergreens intersprinkled
here and there with the gayer, lighter tints of the deciduous
trees. " There is promise of greater beauty in the autumn, when the
finger of the frost king shall transform them to scarlet and
gold; and above, on the summit, the slanting rays of the morn
ing sun are gilding the lighter feathery fringe of tho Hack
matack. Turning about one gazes upon a magnificent panorama.
There, spread out beneath, lies beautiful Mahone (or Chester)
Bay, dotted in all directions with its hundreds of islands. Not
a breath of wind disturbs the surface, and every islet is repro-

320 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
duced in shadow in the adjoining water ; whilst, far away on
the western shore (ten miles at least), the steam from the mill
at Gold River rises into the morning air like a pillar of cloud.
The sun is not yet visible over the mountain, but looking down
upon the cove beneath, one sees that every tree and tiny leaf
upon the mountain-side is clearly and faithfully mirrored in the
silent depths below."
The " close covered with water," called Deep Cove, was
granted July 6th, 1799, under the great seal of the Province, to
Thomas, James, and William Cochran, and was described as
follows : " The waters round Deep Cove, in Mahone Bay, to wit :
the water and the land under the water, or the shore of Deep
Cove in Mahone Bay, beginning at the extreme point or head at
the entrance of said cove or harbor, until it shall come to the
other extreme point or head at the entrance of said cove or
harbor, and measuring all round said cove, directly into said
cove or harbor, one hundred feet from the high-water mark or
line." The premises so described, " together with the fishery
and liberty of fishing, commonly called Deep Cove fishery,"
were conveyed by deed, November Sth, 1838, to John Meisner
and John Seaburg.
Tho Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, in Easter Term, 1842,
held, in a judgment delivered by Hill, J., touching right of
fishery in Deep Cove waters, that " the Crown cannot grant the
waters of a navigable arm of the sea, so as to give a right of
exclusive fishing therein." The learned Judge said, the Crown
" might as well grant the air around the Cove."
Deep Cove has long been a place of resort for fishermen, and
there are many small lodging-places which they occupy while
there. Mackerel have frequently visited it in great numbers.
In 1852 there were so many in the Cove that they smothered
and died. In every seine that was shot they lay dead at the
bottom. As many as would fill twenty barrels would rush
together against the rocks on the side of the Cove, and be killed.
" Every time,'' said a fisherman, " I put out my oars, I put
them on their backs. We dipped a seine-boat full with dip
nets, between the nets that were set in the Cove." It was
estimated that there were about ten thousand barrels.

CHAPTEE XXYII.
New Eoss — Its Settlement by Disbanded Soldiers — Rations allowed —
Churches and Clergymen — Settlement at Sherwood.
NEW ROSS Settlement was formerly called Sherbrooke,
after Governor Sir John Coape Sherbrooke ; but as
great inconvenience was caused by two places in the Province
bearing this name, the one now under consideration was
changed to " New Ross," during the administration of Lord
Mulgrave, in honor of his Lordship, whose second title was
derived from the town of New Ross, in Ireland.
A large part of the information here given is from a journal
kept by Edward J. Ross, Esq., who died at New Ross, April 6th,
1894, aged seventy-eight years.
New Ross Cross, where the roads to Lunenburg, King's, and
Annapolis intersect each other, is fifteen miles from Chester
Basin, twenty-six miles from Kentville, and twenty- eight miles
from Windsor. " The Grant " is four miles, and the " Dutch
Settlement " ten miles, from the Basin.
From the Cross there is a charming view of Gold River, and
Lake Lawson, into which it empties, while not far from Rose
Bank lies the pretty Lake Darling.
New Ross is a truly pastoral settlement, where much enjoy
ment can be had by those who like to get away for a time from
town or city life. It has good hunting-grounds, and lakes and
streams for fishing, and, best of all, a kind and warm-hearted
people. In 1816, the Earl of Dalhousie was Governor of Nova Scotia,
and took a deep interest in agricultural matters.
" The tract of land which lies between the south shore and
the Cornwallis and Annapolis valleys, was then almost a terra
21

322 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
incognita. Its only denizens were the moose, caribou, bear,
and other wild animals, and a few Micmac Indians, of whom
tho family of Penalls appeared to be chief. Tho Earl thought
that, with his paternal care, and the assistance of a united
body of settlers, this wilderness could be made ' to blossom as
the rose,' and he persuaded Captain William Ross to take charge
of the skeleton of the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles, and
undertake the arduous task of clearing the forest upon a sterile
soil. Captain Ross had been a Lieutenant in the 16th Regiment
of Infantry, stationed in Canada, and exchanged for a captaincy
in the Nova Scotia Fencibles, wliich was undei- orders for
Halifax to be disbanded."
Some of the settlers, including Captain Eoss and family,
when on their way to Halifax, in the Archduke Charles, were
wrecked in the Gut of Canseau. On their arrival, in another
vessel, they were most hospitably entertained by the late John
Lawson, Esquire, and from him the lake near Captain Ross's
residence was, in gratitude, named " Lake Lawson," while as
a further mark of respect, the first white child born in the
settlement, being a son of Captain Ross, received for one of
his Christian names, Lawson. The Ross family previously
suffered shipwreck in 1812, off the Tuskar rock, south coast of
Ireland, at which 'time the works were in progress for the
erection of a lighthouse. Captain Ross's eldest son, William
Henry, was saved (by workmen on the rock) in companionship
with a monkey, both being tied in the same bag. A son, after
wards born, received as one of his names, Irlam, in remem
brance of the ship which then perished.
" On the 7th of August, 1816, Captain Ross, having arrived
at Sherbrooke with 172 disbanded soldiers, cut down the first
tree, probably the first ever felled by him. It was a rock
maple, and at the request of the Earl of Dalhousie, he sent the
butt junk to Halifax. His Excellency had a dozen egg-cups
made from it, and beautifully rimmed with silver. A dining
table and a mounted egg-cup, made from the wood of the same
tree, are still preserved at New Ross, as are also a drawing by
Captain Ross of the house built by him — the first one erected in

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 323
the settlement — and the whip-saw used in cutting out the
boards. " For three years all went on satisfactorily. The disbanded
troops were amply provided with rations, and ration biscuit,
ration beef, and ration pork supplied the rational wants of the
new settlers, while ration rum, arriving in puncheons, kept
their spirits from fiagging. The number of settlers was
increased by disbanded soldiers of the 60th or German legion,
who had seen active service on the Continent of Europe, under
the great Napoleon ; by some of the Newfoundland Fencibles,
and a straggling few from the 1st and 14th Foot.
" As long as the rations continued to arrive, it was all ' high
day, and holiday, and bonfire night.' There were no roads in
those days, and the only method of conveying the much-coveted
rations from the sea-shore at Chester to the expectants in
Sherbrooke, was either on sledges in the winter season, or on
horse's backs or men's shoulders in summer.
" Sometimes, when the supplies were long in coming, there
would be almost mutiny in the camp ; the soldiers would use
strong adjectives to the sergeants, and the latter would indulge
in earnest remonstrances to their superior officers.
" But the three years expired, and one fine morning the unfor
tunate settlers awoke to the fact that their daily rations were
among the good things of the past, and that for tho future they
must depend solely on their own resources. Some left in
disgust, threw up, sold for a trifle, or deserted their claims.
Others manfully stemmed the torrent of privation and poverty.
A few had their little cabins burned, and sought assistance from
the charitable to repair their losses."
Captain Ross, and Paymaster Wells having settled on oppo
site sides of Lake Lawson, they had a code of signals by
which they communicated with each other — now in possession
of James S. Wells, Esq., New York.
A proposed road from Sherbrooke to Kentville was deemed
impracticable. At length a line was blazed, and Mrs. Wells,
wife of Paymaster Wells, went through on horseback. The

324 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
feat of this daring horsewoman having been reported at head
quarters, money was supplied and the road made.
On the 22nd day of December, 1819, a grant from the Gov
ernment passed to Captain Ross and sixty-seven others, as
follows :
" Nova Scotia. " (Royal Arms.)
" (Signed) Dalhousie.
" George the Third by the Grace of God, etc.,
" Greeting.
" To all to whom these presents shall come :
" Know ye that we, of our special grace, certain knowledge,
and mere motion, have given and granted, and by those presents
for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant, unto Cap
tain William Ross, and sixty-seven others of the disbanded
troops, thirteen thousand acres of land, situate, lying, and
being on both sides of the new public road leading from
Halifax, through Hammond's Plains to Annapolis, to be divided
among them in the following proportions, to wit: unto the
said Captain William Ross, eight hundred acres ; Captain John
Evans, eight hundred acres; Lieutenant Edward Enwright,
five hundred acres ; James S. Wells, five hundred acres ;
Quartermaster - Sergeant John Hunt, five hundred acres ;
Samuel Steele, three hundred acres ; Sergeant-Major James
Brown, three hundred acres; Sergeant Joseph Gates, three
hundred acres," etc.
Minerals were reserved to the Crown, and the land granted
was subjected to a yearly quit rent of two shillings sterling
for each one hundred acres after the expiration of two years ;
three acres were to be worked in five years for every fifty
granted ; three neat cattle were to be kept for every fifty acres
of barren ; one able hand was to be kept for three years in
cutting wood, clearing, or digging stone quarries for every fifty
acres of rocky land ; and if the soil was fit for the purpose, a
proportionable part was to be sowed with hemp or flax.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 325
The following was published in the Gazette in the latter part
of 1816, or the beginning of 1817 :
" To the Editors of the ' Gazette ' :
"In July last (say, 1816), when the Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia regiments were disbanded in Halifax, lands were offered
by the Government to such of the officers and soldiers as were
disposed to cultivate them and remain in the Province ; and also
agricultural implements and provisions. Forty-three persons,
who had belonged to the above regiments, immediately set out for
the County of Lunenburg, and by great and persevering exer
tions have formed in it an interesting, friendly, and happy
settlement, and have given to it the name of ' Sherbrooke,' in
compliment to our late very worthy Governor. The following
verses, dedicated to WiUiam Ross, Esq., late of the Nova Scotia
Regiment, are the hasty effusion of John Harris, Esq. (sur
veyor), who lately visited the settlement, and was much
gratified to witness the improvements made there.

" A. B."

Rose Bank.
Well nigh upon six thousand years
Obscure this maiden country lay.
Till Sherbrooke deign'd to pierce the gloom.
And give its beauties to the day.
Since ancient Noah's time of old.
When earth and air absorbed the flood.
This pleasant stream has onward rolled.
Obscurely murmuring through the wood.
All-bounteous nature strewed the seeds.
And bade the waters wash them down,
And all the margin of the shore
With grass and fragrant roses crown.
And fate decreed in time of yore.
That Ross should nurse the rising fame
Of Rose Bank,* on that water's shore
So foMly called by Lawson'st name.
' Captain Ross's residence. t Name of Lake.

326 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Ha ! whence that voice which loudly calls,
And strikes the air with keen surprise ?
The lowing kine from Rose Bank's stalls.
Ha ! that's the source whence wealth must rise.
From Sherwood's lodge * to Sherbrooke's lake.
The hardy sons of war are found ;
Here they their peaceful dwellings make ;
Here herds and flocks shall graze around.
Oh, while they cultivate the soil,
May sacred friendship bear the sway.
Ameliorate their daily toil,
And plenteous crops their cares repay.
The Governor conceived a warm attachment to Captain Ross
and family, and bestowed upon them many substantial tokens
of regard. He presented to Miss Mary Ross, a handsome piano
(Broadwood, London), the first one brought into the township.
It was carried from Chester Basin to Sherbrooke by four stal
wart soldiers, and is still in the house of George Ross, Esq., at
Rose Bank. Whenever business called Captain Ross to Halifax,
the Governor insisted on having him as his guest.
Captain Ross was the first Justice of the Peace appointed
at Sherbrooke. Many are the tales of hardships undergone in
the early settlement of the place. Strong arms and brave
hearts were required to face the difficulties of the new position.
Henry Windrow, father of George H. Windrow, Esq., was once
nearly lost in the woods, and lived for eight days upon berries
and such other food as nature provided.
" When the settlement was formed, the Earl of Dalhousie
promised the settlers a direct road to Halifax, a distance of
forty-two miles, through Hammond's Plains. In the autumn
of 1821, Captain Ross visited Halifax, and after reminding the
Governor of his promise, undertook, with an Indian as guide,
to locate the road through the pathless forest. They got
benighted in the woods, and were overtaken by a violent rain
storm. The captain lay all night exposed to the fury of the
elements, with naught but a wet log for his pillow. He was
* Captain Evans' residence.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 327
taken very ill and had to remain for a few days at Sherwood
Lodge, his sickness culminating in violent disease, from the
effects of which he died at Halifax, May 2nd, 1822, leaving
his wife, with a young family, to buffet the world, thousands
of miles away from her relatives and native land. Captain
Ross's remains were interred, with military honors, in the old
St. Paul's burial-ground, near Government House." Mrs. Ross,
who was born in "that beautiful city called Cork," as were
also her husband and their daughter Mary, died at her son's
residence in New Ross, July 31st, 1876, aged ninety-two years.
In her eighty-ninth year, she gave a touching account of some
of the hardships she had passed through, ending it with these
words : " Thanks to my heavenly Father, I have outlived it all,
and am able, at the advanced age of eighty-nine, to write this
sketch for you.''
Many were the long lonesome walks she had to Chester, for
horses were scarce in those parts then, numbering only two —
one belonging to the parson at Chester, and a one-eyed mare
owned by the innkeeper. Old Charlie Greenland, a venerable
relic of " Boney's " guard, afterwards obtained a sort of nonde
script nag, which was in great request, and often bore on his
back ladies of high degree — among others. Miss Nancy Prescott.
George Ross, Esq., son of Captain Ross, remains at New Ross,
and cultivates the paternal acres of Rose Bank, on the borders
of the lake " so fondly called by Lawson's name." His brother,
the only other family survivor, Henry Lawson Ross, resides in
the United States.
None of the original grantees are living. Among the oldest
people who died were Mrs. Keizer, aged 96 ; Robert Russell,
84; Christopher Boy lan, 81 ; Edward J. Ross, 81; James Lantz,
81 ; Benjamin Lantz, 78.
John Kiens, Quartermaster Sth Battalion, 16th Regiment,
came to Sherbrooke with the troops under Captain Ross. He
was grandfather of Mrs. Henry C. Barnaby, of Bridgewater,
who is the daughter of Mary Kiens, formerly Mary Ross, to
whom the Earl of Dalhousie gave the piano already mentioned,
and who died September 25th, 1850.

328 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Among the pioneers of the improving Glengarry settlement,
which is two miles from the Cross, and a little south of Lake
Darling, were Patrick Skerry, Christian Clements, Lawrence
Price, Charles Meister, F. Loos, and Lewis Gaspard.
Sherwood.
The settlement of Sherwood was included in the same grant
with Sherbrooke, Captain John Evans, the father of the late
Charles Evans, Esq., of Chester, having been in charge of the
district, which is situated ten miles nearer Halifax on the old
military road. Captain Evans was born in Manchester, Eng
land, and held commissions from His Majesty King George III.,
in the 35th and 81st Regiments, in the Royal Liverpool Volun
teers, and the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles. Lieutenants
Enwright, Harris, and Beatty went to Sherwood with Captain
Evans. Sergeant Hazlitt, one of the settlers who was going to
Sherwood from Chester, was found under a tree frozen to death.
Sherwood is now known as the Levy Settlement.
Governor Lawrence, a military man, in writing to the Lords
of Trade and Plantations, and referring to the settlements made
by disbanded troops, gives the following as his opinion :
" According to my ideas of the military, which I offer with all
possible deference and submission, they are the least qualified,
from their occupation as soldiers, of any men living to establish
a new country, where they must encounter difficulties with
which they are a,ltogether unacquainted."
The Church of England at New Ross.
Services were conducted by lay readers and others for several
years, with an occasional visit from the Rector of Chester.
The first sermon preached in New Ross was by the Rev.
Charles Ingles, in the house of Captain Ross, from the appro
priate text, Isa. ii. 4 : " And they shall beat their swords into
ploughshares." The first church was erected about 1824, and received the
appellation of Christ Church. The mission ceased to be an out
post of Chester in 18S4, when Rev. Thomas D. Ruddle, M.A.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 329
(T.C.D.), became the first resident clergyman. His successors
were Revs. Walter S. Gray, David C. Moore, Philip H. Brown,
Joseph Norwood, H. W. Atwater, and Wm. H. Groser.
Mr. Groser was succeeded by Rev. E. T. WooUard in July,
1889. He resigned in October, 1893. Rev. Charies De Wolfe
White, B.A., took charge in July, 1894.
The new church was consecrated September 2Sth, 1879, and
the old name was retained. It is 26 x 60 feet, and the chancel
18 X 26 feet. It was commenced by Rev. J. Norwood, with
Mr. Joseph Skerry as builder. Some work was done bj^ Rev.
H. W. Atwater, and the building was completed by Rev. W. H.
Groser. Tho rectory was commenced in 1864, by Rev. D. C.
Moore. The first school was conducted by James S. Wells, Esq., a
retired naval officer. Mrs. Wells collected quite a sum of money
from Halifax friends in aid of tho building fund for the church.
Rev. William H. Groser, son of Thomas W. Groser, who
came to Brooklyn, N.Y., from Jamaica, and great-grandson
of General Sir John F. S. Smith, H. M. Forces, was bom in
New York, May 24th, 1845. He was educated at St. Stephen's
College, Annandale, N.Y., graduated M.A., was ordained in
1871 by the Bishop of Nova Scotia, and was curate at St.
Margaret's Bay till November, 1879, from which date until
his death, March 26th, 1889, he was Rector of New Ross. Much
of the work on the exterior and interior of the new church
(commenced by Rev. J. Norwood) and on the grounds adjoining
was done by Mr. Groser. He was a very zealous clergyman —
of great perseverance in all church work. The congregation
was largely added to during his ministry. He was greatly
beloved, and sincerely mourned by his fiock. On the 28th of
March his mortal remains were interred, in the presence of an
immense concourse of people of the different denominations,
close by the church where he had performed so many labors of
love. He left a widow and an adopted daughter.
Mr. Groser's brother. Rev. Charles E. Groser, sometime curate
at Lunenburg, who was ordained by Bishop Whipple, of Minne
sota, is now the Rev. Canon Groser of Beverley, West Australia.

330 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
A Roman Catholic chapel was erected in 1827-28. It was
named " St. Patrick's."
Rev. John Laughlin was then the visiting priest. His suc
cessors were Revs. Dempsey, Lawler, Kennedy, Power, Holden,
Lovejoy, McCarty, Brown, Kennedy, Walsh, and Doody.
A now chapel was erected on the site of the old one in 1877.
Rev. P. H. Holden was then priest in charge.
Rev. Joseph Dimock, of Chester, was the first minister who
preached to the Baptists at New Ross.
Eleven members left the Chester Church " to form a church
at Sherbrooke, now called New Ross. The organization took
place in November, 1831, under the special supervision of
Elders Joseph Dimock, and Maynard Parker, and consisted of
the eleven persons just referred to."
A church was erected in 1862. Among the ministers have
been Revs. Archibald, Langille, and Whitman.

CHAPTEE XXVIII.
Rivers in the Township of Chester — Gold Deposits at Gold River.
THE eastern, or main branch of Eastern River empties out
of Timber Lake, which is over three miles in length, and
of almost equal breadth. It flows south-eastwardly through a
chain of lakes until it meets the western branch, which has its
source in Kanaw Lake, of about the same size as Timber Lake,
and runs thence south- westwardly to Queen's Cove, nine miles
from its source, at the bottom of Chester Bay, six miles east of
the town of Chester.
Middle River has its source in the rear of the Levy Settle
ment, between the road to New Ross and tho road to Windsor,
and fiows through a number of lakes on its way to, and at the
Grant Settlement ; continues its course about twelve miles in
a southwardly direction, and empties into Chester Bay, three
miles west of Chester.
Gold River commences at Island Lake, on the new road
from New Ross to the Windsor road, and fiows through several
small lakes and Nine-Mile Lake ; thence through Harris, and
other lakes to Lake Lawson, and emptying out of the same,
flows about twelve miles in a serpentine course until it reaches
Chester Bay at the western shore, six miles west of the town
of Chester. On a branch of this river, about eight miles from
its mouth, there is a waterfall some twenty feet in height.
Below it are large round holes like wells, called "the pots,"
worn in the rocks by the action of the water. The noise of the
fall can be lieai'd at some distance. There are also falls on the
main river. Gold River Gold Mining District.
There is a tradition that gold was originally found at the
river by early French settlers, and hence its name. Another

332 history of the county of lunenburg.
authority asserts that the name was " Gould River," and
became changed to its present appellation. The first discovery
of gold of which we have positive information was made by
Messrs. Daniel Dimock, and David Whitford, on June 20th,
1861. Some very fine specimens were obtained in the same
year. Subsequently, Messrs. Crane, and Briscoe, gentlemen
from the United States, engaged in gold mining, and incurred
much expense in making a road and erecting a steam crusher.
The enterprise was abandoned, but not from the want of an
encouraging supply of the treasure sought for.
Mr. Poole visited Gold River in 1861, and in his report to
Government, said : " A great many white quartz boulders were
scattered over the ground. One quartz vein was fifteen inches
wide, and had thick beds of quartzite rock above it, and several
feet of thin laminated slates below. The vein bore N. 60° W.,
and dipped 38° North. Some gold had been got out of this
quartz, and I recommended an exploring cut to be made
across the slates for other quartz veins — as at Tangier the slate
is found to overlie the gold-bearing quartz. The ancient bed
of the river appears to have been changed at the ' Bend,' and it
would be worth while to try for gold washing at that point."
The following are extracts from the official report on the
mines of Nova Scotia for 1869 :
" At Gold River, near Chester, extensive explorations have
been carried on during the year by Mr. Michel, by whom I have
been furnished with a report of their extent and results. Up
wards of two thousand feet of trenching has been dug, and ten
shafts have been sunk to depths varying from fifteen to thirty
feet, and tunnels driven between them. The following from his
report is a statement of the result of the operations :
" Five leads discovered measuring from two to five inches, all
containing visible gold.
" Assay by Dr. Dana Hayes of specimens where no gold was
visible, gave mean yield of $20 per ton.
" Boulders on surface and below, with visible gold ; some,
when powdered and washed, very rich.
" Washing by rocker, of gravel from vicinity of leads, sepa
rated quantity, more or less considerable, of specks of gold."

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 333
The following extract is from Dawson's " Acadian Geology,"
page 635 :
" The Chester Mining Company have opened shafts on some
of their gold veins on Gold River, which are said to be very
promising, one sample tested having given 77 dwt. gold and
12 oz. silver per ton. Alluvial sand from the banks of Gold
River is said to have afforded to Professor How, gold at the rate
of 14 dwt. 10 grs. to the ton. This last fact is of some interest,
as indicating the possible occurrence of auriferous alluvia, which
seem to be rare in Nova Scotia ; but perhaps might reward
more careful search, more especially in the lower part of the
boulder clay, and in the bottom of the beds of more recent
alluvial sand and gravel. Even poor deposits of this kind might
be made to pay by the methods of hydraulic washing on a large
scale, now in use in California."
Several persons from the United States had sunk a shaft on
the " Bay State lead " previous to 1879, when Mr. Charles Mills
began his prospecting work. The quartz was reported as carry
ing gold fairly well. Others made searches, and abandoned the
place. Mr. Mills did a large amount of work, and discovered
several rich leads.
In September, 1893, the writer visited the Foster Mine, about
a mile and a half from the Basin. The shaft was 176 feet, with
incline of 60°. At the clearing up for June, 84 oz. of gold were
reported as obtained from seventy tons of quartz. One piece of
quartz had a nugget of 4 oz. and gold like a wreath around it.
An effective crusher was at work. Some very rich finds have
been made in the vicinity.
Effective works are now being carried on by several companies
on the eastern side of Gold River. The Victor Mine has six
teen men at work underground. It has a concentrating plant
(six concentrators for ten-stamp plant) for saving gold from
other associated metals, and is said to be the only complete plant
of the kind in the Province. The quartz has yielded well. The
works are under the management of Mr. W. S. Houdlotte, of
Maiden, Mass. F. W. Hanright, Esq., barrister, of Halifax, is
solicitor for the company.
Mr. Don C. Butterfield, of California, commenced work here

334 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
about two years ago. He is engaged as superintendent for, and
a member of the Lincoln Gold Mining Company ; office, Boston,
Mass. A shaft has been sunk 110 feet, the quartz from which,
with a lead (the captain) of twenty-two inches, gives good re
turns. An ounce per ton has been taken from sixty or seventy
tons of quartz. Preparations are making for a ten-stamp mill.
The Picayune is another lead on the same property, where
there is a shaft of 182 feet. The quartz yields 2| oz. to the
ton. This shaft will be sunk to a depth of 250 feet or more.
A third lead has been opened, which also promises well.
Twenty-two men are employed at these mines.
About a half mile north-west from Mr. Butterfield's ground
is the North Star Mine, with a two-stamp mill, worked by Mr.
T. C. Baker, of Dartmouth. The lead here is from three feet
to six inches. A shaft is sunk to the depth of thirty feet, to
be increased as gold is developed. Fpur barrels of selected
quartz from this property, crushed at Oldham, yielded very
handsomely, and the balance of the lot from which it was taken
gave an ounce per ton.
There seem to be good reasons for believing that Gold River
District will yet prove one of tho richest in the Province. It
wears a busy aspect. Twenty-seven loads of material for
building purposes were received in one day.
In 1887, Messrs. Alexander Chisholm, Charles Anderson, Esra
Ernst, and Albert H. Zwicker built the steam saw-mill at Gold
River. It is 146 feet long, and 26 feet wide, and in it lum
ber to the amount of about 4,000,000 feet is cut in a year.
Some of the logs are brought from the Hant's county line,
thirty miles away, and it is said the company havo enough to
last for twenty years. The lumber shipped is taken chiefly to
Europe. The selling of lumber at this mill has been a great
boon to the people of the surrounding country, saving them
long travel and much expense.
Haliburton says : " There is a chain of lakes situated between
the source of the Gaspereaux, in King's county, and that of
Gold River, in the County of Lunenburg, which nearly unites
them." He mentions a similar connection " between the head
of the Avon, and Chester Bay."

CHAPTEE XXIX.
Scenery in different parts of the County.
THE County of Lunenburg abounds in scenery of exquisite
beauty. The following from Milton well describes the
surface : " Sweet interchange
Of hill, and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.
Now land, now sea ; and shores with forests crowned."
Tho inhabitants cannot point, like those of Halifax, to former
abodes of royalty, now fallen to decay; nor have the hills and
vales, streams and harbors been immortalized like the Grand
Pre, and the Basin of Minas, by the graphic pen of a Longfellow.
Its landscapes cannot fail, however, to arrest the eye and call
forth the admiration of the beholder, being rich in loveliness and
variety. The water scenery is almost matchless. In the summer
months, when "The early morn lets out the peeping day,"
during the advancing hours, or in the roseate hues of a golden
sunset, the pictures presented are really beautiful. This will
be acknowledged by visitors to Chester, Mahone Bay, Lunen
burg, and La Have. The fishermen's boats moored in line, the
nets covered with tarpaulins, and everything in readiness for
the expected shoals of mackerel and herring ; the larger crafts,
of superior models, being either prepared for, or having returned
from fishing, coasting, or foreign voyages, each one so clearly
reflected beneath as to realize the words of the poet,
' ' The shadow of her masts
Checker'd the deep below ;
You might trace the line of her slenderest spar
On that a^ure mirror's glow ; "

336 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the whale-boats, all neat and trim, famed for speed and safety,
breasting the white caps; the torches of birch bark burning at
night in the canoes and boats, which are gently moved along by
the spearmen in the bows; and the merry songs of parties out
for pleasure in the bright moonlight — all these, and more that
might be named, make doubly charming a home by the sea in
this highly favored county.
The views presented during a drive from Hubbard's Cove to
Bayswater, and Blandford, and thence to Vogler's Cove at the
western end of the county, taking each town, village and settle
ment on the way, are most attractive. The expansive Bay of
Chester (properly speaking, part of Mahone Bay), with its
numerous islands, as seen from several hills, Webber's, Wickup,
and others, is truly magnificent, and is unexcelled in this par
ticular kind of scenery. Haliburton mentions the " unrivalled
beauty " of this bay. The shore road winds around almost
every little inlet, and across several rivers, passing sometimes
through thick woods,
" Where the trees, with looks of love.
Spread their whispering leaves above ; "
and giving an occasional fresh glimpse of the sea and islands,
until Mahone Bay is reached, nestling among hills. There the
traveller sees, spread out on each side, wealth-producing farms;
and below, the busy, rapidly growing, and, as it has been justly
called, " charming village." He follows the road around the
bay, meeting beauty everywhere. After a few miles further
travel, he comes to a large common (now vastly improved, and
adorned with neat cottages), passing which, he enters Lunen
burg — not the Lunenburg of olden time, of huts and log-houses,
with thatched roofs, but a comfortable-looking town, with
dwellings and public buildings which are creditable to the
inhabitants, who, for genuine hospitality and kindness, are not
surpassed in any part of Nova Scotia. Lunenburg is better laid
out than most towns in the Province. The harbor, nearly
circular in shape; the "ovens" and cape beyond; the ocean
view, and the white sails of the passing ships in the extreme
distance, with the gently sloping fields of green, and snug farm-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 337
houses on every side, form a scene worthy the trial of an artist's
skiU. Ascending Block-house Hill above the town, a still more
extended view is presented to the eye. The back harbor, vying
with, if it does not equal in beauty, that in front of the town ;
the numerous small creeks, Avith the adjacent islands ; Chester,
in the distance, and the peninsula on the opposite side of the
bay, where "Breezy Aspotogon lifts high its summit blue,"
make up a deUghtful picture.
The observatory of the Rev. Dr. Cossmann is a favorite resort,
on account of the pleasing prospects it affords, adding much of
the country inland.
A fine view of the town and its surroundings is had from the
hill long kno-wn as " The Sheriffs Head." On it is a large piece
of forest called Cannon Park, the property of C. E. Kaulbach,
Esq., M.P., by whom it is generously loaned for picnics and
public purposes. Two large cannon are placed at the entrance
gate, and two others are mounted at the edge of the woods. In
the grove is an arch formed of large bones of a whale. There
is a good foot-road through the park to the shore. Much
money has been spent by the owner on the park property and
the adjoining land.
The following Unes in connection with Lunenburg were
written by Rev. George 0. Huestis : '
" A farewell once more to the Germans,
With sorrow the thought we conceive.
The Morashes, Heckmans, and Hermans,
And others whose names we could give.
' ' Midst kindness we longer would linger,
And the air of true friendship inhale,
But duty has lifted her finger
And must o'er enjoyment prevaU.
" Adieu to a region romantic
With scenery noble and grand.
Looking out on the broad Atlantic,
Encircling so much of our laud.

338 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
" How varied thy pictures of beauty.
Entrancing the mind through the eye.
Were it not for the prompting of duty,
We could willingly tarry to die."
After seven miles' travel from Lunenburg, the La Have Ferry
is reached, and proceeding up the eastern side of the rivor to
Bridgewater, thence down its western shore to Lower Dublin,
the traveller has all the way a succession of lovely little views,
made up of steep banks, green fields, gi-oves of pine and spruce,
substantial dwellings, and churches almost hid in forest trees ;
rustic bridges, over brooks that run across the road to meet the
river, which flows amid all with graceful bends, and reflects on
its blue surface of mirror-like smoothness every object near it.
At New Dublin appear the rougher waters of old ocean,
beating against the " Spectacles," and other islands, where have
been sometimes cast ashore,
" The shattered fragments of the midnight wreck."
Driving through the improving settlement of Western Dublin,
and over the sandy beach, as firm and smooth as a pavement,
and white as fleecy clouds, with the fresh breeze blowing from
the sea, and the waves dancing nearly to the horse's feet, an
enthusiastic admirer of nature (as who would not be, surrounded
by such scenes) is drawn into an ecstasy of delight. Thence to
Petite Riviere, whose lovely hills are covered with fields of
plenty, from the tops of which extensive views are presented,
" Streams, hills, and forests, fair variety !"
to be largely repeated a few miles farther on from beauteous
Broad Cove. Some of the fine views which these hills afford
(especially the one from the residence of the late Lemuel W.
Drew, Esq.), command the entrance to La Have River,- with the
vessels passing out and in ; and also " Iron-bound," and many
other islands.
The last settlement westward, on the coast line, is Vogler's
Cove, a pretty little village, near Port Medway (Queen's
county), from which it is separated by the harbor of the latter
place.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 339
Retracing his steps to Petite Riviere, let the traveller strike
into the interior, and pass through Crouse Town, New Italy,
Conquerall, Campertown, Lapland, Waterloo, Chelsea, and
Ohio, large and flourishing districts, and again cross the La
Have at New Germany, from whence a trip may be taken
along the river's bank to Bridgewater ; or, keeping farther
inland, he may drive on a parallel road, out of sight of tho
river, to Mahone Bay ; and all through this latter journey he
will pass streams and lakes of various sizes, some of the former
little rivulets that " Leap and gush
O'er channell'd rock, and broken bush,"
and witness most enchanting bits of woodland scenery.
The lover of the beautiful can take the right-hand road
after crossing Mush-a-Mush Bridge, and proceed around the
shore of tho bay to the Indian Point road, and secure a little
farther on, from elevated ground to the left, a most magnificent
view ; then passing through the picturesque settlement, he can
enjoy all that is to be seen from the hill above it.
He may add to the variety and beauty of what his eyes
behold, if he gets away to some of the lakes, when the wild
pear is in full blossom ; and cruising about in boat or canoe,
see for miles round the white flowers interspersed with the
tender shades of green and brown. When the autumnal tints
are finest, let him stand in front of some wide wilderness tract,
where the maple is abundant, and look at
" The fading leaves,
That with their rich variety of hues
Make yonder forests, in the slanting sun.
So beautiful,"
and he can repeat feelingly the words of Whittier, " The Lord,
in His loving kindness, has hung His wonderful pictures on all
our hills and woods."
From a hill about two miles west of Conquerall Bank, on the
road to Inner Conquerall, and six miles from Bridgewater, one
of the most extensive views in the country is obtained. Away
on the left are Aspotogon, and Chester Bay, the entrance to

340 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Lunenburg Harbor, and the settlements near it. In the front
is a long stretch of the La Have River, showing point after
point, in itself a very beautiful piece of scenery. On the right
are the hills about Petite Riviere, and the intervening farms,
with pretty forest-covered hills and homes in the rear.
The town of Lunenburg can be plainly seen on a clear day
from Slater's hill, a mile from West La Have Ferry.
On February 26th, 1890, there was a heavy rain-storm, after
which the trees, vinos, and fences were covered with ice. When
the sun shone out on the morning of the 27th, the scene was one
of surpassing beauty. All the fruit and ornamental trees — every
branch and fibre — looked as if encased in brightest silver.
The telegraph and telephone wires were like large ropes of ice,
and from them were suspended fringes of icicles. The pines
were immense masses of gorgeous frost-work, and the stretches
of forest revealed the most lovely pictures. .Swamps and
other places, covered with low bushes, were turned into fields
of crystals and diamonds ; and where they were touched by the
sun's rays, all the colors of the rainbow could be seen. Such
displays are occasionally repeated. They were notably so in
January, 1895, when, with many other attractions, the roads in
the country districts were like lanes walled in with silver
filigree.

CHAPTEE XXX.
The Aborigines— Murders and Scalpings by them— Burial-places-
Interesting Incidents.
" The land was ours — this glorious land —
With all its wealth of wood and streams ;
Our warriors strong of heart and hand ;
Our daughters beautiful as dreams.
" When wearied at the thirsty noon,
We knelt us where the spring gushed up.
To taste our Father's blessed boon —
Unlike the white man's poison cup." — Whittier .

T

HE late Rev. Dr. Silas T. Rand, Micmac missionary, gave
the following Indian names and their meanings:
"Lunenburg, Aseedlk, • clam land.'
"La Have Rivbk, Pljenooiskak, ' having long joints.'
" Chester, Mgnskwaak, ' I go to bring him.'
" AsHMUTOGUN (better known as Aspotogan), Ukpttd6skaktln, 'when
they blockade the passage-way, viz., where the seals go in and out, in order
to kill them. Kebejo-koochk, 'a closing of the passage,' is another name
for Ashmutogun. "
The Indians were Micmacs, or, in their own language, "Migga-
amacks," belonging to the Algonquin family, and were called
by the French in 1608, " Souriquois," or salt water men. Brown
ell says the Melicetes called the Micmacs " Saltwater Indians."
They were named " Mikemaks," by Baron de Lahontan.
Brownell says that the dialect of tho Micmacs is Iroquois.
M. Mene, a French priest who had learned the Micmac
language, said it was " full of excellence and beauty."
Murdoch wrote of the skill and judgment of the Nova Scotia
Indians shown in their construction of articles required, and
added : "Although they possessed no written alphabet or letters.

342 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
yet the structure of their language is complex, and it is so
musical and refined as to lead to the inference that they had
long been a civilized and thinking race of people."
The chiefs of the Souriquois (Micmacs) are said by Denys to
have been great at telling of tales and laughing. " When the
pipe went round in company, the practised story-teller began.
The bowl of the pipe was a lobster's claw, or else was made of
a red or green stone. The tube was worked with care and
decorated with porcupine quills. The tobacco was of a small-
sized plant, which they raised themselves."
The territory of the Micmacs, or " Miggumahghee," Micmac
land, was described in Villebon's letter to M. de Lagny, dated
September 2nd, 1694, as extending " from Isle Perc^e, and
even higher up the river on the way to Quebec, and through
the Bay des Chaleurs, Ristigouche, Richibouctou, Bay Verte,
Cape Breton, Campseau, and all along the coast to Cape Sable,
Port Royal, Minas, and Beaubassin. They look on all these
places as their settlement at all times."
The Micmacs were " of a reddish brown color, with high
cheek bones, large lips and mouths, long black coarse hair, and
fine, intelligent, penetrating eyes, and were often of surprising
size, strength, and quickness."
They are described as having been naturally possessed of
many virtues. Murdoch says : " As far as our records can
serve, it appears that they have usually been honest, frank^
brave, and humane ; and they exhibited these qualities as well
before as since their conversion to the Christian faith."
In blaming them for their former excesses, we must make
due allowance for the fact that they had been taught to look
upon British settlers as enemies, and were too often paid for
the ravages they committed. Their arms were chiefiy guns
and long sheath knives, the latter being sometimes fastened to
the wrist by a cord. They generally secreted themselves by
day, and went on their errands of cruelty by night. We may
form some idea of the number of their murders, from the fact
that the increase of the population in seven of the earliest
years was only seven persons. One can hardly travel through

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 343
any part of the county without hearing of lives lost through
their deeds of violence.
In 1745, a boat belonging to an English vessel came ashore
at La Have for wood and water, when Indians killed seven of
the crew, and took their scalps to Sieur Marin.
An island, then nameless, near that known as Heckman's,
was the scene of a dreadful massacre — the hempen cables of
seven American fishing schooners having been cut at night, and
their crews murdered after the vessels had drifted ashore. A
large number of human bones have there been disinterred. It
is said that a white child was also offered up on the island in
sacrifice, and by the name of " Sacrifice " it has since been
known. A point between Mahone Bay and Gold River was also a
place of much slaughter, and thus earned the name, " Murderer's
Point." The crew of a fishing vessel once went ashore there,
leaving a boy on board. The Indians made signs to tho latter
to land, but he, shortly afterwards, seeing that his companions
were being murdered, saved himself by cutting the cable, and
running down to Clay Island, where other Americans were
fishing. On the evening of March 23rd, 1758, James Olix, his wife
and two children, and Mrs. Roder, living at North-West Range,
were scalped by Indians. Intelligence was sent to Lunenburg,
where alarm-guns were fired. Next morning a sergeant and
corporal, with twelve men, were despatched in pursuit of the
Indians. On July 13th, 1758, two men, named Tanner and John
Wagner, with some boys, were swimming in the La Have, near
what is now the site of Hartlin's mill. Hearing a dog bark,
and seeing Indians approaching, they dressed with all speed,
and attempted to escape. W^agner was killed, and a musket-
ball passed through Tanner's waistcoat and shirt. The name
of tho Indian who shot Wagner was Labrador. Years after
wards, when Tanner lived on Heckman's Island, Labrador
encamped there for the purpose of catching mink, and went to
Tanner's house, where he boasted of the large number of men

344 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
he had killed. The writer owns a very finely made and ,
decorated brass and steel tomahawk, which Tanner got from
Labrador. After the occurrence at tho river. Tanner could not
bear the sight of a red man, and went several times to shoot
Labrador, but always returned without so doing, his conscience
never allowing the deed. So strong, however, was his feeling
against the Indians, that whenever he spoke of one, he called
him " Teufel " (Devil). Tanner was over six feet in height,
and a very powerful man. He was born at Schaffhausen in
Switzerland, and at his decease had lived 95 years, 9 months,
and 10 days.
Two of the guard on duty at. the block- house near where
Wagner was shot, were sent to Lunenburg for provisions.
Reaching Darey's Lake, round which a foot-path had been made,
they were tracked by Indian dogs, and having climbed into the
trees, were shot down by the savages. The firing was heard at
the block-house, and a party went out and discovered their
comrades, from whom life had just departed. They buried
them, and passed on to Lunenburg. On their return they
found that the bodies had been disinterred and cut in pieces.
" On the 24th of August, 1758, at about daybreak, eight
Indians came into Mahone Bay to Joseph Lay's house. A
woman went to the door, when two of them laid hold of her,
and, notwithstanding her cries, brutally murdered her on the
spot. The men on the stairs discharged their firearms, but to
no purpose. Then Joseph Lay jumped out of the loft in order
to run to his neighbors for assistance, but, being seen, he was
shot and so badly wounded that he died the next morning.
The Indians fired several shots at the house of Joab Brant,
which was close to that of Mr. Lay's. They then went their
way without getting any scalps or taking any person alive."
Extract from burial register of St. John's Church, Lunenburg,
1758: " August 27th. — Joseph Stye. Scalped.
" —Conrad Hatty. "
" " — Rosina, his wife. "
" Buried by Rev. Jean Baptiste Morreau."

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 345
On August 22nd, 1762, Francois Mius, chief of the Indians at
La Have, and four others waited on the Lieutenant-Governor
and Council, and asked that they might have a priest, as they
had been without one since M. Maillard's death. They were
assured that their request would be complied with as soon as
possible, and having received the usual presents they took their
leave. An Act was passed in the same year, with a preamble which
stated that many mischiefs might arise by frauds and other
injuries in trade with the Indians, and referred to their ig-nor-
ance of the provincial laws. Provision was made for prosecu
tion by the Attorney-General on complaint of Indians that they
had been wronged or cheated in trade and dealing with other
of His Majesty's subjects.
A tailor at Faubourg was shot by an Indian while making a
pair of breeches for a Mr. Zwicker, of Mahone Bay, and some
of his blood was seen on the buckskin after the work was sent
home. A horrible murder was committed among the Indians
encamped at Clearland, Mahone Bay, about seventy years
ago. One of the wigwams was occupied by Captain Cope and
his two sons, Joseph and Thomas. During the absence of the
young men on a hunting expedition, two squaws who were in
the camp, one being the wife of Francis Labrador, quarrelled.
The altercation at length waxed so warm that Captain Cope
thought it his duty to interfere, and endeavored to separate
them. Labrador's wife seized a large knife and thrust it into
his heart, killing him instantly. She then fled to the house of
a Frenchman named Boutilier, and hid herself in the upper
story. The Boutiliers, fearful that she might be discovered,
tried to persuade her to leave the place, which she refused
to do.
Joseph and Thomas Cope having returned, and hearing from
the other squaw how their father met his death, went in pur
suit, and tracked Labrador's wife to the house of Boutilier.
Seeing the rage they were in, and believing that if they
obtained possession of the fugitive they would instantly murder

346 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
her, the Boutiliers denied that she was in the house. The
Copes lingered about the premises for some time, and then went'
home. In the night the guilty squaw effected her escape, and
was not afterwards taken.
The Indians had several places of burial in the county. At.
Indian Point, near Mahone Bay, there is a graveyard, to
which Captain Cope's remains were taken, and the bodies of
others who died at La Have and other settlements. Thither
were brought from Gold River the remains of Francis, Newell,
and Peter, father and brothers of John Penall, who lived near
Gold River bridge, and who was a most expert fly-fisher for
salmon, while Joseph, another brother, who also died at Gold
River, " sleeps his last sleep " in the Roman Catholic burial-
ground at Chester.
Captain Chearnley erected over the grave of his forest guide
a neat stone with the following inscription :
" In Memory of Joseph Penall, Indian.
By William Chearnley, A.D. 1859.
Gone to death's ' Call ' is Indian Joe.
Moose-deer, rejoice !
Here, buried, rests your deadliest foe."
The grandfather of these Penalls was Captain Penall, a
Micmac, who at the age of fourteen years went with the British
forces to the capture of Quebec. He said that many bodies of
the dead lay close together, and showed how near they were to
each other by holding up his fingers.
The last Indian burial at Indian Point was about twenty-
five years ago. The man was taken sick in the woods, and was
carried into the porch of John Andrews' house, where he died.
It is said that some of the graves were opened a few years ago,
and bones taken away. This offence is made severely punish
able by the criminal code of Canada.
There is an old Indian burial-ground near where Edward
James, Esq., now resides, between Block -house and Mahone
Bay. It is on land formerly owned by the late Joseph Zwicker.
Several families of Indians lived in that vicinity between

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 347
eighty and ninety years ago. They were largely cut off by
small-pox, and the rest moved away.
The Indians had also a place for interment near Wentzel's
(formerly Mackay's) Lake, on the New Germany road, in
which was a cross about six feet in height, and having in the
centre a plate of metal with some inscription or device. It
was once removed, and almost as quickly restored, on notice
sent by the Indians to the party trespassing that if it were not
put in its place he would be shot.
It is said that a squaw, who died intoxicated, was refused a
place in the burial-ground of her fathers, and was interred on
a small island in Mahone Bay.
The skull and bones of an Indian, with a crucifix of copper,
were dug out two feet and a half below the surface, near the
site of the church at Conquerall, in 1868, by men working on
the highway, of whom Solomon Eikel, corner of Pleasant
River road, was one. The body is supposed to have been
interred previous to the first settlement, and seemed to have
been inclosed in birch bark. The Indian died in that vicinity,
while on his way to or from his traps at Conquerall.
Remains of pottery, parts of pans or other vessels (with
curved rims, full of marks or indentations, each different from
the rest), a stone pipe, lead (of two pounds' weight), a very small
clay bottle, with fluted sides and rude glazing at the mouth,
and a lot of arrow-heads were discovered (some of them by the
writer) in 1877, at Koch's Falls, near Bridgewater.
A nicely made axe and a long chisel of stone were found
respectively by Carl Wentzel, and Ebenezer Jodrey, near the
bridge, on the east side of the river.
Pieces of copper and needles of that metal have been
found with arrow-heads at Bachmann's Beach, six miles from
Lunenburg. The copper was obtained among the rocks at
Cape d'Or. Mascarene wrote of " bits of copper spued through
the crevices."

348 history of the county of lunenburg.
Petition of Joseph Soulnow.
" New Germany, November the 11th, 1829.
" To HIS Excelencye's pleasure :
"This petition is of grate concernment to me, poor Ingin,
because if nobody care for poor Ingin what shall I do for the
land that my Grate Granfather flrst oned before anybody was
in Nova Scotia, was after his dead given to my Grandfather,
from him to my father, then to myself and my brother, and
now, it is gave away, and now, what shall I do.
" If our Governe new that I, poor Ingin, was a sober man, and
he did no that poor Ingin whould have to starve, because he
got no land, I think it whould please him to give him a peace
to make a farm, if he could not give him my own land again,
that was given me from our Governer long ago, and layd out ;
and the Governer did sine my plan and me luse it, but we had
cleared on it and planted appel trees, and fenced a gardin, had
a sellar, an now me want to farm and nother man dont let me,
but plenty Kings land if the his Excelency whould have mercy
•on poor Ingin, because no hunton in Nova Scotia he must all
Die, so please to give poor Ingin only 100 each that we can
plant and stick to our King, then we will all love our King and
pray for God to Bless him, so Do not let poor Ingin starve
Suner please to give him Land to work on then your humble
petitioner will ever pray.
"Joseph Soulnow.
" Germy."
The Soulnows lived at Church Hill, near the New Germany
Lake. The Micmacs were possessed of much native cunning. An
illustration is afforded in the case of an Indian who olice went
to a country store in the township of Chester to purchase
tobacco. Having obtained it, and being without money, he
requested permission to leave his gun as a pledge for a short
time until he should return with the cash, which was granted.
A day or two afterwards, he entered the store in great haste,
and pointing outside, shouted in a loud voice, and with as much

¦ HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 349
excitement as if he fancied himself already in pursuit of the
animal, " Bear ! bear ! gun ! gun ! " Not wishing to deprive
him of so good a chance to capture bruin, the storekeeper
handed him his gun. The Indian, as if unwilling to be encum
bered in the chase upon which he seemed to be entering, left
a small box and withdrew. On opening it a few beads were
found, which was all the storekeeper's pay for his tobacco,,
while the Indian never returned to replace the gun, or tell
whether he or bruin had the best of it.
In 1861 there were thirty-eight Indians in the county. In
1891, though there had been many deaths, there were fifty-nine
returned as " all Micmacs."
" The memory of the red man,^
It lingers like a spell.
On many a storm-swept headland.
On many a leafy dell.
" The memory of the red man.
How can it pass away.
While their names of music linger
On each mount, and stream, and bay.''
The Micmacs are a much neglected people. While the bene
fits they derive from the civilization around them are small,
their hunting-grounds have been destroyed, which has de
prived them of the means of living enjoyed by their forefathers,
and they have been made familiar with vices to which they
were formerly strangers. They are furnished, as if by way of
acknowledging their changed situation, with a few blankets in
winter, and in times 'of great scarcity, with some additional
provisions. We would fain see more done to place them above
want and make their lives happy. A reminder of the Indians
comes to us at least once a year, when, ere " pale concluding
winter " sets in, we are favored with that brief but pleasant
season, known to all as the Indian Summer.
"Indian Summer! how like magic.
Memories cluster at the name !
Memories of a race long blighted.
Of a wild, yet princely fame.

350 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Fancy views the lowly wigwam —
Dark-eyed maidens of rare charms.
Sable chieftains in grave counsel.
Dusky warriors, clad in arms."
The Micmac is not the robust and energetic being he was
when Nova Scotia was "Miggumahghee" — Micmac land — while
tho change in his dress and style of living would almost prevent
his recognition by relatives of olden time. Seldom now, on
beautiful bank or shore of rolling river or placid lake, is seen
his cone-shaped dwelling of poles and bark, with the smoke
gracefully curling from its summit, or near by, the " birch
boat," which he and his propelled so swiftly on his native
waters. H is present habitation is generally a rudely constructed
hut, or small house, close to a town or village, and he makes
axe-handles, mast-hoops, and other articles of woodenware, in
which work ho shows much neatness and skill, leading a life in
a great degree incompatible with the desires natural to his race
The following lines, written by a lady, a native of the county,
may appropriately close these pages of Indian history :
The Micmac's Wish.
When our chiefs reigned alone, and the Indian was free.
Then we owned all the soil, every river, and tree.
And the woods had no path but our wild hunter's track ;
Oh ! I would that those days might forever come back!
All unnoticed we dwelt, underneath the deep shade.
Had our choice of bright hillside, or green grassy glade ;
Or we built our rude camps by some swift flowing stream.
And our years were there quietly passed like a dream.
The fierce beasts of the forest, wild birds of the air.
And the fish of the river we had and to spare ;
We could pluck the ripe berries, and smell the sweet flowers.
And knew nothing of hunger, for all things were ours.
When the cold winter came, we were sheltered and warm.
For our brave pine trees vanquished the wind and the storm.
While the beaver and bear furnished clothes without pay,
And our fathers in peaceful old age passed away.

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 351
^ut alas, what a change ! now the white man is here.
He has taken our lands, all our forests so dear ;
His axe has demolished our sheltering pines,
. And his mill-dams have frightened the fish from our lines.
Still it was not enough that usurpers should come.
But they brought us those curses, tobacco and rum ;
We have madly for those lost contentment and health.
And for them we have bartered our food and our wealth.
Now our people are scattered, our chiefs are all poor.
And our little ones beg at the white stranger's door ;
Oh ! we weep for the days when Acadia was ours.
And when plenty and happiness reigned in her bowers.
Bridgewater. A. A. D.

CHAPTEE XXXI.
Diary of Rev. James Munroe, and Recollections of Several Aged
People.
THE following description of Lunenburg and some of the
outlying districts, and of certain customs, as they
appeared to a ^'isitor a century ago, may be of interest to
the reader. It was written by the Rev. James Munroe, a
traveUing missionary of the Church of Scotland, who was
for some time settled at Newport, and who, when he died,
was pastor at Antigonish. The date of the paper is indicated
by a statement in one part of it, that an event occurred " in
the year 1783, twelve years ago." This would connect it
with 1795.
" Lunenburg, so called from town of same name in Germany,
the chief of the settlers being from that country. They began
to settle here in the year 1753. They speak the high Dutch,
and likely to continue the language, as divine service is per
formed in that tongue both in the Lutheran and Calvinist
churches, which is the best mean to preserve the language they
could have fallen upon, though possibly not designed for that
purpose but because they best understood it, and it being fami
liar to them. The town of Lunenburg itself is but a small
place — about seventy-three dwelling-houses. The town is
nearly a square, about a quarter of a mile long, and something
less the other way, lying about north-west to south-east, in
streets crossing each other at right angles along the head of the
harbor, which is but indifferent. The houses are commodious
enough, but not elegant. There are three places of worship in
this small town near to one another — the Church of England,
the Dutch Calvinists, and the Lutherans, and are all supplied
with ministers. Tho minister of the Church of England is paid

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 353
from home, as the other clergy of that description are, but the
other two are supported by their people by a voluntary sub
scription. The Lutherans are the most numerous; next to them
the Calvinists. The Dutch Calvinists cleave to Calvin's doc
trine, or in other words the doctrines of the Scriptures, and are
of the same persuasion as the Church of Scotland or the doc
trines contained in the Westminster Confession of Faith, larger
and shorter Catechisms, though they do not treat of them in
the same order in their form of sound words. They have also
three orders of church officers — ministers, elders, and deacons.
However, the Church in Lunenburg, I apprehend, is agreeable
to the churches of that description in Germany ; differs a Uttle
from the Church of Scotland in dispensing the Lord's Supper.
They dispense it four times in the year, but give no tokens of
admission, so that the minister doth not know who is to com
municate till he or she comes forward to partake. But great
pains are taken with the young people previous thereto to have
them well instructed in the doctrines contained in their cate
chisms, which they must have upon their minds, and are obliged
to attend upon their minister for that purpose for some time.
In entering upon the solemnity there is a discourse suitable to
the occasion preached upon the Saturday, and upon the Sabbath
a sermon answering the end of the day. Then the minister
reads the form appointed to be read at the time, and which*
contains warnings to such and such characters not to come for
ward, as it would add to their guilt and, of course, heighten
their condemnation ; and on the other hand, encourages those
whom they think have a right to come. This form as to matter
may be said exactly to correspond with what the ministers of
the Church of Scotland, according to their directory, deliver
previous to their dispensing the elements, only the Dutch differ
in this, in that tho clergy are obliged to read this form, while
the ministers of the Church of Scotland are left at discretion to
deliver themselves agreeably to their directory. While this
form and consecration prayer is read, tho people stand in a
decent and considerable solemn manner. Then, when this done,
23

354 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the minister pi-oceeds to ilisponso tho oK'monts, he bimsolf
communicating first. There is a table upon which tlio i>k'ments
are placed, ^\'hich stands in the area before the pulpit, and tho
people come forward in a rogulai', ortlorly manner and rocoivt',
all standing: 1, the minister; 2, tbe elders: 3, the (K'acons;
4, the old men ; S, tho men of middle ago ; 6, tho young mon :
7, then tho old womon, and so on, as was observed witli tlio
men, tho young unmarriod womon coming last. This order
thoy carefully observed, coming in a doeont manner, coming
up on one side of the table, till there may bo about twt'ho or
sixteen at a time standing round tho table ; tho ministor
serving thom with tho bread out of his own hand, spi-aking a
few words to each, as ho soos their case ro(|uiros. Then lio
gives the cup in like manner, and when the first hath rocoixod
the cup, thou he rotiros, so the second in order. And \\'hilo
thoy are retiring, others are coming on tho oth(M- siilo of tho
table ; so that after the flrst table, tlioy all know tlu'ir plac(>
so well, that there is a constant coming and retiring till tho
whole are served, and that in a. most regular and comely
mannor, without over being disorderly. All tho while tb(\y woro
communicating, which was, I suppose, about tlircH'-ipiartors of
an hour, the congregation were singing liymns suited to tho
service, so that the whole oongroj;-ation won^ omployod ; so that
the mannor, though difterent from tho clnu-obos of Scotland,
was orderly and agrooablo, and the whole gone about with
considerable solemnity. A few might not retire with snob
gravity as others, or as might quite answer sucli a solemn
service, yot this is the case, loss or moro, in ovory Society upon
the .same occasions. Tlioro would ]ia\o Ikh-u oni' lunuh'od
communicants. They havo also a particular cn-der as to tho
sitting in the cburcli. The womon sit all bolow. No mon sit
below save the deacons and oldors ; the oldi^rs on one side of
the pulpit, and tho deacons on the other. The otlior mon all
sit in tlio gallorios. And what is furtlior to bo obsorvod, tho
young unmarriod people are on one side of tho ohurob, and tho
married on the otbor. There are 143 familios belonging to
this congregation, scattered hoi-o and tlioro. Thoro are more
families than these belonging to tho .Lutheran Church, and

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 355
about seventy to the Church of England; though I am not
certain as to tho o.xact number of families either in the
Lutheran Church or the Church of England, though I am not
far from the truth. These three are the only denominations
that are in the township, no doubt partly owing to the lan
guage, but more so to the aversion they have to these runners
that drive through tlu^ country seducing the weak, credulous,
and ignorant, for which they are to be highly commended.
Had others behaved so, thoy would not have got such footing
ia tho country.
" Though tho town of Lunenburg be but a small place, so
is not the township ; it is both extensive and populous. It
extends from tho River Lo Havo on the westward, and to
Mush-a-Musli Rivor, which will be about twenty miles, and
reaches considerable back in tho country; and is said to contain
four hundred familios, and near three' thousand souls. There is
this to be observed of Lunenburg, that it is not settled along
any rivor or bay, as tho most of the other towns in the Pro
vince ai-o, but reaches back into the country. It is said to be
settled nine miles back, and tho farther back the better the
land. Thoro are several high ridges of land that reach back,
and are tho best land. Upon these ridges they have built their
houses, and their farms about them. I allow that along the
shore tlioro are islands, or necks of land jutting out, which are
settled, as well as back ; and upon tho whole, to stand upon an
(Miiinonco, which ye soon come at, ye will observe an agreeable
irregularity ; that is, farms here and there, and under good
cultivation, making an agreeable appearance. Indeed, when
N'Ogetation puts forth its strength, and nature clothes the
holds with grass and grain, and tho pastures with herds of
cattle and flocks of shoop, all which are here to be seen in
abundance, all tho farms, as far as my eye could reach, seemed
to be in good order. They havo not dyke or marsh lands, as
somo other townships in the Province, as far as 1 know ; yet
tiioir land appears to be woll suited for bearing good crops of
grass. Thoy do not raise much wheat, as it doth not answer,
being subjc^ct to bo blasted, excepting when sown with barley.

356 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
which they sometimes do, and then it answers better. Whether
the barley be a repeller, to keep off the mildew, or whether it
serves for a brush to clean it, I cannot say, yet I am well
assured that, allowing there was a field of wheat entirely
wheat, and another field alongside of it consisting of barley and
wheat mixed together, that the wheat field should be blasted,
while the wheat that was sown among the barley, though
alongside of it, should bo safe. They sow rye upon their new
land, but chiefly barley, which they make use of for bread.
The Germans are an industrious people, and economists also,
or saving. Thej'' may be said to work hard, and live hard,
and their victuals, or way of living, is something peculiar
to themselves, considerably simple fare in general. They in
common seem to be a heavy sort of people, or phlegmatic;
have not that liveliness as some others, nor do I think they
have so strong passions, or capable either of sensations of
mind, whether pleasant or painful, as some other people are.
Nor do I think that their affection is so strong even towards
the tender sex, because that they allow them to work at the
hardest labor along with the men, such as hoeing, mowing, and
reaping, and it hath been said upon them, that a man will sit
in the stern of a boat smoking his pipe and let his wife row.
These things would lead me to think that their affection for
the tender sex is not so strong ; because if it was, they would
not suffer them to undergo such hard labor, which, among the
generality of people, falls to the man's share. Possibly neces
sity might first put them to it, and custom may give it sanction,
and incline the women to this kind of labor, which many think
should fall to the stronger's lot. They are commonly of a
dark complexion, and a great many, even of the women, have
but coarse features. With respect to the women, no doubt it
must be in some measure owing to their working out-of-doors,
and at such hard labor, which may give a turn both to the
features and color. They are plain and simple in their dress,
for common, both men and women, though they be getting a
little more gay than formerly. There is one thing said of
them, that I mention with regret, and that is that some of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 357
them are immoral in their lives, such' as swearing and drink
ing, and profaning the Sabbath; even drinking and quarrelling
upon the Sabbath after divine service. But it's what hath
been a grief to others of them, and moans have been taken
to prevent such things. They have also been charged with
bringing things to sell, or to market, upon the Sabbath day —
such as butter and eggs — and give for excuse that they live at
a distance. But it's hoped they will see their error, and that
those who have the execution of the laws respecting these
matters will be resolute and faithful in the discharge of their
duty, as a little resolution and perseverance, under the blessing
of God, may conquer their obstinacy. It is not to be supposed
that the people of this township in general behave so — not at
all ; they are decent and sober, and it's said what hurt the
morals of the people, the young people especially, was some
settling among them after the American war. When the
Germans first settled here, they were much indulged by Gov
ernment — had provisions, clothes, and laboring utensils given
them. Provisions, it is said, were continued with some of
them for the space of seven years ; though they might not be
all faithfully served out by commissioners. For they seem to
have much complained, which is a sordid, mean, base way of
getting wealth, and a breach of trust, when they would detain
from new settlers what Government was kind enough to
bestow, and they doubtless had need of ; but such a covetous
disposition are some that they stick at nothing, and ought
to be held in abhorrence. The Germans are loyal subjects, and
stood true to Government during the time of the American
war, so that they have, in some good measure, recompensed
Government for their trouble. Industrious, saving, loyal sub
jects are excellent subjects, and a great support to the con
stitution. " In Lunenburg town there is both a court-house and jail,
and, which is to their honor, they are said to settle a great
part of their matters by arbitration. The judges are careful
to advise them to settle their matters in an amicable manner,
which sometimes hath the desired effect. The cases that come

358 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
before the court are but few ; sometimes, indeed, eight or ten,
at other times only two or three, which is a thing greatly in
their favor, considering they are so very numerous ; and sure
there cannot be a more hurtful thing, either to the peace of a
society or its interests, than vexatious lawsuits ; though some
are obliged to make use of the law in their own defence.
" From Lunenburg nine miles to the westward, is Le Have
River, dividing Lunenburg from New Dublin. This is a con
siderable large river, arising out of a large lake about sixteen
or eighteen miles back in the woods. This river is a mile over
for about five miles up, and abounds with salmon and alewives.
The former come in the beginning of April, for common, and run
a little more than two months. The latter come in May, and
run about five weeks. The salmon is said not to be near so
plenty as they were, owing, people think, to so many saw-mills
upon the river. No doubt the sawdust, for one thing, and the
dams, for another, prevent them getting up the river to the
lake to spawn, or their catching them about the time they
spawn. Whatever cause it may be owing to, the salmon are
not near so plenty as they were in the rivers along the coast,
and the people in general assign the above reasons for it. This
river is navigable for about ten miles for vessels of forty tons
burthen, and vessels of about five hundred may go up five
miles, as the channel is about thirty feet deep, but on the bar
only eighteen. There is a good harbor in the inside of the
point where ships of five hundred tons burthen may ride
safely, there being good holding ground and free from stones.
There are seven saw-mills on this river, and pretty much
employed. Of course there's a great deal of lumber shipped
down the river. The river is settled on both sides a considerable
way up, and makes an agreeable prospect. The lumber is getting
scarcer, or is upon the decline, as the timber is getting scarce
for several reasons, and people must go far back for it, and of
course it makes it more inconvenient and expensive ; and this
is the case all over the Province where I have been. The fur
trade is on the decline greatly, so is the fishing said to be, not
only in the rivers, but along the coasts. Those that fish along

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 359
the coast say they do not catch them in such plenty ; this may
be owing to the increase of those that catch them, who may be
said yearly to increase. Though the above may be on the
decline, yet I am certain agriculture is on the increase, and will
be improving, as the country is but new. Of course we shall
increase in what is more suitable for man's support.
" Coming from Lunenburg to the westward and crossing Le
Have River, ye come directly into New Dublin township, so
called from Dublin, in Ireland. This township was settled, in
general, by the Irish, about the year 1762. But these leaving
the township by degrees, il came to be settled by the Germans.
There was a town designed, and lots laid out for the purpose,
on the south side of the river, and west side of the harbor, or
upon the point facing the north, as you cross the river. But
as people left their lots the design was dropt, though there
is a good harbor whore vessels of considerable burthen might
lie at anchor with great safety. It's true the ri-ver freezes
some part of the winter, which makes it inconvenient. This
township extends from River Le Have to Port Medway,
from north-east to south-west, which is about sixteen miles.
It was taken up in different grants ; and one gentleman is said
to have twenty thousand acres himself, which is a disad
vantage to it, in preventing its being settled ; and when
settled, will be of different people, who may be able to purchase
of him. They are employed both in fishing and farming. They
of Petit la riviere, or small river, which is a p^rt of this town
ship, live chiefly by farming, having good farms and in good
cultivation. The inhabitants of this small settlement are Irish,
in general. The grain seems not to grow so long or high as I
have seen it in other places ; and the bread is darker, but well-
tasted. The mildew hurts the wheat ; but here, as well as in
Lunenburg, when they sow it with barley, it is safe. However,
it grows better here by itself than in Lunenburg, and as they
sow wheat and barley together, so they grind them together for
bread. Oats grow well in this township, and the barley still
better. They have excellent potatoes and good English hay upon
the cultivated fields. Cabbage grows well here, much better

360 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
than to the westward ; and still better do they grow in Lunen
burg. They send them to Halifax, and sell them by the dozen,
at two shillings and sixpence, and three shillings, and some
times will sell at four shillings the dozen, if they are of a good
quality. They send also to the same market, veal, lambs,
butter, cheese, and poultry, such as fowls and geese, also oats
and potatoes. Their fish are salmon, gaspereaux, eels, cod,
mackerel, and dog-fish. The eels are taken in great plenty on
the flats. The gaspereaux come in May, and run about three
WQoks. Salmon come in the end of April, and run till about
the middle of June, but chiefiy in May. They begin to fish for
cod also, in the latter end of April, and continue to October.
The mackerel comes in the middle of June, and continues also to
October, but not so constant. The dog-fish come about the
middle of August, and run about two months, and are excel
lent for oil, but the fish is of no use, unless for dung to the
land, or to give to their pigs. It will take about six hundred
of them to make a barrel of oil. The barrel sells at six or seven
dollars. Two men in a season will catch as many as will amount
to twenty barrels of oil, if the fish is anything good. Two men
will catch about sixty quintals of codfish during the season,
and the quintal sells at twelve, thirteen, sometimes fifteen
shillings. The haddock is also caught here in great plenty, and
is much larger in this country than in Scotland, but neither so
sweet nor so fat, neither have they in them any liver for oil, as
in Scotland. The pollock is also caught here, much of the size
of a salmon, rather larger. Scale fish, such as the haddock and
pollock, sell for seven or eight shillings the quintal.
" The inhabitants, especially of Petit la riviere, have got good
dwelling-houses, and those of them that are industrious and
saving, live comfortably. They have got no glebe, no place of
worship, no minister of any religious persuasion, unless they go
to Lunenburg. Nor have they school lot, nor burying-ground
public ; somo of them bury in their own land, and when any of
them are interred in the neighboring burying-ground their sur
vivors pay a small sum for it. When this is the case, they
must be in a pitiable condition, in different respects, as their

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 361
childi-en and themselves in general must be very ignorant. The
number of families in this township is eighty-four — at five in
the family, will be 420 souls. They may be divided into the
Lutheran and Presbyterian pei-suasions.
" From Le Have River to the little river, eight miles. From
Small River to Broad Cove, where there are about five or seven
families, four miles, all considerable good road. From that to
Port Medway, more than four miles, indifferent road and small
path." The Rev. Mr. Munroe refers to the hard work performed by
women in this county. Men then needed all the help they could
get to ensure a return of the fruits of the earth, on which they
depended for subsistence. They were following the custom of
their fatherland, where women do too much of the men's, work
on farms, canals, and in other ways. There is a case referred
to by a recent traveller, which very much resembles the one Mr.
Munroe states he had heard of. " In the smaller or market
boats it is not an uncommon sight to meet the woman with the
loop of the tow-rope over her shoulders as she tugs along the
tow-path, while the stout husband sits at the helm steering the
craft and comfortably smoking his pipe."
While it is true that many of the young women of our agri
cultural districts render material assistance in haying and other
outside work, they are often seen playing nicely on some musi
cal instrument or working fine embroidery, and can take a
creditable part in intelligent conversation.
Hundreds of the men of the county, owners of small farms,
are absent in the summer at deep-sea fishing. During their
absence the women .employ themselves hoeing potatoes and
doing other farm work. This they supplement by the assistance
they give on the return of the fishermen in spreading the fish
for " making." It cannot be said that out-door work does not
agree with them so far as health is concerned, for they are
very strong and fresh-looking. A stranger, on seeing them,
might exclaim :
" How could such blossom grow on salted soil.
Such bloom and beauty from a race of toil.
Such grace and color near the deadening spray ! "

362 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
The harder labor of the field can hardly be called a desirable
occupation for women. The necessity for their engaging in it
is fortunately all the while becoming less, and among the more
enlightened of the people it is not now expected of them.
Recollections op Early Days by Aged People.
The following interesting account of his early Ufe was given
to the writer by Mr. Peter Zink — a man of remarkable vigor
for his years — at his residence, Rous's Brook (the place where
the first settlers landed), in December, 1878 :
" I am over ninety-one years of age. I was born at Rose Bay,
July 10th, 1787, and had seven brothers and one sister, who are
all dead. My great-grandfather and grandfather came from
Germany together. I lived at Rose Bay when the Teazer was
blown up. She came from the westward. The men-of-war
kept her in till she came to Flat Island, and then she passed up
by the west end of Tancook, and boats were after her. The
blowing up made a most awful crack, and everything shook at
Rose Bay, about eighteen miles off.
" Fish used to be very plentiful in those days, a mUe or so
from shore. Many were caught near Rose Head and Grass
Island — oftenest in shoal water. A man could catch three or
four quintals of codfish in a day. Mackerel were very abundant
— good large ones and fat. My brother and me, with four
nets, caught 110 barrels from the last of June till September,
and attended to the farming besides. The herring fishing was
also good. If men had then laid out for fishing as they do now,
they would have caught more than they could put away. Mr.
Oxner, who lived at the Five Houses, used to buy the fish
caught and send them to the West Indies in a brig and a
schooner. " I never was sick in my life, and was always a poor friend to
the doctors. I belonged to the Lutheran Church. Mr. Schmeiser,
from Germany, was the first minister who preached to me.
People went from Bridgewater and beyond it, Mahone Bay,
Kingsburg, Dublin Shore, and the islands, to church in Lunen
burg. Horses were not used then, and the people walked to

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 363
service and home again. There was no preaching round the
country except at a funeral. When I was a boy there was only
a path cut out from town to Rose Bay. My father was poor,
and I often walked in barefooted. The people used to be so thick
in the taverns they would tramp on my feet and hurt me. At
last I gave up going in till I got shoes. If a man would not
drink then he was not thought much of a man. The ministers
did not check people enough for drinking. Everj^ man kept
liquor : it was thought more of than wages.
" In those days we had German schools. It was my hurt going
to thom ; I should have had English. The school-master was
one Draver, from Germany. He spoke only German. He kept
school in my grandfather Conrad's house, and had about forty
scholars. We went early in the morning, and left at five
o'clock. The master was very strict, and would not allow any
noise. The Bible was read every day. I can read it in English.
I learned it from my children. All the preaching used to be in
German ; there is very little of it now. The old settlers brought
their large family Bibles from Germany. My father could read
well in German.
" Wedding times were kept up a day and a night — some
times longer. The people often walked many miles to town
to be married.
" I took great delight in clearing land, and used to work very
hard, but I was never crazy at it like some folks, working day
and night. People were much stronger in the early days than
they are now, and wore less clothing. No flannels wore worn,
and linen for shirts was very coarse. There -w^as no such thing
as a flne Sunday boot. Low shoos, sharp in the toes, were used
in walking; I have worn thom in the snow. Short jackets
were the fashion, and coats were not much used. I got my
first coat when I was married ; it was a rather short coat with
a split tail. In those days a coat had to last a long time. I
often wonder how the people stood it with the clothing they
wore, but if they had used the same we see now, the place
would not be properly settled j^et. They could stand the hard
est work with the clothing and food they had, and be strong

364 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
and healthy. Now there must be cakes and pies, and everything
good, where before there was barley bread."
Mr. Zink died at Lunenburg, July, 1882, in the ninety-sixth
year of his age.
In the year 1880, the writer met with Hannah Langille
(daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth Dauphinee, and mother
of Gideon Langille, Esq., New Cornwall), born at First Penin
sula, May 24th, 1790. The death of her husband was referred
to, and she remembered the text from which Rev. Mr. Hurd
preached the funeral sermon (Ecclesiastes viii., latter part of
12th verse), and a hymn sung on the occasion, though more
than twenty years had elapsed. She had twelve children, fifty-
seven grandchildren and sixty great-grandchildren. Having
been the oldest in the family she had to work hard, and had
little time to receive public instruction. During a month's
attendance at Mr. Newman's, in Lunenburg, one of her school
mates was the late Sheriff Kaulbach, whom she described as full
of mischief, but a good boy. She thought there had been a
great increase of pride and foolishness among the young folks
since she was a girl. Her relatives said she was still an early
riser and walked much about the place ; took delight in knitting
(which she did well, without glasses) and other easy employ
ments ; read much, and was well informed in the Scriptures.
Mrs. Langille was evidently a devout and humble Christian,
enjoying a well-grounded hope and patiently awaiting the
summons for release. She was blest with good health until a
few days before her departure, suffered very little pain, and
died July 12th, 1884, in her ninety-fifth year.
In 1887, two of the oldest women in the county, sisters, passed
away from earth — Miss Catharine A. Arenberg, at Bridgewater,
January 10th, in her eighty -ninth year ; and Mrs. Sarah Hubley,
on Arenberg's Island, June Sth, in her ninety-second year.
They had both, with their sister Charlotte, lived on the island,
which is a deUghtful spot in the La Have, a few miles below
Bridgewater. They called it " Paradise Island." Their father
and mother died there, each in their eighty-sixth year. Their
two brothers also died, so that they had to work hard and

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 365
provide their own living. In speaking of the house, one of the
sisters said : " The wall is four feet thick and eight feet high.
Two of us women and a nephew about twelve years old carried
stones on a hand-barrow and a wheel-barrow to help build it.
I helped to shingle this house, and they said I did it as good as
the carpenters. We sowed, reaped, and threshed wheat —
threshed three-quarters of a barrel in one day. I planted
the first tree. I wove that cloth that's on the table thirty -three
years ago, and it's good yet. I wove a plaid dress twenty-two
years ago, and that's good yet. We worked hard and were very
saving, and the Lord was very good to us. He said He would
be the husband of the widow, and the father of the fatherless,
and a good husband and father He is. He will provide if we ask
Him in the right way. I was confirmed in the Lutheran Church.
I respect any Church, and any minister, if he is good. There is
one Bible, and one way to heaven. My grandfather, Frederick
Jonas Arenberg, was bom in Germany, and kept the first house
of entertainment in Lunenburg town. He had nineteen children
by one wife. My father, mother, cousin, and niece are buried
on this island. I carried so much hay on hay-poles with my
sister that I started something, but I never was much sick. I
can cut and saw wood like a man. My uncles Henry and
Frederick were coming from Halifax and were lost. Some of
their books and a dog were found on Duck Island."
Charlotte Arenberg, a sister of the women above named,
living near Bridgewater, was seen by the writer in March, 1894.
She said :
" My father, George Arenberg, came from Germany. I will
be ninety-one years old next May. Before we -w^ent to the
island we Uved on the main, a little below Josiah Rudolf's. My
father had thirteen brothers and several sisters. I had five
sisters and two brothers, and I am the only one of the family
living. When I was young there used to be a great deal of
small-pox, measles, and slow fever about the country, but they
don't seem to come so much now. Dr. Harley came out from
Lunenburg to see the sick. He had a great run. He vacci
nated me, and three days afterwards he came along and saw me
out-of-doors, and boxed my ears and told me to go to bed.

366 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
"In those times we all walked to Lunenburg, over eight miles,
to church, and came back in the evening. I was confirmed in
the Lutheran Church by Mr. Temme. He asked me a question
in German and I couldn't answer it, and he got cross. He was
a touchy old fellow. There were three ministers in Lunenburg.
Aulenbach — I think he was a Lutheran — used to come out from
town and bury people who died in the country.
" All my friends of those days are dead. I have never had
much sickness. I feel very well now, only a dizziness in my
head when I have a cold. I can read and sew a good deal of
the time without glasses. My sister Sally died on the island.
She took her dinner and tea, and had been well as usual. After
a while she asked me what o'clock it was, and I said it was six.
Then she fell in the doorway dead. My sister Catharine, who
died in Bridgewater, had never been much sick in her life. I
don't think father ever paid much doctor's bills for his children.
In June, 1893, 1 had been across the river, and walked about
among my friends the MuUochs and others, and when I came
back to this side Mr. Alexander McDonnell took me in his
waggon ; but I could walk all right. I can walk to Conquerall
Bank like nothing. Just before last Christmas I walked from
Bridgewater to my nephew's, William Hebb's, a mile and a half.
I walked do-wm here to-day to mind the children while Mrs.
Oakes went to the Bank." John Thompson.
" Bridgewater, November Sth, 1888.
"I was born in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. I
came from Annapolis to Waterloo, through the -wild woods.
Michael Wile was then the only man in the back settlement.
George Wile had a small clear farther out. Charles Himmel
man lived about a mile in from Pleasant River road. Waggons
were not owned. Sleds were used in summer, with runners of
rock maple hewed with an axe. The Dutch yokes used then
were very roughly made. Lumber was sawed at Lapland, the
next settlement. It was piled at the mill, and left for a year,
to make it lighter to haul to market. I lived with Michael

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 367
Wile when I first came. On starting for myself, I had a small
log-house thatched with straw. I cleared land for five years
before settling down, and raised my own provisions. At first
we used herb tea. We steeped branches of hemlock, and drank
it as tea, sweetened with maple sugar, and also used the box
berry. I had my first grain ground at George Hebb's mill, the
only grist mill this side the river. I used to take it in bags, on
a sled. I raised fine root crops, and had splendid wheat in
the burnt land. Wheat would do well still, if the soil was
drained. Wo often went to church at Lunenburg, over twenty
miles from home. I had to walk there to post letters for
England, and when I expected any, had to go there for them.
The first mail from Lunenburg was brought on horseback.
Timber of great size grew in the forest. There were trees more
than two feet across the stump, and over sixty feet high. There
are none so large now. We used to dress like the Germans, and
had woollen sleeves knit by the women and caps of the same
material. What was called " petticoat and bed-gown " was
worn by females, and they had something like a handkerchief
for the head. There were no spinning-wheels but of the rough
est kind. The thread used was made at home. Men wore
moccasins made of moose-skin, which was washed and dried,
and pounded with a mallet of wood, to make it as much like
leather as possible. All the clothing I have on to-day was made
by my wife. The girls used to go to Lunenburg, with eggs in
withe baskets made bj- themselves. They walked barefooted to
the Spectacle lakes, whore . they washed their feet, and put on
stockings and shoes made together, out of old woollen petticoats
and bed-gowns. Rudolf was the only merchant in Lunenburg
then. I have paid $10 a barrel for rye flour and corn-meal
at Lunenburg. The third year I was in Waterloo, we brought
flour up the river by a raft, or roughly formed boat, to where
Miller's store was. Four of us had been to Lunenburg with
treenails, for which we got $10 a thousand. From Miller's to
Lunenburg the stumps had been taken out of the road. Much
of the way from Waterloo was over cradle hills and stumps,
and I have hauled out oakstaves in the summer with cattle

368 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
and sled. The roads made at first were rough and very narrow.
We had often to cut notches in the large stumps when waggons
were first used, to let the hubs pass through. The winters were
very severe in those times, but we did not mind it as much as
we do cold weather now. When we were hunting, and some
times in travelling, we cut down branches and made a bed on
the snow, with a big fire in front. I came from Waterloo to
Miller's store many times, with a basket of eggs on my head,
and another in one hand, and one of butter in the other ; and
returned home the same day, or at night. Times are not as
they used to be. It is a pity that young people do as they do
now about dress. There is too much pride, and too much care
lessness in the way of working."
John Adam Fiendel.
"Bridgewater, February, 1889.
"I was born near Bridgewater, March 19th, 1800. Will be
eighty-nine next month. My father was John Fiendel. He
and my grandfather, George, came from Germany. I was four
years old when I went with my father to New Germany. The
road was rough. He wrapped me in a blanket and took me on
horseback. We had to ford the river by James Mossman's,
Riversdale, where tho railway bridge is now. The horse
struck a rock and threw us in the water. My father moved to
where Ephraim Fiendel now lives by the lake. He dug a
trench, or hole, in the side of a hill, and covered it with
spruce boughs and birch bark. Poles were put down for a
chamber floor, and these were covered with ground. When
they moved about below, the earth would fall through. The
lower floor was made with poles. Sometimes thoy split them
— they had no boards. WiUiam Woodworth moved there a
few days after, near father. We lived there a spell, and got
out of provisions, and had nothing to eat for three days but
fish, caught in the lake, and milk. The fish were caught with
hooks made of pins ; thoy were white and yellow perch, and
trout. The Indians (Solnows, Jeremios, and others) used to
dip salmon, sometimes as many as eighty in a day, at Indian

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 369
Falls. Lohnes and my father once put a net in an eddy under
the falls. It sunk, and they did not find it till the water fell
away in the summer. Bones of salmon were left in the meshes.
Salmon would try to jump over the falls, and would strike the
rocks and fall down helpless, and then come to again. In
dipping, three salmon would often be got at once. Alewives
would get up to the falls, and the people would dip them in
large quantities. They were taken in ox-teams to Lunenburg
and other places. In planting potatoes, the Indians used as
manure the shad and alewives which they could not eat.
" The meadows gave hay for cattle. This induced people
to move in. My father used to winter cattle from Bridgewater.
He turned his cattle out the last week in March, and they made
their own living in the woods.
" We had to go sometimes to Lunenburg to church, and would
get to La Have on Saturday, and to town on Sunday morning.
Parson Cochran used to preach at New Germany, sometimes
in Joseph Morton's barn, near Barss's corner, and at other times
in John Fiendel's barn. He used to come even in snow-storms,
and often stopped all night at my house. Once he was much
hurt by a fall from his horse stumbling. After many years a
church was built. Bishop Inglis consecrated it. Great crowds
were there.
" Thomas Penny went to New Germany a year or two after
us. He was a very large and strong man, and would carry a
bushel and a half of potatoes on his back from Bridgewater
to his home. It was a good while before there were waggon
roads. We had to take butter to Lunenburg, our nearest
market, for some years in baskets by hand.
" Men and women wore home-made clothing. My wife spun
flax and wool, and I carded it with hand cards. Sometimes
we had a piece of check for a woman's dress. My wife wore
one in Bridgewater. An officer from Halifax heard that a
woman there had such a handsome dress on ; he saw it, and
admired it much. It was of different colors, and looked fanci
ful and •well.
" Father took us to old Mr. Henry Cook's, and he was very
24

370 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
kind to us. He asked me if I could make him a wooden hat.
I stripped yellow birch with a jack-knife and braided it for
the hat. My mother sewed it. I took it down, and Mr. Cook
put it on, looked in the glass, and told his wife to pay me. It
was quite light. A bear came out and killed one of Mr. Cook's
lambs, and my father said I could make a trap. I built it with
stakes and weight. Mr. Cook said, ' How many ways did you
leave for him, sonny ? ' I said two, because I had built it with
two doors so that a bear could go in either way. One was soon
caught, and Mr. Cook sent a paw and a piece of meat to show
that the trap had succeeded.
" I had a flne farm, one of the best in New Germany, after
much hard work. I cut from twenty to thirty tons of hay,
and kept eighteen or twenty head of cattle, two yoke of
working oxen, and three horses. We made butter and cheese
in large quantities. A man came once from Liverpool for
cheese, and bought eight, sweet and good. I did the shoe-
making and wove plenty of homespun. I made £9 in cash with
a hand loom, in one winter, working for different persons. I got
sixpence and sevenpence a yard for weaving. It was a long
time before stoves were used. We had big fireplaces, and used
to pack in logs enough in one to heat the whole room. La Have
bridge was built long after wo moved to New Germany. I
can remember when there was no street in Bridgewater, only a
path through the bushes.
" Melchior Broom, who was frozen to death in the woods,
had a store where old Mr. Newcomb afterwards lived. He had
no goods for sale, but used to keep what coasters brought for
the people till they could haul them home. I can, also remem
ber when there was not a single building of any kind where
Bridgewater is. James Nicholson came over here and built
one of the first houses — the one Mr. Harley had afterwards.
" In those times people used a great deal of rum, and it
killed lots of them, as it has done in other places. I saw a man
killed at Lunenburg from rum. He was a Niforth, Clerk of
Militia. A Conrad killed him. They were drinking all night,
and at daylight they came to blows. Niforth was from
Kingsburg ; he died in an hour after he was struck. Conrad's

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 371
brother told him to strike Niforth under, and in doing so the
blow killed hira. When the militia were drilled at Lunenburg,
many used to stay all night in the taverns. You could find but
few people who didn't drink. There was not so much drinking
at New Germany as outside of it. What affects the brain
injures the system.
" When I was fourteen I went partridge hunting, after a
little fall of snow. I found a moose lying down ; I put in a
bullet I had and killed him. He weighed about four hundred
pounds. We had moose meat instead of partridges. Flint
locks were used then altogether. I went with a Waterman,
who was making ton timber with my father to be rafted to
Bridgewater. " I saw eighteen caribou, twelve in the first lot, and half an
hour afterwards six more, travelling on the ice down the New
Germany Lake, just walking in the middle of it. They went
into the woods — a pretty sight. It was a good show. One day,
when the ice was quite smooth, we saw a large otter and a
wild-cat. The dogs went after the otter ; he got away in the
woods, then they followed the wild- cat and killed him. A
neighbor's dog (Carver's) went in the woods and brought out
the otter on the same track it went in, and tho dogs killed it
on the ice. The wild-cat had its teeth broken on a steel trap I
had set. It was a very exciting time ; they were about twenty
rods apart. The otter seemed to be going down, and the wild
cat up, the lake .The wild-cat was very large. The otter-skin
brought fifteen shillings. We used to catch lots of bears,
moose, otters, wild-cats and other animals. Simpson's and
Ramey's cattle were killed by bears. I set two traps and
caught two bears. I killed seven moose. A little dog I had
scratched at a hole returning from the woods, and an otter
came out and killed him. I went out one evening and called a
moose. He answered me. Then I called too much, and he
detected my deceit. He was quiet ; no more sound ; couldn't
get him,."
Mr. Fiendel died at the residence of his son, Mr. Ariel Fiendel,
Bridgewater, January 10th, 1891, in his ninety -first year, and
on the twentieth anniversary of the death of his wife.

372 history of the county of lunenburg.
Michael Wile.
" Waterloo, April 4th, 1894.
" I am a son of Andrew WUe who lived where David Wile
now resides, near Bridgewater, and was eighty-five years old,
Sth of February last. 1 was the first man who came to what
is known as Waterloo Settlement, and I built the first house,
the lumber for which I hauled from George and Michael Hirtle's
mill, at what is now NewcombvUle. Michael was my -wife's
father. We lived here for three years without any neighbors.
George Hirtle was the next man who came in, followed by
John Hirtle. I was five or six years without any road. At
first I used long sleds. When I went to Lapland for boards in
the summer, I took a sled. We had no regular roads or waggons.
John Heckman, M.P.P., gave road money to old Mr. Frossel. I
had the first horse, but it was after I had been here over twenty
years. Mathias Wentzel, at Bridgewater, made my first ox-
waggon. When we came here, Bridgewater was nothing. There
were no shops there but Hotchkiss's shoe shop ; I went to Lunen
burg to do my shopping. After the road was made, I brought
my goods with horse and waggon to my father's, and from there
with an ox-team. There was no post-office, and we had no
letters nor papers. We went to Bridgewater and heard Rev.
Joshua W. Weeks preach in several places ; one was John Hyson's
house. He was a fine, clever, good man. Rev. H. DeBlois
preached here in WilUam Wile's house, nearly forty years ago.
I used to buy biscuit from Mr. Kaulbach, in Lunenburg, baked
by him, for five dollars a barrel. The first flour I used was
from my own wheat. I raised one hundred bushels in a season,
and sold a lot of it for two dollars a bushel. John Frossel had
a log-camp about two miles north-east from me, but not in the
Waterloo Settlement; still it was called Waterloo. He came
from Germany. The land grew hardwood when I settled here.
There was much rock maple, two and three feet through. I can
show you the stump of an old black birch three feet across ; oak
and ash were of immense size. I made half a thousand puncheon
staves out of one tree. Captain Hines came out here some years

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 373
ago, and got a piece of oak thirty feet long and fourteen inches
square. In old times we had ash two and two and a half feet
through. We often had boards of those widths. The top of
this table, in use over fifty years, is twenty-six inches across,
made of one pine board. I helped to cut down a pine in Lap
land four feet through. We could easily get three barrels of
sap out of one large maple, and used to have six barrels of sap
standing at once. We made two hundred pounds of sugar in a
season. " For light, in early times we had lamps with fish-oil, the
wicks placed in spouts at the sides. Over the lamp was a funnel,
big at the bottom, and above a barrel was turned over it, in
which lamp-black was gathered, and which was sometimes sold.
" I was quite a moose-hunter. I shot my first one about three
miles away, the second year of my residence here, and got the
hide tanned with alum at Lunenburg, out of which I had a pair
of trousers, and wore them in the burnt land. The women cut
them out, and I made them. This was a great moose country, and
it was while I was hunting that I saw this hill and took a fancy to
it. Some of us were out once, and my brother George and I were
together, away from the rest. I fired and struck a moose twice,
and he turned on us. We had to get up trees, and had our
fingers full to save ourselves. When he moved a little away, we
came down, and I killed him with the third shot. He weighed
about eight hundred pounds. Sometimes men would kill ten
in a season. There were also plenty of caribou and bears.
When I had a camp, the bears stole my provisions while I was
off to my old home. After I had my first house built, I left a
lot of things for food tied in a bag, which I hung up when I
left to go to father's place. The bears tore out the sashes and
carried all away. Indians used to camp on the brook near this,
and catch otter, mink, and other animals for fur. Fine trout
were caught in the streams, but the mills have interfered with
the fishing.
" Mr. James Dowling's father taught school in my house for a
couple of winters. He walked out from Lunenburg. He was a
good teacher and a fine man. Our first school-house was built in

374 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
a hurry. There were not many children, and we decided to have
a building 18x20 feet. Four of us went into the mill on Monday
morning to saw the frame. While some were sawing, the rest
were framing outside. We put it up, roofed it, and boarded it
in, so as to be dry and comfortable, and on the next Wednesday
morning the teacher and scholars met in it and commenced the
school." Mr. Wile died at Waterloo, April 8th, 1895, aged eighty-seven
years. Mrs. Wile said : " I used to be much alone when I first came
here. The third day after arrival, while Mr. Wile was hunting,
I heard the cry of a cat- owl, a sound I had never heard before,
and I was terribly frightened. I looked out, and after a while
I saw my husband's leather cap, and knew he was coming
through the woods. When he came in I was white as a sheet,
and he told me what made the strange noise. On the evening
of that day fifteen moose-hunters arrived, and went off the next
morning. When I lived at Summerside I saw a woman from
New Germany going to Lunenburg on horseback, dressed in
petticoat and bed-gown (a sort of loose calico jacket). This was
Mrs. John Fiendel, mother of John Adam Fiendel. She used to
go in that way alone to Lunenburg. John Zwicker, an Oxner,
and a Rudolf were the only merchants in Lunenburg as early
as I can remember.
" When we made maple sugar in old times the sap would now
and again get slimy and wouldn't come to sugar, and then it
was boiled for candy. We had a pot which held six pails of
sap, another four, and others one and two pails. Three were on
the crane in the big fireplace at one time. We sometimes boiled
two barrels of sap at once.
" I used to take my little children in a big basket to the field
where I was reaping or doing other work, and spread a quilt in
between the stumps and put them on it, and place another
quilt above them for shade. We had to work hard in those
days, but we wore very happy."

history of the county of lunenburg. 375
Catharine Ramey.
" Lakeville, Lapland Road, April 6th, 1894.
" I am the widow of John Ramey, and daughter of Leonard
Nagler, who lived near Conquerall Bank. He and another man
left the river in a schooner, many years ago, for Halifax. They
were never heard from, and it was believed they perished in a
terrible storm. I will be ninety -one years old on next Sunday,
April 8th. I had eight children. I have living thirty-one out
of thirty-four grandchildren, and none of my twenty-seven
great-grandchildren are dead. When I was a young girl I took
care of John "Vienot's children ; he used to frame buildings.
Melchior Broom lived on the place where James Hirtle lives,
opposite the Exhibition Building, Bridgewater ; Mr. Vienot, near
where James Tobin lives, and Nicholas Conrad on property now
occupied by James Heckman. When I was about nine years
old, I and a Uttle boy carried dinners to Mr. Vienot, when he
was working at the house Frederick and Garrett Wile built on
the place where Joshua (W. J.) Wentzel now resides. There
was only one other house in Bridgewater, a small one by the
river, in which old Mr. Hotchkiss lived ; and there was a store
down by Newcomb's Brook to keep goods in till the people for
whom they were brought could haul them home. There was
no bridge then. I saw horses sometimes wade across near where
the dam is now, and I have seen them swim across below. I
used to wade over and go to my Uncle Peter Hirtle's, who lived
on Bolman's Hill. There was only a rough roadway cut out by
the river on the Bridgewater side. We had to walk to Lunen
burg to church, and the road was very lonely, with but few
houses. Michael and Jacob Hirtle Uved at Summerside ; John
Hirtle, on the hill this side of the mill ; then there was John
Koch's, and Philip and John Crouse Uved farther on. John
Wentzel kept the Half-way House.
" I was confirmed in Lunenburg by Parson Temme. I walked
in with others once a week during the summer to be taught by
the minister for confirmation, and the last month I stayed at
his house. Mr. Temme was cross when we didn't know our

376 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
lessons. His wife was Parson Schmeiser's daughter, and a fine
woman. There were no schools about the country where I was.
My father taught me my A B Cs, and then I learned to spell.
When I was a young woman I Uved in Lunenburg ten years.
I was at Dr. Bolman's. He used to have friends come from
Halifax. One was a lawyer — Sawers. I also lived with his
son, a doctor, and with Charles Bolman the lawyer. The Bol-
mans were fine people. Mr. Aitken was the Church minister ;
Temme, Luther^,n ; Moschell, Presbyterian, and Pope, Methodist.
I lived a year at Mr. Temme's. When he was going into the
country, he would get into his covered waggon in the barn, and
I would take down the bar and let him out. He was coming
one day to the Branch with his daughter Augusta, for a mar
riage and some baptisms, and I was all ready to walk out home.
After he left the barn, I ran down over Gallows' HiU and trav
elled behind his carriage. He got out at Charles Rudolf's,
eight miles from town, and saw me close by, and said, ' For
goodness' sake, girl 1 how did you get here ? ' I came out pretty
fast. My brother, apprentice to Newcomb, put me across the
river, and I had a short visit home, when old Mr. Haine put me
over again and I walked back to town, and was there before
the parson.
" When I lived home, clothing was of material woven there.
We made our own thread, except a little very fine. I had to
spin for upper and under clothes. People thought they were
well dressed from their own weaving. The first dress I bought
was from John Zwicker, in Lunenburg. It was cotton, and
eight yards for four dollars. White cotton was from two to
three shillings a yard. Women's bonnets had a flat round
piece behind, and ^^'ere up high, -wnth a small forepart. Shoes
were made at first by patching the soles of thick stockings
with pieces of old bed-gowns, or such like stuff, and sometimes
tanned sheepskin was used. Low shoes were worn afterwards,
and we also had buskin shoes. Some had shoes with buckles.
The first shoes I had were made by Mr. Packley, below Con
querall Bank. They cost ten shillings, and I paid for them by
planting and hoeing potatoes at fifteen pence a day.
'" Mr. Moschell was the first minister I heard preach at

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. ' 377
Bridgewater. He buried old Mrs. Honicle Conrad, and
preached in the house.
" I was at the first wedding Mr. Cossmann had. He came
out to Bridgewater and married Nicholas Conrad to his fourth
wife. Weddings in old times lasted often a day and a night,
and part of next day. They had fiddles and dancing and
great feasts, with plenty to eat and drink. Some had more
drink than they should have had.
" George Hebb had the flrst horse. Old Mr. Haine below
the shipyard had the next one, and then old Mr. Harry Koch
had one. John Wile got two, and he and his wife each had
one to go together on horseback to Lunenburg. They lived
where Norman Wile lives now.
" I was up all last week. To-day I had to stay in bed, on
account of rheumatism in my back. I can read in this German
Bible. I put my trust in the Lord. I see all the old people
^oing, and I feel as if I should go too. I am ready to die, but
must wait till the Lord comes for me."
She died February 23rd, 1895, in her ninety-second year.
John George Fiendel.
"Farmington, New Germany, August 16th, 1895.
" I was the first white child born in New Germany, and will
be ninety years old if I live to January 5th next. When I was
a boy, there were no roads in this part of the country. I saw
John Pernette survey the first lines. We had to meet many
difficulties. Our house was a very poor one, covered with hem
lock bark. My father built a saw-mill where James Fiendel
lives. We took grain to Kaulbach's mill, at North-West, and
went in by Steverman's Corner, and on to the mill, where Kaul-
back sent us rations to eat. We took a day to go, arriving
about sunset, and one to return. The grain was ground at
night. I once took about four bushels of rye on the horse's
back, and at Birch HiU, back of Riversdale, the bags fell off. I
brought the horse alongside a tall stump, and rolled the bags
up it, and on to his back. There was no road for a waggon,
and there was not a carriage in this part of the country. Our
comforts were few. I made many a meal of potatoes and salt.

378 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
and potatoes and milk. We had woods tea, and some made of
garden herbs. My mother once bought a pound of shop tea for
a dollar, and put it in her trunk, and got it out when friends
came along. I wore shirts and trousers made of tow. Weaving
was generally done plain, with one thread ; now it is twilled
with two threads. I had shoes made of rawhide. We used to
walk to Bridgewater by a rough path full of stumps and
stones. We went to church in Lunenburg, reaching Bridge-
water Saturday evening. My father and mother brought
things out to the foot of Wentzel's Lake. My mother walked
along the shore with a tow rope, and my father stood in the
boat, and with an oar kept it from the shore, and by drawing
and rowing they came to Morgan's Falls. We used to take
people up the New Germany Lake, and land them on the
other side, before there was a road. When I was a boy,
I took a half bushel of potatoes on my back a mile, and
planted them in the burnt land, and dug thirteen bushels.
In early days wheat grew well. I sowed a bushel and
a half, and raised thirty-three bushels. Tho next spring I
sowed three bushels, and had eighty-three bushels. You can't
get such crops now. The woods were full of wild animals.
I have killed twenty moose — the first one w^hen I was fifteen
years old. I have seen twenty-four caribou in one flock. One
day a gang of seven or eight men went after a moose. I saw
him near where Lewis Arenberg lives, and was setting the dogs
at him, when he made for me. I got on a tree that was partly
broken off. My brother Michael came along Avith an axe,
and the moose was disabled. Arenberg, Michael, and I sat on
him, and when the men who started him arrived, I asked them
where he was, as they did not see him till we got up.
" There was plenty of the finest timber, ancl every man could
cut it where he liked.
" I have been married twice, and am the father of thirteen
children, ten of whom are living. I have enjoyed good health
through life, but my hearing is not now as it used to be."
The above statement was made at the house of a relative, to
which Mr. Fiendel and his wife had driven, about five miles
from their own home.

CHAPTEE XXXII.
Remarkable Instances of Longevity — Epitaphs — Old German Bibles.
AMONG those who have been laid away to rest in the church
yards of this county, a very large number have attained
to groat age, and some of them were centenarians. Many
exhibited to the dying hour a wonderful retention of health
and enjoyment of their faculties.
Charlotte Regina Douglas, daughter of the late John Moss
man, of Kingsburg, died many years ago, aged 100 years and
10 months. Her only sister died at ninety-six, and their
youngest brother at over eighty years of age.
Johanna Barbara Kaulbach, wife of the first and mother of
the last Sheriff" Kaulbach, attained the age of one hundred
years on the 11th day of February, 1869. Of her descendants,
119 were then living, while forty- four had preceded her to
rest. The whole number included fourteen children, sixty-one
grandchildren, eighty-three great-grandchildren, and five great-
great-grandchildren. She retained the use of all her faculties,
except that she was in some measure deprived of hearing ;
recollected tho events of her early years, and could read and
knit without glasses. On the above-named anniversary of her
birth, she received at her residence in Lunenburg more than
one hundred visitors, and in the evening entertained a large
number of her relatives. Before the latter separated, prayers
were offered by the Rev. H. L. Owen, with thanks for God's
extended goodness to His aged servant. On the day on which
she attained 101 years, she went out for a sleigh-drive and
dined with the Hon. John Creighton. She died April 21st,
1871. aged 102 years.
Mrs. Kaulbach had seen part of the picket fence which the
early settlers had erected from the front to the back harbor,
to help protect Lunenburg from the Indians.

380 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OK LUNENBURG.
A few weeks before her death she was out dri-ving with her
grandson, H. A. N. Kaulbach, Esq. (now Senator), who says she
was then active, required no help in getting into the carriage,
was a fluent talker, and was possessed of all her faculties in an
extraordinary degree.
Thomas Cotton Hallamore, a native of Falmouth, England,
died at New Cornwall, April 18th, 1875, aged 102 years, 7
months and 13 days. He came to this country in the brig
Jane, with General Bowyer, when he was sent out to relieve
General Ogilvie. When he was over ninety-six years of age,
tho writer saw him in his son's barn removing straw, the grain
from which had just been threshed out, and in reply to an
inquiry about his health, he said, " Oh, I am very well, you
know ; only a little deaf." He spoke of John Wesley, whom he
knew intimately. He had heard him preach, and met him
frequently at his father's house.
Margaret Lohnes died at the home of her son, by New Ger
many Lake, February 9th, 1882, aged 101 years, 1 month and
15 days. Mrs. Lohnes had always been free from serious illness
untU seven years before her death. During these years she
was confined to bed, having lost the use of her limbs. Before
this affliction came, she could spin and knit and do other work
as well as in earlier Ufe. She could not read English, and spoke
it only to a limited extent, but she was able to read her German
Bible, and without glasses. Her memory was exceedingly
good. She suffered much from severe pains in her limbs, and
expressed a desire to be taken to a world where there was no
sickness. On the day of her death she lay from early morning
until about two o'clock, as if asleep, and then passed very
quietly away. She was a member of the Lutheran Church, and
while unable to attend public -worship, she was -visited by
Rev. C. Cossmann, who held services and preached in the
house, which was to her a source of great comfort.
Elizabeth Reynolds was born on an island near Chester Basin,
and was first married at Halifax, in 1812, to Joseph Bruin
Comingo, a grandson of Rev. Bruin Romcas Comingo, commonly
called Brown ; and was again married, in 1827, to Worden

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 381
Beckwith, of Cornwallis. He died March 25th, 1840. Mrs.
Beckwith lived with Robert A. Smith, Esq., of Chester, for
nearly half a centuiy, until her death, December 9th, 1893,
at the age of 100 3''oars, 11 months and 22 days. Mrs. Smith,
whose maiden name was Eliza Brown (Comingo), was a
daughter of deceased — bom at Lunenburg, June 29th, 1820, and
died at Chester, March 11th, 1894. Mrs. Beckwith was con
sidered quite a belle in her younger days, and had always a
lovely face, which was shown in a well-executed portrait on
ivory. She was of a bright and cheerful nature, had no serious
sickness for fifty years, and altogether did not keep her bed for
a month. 5Irs. Smith said that of all the persons in tho house
she had given the least trouble. Her memory was remarkable.
She gave, in a conversation with the writer, in August, 1893, the
particulai's of an incident connected Avith his early school-days,
over sixty years before, and which she remembered as clearly
as if it had been of recent date. About four years previous to
her death, she iuade for her great-granddaughter. Miss Pearl
Smith, a quilt of several thousand pieces. The work was of the
best and done without glasses.
Michael Barkhouse, son of Jacob Barkhouse, was born near
Gold Rivor, township of Chester, and when a young man lived
with Valentine Zwicker at Block-house. He moved thence to
Lower Cornwall, and afterwards to Upper Cornwall, where he
resided nearly fifty years. He was twice married, and was the
father of a large family. In Maj', 1890, he was 103 j^ears old,
and died on the 20tli day of June in that year. His health
was always very good, and he retained the use of his mental
faculties until within a very few days of his death.
Died at Lunonburg, on February 2nd, 1882, Elizabeth, relict
of the late Joseph Baill}', aged 99 years and 326 days.
Mrs. Bailly was the mother of Honry Bailly, Esq., Registrar
of Deeds. During ber long life she always enjoyed good health,
and almost to the last could do any kind of work without
glasses. When over ninety years of age, she did fine hemming
in silk. Even when her memory was failing, her sight was
wonderfuUy good, find she could read in her German Bible and

382 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
in English. There is a well-executed painting showing her in
her wedding-dress, with her hair in straight bangs, wearing
gloves reaching above the elbows, and holding her first child on
her lap. She was confined to bed a few weeks before death,
which was caused more by a general breaking-up of the system
than by illness.
About 1883, Sarah Vienot died at Block -house, in her ninety-
ninth year.
1886. July 5th.— Mrs. Lowe, widow of P. G. Lowe, New
Canada — 99 years and 17 days.
1887. October 7th. — Frederick Knickle, Lunenburg, ninety-
nine years. Served in the garrison at HaUfax, in 1812. Pen
sioner. 1890. February 14th. — Elizabeth, widow of Leonard Rho-
denhizer, Summerside — 99 years and 3 days.
The united ages of these ten persons, six of whom were one
hundred years and over, make 1,007 years, 6 months, and 20
days. Frank Suldenia, known as " Frank the caulker," born in Italy,
died in the house of Mr. John Dowling, Lunenburg, about 1869,
at the age of 105 years, as found after his death, by Mr. Peter
Cantolope, with whom he had lived for twelve years, in a book
which recorded the date of his birth. He had the use of all his
faculties to the last, except that his eyesight was somewhat
dim. It is said that he fought under Lord Nelson, and served
in the ship in which he died.
In 1891, Mrs. Susanna Catherine Zwicker departed this life
at Oakland, near Mahone Bay, at the age of 98 years, 8 months
and 23 days, leaving fifteen children, ninety-six grandchildren,
178 great-grandchildren, and thirty -two great-great-grand
children to mourn her departure.
Valentine Zwicker, brother of Mrs. Kaulbach (centenarian),
died at Block-house, September 20th, 1871, aged 97 years, 8
months and 11 days. His nine children were all living at his
death. He once carried a ten-gallon keg of molasses and a
dollar's worth of sugar two miles, from Mahone Bay to Block-
bouse.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 383
1888. December 23rd. — Sophia C. Rodigast, La Have Road,
in her ninety-eighth year.
John Henry Hiltz, m'Iio lived at tho Narrows, near Martin's
River, died about the year 1860, aged ninety-five years. He
had several great-great-grandchildren, and about 340 descen
dants, in all, living at the time of his death.
1878. June. — Mrs. Annie Kedy died at Martin's River,
92 years and 7 months old. In the spring of the same year,
while spinning, she rocked a cradle wath one foot, and her
wheel with tho other.
September 24tli. — Susanna E. Fiendel (wife of Andrew Wile),
aged ninety -throe.
1879. December 29th. — Catherine Ramey,92 years, 6 months.
1880. December 16th. — Christina C. Penny, of Branch, aged
ninety-four years. This aged lady was the mother of fifteen
children, and these were the parents of eighty-nine children,
to whom were born 209 children, and they in turn were the
progenitors of eighteen children, making a family of 331 souls
born during tbe lifetime and from the issue of this aged mother.
Died at Clearland, Mahone Bay, on the Sth day of July, Mrs.
Philip Lantz, in the ninety-sixth year of her age. The old lady
had remarkably good health all her life, and was only sick a
few days before her death. It is said that she never wore
glasses, as her sight never failed her. Her next sister, Mrs.
Jacob Lantz, was then in her ninety-third year, and a hearty,
active old lady. Her youngest sister, Mrs. Melchior Zwicker,
died the previous year, at the age of eighty-six.
1883. March 6th. — Ann Silver, Upper Branch, in her ninety-
third year. In 1882 she walked alone, by easy stages, more
than twenty-five miles to Eastern Points, to visit her daughter,
and returned after throe weeks' absence, walking all but seven
miles. Up to her death she had the use of all her faculties.
Never wore glasses. Hair black, with slight tinge of grey
in one place. Hemmed handkerchiefs in the fall of 1882.
Spoke distinctty just before her departure.
1884. April 10th. — At Five Houses, Mary, relict of late

384 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
John Pomkey, 94 years, 5 months and 15 daj's. Had been a
-widow fifty years.
June 15th. — At Pentz Settlement, Michael Wilkie, in his
ninety-sixth year.
November 1st. — Christiana Conrad (of original famUy of
Teals), aged 94. She was in perfect health, read without
glasses and could walk -with ease any ordinary cUstance up to
three weeks before her death, when she met with a faU from
the effects of which she did not recover.
1885. April.— Mi-s. WiUiam Tumer, Northfield, 92.
June 6th. — Martin Sperry, West DubUn, 97.
June 26th. — Mary E., -widow of late William Eisenhauer, and
mother of J. D. Eisenhauer, Esq., Lunenburg, 93.
Thursday, September 10th. — George Boehner, Martin's River,
in his ninetieth year. Buried the next Sunday. His sister died
at New Ross, the Thursday before his death, and was interred
the foUowing Sunday.
In 1886 or 1887, Annie, widow of John Knock, died in New
Germany, in her ninety-eighth year.
1887. Januaiy 10th. — Catharine Arenberg, Bridgewater, in
her eighty-ninth year; and on June Sth, her sister, Sarah
Hublej', in her ninety-second year.
1888. July. — -Andrew Himmelman, New Dublin, 94.
July. — Mrs. Anna Baker, Baker Settlement, 95.
1889. April. — Margaret, widow of Conrad Wentzel, of Bridge-
water, in her ninety-fifth year.
1891. May 22nd. — At New Italy, John Herman, 92 ; and on
the 24th, his widow, 83. Married sixty years before.
December 30th. — At NewcombvUle, Catharine, relict of late
John Wile, in her ninetieth year. She had a wonderful retention
of all her faculties. Walked about the room day before she
died. Had no sickness or suffering. Read German Bible and
prayer-book. Said she was dying, folded her hands, prayed,
and passed away.
1893. February 19th. — Mrs. John Langille, Mahone Bay, in
her ninety-fifth year.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURCi. 385
21st.— Mrs. Jacob Cook {nee Elizabeth Hahn), Indian Path.
Born at Back South, January 21st, 1812. Although all her
children, and tho people around her, could spoak English, she
could not understand or speak that language.
18!)4. April 1st. — Mrs. Mary A. Webber, Chester, widow of
lato John Webber, Windsor Road, in lior ninety -fourth year.
November 2nd. — John Crouse, Baker Settlement, in his
ninety-fourth year.
Many of both sexes, besides those who havo been named, have
attained at di'ath to over iiinoty years, A complete list of
those of voi-y advanced age would fill a volunio.
As a proof of tho vigor and health which many of the inhabi
tants retain in old ago, tho writer may mention that he met on
tlu' 24th of June, bS(ii), at Wentzel's Lake, two sisters, Mrs.
Penny, aged oighty-hve, and Mrs. Wentzel, seventy-three years.
Thoy had walked from tho Branch, a. distance of eight miles,
and had still to walk two milos before reaching their destination.
Tlu^ heat was tho only inconvenionco thoy soomed to fool.
In Augu.st, 1889, Mrs. Jacob Mason, eighty-four years old,
walked from Eastern Points to Lunenburg, about five miles,
and had her photograph taken.
In 1891, Lewis Hirtle, of Indian Path, aged 90, helped his
son make tho hay, and attondeil to other farm duties.
On Noxoiubor 17th, 1892, Thomas Jodrey, of Block-house,
near Mahone Bay, then ninety-one years old, drove a pair of
steers into Lunenburg.
Leonard Hirtle, of Indian Path, ninety-two years old, in
October, 1893, was described to the writer as "a strong-looking
man, straight as a rir-troo, rosy-cboekod and soft-skinned, hear
ing good, sight failing. On ninoty-seoond birthday, which fell
on Sunday, ho walked from Indian Path to Cross-road Lutheran
church, and home again, four and a half miles."
1S94. March 30th. — Mrs. Jacob Himmelman, of Middle
South, aged 92, bright and acti\e ; memory, hearing and eyo-
sio-ht good. Rends her German Bible and prayer-book.
Gotleib Mosor, Kingsburg, was eighty-fivo, November Ist,

386 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
1894. Memory and hearing good; eyesight remarkable. A
daily reader, without glasses, of his German Bible and prayer-
book. There are living in this county a large number of very aged
people, many of whom are to be seen in their houses busily
engaged in reading religious German books, especially the
heavily bound Bible, which their ancestors brought from "dear
old Vaterland ; " evidently preparing for that last joumey, on
which the lengthening shadows warn them they must soon set
out. On the first day of June, 1895, the following, among others of
advanced age, were living in the county :
John Silver, of Martin's River, ninety -two years. " Fairly
well and hearty."
Mrs. George Jodrey, Mahone Bay, ninety-three, on March 22nd,
1895. Mrs. Charles Hughes, Faubaux, ninety-one, in September, 1894.
" Well and hearty."
Mrs. David Ernst, Block-house, ninety- three years. " Walks
three miles to Mahone Bay."
Mrs. Leonard Mader, Mahone Bay, ninety years. " Quite
hearty ; keeps house, and attends to her business yet, with
alacrity." Mrs. Frederick Boehner, Martin's River, about ninety-five.
" WeU and hearty."
Mr. Frederick Hyson, ninety-five last birthday. " Can walk
well to attend church ; hale and hearty."
In July, 1895, Elizabeth, widow of late David Langille, and
daughter of the late Adam Mader, of Mader's Cove, was living
on Big Tancook Island, where she has resided for more than
sixty years. Mrs. Langille is in her ninety-sixth year, her
health is quite good, and she is in the enjoyment of all her
faculties. Jane Simpson (widow of John) lives at Ohio, five miles from
New Germany. She is in her ninety-sixth year, and has the
use of all her faculties, except that her sight is somewhat dim.

history of the county of lunenburg. 387
Epitaphs.
There are in the cemetery at Lunenburg, inscriptions which
have become illegible. The following are some of old date :
On a slate stone, with flowers carved at the top —
Here lieth the body of George Jung,
Born February 19th, 1770,
Died January 7th, 1793.
Here lies the body of Mary Elizabeth Jung,
Born April 23rd, 1763.
(The rest of the inscription is underground.)
Here lieth buried Gasper Heckbian,
Born 30th December, 1761,
Died 2nd January, 1802.
Hier ruhet in God.
Johannes Rbhpus,
Geboren in Jahr Christy,
1720, 29th December,
Gestorben In 22nd May, 1798.
The inscriptions on the oldest grave-stones in the parish
churchyard, Mahone Bay, cannot be all deciphered. They
commence with the following Une :
" Hier Ruhet in Gott."
From one we learn that a person (name illegible) was born in
1709, and died in 1787; while on another stone it is recorded
that a birth was in 1714, and the death in 1789.
The following is a copy of an inscription on one of the
grave-stones in the burial-ground near the Cove Marsh, two
miles below Bridgewater :
In memory of .\dam Heb,
Who died October 17th, 1803,
Aged 64 years.
Kom o tod du schlafes bruder,
Kom und fiihre mich nur fort,
, Lose meines schifleins ruder,
Bringe mich in sichern port.
Es mag wer da will mich scheuen,
Du kanat mich viel mehr erfruen :
Son durch dich kom ich hinein,
Zu den schonsten Jesulein. — Amen.

388 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Come, O death, thou sleep's dark brother,
Come and lead me forth to Gol —
Loose of my soul's ship the rudder.
Guide me safely into port.
Let him persecute who wiU,
Thou canst soothe and cheer me still.
For through Thee alone come I
To my Saviom-'s home on high.
After the interment, an oak sapling was planted beside the
grave by John N. Hebb, son of the deceased. In the summer of
1878, it measured in circumference, three and a half feet from
the ground, 54 inches, and in July, 1895, the girth at the same
height was 66 inches. It is a very tall, widespreading, and
handsome tree.
Mr. Heb was named Hebb in the grant of the township of
Lunenburg, dated June 30th, 1784. He bought land from Mr.
Pernette, and built a house and saw-mill near the present
shipyard at Bridgewater. He also built a shaUop and engaged
in the coasting trade. In both cases he was the master-builder.
Another stone, not far from the grave of Mr. Heb, is inscribed
as foUows : John Bolehtir,
Died September 4th, 1855,
Aged 74 years, 10 months.
Neither am I so desirous to live, but yet I am willing and heartily
content to remove out of this body, that I may be with my Lord, freed
from these restless temptations. — Amen.
Catherine^ wife.
Died May 6th, 1854,
Aged 64 years, 7 months, 23 days.
The place where these interments were made was used as a
public cemetery before burial-grounds were opened in Bridge-
water. The approaches to it from the Lunenburg road are by
romantic paths covered with pine-needles which fall from the
overhanging branches of the trees. This cemetery is well kept,
and the flowers about the graves show that the dead are not
forgotten.

history of the county of lunenburg. 389
Old Bibles.
The following paper refers to several Bibles, among a number
of others seen by the writer.
German Bible of Rev. Adam Moschell. Stuttgart : Johann
Benedict Mezler. 1758.
One of these Bibles was owned by Wendel Wust, who came
with the original settlers. On the title page is the following :
"BIBLE, that is \
THB OOMPLBTB
HOLY WRIT
OV THE
OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT,
SUCH AS
Martin Luther began Anno Christi, 1522, to translate into our German
Mother-tongue, and completed Anno, 1634.

with COPPERPLATES, NEW AND BEAUTIPUIi, OF THE RULING
POWERS OF SAXONY.

Besides not only a picture of M. Luther and family, copied from original
paintings, and a biography ; but also at the end of the Bible, a
short account of the Augspurger Confession, as it was
presented in the year 1530, to Kaiser Karl V.

PillNTED AT NUBNBURG, MDCCLXX."
The following is written : " Im Jar Crusti, 1777, Januari den
15, hab 'ich dise bubel gekauft bei Martin Kolbach, vor drei
Funt — Sage drei funt. — Johann Wendel Wiist."
Translation : In the year of Christ, 1777, January the 15th,
have I bought this Bible from Martin Kolbach, for three
pounds — say three pounds. — John Wendel West.
Another of these old Bibles belonged to John P. Hyson, one
of the early settlers. It was printed at Stuttgart, 1777. The
following is a translation of entries in German :
1737 — I, John Philip (Fihlip) Heyson, was born October
20th, in District Ushberg, in the Kur Palatine. The town was
caUed Hering; and, 1751— moved to this country. 1759 —
married Magdalene Zwicker, March 4th. 1760— March 19th,
are my two sons born into the world, and March 21st, brought

390 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
to holy baptism, and the names of Frederick Heison, my
father, and of my father-in-law, Peter Zwicker, given to them.
Then follow the names of Lissabet (Elizabeth), 1762; Philip
Wonder, 1765; Wilhelm Gorkum, 1768; Melchior Zwicker,
1770; Liesa Fronika (Veronica) Kochin, 1771; Jacob Hirtling,
1773; John Heinrich Lantz, 1776; and 1779, son called by
the name of my father's father, Johannes Heyson.'
A second book of Mr. Heyson's, containing sermons and
other religious matter, has the following on a front leaf :
1797 — Fihlip Heyson bought this book, and gave 23s.
therefor. The title page has —
JOHANN ARNDT'S
(Formerly Gen. Supt. of the Principality LUneburg)
Six Books of True Christianity, Together with
GARDEN OP PARADISE.
There was a Bible in the house of William Parks, Parks'
Creek, which belonged to his grandfather.
THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT.
mdccxcvii.
Observations on Each Chapter,
composed by
REV. MR. OSTERWALD,
One of the Ministers of the Church at Neuachatel, in Swisserland.
Illustrations of the Flight into Egypt, and Christ and the Woman of Samaria.
Another of these German Bibles was owned by John Hebb,
son of George. It was printed in Numberg, 1738. It is heavily
bound with brass mountings, and weighs twelve pounds. There
is a fine engra-ving of Luther and his family, with eleven
engravings of German dukes, and several of Old Testament
personages ; and it is illustrated throughout. The Augspurger
Confession and other ecclesiastical documents are added to it ;
and the book contains in all 1,181 numbered pages, of very
large size, and many without numbers.
Two Bibles like the one above described, with the same num ¦
ber of pages, and similarly bound and illustrated, are owned
respectively by Captain Isaac Mason and Mr. Isaac Hirtle, of
Lunenburg. The date is MDCCLVi One side of the cover
of Mr. Hirtle's Bible weighs one pound and a half.

CHAPTEE XXXIII.
Baptisms, Weddings, and Funerals in Early Times.
BAPTISMS and weddings were not, in olden times, as
summarily disposed of as they are at present. When
the people became blest with sufficient of this world's goods,
these events were made occasions for friendly greetings and
rejoicings on an extended scale.
Baptisms were celebrated with feasting. The godfathers and
godmothers, with the guests, met at the house of the parents,
after the ceremony, and passed the rest of the day " right
merrily." The modern style of being married by license, if known, was
not then in favor. On the second publication of the banns,
those about to be united attended service. When the wedding-
day arrived, the party walked to church in procession, led
by the bride and groom elect. The ladies were dressed in
white, with white caps and ribbons, the men wearing white
trousers and round blue jackets. At the conclusion of the
marriage ceremony they all adjourned to a tavern (as inns were
at that time called), and partook of refreshments before return
ing home, where several days were often spent in dancing and
other amusements.
These lengthened festivities were in accordance with ancient
customs, as the following extracts from the book of Tobit show:
" And he kept the wedding-feast fourteen days." " And Tobias'
wedding was kept seven days, with great joy." And see Judges
xiv. 12.
The wedding festivities of a burgomaster in the old land have
been thus described : " All the relations of the bride and groom
were entertained for three days of uninterrupted enjoyment.

392 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The bill of fare included forty-eight oxen, forty-six pigs and
sheep, sixty-seven calves, and several hundred gaUons of wine."
The provisions once laid in for a wedding in this county
included several sheep, eighteen geese, soups, hams, puddings,
pies, cake, and wines in abundance. The services of the best
" fiddler " were secured, and the performer, a boy fifteen years
old, received £8 for furnishing the music at this and a subse
quent wedding.
A resident of East Bridgewater was a guest at five of those
protracted wedding- feasts in one autumn. He went to the first
one on a Thursday morning, and reached home on Saturday
evening. From twenty to twenty -five gallons of liquor would
be used at one feast, and sometimes men would be drunk before
the arrival of the minister. This is another proof of the
extent to which liquor was used in early days.
It must have boon for such weddings that there was an old
recipe for wedding-cake, which is referred to in "Glimpses of an
old Dutch town " : " It must be mixed in a wash-tub, and
contain twelve dozen eggs.''
It is related of one wedding-party, that, having crossed to
La Have from an island in Dublin Bay, they walked to Lunen
burg and back again, a distance of over twenty miles, and on
reaching home sent to Ironbound Island for a " fiddler," who
went with his wife and child. It was snowing and very cold,
and when they arrived the child was almost frozen. From
forty to fifty persons were present. Dancing was kept up all
night and during the next day. The party had scarcely left
the island when the bay was closed up with ice, and so con
tinued for a week.
A fashion prevailed at weddings which caused much amuse
ment. Shortly before supper, on the first day of the rejoicings,
a member of the party whispered to the bride that one of her
shoes would be removed while at the table. This was done ;
the shoe was handed round the room, and each guest placed in
it whatever coin he could spare ; it was then, with its contents,
handed to the bride. Sometimes the shoe was offered at auction,
sold to the highest bidder, and by him returned, with the pur-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 393
chase money, to the fair owner. In later years each male guest
gave one dollar, which, being added together, became the
property of the bride.
The host and hostess generally insisted upon the guests
remaining until the eatables were disposed of. " Those were
days," remarked an old inhabitant to the writer, " when a man
could keep a wedding."
The following are copies of published notices of marriages :
1820— By Rev. Mr. Orth. Mr. Garrett Richard to the
amiable Miss Elizabeth Pentz.
1821 — Dr. Sterling Niblett to the amiable, accomplished, and
exquisitely beautiful Miss Ann, daughter of James McFairland,
Esq., all of Lunenburg County.
November 12th, 1865 — Leonard Rhodenizer, of Upper La
Have, eighty-two years old, to Mrs. Fraser, in her seventy -first
year, widow of the late James Fraser, of La Have.
December 6th, 1882 ^ Married, at Lunenburg, Frederick
Conrad, aged 82, and Sarah Conrad, 28, both of Rose Bay.
Sorrowful seasons were also observed in a manner differing
from present practice. The dead were carried some distance
for interment at Lunenburg, and the funeral procession was
met by friends, at or near the entrance to the town, from
whence to the grave singers preceded the corpse, and in
sweetly appropriate German hymns gave expression to the
general feeling of grief for the loss of the departed.
" A sad procession issues forth.
And yet not wholly sadness
Their mien bespeaks, the while they raise
Sweet hymns of solemn gladness."
The same custom in old Germany is thus referred to: "As the
body was carried from the house, the voices of unseen singers
lifted the German funeral chant —
" ' Go forth ! go on, with solemn song.
Short is the way, the rest is long.' "
In this county the procession was often halted, and hymns
were sung at diflferent places on the way to the churchyard.

394 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
When children were buried, artificial flowers were made by
the girls, which, being fastened round hoops, and otherwise
arranged, were carried in the procession ; and, after the inter
ment of the body, were laid on the grave, stones being placed on
them to keep them from being blown away.
DiKD— At North-West Range, on July 13th, 1836, Eliza
beth, wife of Mr. Jacob Eisenhauer, aged thirty years ; and on
Friday following, her husband, aged thirty-five years — leaving
a large family of young children. Their funerals took place on
Sunday the l7th, and they were both interred in one grave.
January, 1884.
At Ironbound, Lunenburg, 3rd inst., Edward Young, aged 61.
At Blandford, Lunenburg, Sth inst., Mrs. Cyrus Young,
aged 22.
At Tancook, Sth inst., Viola L., daughter of Joseph Pearl,
aged 5 years and 3 months.
The above were all interred at one time on Big Tancook
Island by Rov. J. F. Kempton. After the three graves were
filled he preached in the church to a large congregation from
2 Cor. V. 9, 10.
PubUc holidays were always observed, and the Germans visit
ing the county town on such occasions, made good use of their
vocal powers, frequently singing in concert, as is customary in
old Germany. A traveller in that country, who visited Heidel
berg, writes that "two peasant girls carrying home their
bundles of wood, were singing as they went some .simple
national song ; they sang in parts, and with perfect ease, and
their voices sounded sweetly on the hillside."
The Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, wrote from
Nierstein : " This house is quite close to the Rhine, and this
instant our pioneers have come by from Worms, on their pon
toon bridge, singing a quartette — about twenty or thirty men.
It looks so pretty, and they sing so beautifuUy. On their
marches the soldiers always sing, and they have so many beau
tiful songs, such as ' Der gute Kamerad.' The Germans are
such gemilthlich (simple, kindly, sociable) people, the more
one lives with them, the more one learns to appreciate them."

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 395
In many of our county churches singers of German descent
form excellent choirs. There are some who, with great lung-
power and hearty good-will, render hymn and chant in fine
style. A good sample of such a choir is the one in the church
at Martin's River, where there is no instrument, and where
one is considered to be wholly unnecessary.
An English traveller who attended service in " the great old
church, in every corner full," in the quiet country town of
Gunzenhausen, said, " the people sang lustily, as only Germans
can sing."
The descendants of our old settlers have the same fondness
for music, and in many houses a variety of musical instruments
are used, while even in some of the back settlements, the melo-
deon or organ, played by the fingers of the farmer's daughter,
and accompanied by the sweet tones of her voice, often adds
materially to the enjoyments of home.
There are seven fully equipped brass bands in the county.
Lunenburg and Mahone Bay have two each, and Bridgewater,
Ritcey's Cove, and Petite Riviere one each. A band was organ
ized at Chester in 1872, and was kept up for four years. It was
reorganized in 1885. Owing to removal of some members and
other causes, it is not at present in working order.
Rev. Albert R. J. Graepp has organized and trained at Bridge-
water the " Bach Amateur Orchestra," which, with its musical
talent, bids fair to win popular applause.
Teachers in the public schools of Germany must be able to
play the violin. Singing is taught in them with the aid of that
instrument, the penetrating tone of which appeals best to innate
talent. The descendants of those who came from the " broad
faderland" show marked ability in vocal and instrumental
music. This ability would be more largely developed were the
means above referred to adopted throughout the county.

CHAPTEE XXXIV.
Education — Progress made in different parts of the County — Teachers —
Hardships endured by some of them.
" Rich is the harvest from the fields
That bounteous Nature kindly yields.
But fairer growths enrich the soil
Ploughed deep by Thought's unwearied toil
In learning's broad domain.
" . . The growing mind demands
The patient care, the guiding hands,
Through all the mists of morn." — Holmes.
School-teachers.
IN days when common schools such as are now established
were unknown, and when the education of the children of
the Province depended to a large extent upon the efforts of
various religious bodies, there were to be found in different
districts industrious and painstaking men and women employed
in teaching the young. Some of these will be referred to in
this chapter.
Many parts of the county were settled at a comparatively
recent date by persons who, like others of earUer times, were
unable to obtain help from abroad, and were obliged to make
use of all they could procure within their own domestic circles.
The natural result of this state of things was that unless a
" travelling teacher," often ill qualified for his work, offered his
services for a short time in the winter, they werp without any
educational advantages. The people have not been generally
indifferent to a cause with which their best interests are so
intimately connected. Those who, from the force of circum
stances, were prevented from receiving instruction, have been
anxious that their children should occupy a more favorable

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 397
position, and that the blessings of a sound education should be
generally diff'used in their respective neighborhoods.
In 1811, an Act was passed to establish grammar schools in
several counties, including Ijunenburg. Each master was to
receive £100 a year from the treasury, and an assistant £50,
when more than thirty scholars attended.
On the 4th day of July, 1826, a meeting was held in the
court-house, Lunenburg, in order to establish a district school.
An Act relating to school lands in the township of Lunenburg
was passed in April, 1863.
At a meeting held in the school-house at Lunenburg, October
2Sth, 1864, it was resolved to build a County Academy in the
town, and assessors and a board of trustees were elected. On
the erection of the frame, in 1865, James Dowling, Esq.,
Captain of the Artillery Company, having loaned cannon, a
royal salute was fired from Block-house Hill, and festivities
were engaged in by and for the workmen employed. The
building was completed in 1866. The main academy was
50 X 90 feet, with an L 50 feet square. The cost was about
$12,000. It was destroyed by fire, September 28th, 1893, and
$25,000 was voted for the erection of a new building.
The annual report of the Superintendent of Education, for
the year ended July 31st, 1894, refers to the new County
Academy. " Lunenburg has already commenced to lay the
foundations of a building for its academy and common schools,
which will be an ornament to the town . and a credit to the
Province." In its size and situation, and in all its appointments, it is one
of the best-equipped institutions of the kind in Nova Scotia.
There were in the county in 1893 twenty-three, and in 1894
thirty -four. Normal trained teachers. At the Minimum Profes
sional Examination of teachers, there were eleven in the second,
and twelve in the third rank. None failed.
There are 146 school sections, and l7l schools. Number of
teachers, 180; academic teachers, class A, 2 ; number of pupUs
registered at school during the year, 7,552— boys, 3,915; girls,
3,637. Value of all school property, $63,412 ; teachers' salaries
paid during the year, without provincial grant, $15,690.

398 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The report of the County Inspector (H. H. Macintosh) states
that " every settlement in Lunenburg County has now its public
school, and every one of the 146 sections is organized and active."
"Lunenburg Academy has 12 departments; Bridgewater
school, 7 ; Mahone Bay, 5 ; Chester, 3 ; Petite Ri-viere, West
DubUn, Conquerall Bank, Summerside, Ritcey's Cove, and Big
Tancook Island, two each."
Biographical Notices of Teachers — College and
OTHER Prizes.
Margaret Hawbolt was a daughter of James Smith, who
came from Glasgow, Scotland, in 1784, and died in Chester in
1844, at the age of eighty -one years. When sixteen years old,
she began to assist her father in his night school, and this led
to her establishing a day school, besides continuing his good
work with a night school for those who cOuld not attend by
day. Married men and women were among her scholars.
While instructing others was her main business, she used every
opportunity to improve herself.
She would refer with great pleasure to a visit once made to
her school by the Countess of Dalhousie, Miss Cochrane, Earl
Ramsay, and others.
A copy of tho Free Press, published at Halifax, by Edmund
Ward, dated June 30th, 1818, contains the following:
"His Excellency the Earl of Dalhousie, and the Countess,
accompanied by Miss Cochrane, went in the Forth to Chester.
We understand her Ladyship will remain at Chester for a short
time. His Excellency returned in the Forth on Sunday."
Mrs. Hawbolt said : " The CountesS asked, ' What do you get
for all this work ? ' and she replied that the people paid her as
they could — many were poor. Then the Countess said, 'If
you ever want a favor, come to me?'" Mrs. Hawbolt added,
" She was a lady, I tell you, and she was Scotch, and that was
all the better. She sent me from Halifax a box of books,
slates, pencils, and other things."
On another occasion, Mrs. Hawbolt said: "I was sent for by

history op the col":s'ty op lunenburg. 399
the Rev. Mr. Wright, "was engaged to teach for the Society in
England, and began in my o-wn house vrith. quite a number. I
was examined by Rev. Charles Ingles, and was in receipt at
one time of ten pounds sterUng yearly from England. I was
bom in Chester, and am the oldest U-ving descendant of Timothy
Houghton, one of the first settlers." She became so much
attached, to her work that she determined to continue it so
long as God should give her health and strength, and carrying
out her intention she was able to say at the close, that she had
taught school in Chester for more than sixty years.
Many have been indebted to her as their only teacher. She
entitled hei-self to the epitaph found on the tombstone of
Benjamin Giles, "I taught Uttle chUdren to read." How could
a lifetime be more usefuUy employed ?
The good old lady's summons came on May 7th, 1886, when
she had attained the age of 92 years and 7 months. She
was conscious to the last, and quietly feU asleep. The
¦writer always felt a warm interest in her, as she was his first
school-teacher. He had many an interesting \-isit with her, and
owns the pin-cushion, -with an old-fashioned pin in it, which
was presented to her by her husband on their wedding-day.
George Fredk. Belvidere flourished in Lunenburg, as school
master, in the early part of this century. He was an English
man, had once been a British officer, and was a strict disciplin
arian. The "oaken towel," as he caUed his instrument of
correction, did for him what he esteemed good service on the
aching pahns of refractory school-boys. He was weU educated,
and -wrote an exceUent hand. His school was for some time
kept in the court-house. He died at a verj- advanced age.
Mr. James MaxweU, afterwards of the National School at
Halifax, taught -with much success at Lunenburg. He was so
engaged in 1828.
Mr. John Robert HaU, who died in Brooklyn, Queen's
county, November, 1889, taught school in this county for
several years up to 1847.
Mr. Wm. M. B. Lawson, bom at Chatham, near London, G.B.,
was principal of the Grammar School at Lunenburg, untU

400 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
the enactment of the new education law, and had then been
engaged in teaching for forty years, thirty -three years of the
time having been spent in that town. He was appointed
Inspector of Schools for the county, and flUed the offices of
Prothonotary and Clerk of the Crown. Mr. Lawson died at
Lunenburg, November 17th, 1879.
George Turner was born at Horton Kirby, in the County of
Kent, England, June 30th, 179s, and an-ived at HaUfax on
August 7th, 1817. Mr. Turner taught the first EngUsh school
opened at North-West Range, near Lunenburg, and was also
engaged in teaching at Upper La Have, Marriott's Cove, and
other places in the county. In order that he might be better
qualified for his important work, he attended the National
School at Halifax, and made himself acquainted with the
Madras system. On December 26th, 1826, he commenced a
school at Chester in a private residence, no public school-
house having been then built. In 1832, Mr. Turner went to
England in the barque Lunenburg, Captain Henry Pernette,
and having returned to Chester, reopened his school in June,
1833. A public school-house was buUt in 1834. In 1839, Mr.
Tumer left Chester and went to Maitland, where he taught
school. He was likewise subsequently engaged at Tancook,
from whence, in 1845, he removed to New Ross (then Sher
brooke), where he kept a common school and a Sunday-school,
and performed, as he had done at Tancook and elsewhere, the
duties of a lay reader. His useful services in the latter capacity
were acknowledged from time to time by grants from the
Church societies. Mr. Tumer was engaged as a teacher and
catechist upwards of forty -five years. He died in Bridgetown,
September 11th, 1872, at the age of seventy-four years.
John Thomas was born in Halifax, and at the age of nine
years entered the Royal Acadian School, established and taught
by W^ alter Bromley, formerly captain and paymaster H. M. 23rd
Regiment, in which he at length became a pupil teacher, and
finally assistant, and was adopted by Mr. Bromley as one of his
family. Mr. Thomas was subsequently assistant teacher in the
National School at Halifax, and was engaged in the work to

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 401
which he devoted lumself, at Stewiacke, Rawdon, Ship Harbor,
and St. Margaret's Bay, and in the Coiinty of Lunenburg, at
Chester, Blandford, Windsor Road, Beech HiU, and Gold Riveiv
Like lus early teacher and friend, Mr. Thomas was " zealous of
good works," and performed the duties of lay reader and
Sunday-school teacher iu places which would otherwise have
been largely destitute of religious insti-uction. After a tei'ui
of ser\dce of almost half a century, he ended his labors as a
teaclier in 1880, and died near Chester, May 19th, 1S81, aged
eighty-three years. He walked five miles the day before his
death. Teachers in eaily days were often subjecteil to great hard
ships. The foUowing exti-acts from one of Mr. Thomas's letters
may be of interest ;
" You are aware that teachers at the present day are more
cared for than teachers formerly. I have in some sections had
for food, in poor famiUes where I boarded, nothing but Indian
meal, without milk or sweetening. In other families, fish' and
potatoes, and mai^el tops for my dinner : slept on hay and
sti-aw beds on the floor, where mice, fleas, and bugs could be felt
aU hom-s of the night. I have frequently found one, two, and
three mice crushed to death lying under me — the straw not
even put in a sack, and my covering old clothing. I suffered
all this, so great was my wisli to give instixictiou to the poor
and rising generation. Yea, many families of poor children
have I educated and never received one fai-thing."
Mr Thomas, when writing the above, had almost reached the
age of eighty-one years, and was crippled with rheumatism.
He received the teacher's bonus — one hundred aci-es of forest
land — ^the special provincial ackuowleilgment for long service
in the education of the young. He had for many years S40
per annum from one of the jChui-ch societies for his services
as lay reader and catechist
Extract from a letter of another teacher, received by the
writer in May, 1875 :
Referring to Rev. K Payne, a former rector of Blandford, he
said : " He, knowing the distressed state to which age and
•26

402 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
partial decrepitude in the lower extremities have reduced me,
has, with characteristic benevolence, interested himself in my
.behalf, by addressing you. 'Tis my misfortune to be homeless,
having no fixed residence or surviving relations, but very dis
tant, in Nova Scotia. I have a little in reserve for present
support. Could I be enabled to procure any little office in a
store where the pen, or other than manual labor, were in
demand, I could still be enabled to eke out an existence."
Caroline Wambolt, granddaughter of Timothy Houghton
(first in the list of original settlers at ChesterX and widow of
Daniel Wambolt, a descendant of Adam named in the grant,
was a teacher in the township of Chester for more than twenty
years. Rev. Robert Murray, Editor of the Presbyterian Witness,
was a teacher in the town of Chester, in 1853, and was so
employed in the old school-house on the hill near the first
Baptist Church.
The report of the School for the Blind, at Halifax, published
1892, stated that Freelove Kaulbach, of New Germany, obtained
the following marks :
Attendance, 194 days. Number in term, 194.
School— Literary  977. Possible number  1,000.
Music  954. M n  1,000.
Deportment  998. .. n  1,000.
On the 26th of June, 1893, Miss Louise B. Robinson, of
Chester, received at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Halifax,
a gold Maltese cross ; and on tho same day. Archbishop
O'Brien's gold medal for geography.
Miss Edna C. Wile, daughter of Mr. Avard Wile, formerly of
Bridgewater, was a school-teacher at Ritcey's Cove. She after
wards became a missionary of the Free Baptist Church, and
went to India. A very interesting letter was published, written
by her, from Midnapore, February 6th, 1894.
Bertha B. Hebb, daughter of Solomon and Anna M. Hebb,
was born in Bridgewater. Making the most she could of the
educational advantages afforded, she became a licensed school-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 403
teacher, and did good work in that capacity, at Block-house,
Cook Settlement and Bridgewater. In 1889, she entered the
High School in HaUfax, under Dr. MacKay, where she. remained
eight months, and went thence to Dalhousie CoUege. Out of
the five who, at the High School, stood best for scholarships,
Miss Hebb was No. 2. She won two Munroe Bursaries at the
CoUege, worth respectively .?100 and $200. On the 24th April,
1894, Miss Hebb was one of a class of twenty-seven, including
five other ladies, on whom was conferred the degree of Bachelor
of Arts of Dalhousie College and University, and was the first
lady from this county to attain that honorable distinction. She
then applied for, and obtained, a grade A, Provincial license,
and was appointed Principal of the High School at Maitland,
Hants, N.S., where she has been doing exceUent work.
Miss Marj' Kaulbach, daughter of Mr. Francis Kaulbach, of
ConqueraU, published in April, 1894, a well-written and inter
esting paper on " Patriotism — How to develop it in the PubUc
Schools." If her suggestions were generaUy followed, the love
of country would neces.sarily increase.
Among the graduates at Mount AlUson, SackviUe, N.B., May,
1894, in commercial shorthand -writing and special writing, Mr.
Aubrey H. Sperry, son of J. D. Sperry, Esq., M.P.P., of Petite
Riviere, obtained a silver modal.
At the conferring of the degree of B.A. at Acadia College,
Wolfville, N.S., in June, 1894, the graduating class included
Messrs. Archibald Mason and Lindsay S. Slaughenwhite, of Big
Tancook Island. The oration of the first named was on " Civil
Liberty," and that of the last named on " The Christian Element
in Plato."
Dr. Alice L. Ernst is a fine example of the advantage that
can be taken of the opportunities now afforded to women. She
is a daughter of Christian and Sophia E. Ernst, and was bom
at Upper La Have, near Bridgewater, where she attended the
public school, and obtained a C common school license, teaching
afterwards at Maitland, Middle La Have, and Ritcey's Cove. She
attended the Normal School at Truro for nine months, and
secured a B license. Giving up school teaching, she studied

404 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY "OF LUNENBURG.
medicine with J. S. Calder, M.D., at Bridgewater, for six months,
and spent three years at the Woman's Medical College in Phila
delphia, from which she graduated in March, 1888, receiving an
appointment as assistant physician to the College Hospital,
which position she filled for one year. She then sailed from
New York with missionaries for the far East in the magnificent
steamship Ciii/ of Rome, and enjoyed a short holiday in London,
seeing the places of note, and hearing Farrar and Spurgeon —
getting from the latter an expression of his wish for abundant
success in her work in India. In a letter dated Calcutta, July
l7th, 1894, Dr. Ernst says that she was sent out by the Woman's
Union Missionary Society (headquarters at New York) as a
medical missionary, and has been so engaged for over four years.
There is a large orphanage connected with the mission, of which
she is physician. Her work is medical, with evangelistic teach
ing as opportunity offers. She has a large dispensary, attended
by more than one hundred patients daily, with a hospital for
widow patients, and in her work uses the Bengali and Hindu
stani languages without the need of an interpreter. Specimens
of the patients' tickets, in each tongue, were enclosed.
Miss Isabel D. Knaut, daughter of Lewis Knaut, Esq., Coun
cillor, Mahone Bay, taught school in different parts of this
county for over eight years. She has been engaged since in
teaching at Warren, Mass. An account of examinations held
in a large hall in the summer of 1894, in the presence of over
four hundred visitors, thus referred to her department :
" Miss Knaut had some of the finest work in drawing of the
whole exhibition. One collection of language papers was notice
able, entitled ' Helps to Mariners,' and illustrated at will, by
those of the class who chose, with drawings of lighthouses,
bell-buoys, etc. For year commencing September 4th, 1894,
Miss Knaut has been appointed teacher of the Second Grammar
School of Warren."
At the Christmas closing of Whiston's Commercial College,
Halifax, in 1894, the silver medal for the best all-round student
was won by Mr. William B. Freeman, of Bridgewater. The

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 405
diploma of the College commercial department was presented
to Mr. Freeman by Hon. W. S. Fielding, Provincial Secretary.
Miss Mary C. Pernette, of West La Have Ferry, was engaged
as a teacher in this county in all for seven years and a half.
She has been since similarly employed at Sunapee, East Deering,
and Croydon, in New Hampshire, and was presented with a
handsome gold chain and other tokens of esteem.
Miss Florence Anna Crawford, daughter of Rev. Henry
Crawford, of Lower Dublin, won at the Normal School, Truro,
the Governor-General's bronze medal for essay on "School
Premises as an Educator." Miss Crawford has been engaged as
a teacher in several sections in this county.
The following teachers are employed at the places named :
Lunenburg County Academy.
Principal, Burgess McKittrick, B.A., Dalhousie. Provincial
License, Grade A.
Agnes H. Roop, B. A., Acadia; S. Amanda Hirtle, Mary E.
Leary, Minnie C. Hewitt, E. Lelia McLachlan, Laura M. Kaul
bach, J. Ethel McLachlan, Marie Stoddart, EUie Zink, and Jessie
Morash. Annie E. Scott and Louisa J. C. Selig are teachers at New
Town. Their schools belong to the Academy, and are subject
to its rules.
All the above-named teachers have Normal School diplomas.
Bridgewater High School.
Principal, Henry B. Hogg, B.A., Acadia. Normal School
diploma, and Provincial license. Grade A.
Helen Q. Gordon, i'eresa Daniels, Mary Tobin, Ellen Tobin.
Miss Gordon and Miss Daniels have Normal School diplomas.
Ethel Emeno and Agnes V\'ynacht are teachers respectively at
the Shipyard and the North End, and their schools are under
the supervision of Principal Hogg.

406 history of the county of lunenburg.
Mahone Bay High School.
Principal, John T. Quinlan, First Class license.
Louise Kedy, Normal School diploma.
Mary Strum, Ellen K. James, and Lois Kennedy.
The last-named lady is a graduate of a kindergarten school.
Chester High School.
Principal, Rupert F. Morton, B.A., Dalhousie, Grade A.
Miss Mamie Butler. Miss Jessie L. Hiltz, Normal School
diploma. Mr. Morton is the successor of Mr. Charles E. WiUiams, a
native of Chester, who was the efficient principal for thirteen
years, and retired in July, 1895.
Miss Hannah Church, telegraph operator at Chester, also a
native of that town, holds a First Class Normal School diploma,
and was a teacher in that institution for ten years — 1873 to
1883.

CHAPTEE XXXV.
Temperance — Early and continued efforts to secure Total Abstinence —
Temperance Societies organized and at work in the County.
" Inflaming wine, pernicious to mankind.
Unnerves the limbs and dulls the noble mind."
—Homer ("Iliad," Book VI. ).
ONE of the greatest blessings to the county has been the
spread of total abstinence. A temperance society was
established in Bridgewater about the year 1826 by Henry
Stafibrd, who had been a school-master at Lunenburg, which, it
is said, was the first one organized in the county ; but, after
doing some good, from want of energy on the part of its mem
bers it ceased to exist. It was, however, soon followed by
another, and increased interest was taken in the cause until
the Sons of Temperance met with greater favor. In later
years the sister society of British Templars was introduced,
and both enlarged their lists of members and established
branches of their respective orders. Temperance principles
were publicly recognized in all the towns and villages and in
many of the smallest settlements.
The really wonderful change which has taken place can be
fully understood only by those who remember the free use of
intoxicating liquor on battalion days ; when the terms of the
different courts were held ; at breaking frolics, and at raising
and hauling parties. One of the arguments used in those days
against temperance societies was that men could not be hired to
work without the customary allowance of rum. To drink was
fashionable, and in this way was worse than wasted much of
the hard earnings of the people, which would, under present
circumstances, be used to increase
" Domestic happiness, the only bliss
Of Paradise that has survived the Fall."

408 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
There is no more honored name in the list of those who have
labored in this good work than that of the Rev. James C.
Cochran, M.A. During many years, while Rector of Lunenburg,
he publicly advocated total abstinence, with ability and earnest
ness, in different districts, and enforced it by his own example.
Many persons have felt themselves indebted to him, under God,
for having led them back from the drunkard's downward path
to sobriety and usefulness.
The late John Harley, Esq., was a zealous co-worker, and by
public lectures and other means gave material aid in the
advancement of temperance principles ; as did also Elder W.
Ashley, of Yarmouth.
There was great necessity then, as there is now, for the most
strenuous opposition to the use of intoxicating liquor. A
very respectable inhabitant of this county said : "I knew a
man who would sit by the table to read his Bible and have a
bottle of rum near him, so that when he was thirsty he might
use it. Ho would put the bottle on his knee, and trot it up and
down and sing to it as if it was a child. There were men who
hardly ever went to bed sober. Somo when about to make a
bargain would get the other party fuddled so as to have the
best of it. To drink a lot was thought no harm in those
days. I was at a bam frame-raising where there was a bucket
of rum and a tin half -pint on the sill to dip it out with. The
rum was so strong that when it was somewhat watered and
sugared it was too strong for me."
Haymakers used to be bountifully supplied with rum by their
employers. At lunch-time they would deal out to them liquor
and bread, with cheese made from curd.
' ' He was held a laggard soul
Who shunn'd to quaff the sparkling bowl."
On one page of a store-keeper's book for 1808, thirty-three
items out of fifty-six charged against one customer are for rum ;
and on another page of items against one man, fifty-five out of
seventy-two are for the same article. Three quarts of rum, a
pack of cards, and a New Testament are charged together in
another man's account.

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 409
The annual meeting of the Lunenburg Town and County
Temperance Society was held on November 17th, 1834, when
they re-elected Rev. J. C. Cochran as President; John Creighton,
Esq., barrister, Vice-President ; Mr. William M. B. Lawson,
Secretary; and also Messrs. Thomas Hrady, Henry Jost, Adol
phus Gaetz, Matt. Ernst, Charles Bum, John Scott, James
Bayers, J. B. Comingo, John Blair, WilUam Morris, Charles
Owen, and Daniel Owen, as the Executive Committee.
A branch was formed at Upper La Have, with Mr. William
Newcomb as President ; Mr. Michael Fancy, Vice-President,
and Mr. Harley, Secretary.
Mr. Cochran wrote, in a letter of December 91h, 1834, that
four store-keepers in Lunenburg, and others in the county, had
abandoned the sale of ardent spirits, although to all of them a
source of profit, and had joined the society. " There appears
also to bo an increasing conviction in this community that the
cause is good, and several are adopting its principles in some
degree who do not yet feel prepared to become members. The
pernicious practice, for instance, of giving spirits to laborers in
addition to their wages, which was at one time universal, and
which in every place has been the root and nourishing cause
of drunkenness, has been much diminished, and in some cases
entirely given up.
" We have upon our Ust about forty persons who have been
exceedingly intemperate, but have now given evidence, some
for more than two years, of their being reclaimed fro n the pit
of destruction that was open before them. We may reckon
about fifty others who were what is called free drinkers with
out being confirmed drunkards, but who were doubtless
advancing with rapid strides to that state of degradat.on;
while we have, perhaps, near one hundred youths and others
in whom no such habit has been formed, but who we trust are,
humanly speaking, far more secure than before from its danger.
It is, indeed, among the young that most active endea\ ors of the
friends of temperance should be used, and with good hopes of
success, since it cannot but be easier to prevent than to eradicate
the great moral distemper against which our efibrts are directed.

410 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
"Several merchants have instructed their ship-masters to bring
back no rum from the West Indies if they can sell their cargoes
for any other returns. I am happy to add that more than once
tho Dispatch, of this port. Captain Neale, has performed her
voyage without any ardent spirits on board. The same vessel
was built without the use of any, and Mr. Geo. Walker, one of
our members, a ship-carpenter by trade, when employed to
sheathe her, steadily refused any spirits to his men, who after
some opposition came into his terms."
Mr. Cochran closed the letter, from which the above is taken,
with the following good advice, which is still worthy of being
followed :
" The temperance cause is surely good, and can only be injured
by the misconduct or intemperate zeal of its friends. Let those
friends be united, firm and consistent in their own engagements.
Let a single eye be kept upon our great object, namely, the
banishment of intemperance from our land. Let no unseemly
or unreasonable means be resorted to for bringing about a
consummation so much to be wished.
'' Let not ridicule or hostility be unnecessarily courted, but let
every argument which experience, and reason, and religion can
supply, be ofl'ered with all kindness and candor to those who
may stand aloof. And above all, let the blessing of God be
unceasingly and devoutly implored, without which whatever
we do is but lost labor, and which is most especially necessary
in this war with the corrupt passions, habits, and prejudices
of man And then, who can doubt our success ? Who will be
found to speak evil of a cause so good in itself, embracing the
best interests of mankind, conducted with zeal according to
knowledge in tho faith and fear of God, and in good-will to
man ? " Chkster Total Abstinence Society.
The above-named society was founded February 26th, 1841,
with thirty-two members, and eleven now members were added
the same year. George Mitchell was President ; James Mosher,
Vice-President ; and John Stewart, Secretary. The following

history OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 411
year, 184 members were added, including a number of influen
tial persons. In 1843, two hundred members were added ; and
in 1844, there were forty-six new members.
Judge Marshall made several visits to Chester, and many
were by his addresses induced to join the societj^. In 1845,
there was an increase of ninety-one members. At a meeting
held on " Big Tancook Island," about sixty of the inhabitants
became members.
In April, 1846, the officers wore : President, Rev. Joseph
Dimock ; Vice-Presidents — J. S. Wells, George Mitchell, J. S.
Thompson, and J. Mosher ; Treasurer, George Mitchell ; Secre
tary, James Mosher. Committee — John Webber, Peter Corkum,
J . E. W. Crandall, John E. Melvin, David Hume, Joseph Corkum,
John Frail, J. L. Corkum, and John Bezanson.
Chester Division, No. 32, Sons of Temperance, was formed
September 12th, 1848.
In an old account book, kept at Chester, wore found the fol
lowing entries : " Reformation.
"February 19th, 1812. Loft off drinking for twelve months
from this date from all spirituous liquors, except cyder. Amen.
" March 14th, 1813. Left off drinking spirituous liquors for
twelve months. Amen.
" This is to certify the subscriber has left off drinking of
spirituous liquors for twelve months. As witness my hand.
" Chester, September 18th, 1827."
The following is the result of the voting in the county, in
1894, for and against Prohibition:

Yea. Naj'.
Lunenburg Drill Shed . . 113 27
Court-house. 103 37
—Newtown. 128 26
Garden Lots  66 31
Lilydale  59 38
Ritcey's Cove  136 14
Cross Roads  92 44
Oakland  65 85
Mahone Bay  196 29

Yea. Nay.
New Cornwall  47 16
East Bridgewater  71 26
Upper La Have  64 46
Northfield  61 27
Chesley's Corner  87 29
Barss's Corner  99 5
Midville Branch  56 14
Chester  90 10
East Chester  69 26

Block-house  32 64 New Ross  6^ 27

412

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.

Yea. Nay.
Petite Riviere  86 15
Dublin Sbore  83 61
Vogler's Cove  94 8
Bridgewater— South  73 23
North  150 29
NewcombvUle  132 19
Tancook  72 4

Yea. Nay.
Mill Cove  21 31
Sandy Beaches  34 64
Conquerall Bank  56 28
Chester Basin  75 24
2567 916
Maj. for Prohibition— 1,651.

Divisions of Sons of Temperance, in the County, in 1895:
32 Chester  Chester  George Redden, Deputy.
116 Phoenix  Bridgewater. . . T. K. Cragg,
337 New Germany  Barss's Corner : George W. DeLong,
639 Lunenburg Rock . . Lunenburg . . . Andrew Gardner,
672 Living Stream  Chester Basin Hiram Hennigar,
732 Unity  Mahone Bay. . . Mrs. Alex. Keddy,
776 Atlantic Wave .... Broad Cove .... Elkanah Conrad,

Bands of Hope.

132 Cheerful Workers . . Ritcey's Cove . .
136 Bee Hive  New Germany. .
143 Palm Leaf  Vogler's Cove . .
202 Ocean Spray  Dublin Shore . .

Rev. W. AinJey, Superintendent
Kate A. Lewis, ' '
Mrs. Woodbury, "
B. S. Crawford,

Lodges of British Templars, and Independent Order of Good
Templars, were established in the county, and flourished for
some years. La Have Lifeguard Lodge, E. Mortimer Reinhardt,
Chief Templar, was organized eighteen years ago, and has one
hundred members. It meets at Getson's Cove.
A branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union,
formed in Bridgewater, in December, 1889, opened a reading-
room and a coff'ee-room, which were successfully kept up until
June, 1891, when, the Young Men's Christian Association wish
ing to establish a reading-room, the Woman's Christian Tem
perance Union resigned that part of their work, and presented
them with the literature then on hand or subscribed for. There
being much competition, the coffee-room was also closed. The
Union is chiefly engaged in keeping the Temperance cause before
the public by meetings of various kinds, distribution of litera
ture and contributions to the press. They formed a few years
ago a Loyal Temperance Legion, to instruct and interest the
children in tho promotion of total abstinence.
A Union was formed at Lunenburg in 1890, and is a very
useful and flourishing society.

CHAPTEE XXXVI.
Geological and Mineralogical Deposits, with Reports on the same.
THE County of Lunenburg is included in the first of the
four geological divisions of the Province, and is occupied
by the primary system, which, says Dawson, consists of granite,
quartz rock, clay slate, and mica slate.
The following is a list of specimens obtained in the county
by Henry Poole, Esq., in 1861.
Lunenburg District. — Hornblende. Slate with quartz. Man
ganese. Quartz crystals. Arsenical pyrites. Thin laminated
slate. Pyritiferous slate, decomposed. Auriferous quartz in
same. Slate with cubical pyrites. Basaltic trap six foet wide.
Jasper (loose.) Talcose slate. Quartz with pyrites — vein five
or six feet wide. Slate with striae and pyrites. Ferruginous
quartz. Micaceous quartz.
Bridgewater District. — Quartz with pyrites. Pyritifei'ous
slate. Quartz and slate. Quartz and talcose slate. Hard
slate with steatite. Micaceous quartz. Granite vein. Jlan-
ganese bog ore. Quartz ridge, seventeen feet with pyrites. Bog
iron ore. Grey slate and quartz. Chlorite slate. Quartzite.
White quartz and micaceous. Blue slate, gold bearing. Smoky
quartz. Of his visit to "Semone's Farm," Mr. Poole Avrote: "Men
were digging in an ochreous ground, in which I obtained bog
iron ore. ... I came to the north-east side of Branch
Lake, where I was shown a wide and deep trench, cut through
quartz veins in slate. This lode is evidently a continuation of
the quartz veins which I had previously seen about three miles
distant on the Lapland road. There were four main veins of
quartz, with slate between, about three feet wide each, in a
breadth of fifteen feet. The strike was east and west, veins

S3

414 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
vertical, and full of arsenical pyrites and mica ; other veins of
ferruginous quartz showed in the trench. The people had spent
about £70 in looking for silver, for which they had mistaken
the pyrites. I advised them to pan the dirt in the trench for
gold, as all the indications were encouraging. I obtained from
the walls of the slate, interesting specimens of silicious stalag
mites, or pseudo-morphous crystals."
Mr. Poole visited West Dublin, and got quartz containing
arsenical pyrites from the hill at the rear of Mr. Publicover 's
farm, and the lato R. B. Currie, Esq., gave him a cube of pyrites
from one of the Thrump Caps, very perfect and large, being an
inch on the square, and one inch and a half in length. It was
placed by the late Professor How with minerals sent abroad for
exhibition. Chester District. — Carboniferous limestone with terebratula.
Umber and calc. Micaceous gneiss. Hornblende. Granite
boulder on summit. Felspar vein. Clay slate with pyrites, and
ditto with copper, and iron pyrites. Ferruginous quartz, and
in veins. Prismatic mica in breccia. Arenaceous slate. Pris
matic mica in ditto. Pipe clay or kaolin. Manganese bog ore.
Auriferous quartz, fifteen inch vein, and ditto with arsenical
pyrites. Chlorite slate. Micaceous quartz.
Haliburton wrote, in 1829 : " Indications of coal have been
discovered about a mile from Chester ; and lime, yellow ochre,
and pipe clay are found in several places." Limestone (brown)
of superior quality, is obtained at Indian Point, near Eastern
River. Mr. Poole wrote : " I visited Frail's lime quarry, three miles
east of Chester, on the side of a lake, and also in the bank of
Beck's Cove it dipped about thirty degrees W. S. W., with a
general strike of N. thirty-three W., and contained a great many
fossils, casts of shells — terebratula. I also obtained crystals of
calc spar. It is a good strong lime, and has been shipped in
considerable quantities to Halifax. From the range of this
limestone and direction of its dip, should there be any coal in
this neighborhood, it should be found between this point and
the town of Chester ; but that is not likely, as the top of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 415
hill between the two places consists of the ironstone slate, and
which formation is observable all the way down into Chester.
It is therefore to be feared that the coal measures have been
removed by the upheaval and obtrusion of the slate rocks.
" I went round by Stanford's tannery to examine a hill near
where coal was reported to havo been found ; but I could not
find any indications of a coal formation. The ridges of iron
stone slate bore S. twelve degrees E., dipping fifty degrees S.,
no quartz being visible.
"I went to Douglasville, where Mr. Bradshaw showed me
loose pieces of dark limestone cropping up in his field, which
decomposes and forms a dark brown umber. I could not get
enough exposed to discover the strike, but it was in a lino
between the limestone at Frail's Cove and the boulders showing
at the Middle Rivor.
" I then proceeded to Eisenhauer 's hill, which is three hundred
feet above the level of the sea, where the ridges of ironstone
slate are much contorted. I was given a sample of kaolin, or
pipe clay, of very fine quality, and very white, which is obtained
from the banks of the Sabbattee Lake, four miles from Chester,
but the water was too high for me to make a personal exami
nation." Search for Coal at Chester.
It was thought probable, by some persons who had been
engaged in coal mining, that coal might be discovered near
Chester. In 1874, a public meeting was held in the Town House, which
resulted in organizing the " Chester Mining and Prospecting
Company." The papers necessary for a right to search were
obtained from the Department of Mines, and correspondence
was had with J. D. Fraser, Esq., of Pictou, and others, relative
to machinery for carrying on the work.
In 1875, an agreement was made with Mr. James Pitblado,
sen., of Truro, to superintend the work required in searching
for coal and other minerals. The machinery used was chiefly
a mineral auger, made at Truro, and worked with a crank by
hand.

416 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
Borings were made near the entrance of the wood road
leading to Spectacle Lake, at the foot of Huckleberry Hill ; and
on lands of W. M. Jackson, formerly part of the Feador
property. The greatest depth of the borings was about forty
feet. Prospecting was also carried on at the " Spring," near
the tan-yard of -Mr. John Stanford, and at other places.
Mr. Pitblado was of opinion that coal could not be found, but
he thought that iron ore, specimens of which, it is said, were
obtained, might be discovered in paying quantities, if sufficient
capital was invested.
The search was abandoned after the expenditure of consider
able money and labor. Though it resulted in disappointment,
great credit is due to the company for the work done.
Tho " Spring " above referred to, is the so-called "Thermal
Spring, Chester, Lunenburg county, which is said to afibrd a
slightly bitter water, probably alkaline in character.''
Dawson, in his " Acadian Geology," writes : " At Chester
Basin" (or as it should be, Chester Bay), "the lower carbon
iferous rocks appear still more distinctly, and contain thick
beds of limestone of various qualities. One of the beds is
said to be a good hydraulic cement, and another, in weathering,
leaves an umber of a rich brown color, which is manufactured
and sold under the name of Chester mineral paint. The lime
stone at this place contains several of the shells already
mentioned, as characteristic of the carboniferous system.
" Clay slate occupies the County of Lunenburg as far as
Cape Aspatogoon, and inland as far as I have any acquaintance
with its structure.
"The slates of this county are usually blue or black, and
often charged with iron pyrites, which, when weathered, gives
them an intense rusty yellow color. This appearance is espe
cially prevalent in some places in the western part of the
county. Their strike is S.W. and N.E.
" It is on the margin of this slate district of Lunenburg,
and at the bottom of a deeg bay penetrating into it, that the
limited tract of lower carboniferous rocks, already noticed as
occurring at Chester Basin (Bay), appears. These carbon-

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 417
iferous beds dip at a moderate angle S. S. E., and give no
evidence that this metamorphic district has suffered any con
siderable disturbance since their deposition. At Mahone Bay,
however, I observed a large quantity of fragments of reddish
amygdaloidal trap, which cannot be far from their original
site, and probably belong to some trappean eruption of the
carboniferous period."
" Aspatogoon," which is a rocky promontory, about five hun
dred feet in height, separating Mahone from Margaret's Bay,
" consists," according to Mr. Poole, " principally of quartzite
and slate with granite, and is apparently at the extremity
of a thick dyke or ridge of the latter rock, extending to the
northward across the stratification of the country. It is the
highest land on the south Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia."
Dr. How, in his work on Mineralogy, states : " In the brown
paint of Bridgewater, Lunenburg county, I found 11 per cent.
peroxide of manganese ; in that of Chester Basin, about 20
per cent. Petite Riviere and Bridgewater are named among
places furnishing ' umbers, ochres, or wad.' "
The foUowing places in the county were many years ago
stated as likely to be gold producing: Long Island, Cross
Island, Cross Roads, Conrad's farm (La Have River), Rudolf's
Mills, Indian Brook, New Germany Lake, Conquerall Lake,
Lapland, Publicover 's farm, Thrump Cap, Coot's Rocks, Petite
Riviere, Eisenhauer's hill. Deep Cove, Aspotogon, Martin's
River, Peter Langille's farm.
The gold discoveries at Gold River, Chester Basin, the Ovens,
Mellipsigit, and Vogler's Cove are described in other portions
of this work.

27

CHAPTEE XXXYII.
Natural History of the County — Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Molluscs,
Fishes — Flowering and Flowerless Plants.
''T'^HE county affords to tho naturalist an extensive field for
A investigation and study, which is largely opened up by
the following lists:
Order, Carnivora. — Bat {Vespertilio). Star nosed mole
{Condylura Longicaudata). Shrew mice {Sorex). Bear ( Ursus
Americanus), sometimes attaining the weight of over four
hundred pounds.
Thomas Fisher and Martin Uhlman, of Chelsea, discovered a
bear's den, into which shots were fired. Bruin came out, and
placed his head between his forepaws. Uhlman said he seemed
as if dead. Fisher advised him not to go too near, but he
pointed a stick at his nose, when bruin showed that he was wide
awake by seizing it. He was, after a while, captured. Uhlman,
travelling on horseback, saw a cub and secured it. In a short
time the mother was in pursuit and gaining on the horse, when
he dropped tho cub and stopped the chase.
The writer was once driving with two ladies, from Mahone
Bay to Bridgewater, when a cub walked leisurely across the
road. He wanted to get it, but the ladies feared an attack from
the old bear. Perhaps there would have been another chase
and a release of the prisoner, had the capture been made.
Raccoon {Procyon Lotor), of the weasel family {Mustelidce).
Ermine {Mustela Erminea). Weasel (M. Communis). Martin
{M. Martes). Fisher {M. Canadensis). Skunk {Mephitis Ameri
cana). Mink {Mustela bison). Otter {Lutra Canadensis).
Lynx or wild-cat,and Loupcervier,or Lucifee (.FeZis Canadensis).
Fox {Canis Falvus). Cross {Canis Decussatus). Black or
silver grey {C. Argentatus). The furs of the black, silver grey.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 419
and ci'oss fox, the mink, martin, and otter are the most valuable.
Seals {Phocidce). Tho latter are often seen in the neighborhood
of Blandford, and some have been shot above the bridge at
Bridgewater. One was on the reef there, Sunday, April 24th,
1841, and another was on the shore opposite the town, Sunday,
April 22nd, 1894.
Order, Rodentia. — Hare {Lepus Americanus), known as
the rabbit. Porcupine {Hystrix Dorsata). This animal fives
on the cleanest food, and the fiesh of the j'oung porcupine is
by many esteemed for its delicacy. They are found in dons or
holes, under rocks and stumps. Eight wore taken from one
den on Kedy's brook, back of Mahone Bay. The quills, which
supply its defence against enemies, are dyed in various colors
and much used in Indian ornamental work. Squirrels : Ground
squirrel {Sicurus Liste^-i), Common squirrel {S. Hudsonicus),
and Flying squirrel (Ptoremys Sabrinus). Boavor {Castor Fibre
Americanus). These animals, with the remarkable construc
tion of their habitations, and the adaptation of the entrances
to the waters where thej- are built, form an interesting subject
for study.
In 1869. the writer visited one of these habitations at Sliingle
Lake, in company with John McLean, sen., an old emigrant
from BaUycastlo, Ireland, who settled in the neighborhood many
yeai's ago. After a walk of about two miles through tangled
tliicket and swamp, showing the fresh tracks of the moose, the
beaver's dwelling was reached. It was situated in a wild
meadow, about one hundred 3-ards from the lake, near a brook
which forms its outlet. By actual measurement it was found
to be sixty feet in circumference at the base, and six feet in
height. Mud had been carried up on the roof and worked in
¦\\-ith the other materials of wliich it was composed. Branches
of birch trees, about fifteen feet in length, with the small twigs
remaining, and their leaves still gi-een, were on the house, which
at a short distance looked like a large heap of bushes thrown
pi-omiscuouslj^ togethei*. It was, however, so soUdly built that
though three peraons walked over it, and stood together on the
top, it showed no sign of yielding, and proved that it was indeed

420 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the handiwork of master mecliainc«, acting undei> the direction
of infinite wisdom and goodnesa
Very lai-ge trees havo been cut tlown by l)oavorv*« for dams,
and to supply bark for food. A popple tivo, about fourteen
inclies in diameter", was cut thi'ough at Rluxlouizor s L<\.ko, ue»u*
Bridgewater. The late E. D. Davison, Esq., had cue about
twenty -two inclies. The writer has a. suction of hanlost oak so
cut, tliirteen inches and a half. One of our Indians, in a t«\lk
about boavoi-s, said, "You could think not the way beavei^
works ; not many animals more sense than boavor." And
anotlier said, " He's a. keen ; kuoM's as much as people."
In 1879, John Labrador, of Bridgewater, obtained a beavor,
three feet nine inches long, two foot four inches wide, and of
sixty pounds' weight.
Abraham Hebb, Esq., tuid others, while romo\ing luarsli mud
fi-om a meadow a few years ag-o, found, throo Foot bolow tlio
surface, a section of a white birch troo, showing at each ond tho
marks of the beaver's teeth. Wlion it had Ikhmi a short time
exposed to tlio air it crumbled to dust.
Mr. Hebb's nuiu afterwards romov^^d from tho meadow a
section of an oak tree cut by boavors, which it was bolit>vt>d
from facts known to Mr. Hobb, must haA-o boon so cut moro
than a hundi-od years boforo the pioco was found.
In earlier times tho fiu- of the boavor Formed (]uito an article
of export. It is not now so easily procvirod.
Musk Rat, or Musquash {Fiber Zibethious.) This animal
lives in a. house oF somewhat similar construction to that of tho
beaver, abt)ut two Feet high, a.nd nine feet rountl. From four
to seven occupy one house. Tlu^y goiu-rally build by n. rock or
stump, and occupy tlio dwelling until a. Frtvslmt swoops it away,
"Tho musk-rat plied tho mason's trado,
And tier by tier his mud walls laid. "
Burrowing field mouse {Arvioola Pninsylvanica),
Order, Ruminantia. — Moose, or Elk {Alces Americana).
Caribou, or Reindoor {Ccri'iis l^arandus.)
In oai'ly days moose and caribou woro very abundant here
and all about the Province, A Gorma.n poet named Seunio,

IIIHTOBY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 421
who was in HaliFa.x in 1781-82, roforring to tho Indians wrote :
" Thoy very oFton camo in groat numbers into the town to sell
thoir game, which consisted chioily of moose, birds, and some-
timoH Hsh, ]n'incipally oola ;" and again, in mentioning the
1IIO080 ho a,(lded ; " Ono may conjoetui'o what numbers there
must have boon in the forests, when entire English regiments
had knapsacks of moose hide."
There were many Famous hunting-grounds in this county,
Homo of which have bocomo populous settlements, such as New
Goriiiany and Waterloo. Eighteen or twenty caribou have
boon Frociuontly soon togothor; and ten or fiFtoon moose yards
have been Found in a comparatively small district of country.
These are oFton, yot, but slightly removed from human habita
tions, A drove oF caribou, supposed to have numbered thirty,
was once seen crossing the Now Germany lake on the ice.
" Thoy used to be as plenty as sheep aro now " was the expres
sion oF an old sportsman still living,
Moose aro often Found alone, as well as in pairs. Not more
than five or si.\ aro at any time seen together. The wanton
doatruction oF moose and caribou, For many years, caused their
numbers to bo sonsibly diminished ; but the close seasons, which
havo boon aocurod by legislation, have had a marked eifect in
tho ineroaso oF tliose animals. Moose hunting is a sport in
which farmers, among whom are very expert marksmen, still
indulge. A party oF tliom once started a moose near Lapland,
and ohasod him towards Ohio, at tho upper part of the Branch,
From whence tho hunted and the hunters turned back to
Molli}>8igit Lake ; from thence to the Carver Settlement ; and
thou wont on to tlio still water at the foot of Wile's meadow, in
which the inooao was attacked by several of the dogs belonging
to the party. Thoy caught him by tho ears and sides; but
after a severe struggle he escaped from his tormentors, and
shortly afterwards, this being tho fourth day of the chase, was
brought down by a ball fired by George Hobb, sen. One of
this party, Abraham Hebb, Es(i,, late M.P.P., killed and helped
to kill fifty -flvo moose and eight caribou. Two of the moose
stood six feet and six inches in height.

422 history of the county op lunenburg.
As many as nine have been shot in one hunt. While being
pursued they seldom run long in the same direction, and a
hunter will cross his own track three or four times in a day.
From ten to fifteen miles' travel on snow-shoes in pursuit of
moose is called a good day's work. They have been captured
by snares, made of rope fastened to spring poles; and in pits
dug across their path to the depth of seven or eight feet, and
covered with sticks and moss.
A party of ten (George Wile, and others) were out moose
hunting, when five or six became separated from the rest, and
were attacked by a bull moose, and driven into trees. As Mr.
Wile was climbing one, the moose, making a dash, knocked the
gun out of his hand. Some of the party, not far off, killed the
animal. Benjamin Wile ¦ came upon a moose in a pit eight feet deep.
He was greatly enraged, and in his attempts to escape made
the water in the bottom of the pit fiy in all directions. There
was a terrific battle before he was captured.
The writer has been told by an old moose hunter, that about
fifty years ago he and several others found a moose in one of
their deep pits, of which they had five. He was what they
called " a king moose," and weighed nearly one thousand pounds.
They could not kill him with a bullet, so they made a huge
wooden mallet, with which they took his life by heavy blows
between the horns.
Parties of moose hunters have been sometimes exposed to
great suffering on being overtaken by bad weather. Two men,
Melchior Broom and John Wile, were once out in a severe storm
of snow and hail, and were found frozen to death near a lake
since known as Broom's Lake, within a mile of Hebb's Mills.
Moose have been taken alive in the county and tamed. One
caught by Frederick Wile frequently entered the house and
lay on the kitchen floor. It roamed about the farm with the
cattle. About fifty-three years ago, Mr. Isaac Romkey, of West
Dublin, and others saw on Cape La Have Island, in January or
February, a large moose, which eluded capture for several days,
but was at last shot by Mr. Jacob Publicover.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 423
On July loth, 1895, a moose, supposed to be about two
years old, was seen on the " Head," opposite Lunenburg.
He took the water and swam three-quarters of a mile to the
shore near Rous's brook. On the way he was captured by a
rope, and after a struggle on landing, was taken on a truck to
the town. He was purchased by Dr. Polly and Mr. Robert
Bachman. Order, Cetacea. — -The whale {Balcena Mysticetus) has been
taken in the waters of the county. One of large size was
found at sea dead, and towed in by fishermen of La Have
Islands. Grampus {Phoccena Orca). Porpoise {Phoccena
Gomnvunis), often killed by Indians for the oil they supply.
Birds.
" Poorly, at best, can pen or tongue display
The fulness of the beauty and the bliss
Cast by the birds on this our earthly way."
Order, Birds of Prey. — Falcons {Falconidce), including
bald eagle, fish hawk, hen hawk and sparrow hawk. Owls
{Strigidce). Grey owl, horned owl.
A very fine specimen of the American bald-headed eagle was
shot a few years ago near Hebb's Mills by Mr. Angus Hebb.
Order, Perchers. — Shrikes {Laniadce). The only species
known in Nova Scotia has been found in the county — the
American shrike, or butcher bird. Thrushes {Merulidce). Of
these the robin, cat-bird, wood-thrush and black- bird are
common to the county.
Mr. Samuel Fancy killed on his farm, near Bridgewater, a
white {Albino) robin.
A few years ago, Mr. James R. Russell, conductor on the
Nova Scotia Central Railway, found a robin's nest with three
eggs underneath the body of a passenger car.
In June, 1895, Conductor Maurice Fitzgerald noticed some
straws, and watched the building of • a robin's nest on a truck-
beam of a car running between Bridgewater and Lunenburg.
Three eggs were laid, and the young were hatched. The old
bird would leave the nest at, or shortly after, the departure of

424 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the train for Lunenburg, and would be seen by the conductor,
on his return in the afternoon, waiting for the train on a bush
or a fiat-car, and sometimes on the top of a building at the
station. Had the nest been let alone all would have been
well, and the conductor repaid for all his kind attention, but
mischievous boys having interfered, and loosened the nest, he
was saddened when, on a trip to Lunenburg, he saw tho nest
and tho young birds carried away by the wind.
Warblers {Sylvicodce). Yellow birds and black -cap. Fly
catchers {Muscicapidce). King bird, redstart, and wood pewee.
Chatterers {Ampelidce). Cherry-bird. So destructive are these
birds in the county, that during one season the o-wner of a
valuable orchard, having several large cherry-trees filled with
fruit, gathered only ten quarts. Finches {Fringillidoe). Snow
bird, and grey and red linnet. Grosbeak, crows {Gorvidce).
Common crow, and blue-jay. Creepers {Certhiadce). White-
bellied nut-hatch, and brown creeper. Humming-birds {Trochi-
lidce). Ruby-throated humming-bird. King-fishers {Halcyon-
idce). Belted king-fisher. Swallows {Hirundinidce). Bam,
chimney, and blue swallows. Night-hawks {OaprimulgidcB).
Night-hawk and whip-poor-will.
Order, Climbers. — Woodpeckers {Picidce).
Order, Scrapers. — Grouse {Tetraonidce). Ruffed grouse, or
birch partridge, and spotted grouse, or spruce partridge. Pigeons
{Columbidm). Wild pigeons. The latter were formerly very
abundant, but are now rarely seen.
Order, Waders. — Herons {Ardcidce). Great blue heron, or
crane. Snipes (Scolopacidce). American snipe and woodcock,
sand pipers and curlews. Phalaropes {Phalaropidce). Hyper
borean, or brown phalarope. Plovers {Charadriadce). Golden
ring and black bellied.
Immense flocks of plover and curlew, often numbering thou
sands, once roamed over the Lunenburg common, affording fine
sport ; and an occasion is* recorded when a bushel basket full
were shot in a short time.
Order, Ducks and Geese. — {Anatidce.) Wild goose, brent,
black duck, and teal. Wood ducks are also found in the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 426
county. The drake is a very handsome bird, and the colors
about the head and neck are exceedingly brilliant and varied.
Divers {Golymbidce). Great northern diver or loon. Auks
{Alcidce). Auks and sea doves. Gulls {Laridce). Tern, grey
gull, and petrel. Grebes {Podiceidce). Red-necked grebe and
dobchick. The English sparrow is seen in the county in large numbers.
It is said that the origin of these birds in the Province was the
bringing of two or three of them to Falmouth, in Hants county.
Most of those named are birds of passage. Some varieties,
including the crow, blue jay, partridge, and woodpecker, remain
through the coldest seasons. A solitary robin is also frequently
seen during our milder winters.
Birds resembling those known in the north of Britain as
" cock of the wood," black, and with lyre-shaped tails, have
been seen in the county.
Many of the birds sing very sweetly, and may be heard from
early spring to late in autumn.
"They tell of birds in other climes,
. With plumage bright and gay.
In gorgeous tints outrivalling
An eastern king's array —
Strangers to song — more dear to me
The linnet, modest grey.
That pipes in sweetest summer woods
His glad heart-thrilling lay.
' ' Sweet birds of this my native land,
I loved you when a boy.
Your names are linked unto my heart
With dreams of vanished joy ;
And I could wish, when death has stilled
For aye this heart of mine.
That o'er my last low bed of earth
Might swell your notes divine."
Reptiles.
Fresh water tortoise {Emys), sometimes found of large size.
Snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, and newts.

426 history of the county of "lunenburg.
Articulated Animals.
Worms — Earth worms and leeches.
Crustacea — Lobster, crab.
Spiders — Centipedes.
Insects — Of different orders.
Order, Coleoptera. — Beetles, water beetle {Dytiscus). Fire
flies {Elater). Turnip fly {Altica). Lady bugs (GoccineUa).
Order, Orthoptera. — Crickets and grasshoppers.
Order, Neuroptera. — Dragon flies {Libellula), and day flies
(Ephemera). >
Order, Hymenoptera. — Wasps (Vespidce). Bee {Apis).
Humble bee (Bombus). Ichneumons.
Order, Homoptera. — Singing locusts and plant lice.
Order, Heteroptera. — Bug {Gimex). Frog spittle insects
{Gercopidce). Order, Lepidoptera. — Butterflies, moths, and millers. Cater
pillars, grubs, cut worms, apple worms, and pea worms.
Order, Diptera. — Mosquitoes and gnats (Gulecidce). Crane
flies or Harry long legs {Tip ulidoe). Horse Qies {Tabanidoe).
Bot flies {(Estridce). Flesh and house flies {Muscidce). Wheat
fly, improperly called " weevil." Hessian fly {Cecidomyia).
Molluscs.
Squids, or cuttle fish. Land snails, and slugs. Of the shell.
fish, there are found in the county. Mussel {Mylilus Edulis)i
Sand clam {Mya Arenaria). Razor fish {Solen Ensis). Scallop
{Pecten Magellanicus). The latter is found in Chester Bay,
Mahone Bay, and at Lohnes' Island, Gorman's Point, and other
places near Lunenburg. Radiated Animals.
Sea Urchins, star fishes, and jelly fishes.
Fishes.
Mackerel {Scoinber Scom^brus). Tunny, or Albercore. Blue
perch {Labrus Goricus). Sculpin {Gottus). Sucker {Cobitis).
Salmon {Salmo Solar). Trout {Salmo Fontinalis). Sea and

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 427
lake trout. The latter, of large size, are caught in the spring,
in many parts of the county; and also in winter, through
holes made in the ice. Salw.o Ferox, or Scotch grey lake trout,
are found in the large lake between New Ross and New
Germany, commonly known as Sherbrooke Lake.
In 1864, Lieutenant-Colonel Sinclair took a number of these
fish, while on a visit at New Ross. Some of them were of
large size. In the spring of 1892, Mr. Arthur C. Barnaby, of
Bridgewater, and friends, caught eleven at the " Narrows," the
largest weighing five pounds. They were taken by sinking
bait (pieces of perch) to quite a depth. After the return of
this party, Messrs. B. H. Porter and G. M. Huggins caught
some, the largest of which weighed seven pounds. They have
been taken of much larger size. This fish is considered
excellent for table use.
Smelt {Osmerus Eperlanus). Herring {Clupea Elongata).
Alewives {Clupea Vernalis). Shad {Alosa). Cod (Morrhua
Atinericana). Hake {Phycis). Haddock {Morrhua ^glifinus).
Tom cod, or frost fish {Morrhua Pruinosa). Flat fish {Platessa).
Halibut {Hypoglossus Vulgaris). Eel {Anguilla).
Sharks {Squalides). The basking shark {Selache Maximus)
is but seldom seen. The dog-fish, a small species, is caught in
large quantities, and is of value for the oil it furnishes. It is
also dried, and used during the winter in some districts as food
for hogs.
Skate or Ray {Raia Batis). Sturgeon (Accipenser).
Flowering Plants.
Th6 following and many other varieties are found in the
county : ,
Order, Nymph^ace^. — White pond lily {Nymphcea Odor-
ata), and yellow pond lily {Nuphar Advena). Some of the
smaller lakes in the county are almost completely covered with
the first-named beautiful flower.
Order, Sarracenia. — Indian cup or pitcher plant {Sarra-
cenia Purpurea). These are often found filled with water.
They are handsomely veined, and are of different colors.
Crimson is the most common.

428 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Order, Araliace.e. — Sarsaparillas (Aralia), of diff'erent
varieties. Order, Grossulace.e. — Wild Gooseberries {Ribes Oxya/^an-
thoides). Of this order there are also found wild black and
red currants.
Order, Acerin,e. — Sugar or rock maple {Acer Sacchari-
oium). Black maple {A. Nigrutn). White or soft maple {A.
Dasycarpum). Moose wood, or striped maple {A. Striatum).
Maple syrup and sugar are obtained from the one first named.
Order, Rosace.e. — Wild rose, and sweet briar {Rosa Porvi-
flora, and Rubiginosa). Wild raspberry, blackberry, and dew
berry {Rubus Strigosus, etc.). W^ild strawberry {Fragaria
Virginiana), so much esteemed for its delicious flavor. Of
this order there are also found a variety of other fruit-bearing
plants, whose flowers embellish the wayside and the forest.
Of the apple familj', the medlar or wild pear {Aronia Botry-
apium), the delicate blossoms of which furnish an additional
charm to the landscape, and the fruit of which is eagerly
sought for. Passing over the lakes in the interior in spring,
long stretches of forest are seen, in many shades of green,
fringing the water, and with the delicate blossoms of the
wild pear everywhere intermixed, making up most beautiful
pictures. Chokeberry {A. Arbutifolia). Rowan, or mountain
ash {Pyrus Microcarpa), and the wild hawthorn {Gratcegus).
Of the cherry family, the wild cherry, and choke cherry
{Cerasus Pennsylvanica and Serotina).
Order, Anacardiace^e. — The sumach {Rhus Typhina), and
the poison vine {Rhus Toxicodendron).
Order, Cupulifer.e. — White and red beech {Fagus Sylvat-
ica and F. Ferruginea), Red and grey oak {Qu.£rcus), and
the hazel {Corylus AmeHcana). Witch and nut hazel are
found. Oaks, over thirty feet in height, and ten inches in
diameter, were, in 1870, growing in the township of New
Dublin, where the forest was destroyed by flre in June, 1840.
Order, Betulace^e. — Yellow birch, black birch, white canoe
birch, and poplar leaved birch {Betula Excelsa, Lenta, Papyracea
and Populifolia), and alders (Alnus Serrulata, etc.).

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 429
Order, Uljiace.e. — Elm (Ulmus Americana), found on the
intervales near La Have and Gold rivers.
Order, Salicace^. — WiUows {Salix), and poplai-s. Aspen
{Populus Tremuloides). Tree poplar (P. Grandidendata), and
white leaved poplar (P. Candicans).
Order, Oleace^e. — White ash {Fraxinus Acuminata).
Black, or swamp ash {F. Sambucifolia).
Order, Conifer.e. — Evergreens, or soft woods. White pine
{Pinus Strobus). Pitch pine {P Resinosa). Hemlock {P.
Canadensis). Black spruce {P. Nigra). Red spruce (P. Rubra).
White spruce (P. Alba). Black larch or hackmatack (P. Pen-
dula). Red larch or juniper (P Microcarpa). Cedar or arbor
-vitae (Thuja Occidentalis.) The last-named is found in the
forest on the peninsula between Chester Bay and St. Margaret's
Bay, near Aspotogon. Among other species in this order are
the fir (P. Balsirninea), one of the prettiest ornamental trees
among the evergreens. Scrub pine (P Banlcsiana). Ground
hemlock (Taxus Canadensis), and ground juniper (Juniperus
Communis). Order, Ericace.e. — Red and grey cranberries (Oxycoccus).
Blueberries and whortleberries (Vaccinium). Wintergreens
or teaberries (Gaultheria). Tho fragrant mayflower (Epigcea
Repens). Sheep and swamp laurel (Kcdmia). Rhodora (P.
Canadensis), and the Labrador tea (Ledum).
Order, Caprifoliacej:. — Comels (Comus). Dogwoods and
others of the shrubs, and pigeon-berries of the herbaceous
plants. Black and red-berried elder (Sambucus Canadensis
and Pubescens). Moose bush (Viburnum Lantanoides). Tree
cranberry (V. Oxycoccus). Twin flower (Linnea Borealis), and
the bush honeysuckle (Diervilla).
Order, Legumixos.e. — Clovers (Trifolium), and the gi-ound
nut (Apios).
Order, Composit.e. — Star flowers (Aster). Golden-rods
(Solidago). Dandelion, white weed, thistle, and burdock.
Order, Labiat-E. — Self-heal or blue curls (Prunella). Spear
mint (Mentha). Ground ivy (Glechoma).
Order, Orchidace.e. — Ladies' slippers (Gypripedium). Grass
pink (Cyrnbidiuvi).

430 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Order, Liliace^e. — Solomon's seal and wild lily of the valley
(Gonvallaria). Grasses {Graminece) and sedges. Of these there are many
varieties, and most of them are very pretty.
Flowerless Plants.
Equiseta. ^Horsetails, with hollow-jointed stems.
Lycopodia. — Club mosses and ground pines.
FiLiCES. — Ferns or brakes. Some of these are very delicate,
and all are very beautiful.
Musci. — Mosses and lichens (Lichenes). These are in great
variety, and many of them are much admired.
Fungi. — Mushrooms, esteemed a great delicacy, and much
used in the making of catsup. Puff-balls, touch-wood, etc.
AlGjE. — Sea- weeds. Many of these found on the shores of
the county are very pretty. The larger and coarser species are
used for manure on farms near the sea-coast.
Soda, used in making soap, is obtained from the ashes of
some of the sea- weeds, and a species of moss is found which is
used instead of isinglass, or corn-starch, in making blanc-mange
and jellies, after being deprived of its saline particles by
washing and bleaching.

CHAPTEE XXXVIII.
Census Returns from earliest dates, with Comparative Statements.
JACQUES DE MEULLES, Kt., Seigneur de la Source, the
Intendant of New France, visited all the French settle
ments in Acadie, in 1685 and 1686, and found them in a
neglected and desolate state. He caused a census to be prepared
in 1686, which showed for La Heve : Six families — 6 males,
6 females, 5 boys, 2 girls, 9 fusils, 1 pig, 3 arpents under culture.
(Anarpent is nearly an acre.)
Another return, in the same year, gave for La Hfeve and
Merliguesche : Nineteen souls, 3 acres tilled, 1 pig and 9 fusils.
The following names were mentioned : Provost, Labal (Petite
Riviere) Vesin, Martin Le Jeune, his wife Jeanne, an Indian
woman and two children, Michel, Gourdeaux, La Verdure and
Petitpas. Messieurs Beauharnois and Hocquart, in a letter to the Count
de Maurepas, dated Quebec, September 12th, 1745, wrote : "At
Mirligueche, a small harbor five leagues east of La Heve, are
only eight settlers ; among the rest are Paul Guidry, alias
Grivois (jovial or jolly), a good coast pilot."
1749.
At Merligueche, a few French families.
1754.
Paul Boutin, Charles Boutin, Julian Bourneuf, Sebastian
Bourneuf, Francois Lucas, Joseph Gedri, Pierre Gedri, Pierre
Erio, and Claude Erot, with their families, in all twenty-five
persons, having been brought from Cape Breton (where they
said they could not find subsistence) to Halifax, took the oath

432 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
of allegiance, and came to Lunenburg in the autumn of this
year. 1756.
Number of persons assembled at Lunenburg — Germans, Swiss,
and others — on the 1st of November, as certified by returns,
1,279. 1758.
A return of the settlers at Lunenburg, with the alterations,
from the 28th of May, 1753, being the time of embarkations, to
the 22nd of January, 1758 :
Original number  1,453
Dead  152
Discharged  854
Deserted  19
Born  440
Entered and re-entered  506
Total number  2,399
Remaining at Lunenburg  1, 374
(Signed) D. Christopher Jessen.
1759.
September 9th. — Fifty-nine Germans and Swiss arrived at
Lunenburg from Louisburg, after nineteen days' passage. Four
were discharged, and the rest received provisions for fourteen
days — eight pounds of pork and ten pounds of bread to each
man. 1760.
November 20th. — A return of the number of inhabitants,
and stock of cattle, within the Settlement of Lunenburg:
Number of men  350
Number of women and children  1,114
Total  1,464
Number of cattle — milch cows  600

Acres under

Acres of

Cultivation.

Woodland.

6,000

134,000

30

99,970

20O

99,800

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 433
1762. Acres under
Families. Persons. Cultivation.
Lunenburg  300 1,400 2,000
New Dublin  50 250
Chester  30 150
1763.
The same number of families were returned for the several
townships, as given above. A note annexed to the census table
states that they were composed of English settlers — meaning as
distinguished from French. " Acadian families are not included."

Lunenburg . .
Chester . . . .
New Dublin

1764.
Tho following return of the population for this year was
included in a report for the whole Province, made at the request
of the Massachusetts Historical Society :
Lunenburg  1,600
New Dublin  100
Chester  100
1767.
Population  1,901
Males  1,007
Females  894
Of English origin  102
Of Irish origin  53
Of Scotch origin  24
Americans  271
Germans  1,451
Protestants  1, 866
Roman Catholics  35
Population of Nova Scotia this year  11,779
28 ¦

434

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

1770.
July 25th. — A return was made by Mr. Zouberbuhler, to the
Lieutenant-Governor (Lord William Campbell), of "the number
of families at Lunenburg, their increase in children," etc., which
contained the following:

Families 
Men and women
Boys 
Girls 

300589469452

Total persons  1,510

Born last year .
Died " " .

1791.
Population, 3,247.

Townahips.
Lunenburg 
Chester 
New Dublin 

1817.
Population, 6,628.

Families. 383110 85

43 10

Persons. 2,213 591 443

1827.

Population  9,405
Males  4,846
Females  4,559
Lutherans  2,897
Church of England  2,119
Presbyterians  , 1,916
Baptists  1,192
Methodists  844
Roman Catholics  437

Acres under culture . . 13,476
Wheat (bushels)  3,117
Other grains "  33,146
Potatoes " .... 334,163
Hay (tons)  10,577
Horses  202
Horned cattle  8,978
Sheep  11,238
Swine  5,331

Comparative statement of live stock for years 1808 and
1827 : 1808. 1827.
Horses  209 202
Horned cattle  5,380 8,978
Sheep  4,416 11,238
Swine  5,781 5,331

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 435
Return of stock and crops for the several townships in 1829 :
Acres of cultivated land 
Horses 
Horned cattle 
Sheep 
Swine 
Bushels wheat 
" other grain 
" Potatoes 
Tons hay 

junenburg.

New Dublin.

Chester.

7,081

3,040

3,346

105

59

38

5,042

2,291

1,645

6,350

2,376

2,412

2,766

1,414

1,151

2,008

551

558

21,044

6,041

6,061

193,028

84,335

56,800

6,249

2,582

1,746

1838.
Population  12,065 I Males  6,209
Families  1,882 | Females  5,856
1851.
Population  16,395 1 Males . . ;  8,083
Families  3,016 | Females  8,312
Church of England  4,768
Lutherans  4,011
Presbyterians of Lower Canada  2,168
Church of Scotland  39
Reformed  568
 2,775
Baptists  2,727
Methodists  1,565
Roman Catholics  479
Universalists  49
Congregationalists  20
Quakers  1
16,395
Houses inhabited  2,761
" uninhabited  51
" building  73
Shops, stores and barns  3,439
Acres improved  29,396
Horses  669
Neat cattle  9,142
Cows  3,744
Sheep  11,934
Swine  ¦  2,989

436

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

Wheat (bushels)  4,892
Barley "  50,361
Bricks manufactured  259,400
Soap (pounds) 
Candles " 
Deaf and dumb —
Males 
Females 
Of unsound mind —
Males 
Females 

152293 3 1

Fisheries —
Vessels  186
Tons  2,478
Men  659
Boats  458
Men  640
Nets and seines  5,610

"Vessels being builc
Boats
Grist-millsSaw-mills . .
Tanneries. .

50
743 54
156 10

Lumber and leather manufactured in 1860 :
Deals  539,000 superficial feet.
Pine boards  5,265,000 "
Spruce and hemlock boards  7,475,000 "
Staves  1,182,000
Square timber  99 tons.
Leather, amounting in value to  $22,424
The county manufactures one-fifth of all the spruce and
hemlock boards sawed in the Province.

1861.

Population 
Males 
Females 
Houses inhabited 
" uninhabited 
II being built 
Bams and other buildings
adjacent 
Shops and stores 
Church of England 
Lutherans 
Baptists 
Presbyterians, L.P., 2,381
Church of Scotland, 3
Methodists 
Roman Catholics 
Universalists 
Congregationalists 
Quakers 

19,632 9,969 9,6732,929 105 56
4,269 231
7,040
4,2063,255

2,3842,038 538 3517 8

Utner aenommations 
Not given 

0
106

Deaf and dumb —
Males 

19,632 5

Females 

7

Blind- Males 

1

Females 

,5

Of unsound mind —
Males 

14

Females 

19

From 80 to 90 years of age-
Males 

37

Females 

44

From 90 to 100 years of age-
Males 

3

Females 

... 8

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

437

Grist-mills  56
Saw-mills  168
Carding mills  2
Other mills  26
Hand looms  999
Tanneries  4
Bricks made  90,000
Lime (pounds)  3,100
Carriages built  82
School-houses  83

Churches —
Church of England.
Baptist 
Methodist 
Union 
Presbyterian 
Roman Catholic 
Other Churches 

13 10 654
3 2

43

Cultivated upland.
Cultivated intervale
Salt marsh 
Dyked marsh ....
Horses 
Neat cattle 
Cows 
Sheep 
Swine 
Potatoes 
Other roots 
Hay 

43,844 acres.
2,904 "
204 "
17 "
621
10,491 5,485
16,786 3,190
153,954 bush.
12,593 "
20,012 tons.

Lumber —
Deals(B.M.) 
Pine boards 
Spruce and hemlock . .
Square timber 
Staves 

Butter  200,813 tbs.
Cheese  8,418 "
Maple sugar  2,068 "
Meat  3,730 bush.
Barley  71,078
Rye  11,082
Oats  19,231
Buckwheat  2,269
Peas  957
Corn  149
Turnips  42,203
Timothy seed  148

539,000 feet.
5,265,000 „
7,475,000 „
99 tons.
1,182,000 feet.

Fisheries- Vessels

158

Men  1,380
Boats  969
Men  1,107
Nets and seines. . . . 3,038
Dried fish  05,791 qntls.
Mackerel  5,992 bbls.
Herrings  28,665

Gaspereaux  1,177 bbls.
Salmon  46 "
Shad  43 "
Smoked salmon. . . . 1,178 "
Fish oil   47,067 gals.
Assessed value of
real estate  $2,415,032
Personal property. $990, 000

An examination of the returns for all the counties shewed
that the County of Lunenburg raised the largest crop of barley,
the second of rye, the third of apples, and the third of roots,
other than potatoes and turnips.

438

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.

Comparative statement of agricultural produce and live stock
for the years 1851 and 1861 : 1861. 1861.
Hay  17,538 tons. 20,012 tons.
Wheat  4,892 bushels. 3,730 bushels.
Barley  50,361 " 71,078
Buckwheat  1,013 " 2,269
Oats  12,421 " 19,231
Rye  8,078 " 11,082
Indian corn  403 " 149
Potatoes  72,939 " 153,954
Turnips  26,947 " 42,203
Butter  96,626 pounds 200 813 pounds.
Cheese  1,424 " 8,418 "
Horses  669 621
Neat cattle  9,142 10,491
Milch cows  3,744 5,485
Sheep  11,934 16,786
Swine  2,989 3,190

Census of 1891.
Population, Lunenburg County, 31,075.

By Districts —
Bayswater  608
Block-house  4,153
Bridgewater  3,936
Chester  3,050
Conquerall  1,418
Lunenburg  4,894
Mill Cove  619
New Germany  3,838
New Ross  1,127
Petite Riviere  3,415
Ritcey's Cove  1,934
Summerside  1,513
Tancook  570

31,075

Number of families 
Dwellings occupied 
' ' uninhabited 
" under construction
Sex- Males 
Females 
Conjugal condition —
Married 
Males 
Females 
Widowed 
Males 
Females 
Children and unmarried . .
Males 
Females 

5,8085,206 87 70
15,944
15,131 10,996 5,4965,500 1,078 312 766
19,00110,136 8,865

Education.

Total can read and write .... 19,782
Cannot read or write  8,854

Can only read  2,439
Indians (all Micmacs)  59

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

439

Religions,
Roman Catholics  629
Church of England  10,030
Presbyterians  3,535
Methodists  5,577
Lutherans  5,450
Baptists  5,304
Congregationalists  357

Disciples  12
Adventists  16
Unitarians  5
Universalists  2
Salvation Army  31
Quakers  3
Not specified  124

Land owned  683,013 acres.
" occupied  346,269 "
" improved  114,973 "
" under crop .... 54,516 "

Land. Land in forest  231,296 acres.
" in pasture  58,615 "
' ' in garden and or
chards  1,842 "

Ceops.

Wheat
BarleyOats . .
Rye . . .

Buckwheat 
Hay  36,505
Corn 
Potatoes 
Turnips, etc 
Hops 
Flax fibre 
Hemp fibre 
Maple sugar 
Apples 
Grapes 

158 acres.

2,261 bushels.

1,980 "

52,085 "

1,464 "

36,900 "

597 "

12,246 "

38 "

604 "

4,634 "

1,449 "

!6,505 "

35,655 tons.

4 "

199 bushels.

2,544 "

268,619 "

688 "

78,578 "

2,309 pounds.

9,850 "

699 "

2,886 "
96,431 bushels.
12,919 pounds.
Horses  1,213
Colts and fillies  261
Sheep  20,098
Working oxen  5,050
MUch cows  6,734
Other horned cattle  8,856
Swine  4,260
Product of saw-mills  $242,384
Vessels Owned.
7 steamers  512 tons. | 210 sailing vessels
25,002 tons.
The returns of the Fisheries Department show engaged in
the fisheries 169 vessels, with 2,344 men; tonnage, 13,836 tons;
440

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

value, $812,400. Boats number 1,603, manned by 1,670 men,
and possessing a value of $46,615.
The nets, weirs, pounds and traps had a value of $116,391,
and the value of the catch was $1,496,115.
, Respecting the kinds and quantities of fish caught, the
returns show as follows:

Cod  205,137 (
Cod tongues  477
Pollock  3,974 (
Hake  1,250
Haddock  19,091
Halibut  221,355-;
Salmon — fresh  17,185
Salmon — smoked . . 987
Mackerel  20,463 '
Herring  23,733

cwt.

Shad 

16 bbls.

bbls.

Trout 

1,555 fbs.

cwt.

Squid 

282 bbls.

"

Smelt 

6,735 lbs.

ti

Eels 

167 bbls.

'ibs.

Lobsters 

293,600 cans

((

Ftsh product.s —

((

Fish oil . .

39,781 gals.
2,065 bbls.

bbls.

Fish bait 

((

Fish for manure . .

2,950 "

Statement op the Population at Different Periods.
1686. La Hfeve and Merliguesche  19
1745. Mirligueche. Settlers, heads of families . 8
1756. At Lunenburg. Germans, Swiss and others 1,279
1758. Remaining at Lunenburg  1,374
1760. Within the Settlement of Lunenburg  1,464
1770. At Lunenburg. Return of Mr. Zouber
buhler  1,510
1795. In township of New Dublin. Families . . 84
For the County.
1753  1,453
1760  1,464
1762  1,800
1767  1,901
1791  3,247
1817  6,628
1827  9,405
1838  12,065
1851  16,395
1861  19,632
1871  23,834
1881  28,583
1891  31,075

CHAPTEE XXXIX.

Men returned, appointed, and called as Representatives in Parliament,
from 1758 to the present tiihe — Wardens and Councillors for
Lunenburg and New Dublin and Chester.

First Lunenburg Election for House of Assembly.
THE names of the candidates, together with the names of
the voters for said candidates, July 31st, 1758 :

Anton Treber,
Martin Usler,
C. Schauffelberger,
John Young,
Ludwig Spindler,
Pierre Sauner,
Andreas Young,
Aimier Thiel,
Jacob Sporry,

Adam Pieler,
Jacob Tanner,
Peter Wambolt,
Martin Kolbach,
John Behfier,
Paul -Anshutz,
Jacob Phaif hauser,
Caspar Lary,
Conrad Hatt.

Candidates — Philip Knaut and Alexander Kedy.
Voters —
Gotlieb Seidler,
Fred. Arenberg,
John Lonis,
Henry Claessen,
John Simon,
Godfrey Terple,
Jacob Moser,
Jacob Smith,
Fred. Weile,
Conrad Ramuhen,
Candidates — Sebastian Zouberbuhler and Philip Knaut.
Voters —
Louis Beloud, Michael Lay, Jean Mange,
Guilliam Bosty, Joseph Lay, Ad. Weiderhold.
Christopher Bosty, Ben West,
Candidates— ^ehaati&n Zouberbuhler and John Creighton.
Voter — Bruin Bontier.
Candidates — Sebastian Zouberbuhler and Joshua Maugher.
Voters —
J. Donig, Edward Smith,
Thomas Little John,
Candidates — Philip Knaut and P. Anshutz.
Voters — Gelle Gertzens and Anton Coch.

D. C. Jessen.

442 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Candidates — Sebastian Zouberbuhler and Alexander Kedy.
Voters —
Joseph Howe, B. Nessom, John Padnell,
J. Creighton, William White, J. B. Morreau,
J. Turner, .lohn Gammon, John Cunningham,
J. Crook, William Grant, .1. Phillips.
Candidates — Joshua Maugher and Alexander Kedy.
Voter — Sebastian Zouberbuhler.
Candidates — Sebastian Zouberbuhler and Leon Rudolf.
Voter — Alexander Kedy.
Candidates — Joshua Maugher and Alexander Kedy.
Voter — George Fancy. Lunenburg, July 31st, 1758.
An account of candidates which have put up to represent
the town of Lunenburg : Numberof votes.
Sebastian Zouberbuhler, Esq  26
John Creighton, Esq  1
Maj. Leon Chris. Rudolf  1
Mr. Philip Knaut  38
M r. Alexander Kedy  42
Mr. Joshua Maugher  6
Mr. Paul Anshutz  2
Total  116
Mr. Kedy and Mr. Knaut were elected.
(Mr. Kedy's name is spelled " Kedie " in the journals of the
House.)
" Notice for Second Election.
" Province of Nova Scotia, S. S.
" By virtue of His M ajesty's Writ to me directed ; I hereby
notify the freeholders of the Town and County of Lunenburg,
qualified in the manner as by the resolution of the Governor
and Council the 22nd day of August, 1759, is prescribed, to
meet at the church in Lunenburg, on Friday, the 31st instant
(August), at six o'clock in the forenoon, then and there to elect
two members for the Town of Lunenburg, and two members

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 443
for the County of Lunenburg, in a General Assembly to be
holden at the Court-house in Halifax, on Tuesday, the 20th
day of November next.
" (Signed) D. Christopher Jessen, D.M.
" The Poll to be opened at six o'clock in the morning, and be
closed at six in the evening.
"Lunenburg, August 27th, 1759."
Members of the House of Assembly for Lunenburg,
FROM 1758 TO 1895.
1st Assembly met at the Court-house in Halifax, Monday,
October 2nd, 1758. Members returned for Lunenburg : Philip
Knaut, Alexander Kedy.
February 1st, 1759, Archibald Hinshelwood took his seat in
the Assembly, having been elected at Lunenburg for the Pro
vince at large. He was unseated on petition of Richard Bowers,
April 9th, 1759.
Sebastian Zouberbuhler and Philip Knaut were returned
December 4th, 1759.
2nd. July 1st, 1761. — Members returned for County: A. Hin
shelwood, Joseph Pernette, Township : S. Zouberbuhler, P.
Knaut. Mr. Hinshelwood was one of tho Clerks of the House. He
came to Halifax as Governor's clerk, in 1749.
In 1763, S. Zouberbuhler was sworn in Councillor.
3rd. May 28th, 1765.— County : Joseph Pernette, Philip
Knaut. Township : Archibald Hinshelwood.
4th. 1770. — County : Archibald Hinshelwood. Township : P.
Knaut. Sth. 1774. — County : John Creighton, Otto W. Schwartz.
Township : Philip Knaut.
1775. — John Creighton sworn in Councillor. John Newton
took the vacant seat in the Assembly.
1776. — County: Otto W. Schwartz. Township: Philip
Knaut.

444 HISTORY OF THE COUN'TY OP LUNENBURG.
1777. — County : Otto W. Schwartz. Township : John New
ton. 6th. June 11th, 1782.— County : Otto W. Schwartz, Casper
WoUenhaupt. Township : John Newton.
First division in Assembly, November 23rd, 1784.
7th. December 5th. 1785. — County : Detleb C. Jessen, John
W. Schwartz. Township : Casper WoUenhaupt.
8th. March 20th, 1793.— County : J. W. Schwartz, Edward
James. Township : John Bolman.
9th. February 20th, 1800.— County : C. WoUenhaupt, Lewis
Morris Wilkins. Township: John Bolman.
10th. November 18th, 1806.— County : Lewis M. Wilkins
(elected Speaker) and Edward James. Township : John Bol
man. 11th. February 6th, 1812.— County : L. M. Wilkins, Francis
J. Rudolf. Township : John Creighton.
Mr. Wilkins was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court, and
Mr. Creighton elected in his place in 1818. The Judge had
practised law at Lunenburg, where he married a daughter of
Colonel Creighton. The late Mr. Justice Wilkins and Attorney
General Wilkins were his sons.
12th. February 11th, 1819.— County : F. Rudolf, John Heck
man. Township : Edward James.
13tli. November 12th, 1820. — County : John Heckman, Lot
Church. Township : Edward James.
14th. February 1st, 1827.— County : Lot Church, WiUiam
Rudolf. Township : John Heckman.
15th. November 8th, 1830.— County: William Rudolf , John
Creighton. Township : John Heckman.
16th. January 3 1st, 1837. — County: William Rudolf, Garrett
Miller. Township : John Heckman.
17th. February 3rd, 1841. — County : John Creighton, Edward
Zwicker. Townsliip : John Heckman.
18th. February Sth, 1844. — County: John Creighton, Charles
B. Owen. Township : John Heckman.
19th. January 22nd, 1848. — County : George Ernst, Henry
Mignowitz. Township : John Kedy.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 445
20th. November 4th, 1851.— -County : John Creighton, Benja
min H. Zwicker. Township : Honry S. Jost.
21st. January 31st, 1856. — County: Benjamin Reinhardt,
George Geldert. Township : Henry Bailly.
22nd. January 26th, 1860. — County : Benjamin Wier, Henry
Moseley. Township : Henry Bailly.
23rd. February 4th, 1864. — County : Henry S. Jost, Henry
A. N. Kaulbach. Township : William Slocomb.
Dr. Slocomb died in 1865, and Abraham Hebb was elected to
fill the vacancy.
24th. January 30th, 1868. Returned : James D. Eisenhauer,
Mather B. DesBrisay.
25th. February 22nd, 1872. — Returned by acclamation, J. D.
Eisenhauer, M. B. DesBrisay.
26th. March 11th, 1875.— Returned : J. D. Eisenhauer, M. B.
DesBrisay. In 1876, Mather B. DesBrisay, then Speaker- of the House of
Assembly, was appointed County Court Judge for District No. 2,
and Charles H. Davison, Esq., was elected to fill the vacancy.
27th. March; 6th, 1879.— Returned : Charles A. Smith, Edward
James. In 1882, after the General Election, Charles E. Church, Esq.,
was appointed Provincial Secretary, and was re- elected by
acclamation. In 1884, he was transferred to the Department
of Public Works and Mines, which office he still holds.
28th. February 8th, 1883.— Returned : Charies E. Church,
George A. Ross.
29th. March 10th, 1887.— Returned : Hon. Charies E. Church,
George A. Ross.
Mr. Ross died in 1888, and John Drew Sperry, Esq., of Petite
Riviere, was elected by acclamation to fill the vacancy.
30th. April 2nd, 1891.— Returned : Hon. Charles E. Church,
John D. Sperry.
31st. January 31st, 1895. — Returned : Hon. Charles E. Church,
John D. Speny.
The following gentlemen who have been members of the
Provincial Legislature are still living : Henry Bailly, Senator
Kaulbach, James D. Eisenhauer, M. B. DesBrisay, Charles H.

446 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Davison, Charles A. Smith, Edward James, Charles E. Church,
and John D. Sperry.
At the election held in 1855, votes were given by John
Langille, of Block-house, his ten sons and two sons-in-law, and
by James Mills, of Chester, and his nine sons.
Gentlemen appointed from the County of Lunenburg to seats
in the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia :
1838. February 1st. — Hon. WiUiam Rudolf.
1859. February 3rd. — Hon. John Creighton. Appointed
President of the Council, March 9th, 1875.
1881. AprU 6th.— Hon. WilUam H. Owen.
Gentlemen returned to represent the county in tho Dominion
House of Commons :
1867. Edward M. McDonald.
1872. Charles E. Church.
1874. Same. By acclamation.
1 878. Charles E. Kaulbach.
1882. Thomas T. Keefler.
1883. Charles E. Kaulbach.
1887. James D. Eisenhauer.
1891. Charles E Kaulbach.
Hon. Henry A. N. Kaulbach, Q.C, was called to the Senate
of the Dominion, March 27th, 1872, and still occupies the seat.
James A. McLean, Esq., Q.C, is the Revising Barrister for the
County. Wardens and Councillors.
The following Councillors for the Municipality of Lunenburg
and New Dublin, were returned at the first election held
November, 1879 :
Benjamin Berringer, Heli MacKay,
John Lohnes, John D. Sperry,
James H. Wentzel, Thomas K. Cragg,
Edward Langille, James A. Curll,
Azariah Zwicker, Philip Cross.
Joseph Mullock,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 447
The present Councillors, besides Warden DeLong, are :
James H. Brown, James E. Dauphinee,
David Lohnes, Heli MacKay,
Thomas S. Howe, WiUiam S. Drew,
James H. Wentzel, George H. West,
Lewis Knaut, W. J. Wentzel,
George A. Pickles, M.D., George A. Boliver.
The several Wardens have been : Thomas K. Cragg, 1880-
1887, Jas. H. Brown, 1887-1891, George H. West, 1891-1893,
Wm. H. DeLong, 1893 (still in office).
Edward H. Solomon, Esq., has been Clerk-Treasurer since
January Sth, 1884.
The first election for the Municipality of Chester was held
November, 1879, and the following Councillors were returned:
George W. Richardson, Daniel Duncan, James Hiltz, Peter
Boutilier and George Shatford. Chester Basin was then
included in another district.
The Councillors last elected, besides Warden Hiltz, are :
Burton Hennigar, David M. Turner, George Shatford, Henry
Boutilier, and Nathan W. Keddy.
The office of Warden has been filled by George W. Richardson,
Robert A. Smith, James E. Whitford, and Henry A. Hiltz (now
in office).
Charles Lordly, Esq., was appointed Clerk in 1880, and held
tho position until his death in 1889. His son. Captain Edwin
D. Lordly, has been Clerk since January, 1890.

CHAPTEE XL.
Agriculture and Horticulture — Work done by Men and Women in the
County, and Improvements made from time to time in the Raising of
Crops and Fruits. "Happy the man who tills the field.
Content with rustic labor ;
Earth does to him her fulness yield,
Hap what may to his neighbor.
Well days, sound nights — oh, can there be
A life more rational and free ? "
THE surface of the county is undulating, and the produc
ing capabilities of the soil are excellent. Among the
most valuable lands there are many thousands of acres of wild
meadow, capable, by proper drainage and cultivation, of yielding
abundant crops.
Agricultural societies have been long established in several
districts. In a letter dated Halifax, November 19th, 1818, " Agricola,"
father of the late Chief Justice Sir William Young, in acknow
ledging letters from different quarters, relative to agricultural
societies, wrote : " This last week, too, I have heard that a few
loading characters at Lunenburg are bestirring themselves to
found one there, a place highly suitable, as being surrounded
by a well-cultivated district."
At a meeting of landed proprietors and farmers of the
county, held in the court-house of Lunonburg, upon the 28th
day of December, 1818, resolutions were moved by the Rev.
Roger Aitken, and being seconded, were unanimously adopted.
Resolved, That the grain produced in the County of Lunon
burg is not sufficient for the subsistence of the inhabitants ;
while the practice of importing flour, and other articles of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 449
necessity from the United States, not only creates a dependence
upon a foreign power, which, under certain circumstances, may
be used as a measure of annoyance against this province ; but
tends to impoverish the country, by draining it of its cash,
which never returns to it in the course of trade.
Other resolutions followed relating to clearing of land, sup
plying of food, and the introduction of an improved system of
husbandry. It was further
Resolved, That the surest method of introducing such a
system into general use throughout this county will bo the
establishing an agricultural society, to be called " The Lunen
burg Farmer Society."
Arrangements were made for the appointment of a committee
to draw up rules, and to report them to another meeting in
January, to which landed proprietors and farmers generally
were to be invited.
The resolutions were signed, " Francis Rudolf, Chairman."
1819. January 30th. — The Qpmmittee appointed on the 28th
December, consisting of the Rev. Roger Aitken, Francis Rudolf,
John Creighton, and John Heckman, Esquires, having submit
ted to the meeting a set of rules for the regular governance of
the Lunenburg Farmer Society, they were unanimously adopted,
and the following gentlemen elected office-bearers :
President : Rev. Roger Aitken.
Vice-President : Francis Rudolf, Esq.
Secretary : Henry WoUenhaupt, Esq.
Treasurer : Edward James, Esq.
Committee.
John Creighton, Esq. (J.P.), Philip Rudolf, Esq.,
John N. Oxner, Esq., WiUiam Rudolf, Esq.,
Henry Kaulbach, Esq. (H.S.), Mathew Ernst, Esq.,
John Heckman, Esq., Mr. Gasper Ernst,
Mr. Jacob Boehner, Mr. George Oxner,
John C. Rudolf, Esq. (J. P.), Mr. PhUip Arenberg.
A letter to " Agricola," embodying what had been done, was
29

450 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
sent by the Secretary, in reply to which the following was
received :
'' I am truly glad that Lunenburg has given this declaration
of the interest felt there in the general prosperity ; and that
county, from being long engaged in the pursuit of husbandry,
is woll calculated to give us practical lessons in this art, which
lies at the foundation of national independence, wealth, and hap
piness. That industrious settlement is a model to all others ;
by a careful cultivation of the soil, and by attending to tho
products of the garden, it has amassed moro real opulence, and
has a greater command of cash, than any other county, and is a
public example of what can be achieved in Nova Scotia by the
plough and the .spade."
To Agricola, Rose Bank Cottage, Sherbrooke, March 26th, 1819.
Sir, — From your laudable exertions to promote agriculture
in this province, I take the liberty of enclosing you the pro
ceedings of a society formed in the New Military Settlement of
Sherbrooke. The settlement is still in its infancy, and coni-
posed of men who are very little versed in farming, and quite
unacquainted with the nature or even the names of roots ; and
also with what grasses and seeds they should use, having
passed the most of their days in the service of their country.
Any advice you may be pleased to give on this subject will be
gratefully received. I am, sir, your obedient servant, W. Ross.
P.S. — I have the pleasure to inform you that we have two
hundred and one bushels of winter grain at present in the
ground.
The Proceedings of the Sherbrooke Agricultural
Society and Committee.
At a meeting of the inhabitants of Sherbrooke Military
Settlement, called for the purpose of taking into consideration

history of the county of lunenburg. 451
the necessity of forming an agricultural society, it was unani
mously
Resolved —
First: That WilUam Ross, Esq., should be President.
J. S. Wells, Esq., Vice-president.
Mr. John Hunt, Treasurer and Secretary.
Secondly : That a committee should be formed to act in
concert with the above officers for the good of the society, and
the following were nominated for that purpose :
D. W. Crandal, Esq. (J.P.), James Walker, Esq. (J.P.),
Mr. Joseph Gates, Mr. Robert Patterson,
Mr. Samuel Steel, Mr. George Perrier,
Mr. James Brown, Mr. William Griffin,
Mr. William Larder, Mr. William Light.
At a meeting of committee, held at the house of Mr. Gates,
February 27th, 1819, it was, among other things.
Resolved, That a reward of five pounds shall be paid out of
the funds of the society, to any person or persons who may
find a bed of limestone in the settlement ; and that the society
should receive, gratis, whatever quantity they may want for
their own use for twelve months from the proprietor.
Resolved, That D. W. Crandal, Esq. (J. P.), and James Walker,
Esq. (J. P.), of Chester, should form a part of the committee,
and act for the society in their neighborhood when occasion
required. J. Hunt, Secretary.
At the first Provincial Exhibition, held at Halifax in 1854,
prizes amounting to $37 were awarded to Dr. Steverman, Mrs.
William Rudolf, Miss Cossmann, and Miss Mary Geldert, Lunen
burg ; and Frederick Levy, and Sarah Zwicker, Mahone Bay.
The county has taken a good position at subsequent Pro
vincial and county , exhibitions, with its products of field,
orchard and garden ; and many prizes havo been secured.
In 1861, the county was visited by the army worm. It was
about an inch and a half in length, black on the back, sides
striped, legs armed with sharp claws, and mouth large. An

452 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
immense amount of damage was done to growing crops. Whole
fields of grain were in many places destroyed.
In 1879, a half bushel of peaches were grown by Mr. Simeon
Hebb, near Bridgewater, in a position open to the south, and
sheltered on the north by spruce trees. Mr. Hebb was also
successful in 1881. The fruit referred to was pronounced as
good as that imported.
In the summer of 1895, Mr. Charles Hall picked in his
garden, Bridgewater, peaches of very large size and fine flavor.
Apples of all the choice varieties grow well in the county.
The late Abraham Hebb, M.P.P., who lived near Bridgewater,
had an excellent orchard of some years' bearing, and another
of more recent date. Of these he took the greatest care, for
which he was well repaid. Fine grapes and luscious peaches
have been grown on the same farm in the open air, and on
other farms in the neighborhood. Fruit culture is all the time
increasing in the county, and there is a growing demand for
trees of the best kinds.
By the death of Mr. Hebb, " Indian Garden " passed to his
son, Mr. William A. Hebb, who has given special attention
to the orchards, from which he gathers an abundant crop. He
took, in one season, fifteen barrels of Baldwins from one tree,
and thirty -six barrels from four other trees — fifty-one barrels
from five trees. In 1892, he gathered 550 barrels, including
all the best kinds. Some years ago, his father cut ofl" a very
young apple-tree in order to^graft it, and put the part removed
into the ground. It rooted, and is now the largest tree in the
orchard. On one branch of it, thirty feet long, the present
owner grafted a lot of scions. These are growing up from it
like a row of separate trees, and bearing quite a lot of fruit.
Provincial Exhibition Hkld at Halifax, 1879.
Tho Morning Chronicle, October 2nd, referring to the display
of apples, said : " Lunenburg's collections are very fine, two of
them being almost equal to anything shown. The third is
slightly bruised, but the whole three are highly creditable."
Speaking of " dozens of apples of various varieties," Duchess

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 453
of Oldenburg was named, of which it was said : " Two dozen
indifferent and by no means equal to others of the same variety
shown in county collections, least of all to the Lunenburg
specimens, whose excellence has already been commented on."
The Morning Herald, of same date, said of the apples :
" Lunenburg county sends three lots, and evidently, from the
fine appearance of those that are exhibited, the fruit-growers
of this county are paying more attention to this branch of
farming. In fact, the collections are almost equal to those
shown by Annapolis county."
In the report for 1887, of the Fruit-growers' Association for
Nova Scotia, Lunenburg county is thus noticed :
" R. W. StarR: — I saw larger fruit in some of the small
orchards in the valley of Upper La Have than I have seen in
the Annapolis valley. I might say the same of New Germany.
In Bridgewater the various kinds of fruit looked as well as
those we have here under ordinary cultivation, and there is no
reason why the whole of that central portion of the country
should not be equally successful with Annapolis in this industry.
They do not require any more drainage than we do, and their
soil is naturally better than ours, though they have not the
same facilities for manuring.''
At the closing exercises of the School of Agriculture at Truro,
in October, 1889, Mr. Henry Koch, son of the late Joshua Koch,
of East Bridgewater, read an interesting and highly instructive
essay on the "Cultivation of Strawberries." He was introduced
by Prof. Herman W. Smith.
The Morning Chronicle, reporting the annual meeting of the
HaUfax Agricultural Society, in November, 1891, had the
following :
" Dr. Lawson placed on the table a basket of fine Bishop
pippin apples, perfectly clean well-formed fruit of nearly
uniform size, weighing from 7 to 7| ounces each, that had been
sent by Judge DesBrisay, grown on his grounds at Bridgewater,
in Lunenburg county ; also several beautiful and well-flavored
Gravensteins from the orchard of Mr. W. A. Hebb, near that
town. These samples of fruit were commented upon as affording

454 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
striking evidence of the suitability of Lunenburg county for fruit
raising." Mr. Justice Weatherbe wrote of Bishop pippins sent to him
from Bridgewater, that he had " seen nothing better in what is
called our famous fruit belt."
The summer meeting of the Fruit-growers' Association for
1892 was held at Bridgewater in " the unique Music Hall," pn
the 7th of July.
Addresses were delivered by President Bigelow, R. W. Starr,
C R. H. Starr, Prof. Lawson, Rev. W. E. Gelling, and Rev. S.
March. President Bigelow spoke of the profit of fruit growing, and
the prospects of Lunenburg yet rivalling King's or Annapolis
counties in the production of fruit for the English market.
C. R. H. Starr, Esq., said : " There was no question as to what
could be done in fruit growing in this section of the Province,
if only the people would give the matter proper attention.
That was practically demonstrated by a visit to Mr. W. A.
Hebb's place this morning, whose orchard would rival most
orchards of its age in the Annapolis valley. This orchard has
produced seven hundred barrels in one season. Mr. Hebb did
not complain that he had no market. Quantity and quality
would find a market every time."
Prof. Lawson said that he remembered twenty years ago
seeing a collection of apples exhibited at Halifax by Mr. Hebb,
father of Mr. W. A. Hebb, then a member of the House of
Assembly, as fine fruit as he had ever seen. There was no doubt
about the capabilities of Lunenburg county as a fruit-growing
district. Bridgewater should be the centre of a vast orchard.
In 1893, an apple-tree injured by a storm was cut down on
the farm of Mr. David Wile, of Andrew, near Bridgewater.
It was 105 years old, and nine feet in circumference. One of
the main branches was eighteen and a half inches through.
The tree was cut off close to the ground, and in the centre of
it an iron hatchet, a prong of a stable fork, and a piece of brick
were found. Fifteen barrels of fruit have been taken from the
tree at one picking. The year it was removed it yielded four

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. " 455
barrels of well-flavored apples of about tho size of a hen's egg.
It made more than a cord of wood, and a large part of it was
sold at the Bridgewater Foundry as material for ship's wheels.
The report of the Fruit-growers' Association, 1895, contains
an address by Prof. Faville, in which he said :
" Bridgewater and its surrounding country, I am sure many
of you will bear ine out in saying, by climate and position, is
naturally as well adapted to fruit growing as any part of Nova
Scotia. Here we find peaches, apricots, plums, apples, etc., of
the known commercial varieties, growing with success. Mr.
Hebb's orchard during the last season produced over eight
hundred barrels of apples. The Diana grape ripens here. The
La Have valley is being slowly planted to trees. Progress is
needed in spraying and care of orchards. A large quantity of
vegetables is produced near Lunenburg, and at New Germany
fruit tracts are bearing well."
Very fine apples were grown on the grounds of Councillor
Lewis Knaut, at Mahone Bay, in 1895. The Gravensteins
were very superior, and some of the Emperors were ten inches
in circumference.
Commodious and well-appointed exhibition buildings have
been erected and used at Mahone Bay and Bridgewater.
In 1880, Mr. Charles Fritze, of Lunenburg, sent a number of
articles to the HaUfax Exhibition — among them one squash
measuring 7 feet 21 inches in circumference, a mangel-wurzel
weighing twenty pounds, and a cauliflower weighing fourteen
pounds. Mr. Henry Dauphinee, of Lunenburg, brought to the exhibi
tion in Bridgewater, in 1881, six squashes weighing in all
1,000 pounds. The largest weighed 214 pounds, and measured
80 X 97 inches.
A pair of three-year-old steers, at the same exhibition,
weighed 2,850 pounds ; and a pair two years old, 2,104 pounds.
A pig eighteen months old weighed 700 pounds.
In July, 1882, very large garden strawberries were shown
by Mr. E. B. Hyson, Mahone Bay, one 5-| inches in circumfer
ence. Mr. John Anderson, of Lunenburg, had several of 5
inches, and ono oJ inches.

456 HISTORY OT THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
In the fall of 1883, Mr. Charies Eikle, of Crouse Town, from
12 J quarts of wheat sowed on a well-prepared piece of land,
containing three-tenths of an acre, realized tho magnificent
yield of 18| bushels. This, it will be seen, is a return of over
fifty-fold. In 1885, among the cattle for Easter beef, exhibited in
Halifax, were the following : Two steers, three years and nine
months, 1,900 pounds, raised by Benjamin Westhaver, Martin's
Brook, Lunenburg; one steer, five years, weighing 914 pounds,
raised by Francis Kaulbach, Conquerall ; one steer, five years,
9 1 0 pounds, raised by Charles Zwicker, Mahone Bay.
In March, 1885, Mr. William A. Hebb, of Indian Garden, near
Bridgewater, sold for the Halifax market a pair of beeves
weighing 4,360 lbs. One of them was 8 feet 4 inches in girth,
and 9 feet 2 inches in length ; and in 1887 he sold in Halifax,
for $310, a pair of oxen, fatted by himself, which weighed 4,700
pounds. Mr. Charles Hewitt, of Lunenburg, received from Philadel
phia, in 1886, prizes amounting to $60, for two squashes which
weighed respectively 262 and 223J pounds, and a pumpkin of
206^ pounds.
Mr. Hewitt, in 1883, raised the "largest squash on record,"
weighing 293 pounds.
In 1888, ex-Councillor Philip Cross, of Conquerall, took forty
barrels of fruit from his cranberry patch. He sold them for
$6 dollars a barrel, or $2 per bushel.
Several others have been successful in raising cranberries,
and more attention is being given to their culture.
At the exhibition held in Lunenburg, in 1889, Benjamin
Morash showed two squashes, weighing 214 and 182 pounds
respectively. In 1895, gooseberries 3 x 3 J inches were grown in the garden
of Mr. Daniel J. Rudolf, at Lunenburg.
One great drawback to a more successful prosecution of
agriculture, has been the too general endeavor to unite farming
and lumbering — pursuits which are incompatible. It is grati
fying to know that many persons, having become fully aware

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 457
of this fact, have devoted themselves exclusively to farming,
and have not only made " the wilderness " to " blossom as the
rose," but are becoming independent.
The county furnishes notable instances of what can be done
by close attention to agriculture, one of which may be men
tioned. Solomon Vienot, who died in July, 1895, became
owner of 250 acres of forest land, in what is now Hemford.
He felled the first tree, and shortly afterwards built a small
log house, in which he lived alone for several years, being his
own cook and housekeeper. All the chopping was done by
him, and he had only occasional assistance when piling the
logs for burning. Ninety acres were cleared, and he had a
large portion under the plough and well cultivated. He
gathered in one season twenty to twenty-five tons of English
hay, nine tons of meadow hay, and large quantities of wheat,
barley, oats, corn, rye, potatoes, turnips, carrots, pumpkins
and cabbages. Having received instructions from an Indian
(Simon Glode), he made the buckets, butter firkins, tubs and
other articles of woodenware required on the farm. He was out
of debt and had a comfortable home, enjoyed good health, and
boasted that he could do his own " doctoring." The farm, in
walking over which he could feel much honest pride, is now in
the midst of a large and flourishing settlement, whore, as else
where in the county, are many more visible proofs of the
returns which may be expected from a diligent tillage of the
soil. Mrs. Vienot makes a superior article of maple sugar. In
the forest belonging to the farm, there are many hundreds
of sugar-maple trees, from several of which have been taken
forty pails of sap each. The sugar sold by Mrs. Vienot, in one
season, besides all that was used, realized $20.32.
Mr. Emmanuel Hebb, who lives about three miles from
Bridgewater, has a fine productive farm, to which he and
some of his family have been paying great attention. He
has built a well-finished barn of 102 feet in length, and most
conveniently arranged. Besides the usual farm crops and
good fruit, he raises a large supply of choice market vegetables.

458 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
for which he finds ready sale. Samuel Fancy, James William
Hebb, Ephraim Hebb, Joseph Newcomb, and other farmers in
the vicinity have been making great improvements on their
properties, and reaping the rewards which follow a faithful
tillage of the soil. It would be well if paany more would do
likewise. This county has long been' celebrated for the abundance and
quality of its cabbages. Schooner loads have been shipped for
ports abroad. Some of the largest are grown on Big Tancook.
In November, 1894, Mr. Sylvester Baker, of that island, pulled
two from his field, one of which weighed 25|, and the other
23^ pounds. Cabbage is a staple article of food, especiaUy
among the people of Gorman descent; and when made into
sauerkraut, is also very much used. This dish has been the
subject of many jokes, at the expense, as has been foolishly
supposed, of " Lunenburghers," who may in their use of it
derive satisfaction from the fact that " The Augsburgh Beauty,"
Philippine, wife of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, had a
passion for sauerkraut, and M^as advised to eat it with pork,
rather than with fat capon.
The people are generally fond of flowers, and in the gardens,
especially in those about the old homesteads, the more showy
flowers seem to have the preference. Sometimes the most
beautiful flowering house-plants are found in the dwellings of
those who have least of this world's goods ; and the " ivy
green " is occasionally seen winding its way around the whitest
of walls, in rooms the windows of which are adorned with
roses, fuchsias, calceolarias, balsams, and several varieties of
geraniums. Many of the women of the county manufacture various kinds
of linen and woollen cloth, and also yam and sewing thread.
The introduction of carding machines has been the means of
saving them much labor in getting the wool ready for
spinning. Flax is wholly prepared by hand. In the autumn
it is broken. A hole or kiln is dug in the ground, generally on
the side of a hill, all but the front being walled up. Small
poles are laid across the top. On these the flax is placed, and a

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 459
fire made underneath. When dry it is taken to the brake,
where it is scutched or bruised, the outer covering being partly
removed from the fibre. It afterwards goes through the
process of swingling, by which the remainder of the outer
shell is thrown ofl". It is then hackled, or as the Germans call
it, ihetchoUed, which takes out the refuse called tow, and causes
the fibres of the plant to lie evenly together, after which it is
twisted up into small bundles, and put away for spinning.
Very superior flax is raised in the county. The first prize for
" best skutched flax," and the second prize for " best bundle of
flax in raw state," were awarded to Abraham Hebb, Esq., at the
Provincial Exhibition held at Halifax in October, 1868.
Parties composed of men and women, boys and girls, the fair
sex generally predominating, are willing and cheerful guests at
" breaking frolics." The noise of the instruments can be heard
at some distance. The gathering-in of the flax is foUowed by
a genuine merry-making and a feast of good things, at which
kind-hearted mothers and " cherry-cheeked maidens " do the
honors to the satisfaction of all concerned.
A great many warm knitted woollen drawers, socks, gloves,
and mittens are taken by the women to market in the towns
and villages. Their " home-made " dresses are often so well
woven, and striped or plaided with so much taste, that unless
closely inspected they can hardly be distinguished from im
ported fabrics.
Ruskin says : " After Agriculture, the art of Kings, take
the next head of human arts — Weaving, the art of Queens,
honored of all noble women." Some of the carpets and mats
manufactured for domestic use are very beautiful in colors and
design ; and the linen table-cloths and towels, when nicely
bleached, are by many housekeepers preferred to others, and
are often eagerly sought for by strangers visiting the county.
Lunenburg county women also know well how to make the
famous feather beds used as coverlets, a fashion brought from
the Fatherland. It is very amusing to listen to stories told by
those who have for the first time been treated to this — often
too comfortable — kind of bed-clothing. One asserts that he
emptied the sack and used tho latter as a sheet.

460 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The industry of the women in the country districts is very
commendable, and to them may with truth be applied the words
of the Book of all books :
" She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands."
" She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaJBf. "
" She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread
of idleness."The late Hugh M. Moyle, Esq., Collector of Customs at Lunen
burg, gave cheerfully his valuable assistance to further the
agricultural interests of the county, and in this, as in other
respects, his decease was a public loss. He died at Lunenburg,
June 16th, 1868, aged fifty years.

.Y

g3

H ¦¦¦.

...i^m

CHAPTEE XLI.
Fisheries — Kinds and quantities of Fish caught — Vessels, Boa*-^,
and Men engaged — Deep Sea and other Fishing.
" The fields that no man sows.
The farm that pays no fee."
THERE is no body of men in this county who deserve to be
held in higher regard than the fishermen. The farmers
are a hard-working class, and contribute very largely to the
general prosperity. They have, indeed, their days of toil, but
they have also their nights of sweet repose. The fishermen
must work by day and watch by night ; and they have to labor
in the midst of difficulties and dangers of which landsmen know
only by hearsay. The deep sea fishermen especially contribute
immensely to the wealth of the county and Province.
The great Anlerican statesman, John Quincy Adams, well said:
" There is something in the very occupation of fishermen, not
only beneficent in itself, but noble and exalted in the qualities
of which it requires the habitual exercise. In common with the
cultivators of the soil, their labors contribute to the subsistence
of mankind, and they have the merit of continual exposure to
danger, superadded to that of increasing toil. Industry, frugal
ity, patience, perseverance, fortitude, intrepidity, souls inured to
perpetual conflict with the elements, and bodies steeled with
unremitting action, ever grappling with danger and familiar
with death — these are the qualities which are called forth by
the daily labors of the fisherman's life."
Villebon wrote, in 1699, in reference to the fisheries and com
merce of Acadie, that "if rightly managed, this Province is
a Peru." The shore and river fisheries of this county were formerly
very productive. The earliest account connected with them is

462 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
that Razilly (previously mentioned as Commander-in-Chief
residing at La Hfeve), Denys, who came out with him, and a
Breton merchant called Dauray sent fish from La Heve to
Bretagne, which sold well. They afterwards sent the Catharine,
a vessel of two hundred tons, commanded by Denys' brother,
to Portugal, with a cargo of codfish, of the proceeds of which
they were there defrauded. These exportations were made
between the years 1632 and 1636.
The coast fisheries excited the astonishment of Lord Corn
wallis, who, on his visit in 1749, wrote that those on board his
ship caught fish every day, since they were within forty leagues
of the coast : and that " the harbor " was " full of all kinds of
fish." The following is stated in a letter dated Halifax, August
21st, 1749: "A man may catch as much fish in two hours as
will serve six or seven people for a whole week, such as cod,
halibut, turbot, salmon, skate, haddock, herrings, smelts and
lobsters ; and they lie as thick as stones in Cheapside, so that
Billingsgate is but a fish-stall in comparison to it."
Strange as it may now appear, American fishermen used to
" kill voyages " between Tancook and Long Island. An aged
inhabitant told the writer that he and his brothers often went
out in a boat sixteen feet long, in early morning ; and in the
immediate neighborhood of Heckman's Island, with hook and
line, loaded it with mackerel larger ancl fatter than any now
caught. In the month of October, boats from the Blue Rocks would
come into Lunenburg, laden with No. 1 mackerel. They wore
so abundant that men were engaged along the shore, day and
night, in splitting and curing them. The price, when in prime
shipping order, was from three to four dollars per barrel ; and
they could be bought at the stages (taken from the puncheons),
split and salted, at the rate of one dollar for each hundred
weight. In those days the waters literally teemed with fish. Great
quantities of salmon were caught in the La Have River, in
March and in May. Shad were also very abundant, and of the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 463
finest quality. Three hundred and fifty shad were not thought
much of a catch for one day.
In the month first named, nets were set through holes cut in
the ice, and the fishermen were accustomed to say that if they
did not get more fish than they could carry home without their
ox-carts, it was not worth while to go to the river. The
McLeods, from Liverpool, caught in one season at Cook's FaUs
1,800 barrels of alewives. Cook and Moser brought do^^'n the
river in one day 1 ,500 barrels. Moser loaded his brig with
alewives, and exchanged them in the United States for flour,
barrel for barrel. Sometimes a man endeavoring to pull out a
square hand-net would find the quantity of fish enclosed to
be so large that he was unable to lift them to shore. It was
no uncommon thing for twenty or thirty salmon to be taken
from a net at a single haul. Parties, on going to the river,
frequently found their nets sunk with the weight of the fish.
Melchior Broom sometimes took seventy-five or eighty fine
shad, and ten or more salmon, near Miller's Wharf, by the bridge
at Bridgewater. Andrew Wile and others frequently filled their
box-carts with alewives at Sandy Brook in a short time.
Two men went to Cook's FaUs on one occasion, and, standing
above them, they saw a bear on a rock below eating alewives,
and shot him in the back. Another then appeared in sight, and
he also was fired at and wounded, when both took to the river
and went down into the still water. The men, fearing lest they
should escape, ran quickly below the falls, fired again, and killed
them. They saw two cartloads of the remains of alewives left
by bears, of which the backs only wore eaten.
Many salmon were formerly caught at New Ross and other
places in the back country.
About seventy years ago, James S. WeUs, Esq., took a salmon
in Lake Lawson (at Sherbrooke) which weighed twenty-one and
a half pounds, and Captain William Ross took another, in the
same lake and about the same time, that weighed twenty-three
pounds. Codfish and sea-trout, of very large size, have been taken in
nets at Bridgewater.

464 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
A brig and a large schooner, belonging to Rudolf, Sponagle
and others, were both loaded at one time at Bridgewater with
fish caught in the La Have.
In 1818, there were shipped at Ijunenburg, between the 12th
of January and the 25th of March, in addition to other exports,
5,320 quintals of dried cod and scale-fish, 453 barrels and 24
half -barrels of pickled fish, and 1 ,300 gallons of fish-oil.
The returns from all the counties, 1851-61, showed that
Lunenburg had the largest number of nets and seines, the second
largest of vessels, and the third largest of boats. It furnished
the greatest quantity of dry fish and oil, the third largest of
herrings, and the fifth largest of mackerel. The exports of fish
from Lunenburg during the five years from January 1st, 1881,
to December 31st, 1885, were : Value.
Codfish, dry (quintals)  533,931 $2,289,879
" wet (pounds)  49,500 11,400
Mackerel (barrels)  20,708 115,797
Herring (barrels)  29, 131 115,492
All other kinds  6,580
Fish-oil (gallons)  31,483 15,080
Total  $2,554,228
In August, 1886, Captain Freeman Geldert, of Hand Line
schooner N. P. Christian, weighed off his spring catch, 1,177
quintals, and had 1,400 more, in all 2,577 quintals. He had
weighed off the previous season, 2,474 quintals. He was twenty -
two years old, and the youngest of five brothers, all masters of
fishing vessels.
"The Ottawa, Narcissus, Glenola, Aubrey -4, and Dimzella
have each landed from 2,200 to 2,300 quintals at one time. A
quintal of dry fish means 112 pounds, and 2,200 quintals, there
fore, amount to 246,400 pounds. But it takes about 170 pounds
of green fish to make a quintal of dry fish ; and our vessels,
therefore, when bringing home fares of 2,200 quintals, and
upwards, have actually landed upwards of 374,000 pounds of
fish." In 1888, the fisheries of Canada were, in value, $17,418,510.76,

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

465

Nova Scotia's share, .$7,817,030.42, of which there was credited
to the County of Lunenburg, $1,779,821.90.
The county had engaged in the fisheries in the same year 193
vessels and 4,842 men. Value of vessels, $564,700. Also 1,931
boats, valued at $34,366.
The first arrival in Lunenburg in this year, from the sunnnor
fishing, was the Hand Line schooner J. A. Hirtle, Captain
Geldert, with 1,000 quintals, sixty of which fish, it was said,
" fresh from the sea, would load a dory " — meaning a single-
handed dory.

The Argus, of December 30th, 1891, had the foUowing state
ment :
Number of Vessels and Boats Engaged in Fishing.
Number of vessels, 169; tons, 1.3,836 ; value, $812,400; num
ber of men, 2,343. Number of boats, 1,603 ; value, $46,640 :
number of men, 1,672. Nets and traps, value, $120,191 ;
fathoms, 675,465. Fish.

Codfish  205,137 cwt.
Mackerel  20,463 bbls.
Herring  23,733 „
Pollock  39,174 cwt.
Haddock  20,091 „
Lobsters  293,000 n
Dressed salmon  17,185 lbs.

Smoked salmon  987 lbs.
Halibut  210,850 ,,
Trout  1,555 h
Alewives  592 bbls.
Squid  282 ,,
Smelts  6,755 lbs.
Eels  167 bbls.

The above is as nearly correct as could be obtained from the
customs and other sources. The same paper, on October 24th,
1894, stated :
" The last vessel of the banking fleet arrived here last week.
The total catch for the season amounts to 7,252,000 pounds of
codfish. In addition to this there are 16 vessels from Ritcey's
Cove, which landed a catch of 2,212,000 pounds. Schr. Nyanza,
Captain Elias Walter, is high line, having nearly 200,000 pounds.
The fleet, excluding Ritcey's Cove, numbers 66 vessels, averag
ing 108,000 pounds each."
30

466

history of the county of lunenburg.

The Progress, of same date, contained the following compara
tive statement of catches for 1893-94 :

1893. 1894.
Milo  1400 1200
Dora  900
Lottie B  25
Acalia  250
Ontario  1400 1500
Atlanta  1200 1350
Director  700 550
Union  900 1200
Glad Tidings  1150 1000
M. B. Smith  1300 1300
Bona Fides  550 1200
Britannia  900 900
Nonpareil  600 1000
Werra  950 1000
Vivian  700 1100
Tyler  725 600
Maggie M. W  9.50 950
Burnham H  800 1050
Clara E. Mason  1200 1200
Howard Young  1100 1100
Orinoco  550
J. A. Silver  700
Gleaner  1200 1300
L. E. Young  800 900
Oddfellow  900 800
Urania  1500 1600
Molega  1000 1050
J. W. Young  1200
J.H.Ernst  1000 500
Erminie  550 900
Malabar  1300 1100
O. P. Silver  700 1200
Jennie Miller  850 900
Minerva  900 1000
Argosy  1000 1100
Alaska  1000 1000

Panama 
Charlotte E. C 
Nokomis 
Energy 
Sadie  900
Dictator  1100
Mystic Tie 
J. C. Schwartz  1200
Melrose  900
Arcana  850
Secret  1050
Florence M  700
LaFrance  800
J. W. Geldert  1000
Samoa  1000

700700700

650

800

G. A. Smith 
Bertie C. H 
Robert F. Mason . . .
Irving G 
Merino 
Monarch 
White Cloud 
Bonanza 
Valen.ir 
C. U. Mader 
Galatea  1800
Magnolia  800
Yucatan 
Argo  300
Mabel B  500
Lawrence  1200
Leopold  903
Laura M. Knock  1050
Vivian  700
M. C. Geldert  900
Nyanza  1000

1894. 850500
1300 700
1000 950500
1350 700 925
1000 700
1000 900
1000 900
1200 800
1000 500
11001000 900
800
10001500 900 700500
120012001000100(1 800
1700

In February, 1888, Captain Benjamin Anderson, of Lunen
burg, gave a large amount of valuable information relative to

history of the county of lunenburg. 467
the fisheries, which was published in the Progress, and from
which the following is taken :
" Comparatively speaking, this town had no fish business
forty years ago. There were scarcely ten fishing vessels sailing
out of this port in 1850, and if I remember aright they did not
.average over forty -five tons each, nor did they carry more than
ten men and two boats. For the fun of the thing we will call
them up. There were the .lohn Henry, Brothers, Rambler,
Peri, Dolphin, and — and — they have slipped my memory, but
there were two or three more. That was our fishing fleet forty
years ago, and it was captained by Paul Burn, Wm. Brown^
Casper Maxner, Casper Schwartz, Leonard Eisenhauer, George
Burn, Christian Tanner, Jacob Allen, and Christian Heckman.
As a general thing, this fleet left our harbor about the first of
June for Labrador, arriving a week or so later.
" The vessels when loaded sailed for Lunenburg, Cape Breton
or Newfoundland, where the fish were removed from the hold,
washed thoroughly, and spread on the beach to be ' made ' by
the sun. As a general thing, it took about a fortnight to
' make ' fish, at the close of which they were returned to the
vessel, taken direct to Halifax, and sold at from $1.50 to $2.50
per quintal. After marketing, we returned home to spend our
money, and wait for the next season to come around. This
is about all there is to be said, except that we prosecuted
fishing on this line until as late as 1870, or thereabouts.
" It was at this period that Lewis Anderson, senior member
of the firm of Lewis Anderson & Co., advised David Seaboyer,
who was then skipper of one of Anderson's vessels, to use a
' seine ' when the fish refused to take bait. This advice was
acted on, resulting in a big catch the first season. About this
time our fleet became considerably larger in tonnage, as well as
in the number of vessels. We had some vessels of eighty tons,
carrying a proportionate number of men and boats, and as I
have already shown, improvements were being made in the
mode of catching fish. But the ' seine ' was abandoned a little
later on, because the fish refused to school, and the ' trap ' was
substituted at the instance of skipper Charles Loye.

468 history op the county of lunenburg.
" The ' trap ' was an ordinary net arranged into four sides,
with gateways and a bottom. Fisli swam through the gate
ways and the netted floor was raised ; thus they were taken
from the sea at certain times during tho day. It was an easy
affair to operate, and accomplished big things for a couple of
seasons. Later on,. howe%'er, the fish became frightened of the
trap, and we discarded it. This occurred about fifteen years
ago, when the Labrador cod-fisheries refused to offer profitable
returns to Lunenburg fishermen.
"I think it was early in the spring of 1873, when our fleet had
reached fifteen vessels and 175 men, that five skippers sailed
out of this harbor, to engage for tho first time in deep sea, or
bank fishing. We reached the banks, and opened up business.
At first the effort was not crowned with success. In fact, by
the first of June, four of the five had become so thoroughly
disheartened that tlioy set sail for Labradoi', leaving mo on
the Grand Banks in command of a 58-ton schooner, the
Dielytris, four boats and thirteen men. I fished the season
through, however, returning with ],8.'i{) cjuintals of dry fish.
" When we caught 1,200 quintals at Labrador, in the same
time and with the same appliances, wo ivckonod that great
things had boon accomplished. This achiovoniont of tho
Dielytris inspired Chas. Loye, the late Ednuind Hirtle. Janios
Geldert and another skipper whose name I cannot recall at this
minute, to pass the season of 1874 on the banks with nie.
With the same vessel, boats and men, I again captured 1,850
quintals, and the other skipj^ors also secured big fares. In 187.5,
Lunenbui'g town sent out ton bankers, all hands reaping a rich
reward. Owing to a scarcity of bait, we did not do so well in
1876, but that circumstance did not frighten anyone, as will
be clearly seen when I say that in 1873 wo bad ono 58-ton
sail speculating on the banks, while wo now have a fleet
comprising sixty home-built schooners, averaging ninety-five
tons, carrying all modern appliances, and prosecuting the deep
sea undertaking with enviable vigor and success."
Salted fish form so large an item of trade in this county that
tho foUowing will bo of interest horo :

hi.stoky of the county of lunenburg. 469
William Buckels was a Zealand fisherman, and in 1386, he
discovered that salt would "keep" fish to that degree that
they could bo packed for export. In that year he salted
herrings and packed them in ban-els. The discovery was a
great thing for the world, and, at that date, for Dutch commerce.
Charles V. erected a statue to his meiuory. Queen Mary of
Hungary, while living in Holland, sought out his tomb, and
seated upon it, ate a salted herring — and the people of Bierwick
celebrated the five-hundredth anniversary of the event.
Beautiful yacht-like models, attesting the skill of the native
builders, may be seen in Lunenburg harbor and at the outports,
when our fishing vessels return from their spring and summer
trips. Many of them make a grand exhibition in the former
harbor during the winter.
Rev. George Grant, writing in Aug-ust, 1892, said : "I visited
Lunenburg county the other day, and was delighted to find
what a noble fleet of vessels was owned there, and to learn that
almost every fisherman in that fleet of more than one hundred
vessels shared in the profits as well as in the labor and risks."
It was reported in May, 1895, that the schooner Mary Garbral
landed in Boston a fish taken on La Have Bank, which is sixty
miles from Cape La Have. It was described as " about five
and a half foot long, with a round, snake-like body, surmounted
the whole length by a fin eight inches in height. It has an
enormous tail. The jaws, about seven inches long, contain
three rows of tooth, the first being about an inch long and
different from any teeth which any of the fishermen have ever
seen. They are flat and blade-like, sharp at the points, almost
translucent and slightly flexible. The reptile was taken on a
trawl on La Have Bank after a desperate fight."
The Progress, of August 28th, 1895, stated that "the fishing
schooner Minnie J. Smith sailed out of this harbor on April
22nd last, and returned on June 5th with 600 quintals of fish.
After taking in outfits, she again sailed away on June 13th,
returning on August 16th with 1,900 quintals, making a catch
of 2,500 quintals in three months and twenty -four days."
On September 11th, 1895, Mr. George Young, of Blandford,

470 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
caught a halibut weighing 260 pounds, which he secured with
out assistance, being then seventy-four years of age.
Fishing Bounties, Lunenburg County,
1882 TO 1893.
Year. Vesskls. Boats. Totals.
1882  $15,16103 $3,112 00 $18,273 03
1883  17,658 00 1,850 00 19,508 00
1884  19,648 24 3,162 00 22,810 24
1885  17,315 34 2,947 00 20,262 34
1886  16,755 64 3,122 00 19,877 64
1887  16,154 33 3,751 50 19,905 83
1888  13,893 81 3,794 00 17,687 81
1889  17,184 42 3,577 00 20,761 42
1890  15,957 09 4,606 00 20,563 09
1891  14,664 68 4,793 00 19,457 68
1892  31,260 36 4,057 00 35,317 36
1893  31,588 21 3,996 00 35,584 21

$270,008 65

The receiving of claims for bounty, and paying the same, is
attended to by Fishery Officers William M. Solomon, Esq., of
West La Have Ferry, who kindly furnished the above infor
mation, and David Evans, Esq., of Chester.
The Breton fishermen frequently use this prayer, standing in
their boats ready to leave the harbor : " Have mercy upon me ;
my boat is so little, and thy sea is so great " — or, rendered into
verso, " Lord, ere we go, to thee we trust our all.
Thy sea is mighty, and our boats are small."
Doubtless the same prayer, in substance if not in words, is
offered up from the hearts of many of our own fishermen.
During their absence at their work, long intervals must pass
when their families cannot hear from them. The howling
wind and the roar of the ocean frequently sadden the inmates
of their sea-girt homes, by reminding them that those they
love may be lost amidst the contending elements ; but Faith

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 471
whispers the comforting assurance that they are under the
protection of " . Him whose sacred form
Once walked upon the sea ;
Whose voice allayed the angry storm
On holy Galilee."
It is cause for thankfulness, that being not only expert
fishermen, but skilful mariners, and having vessels generally
" tight and trim," accidents are few in proportion to the
number of men employed.
Looking back, however, over years that aro gone, a long list
can be made of homes to which loved husbands and sons no
more return.
" How often, oh, how often," has the signal referred to in
the following lines been seen :
' ' Half-mast high the signal floats !
She's coming in from sea ;
Some sailor of her crew is gone, —
Who may the lost one be ?
The landsmen gaze as she draws nigh.
With trembling sad concern.
The vessel's name to learn.
That comes with colors half-mast high."
Vacant places there are by many a cottage fireside, but not
in the hearts of those to whom the lost were dear. Their
memory is kept forever green in the broken family circle, to be
again complete when the sea shall give up its dead.
" 'Tis well to find our last repose
'Neath the churchyard's sacred sod ;
But those who sleep in the desert or deep.
Are watched by the self -same God."

CHAPTEE XLII.
Manufactures in the Town of Lunenburg, with Vessels and
Boats Built there and elsewhere in the County.
THE Lunenburg Iron Company, incorporated December,
1891, of which Charles E. Patterson is President, and
William T. Lindsay, Secretary and Manager, carries on a busi
ness which has an output of about $30,000 per annum.
The goods manufactured include all kinds of cooking and
heating stoves, ship castings in brass and iron, mill and general
machinery, and bells weighing from one hundred to seven
hundred pounds.
The foundry is equipped with the most improved machinery,
and occupies an area of over 12,000 feet of floor space.
Frank Powers (business established 1874), manufactures
mechanical fog alarms, ships' signals, lanterns, bicycles and hot-
water heating apparatus. Yearly output, about $20,000.
Hewitt and Adams, sailmakers. Established 1865. Annual
output, $10,000.
C. Albert Smith. Established 1883. Manufacturer of sashes,
doors, mouldings, etc. Threshing mill. Yearly output, $8,000.
Peter Loye & Co., blockmakers. Established 1850. Manu
facture all kinds of blocks, dead-eyes and pump-boxes. Annual
output, $1,000.
John A. Eisenhauer. Manufacturer and dealer in stoves,
tinware and kitchen furnishings. Established 1887. Yearly
output, $3,000. Coopers.
Elias Silver. EstabUshed 1881. Output, $11,000.
George Townshend. EstabUshed 1874. Output, $6,000.
Wilber Sawler. Established 1874. Output, $4,000.
Sf«aboyer & Son. EstabUshed 1892. Output, $4,000.

history of the county of lunenburg. 473
Ship-building in the County.
In August, 1787, a handsome brig, built at Lunenburg, arrived
at Halifax.
In 1829, Lunenburg had upwards of one hundred vessels
engaged in foreign trade, coasting, and the prosecution of the
fisheries. There were owned in Lunenburg, in 1832-33, 1 ship, 6 brigs
and 68 schooners ; in all, 75 vessels of 3,488 tons.
In 1838, Lunenburg had 17 square-rigged vessels. These
included : Brig Durham, owned by Wm. and Michael Rudolf.
" Frederica, " " John Zwicker & Co.
" Mary, " " " " "
" Commerce, " " Chas. and Joseph Rudolf.
Brigt. William, " "J. Zwicker & Co.
" Good Intent " " Sponagle & Co.
" Emerald, " " John Heckman.
— with top-sail schooners Magnet, Brothers, Rambler, and
others. There is no place in the Province more suitable for ship
building than this county, owing to the nearness of all kinds
of timber required ; and some of the finest vessels of the classes
to which they respectively belong, whether for model, sailing
qualities, or beauty of finish, have been here constructed.
The vessels launched in 1860 numbered 22, amounting to
3,138 tons ; and on March 30th, 1861, there were 18 vessels on
the stocks, estimated at 1,306 tons.
John F. Leary, grandfather of Stephen F. Leary, of Summer-
side, built a number of schooners in Lunenburg many years ago.
David Smith, born in Lunenburg, has been engaged in ship
building twenty-eight years. He built 5 brigs, 59 schooners ;
rebuilt 6 brigs, 5 schooners. Since he and Mr. John Smith
became partners, they have built 36 additional schooners.
David Smith's father. Gasper Smith, built a schooner on the
Common range, and took her half a mile to the sea-shore.
John and Hibbert Young (both dead) built a number of
vessels at Lunenburg.

474 history of the county of lunenburg.
John Young built, among others, brigs Busy and Italia,
brigantines Oddfellow and Chilian, schooners Victor, Ripple,
and Friend. Among those built by Hibbert Young were the
brigantines W. N. Z., Elsie, Ocean Bride, and Mary. The -
writer has been unable to get a full list.
Peter Young, born on Steven's Island, between Lunenburg
and Indian Point, employed as shipbuilder for thirty years,
built in Lunenburg, 49 schooners Mr. Young also built in
Shelburne, 2 ships, largest 1,290 tons ; 7 barques, largest 1,240
tons ; 1 full-rigged brig, 4 brigantines.
Joseph Young, born at Mahone Bay, engaged in shipbuilding
twenty-six years. He built at Lunenburg, 10 brigantines, 70
schooners. He also built at Chester, 1 schooner.
James Maxner built 2 large schooners at Lunenburg.
William Morash built 4 schooners in the county.
Stephen Morash, of Lunenburg, built, at Chester Basin, 2
brigantines and 10 schooners for J. Levi Oxner; at Mahone
Bay, 2 schooners ; at Lunenburg, 4 yachts for Halifax, and 300
fishing and other boats ; at Chester, 1 schooner and 20 boats.
He built a four-oared row boat, " Miner's Delight," which came
in first at Chester Regatta, 1894. He modelled the steamer
Lunenburg. A prize of .$30 was obtained by him at Halifax,
for a fishing boat, and a prize for a schooners model in 1881.
In 1884, he received two medals for models of brigantine and
schooner, and a medal for a model of a schoonor, and one for a
canoe at Halifax, 1894.
Tho schooner Geneva, built in Lunenburg by Mr. James
Maxner, sailed from Halifax, N.S., November 11th, 1890, in
charge of Captain H. F. Sieward. On the fifth day out, there
was a terrific storm, which lasted twelve hours, with a moun
tainous sea. The equator was crossed when thirty-one days
out. On Januaiy 9th, she anchored in San Vincent's Bay,
Terra del Fuego, for water and repairs, and left next evening.
At noon of January 16th, she was considered to be safely
around Cape Horn. The passage from Halifax to Vancouver
Island, 14,000 miles, was made in 110 days, including the stop
referred to, and broke all sailing records at the latter port.

history op the county of lunenburg. 475
The Geneva was called " the fastest sailing vessel on the Pacific
coast." Captain Sieward's wife was with him on the voyage.
Tho Victoria (B.C.) Colonist, from which the above facts were
taken, referred to another schooner, the Ocean Belle, built in
Lunenburg by Mr. Peter Young, and stated : " Captain O'Leary,
wJio brought her from Nova Scotia, has the satisfaction of
knowing that he has not been beaten by an outside schooner."
A writer from Victoria, B.C., said of the schooner Otto, built
by Abraham Ernst, Mahone Bay : " She is probably as saucy a
looking craft as ever sailed these seas. These eastern boats are
all beauties."
In 1888, the brigantine Sceptre, Captain King, owned by
Messrs. Zwicker, of Lunenburg, made the round voyage from
that port to two ports in Porto Rico, thence to Turk's Island,
and home in thirty-two days. The same vessel and captain
made eight round voyages to West India Islands inside of
fourteen months.
The brigantine W. E. Stoive, Captain Smeltzer, left Lunen
burg, February 27th, 1892, arrived at Kingston, Jamaica,
March 14th ; left that port, March 24th, and reached Lunen
burg in fourteen days — making tho round trip in forty days.
Built at Mahone Bay.
Several fine schooners were built at Mahone Bay previous to
the last American war. The following are among those which
have been constructed since that date :
Built by McLeod and Copeland. Contractor, JaQob Zwicker
— Barque Lunenburg.
Built by Elkanah Zwicker — Barque Royal Arch; brigantine
A. A. Chapman; schooners Golden Rule, Seaman's Bride,
Jolly Tar, Alice R'igers, Blue Nose (bows planked with elm).
Hector, Inquisitive.
Built by tho late John Hiltz — Brigantine Queen of the West.
Built by the late John Young — Brigantine Active
Built by Joseph C. Morgan — Brigantine Argo.
About sixty years ago, Frederick Hiltz built the schooner
James William, at Clearland, three-quarters of a mile from
Mahone Bay. Thirty- six pairs of oxen were attached to a sled

476 history of the county of lunenburg.
constructed for the purpose, and the vessel was thus convoyed
to the salt water.
Many fine vessels have been built by the Messrs. Hiltz, at
Murderer's Point, between Mahone Bay and Gold River.
John H. Zwicker has built in his yard at Mahone Bay : One
full-rigged ship of 1,400 tons ; 3 barquentines, about 500 tons
each ; 7 brigantines, from 150 to 300 tons ; 132 schooners, from
50 to 150 tons ; 3 whalebacks, 300 tons each, to carry coal for
the Little Glace Bay Mining Company ; 1 schooner, built at
Bridgewater. The above vessels were owned in the West Indies,
Halifax, Lunenburg, Chester, St. Margaret's Bay, Martin's Point,
Mahone Bay, Dublin Shore, Port Le Bear, Lockeport, Shelburne
and Yarmouth. Among the schooners built by Mr. Zwicker
was the Star, launched in 1869, constructed for missionary pur
poses connected with the Church of England in the Diocese of
Newfoundland. Peter Langille, blacksmith, of North-West, near Lunenburg,
had seven sons, five of whom — Titus, Calvin, Aaron, Stephen,
and Enoch — became shipbuilders. Titus was born on January
22nd, 1832, and died December 7th, 1892. He carried on his
business at Mahone Bay, and built in this county, 3 barques,
7 brigantines, 56 schooners, and 2 steamships — the Lunenburg,
plying between Lunenburg and Halifax, and the Ralph E. S.,
owned at Sambro. The Lunenburg is 124 feet long; breadth,
25 feet 5 inches ; depth, 12 feet 5 inches ; gross tonnage, 265 ;
net, 113. She is a fast traveller. Among other vessels Mr.
Langille built are the barque Busy, brigantines Mirella, Express,
Tenser, schooners Friend, Flash, Active, Zephyr, Arrow, Brisk,
Tiuo Brothers, yacht Squirrel, barquentine Elizabeth. He
also built four schooners in other counties.
Calvin Langille, who recently resided at Bridgewater, built
in this county 1 barque, and moulded, laid down and helped
to build two others ; 3 barquentines, 1 brig, 8 brigantines, 31
schooners. He also built 2 brigantines and helped in the
building of 20 other vessels outside of the county.
Stephen Langille, living at North-West, built at Lunenburg,
1 brigantine, and at Mahone Bay and other places in the county,
18 schooners, 4 of which were built on Herman's Island.

history of the county of lunenburg. 477
Aaron Langille built, as mentioned under " Vessels Built at.
Petite Riviere," 1 brigantine and 30 schooners.
Enoch Langille, now living at ConqueraU Bank, built the
following number of schooners between the years 1856 and
1876 : At Vogler's Cove, 5 ; West Dublin, 5 ; Broad Cove, 3 ;
Petite Riviere, 2 ; Parks' Bay, 1 ; Dublin Shore, 1 ; Getson's
Cove, 1 ; Herman's Island, 1, or 19 in all; and outside of tho
county, 2 — a total of 21. Mr. Langille was engaged previous
to 1856 in the building of many vessels, but not as master-
builder. Vessels Built at Bridgewater.
The first was the brig Five Brothers built where Davison's
wharves are, over seventy yeai-s ago, by Nicolas Wentzel, who
lived near Lunenburg.
By Nathan Randall — Barques Josephine, Kathleen, brigan
tine Defiance.
By William Bigelow — Brigantines Belle, Bridgewater.
By George Walker — Brigantine Nautilus, near Dawson's
wharf. By Elkanah Zwicker — Brig Grand Master, schooner- IVy.
By Benjamin Harrington — Barque Belvedere : brigantines
Mic-Mac, Volant, schooners Viator, Juniata, La Have, Templar.
George Michael Fancy had built, about fifty-five years ago, a
brigantine and a schooner above the bridge, near the foot of
Victoria road. Joseph Morton, of New Germany, was builder.
About fifty years ago, Mr. John Vienot built a coasting
schooner for Mr. Nicolas Oxner, on tho east side of the La
Have, near Davison's Mills. Circumstances made it necessary
to launch the vessel sideways. The locaUty was chosen that
the building might be as near as possible to the land of Mr.
Vienot, from which the timber was obtained.
John Miller, Esq., built at "Glen Allan,'' in 1845, the sloop-
rigged yacht Grace Darling, 28 feet keel, and 9^ tons measure
ment. The material used was chiefly oak, and tho vessel was
copper fastened. She made two or three voyages in each year
to Halifax, once taking first prize at a regatta, and might be
called a coast cruiser, as she visited every harbor from Port
Mulgrave to Cape Sable.

478 history of the county of lunenburg.
The firm of Ebenezer and Henry Moseley came to Bridge-
water in 1853, and carried on the shipbuilding until 1864.
They built 2 barques, 2 brigs, 2 brigantines, 1 revenue schooner
— Daring, 4 merchant schooners, 6 fishing schooners, 7 ya'cht
schooners, 2 yacht sloops.
Among the vessels built by Messrs. Moseley were the beauti
ful barque Stag, brigs Chanticleer, Beauty, Eclipse, packet
schooner Friend, and schooner Mystery.
Many handsome models have been made by Mr. E. Moseley.
One of the barque Stag, built at La Have, 1856, obtained a
prize at the World's Fair, 1893, "for the symmetry of her fine
lines. During her career she made several successful voyages
to the East Indies and other ports. On two occasions she made
the run from Halifax up to the line in twenty-one and twenty-
two and a half days per log. This performance has never been
excelled since by any sailing vessel."
The full-rigged ship W. J. Lewis was built by James Allen,
who was killed by falling down the hold of the same ship at
Getson's Cove. The brigantine Mystic Tie was built by George
Lamoreaux. The- building of these two vessels w^as superin
tended by Captain R. P. Trefry.
Levi Hewitt, born at Summerside, built at Bridgewater,
barque Scotia (in 1874), 1 barquentine, 2 brigantines, 10
schooners ; and at Summerside, 4 schooners. Ho also built 2
schooners at Port Medway, Queen's. He modelled and tim
bered out the barque St. Kilda, afterwards in charge of Thomas
Ryor, of Shelburne. In 1890, she sailed from New York to
Valparaiso and Iquique, and was called " the clipper of the
fleet, having led the last two voyages by some weeks, making
the passages in seventy-two and seventy days, respectively."
O.V THE LiUNCH of THE BaHQUE " St. KiLDA," AT BRIDGE-
WATER, Co. Lunenburg, N.S., October 3rd, 1879.
The hull complete, the masts erect.
The bowsprit in its place.
Receive St. Kilda, sweet La Have,
With all thy wonted grace.

history of the rouNTY of lunenburg. 479
And as thy wators down to sea
The smaller craft convey.
So give the good ship consort kind,
To meet her ocean way.
With captain true, and faithful crew,
To roaui the billows u'er,
And in the commerce of the eai'th,
To touch at many a shore.
.A " white-wing'd messenger " of peace.
With Britain's flag unfurl'd,
To spread her fame, extend her name.
And blessings to the World.
Watch Thou, O sovereign Lord of all,
Her progress to the end.
And all on board, whate'er the storm.
For those they love, defend. — M. B. D.
The barque Scotia, above mentioned, made the quickest
passage on record, from Now York to Dunedin, New Zealand,
in ninety-eight days. In Julj', 1895, she was loaded at Bridge-
water with lumber for Buenos Aja'os.
Levi Hewitt and John McLean built 7 schooners.
Hibbert Young built 2 schooners.
Built b}' Isaiah Wagner — Barquentines Earnscliffe and
Stranger. Also 2 three-masted schooners, and 1 schooner.
The St>-(ingi"r, 142 foet keel, built for Captain Thomas A.
Wilson, C H. Davison, and others, was launched Oct. 21st, 1893,
in presence of an immense assemblage of people, many of whom
came from Lunenburg and Mahone Bay. The vessel was named
by Frances Eugene Wilson (then aged eleven years), a daughter
of the principal owner, and shortly after launching, was loaded
M'itb lumber for Buenos Ayros.
The late Charles and William Rudolf had a brig. Lord,
Exmouth, topped at Rudolf's Point, in 1820, and also had built
the following vessels :
At Koch's Point, in 1827, a full-rigged ship, Du,ke of Clarence ;
and in 1828, brig Mary. On Rudolf's Point, 1835, brigantine
William; 1836, top-sail schooner Rambler; 1838, hvig Durham;
1848, brigantine FUira.

480 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Jacob Conrad had a schooner called Union built by Nicolas
Wentzel, near the site of Summerside rectory.
James Weagle built 8 schooners at Summerside, about eighty
years ago. His son George built there 25 schooners, and his
grandson Jacob now residing there, has built at the same place,
30 schooners. William, uncle of Jacob, also built there 12
schooners ; and Simeon, cousin to Jacob, 4 schooners.
Stephen F. Learj?, born at Garden Lot's, near Lunenburg, has
built, at Summerside, 40 schooners ; 6 at other places on the
La Have, and 1 at Port Medway.
George Cle\'ersey built 7 schooners at Summerside.
William Weagle built 10 schooners at the same place. He
died January 13th, 1890.
Simeon Weagle has built there 7 schooners.
A schooner called Sir Peregrine Maitland w^as built in 1826
or 1827, near where Daniel Rafuse resides at Conquerall Bank.
Mathew Weagle built at the Bank 25 schooners.
A top-sail schooner was built in the yard of Mr. J. N. Rafuse,
at the same place, about fifty-five years ago.
George and Charles Cleversey built at the Bank 16 schooners,
and Charles built 1 schooner.
Angus Weagle, son of Mathew, built a schooner at the Bank
in 1892, He also built for Mr. J. N. Rafuse, in his yard, up to
August, 1895, 21 schooners. Two schooners were also built
there for Mr. Rafuse, by William Weagle, and one by Stephen
Morash. The following vessels have been built in the shipyard of Mr.
Albert McKoan, at Pleasantville, on La Have River:
By Calvin Langille — 1 schooner.
By Jacob Weagle — 9 schooners.
By James Himmelman — 1 schooner.
By William Weagle — 25 schooners (2 building).
Mr. John McLean built 2 schooners near West La Have Ferry.
Six schooners have been built at Getson's Cove, 2 of them by
James Himmelman, and 1 each by R. McLeod, Michael Richard
and Michael Himmelman. The rest are included in other lists.
A brigantine was also built at Getson's Cove.
Four schooners were built near Mr. Jeffrey Publicover's, Lower

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 481
Dublin, 1 each by James Himmelman, John McLean and Elkanah
Zwicker, and 1 is in another list.
Mr. James Bell had built at Bell's Cove, 1 brigantine and 16
schooners. Titus, Stephen and Enoch Langille built 1 each,
John McLeod 1, and Aaron Langille, the rest.
Vessels Built at West Dublin for late R. B. Currie, Es(,i.
By Calvin Langille — 3 brigantines, 8 schooners.
By Enoch Langille — 1 brig, 3 schooners.
By Samuel DolUver: — 1 brig.
By Robie McLeod — 1 schooner.
Two other schooners were built.
Aaron Langille built at West Dublin, 1 schooner for M. J.
Sperry, and 3 schooners for A. Romkey & Sons.
Vessels Built at Petite Riviere.
By Aaron Langille — 1 brigantine and 30 schooners.
By Enoch Langille — 2 schooners.
By other builders — 28 schooners.
Twelve of the above schooners were built for tho late John C.
Speny, Esq., and eight for his son, John D. Sperry, Esq., M.P.P.
Nicolas Reinhardt & Sons had several schooners built at
Broad Cove many years ago. One of the master-builders was
a man named Shaw. The first vessel A^^as named the Trial,
built about 1825.
Martin Reinhardt, and Enoch and Aaron Langille also built
several schooners there. A brigantine was built by Mr. Rein
hardt about 1848.
Martin Reinhardt was born in Broad Cove, and died October
27th, 1892, in his seventy-ninth year. He was engaged in ship
building for over thirty years, and built at Vogler's Covo,
2 barques, 7 brigantines, and between 50 and 60 schooners. Ho
also built a brigantine and a schooner at Liverpool.
Martin Rhynard, jun., son of the above-named, built in
Vogler's Cove, 7 schooners, and has built vessels at Liverpool.
John DoUiver built 1 schooner for William Vogler.
31

482 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBl'RG.
William Weagle built 1 schooner for Eldred Vogler.
Robie McLeod built a schooner each for James Selig, Eldred
Vogler, and William Vogler.
James Leslie built a schooner for William Vogler.
Henry Morash built 3 schooners.
Stephen Langille built 1 schooner.
Built at Chester.
Barque John Broivn, about eighty-fivo years ago, two brigs
at Western shore, and one at Marriott's Covo at subsequent
dates. Built by Charles Walther — Brig Neris, brigantine Cliffon,
schooner Industry.
Built by W. Hume — Brigantine James A. Moren.
Built by Mr. Wilkins — Schooner Good Intent.
Built by Charles Walther and Joseph C. Morgan — Schooners
John M. Watson, Prairie Flower.
Built by Enos Moreland — Brigantine Mary M. Schmitz.
Built by Joseph C. Morgan — ^Schooners Morning Star, Dar
ling, Weathergauge, Saucy, Chester, Volunteer, Dayspring,
Bella Barry, Emma, Daisy and others ; also launched in
1869 — Brigantine Faugh-a-Ballagh, 80-feet keel.
Brigantine Ocean Bride, built at Chestoi' Basin in 1854, by
the late Hibbert Young, was considered one of the handsomest
vessels that had been seen in No\'a Scotia. She was lost on a
voyage to England.
George Young built on Young's Island, near Indian Point, 5
or 6 schooners.
Peter Young built 2 schooners on Steven's Island.
William Wentzel built 2 schooners at Indian Point, and
Edward Eisenhauer, 1 schooner, and
Nicolas Eisenhauer, 2 schooners.
Jacob and Fritz Hiltz built 4 or 5 schooners at the Narrows,
and John Hiltz about the same number at Indian Point.
If all the vessels above enumerated could be assembled in
one of our capacious bays, under sail, in a sort of naval review,
what a magnificent marine picture would be presented; and

history OF THE C' lUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 4So
what a splendid it-pi-esentation would it be of the genius and
skill of the men who, in this county, have been in the front
rank of the shipbuUdi^rs of the countiy I
Fix)m returns received, it appears that thirteen thou-sand
b>oats — whalers, dciries. skiffs, ffat, keel, and centre-board boats
of aU the kinds required — ^have been biult in Lunenburg town,
the principal builders of which were James Maxner, WiUiam
Morash, Stephen Morash, Aithm- Oxner, Conrad and Anderson,
William Whitney, and Alexander Anderson. A large number
were built by the late Mr. .Joseph McLachlan.
Charles HUchey, who died at Chester in 1-S77. liuUt there
about thi-ee hundred l«Dat.-. He was a famous workman. His
.w:in Samuel, who worked with him, has carried on the same
business, and buUt one hundred boats and repaire<I about a
thousani He built twenty centre-board and seine boat^ and
twelve dories in l.Sy4.
WilUam Marvin, who died in 1S72. and Charles Walther,
who died in 1S94. buUt a gieat many 1x>ats in Chester. Mr.
Marvin built over 350.
The • Stanford Boat BuUding Company,' organized 1S94.
have buUt lifty '.lories, and twenty-eight other boats, ilany
of these were among the finest that have been seen in the
county. Many of the best fishing boats are built on Tancook Island.
About thirty centre-board boats (whalers and yachts ), and a
few dories, are buUt yearly.
A laro-e number of fine loats have been buUt at the La Have
islands by Robert WoUe. E-q., and othere.
From Progre-^s. October 30th, lNS.9 : " Mr. Hibbert Richard,
a young fisherman residing at Parks' Creek, passed his leisure
hours la-st winter in making a miniatui-e schooner, which wsis
one of the leading attractions at the Industrial Exhibition held
here a few weeks ago. The ci-aft is about four feet long, and has
been pronoimced an almost perfect model by many of our skip
pers. Her cabin contains fiertbs, table, stove, etc.. whUe the other
parts are suppUed with aU those things that aid in making up
a handsome huIL At present 3Ir. Eichard is engaged in rigging

484 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
her after the two-topmast fashion, and when his task is finished
will hand her over to anyone who will give him $25."
" Lunenburg can boast of having one of the most ingenious
and skilful boys to be found in any part of the world," says the
Progress. " The young man referred to is William Heisler, a
painter, and the above assertion can be verified by inspecting
his last production. This piece of ingenuity is a miniature
steamboat, in every particular like the steamship Lunenburg.
She is timbered, planked and decked, having all the accommo
dations and apparatus of a large steamer. She is 4 feet 7
inches long, 11 inches deep and 9^ inches beam, and is run by
a spirit-engine. Mr. Heisler intends, if the weather proves
favorable, to try the boat on Lunenburg harbor in a fortnight's
time." Completed in 1892.
From Hants Journal, 1892 : " A pretty little model of a
steamship, named the Windsor, has just been completed by Mr.
James E. Rafuse, of Lunenburg, on which he has been at w^ork
for about a year past, mainly in the evenings. It is looked
upon as ono of the finest specimens of miniature steamship
architecture shown anywhere. The model is about five feet
long. No detail has been omitted to present a full and complete
model of a regular steamship. The state-rooms are all under
deck, each being lighted in the ordinary way. There are two
cabins below the main-deck, the forward cabin being reached
by a stairway leading from the house on deck, and the after-
cabin from a stairway in the saloon, which is on the main-
deck. The cabins and saloons are all finished in pine and
walnut, only a portion of which can be seen. The forward
quarters for the crew are equipped with bunks and table, and
are also finished in pine and walnut. The rigging is complete,
with the exception of a few finishing touches to be given after
Christmas. Four neat-looking little boats are seen hanging at
the davits, and other details have also received attention. The
steamer is equipped with engine and boiler of sufficient power
to propel her through the water. The model is quite a gem in
its way, and is greatly admired by all who inspect it."

CHAPTEE XLIII.
Exports and Imports.
IN the year 1818, there were shipped at Lunonburg, between
the 12th of January and the 25th of March, on board
three brigs and four schooners, for the British West Indies,
150,000 feet of pine lumber, 24,850 oak and ash hogshead
staves, 8,500 hogshead hoops, 1,300 gallons of fish-oil, 453 barrels
and 24 half -barrels of pickled fish, 5,320 quintals of dried cod
and scale fish, 220 bushels of potatoes, 15 bushels of turnips,
53 shooks, 20 spars, and 11,000 shingles.
Dutiable goods imported into Lunenburg, from 1st Januaiy
to 31st December, 1818: 32,685 gallons of spirits, 6,360 gallons
of molasses, 1,922 cwt. of sugar, 1,000 cwt. of coffee.
During tho month of October in the same j'oar, nine vessels
arrived at Lunenburg — two of them from Halifax, and the rest
from other ports. Forty-eight coasters had made in the same
time tAvo or three trips to Halifax, with wood, vegetables, sheep,
butter and other articles, from different harbors in the county.
List of vessels arrived at the Port of Lunenburg, in 1822.
from the coast of Labrador, wdth the quantity of fish and oil
imported in them; also their tonnage, and the number of persons
employed : Quintals Barrels
Names of Vessels. Tons. Men. Boys. Dry Fish. of Oil. Masters.
John and Eliza  61 7 1 708 21 T. McGrath.
William  29 4 1 378 11 G. McLeod.
Morning Star  69 8 3 881 30 J. Garkort.
Dove  42 5 1 450 16 John Hayes.
Dolphin..."  58 8 .. 650 20 S. Cohoon.
Lady  55 10 . . 920 28 G. Tanner.
Total  314 42 6 3987 126

486

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

Exports and Imports of Lunenburg during 1826.

Exports.

Dry fish  19,799 quintals.
Mackerel  2,879 barrels.
Alewives  557 "
Salmon  78
Shad  8
Smoked herrings . . 24 boxes.
Tongues & Sounds. 7 barrels.
Oil  68
Boards  250,160
Staves  158,375
Shingles  730,500
Pine plank  3,986
Birch plank  14,554
Pine timber  1,348
Birch timber  809
Oak timber  18
Hemlock  20

Deals and ends .... 7,334
Spars  64
Lathwood  46
Beef  61
Pork  51
Hams  384
Cattle  7
Bread  10
Potatoes  880
Cheese  24
Cheese  420
Butter  19
Beets  14
Apples  460
Cabbages  1,200
Candles  4
Furs  18

cords. barrels.

head. barrels.
bushels.pounds.
kegs. barrels.

boxes.
puns.

Rum 
Brandy 
Port wine 
Lime juice 
Molasses 
Sugar 
Coffee 
Salt 
Cordage 
Paint 
Oil 
Coal tar 
Spikes and nails.
Iron 
Iron 
Canvas 
Pimento 
Cotton wool . . . .
Hides 

Imports.
.37,956 gallons.
. 119 "
2 qr. casks.
. 4 puns. & 1 cask
.33,018 gallons.
l,253cwt. &2qrs.
14 cwt.
. 9,348 bushels.
159 coils.
155 kegs.
50 jars.
42 barrels.
61 kegs.
. 382 bars.
334 bundles.
6 bales.
131 pounds.
. 100
. 308

Dry fish 
Sounds & Tongues .
Putty 
Crown glass 
Spun yarn 
Russia duck 
Twine 
Fishing tackle 
Chain cables (and
materials) 
Seal skins 
Lignum-vitfe 
Arrowroot 
Oranges & lemons .
Boxes and barrel
covers 
Straw hats and bon
nets 

4,538 quintals.
2 bbls & 6 kegs.
Ikeg.
30 boxes.
5 coils.
1 truss.
1 truss.
1 cask & 1 box.
2
30 2 tons.
4 boxes.
2,000 14
190

The above goods were brought to Lunenburg from Bermuda,
Demorara, Berbice, St. Lucia, Grenada, Antigua, St. Kitts,

history of the county of lunenburg. 487
Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Martins, Liverpool, G.B., New Bruns
wick, and Newfoundland, in the following vessels:

Tons. Owners.
Dove  42 William Rudolf & Co.
Rambler  105 Michael Rudolf & Co.
Rival  97 William Rudolf & Co.
Ann  85 Philip Sponagle.
Five Brothers  97 Casper Oxner & Co.
British Tar  266 Aikenhead & Co., Whitby, G.B.
Hero  48 Joseph Fait and others.
Lady  55 Chas. and Henry Ernst.
Dolphin  57 Jacob and Martin Pentz.
Wellington  98 Geo. and Fran. Boehner.
.lohn Eliza  68
Mary  51 Geo. Metzler and M. Frederick.
Eliza  28 Samuel Nickerson, Barrington.
Rival  ¦  51 Foster, Port Medway.
John Henry  42 John Zwicker and W. Rudolf & Co.
Victory  99 John Heckman & Co.
WUliam  28 John C. Rudolf & Co.
Aurora  99 William Rudolf & Co.
In 1827, the duties paid at the office of Excise amounted to
£3,709 12s. 5d. There were in tho town of Lunenburg, twenty-
two stores, containing general stocks of British and West India
goods. In 1832-33, the exports were valued at £9,044, and the
imports at £7,460.
Lunenburg was declared a free port in 1839.
Exports from County for half year ended
March 31st, 1867.
Fire and lath wood, 361 cords, value  f 1,145 00
Lumber, 1,273,056 feet, "  11,835 00
Shingles, 94,000, "  133 00
Spars and knees, 41, "  31 00
Herrings, 1,524 packages, "  3,853 00
Apples, 130 packages, "  215 00
Leather manufactures, 264 pkgs, "  90 00
Molasses and treacle, 4,413 gals, "  1,475 00

488 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Salt, 5,866 bushels, value  $529 00
Tea, 75 pounds, "  30 00
Tobacco, 90 pounds, "  36 00
Codfish, 275,726 pounds, "  9,222 00
Shad, halibut &mackl, 1,084 pks, "  8,884 00
Scale fish, 91,444 pounds, "  2,257 00
Vegetables, 1,032 bushels "  526 00
Staves, hoops and shooks, 466, 828, "  66,630 00
Fish-oil, 175 gallons, "  96 00
Unenumerated, "  272 00

$107,259 00

Imports into County during half year ended
March 31st, 1867.
Lunenburg.
Silk and wool, cotton and linen
manufactures  11 pkgs  $2,404 00
Cotton warp  1 " 
Flour  76 bbls 
Beef and pork  9 " 
Butter and lard  550 fbs 
Fish  7 bbls 
Grain  1,200 bush 
Vegetables  5,340 bush, and lbs. . .
Coffee  744 lbs 
Molasses  7,585 galls 
Spirits  821 " 
Sugar  5,304 fbs 
Salt  9,402 bush 
Fruit  2 pkgs 
Hardware  15 " 
Oil  1,033 galls 
Woodware  65 pkgs. and pes . . .

La Have.
Flour  265 bbls .
Beef and pork  15 " .
Butter and lard  324 lbs . .
Fish  730 bbls .
Grain  1,600 bush

194 00

656 00

173 00

110 00

4 00

496 00

1,432 00

123 00

2,161 00

404 00

336 00

1,173 00

22 00

258 00

331 00

579 00

$10,856 00

$2,113 00

207 00

50 00

1,290 00

690 00

history of the county of lunenburg. 489
Vegetables  2,170 bush, and tbs  $284 00
Coffee  408 Hjs  57 00
Molasses  6,694 galls  1,128 00
Sugar  4,412 tbs 
Salt  270 bush 
Fruit  8 pkgs 
Hardware  114 " 
Oil  1,140 galls 
Woodware  139 pkgs. and pes. .
Unenumerated  8 " 
Stone, lime, etc  45 
Tea  670 lbs 
Tobacco  788 "
Bacon and hams  31 " 
Bread  46 "
Candles  91 " 
Clocks  1 
Earthenware, glass, etc  2 pkgs 
Ginger and pepper  99 ibs 
Naval stores  2 pkgs 
Confectionery  4 " 
Groceries  95 " 
Cordage and canvas  101 " 
Hides, etc  40 " 

Mahone Bay.
Flour  46 bbls 
Beef and pork  2 " 
Butter and lard  1,000 fts 
Fish  650 bbls 
Grain  1,750 bush 
Vegetables  5,300 bush, and fbs. .

155 00

18 00

8 00

957 00

377 00

228 00

242 00

32 00

213 00

202 00

4 00

5 00

12 00

2 00

12 00

18 00

4 00

13 00

312 00

. 3,788 00

42 00

$12,463 00

$209 00

30 00

185 00

1,300 00

775 00

1,310 00

$3,809 00
Exports and Imports, 1869.
Lunenburg.
Nine months, commencing July, 1869 — Exports  $65,492 00
Imports  13,659 00
Bridgewater, La Have.
For year 1869— Exports  $127,450 00
Imports  51,860 00

t( ((

490 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Mahone Bay.
For year 1869— Exports  $14,243 00
" " Imports  7,529 00
Chester.
For year 1869— Exports  $2,040 00
Imports  2,776 00
Mahone Bay, 1869. — Cleared — 22 schooners and 3 brigan
tines. Arrived — 25 schooners and 3 brigantines. Owned at
and sailing from the bay — 23 schooners and 1 brigantine.
La Have. — Trade of port from 1st January to 31st Decem
ber, 1869. Outiuards — To United States, 150 schooners, 5
brigantines ; South America, 3 barques, 2 brigantines ; New
foundland, 2 brigantines, 5 schooners; Prince Edward Island,
1 schooner; British West Indies, 1 barque, 10 brigantines, 2
schooners; total, 181. Inivards — From United States, 128
schooners, 1 barque, 5 brigantines ; Newfoundland, 2 brigan
tines, 1 schooner ; Prince Edward Island, 1 schooner; Foreign
West Indies, 1 schooner; total, 139. Total, inwards and out
wards, during the year, 320.
All the figures given above relate exclusively to foreign trade.
Exports from county, for year ending June 30th, 1874.
$557,029. Increase in value of exports in two years, $206,915.
Exports from county, for year ended June 30th, 1875, $610,897.
Exports and imports for the county, for the year ended
June 30th, 1895 : Exports, $932,499 ; imports, $114,299.

CHAPTEE XLIV.
Celebration at Bridgewater of the Jubilee Year of Her Majesty
Queen Victoria.
THE jubilee year of " our noble Queen " Victoria's reign was
celebrated at Bridgewater, on Tuesday, June 21st, 1887.
So many people wore never before assembled in the town.
There was a great profusion of bunting, and handsome arches
were erected, one of them designed by Mr. C. 0. Foss, railway
engineer. All the bells rang at 6 a.m., and a royal salute was
fired under the direction of Captain Brown of the 75th Bat
talion, Lunenburg, and Municipal Warden. A calithumpian
procession, organized by the Bridgewater Crescent Club,
included many amusing features.
A second procession was formed of different societies and
clubs from tovnn and country, with handsome regalias. Three
bands furnished good music. This procession, marshalled by
Messrs. R. A. Logan, WilUam M. Duff, George A. Wade, and
Arkanas Wile, started at Temperance HaU, and marched through
the principal streets on each side of the ri\-er.
Of all the processions and displays of this memorable day
none was so fine or inspiriting as the turnout of the children,
headed by the Lunenburg Civilian band. They were marshalled
by Messrs. T. R. PattiUo, P. W. Harding, G. A. Dudley, and J. L.
Oxner. Each boy carried a small Union Jack, and each girl a
bunch of wild daisies and grasses. The girls wore white dresses
and caps, and tbe boys woro attired in black. They were formed
in line at the drill-shed, and, accompanied by the ladies who had
trained them, marched around the town, joining the grand pro
cession at the upper end of Pleasant street, and keeping with it
until they reached the bridge, which thoy crossed to a large
o-aller\- in the Pines, constructed mainly of borrowed railway

492 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
sleepers, and put up under the direction of C. H. Davison, Esq.
There they gave the National Anthem in grand style, followed
by ringing cheers. This was a perfect picture gallery. Nothing
handsomer has ever been seen in the county than those four
hundred children so arranged. Our Sovereign Lady would
herself have enjoyed it. The day was a red-letter one in the
life of each boy and girl.
The ladies' committee spared no pains on behalf of the children,
and were well rewarded' in the success attending their efforts.
A circular course for foot-races, and used also for other sports,
was provided on MiUer's Flat, and boat-races wore held on the
river. The following is part of the published account of tho day's
proceedings :
"To describe Bridgewater, illuminated as it was on Jubilee
night, cannot bo properly done. No pains were spared by the
citizens to make the houses, stores and hotels show up well,
and their efforts were crowned with success. The procession
was, in itself, a grand display. No. 1 Hose Reel was ornamented
with a beautifully covered palanquin chair, in which were seated
two little Japanese fairies. Bertha Simonson and Lottie Vienot.
No. 2 Hose Reel carried an imperial crown in crimson and gold,
the jewels of which were finely represented by diamond-shaped
colored glass ; this rested on a cushion tastefully gotten up for
the occasion, in crimson and an imitation of gold cord. The
bar of this fine ornament was a square, on the sides of which,
respectively, were No. 2's motto, ' Always on Time,' the mono
gram V.R., surmounted by a crown, and ' 1837 — Victoria — 1887.'
The engine was appropriately decorated with flowers and made
a fine show. The torch-light procession, accompanied by three
bands, started as soon as dusk set in, and was a grand affair.
After this came the fireworks, which were set off at the end of
the bridge on the eastern side. For over an hour the heavens
were a beautiful scene, and altogether the pyrotechnic display
was a highly creditable affair, and would have done justice to
somo of our cities. It was after twelve before the last rocket
was sont up, and still the crowds on the street did not seem to
diminish."

HISTORY OK THE COUNTY OF LUNENIiURG. 493
¦fho day was all that could bo desired. Thoro w as no dis
turbance of any kind \\'bato\-or. Tlio enjoyment was of tho most
rational nature throughout. All who woro present sooincd to
remember that tho occasion doniandod right conduct in o\oi'y
particular, and not a single instance could bo noticed of depar
ture from it. It sooms much to say, considering tbe inunonso
assomblago, but it is strictly true. Long U\o the Queen.
Lines Composed for the Queen's .InuLEE — 1887.
.u. .e. IK
0[TR country's flags are all unfurled,
Soul-stii'ring music meets the ear,
And musket roll and canon boom
Honor the <i>uoen whom we revere.
Hear, Lord, ii grateful nation'.s song
That echoes loud from sea to sea,
And make the people one in heart
To hail, and keep this jubilee.
Great tifty yoars — Victorian age.
Which ever shall remembered be
For blessings to the human race
In fullest measure given by Thee.
God save the Queen, glad children sing,
As they the gay processions see,
And older \oices swell the strain
To one rejoicing symphony.
Wo thank Thee, Lord, that thou hast'saved
Our good Queen's valued life till now.
And pray Thee still to guard her throne,
Till heavenly glory decks her brow.
Add to her yo.ir.s — her strength maintain.
Continue to her subjects peace.
That so her Empire's well-won fame
INIay throughout all the earth increase.
Bridgewater.

CHAPTER XLV.
Tragical events which have happened in the County.
IT has been remarked, to the credit of the Province, by those
who have inquired into the subject, and compared Nova
Scotia in this respect with other countries, that, considering the
population, the criminal cases before the courts have been few.
Occasionally, however, the most atrocious crimes have demanded
investigation, and this county, unfortunately, has not been
wholly exempt even from these.
The first crime here referred to is an Indian massacre, fol
lowed by other cases of murder.
In or about the year 1754, Lewis Payzant, a native of Caen,
in the Department of Lower Normandy, whose father left
France on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, came with his
family from Jersey to Halifax. He was recommended by Mr.
Pownal, Secretary to the Lords of Trade, to President Lawrence,
who, to secure his protection in the vicinity of Lunenburg, gave
him a letter to Colonel Sutherland.
Mr. Payzant obtained a grant of an island in Mahone Ba}',
not far from Rous's Island, and since known as Covey's Island.
A brush-wood cabin, erected for the shelter of those engaged
in clearing the land, gave place to a comfortable log hut, in
which the family resided. Boxes and bales of goods were stored
in it with a view to future sales. A two-story dwelling was
nearing completion, and a field of wheat had been sown and
other things done, in the hope that a comfortable and happy
home would be established, when the foUowing dreadful events
occurred, commencing on the eighth day of May, 1756.
The laborers and mechanics had gone home, and the darkness
of night had gathered round the lonely dwelling. An unusual

history of the county of lunenburg. 495
noise aroused the family as they were preparing to retire.
They supposed it to come from evil-minded persons near the
house. Mr. Payzant had been told by the Governor that if he
was molested he should fire upon the intruders. Fearing trouble,
he seized his musket, and going out, discharged it, hoping, but in
vain, to frighten the new-comers. They were Indians who had
taken a boy from Rous's Island, tied his hands, and forced him
to guide them to Mr. Payzant's residence. They murderously
attacked him, whereupon Mrs. Payzant rushed out, threw her
arms around her fainting husband and begged him to go in ;
but death had seized him. She heard his half -choked utterance,
" My heart is growing cold — the Indians," and he fell lifeless at
her feet. The terrific war-whoop and the advance of the Indians
confirmed her worst forebodings. Resistance was out of the
question, and she retreated to the house and barred the door.
Baffled in their attempts to force it, she saw them deliberately
preparing to burn the house over the heads of herself and her
little ones, and she resigned herself to her fate. She requested
her eldest son Philip, aged about twelve years, to open the door,
and the Indians rushed in like so many tigers. This boy sprang
upon the table shaking his fist, and was evidently willing to do
all he could against the enemy. A poor servant-woman, with
her infant child, had occupied an apartment entered by a
separate door. The Indians had killed the woman and her babe
before they made their way into the room of Mrs. Payzant.
They mimicked her cries, and her voice and manner.
The boy who had acted as guide was murdered by the savages,
and his scalp added to their booty.
When the captives — the mother, three boys and a girl — wore
all secured, the plunder placed in the canoes, and all was ready
for leaving the island, the torch was applied to the dwelling.
The flames shot high in the air and shed a lurid glare far over
the waters. Sudden and awful was the change to the wretched
prisoners, who turned a last sad look toward their late happy
home, and thjpn rapidly glided away into the dense gloom.
Many a cup of affliction had that stricken woman tasted before,
but others were in reserve. So intense was her grief on this

496 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
trying occasion that tears would not come to her relief. There
was, however, an Almighty arm to protect her,' her only support
in this time of need.
The party landed at Chester, and travelled across the country
to the head of the St. Croix River, and passed what is now
Windsor on the following night. They could distinctly see the
sentry on his beat. The canoes drew in close to the shore,
moving noiselessly along, while the captives were terrified into
silence by the flourishing of a tomahawk over their heads.
Their next landing-place was Cape Chignecto, where there
was a "French settlement. Thence they were hurried on to
Fredericton, then called St. Ann's, where the French governor
resided. The Indians expected to obtain there the promised
reward for prisoners and scalps. It is said that on their way
they took the scalps of two young Frenchmen, knowing that
they would not be distinguished from those of British subjects.
During the terrible voyage Mrs. Payzant noticed her wedding
shoes among the articles the Indians had taken, and was
anxious to gain possession of them. In their eyes they were
worthless, but her entreaties were met by a loud insulting
laugh, and they were thrown overboard.
Tho question " Upon what did they feed you i " was put in
after years to Mr. Lewis Payzant, one of the captured boys.
" Feed us upon ? " was the reply ; " why sometimes they fed us
upon berries, sometimes upon bread, and sometimes upon —
nothing." He remembered that the Indian to whom he was
assigned, on a division of the spoil, had a son about his own
age — four years. As they travelled through the wood they
wore carried alternately by the old Micmac. " He would take
me by the shoulders," said he, " and swing me round upon his
back." He thought that the Indians did not ordinarily subject
them to ill-treatment beyond what would naturally arise from
the circumstances of the case. He recollected one exception.
A piece of bread given him for his supper was so bad that he
could not eat it, and he threw it away. For» this he was
sentenced to go without food for the night. It happened that
a larger portion than was necessary for the time being had

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 497
fallen fo the lot of his tawny companion. As the latter fell
asleep it dropped from his hand, and was eagerly taken and
eaten by the hungry white boy. The young Indian awoke in
the morning and looked for his bread. A complaint was lodged
against Lewis to the boy's father, who was starting on a fishing
excursion. He seemed greatly enraged, and threatened him iu
a tone which left no doubt on the child's mind that he would
sacrifice him on his return. Whether he really intended to do
so or not could never be known, as he became intoxicated that
day, fell out of his canoe, and was drowned.
At St. Ann's, Mrs. Payzant was separated from her children
and sent on to Quebec. They were retained by the Indians.
Months of suspense and anxiety passed before .she hoard from
them. News at length arrived that two of them were in tho
hands of the French, while the other two, the eldest son and
only daughter, were still with the Indians, who refused to part
with them on any terms. The sorrowing mother went to the
Roman Catholic bishop and implored his aid. He instructed
the priest at St. Ann's to demand the children, and to refuse
absolution to those in whoso hands they were, unless the
demand was complied with. This was efifectual, and thoy
were forthcoming at once, and after a time arrived wifh other
British prisoners at Quebec. Hearing of their arrival, the
mother was transported with joy, and eager to go and meet
them. This, however, was denied her. A military guard
obliged her to remain at the door of her lodgings until a group
of children were brought up and she was directed to select her
own Uttle ones, which was easily done. She again " pressed
her precious darlings to her bosom, covered them with kisses,
and bathed them with her tears." The taking of the city by
the English gave the captives their full liberty. They returned
to Nova Scotia, but Mrs. Payzant could never think of revisit
ing the island.
Lewis Payzant, above mentioned as ono of the boy prisoners,
lived afterwards in Falmouth, Hants county, and died there at
the age of ninety-six. When ninety-five years old he gave a
graphic account of the stirring scenes he had passed through in
32

498 HI^T'iRY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
his youth. He mentioned that his father owned three vessels
in Jersey, where he xjld two, and that he came iu the third with
his family to HaUfax. He had the most vivid recoUection of
the attack of the Indians and of all the incidents oi his captivity.
¦ I can never forgt- 1 his animation."' wrote his listener. *" and
no words can do ju,stice to his manner as he 'lescribo"!, after
convei'sing a whUe on the subject, the iTish of the Indians into
the house. He said that while he wa.^ a clerk iu Halifax a
number of Indians came into the store, among whom he recot,'-
nized one of thijse who murdered his father, and charged him
with the deed. " Ti ni. said he, ' are one of the Imiians who
killed my father.' " Well.' said the Li'Iian. I am: but it was
war then.' "
John Payzant, one of the 1 'rothers. was e<iucated chiefly in
Quebec. In 1793. he married in Hants c-ounty, Mary Alline, a
sister of Rev. Henry Alline, who was caUed the Whitefield "
of Acadia. They had nine children — a daughter and eight s<:>n>.
Mr. Payzant became a Congi-egationalist minister, and the
church at Liverpool sent a vessel to Horton, or ComwalUs, for
him and his family. They arrived on the 23rd of April. 1793.
!Mr. Payzant remained until Ms 'ieath, at the age of eighty-five
years. April 10th, ls34. having been pastor over forty years.
He preached his last ?f?rmciu on the preceiling Easter .Sunday.
WhUe residing at Liverpool he visited hi> fathers gi^ave, in a
beautiful spot under oak and beech trees, on Heckmans Island.
A large pjitrait in oUs of the deceased clergyman (by Sylvester
F. .Jennings, an .American artist) is in the house of Nathan
Payzant, Esq.. ex- Warden of the Municipal CouncU, Liverpool,
one of his grandsijns. Another was Henry Alline Payzant,
who Uved with Nathan, and died -Januaiy l:^t. 1S95. in his
ninety-second yeai-. He was bom at Livei-pool on Christmas
Day,! SOS.
Philip, the tliird of tho boy captives, went to the Uiiitrtf
States and ha- never been heard from.
Maiy. the daughter taken away hy the Indian^, married
after the retm-n to Nova Scotia. .Jolm James Julian, a native
of Switzerland, with whom Rev. .John Pavzant finished his

HISTOHY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 499

education. A ilaugliter of Mary, in a letter dated Charleston,
S.C, 1804, wrote, that after her mother was married they went
to Boston, from thoro to Charleston, and thence to the French
islands, whore she died. This letter, written to hor uncle John,
and sent by Captain Freeman, of Livori)ool, she signed " M.
Goddard." Elizabeth, called Lizotto, tho second daughter of Lewis
Payzant, born after the other children liad regained their
freedom, marriod a Mr. Joss. Some of her descendants li\o in
King's county, and others in tho Western States.
The foregoing has been compiled from an article published in
a Halifax newspaper many years ago, pasted in a scrap-book,
and from thence republished in tho Liverpool Times by the
then editor, tho late Edwin C. Parker, a groat-graudsoii of the
clorgyman above named, and also from statements made to
the writer by Nathan Payzant, Esq., and Mrs. Joel Payzant, of
Falmouth, and from other soui'ces.
On tho day of the murder of Lewis Payzant at his island
homo, an old man and his grown-up son woro killed by Indians
at Rous's Island.
Colonel Sutherland ilospatched a. command of thirty men
from Lunonburg to visit tho islands, whoro they found that the
reports of the murders and house-burning were true.
The following proclamation was issued, owing to the cruel
work of the Indians here and elsewhere, and after consideration
by tho Council of letters the Governor had received from Colonel
Scott, in command at Beausejour, and Colonel Sutherland at
Lunenburg ;
By Chaules Lawrence, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chiof of His Majesty's Pl•o^•inco of Nova Scotia,
or Accadio.
Whereas, notwithstanding tho gracious ofl'er of friendship
and protection made by us, in His Majesty's name, to the Indians
inhabiting the Province, and tho treaty of peace concluded
with a tribe of tbo Micmacks, bearing date November 22nd,
1752, the Indians have of late, in a most treacherous and cruel

500 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
manner, killed and carried away divers of His Majesty's subjects
in different parts of the Province.
For these causes we, by and with the consent of His Majesty's
Council, do hereby authorize and command all officers, civil and
military, and all His Majesty's subjects, to annoy, distress, take
and destroy, the Indians inhabiting the different parts of this
Province wherever thoy are found, and all such as may be
aiding or assisting them, notwithstanding the proclamation of
November ' 4th, 1752, or any former proclamation to the
contrary. And we do hereby promise, by the ad\dco and consent of His
Majesty's Council, a reward of £30 for every male Indian
prisoner above the age of sixteen years brought in alive ; for
a scalp of such male Indian £25, and £25 for eveiy Indian
woman or child brought in alive. Such rewards to be paid by
the officer commanding at any of His Majesty's forts in this
Province immediately on receiving the prisoners or scalps
above mentioned, according to the intent and meaning of this
proclamation. Given at Halifax this 14th day of May, 1756, in the twenty-
ninth year of His Majesty's reign.
By His Excellency's command.
Chas. Lawrence. Wir. Cotterell, Sec'y.
God save the King.
Murdoch says : " It is impossible to read such documents as
the above without strong sensations of pain and disgust.
English and French alike adopted the Indian plan of scalping,
and added to it a refinement unknown to the Indians, in giving
a pecuniary recompense for the scalp of an enemy."
While not attempting to justify the killing of the innocent
with the guilty, it must still be remembered that the Governor
and Council knew that other familios were liable to be butch
ered at any moment, and probably felt that severe measures
must be adopted.
It may be mentioned here that in or about 1763, John Penn,
Governor of Pennsylvania, issued a proclamation offering for
every captive male Indian, of any hostile tribe, $150, and for

history of the county of LUNENBURG. 501
every female, $138 ; for the scalp of a male, $138, and of a
female, $50.
After the members of the Payzant family, whose lives had
been spared, were carried off, a man named Covey lived on the
island. He was followed in succession by Adam Heckman,
Paul Langille, Peter Herman, and Casper Meisner.
In the winter of 1791, one of those terrible tragedies, which,
coming suddenly, startle communities, occurred at Lunenburg.
George F. Eminaud, aged seventy years, who had brought up
a family respectably, and secured for himself and his partner a
competency for their declining years, lived on the first penin
sula, not far from the town. Two men, George Frederick
Boutilier and John Boutilier, one of them being godson to
Mr. Eminaud, went on a visit to him, intending to rob him of
his money. Like many others, who, checked by conscience,
cannot bring themselves at once to the actual commission of
crime, they left him, and subsequently returned to his house,
where they had always been most kindly treated, and were
invited to remain for the night. Mr. Eminaud went to the
barn for some straw, with which to make them a bed, and
when near tho house on his return, was brutally murdered hy
the elder Boutilier, with a hatchet or axe.
Tho two Boutiliers then re-entered the liouse and killed Mrs.
Eminaud in the same manner. The only other inmate was a
granddaughter of Mr. Eminaud, who, trying to escape, was
half way through the window, when she was dragged back
and also murdered.
The Boutiliers carried the old man's body into the house, to
which they sot fire, in order to burn up, as they vainly hoped,
all traces of their guilty deed. They then reversed their snow-
shoes to make detection impossible, but " murder will out," and
blood being found on the promises, aroused suspicion. The
Boutiliers were pursued, and captured in a hut near Bedford
Basin. A few hours before the murder, Mr. Eminaud and his son
Frederick, who lived a short distance from him, were working-
together, and divided between them a piece of red chalk. The

502 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
elder Boutilier, after the murder, transferred to his pocket all
that was about the person of Mr. Eminaud, the piece of chalk
included, which, when found, fitted exactly with the piece in
possession of young Eminaud ; and this formed a strong link
in the chain of circumstantial evidence, on which the prisoners
were found guilty.
A special commission of oyer and terminer and jail delivery
was held at Lunenburg, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday,
the 3rd, 4th, and 5th days of May, 1791, before the Hon.
Thomas Andrew Strange, Chief Justice, and Mr. Justice
Brenton ; with John Creighton, and Christopher D. Jessen,
Esquires, Justices of the Peace and Judges of the Inferior
Court, named in the commission, for the trial of George Fred
erick Boutilier and John Boutilier, charged with the murder
of Frederick Eminaud.
The commission was read at two o'clock, p.m., May 3rd, and
the grand jurymen were called: E. James, foreman; James
Paterson, Casper Gloshen, Edward Keighly, John Anderson,
Robert Lord, James McDonald, Adolf Newman, Casper Heck
man, Thomas Pennell, Christian Boon, Andreas Young, John
Morash, sen., Peter Morash, John Morash, jun., Theodore Naw,
Gotliep Harnish, Peter Arenburg, Seth Bailey, Wendell Wiist.
The learned Chief Justice addressed the jury sworn, on the
grave and important duty they were assembled to discharge ;
the necessity of coming to the inquiry with no passions, but a
desire for public justice ; nor with any worse sentiment than
an honest indignation at a supposed offence of the deepest
dye ; and entreated them not to let that indignation which, as
applied to the crime, was laudable, transport them too far
against any who might be innocent of it. He described murder
as "that crying offence that will not sleep, but will ha%'e
inquisition made of it in open day ; " and ended his remarks
by saying, " With this charge only, I dismiss you to your office ;
and God direct you in your inquiries, and us in the issues of
them." The Court was then adjourned till six o'clock p.m., when the
grand jury returned a true bill charging the Boutiliers with

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 503
having on March 19th, 1791, with certain large sticks and a
tomahawk, inflicted upon Frederick Eminaud mortal strokes,
wounds and bruises, of which he then and there instantly died.
To this charge the prisoners on arraignment pleaded not guilty.
The following petit jurymen were sworn : Alexander McNeal,
Martin Minick, John Meisoner, John McGregor, John Hiltz,
George Bickler, Christian Tanner, James Dorcas, Leonard
Young, Edward Mullock, Joseph Bailej^, and Leonard Arenberg.
Mr. Stewart opened the case for the Crown, showing the
evidence to be submitted, which he explained was purely circum
stantial, but which after the fullest consideration had left in his
mind a violent presumption that a murder had been committed.
The witnesses examined on behalf of the prosecution were,
Joseph Contoy, Nicholas Eisenhauer, William Cheney, Susanna
Cheney, John P. Boutilier, Joseph Boutilier, David Boutilier,
George M. Smith, George Bobner, Casper Heckman, Andreas
Young, Peter Langille, George Titaff, John Bachman, and John
Lay. Then followed tbe examination of the prisoners at HaUfax,
taken before John Newton and William Taylor, two of His
Majesty's Justices of the Peace.
No evidence was offered on the part of the defence, and the
Chief Justice proceeded to deliver his charge to the jury, enter
ing fully into the evidence and the law applicable thereto,
among other things stating as follows : " The desirable thing
IS, in every case, civil as well as criminal, to have direct demon
strative evidence of the fact to be proved, but particularly in
criminal cases ; and more especiaUy still where they touch life.
But wickedness often devises such secret times and ways to
perpetrate its evil designs, that if nothing but positive evidence
could be received for juries to go upon in determining facts,
crimes would forever go unpunished, and the condition of
society be rendered most insecure.
" Presumptive evidence, therefore, has been let in, and that
which is positive not being to be had, circumstances are resorted
to. For when the fact itself cannot be demonstratively evinced.

504 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
that which comes the nearest to a proof of the fact is a proof of
such circumstances as either necessarily or usually attend such
facts ; and in proportion as these turn out in number and appli
cation, the strength of the presumption arising from them
becomes more or loss forcible and per.suasive. If the presump
tion arising from such evidence be but light, it is none at all,
and ought not to weigh on your minds in the least, but to be
dismissed entirely from them as that upon which no reliance
ought to be had. On the other hand, the presumption arising
from circumstances merely, may be so strong as to be irresistible,
and, if possible, even more conclusive than a simple testimony
of the fact itself, which is the nature of direct evidence. Thus,
to put a familiar instance that has relation to the present case :
' Suppose a man having been stabbed in a house, another is
seen running immediately out with a bloody knife in his hand,
and no one else in the house at the time. Here positive proof
is wanting, for the person is not seen to have done the deed,
but a presumption arises so violent from these circumstances
against him, as hardly to admit of proof to the contrary,
allowing the circumstances to be true.'
" It may be said, indeed (and I leave it to your consideration),
that it is not necessarily conclusive against a person charged
with a crime, that he has endeavored to clear himself from it
by an account that turns out to be false ; for that pinched
and pressed by some untoward circumstance that he cannot
otherwise get rid of, he may, being innocent all the- while,
endeavor to shift it by prevarication, not trusting to his inno
cence. But this is not the course of innocence which commonly
trusts to itself, and a contrary course is always suspicious ; but
I leave the observation to be considered by you.
" If you have the smallest doubt whether it regard the fact of
the murder, the fact of the prisoners having been at the house,
or the design and end with which they might have been there,
it is my duty to tell you, and yours to mind what I say, that you
ought to acquit them upon the humane principle mentioned by

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 505
the learned counsel for the prosecution, and candidly mentioned
by him : that it is better any number of guilty persons escape
punishment, than that one innocent, man suffer.
" If you have no doubt, but think that the finger of Provi
dence has as plainly pointed the prisoners out doing this deed,
as if one had couie and told you he saw them do it ; in that
case, and in that case .only, you will find them guilty.
" With one single exhortation more, I leave the matter to
you. Take the whole into your serious consideration, but be
not hasty in forming a judgment of guilt, remembering that no
delay or deliberation can be too great where life depends.
Therefore weigh every circumstance, and in giving each its due
weight, give it no more, but do equal justice, leaning to mercy ;
and draw such a conclusion from the whole as is proper for you
to draw, judging upon your oaths."
The jury, after an hour and a half's deliberation, rendered a
verdict of guilty.
The learned Chief Justice, in sentencing the prisoners,
declared the entire concurrence of the Bench in the justice and
wisdom of the verdict. He reviewed the conduct of the
prisoners from the time they came into the county till the
crime had been committed, and the facts which had pointed
them out as its perpetrators, and added :
"For the crime itself it is incapable of aggravation: and
therefore unnecessary for, as it is painful to, me to dwell
longer upon a subject so black and dreadful. It is with much
more satisfaction that I can remind you that though from the
present tribunal before which you no^v stand, you can receive
nothing but strict and equal justice, you are soon to appear
before an Almighty Judge, whose unfathomable wisdom is
able, by means incomprehensible to our narrow capacities, to
reconcile justice with mercy; but I trust you are not so ignorant
as not to know that such beneficence is only to be obtained bj'
deep contrition — sound, unfeigned, and substantial repentance.
"To bring your minds to this desirable state, you will be
indulged during the very short remainder of your lives, in the
conversation of a holy clergyman, who will tell you, with better

506 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
effect than I can, how indispensable a mark of repentance it
will be in the eyes of Heaven, that you make a full and genuine
confession of all your crimes. But this is, as between your
selves and your own consciences, under his salutary exhorta
tions ; therefore only recommending it to you, with his assist
ance, to lose no time in making that peace for yourselves with
Heaven, which this world can no longer allow you. What alone
remains for me, is to pronounce that sentence which the law
has appointed for crimes like yours — a sentence full of horror,
but such as religion itself has directed, and mankind have in
all times given and executed in the like case, to be a terror to
evil-doers, and a security to them that do well."
Tho learned Chief Justice concluded his address by adding to
the usual solemn form of words : " For the speedy execution of
which I bid you prepare. And may that God 'who hateth
nothing that He hath made, and doth forgive the sins of them
that are penitent,' of His infinite goodness have mercy upon
your souls." Before execution, the younger Boutilier made a
full confession of the crime to Rev. Mr. Money. They were
buried on the farm where they had formerly lived at North-
West. A map, engraved by T. Hamman, Halifax, showed the first
landing of the murderers, their track thence to Eminaud's house,
and from their mother's residence, by Martin's Brook, to their
boat: their track towards Eminaud's on the night of the
murder, and tho return track after the same, and their attempt
to cross the ice whoro they were seen by Bachman and Lay.
The position of Lunenburg, and the islands, and places adjacent,
several houses near the scene of the murder, and the common,
were all delineated.
Tho criminal records of the county also show other cases of a
revolting character, all the particulars of which are within the
memory of persons now living.
A man who had frequent quarrels with his wife, took her
into the woods and there killed her, throwing her body into
the bushes, where it was afterwards found. He was tried at
Lunenburg, found guilty, and executed there in the jail-yard.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 507
The most dreadful of all the cases is that of a man who, it is
supposed, was temporarily crazed by distress in business, and
who killed his wife and five children — his whole faniily — and
then ended his own life by drowning himself in his well.
On another occasion, a man dealt such a blow with a heavy
stick upon a constable while in the discharge of his duty, that
death resulted. Conviction and sentence for execution followed,
but imprisonment for life was substituted.
The writer has been informed by C. E. Kaulbach, Esq., M.P.,
that he has in his possession the cat-o'-nino-tails used in early
times at public whippings in Lunenburg.
Among the offenders who received this punishment was a
sailor, for breaking into tho store of Mr. Hunter, watchmaker ;
a man named Jackson, for breaking into the house of Rev. F. C.
Temme, and John Bilbie, for breaking into the store of Mr.
Henry Oxner. A man was once seen in the stocks at the jail
corner, opposite the Wilson property.
Brigantine "Zero."
On the eleventh day of September, 1865, the writer was called
upon by James Enos Baker, of Baker's Island, and James Public-
over, who stated that they, with James Rynard, Peter Moser, John
Baker, Charles Baker, John Publicover, and William Wolf, had
on that day, within half a mile of Cape La Have, picked up an
abandoned brigantine, with helm lashed, and foresail, mainsail,
jibs and other sails set ; that the sides of the vessel had been
cut into with an axe to the beams ; that auger holes had been
bored in tho cuttings and in other parts of the vessel, and that
tho name had been recently obliterated with black paint. An
examination of the papers showed that the vessel was the Zero,
194 tons, built by David Dart at Clifton, Colchester, in 1861,
Colin C. Benson, Master. The vessel was coal-laden, bound
from Cow Bay, C.B., to Boston. Some of the crew were in the
vicinity, and had reported that the captain had fallen over
board. Information was lodged with a magistrate, and the
mate, cook and a boy were arrested and examined separately.
Their statements agreed, and there being no proof against them,

508 history OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
they were discharged on their own recognizances until the
following Saturday, and then finally released. Two others of
the crew were, on information given, arrested at Liverpool.
These men were, from suspicious circumstances, detained in
custody. The boy stated that he was at the pumps with one of
the men, and the captain was at the wheel. A short time
afterwards the master was missed ; the main-sheet had broken,
and he supposed the boom had knocked him overboard. He
called the mate, who came on deck, but nothing was seen or
hoard of the captain. The statements of all were that they
knew nothing of any attempt to scuttle the vessel ; that
. exhausted from working at the pumps they left the brigantine,
wdth six feet of water in the hold, on Sunday morning, tho
tenth day of September — no land in sight, but, as they believed,
about forty-five miles distant. Those of the crew who had
been previously discharged were rearrested, and a further
examination was held, which resulted in a trial at Halifax, in
Ntjvember, 1865, before Young, C.J. The facts given in evidence
are referred to in " Oldright's Law Reports," vol. ii., p. 93. The
mate Douglas, and the cook Dowsey, were found guilty of the
wilful murder of Captain Benson, who had been beaten about
the head, in his berth, with an iron belaying pin, sewed up in a
piece of sail canvas and cast alive into the sea. They were
sentenced to death. Dowsey was hanged at Halifax, January
24th, 1866, having, it was believed, most fully repented of his
crime, and declaring that he relied for forgiveness on the
pardoning mercy of God. A case had been reserved as to
Douglas, and his sentence was commuted to imprisonment for
life. He died in the penitentiary.
It may be stated to the credit of the fishermen who found the
vessel, that they all acted most honorably, and that not a single
article was missing, They were paid by the writer, as solicitor
in the matter, one thousand doUars for their services.

CHAPTEE XLVI.

Tales of Shipwreck suffered bj^ Mariners and others belonging to the
County — Chase and explosion of " Young Teazer."
"They that go down to the sea in ships, and do business in great waters,,
these men see the works of the Lord, and His wonders in the deep."
" Pray for the sailors on the deep.
To Him whom winds and waves obey.
When waters rise, a mighty heap,
-And madly o'er the vessel leap.
And human skill is vain to keep
And guide her, on her trackless way ! "
" I "HE following accounts of shipwreck are examples of
g, ............... ..„.. ....... ^„„. ....^.. in

i- what Lunenburg mariners havo undergone when
peril on tho soa " : Brig " Frederic:a."
The Lunenburg Progress reported, Decoiubor 20th, 1893, that
on the same day and month in 1843, " tho Lunenburg brig
Frederica arrived here from Gloucestoi-, England, with the
crew in a starving condition. She left Gloucester scantily
supplied with provisions, and was sixty-five days on the pas
sage. As sho drew out of tho dock at Gloucester, two strange
dogs jumped on board. Tbey were put off. Again they jumped
on board, and again thoy woi'o thrown back to the pier. As
tlioy boarded the vessel for the third time, two policemen
standing on tlio pier advised the crew to let them remain on
the ship, and tho advice of tbe poUconion was acted upon.
When the Firderioa. arrived bore, not one mouthful of regular
provisions could be found on her, and nothing of the dogs
remainod except one paw and a head. On a previous passage
tho brio- was loaded with beans, and beans long jammed into
tho cracks of the sliip woro picked out, crushed and mixed

510 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
with the blood of the dogs, all of which was warmed on the
stove till it had become thick, and eaten. The officers and
crew belonged to this town, and answered to the following-
names : John C. Rudolf, master ; William West, mate ; Torrance
Lee, cook-steward ; Christopher Burns, Francis Berringer,
John Morash, William Keizer, Henry Young, and Charles
Selig." Barque "Blake."
On Saturday, April 26th, 1856, St. John's papers were
received at Lunenburg, containing detailed accounts of the
awful wreck of the British barque Blake, of eight hundred
tons, of which Edward Rudolf was master, and his cousin,
J. George Rudolf, mate. They were natives of Lunenburg.
The vessel sailed February Sth, from Ship Island harbor,
Mississippi, for Cork. When near the middle of the Atlantic
they encountered a hurricane, or series of terrific gales, from
March 4th to 19th. Before the latter date, the vessel was
water-logged, her sails and spars were blown away, and each
heavy sea made a clear breach over her decks. Several of the
crew were washed away — eight in all ; and two afterwards
died from fatigue, cold, and starvation. On the 19th the gale
began to abate. For thirteen days the survivors remained on
the wreck, without a morsel of food, except one rat, which was
divided among them. On the thirteenth day one of the crew
(the second one) died, and his body was partly eaten — " very
sparingly, indeed, for the thought of it was almost as bad as
death." These are tho words of the captain, in a lengthy
account pubUshed at St. John's Nfld., April 15th, 1856, and
which, the Neivfoundlander said, unfolded a picture unsur
passed in its thrilling horrors by any similar catastrophe that
could be remembered, and that a more brave-hearted endurance
could not have been exemplified. On the 29th of March, the
sufferers were taken from the wreck, with difficulty, by the
schooner Pigeon, Captain Knight, from Lisbon for St. John's,
where they arrived on the 15th of April. Captain Rudolf,
after returning thanks to Almighty God for His merciful

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 511
deliverance of his fellow-survivors and himself, and to Captain
Knight and his crew for their great kindness, wrote : " May
not the slightest shadow of the least of our sufl'erings ever be
cast on any of their voyages through life."
The following statements are condensed from published
newspaper accounts : Brigantine " Emma."
The Emma, Captain Charles Dowling, left Philadelphia,
November Sth, 1881, for Halifax. When twenty-two miles
W. by S. from Sambro, she struck the steamship Hoivards, of
Sunderland, Captain Shotton, cutting right into her abaft the
fore-rigging. The Emma became all open forward. Tho
steamer sank not more than fifteen minutes after the collision.
A boat from the Emina was picked up by the brigantine Henry
Goipel, Captain Deveau, of Meteghan, N.S., who had the
steamer's crew already on board.
In the summer of 1882, George, James, and Henry Graves,
brothers, and Benjamin Nass, all of Chester, were in a fishing
schooner, of Gloucester, Mass., commanded by Captain Charles
Bond, also of Chester. The vessel struck an iceberg and sank.
All hands on deck took to the dories and -w'ere saved. The
brothers Graves, Nass, and the steward were in the forecastle
and were drowned. The four first named each left a wife and
child.
Schooner "J. W. Russell."
The following is taken from an account given to Rov. D. S.
Fraser and Mr. Titus Langille, by Zachariah Mader and Frederick
Sellars, two of the survivors :
" The vessel left Mahone Bay, July 4th, 1883. Allan Ernst,
master ; William Schnare, boy, steward ; Ezra Mader, boy ;
Henry and William Weinacht, Hibbert, Edmund, and Haliburton
Ernst, Zachariah Mader, Fred. Sellars, James Westhaver, and
Benjamin Kaiser, all of Mahone Bay, and Isaiah Publicover, of
Blandford. We baited twice at Canso, and left the second time
on August 13th, and continued fishing on the southern edge of

512 history of the county of lunenburg.
Quero Bank until Monday evening, 27th, when we hauled up
and started for home, with 450 quintals codfish.
" A gale was encountered after sighting the light on Sable
Island. Wind and sea increased, and after much trouble with
sails and reefs, a sea struck her and hove her on her beam
ends. After this the skipper, Allan Ernst, his brothers Hibbert
and Edmund, and Honry Weinacht were not seen again. The
two boys and Haliburton Ernst were in tho forecastle. Ernst
came up through the water and hawser and caught the fore-
rigging, and cried, ' Who's all here ? ' Mader said, ' Two of us
are here, but don't_ know who's in the main-rigging.' The
following conversation then took place : Ernst said, ' Is that
you, Zac ? ' ' Yes ; that's me.' ' Who's the other ? ' ' WiUie
(William Weinacht), did you come out of the forecastle ? '
' Yes, 1 came up through tho water and hawser ; my first thought
was I'd go back, but again I thought I shouldn't, and so I came
up through.' The young fellow (Ezra Mader) said, ' My God,
she's upset ! ' and in that while the steward (William Schnare)
jumped out of his berth, but I don't know what became of them.
Benjamin Kaiser, who had hold up forward, said there was no
room for him, and he'd get into a dory, and he did, and tho last
words he spoke were, ' If any of you are saved, tell my poor
wife I'm gone.' Three men were in the main-rigging. Sellars
said, ' When she upset I made for the main-rigging, soon after
Jaiiies Westhaver and Isaiah Publicover came there ; I got my
arm in between the lays of the lanyards, when a heavy sea
came and Westhaver and Publicover went overboard, taking
the shear poles with them, and I was swung to my arm. I then
crawled on the bulwarks and lashed myself, and there I stopped
till near daylight, when both spars went out of her nearly
together, and then she went bottom up, and the other three
who were forward let themselves run out on the bottom by a
line.' (Here follow statements of more seas, lashings, and
washings overboard.)
" Towards evening, preparing for another night, we all lashed
ourselves again. It became calm and rained a little, and we
caught some in our oil-jackets, and all but Mader drank. He

history of the county of lunenburg. 513
didn't feel thirsty. Young Weinacht, overcome with fatigue,
slept by the bow, but towards morning, when the wind again
rose and the sea broke over them, they had to wake him.
When daylight came Friday, we were anxiously looking for a
vessel, and everything looked like vessels, but none came until
about eight o'clock, when we saw a large two top-mast schooner
coming right for us on the wind. We then took a piece
of the bulwarks and a pair of pants, and made a signal. Just
then we saw another schooner coming from the windward.
The first one laid by, and sent out two dories with five men.
They backed up to leeward, in a heavy sea, and we were rescued
at last by the American schooner Flora Dellaway, Frank B.
Wright, master, from Gloucester for the Grand Banks, from
which vessel we were transferred to the Elsie, which landed us
safely at Lunenburg, about 5 p.m on Saturday, September 1st,
when we arrived home about dark the same day.
" Of the eight men lost from Mahone Bay, three were brothers:
Allan Ernst master, unmarried; Hibbert Ernst, widower, leav
ing one boy about seven years old; Edmund Ernst, widower.
They were sons of Michael Ernst, Mader's Cove, also a widower,
and who has only one daughter left. Benjamin Kaiser left a
widow and five children. James Westhaver a young man, left
a wife and three little children. Ezra Mader and Wm. Schnare
were boys about sixteen and seventeen years old. Henry
Weinacht was about nineteen. Isaiah Publicover left a family
at Blandford. The survivors were all young men."
Schooner "Welcome."
(From Israel Spindler's Account.)
"Left Lunenburg, August 10th, 1883, and reached Prince
Edward Island a week afterwards. Fishing all day. off St.
Margaret's Chapel, and left for Souris at dusk. A strong
breeze, wind E.S.E. At ten o'clock it blew harder. Kept sail
on till twelve, and tore jib. Thursday, ran under double-reefed
foresail for about half an hour, when heavy sea came while
vessel in trough. Eli Himmelman and Henry Mason were
standing at foresheet, and I aft, on lee quarter. The sea
33

514 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
boarded us, and washed me overboard, to leeward. I was under
water for some little time. I got out at last, and ran along the
side of the vessel, which was on her beam ends, and pitching
heavily. Four men were in the cabin, calling loudly. The
captain ran forward, and got in one of the dories. Did not see
him afterwards. I got out on the main-mast head. Eli and
George Himmelman, Henry iMason, and Alvin Conrad were
sitting on the railing. Three of thom came out to me. (The
account then refers to holdings-on, and washings-off.) How I
passed the night I cannot tell. In the morning I was sitting on
the vessel's rail. I do not know how I got there. I had no
boots, nor socks, nor hat on. I was taken off the wreck by
John H. Campbell, and John McPhee, of E. Point. I saw those
men now lying on the breakwater here — Gabriel Spindler,
Almon Zink, Daniel Mason, and William Himmelman. They
all belong to Lunenburg county. The cook, Stannage Himmel
man, was in the forecastle. Believe he was drowned there."
Schooner "Henrietta."
On December 12th, 1887, the W.I.M. steamship Barraeoutn.,
Captain Hubbard, arrived in New York, with Captain John H.
Hammett and crew of schooner Henrietta.
" Left Anguilla, W.I., November 26th, for Lunenburg. On
the 29th, gale from N.W. Foresail, storm trysail, and balance
reefed mainsail were carried away in succession, the latter with
a report like a cannon. There was a clean sweep of the sea
over the dock, taking everything movable. The rudder gave
way, and a drag was flung over. The gale continued all day,
and five days thereafter — water rising in the hold. The bulk
head was chopped away, and twenty tons of salt cast overboard.
The lights of the Barracouta were seen on the night of Decem
ber 6th. The schooner's deck was then flush with the water ;
night dark as pitch and heavy sea. Captain Hubbard signalled
that he would stand by till morning. The clouds opened, and
a streak of moonlight showed the dismantled schooner. The
crew were in despair. ' Who'll board that vessel ? ' shouted
Captain Hubbard. All his crew volunteered, and four men

history of the county of lunenburg. 515
under Chief Officer Williams were selected. In two hours, all
were transferred. Captain Hammett and his men were in a
horrible condition, from exposure and exhaustion. The schooner
sank as the Barracouta left."
Brigantine " Victoria."
Captain John Simmons, in the Victoria, arrived at Halifax,
September 23rd, 1889, on her maiden voyage from West Indies.
" Left Martinique, August 30th, for Provincetown, Mass. Had
indications of a gale September 4th, and preparations were
made. Next day we met a hurricane, and the vessel was hove
to under bare poles. During the afternoon the wind equalled a
tornado, and seas broke with tremendous force. Ten gallons of
cod oil, and five gallons of paint oil, were used with good effect.
The captain thought that without this the vessel would have
foundered. The sails were blown from the gaskets, and at
7 p.m. the vessel was on her beam ends. Everything movable
was swept from the deck. The barometer was down to 27.80°,
and the compass was made useless by electric fluid. A lurid
blue flame, resembling the electric light, sped around the vessel
in a circle, making hundreds of revolutions in a minute — the
sea in masses of soothing foam and spray, dashing over the
vessel. She was down for three hours. The masts were cut
away and she slightly righted, and came up altogether at mid
night. The only spars remaining next morning were the
bowsprit and jibboom. The vessel was put under jury rigging,
and sailed with it between 1,400 and 1,500 miles. She is a
great object of curiosity as she lies in the harbor."
Schooner "Lion."
The steamship Bermuda, Captain Haliburton, arrived at
New York, September 6th, 1890, with Captain Peter R. Peters,
and crew of six, of the Lion, which sailed from Lunenburg for
Kingston, Jamaica, August 15th.
" At midnight, August 29th, a hurricane, which had been
indicated and prepared for, struck the schooner, over which
o-reat waves dashed, while it rained in torrents. On the 30th a

516 history of the county of lunenburg.
gigantic wave hurled the vessel on her beam ends with lee side
entirely under water. The bowsprit was taken away, cutwater
demolished, whole stem twisted, and rails and stanchions carried
off. A wall of water smashed in the entire side of the port
forecastle, and filled the galley house and forecastle with debris.
Seamen Rice and Hadlunch were hurled from their bunks.
The men were buried under crashing timber, which came on
the crest of the wave, and pounded them like battering-rams.
Hands, faces, and bodies were a mass of bruises. The vessel
remained on her beam ends at the mercy of wind and sea.
The fury of the gale prevented the righting of the vessel. The
captain gathered the men on the poop deck, where they clung
for hours, while the hurricane tore the sails to tatters, and they
could feel the schooner sinking under them. The crew went
through great additional hardships, working thirty-six hours at
the pumps, until 9 o'clock a.m., September 5th, when the
Bermuda came in sight, and rescued them. The water-logged
craft was set fire to." Brigantine " Clio."
" This vessel left Kingston, Jamaica, November I7th, 1892, for
Turk's Island. Captain Stephenson was attacked with rheuma
tism one week out, and the mate, Haydon, was' taken down
with ship fever. On December 9th, weather was uncommonly
bad, ending in tempestuous hurricane, so severe that the sick
captain felt obliged to go on deck, and stood ready, for four
hours, to cut away the masts, the sea all the while washing over
him. He had to remain in bed the next ten days, the wind
blowing at a furious rate, and the Clio was laid to. Joseph
Hauglm was attacked by a fever, leaving Wm. Arenberg second
mate, Harry Burk, and George Marshall to work the ship. A
signal of distress was set December 26th, and seen by a German
steamer, which, hearing of fever, moved off. On the night of
the 30th, spoke the brigantine Boston Marine, Captain Porter,
who gave them medicine and provisions. The weather moderated,
the sick seamen screwed up their nerves, and the Clio arrived
at Lunenburg, thirty-two days from Turk's Island. The

history of the county of lunenburg. 517
•captain said had it not been for the marvellous pluck and
staying powers of the well ones of the crew, the vessel could
not have lived out the tempest.
" John H. Zwicker, cook, of Bridgewater, though not a hale
man by any means, stood the mate's watch, rendered motherly
assistance to the afflicted members of the crew, and cooked as
usual for the few able to be on duty. Second mate James A.
Arenberg, though he had never before filled the position,
performed the duties of first mate with a willing and master
hand, hardly closing his eyes in slumber during the ten days
that the ship was in distress. As a reward for this faithfulness
he was promoted to the position of first mate of the Clio, and
Harry Burk, who also proved himself to be a man of mettle,
was moved ahead to the second mateship."
1 893. April 24th. — About midnight the steamer Dominion,
Captain Nickerson, bound for Halifax, went ashore in a thick
fog on the south-western end of Big Duck Island. Among the
passengers were Mrs. Thos. Campbell of Liverpool, Rev. D.
Currie of Shelburne, and C. E. Kaulbach, M.P. There was a
rough sea on, and the passengers were lowered to the boats by
ropes. It was impossible to land on the island, but the whole
party arrived at Lunenburg a few hours later. The vessel
became a total wreck.
" Fish Hawk."
" The schooner Fish Hawk, engaged in fishing on the La Have
banks, arrived at Getson's Cove, August 25th, 1893, with her
flag at half-mast. During the gale of Monday, Captain Hiram
Corkum, his brothers John and Angus, and a boy (John
Corkum, son of Simeon), all of Mount Pleasant, were lost.
The survivors, five in number, who brought the schooner into
port, say the gale was at its height at four o'clock in the after
noon. The poor fellows who were lost were out in dories. The
captain was endeavoring to save the boy when he was drowned.
The survivors say it was simply impossible to save the doomed
men. The Fish Hawk was at anchor and parted her cable,
losing 180 fathoms. Three dories were also lost."

518 history of the county of lunenburg.
" Adventurer."
This schooner,, owned by Captain James Richard, of Lower
Dublin, and others, was driven ashore in a storm of snow and
sleet at Souris, Prince Edward Island, at 10.30 p.m., Sunday,
December 3rd, 1893. Captain Richard took with him from
home, his sister, Abigail R. Richard, and his cousin, Sophia M.
Richard, daughter of Captain Elias Richard. Heavy seas broke
over the vessel, and those on board were exposed to great suf
fering. The mate Eber Bailley, and Sophia Richard perished.
After the schooner ran ashore, she went over on her beam
ends about 1.30 a.m. The crew were four men, and three others
who had come on board to help. The two girls were lashed,
one to the rail, the other to the windlass. Joseph Corkum, the
cook, took charge of Sophia, and did all he could to protect
her, and the captain did the same for his sister Abigail, putting
his cloth overcoat and rubber coat round her, and his hat on
her head. They became benumbed and stiff with the cold, and
Sophia died on board about 5 a.m. Bailley died as he was
taken into a house, after they had left the vessel about 8 a.m.
They were all lowered by ropes, and taken ashore in a dory.
Sophia spoke affectionately of her people at home, and
especially of her brother Austin, who was a divinity student
at SackviUe, N.B.
Chase and Explosion of " Young Teazer."
One of the most interesting sights ever beheld in the waters
of the county was the pursuit of the American privateer Young
Teazer, in 1813. This was witnessed by John Heckman, Esq.,
who was then captain of the guard on duty at the block-house,
near Lunenburg, and by many others. The vessel had been for
some time chased by the privateer Sir John Sherbrooke, an
eighteen gun brig, commanded by Captain Joseph Freeman,
belonging to Liverpool, N.S., but was at last shut out from view
by the fog. One of the men of the Sir John Sherbrooke, then
resident at Lunenburg, informed the writer that the La Hogue
(74), the frigate Orpheus, Captain Hugh Pigott, another frigate
named the Castor, and the Manly, a brig of war, were in

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 519
pursuit of the Teazer, which vessel had proved very destructive
to trade and commerce.
The captain of the Teazer ran in, and when off" the Sculpin
rock (lying in mid channel), seeing that he was closely followed
by the Orpheus, tacked ship, and stood over for Spindler's Cove,
when he again tacked, and went out with a fair wind between
Cross Island and Eastern Points, and got into Chester Bay,
inside of Big Tancook. The La Hogue and Orpheus continued
the chase, and the wind having failed, five boats were sent off
from the La Hogue, which foUowed the Teazer for some distance,
when an officer of the latter, a deserter from the British service,
fearing the punishment that awaited him if caught, set fire to
the magazine, and blew up the vessel. This was stated by one
of the Teazer s men in jail at Lunenburg, to one of the crew of
the Sir John Sherbrooke, before referred to, and he added, " We
saw you after us, and it would have been well had you taken
us." The noise of the explosion was terrific. Geo. Duncan,
then residing at East Chester, who was at the time returning
from Lunenburg in his boat, said, that though ten or twelve
miles distant, he felt the shock sensibly. The wreck was
towed ashore on Nass's or Eastern Island, near Chester, when
it was found that part of the hull had been blown away. The
foremast and bowsprit were left standing, the first of which,
made of Norway pine, was sold for twenty dollars. What
remainod of the hull, constructed of the best American oak,
was sold to George Mitchell, Esq., for a few dollars. The posts
on the eastern side of a store built by him, rested on the
keelson. Some of the crew were carried to Lunenburg on
Sunday, the day after the explosion, and were there cared
for. One of them had a leg amputated by Dr. Bolman, and
remained in Lunenburg for some time. Another had lost
both feet above the ankles. It is said that " the Teazer s mon
were so angry at the curiosity displayed, that they indulged
in much abusive language."
The day of the explosion was one of great excitement in
Lunenburg. The report was current that the town was taken
and that the Yankees were in the front and back harbor, and

520 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the people were actually employed in carting their belongings
out of town. Mrs. Kaulbach, sen., was one of those occupied
in preparing baskets of provisions for the women and children
in case they were required to take flight.
Several persons residing in Chester went out to the wreck.
Mr. Josiah Marvin, with David Evans and others, including
John Pentz, who fainted at the sight presented on nearing it,
took the remains of two of the crew to Chester and had them
interred in the churchyard. One man had his head blown off,
and both legs were gone below tho knees. A basket was
brought ashore containing an infant's clothes, a pair of scissors,
a needlecase, and a lot of books, among which was one entitled
" The Care Killer."
The Teazer was from sixty to seventy feet keel, coppered,
painted black, with a carved alligator for her figure-head, had
her bulwarks filled in with cork up to the rails, and was pro
vided with a " long Tom " forward, mounted on a sw^ivol, and
another large gun on deck. Sho was a \'ory fast sailer, could
be rowed with her sixteen sweeps five knots an hour, and was
a cause of much dread to coasters and others.
The following record is preserved of the deposition of one
of the officers of the ill-fated vessel, nunle before Francis
Rudolf and John Creighton, Esqs., Justices of tho Peace at
Lunenburg :
" Examination of Elisha Gunnison, carpenter of the late
American privateer Young Teazer, taken June 28th, 1813. The
said Elisha Gunnison deposes that on the 27th of June, being
nearly off Lunenburg, saw a sail to windward. All hands were
called to make sail and out sweeps. At 2 p.m., discovered
another sail to leeward. At 4 p.m., both vessels took the wind,
landlocked and compelled us to run into Mahone Bay, The
sail which appeared to leeward of us proved to be His Majesty's
ship La Hogue (74), which chased us into the mouth of the bay,
and came to an anchor, and immediately manned and sent her
boats after us, the La Hague's boats being nearly three miles
off. It is supposed that the Teazer was blown up intentionally
by some of the crew. The explosion was great and destructive.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 521
Out of thirty-six men who were then on board, eight only were
saved, including this deponent, two of whom were much hurt.
All were thrown into the water, and one of them with difficulty
reached the boat astern, cut the painter and picked up the
surviving seven, and immediately rowed the boat ashore, and
surrendered themselves to one Martin Rafuse, residing on
Anshutz's Island in Mahone Bay aforesaid, who brought and
delivered them at Lunenburg. Their names are as follows,
namely : John Michel, John Carlo, Richard Vanvost, Joen Pleo,
Lewis D. Mott, Charles Wheatman, John Cahoon."
Resulting from these facts a superstition has arisen amongst
the inhabitants of the islands in Chester Bay, that the Teazer,
like the Flying Dutchman of old, supernaturally revisits the
waters in which she met her fate, and the " Teazer light " has
long been a matter of alarm to many while passing over Chester
Bay. It is said that the La Hogue, requiring a pilot, hailed a
schooner, commanded by Captain Allen, going from Dover to
Tancook. The signal was given, and the schooner not heaving
to, a shot was fired which went through the mainsail, and had
the desired effect. The sum of £11 was paid for pilotage to
Halifax. Two of the crew of the La Hogue, by permission,
left that vessel at Halifax and went to Windsor. The ship
having been ordered home sooner than was expected, they were
left behind. One of them, John Erasmus Anderson, who had
been armourer on board the La Hogue, was born at Lerwick,
Shetland Isles, and was pressed into the service at the age of
twelve years. He bought a piece of land, settled in Windsor,
and there married. Subsequently to his wife's decease, he
removed to Chester, where he again married. Mr. Anderson
was an ingenious worker in brass and iron, and made the most
delicate surgical instruments. Some of his recollections of his
early days were very interesting. He frequently referred to
the pious teachings of his mother in the far-off Shetlands,
remembering particularly one oft-repeated remark made while
washing him, " Johnny, I can wash your body, but God only
can wash your heart." He died in Chester, where his daughter
and grandchildren resided until their removal to Bridgewater.

CHAPTEE XLVII.
Rescues of Persons in Peril on the Sea, and Presentations made for
Deeds of Bravery and as Tokens of Esteem.
"An article given by a government for gallant service carries more honor
with it than many aristocratic heirlooms do." — Sir WiUiam Young, C.J.,
in Clarke vs. FuUerton, July, 1871.
HALIFAX, May 2nd, 1828.— On Friday, Captain Flint
and the crew of the schooner Catharine, of Yarmouth,
arrived in town from Lunenburg. The Catharine sold at
Antigua and wont to Rum Key for a part of a cargo of salt,
which place she left April 2nd. On the 15th, in latitude 38°,
she encountered severe gales, had her boat stove to pieces, and
carried away her rudder ; next day capsized and from loss of
'ipars, etc., was rendered totally unmanageable. On the 19th
the crew were rescued from their perilous situation by the
active humanity of Captain Morris, of the schoonor Traveller,
of Lunenburg, for whose kindness to himself and crew Cajstain
Flint expressed himself much indebted."
Sunday, November 6th, 1859. — The schooner Will-o'-the-
wisp, owned by E. and W. Zwicker, Captain .James E. Hunt,
master, eighteen days from Turk's Island, arrived at Lunen
burg. On the passage the wreck of a schooner belonging to the
Ragged Islands was sighted, and the captain and only surviving
seaman were rescued by Captain Hunt.
In the fall of 1839, Captain Hunt left Lunonburg for Boston
in the schoonor Cherub, and having been blown out of his
course by heavy gales, arrived at Barbadoes. He returned to
the county, his vessel enveloped in ice, the following February.
His death occurred at Lunenburg, February 3rd, 1892, in his
seventy-fourth year. He was " the last of the captains in the
Lunenburg West India fleet of forty or fifty years ago."

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 523
Account of Rescues by Captain Rufus P. Trefry.
" In February, 1878, 1 was on a voyage in the barque Tem
plar, from Ipswich, G.B., to Delaware Breakwater, and in about
Lat. 35° N., Long. 40° W., I sighted a large ship, which passed
from and came into view several times within eight or ten days.
We had a fearful gale from the south, out of which my vessel
came unharmed. At 9 a.m. of the 23rd, having strong wind
and heavy sea, I sighted a sail away to leeward, and from the
rigging, with my glass, found it to be a large ship, with her
main-mast gone at the deck, and the mizzen-mast gone at the
head. I told my wife, whose sympathies were, like my own, at
once aroused for poor souls who might want to be rescued. We
bore down without delay, and could see by the glass men in the
fore-rigging. As we rounded her stern, I saw it was the same
ship I had seen and lost sight of so often, which proved to be the
Celestial Em.pire, of Now York, bound from Bremen, or Ham
burg, to Delaware Breakwater. The captain thought he could,
perhaps, get on without assistance and make the port of Fayal,
about six hundred miles east. He wanted me to go on board,
and sent his first mate with a message. There was a heavy sea
running, and when wo were about half way a great squall came
up, and the ship, without sail to steady her, rolled heavily,
making it dangerous to approach her. I found the captain
with his hand in a sling and very down-hearted, as he was one-
third owner. He wished to consult me as to the probability of
getting into a port. The vessel was in such a sad condition
that I told him I wouhl not take her as a. gift. I said I would
stand by him any length of time until there was a chance to
take them off' (the soa being then too heavy), if he decided to
abandon her, and that I would return to my ship and wait some
hours for a signal, which we agreed on. The time had not
expired when I saw the ensign in tho mizzen-rigging, and I
continued to lay by. Towards night tho sea had somewhat
gone down, and I sent word to him to show a flare-up light
during the night, that I might not lose sight of him. At two
the following morning the wind had nearly diod out, and the

^te

524 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
sea was much smoother. I sent out a boat, which met the
captain with his big lifeboat well laden with provisions. After
quite a number of boat-loads of stores and effects were received,
all hands (twenty-four in number) came on board. The dog
and hens were also brought. Before midnight we were strug
gling in another heavy gale. About two weeks later we sailed
along the south side of Bermuda, when several boats came off,
and we sent on shore sixteen of the shipwrecked crew, as a
steamer was to leave that day for New York. One week later
we landed the rest at Lewis, Delaware."
About three months after this, while in the port of Calais,
France, Captain Trefry received a cablegram from the owners
•of the derelict ship, as follows : " Gold watch and chain for you
at American |Legation, London." They were procured through
the British Consul at Calais. The watch bore- the inscription :
" Presented by the President of the United States to Captain
R. P. Trefry, of the British barque Templar, in recognition of
bis brave and humane conduct in rescuing the officers and crew
of the American ship Celestial Empire, February 23rd, 1878."
Value of watch and chain, $300.
On the 24th of September, 1886, on a voyage from Chatham,
N.B., to Liverpool, G.B., Captain Trefry, in the barque Belvidere,
sighted the barque Maid of Aln with signal, " We are sinking."
Her boats were smashed. He put out two of his boats, and
saved the crew, with their effects and some stores, and five days
after landed them in Liverpool.
The British Government presented Captain Trefry with a
silver teapot, suitably inscribed. Each of his mates, P. R.
Durkee and Samuel Wilcox, received a binocular glass, and
¦each of the men who manned the boats, received a money
award of $8.
Captain Charles Smith, of Lower Dublin, gave the writer
the following account of the rescue of Captain D. R. Knock
and crew of the schooner G. W. Pousland, of Lunenburg,
while in the brigantine Wilhelmina, on passage from Turk's
Island to that port :
" On Wednesday, January Sth, 1879, I sighted a sail to

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 525
leeward, about three miles distant. I went up on the lee
rigging and saw it was a wreck, lying to, dismasted, with a
flag of distress. I carried all sail and ran down on her, and
went within four or five hundred yards — to windward. We
drifted along square with them. It was blowing a heavy gale
at the time, and a heavy sea running ; we could not render
them any assistance. We hove to in company with them, to
try and save them. We found her to be the schooner G. W.
Pousland, Captain Knock, of Lunenburg. They had been in
trouble for six days. The captain wished us to remain by him
until the weather moderated. I hove ship to again, to leeward
of her — could not take them off. The captain put a bottle
overboard, which did not reach us. I signed to him to heave
a second when he got under our lee. I took a chain hook and
bent it, and lashed it to a pole, and hooked the stick which
was fastened to the bottle with a line. I got it, and took out
the letter it enclosed asking for help. Not being able to take
them off, I lay near them twenty-four hours, and on the morn
ing of the 9th spoke her again. We then launched a boat in
great danger, and boarded her four times before we could get
all the crew — a very heavy sea running. I sent my mate and
two seamen in the boat, and kept charge of my own vessel.
I could not ask them any questions the day I fell in with them.
It blew so hard we could not hear one another. We showed
each other bright torch-lights all night. We had a severe
passage ourselves, and were thirty days from Turk's Island
to Lunenburg. Captain Knock had been passed by a steamer,
and was spoken by an American barque, which supplied him
¦with an old sail, a spar, and some bread. They offered to take
him and his crew off, but he declined, as the barque was going
round Cape Horn. They hoped for some homeward bound
vessel." The following is a copy of the letter received in the bottle
by Captain Smith :
" Schooner ' G. W. Pousland.'
"We were dismasted on the 2nd of this month, lying to
under storm trysail, and three-reef foresail; and were hove

526 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
down on beam ends, and obliged to cut away to save hull and
lives. We are from Barbadoes, in ballast bound for Lunenburg.
We had a severe gale of wind, and had a narrow chance for
our lives, and now the vessel is strained badly — she has worked
herself all open, and there is no chance to got into port. Please
try and stay by us, and take us off, if possible, to save our poor
lives — if you do, the great God on high will never forget you
for it. God be merciful to my poor family at home. We were
dismasted in Lat. 40° 20' N., Long. 65° 56' W. We shall show
a torch-light all night. Try to save our poor lives.
"D. R. Knock, Master."
A handsome binocular glass bears the following inscription :
presented by
The Government op Canada,
TO
CAPTAIN CHARLES SMITH,
Master of the Brigantine Wilhelmina, of Lunenburg, in recognition
of his humane and generous services to the shipwrecked
cr?w of the Schooner G. W. Pousland, of
Lunenburg, January 11th, 1879.
A handsome hunting-case silver watch, suitably inscribed,
was awarflod to the mate Christian Bailley, an Englishman,
and a cheque for $10 each to the sailors, Arthur Thurlow, of
Lunenburg, and Lawrence Le Blanc, of Arichat.
On the 24th of January, 1885, Arthur Etter was killed by a
falling chimney, at the burning of the Methodist parsonage in
Lunenburg, while endeavoring to save the life of a child he
saw to be in danger. He was the first to respond to the cry of
fire. The following is an extract from a Halifax letter : " What
a good fellow Etter was ' He was true as steel. There was
no insincerity about him. The breath of calumny has never
tarnished his fair fame. He was universally beloved."
In 1885, silver watches were given by the Dominion Govern
ment to Elias Zink, Stannage Knickle, and Simon Schnare, for
saving the lives of George Beck and James Hiltz, of the
schooner Dictator, at Duncan's reef, Halifax county, in May of
that year.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG. 527
Mr. James Nowe, of Black Rocks, was awarded a valuable
silver watch by the Dominion Government, for saving the life
of Miss WiUniff, at Schooner Cove, in March, 1886.
A gold medal was awarded to Captain G. Slaughenwhite, of
Lunenburg, in 1888. It was inscribed as follows: "Presented
by the President of the United States to Captain George
Slaughenwhite, of tho British brigantine W. E. Stowe, for his
humane services in the rescue of the cre-w of the American
schooner Sophia T. Winterton, January 1st, 1888."
In August, 1889, a diploma and silver medal were received
from tho Government of Spain, awarded to Captain Martin
Larson, of the schooner Aubrey A., of Lunenburg, for rescuing
in December, 1888, while on passage to the West Indies, the
captain and crew of the Spanish brigantine Esperanza. The
Captain of the Port in a letter of thanks congratulated the
British Consul as " the representative of a nation that in justice
may be proud of their worthy and honorable seamen, who are
ever ready to face all perils, out of charity and love."
A paper published at Philadelphia, Pa., September 14th, 1889,
said: " To the keen eye of Captain' Ambury of the AUan Line
steamship Prussian, the crew of the brigantine Anglo, of
Lunenburg, from Turk's Island for Boston, owe their lives
to-day. While the Prussian was on her way to Philadelphia,
signals of distress were seen flying from the hull of a dismasted
craft. The wind was blowing with such intensity that it was
with great difficulty that a lifeboat was launched. After many
efforts the rescuing crew got off, but on approaching the brigan
tine it was found impossible to bring the small boat alongside.
The men were told to jump into the sea, which thoy did, and
wore then picked up one by one and pulled into the lifeboat.
The brave rescuers made four trips."
In May, 1890, Mrs. Manthorn, of Mill Village, was coming
thence to Bridgewater with a carriage and pair of horses, sho
being the only passenger besides the driver. He left the carriage
at Bottle Brook, a mile and a half west of Hebb's Mills, to get
a drink, when something started the horses and they ran off.
Mr. George A. Hebb, storekeeper at tho mills, a son of the late

528 HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
Abraham Hebb, heard the screams of Mrs. Manthorn, and saw
the team coming at the wildest speed. He tried witli a
piece of board to frighten the horses into a stoppage, but in
vain. Making a spring right in front, between them, he caught
one by the bridle, and with his other hand grasped the pole
yoke for support. He managed to throw the horse he held,
which, with himself and the carriage and lady, was dragged
some distance by the other till they wore stopped by a large
pile of split rock above the road.
It was believed by several onlookers that Mrs. Manthorn and
Mr. Hebb would be killed. Mr. Hebb was struck by the yoke
under his ribs, and one knee-cap was injured ; the buttons were
torn from his clothes, and blood flowed from cuts in his arms.
He was laid up for over a month, and it was two months before
he could walk with his accustomed freedom. It is bolioved
that by this daring act, than which none bra\'or was ever per
formed in this county, ho saved a life at the risk of his own.
Ho certainly became entitled to, and he should receive, an
award such as is given for similar distinguished service.
The honorary testimonial of tho Royal Humane Society of
England, inscribed on N-ollum, was awarded to Joseph Hiiiimol-
iiian, "for having on the 19th of Januaiy, 1891, at great
personal risk, gone to the rescue of Harold McKean, who was
unfortunately drowned in River La Havo, Pentz Settloniont,
Nova Scotia." He also receivotl a \'aluable silver Waltham
watch, suitably inscribed, from C. E. Kaulbach, Esq., M,P.
In July, 1892, Captain John Boebnor, of the schooner
Florence, of Mahone Bay, sighted a wreck, the schooner Theresa,
Budd D. Melvin, master, which sailed from Chatham, N.B., for
New York, on June 25th, with a crew of six in all. When
Captain Boehner first saw them, four out of the six woro vainly
endeavoring to save themselves, while "he, though anxious to
aid them, was unable to do so. He, however, laid by thom
from 10 a.m. until 6 p.m. At last tbe captain was the sole
survivor, the others having been washed away. When Captain
Boehner, with some of his crew^ got near enough in a dory to
throw a line. Captain Melvin had not strength enough left to

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 529
use it. The good Samaritan managed, without tho rope, to get
him on board his ship, took care of him, and, turning back
from his fishing trip, landed him at Mahone Bay. The Theresa,
sprung a leak on July 2nd, became water-logged, and was
thrown on her beam ends in a heavy gale and sea, near
Sambro. The noble conduct of Captain Boehner and his crew
was highly commended by Captain Melvin.
In April, 1893, Lieut.-Governor Daly presented to Captain
Boehner, a handsome gold watch and chain. The inscription
on the inside case of the watch was as follows : " From the
President of the United States to Captain Boehner, of the
British schooner Florence, in recognition of his service in
effecting the rescue of the master of the schooner Tlteresa,
July 4th, 1892."
The crew of the Florence, George Adams, Ed. Rissey, L.
Hyson, 0. Lantz, and J. Jodrey, each received the sum of $20
in recognition of their services.
In 1894, a silver watch, suitably inscribed, was given by the
Dominion Government, and a medal and vellum certificate by
the Royal Humane Society, to Mr. Rufus Parks, of La Have,
for heroic conduct in rescuing the crew of the Hilda Maude,
October l7th, 1891.
The following account, copied from the Trades Journal, was
published in the Lunenburg Progress, of November 11th, 1891.
It was well headed " A La Have Hero."
" During the gale of Monday night, the I7th ult., the schooner
Hilda Maude, from Lunenburg, N.S., was ashore off Black
Point, north-west of Cranberry Head. Tho wind and sea were
very heavy, every sea breaking clean over the vessel. She was
a fishing schooner with nine men on board. Thoy all had to
stand in the rigging till near noon next day. There was a large
crowd of men on the shore all the morning, but none would
venture out. At last, John Cox, with three other men,
tried, but thoir boat was filled and they had to make for shore
again. After a little they tried again, but failed. Rufus Parks,
from La Have, Parks' Creek, Lunenburg county, seeing they
could not got out from the shore, stripped off his clothes in the
34

530 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
rigging, jumped into the water and swam to shore. Before
he reached it, he lost the use of his legs. He was assisted
by two young men and taken to the nearest house, where he
got something to eat and drink, and a dry suit of clothes. He
then came back to the shore. All the dories except one were
smashed against the rocks, and it was badly \\Tecked. Parks
got a hammer and some nails and patched up that dory. He
nailed a piece of one of the dories on one side of it himself, and
two or three of the men around caulked up the cracks a bit.
Then they helped him to launch her. No one would go with
him. He pulled for the vessel and soon reached her and
brought one man ashore. He pulled out again and brought
three more in, and so on till he had them all on land. He
made four trips from the shore to the vessel and back again in
a very short time. He was nearly capsized twice."
A very handsome binocular glass was awarded to Captain
Charles Rafuse, inscribed as follows : " Presented by the British
Government to Charles Rafuse, master of the schooner Am,elia
Gorkum, of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, in acknowledgment of
his humanity and kindness to the survivors of the barque
Hope, of Alengstivith, wrecked in the North Atlantic, on the
22nd of August, 1892."
On the 15th of September, 1894, Captain Louis Knickle, of
schooner Alaska, saw a schooner with signal of distress, and
bore down to her. He found her to be a French schooner, the
Emilie. Captain Knickle rescued the men, and in fifteen
minutes tho schooner went down.
On the 23rd of August, 1895, Captain Reuben Ritcey, of the
schooner Majestic, of La Have, on passage home from the
Banks, rescued Captain Brudigan and eleven men from the
German barque Der Wanderer, which was in a sinking state,
and only a few feet above the water. The sea was rough at
the time of rescue.
The presentations to Captain Smith, and Messrs. Zink,
Knickle, Schnare, James Nowe, Joseph Himmelman, and Rufus
Parks, were made at public meetings, by C. E. Kaulbach, Esq.,
M.P. ; to Captain Slaughenwhite, by J. D. Eisenhauer, M.P. ;

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 531
to Captain Larson, by T. E. Kenney, Esq., M.P. ; arid to
Captain Boehner, by Lieutenant-Governor Daly at Govern
ment House.
Robert A. Logan, Esq., of Bridgewater, who has been for
eighteen years Captain of tho Fire Company, was in September,
1881, presented by his brother firemen, on the occasion of his
marriage, with a silver coffee urn, and in January, 1887, with
a silver speaking-trumpet, as marks of the esteem in which he
was held by them.
On the 13th of September, 1892, William L. Romkey, Esq.,
1st Lieutenant Relief Fire Company No. 2, Lunenburg, was
presented with an address and a handsome tea service by his
brother firemen, as a wedding present.
In January, 1894, Captain W. C. Smith, master of the
schooner M. B. Smith, of Lunenburg, was presented by the other
owners of the vessel with a handsome gold watch, suitably
inscribed, and an address expressive of their great esteem for
him, and their appreciation of his " zeal and energy," and his
" excellent management of the vessel's affairs, at home and
¦ abroad."

CHAPTEE XLVIII.
History of the Nova Scotia Central BaUway.
THOMAS G. STEARNS, and Lewis B. Page, of New York,
had, for more than two years, been exploring for
minerals in several counties, including King's and Annapolis.
They were especially encouraged by the large deposits of iron
ore they discovered in the latter county, and in view of their
profitable development and working, they conceived the idea of
a railway in connection therewith, as shipments could be made
with greater ease and advantage on the Atlantic shore than
on that of the Bay of Fundy. It was also considered that
works for the manufacture of iron could be profitably estab
lished in the County of Lunenburg, to which the coal required
could be easily and cheaply brought. These facts, together
with the expected additional traffic and the conveyance of
passengers, led to the application by Messrs. Stearns and Page,
on behalf of a company organized in New York, for authority
to construct the Nictaux and Atlantic Railway.
Extract from Journals of House of Assembly.
" Monday, March 31st, 1873.
" A petition of inhabitants of the counties of Annapolis and
Lunenburg, was presented by Mr. DesBrisay, and read, praying
for authority to construct a railroad from Middleton to Lunen
burg, with a branch from Bridgewater to Liverpool, on the
Atlantic coast.
" Ordered, That the petition do lie on the table, and that Mr.
DesBrisay have leave to introduce a bill in accordance with the
prayer thereof;
" And thereupon, Mr. DesBrisay, pursuant to such leave, pre
sented a bill to incorporate tbe Nictaux and Atlantic Railway

^^^ '^^-.-^

^'•5

l^B.*?.?
RAILWAY station AND NEW BRIDGE, BRIDGEWATER.
history of the COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 533
Company ; and the same was read a first time, and ordered to
be read a second time."
These first public stops on behalf of the railway were the
result of an interview sought by Messrs. Stearns and Page for
the company above referred to, composed of themselves,
Gardiner, S. Hutchinson, and Richard H. Stearns.
Tho company was to have a free right of way, and an allot
ment of crown lands — 75,000 acres in Lunenburg, the same
quantity in Annapolis, and 25,000 acres in any other county
into which extension might be made.
Tho estimated cost of the work by Mr. Murphy, Provincial
Engineer, for fifty-six miles, adopting the gauge which " is now
supposed to be the established standard of the country, 4 feet
8^ inches," was $758,253, giving an average cost per mile of
$13,540. This included permanent way and buildings neces
sary for the work, but did not include rolling stock, or right of
way. Further enactments relative to the road were made :
1875. Subsidy of $4,000 per mile voted. Name changed to
Nova Scotia, Nictaux and Atlantic Central Railway Company.
Time extended for two years.
1876. Subsidy to be used for a road from Middleton to
Lunenburg, with provision to bring track within six miles of
Pleasant River bridge. Queen's.
1877. Extension granted for entering into a contract, to
December 31st of that year, and for completing road, to two
years from said date.
Walker, Clarke, and Roberts began work in May. Bond for
$440,000, amount of subsidy, given to Government by many
leading men of tho county.
October 25th.— Work done certified at $50,768.80. Difficulties
had occurred as to payment of accounts. Government, as
authorized to do, paid for work and labor $27,863.56, and
charged it to subsidy.
Tho Lunenburg Progress of October 24th, 1888, had the
following :
" A few weeks ago a subscriber forwarded a statement show-

534 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
ing that tho first sod of the Nova Scotia Central was turned at
Lunenburg on the 10th of August, 1877, by Mrs. Eisenhauer,
wife of Mr. James Eisenliauer, ^I.P. for this constituenc}'. The
statement also points out the fact that addresses were made by
the Rev. Messrs. Owen, Duff, Rodgers, Roth, and Ellis, as well
as by the Hon. H. A. N. Kaulbach, Mr. Ed-win Kaulbach, and
Mr. Grant, one of the contractors. It is also shown that the
Lunenburg band was in attendance, plaj-ing a selection after
each address. Then three cheers were given for the parties
concerned in the enterprise, three for the Queen, three for the
President of the United States, three for the ladies of Lunen
burg, and three for workmen present, after which the band
played the National Anthem."
Messrs. Abraham Zink, and James Smith, of Casper, were the
ploughmen. 1878. William J. Best, of New York, became assignee of
above-named contractors, and began work in June. Sum total
expended since first commencement to December, for work and
materials, $244,289.10. Another temporary stoppage.
1879. W^ork resumed in Januaiy, and again discontinued in
March. Total expenditure to March 1st, $261,808.31. Act
passed to repeal proxdsion to have road within six miles of
Pleasant River bridge. As consideration therefor, S2S,880.06
taken from subsidy, was given to Queen's and Shelburne for
public purposes.
A long delay in work now occurred. Legislative provision
was made for payment of outstanding claims against original
contractors, as per award of Joseph H. Wade, Andrew Gow,
and Thomas T. Keefler ; and for payment of claims against
W. J. Best to an amount not to exceed $21,500. These
payments were duly made by tho company.
Work was done on the road from October, 1883, to June,
1884, and then discontinued.
1884. Further extension given for one j'oar from June 15th,-
for completion, so as to retain crown lands.
1885. Contract extended to December 15th, with allowance
for six months additional.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 535
1886. Name changed to the " Nova Scotia Central Railway
Company." Between June, 1884, and October 15th, 1886,
work done and materials provided to $109,516.84.
1887. Time extended to December 15th, 1888. Act of 1873
amended, to make capital stock $1,000,000, in ten thousand
shares of $100 each. Power given to issue bonds, not to
exceed $1,550,000. Dominion subsidy of $3,200 per mile, for
thirty-four miles, $108,800.
1888. Dominion subsidy, same sum per mile, for forty-si.x
miles, $147,200.
Further extension granted to fully equip and complete the
road, not to exceed one year from December 15th of this year,
provided thirty-four miles were completed with rails laid by
said December 15tli, and remainder in advanced state of com
pletion. Additional acts were passed, and provisions made for ascer
taining and paying land damages.
It seemed impossible to raise money, in addition to the
subsidies, to go on with the work, and complete the thirty-
four miles as required. This had not been done up to the
end of December, 1888, and the company had obtained from
James D. Eisenhauer, and Fletcher B. Wade, Esquires, over
$160,000. These gentlemen continued to raise and advance
money until the road was finished. In the autumn of 1890,
the Halifax Banking Company, who had the railway bonds
in security for paper discounted by Eisenhauer and Wade,
notified the company that they would sell the bonds on failure
of payment. The sale took place, Eisenhauer and Wade becom
ing the purchasers. They were then sued by tho company,
seeking to set aside their purchase, which was, however, sus
tained by the Supreme Court in banco. As the result of an
action in the name of the Trustees, " The Farmer's Loan and
Trust Company of New York," the road was sold under order
of the Court, and purchased by Eisenhauer and Wade for
$550,000. On the 5th of May, 1891, Mr. Wade was appointed
by the Court, Receiver and Manager, and has since held that
position.

536 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Walker, Clarke, and Roberts were the first contractors, and
Colonel Yates was first constructing engineer. Mr. Roberts was
President of the Engineer Corps of the United States.
Mr. George W. Bedford, of North Adams, Mass., was the
last contractor, and for some time manager.
Mr. Charles 0. Foss, of Concord, N.H., came as Engineer-in-
Chief, in 1883, and is still in that office. It is very largely
owing to Mr. Foss's skilful engineering that the road has been
pronounced by competent authority one of the best in Canada.
The handsome station buildings along the line were designed
by Mr. Vincent Griffiths, of Brooklyn, New York.
The principal ticket agent from the commencement, still at
his post, has been Mr. William W. Bent. The conductors are
Hans Mosher and Maurice E. Fitzgerald. Mr. Joseph B.
Russell was at one time a conductor. The locomotive engineers
have been Messrs. Snyde, Griffin, Miller, Carter, Bent and
Fisher. Frederick R. Carter and George Sterrett^ are now
engineers. The successive paymasters have been Messrs.
Parsons, Leech, and the present officer, Mr. Robert M. J.
McGill. Mr. Robert H. Fraser, now of Toronto, was for
some time Superintendent and Traffic Manager, and his brother,
Thomas A. Fraser, was accountant. Mr. Freeman Cohoon is
ticket and freight agent at Lunenburg, and Mr. Kenneth H.
Spidel fills the same offices at Mahone Bay. Captain R. P.
Trefry is freight agent at Bridgewater.
1888. August 21st. — Arrived at Bridgewater, schooner Jane
Ingram, Balmer, from New York, with locomotive, steam
shovel, and hard pine timber.
August 25th. — Schooner Susan and Annie, Pope, from
Cow Bay, C.B., with coal, and schooner Tay, Mclntyre, from
St., John, N.B., with twenty-one flat cars.
In October, the iron steamship Netherholme, 278 feet long,
James Ritchie, master, came to the railway wharf at Bridge-
water with 1,500 tons of steel rails. On a pleasant evening in
the same month, visitors from Lunenburg, and some of the
residents of Bridgewater, had a ffat car ride over the ffrst rails
laid, for about half a mile from the wharf. Hon. W. S. Fielding

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 537
was among the guests entertained by the railway officials at
the hotel " Eureka."
1889. June 4th. — The steamship Thome Holme, Holmes,
Mayport, G.B., arrived in La Have River with 2,100 tons of
steel rails.
June 24th. — Schooner Alaska, Mahaffey, arrived at Bridge-
water from New York, with a locomotive and other articles for
the railway.
The last rail was laid October 14th, 1889. The last spike
was driven by Mrs. George W. Bedford. The first through
train arrived at Middleton that evening. The writer purchased
the first ticket issued, which he was allowed to retain.
In November, 1889, large quantities of lumber, ship timber,
cordwood, shingles, and other articles, were brought over the
road. According to the official returns of the Provincial Engineer,
for the year 1890, the Nova Scotia Central carried 53,705
passengers; handled 30,121,231 pounds of freight and live
stock ; and earned, from all sources, $47,698.40.
This undertaking met from the first with very determined
opposition in and outside of the Provincial Legislature, which
increased as the time rolled on. Let anyone read tho official
debates, and acquaint himself with the actual results from the
building of the road, and he will see how wholly without
foundation were many of the statements made from time to
time. The road has proved of the greatest possible convenience to
the travelling public. It has put the people of the Atlantic
shore and those of the interior in close communication.
One can take breakfast in Lunenburg, Mahone Bay, or
Bridgewater, and tea in Yarmouth on the same day, and be
landed in Boston during the next forenoon. Residents of
Chester can, by a good carriage road, take the train at Mahone
Bay, and travel as above described. May tho day soon come
when the seventeen miles to tho bay from Chester will be part
of the route by rail.
By the aid of Balcom's Express, residents of Liverpool and

538 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
its vicinity can leave that town, say, at 4.30 a.m., and make
connection with the train at Bridgewater, and reach Boston at
the time above named. This is continually being done.
The run by rail from Lunenburg to Middleton reveals many
beautiful bits of scenery, that along the La Have and Nictaux
rivers being especially pretty. The road and the cars are justly
praised, as thoy are of the best.
A writer in the press has said, referring to this railway, "Its
stations would arrest an artist in search of a subject, and the
cars are as nice as ono could wish to travel in.''
A fine country has been opened up, and great quantities of
forest products are brought down, for use and shipment. This
business must, from the abundance of the supplies, continue to
increase. The road forms part of the great railway system of the
Provinces, and of the Continent.
In view of the facilities now enjoyed in the matter of travel
ling by railway and steamship, the state of things which
existed in early days seems strange — the days of old-fashioned
schooner packets, and of the bringing of tho Halifax mails
once a week, on a man's back, by a long and very circuitous
route. For want of steam communication, this county occupied for
a long time a very isolated position. One instance may be
given :
On January .3rd, 1788, H. Duncan, Esq., was appointed to
His Majesty's Council, in the place of Mr. Creighton, Lunen
burg, " who could not attend, in consequence of the distance he
lived from Halifax.''
On the opening of the Legislature at Halifax, in February,
1890, His Honor Lieutenant-Governor Daly thus referred to
this railway :
" I notice with much satisfaction the opening of the Nova
Scotia Central Railway, from Middleton to Lunenburg, an
enterprise that cannot fail to be of great advantage to the
important section of the Province which it serves."
The address of the Legislative Council, in reply, moved by
Hon. George H. Murray, stated as follows :

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 539
" We are gratified to receive the information of the opening
of the Nova Scotia Central Railway, from Middleton to Lunen
burg, and we sincerely hope that this enterprise may prove of
substantial advantage to the important section of the Province
which it traverses."
The reply adopted by the House of Assembly, on motion of
William Roche, Esq., M.P.P., had a clause to the same effect.
Mr. Roche in addressing the House, said :
" I havo to thank His Honor, and congratulate the House on
the success of the Nova Scotia Central Railway. That railway
has been a bye- word and a subject of ridicule on many occasions
on the part of orators in this House, who have described it as
being the embodiment of ruin, misery, and decay. They never
tired of depicting to us the dilapidated embankments, and the
single wheelbarrow propelled by the single workman— (laughter)
— but all that has passed away. (Applause.) The cars are
running, passengers are being carried, and the company is well
organized, and hopeful of the future. Any reproach which
existed in connection with the road has now been wiped away,
and we hope that it will be a credit to the Province and that it
will contribute largely to the resources and comfort of its
inhabitants." (Applause.)

CHAPTEE XLIX.
Visit of New England Journalists to the County in 1891.
IN August, 1891, a Press party came to western Nova Scotia.
The following is taken from the account of the trip
published in the Tribune, of Cambridge, Massachusetts :
" The party began its triumphal journey on the steamer
Yarmouth, Captain Stanwood; and comprised Thomas F.
Anderson, Boston Globe, and press agent of the Yarmouth
Steamship Company, in charge of the excursion, and wife;
W. F. Murray, Boston Herald, and wife ; William H. Sanger,
Boston Jourmd ; J. H. Wilson, Boston Traveller ; Daniel F.
Gunn, Boston News ; John B. Whoriskey, Boston Times ; Daniel
E. Ahern, Boston Globe; Robt. G. Anderson, Boston Transcript.
Rev. Charles Parkhurst, D.D., Zion's Herald, and wife; F.
Stanhope Hill, Cambridge Tribune, and wife ; Robert J. Long
and Frank Hendry, British American Citizen; George M.
Whitaker, New England Farmer; J. O. Hayden, Somerville
Journal ; Miss Kittie B. Weston, Maiden Mirror ; J. C. Bridg-
man, The Gongregationalist; Charles C. Baldwin, Worcester
Spy ; Fred. Green and wife, Quincy Advertiser ; David B.
Howland, Springfield Republican; Charles P. Anderson, South
Boston Inquirer; M. J. Keating, Halifax (N.S.) Chronicle;
Charles Otis, Cape Cod Item; W. J. Williams, New York
Journal of Commerce ; J. I. McAvoy, Boston Herald."
After describing tho Province with its attractions for tourists,
and paying a well-deserved meed of praise to that " indefati
gable and public spirited gentleman, conspicuous among his
countrymen, Hon. Loran E. Baker," and referring to the grand
style of their reception, all along the route to, and in the capital
city, the story of their visit to this county is thus narrated :
" It was a unique and happy send-off that the excursionists

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 541
received when they left hospitable Halifax at ten o'clock,
Monday morning, on their way to the last two places on the
itinerary — Lunenburg and Bridgewater. Both these enterpris
ing towns had extended a cordial invitation to the American
press representatives to visit them, and as the sequel showed,
had manifested their interest in a very practical manner.
Through the courtesy of President J. J. Rudolf, Directors Boak
and Grant, and other officers of the Lunenburg and Halifax
Steamship Company, the party were tendered a sail to Lunen
burg, down the south-western Atlantic coast, in the fine new
steamer Lunenburg on her first trip.
"Alderman Dennis accompanied the excursionists, and Director
C. Grant looked after their interests on the part of the steam
ship company. A special committee from Lunenburg, consist
ing of Messrs. Thomas Howe, of the Lunenburg Progress, and
W. A. Letson, of the Lunenburg Argus, who had very kindly
come on to Halifax, to look after the welfare of the guests,
also accompanied the party, and were exceedingly solicitous
for their comfort and enjoyment.
" After a fairly smooth passage down the ' iron-bound coast,'
the party arrived in Lunenburg. At this place, as at all others
visited along the line of march, the citizens turned out in force
to do honor to their guests. Half the town was at the wharf,
and the splendid Lunenburg band discoursed patriotic American
airs for the edification of all. Bunting was liberally displayed
throughout the town, and the event was made the most of
generally. On landing at the wharf, the party was formally
met by Mayor S. Watson Oxner, and a special committee of
citizens consisting of the following gentlemen : Citizens' Com
mittee, Bridgewater — • Hon. W. H. Owen, American Consul ;
Captain Thomas A. Wilson, R. A. Logan. Citizens' Committee,
Lunenburg — J. F. Hall, A. R. Morash, J. W. Young, D. M. Owen,
W. L. Romkey, and W. T. Lindsay. J. J. Rudolf, Esq., Presi
dent of the Lunenburg and Halifax Steamship Company;
F. B. Wade, Manager of the Nova Scotia Central Railway;
Francis Davison, President of the Coastal Steam Packet Com
pany ; C. H. Davison, President of tho Music Hall Company.

542 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Press Committee — Thomas Howe, C. J. Cragg, J. L. Oxner,
W. A. Letson. Mayor Oxner brieffy addressed the visitors,
extending them the hospitalities of the town, and Thomas F.
Anderson replied on behalf of the newspaper people, stating
that the fame of Lunenburg, for its beauty and tlirift and its
great industrial importance, had already become known in the
United States. The party then took carriages and were driven
through the town, viewing some of the points of interest en
route, to Kaulbach's Head, a fine private park on the opposite side
of the harbor. Here a very tempting ' lunch ' — the newspaper
men spelled that with quotation marks then — had been thought
fully prepared for them. When the tables had been depleted,
the American visitors and the people of Lunenburg wore given
vocal send-offs, by turns, and tho company were driven back
to the town, where only a few minutes could be spared for an
inspection of the best residences and points of local interest
that abounded on all hands.
" The people are industrious, progressive and law-abiding.
Lunenburg, from the importance of its fishing business, is
' known as the ' Gloucester of Nova Scotia.' There are 308
vessels registered at this port, and thirty-five new ones were
built last year. Tho direct exports in 1890 amounted to
$1,007,648, and the direct imports $175,780, of which $128,687
were from the United States. Lunenburg has $627,055 worth
of real estate, and a post-office and public building, new court
house, two newspapers, two steam wood manufacturing mills,
a county academy, two schools, six churches and an exceUent
fire service. Lunenburg was the first town in the Province to
introduce the incandescent electric-lighting system. There is
certainly an abundance of energy in its people.
" Everybody would have liked to stay a week in this inter
esting and romantic place, but the official itinerary was inexor
able, and, somewhat late in the afternoon, a start was made for
Bridgewater. Some of the party allowed themselves to be
carried off by rail in charge of Manager F. B. Wade, of the
Nova Scotia Central Railway, who placed his elegant steam
yacht at their disposal, when they arrived at their destination.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 543
for a cruise on the river. Tho majority, however, accepted the
hospitality of President Francis Davison, one of the most
genial and enterprising sons of Nova Scotia, and wont on the
steamer Bridgewater, of the Coastal Steam Packet Company,
by way of the La Have River, known as the ' Rhine of Nova
Scotia.' Before they departed, three hearty cheers were given
for Mayor Oxner and ' the handsome womon of Lunenburg,'
and the pretty town was left with exceedingly pleasant memo
ries of the brief and enjoyable visit. The steamer Lunenburg
came along also, and both steamers, each of which had a band,
were crowded with Bridgewater and Lunenburg excursionists,
and among tho well-known gentlemen in the party were Town
Clerk W. S. Lindsay, James Eisenhauer, ex-Member of Parlia
ment; Edward Davison, Esq., Judge M. B. DesBrisay, Judge
Chesley, J. R. King, A. B. Caldwell, Councillor Hewitt, J. R.
Nelson, and F. P. Payson. The La Have was reached in due
season, and a view of the beauties of that picturesque stream
was enjoyed. 'What a place for a summer hotel!' was the
general exclamation as successive beauty spots were passed.
" When the wharf at Bridgewater was reached, Judge
DesBrisay formally welcomed the visitors to the hospitalities
of this pretty inland town. Ho said :
" ' We are very much pleased to welcome our distinguished
visitors from the neighboring republic. How are they dis
tinguished ? Not, indeed, as victors returning from successful
war to receive the plaudits of their countrymen. In the words
of their own Sumner, the great senator, " Peace has trophies
fairer and more perennial than any snatched from fields of
blood," and it is in the promotion of the arts of peace that our
friends are distinguished — distinguished as representatives of
the newspaper press, that great educator of the great American
people. The productions of that press are largely taken and
read by the people of these Maritime Provinces.
" ' It is on occasions such as this that the fiags of England
and America are intertwined, emblematic of the loving embrace
in which these two great nations should ever hold each other,
and though in many things not seeing exactly alike, yet, in the

544 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
best interests of each other, with " hearts that beat as one."
We belong to tho same great English-speaking family of
world-wide growth and renown, and no act should ever be
done, and no word spoken that could lessen, in the smallest
degree, mutual love and attachment.
" ' We live side by side, under the same heaven-arched roof,
and are brothers and sisters in a very enlarged sense. Be it
ours to keep ourselves as one, in everything that can help
human culture and progress. Let all divisions between us be
as far as possible removed, and let us ever march on, hand in
hand, in truest fulfilment of our common destiny. The more
we know each other, the greater will be our mutual esteem.
The daily visits which are made to and fro by fast-running
trains and steamboats, must secure an ever-increasing social
intercourse, and in its effects be both lasting and good.
" ' We inherit the same great body of literature and law. We
share in the greatest glories of the past, and we should so
work together in the present as to give material aid in securing
a bright and glorious future.
" 'As citizens of Bridgewater, a greater pleasure could hardly
be afforded us than that wo now enjoy, of extending to these
our brothers, and to those of our sisters they have brought
with them, our most sincere and heartfelt greeting.
" ' Of each and all our visitors let us ask, in the words of a
familiar Scotch song, " Will ye no come back again ?" '
" This was responded to feelingly by President George M.
Whitaker, of the Suburban Press Association.
" After tea the party attended an operatic performance in the
beautiful new opera house, by courtesy of President C. H.
Davison, and the directors of the Music Hall Company.
" Tuesday morning, the real beauties of Bridgewater were
seen from the point of vantage of a carriage drive through
the town.
" At nine o'clock tho party, having accepted the hospitality of
Manager Wade, of the Nova Scotia Central Railway, left on the
last stage of their homeward journey for Middleton. The
entire town council of Lunenburg, including those on the

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 546
reception committee, and Messrs. Joshua Hirtle, David Smith,
and Charles Hewitt, and the reception committee of Bridge-
water, were on board. The bright sunshine set forth the
beauties along the line of this excellent road in glorious style,
and the trip was as much enjoyed as anything that had pre
ceded it. Middleton was reached about 12.30 o'clock, and the
great trip was practically ended. Lunch was served here, and
after a cordial send-off to Manager Wade, and the Bridgewater
and Lunenburg gentlemen accompanying the party, the
journalistic visitors departed for Yarmouth."
The article from which tho above aro extracts, was written
by Thomas F. Anderson, Esq., a native of Halifax, and one of the
editors engaged on the Boston Globe. He takes great pleasure
in being attentive to visitors from the Provinces.

35

CHAPTEE L.
Lighthouses — Rivers and Lakes — Heights of different places — Tables of
distances with old routes of travel.
MARGARET'S BAY, on Green Island, Lunenburg County,
Lat. 44° 23' N., Long. 64° 2' 45" W., red and white catop
tric light revolving alternately every one and a half minutes.
Building white, square, wood, 28 feet high, with dwelling
attached. Coast light.
Hubbard's Cove, on Green Point, west side of entrance, Lat.
44° 37' 14" N., Long. 64° 3' 8" W. Fixed red dioptric, 60 feet
high. Building white, square, wood, with dwelling attached.
Chester, E., Ironbound Island, a little to the eastward of
centre of island, in Mahone Bay, Lat. 44° 26' 10" N., Long. 64° 4'
50" W., fixed white dioptric light visible 16 miles, 150 feet high,
white oblong tower on dwelling, 46 feet high, wood, lantern.
Seen from all points of approach. The lantern alone is visible,
building hidden by trees. A former lighthouse on this island
was destroyed by fire (supposed from lightning), January
3rd, 1870. A new automatic whistling buoy has been placed
(1895) off this island.
Quaker Island, on highest part of island, Lat. 44° 30' 55",
Long. 64° 13' 50", fixed red light, visible 11 miles. Square
tower, 35 feet high, with dwelling attached, painted white. To
guide into Chester Basin.
Hobson's Nose, Mahone Bay, Lat. 44° 25' N., Long. 64° 13' 46"
W., red fixed catoptric light, visible 11 miles, 68 feet high.
Building white, square, wood, 29 feet high.
Westhaver's Island, Mahone Bay, Lat. 44° 26' 12", Long. 64°
20' 5", was destroyed by fire. A temporary light was dis
played from a lantern hoisted on a pole on the site of light
house. Fixed white. A new lighthouse has been erected.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 547
Cross Island, east point Lunenburg Bay, Lat. 44° 18' 45" N.,
Long. 64° 10' W., 2 white catoptric lights vertical, 35 foot apart.
Upper intermittent revolving every minute, and visible 14
miles, 100 feet high; lower fixed, visible 6 miles, and 65 feet
high. Building red, octagonal base, height 53 foet. Pilots resort
here, and vessels may take refuge in case of necessity. Upper
bright 45 seconds, dark 15 seconds. A fog trumpet has been
erected here, sounding blasts of 20 seconds' duration every 1^
minutes. Battery Point, Lunenburg, Lat. 44° 21' 45" N., Long. 64° 17'
30" W., fixed red catoptric light, visible 8 miles, 50 feet high;
white, square tower on dwelling, height 24 feet. This harbor
is easy of access, buoys are placed in the bay and entrance to
harbor on Ovens' Reef, Sculpin Rock, Haddock Shoal, Battery
Point Shoal, and Head Shoal. In approaching the harbor from
seaward, the buoy on Sculpin Rock, painted red and black, in
horizontal stripes, may be left on either hand, giving it a berth
•of two cables' length. The other buoys are painted black, and
must be left on the port hand going in.
Lunenburg Fairway Automatic Whistling Buoy, off
western entrance to Lunenburg Bay. Red and black horizontal
stripes. From the buoy Battery Point Light bears N.W. by N.
I N. 6^ miles ; Cross Island Light, N.E. | E., 2 miles ; West
Ironbound Light, S.W. by W. f W. 4J miles ; and Rose Point
N.W. I W., If miles.
West Ironbound Island, near Cape La Have, mouth of La
Have Rivor, Lat. 44° 13' 45" N., Long. 64° 16' 20" W., white
-catoptric light, revolving every 30 seconds, visible 13 miles,
72 feet high. Building white, square, height 29 feet. Near edge
of cliff 40 feet high.
La Have Bell Buoy, painted red, off La Have River, in 22
fathoms water. Three miles S. by E. from Moser's Island
Light, and 2^ miles S.S.W. from Ironbound Light.
La Have, on Fort Point, Lat. 44° 17' 20" N.,-Long. 64° 21'
W., fixed red catoptric light, visible 8 miles, 48 foot high.
Building white, square, wood, height 35 feet.
Mosher's Island, on island, west side of entrance to La Have

548 history op the county op lunenburg.
River, Lat. 44° 14' 15" N., Long. 64° 18' 50" W., fixed red
catoptric light, visible 8 miles, 55 feet high. Building white,
square, height 26 feet. Hand fog-trumpet answers signals.
Vice-Admiral J. 0. Hopkins, Commander-in-Chief of the
North American and West Indian station, reported that when
approaching HaUfax from the southward on May 3rd, 1892,
H.M.S. Emerald obtained soundings which tended to" show that
either La Have bank is to the eastward of its position on the
chart, or that there is another bank similar in character just to
the southward of Halifax ; also that it has been ascertained,
from soundings recently taken by several ships of the
squadron, that —
(a) La Have bank is correctly placed on the admiralty charts.
(6) There is a bank with less than fifty fathoms on it, situ
ated with its western edge in Lat. 43°] 6' N. to 43°21' N., Long.
62°55' W., not shown on the admiralty charts — possibly an
extension of known banks extending west from Sable Island.
This bank might be mistaken for La Have bank by a ship
makine for Halifax from the south in thick weather.
(c) The soundings between Sable Island and Long. 63 W.
should be used with caution as a guide when approaching the
coast of Nova Scotia. William Smith,
Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries.
Department of Marine and Fisheries,
Ottawa, Canada, 9th December, 1892.
The Rivers in the county are East, Middle, Gold, Martin's,
Mush-a-Mush, La Have, and Petite Riviere. Several of these
are elsewhere referred to in this work.
There are 152 lakes, quite a number being of large size.
In the township of Chester, there are sixty-six, the largest
of which are about half of Sherbrooke or Nine-Mile Lake,
Wallabach, Lake Holden, Cannaught, Timber Lake, Rocky, Lake
Dauphinee, Large Whitford Lake, Hollow Horne, and Fox
Point Lake.
There are thirty-nine in the township of Lunenburg, of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

549

which the largest are half of the lake first above named. Whale,
Mush-a-Mush, Big Mush-a-Mush, Wentzel's, and Blysteiner 's
Lake. In the township of New Dublin, there are forty-seven. Of
these, the largest are Seven-Mile Lake, Shingle, Rhyno, Mali-
geak, Menamkeak, Fancy Lake, and Oakhill, or Wile's Lake.
Heights of different places in the county, ascertained by
survey of Captain Shortland, R.N., in 1862, 1863 and 1864 :

Aspotogon Mountain  450
La Have Hills  467
Deep Cove Mountain  400
Slayter's Hill (near West La
Have Ferry)  343
Beech Hill (near Chester)  240
Hirtle's Hill (back of Oakland). 230
Cossman's Hill  200
Oxner's Head  193

Cape La Have Island  150
HoUybuckle (on road to Heck
man's Island)  150
Ovens' Peninsula  150
Romkey's Head  138
Block-house Hill  135
Mosher's Island  135
Big Tancook Island  115
La Have Ironbound Island .... 108

From each of the above points, very extensive and beautiful
views are enjoyed. The town of Lunenburg is plainly in sight, on
a clear day, from Slayter's Hill, back of West La Have Ferry.

Table of Distances.
Miles.
Halifax county line, Hubbard's Cove to Frail's, Eastern River  6
Eastern River to Chester  6
Chester to Basin  5
Basin to Gold River  1
Gold River to Martin's River, or Chester township line, west  7
Martin's River to Mahone Bay  3
„„ _, , , ,. ( Mahone Bay to Block-house  2
Off Telegraph line ¦!.„,,,,„., . , -
t Block-house to Bridgewater, new road  7
Mahone Bay to Lunenburg  7
Lunenburg to Bridgewater  12
Bridgeivater to county line, on road to Liverpool  13^
Thence to Liverpool  13J
Chester to county line on road to Windsor  16
Thence to Windsor  18
Chester to New Ross Church  20

550 history of the county of lunenburg.
Miles.
New Ross Church to county line, on Horton road  8^
Thence to Kentville  18
New Ross Church to county line on New Windsor road  9^
Thence to Windsor  18
New Ross Church to county line on Annapolis road  12
Thence to Bridgetown  40
Chester to Blandford, by water  8
" " " by land  14
" " Big Tancook  7

Mahone Bay to New Germany  18
New Germany to county line, on Annapolis road  10
Thence to Springfield, County of Annapolis  3
Mahone Bay to Maitland  5
" " New Cornwall  9
New Cornwall to Newbern  8
Newbern to Foster Settlement  2

Lunenburg to Ovens, by water  4
'• " by land  12
" " Heckman's Island  6
" " " " whole distance by water  3
" " Blue Rocks  5
" " Cross Island  8
" " Five Houses, mouth La Have River  11
" " La Have Ferry  7
Ferry to West side river  .'  |
West side river to Petite Riviere, via old post-road  7
Petite Riviere to Broad Cove  4
Broad Cove to Vogler's Cove  3
Vogler's Cove to county line. East Port Medway  3
Lunenburg to North- West  2
North-West to Block-house  5
Block-house to New Cornwall  7
New Cornwall to Foster Settlement  10
Foster Settlement to Annapolis road, near county line  4^
Bridgewater to Northfield  10
Northfield to New Germany  7
New Germany to Stoddart's, Finger Board, Annapolis road  16
Bridgewater to New Canada  12
" " Branch (Lower)  7
" (Upper)  7

history of the county of lunenburg. 551
Miles.
Upper Branch to Ohio Corner, W. Vienot's  9
Ohio Corner to New Genmuiy  7
" Pleasant River road  4^
Bridgewater to Queen's county line, on Pleasant River road  16
" " Waterloo  12
" " Chelsea  12
" ¦¦ Lapland  12
" " Campertown  10
" " Conquerall Church  9
" New It<Uy  10
" " Crouse Town  13
" " Conquerall Bank  4
Conquerall Bank to La Have Ferry  5
Ferry to Mount Pleasant  3
Mount Pleasant to Petite Riviere, rm old post-road  4
Ferry to Fort Point, mouth La Have River  3
Fort Point to Lower Dublin Church  2
Lower Dublin Church to Western Dublin  3
Western Dublin to Petite Riviere  3
"La Have Islands  4
The route of travel for His Majesty's mail from Halifax to
Lunenburg, in 182S. was :
To Mill Inn  SJ nules.
Johnson's, Hammond's Plains  4i "
McLean's, St. Margaret's Bay  I'i} "
Crandall 's. Head of Chester Basin  16
Lovett's, Chester  6
Zwicker's, Head of ]Mahone Bay  15 "
Berringher's. Lunenburg  6 "
Whole distance  73 "
When tho mails were convoyed from Lunenburg, across tlie
La Havo Ferry, to Liverpool, the distances were thus given;
Miller's Ferry, La Have River  7 miles.
Mannmg's  7 "
Conrad's Ferry. Port Medway  7
Mack's Inn, Mill Village  6 "
Ball's Inn, Herring Cove  8 "
JIcLean's, Liverpool  - "
Whole distance  37 "

552 HISTORY OF the COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
The following are some of tho longest distances across tho
county: From Vogler's Cove, nearly duo north and south, to Gold
River Lake, forty-eight and a half milos.
From White Point, south of Bayswater, east and west, to tho
point of intersection of tho Annapolis and (.Juoon's county linos,
forty-seven milos.
From division lino botwocui LuiuMiburg and Queen's, at
Malega Lake, northeast, through Long Lake, to division lint^
between Lunenburg and Hants, thirty-nine miles.
From Gaff Point, near the entrance to La Have River, north
west, in a straight line, and by tht^ rivor, through Now Ger
many, to tho Annapolis county line, tliirty-eight and a half
miles. Nova Scotia Central Railway
Connects at Middleton with trains of tln^ Dominion Atlantic
Railway, and at Bridgewater with coacli for Liverpool. Has
stations at : Miles. Miles.

Lunenburg 
Mahone Bay  7
Block-house  i)
Bridgewater  18
Northfield  25
Riversdale  29
New Germany  34
Cherryfield  41

Springfield  45
Dalhousie  52
Albany  62
Alpena  64
Cleveland  68
Nictaux  70
Middleton  74

D

CHAPTEE LI.
Miscellanea. 1762.
URINQ this year the Government supported a school
master at Lunenburg.

1764.
The Council's Committee on the affairs of the Acadian
French proposed to give lands to, and settle fifteen families
at Lunenburg. 1767.
July 1st. — An order was passed in Council, that a road
should be made from Lunenburg towards Halifax.
1780.
People at La Havo " captured a brig without tho aid of
a.mmunition." 1781.
April. — " Armed schooner Buckram arrived at Halifax from
Lunenburg with a small rebel schooner, captured on the way."
1783.
In Mardi the schooner Betsy, Freeman, master, was taken by
the American privntoor Resolution, Captain Morgan, and put
under ransom of £70. Freeman was talcen ashore at La Have,
and borrowed the money. 1794.
May. — A Nisi Prius Court was established in Lunenburg, by
temporary Act of the Legislature.

554 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
1798.
November 27th. — " Salutes were fired, and the town of
Lunenburg was illuminated, in honor of Nelson's great victory
at the Nile, on the 1st of August." 1804.
Four persons reported as having been saved from shipwreck
in a Lunenburg schooner, at Sable Island.
1810.
February. — Twenty -two Justices of the Peace, including Rev.
Thomas Shreve, were appointed for the County of Lunenburg.
D. C. Jessen, Custos. 1813.
January 16th. — Arrived in Halifax the captain and crew of
the schooner Mary Ann, of Lunenburg, from St. Lucia, taken
by the Black Joke.
January 25th. — " At the market wharf, Halifax, five soldiers
attacked and badly wounded with their bayonets Frederick
and Henry Publicover, Cornelius Uhlmann, and George Teal,
belonging to Lunenburg vessels. One of the Publicovers died.
Three of the soldiers were arrested and committed for trial.
One of them, Richard Hart, a private of the 8th Regiment, was
convicted of the murder of Publicover, but received a pardon,
and was said to have been afterwards killed at Castine."
1815.
The sum of £268. 10. 8 was subscribed at Lunenburg, for the
funds in aid of the families of those who were slain at Waterloo.
1817.
May 22nd. — The shock of an earthquake was felt at Lunen
burg. At the same time houses were shaken, and furniture
moved at Digby. Shocks were also felt at Granville, Annapolis,
and Wilmot.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 555
1818.
Petitions were presented in the House of Assembly, asking
that paper money might be issued as a loan to individuals, to
lessen the distress that existed.
Mr. Lawson was against granting the prayer of the petitions,
and compared the farmers in the west with the industrious
people of Lunenburg.
It was a Lunenburg county coaster, who, it was said, pasted
a stick of firewood all over with the small notes of one issuer,
carried it on his shoulder Uke a gun to the merchant who had
signed the notes, and demanded of him payment of tho amount
in metallic currency.
There has always been through the county a marked fondness
for this kind of currency, especially in gold, and many have pre
ferred to keep a lot of it in thoir own banks at home. It is
related of one old resident in Now Dublin township, that he had
£500 in sovereigns, which he kept in a canvas bag. On one of
his departures for Halifax, he buried it deep down in tho straw
sack of his bed. In the morning of the day on which he
returned, his wife had the sack emptied into the pig-sty. He
told her towards dawn of the next day that the bed did not feel
the same as usual, and it is said that when she informed him of
the change she had made, " he was in a panic," and dressing
himself, went quickly to the sty, where, to his great joy, he
found his missing treasure. 1819.
Major Smith, 62nd Regiment, appointed Inspecting Field
Ofiicer for Lunenburg, and three other counties.
A London-built fire-engine was imported.
1820.
An Act was passed to establish a public market in the town
of Lunenburg.
A volunteer fire company formed at Lunenburg — Casper
Oxner, Captain, succeeded by George Anderson, Lewis Ander
son, John Dauphinee, Michael Anderson and Henry Dauphinee.

556 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
1821.
April 4th. — Warrant issued at Halifax to establish Unity
Lodge of Freemasons, at Lunenburg.
Subsequently installed, and invested : John Creighton, Wor
shipful Master ; Michael Rudolf, Senior Warden ; Joseph Fait,
Junior Warden. 1826.
Fifty pounds voted to aid inhabitants of New Dublin, in open
ing a road from Conquerall Settlement, to Pleasant River road,
passing Hebb's mill. 1827.
In November, the small-pox which raged at Halifax, visite<l
Lunenburg. 1828.
Barristers and attorneys residing at Lunenburg: John
Creighton, George T. Solomon, Charles W. H. Harris, Charles B.
Owen, and Charles Bolman, Esqs.
Chester — William Greaves, Esq.
The county militia numbered 72 officers and 1,478 men.
1838.
January 30th. — Public meeting in court-house, Lunenburg,
relative to trouble in public affairs of Upper and Lower Canada.
' Resolutions of regret for necessary departure of troops from
Halifax, and of willingness to aid funds for relief of their wives
and children. Address to Lieutenant-Governor Sir Colin
Campbell, K.C.B., drawn up.
April 19th. — " Lunenburg Crown Fire Company " organized.
President, Geo. T. Solomon, Esq.; Vice-President, Chas. J.
Rudolf, Esq.; Secretary-Treasurer, Daniel Owen, Esq.
1842.
Lunenburg, June 3rd. — " On this day the steamer Gotha,
belonging to St. John, N.B., arrived here. Being the first
steamboat that ever came to this port, we subscribed £62, with

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 557
the rest of the ports, for her to ply between the outports and
Halifax, calling here from the westward on Fridays, thence to
Halifax, returning next day to Lunenburg.''
1853.
Public meetings held in March, at Lunenburg, Bridgewater,.
and Chester, by M. B. DesBrisay, as Secretary to First Pro
vincial Industrial Exhibition — Halifax, 1854.
1855.
May 28th. — James McKean, of East La Have Ferry, was
drowned in La Have River. While taking hides ashore from
a vessel, his boat sank. His son, James McKean, Esq., now
living at West La Have Ferry, then ten years old, was in the
boat, and after struggling in the water for some time, was
saved by John Corkum, who came in his boat to the place of
the disaster.
July 11th. — Edward Solomon, William Metzler, and John
Pernette arrived from Australia, after three years' absence.
September. — From September, 1854, to date, " may truly be
called a year of famine." " Flour fifty to sixty shillings a
barrel, and everything else in proportion. Purchased a barrel
of flour out of a Boston vessel for 47s. 6d., lowest about Lunen
burg since last year." 1856.
June 18th. — Man of war brig Arab, on a surveying cruise,.
put into Lunenburg and ran on Haddock Rock reef. Had to
land powder and ball, and throw overboard six guns to get her
off. Recovered them, and sailed June 21st.
September 4th. — Regatta held at Chester — first one attempted
in the county. Large party from Lunenburg went over in
packet Sylvia, fitted up for the purpose.
1857.
Sunday, July 12th. — Two boys (twins) named Williams, aged
eighteen years, went to bathe in La Have River, about six
miles above Bridgewater ; both drowned.

558 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
1858.
September 2nd. — A regatta was held at Lunenburg ; attended
by a great crowd of visitors.
30th. — " Comet visible for the last fortnight. This evening,
about seven o'clock, it was most brilliant — its whole appear
ance was awfully grand." 1859.
September 14th. — A great gale at Lunenburg — like a tornado.
Lasted ten minutes. Fences blown down, fruit and ornamental
trees torn up, daguerreotype saloon upset and broken to pieces.
i860.
May 26th. — Arrived at Lunenburg, after an absence of fifteen
years, Godfrey, son of tho late John Rudolf, master of ship
sailing from Liverpool, England.
August 18th. — The Great Eastermpassed Lunenburg, between
1 and 2 p.m., bound for Halifax.
August 30th. -^Steamer Neptune arrived at Lunenburg from
Halifax, with about one hundred passengers ; took in thirty
more, and went on to Bridgewater, and left Lunenburg for
the capital the same evening. 1861.
February 12th. — Died, at Lunenburg, aged 75, Robert Brem
ner, the oldest ship-master in the port. Tra\'oUed the seas for
over fifty years. 1862.
September 14tli. — Gypsies arrived at Lunenburg (it was said
for the first time), and pitched their tents in Mr. N. Kaulbach's
pasture. 1863.
March 18th. — A daughter of Mrs. Francis Heckman, widow,
of Heckman's Island, aged about twenty, was crossing the ice
on her way home from Lunenburg, and breaking through, was
drowned. Her cries wore heard from the island, but too late to
save her.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 559
Marcli 31st. — Lecture on " Intellectual Improvement," deliv
ered by M. B. DesBrisay, in the Temperance Hall, Lunenburg,
in aid of tlie volunteer band. 1864.
Marcli 16th. — An unknown man was found dead, inside of a
fence, on the road fi-om Lunenburg to Mahone Bay. He had
evidently been very poor. The body was decently interred.
' 1865.
April 2nd. — Militia ordered out for drill at Lunenburg, in con
sequence of Fenian excitement, and received their rifles. A
certain number drafted from eacli battalion, and ordered to be
in readiness. About one thoussuid men were present.
November lotli. — Casper Young, wheelwright, living near
Lunenburg, while fgoing downstairs with a baby in his arms,
fell to the bottom, his foot having sUppod. His head was badly
bruised, and he only lived a few minutes. The cliild was not
injured. December 2nd. — Mrs. Levi Falkenham, of La Have, was
drowned in a well near the house. It was supposed that while
drawing water she overbalanced herself and fell in.
1866.
Miuxih. — Great oxcitement in Bridgewater. Telegram fi-om
Yarmouth tliat town was attacked by Fenian gunboats. Adju
tant Andre'ws, on his cliaigor, moved about in post haste,
ordering militia officers to headquartei-s. Colonel Hai'ley had
notice sent to militininon in tlio interior, to bo in readiness,
and called out those at hand. Signals woro ari-anged for to be
sliown fix)m hill to lull, and at tlie entrance to the rivor. . The
report proved to bo false.
August 3rd. — Terrific gale fi-oni south at Luneuburg, Houses
trembled, fences and windows bi-oken up, trees uprooted, and
many gai-dens seriously damaged.
October 1st. — Groat snow-storm. A wild winter day. Pas-
sengoi-s by cotwsh, from Bridgewater to Halifax, suffered from

560 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
severity of the weather. One of them, Zenas Waterman, Esq.,
contracted a heavy cold, which, it is believed, caused his death.
1868.
Acacia Lodge of Freemasons, Bridgewater, established and
chartered. June 26th. — Many sheep had been killed owned by persons on
La Have road, three of whom went out to watch their flocks.
Jacob Demone became separated from the rest. They, observ
ing a dark object, fired, and Demone's scream was heard. Both
charges of buckshot had lodged in his body. He lived six hours
and said it was his own fault, and that the others were not to
blame. July 7th. — Arrived at Lunenburg, Fishwick & Co.'s steamer
M. A. Starr, to run between Halifax and Yarmouth, touching
at intermediate ports. Wharf crowded to welcome the stranger.
1869.
October 5th. — The storm and high tide predicted by Captain
Saxby occurred at this date. Much damage was done along
the Bay of Fundy shore, but on this Atlantic coast, there was
comparatively slight loss of property.
The late Adolphus Gaetz, Esq., from whose journal some of
these items are taken, kept an account of earthquake shocks
which were sensibly felt in Lunenburg, and which occurred
almost at the same time in two successive years.
Friday, October 22nd, 1869. — "About ten minutes before six
this morning, an earthquake shock was very sensibly felt by
most of the persons of this town. Scarcely a house but rolled
like a ship on the ocean — the whole of my house cracked and
creaked as though it was tumbling to pieces. The pictures
swung on the walls. The church bell tolled once or twice from
the shaking of the tower. A bedstead on castors in one house
rolled two feet away from the wall, against which it had been
placed." Thursday, October 20th, 1870. — "At noon an earthquake was
experienced, which was considerably felt through the greater

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 561
part of this town. In my house the family rocked on their
chairs. The girl in the kitchen, hearing a rumbling noise,
looked out of the door, but seeing nothing she became quite
alarmed. In the Academy near my dwelling, the walls were
cracked in several places." 1870.
Sunday, September 4th. — Great gale. Trees rooted out in all
directions. Frame of now school-house Mahone Bay, and frame
of new rectory, Bridgewater, blown down. Other buildings
levelled all along the shore; fishing boats, and small ^'essels
destroyed. Four lives lost from schooner Onward, wrecked
near Chester. Storm more severe than any known for many
years." 1871.
" At sunset, on Sunday, June 4th, a violent squall of wind
was felt at Lunenburg, followed by thunder and lightning.
Next morning rain fell, leaving a thick scum, which some
surmised was sulphur. Intelligence came from St. John, N.B.,
that' on Sunday evening there had been a shower of sulphur,
and another on the Tuesday following, and it was reported that
many persons were alarmed. Passengers by steamer from
Boston to St. John, saw the water in many places covered with
a thick coat of sulphur."
Thursday, October 12th. — " Forenoon at Lunenburg cloudy
and calm. About three o'clock p.m., the wind commenced
blowing from the eastward, steadily increasing until 6 p.m.,
when it drew moro to the southward, and blew a perfect hurri
cane, with storm of rain, and more destructive than any
experienced for many years. An unusually high tide covered
most of the wharves, and much damage was done to wharf
property and shipping. All the wharves but one were literally
torn to pieces, the logs and planks drifted in all directions, and
most of them wore lost. Vessels in the harbor were driven up
on dry land, boats were broken up, fish stores demolished, and
the greater part of the fish carried away."
While Captain WilUam Young was passing along the shore
36

562 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OP LUNENBURG.
to try and save his vessel the schooner Busy, the tide came in
so fast that he jumped into a sugar cask to save himself, and
was carried up to M. Anderson's shop on Montague street,
while the vessel was lodged on the top of Jost's wharf close
to the store there.
" Fences and barns were blown down, houses unroofed, and
shingles sent in all quarters. Bricks were blown from chim
neys, windows broken in, heavy trees uprooted, and a vast deal
of other damage was done. During the height of the gale,
seven chimneys took fire, causing great consternation. About
seven o'clock the wind began to moderate, and by midnight all
was again calm."
Finck's (fornierly Ross's) wharf was swept away upwards of
sixty feet from the centre. Jost's had only a small piece left
at the head. Zwicker's wharf was totally destroyed. Eisen
hauer's was a total wreck, and two hundred barrels of fish
were washed off.
The tide rose so high that the bridge at Ritcey's Cove was
covered, and children returning from school had to remain on
the south side of the cove. 1876.
A fire company was organized at Lunenburg.
1877.
Charity Lodge, Freemasons, Mahone Bay, chartered.
1878.
Captain Henrik Henrickson, of the Norwegian barque
Yemer, reported that on board that vessel, at Bridgewater, on
Sunday, June 30th, the thermometer was 110 in the shade;
108 in the shade was shown at Bridgewater two days before.
Intense heat was felt at Lunenburg on June 29th and 30tli.
1879.
"The County Incorporation Act," passed by the Provincial
Legislature. By it the inhabitants of each county, or of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 563
each Sessional District, were formed into a body corporate to
manage certain local affairs. Election of councillors made
annual. By Act of 1880, made biennial, and by Act of 1892,
triennial. These bodies corporate superseded the General
Sessions of the Peace.
Finding of Buried Treasure.
William Moser, who lives at Feltzen South, near Lunenburg,
being about to repair the sills of his barn, and put in a new
threshing floor, told his boy to remove the soil. In doing so,
he found an old Spanish dollar, and soon after a second one.
Mr. Moser searched, and found about twenty -two more. The
next morning eighty-five wore discovered, and an additional
number were subsequently obtained. There was one American
dollar among thom. Mr. Moser sold coins to different persons
in Lunenburg. It was said that he refused an offer of $500
and a new barn for the ground occupied by tho old one. The
bam was built by his father and grandfather over fifty years
before the find. They cut down the trees from the site on the
side of a hill, distant about 150 yards from the shore.
Mr. Mosor thought that the money had boon deposited by
privateersmen before the bam was built. He often heard his
father, who died in 1875, at the age of eighty-four, say that
they used to come close in and frighten the people, and that
.sometimes, quarrelling among themselves, they tried to rob
each other, and would hide their money on shore. Some of
the coins were of the reigns of Charles III., 1773, and Ferdin
and VI.
In July, heavy frosts were reported in different parts of the
Province. On Saturday, the 5th, and the next night, there were
severe frosts in Bridgewater. On Hebb's meadow the grass and
cranberry vines were frozen. Potatoes, cucumbers, beans, and
other vegetables, with leaves of maple trees, were also injured.
Mr. William Kedy, Liverpool road, lost a steer, the bones of
which were found by his son and another lad. They captured
a Utter of seven young foxes, two of them silver grey, and one
black. These, they thought, would make up for the loss of the
steer.

564 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
A swarm of bees had escaped from the hives of the Rev.
Mr. Cossmann, near Lunenburg, and taken up their abode in a
hollow tree. After a while the tree was discovered, and cut
down in the winter time. The hollow trunk stood near his
house, containing a large quantity of honey.
Marine Hospital, Lunenburg, completed, and occupies a very
beautiful site, in full view of the harbor. The building is most
suitably arranged, and the sick mariner is well provided for.
1880.
July 29th. — Mr. Isaiah Baker, of Pleasant River road, his
wife, daughter and nephew, were getting in hay. A heavy
thunder-shower coming on, they sought refuge under a large
tree. Mrs. Baker was leaning against it and was instantly killed
by the lightning which struck it. The others were paralyzed
for a time. Mr. Baker became speechless, and could only point
out to parties who met him crawling towards home, where the
others were. 1881.
In the summer a steam fire-engine for Bridgewater, weighing
4,700 pounds, arrived from Brussels, Ontario, in charge of Mr.
J. D. Ronald, manager at the manufactory. It was well tested,
and found satisfactory. A supper was given at the hotel
"Eureka," by the fire company, with Mr. Ronald as chief
guest. 1882.
February. — Several heavy snow-storms up to, and including
Sunday, the 5th. Heavy gale. Churches closed all day. Snow
at intervals until 10th. Then snow with heavy drifting. All
shovelled places refilled, fences buried, and roads impassable.
Mail left Chester, 11th, at 11 a.m., reached Bridgewater next
day at noon. Seven hours thence to Mill Village. Mail left
latter place at 4 p.m., arrived at Hebb's Cross 9 p.m. Thence
to Bridgewater in five hours. February 26th, no mail from
Halifax for four days and a half.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 565
August 15th. — Thirteen telegraph poles torn from top to
ground by lightning at Hebb's Cross.
December 31st. — Sharp shock of earthquake felt throughout
the county. Commenced with heavy, rumbling noise, like
distant thunder. Time at Lunenburg, fifteen minutes to ten
p.m. Houses rocked there, in some cases so as to shake articles
from mantel-pieces. Felt sensibly at Halifax, Truro, Annapolis
and other places. 1884.
February 28th. — There was an unusually high tide at Lunen
burg. None such known for years. Two stores for fish-curing
floated from foundations — one one hundred feet away. Much
damage at Blue and Black Rocks.
The schooner D. A. Mader, Captain J. Alexander Mader, on
arrival at Mahone Bay, reported that on August 14th, she was
boarded in Lat. 44° 47', Long. 52° 57' by the dory D. A. Dipper,
Captain Slayno, twenty-five days out from New York, to Great
Britain. The captain was on board the D. A. Mader an hour
or two, and said he was well and had a good time thus far.
Wished to be reported, and gave Captain Mader letters, which
he posted at the Bay.
November 12th. — Mr. Augustus Wile, of Bridgewater, the
other day laid on the table of the Lunenburg county Times,
a strawberry stalk picked in his garden, which was prettily
capped by four large berries, one of which girted in the vicinity
of two inches, with two blossoms and a bud just about bursting
into bloom.
1884-5. — " The year without winter. A little snow now and
again. Mud over the boots. Flowers bloomed in the open air.
In January, loud thunder and vivid lightning."
1885.
A steam fire-engine for Lunenburg was procured from
Brussels, Ontario.
Volunteers were called for, and twenty-six offered and were
accepted.

566 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
In March, Lewis ' Knaut, Esq., of Mahone Bay, visited the
Morning Chronicle ofiice, Halifax, and without difiiculty set up
a paragraph, which appeared in next day's paper. Mr. Knaut
had helped as a young typo to set up the first copy of the
Chronicle. He had not been in a composing-room during the
intervening forty years. 1887.
September. — James E. Dowling, Esq., attacked by a bald-
headed eagle while walking to Ritcey's Cove, succeeded in kill
ing the bird, which measured eight feet from tip to tip.
September 15th, 8.40 p.m. local time. — A magnificent meteor
passed over western Nova Scotia. Its smaller diameter was esti
mated at over 1,300 yards, and its greater diameter one-third
more, making it over 1,700 yards. The following report from
Bridgewater was published :
" Bridgewater, September 16th. — Quite an excitement pre
vailed here last evening for a few minutes over a magnificent
meteoric display in the western heavens, which happened about
nine o'clock. When first seen it appeared to be a large falling
star, but before it reached the earth it burst into little stars of
exceeding brilliancy, which illuminated the heavens in truly
grand style. A hissing sort of noise was plainly heard here
during its fall." /
1888.
In August, Mrs. Chandler Crane, of Dartmouth, held an Art
Exhibition in the Temperance Hall, Bridgewater, to display the
work of her pupils in oil painting. The room was well filled
with specimens, and many of the pictures were much admired.
Mrs. Crane furnished in the evening a bountiful supply of
refreshments for pupils and friends.
Married. — August 9th, at the residence of the bride's
parents, by Rev. Geo. M. Scheidy, Mr. Dow Chisholm, of
Moncton, Westmoreland county. New Brunswick, and Miss
Emma Letitia Walter, of Middle La Have, Lunenburg county.
Nova Scotia, both graduates of the Deaf and Dumb Institute at
Halifax, N.S.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 567
September 25th. — Mr. Emmanuel Hebb, President of the
Bridgewater Agricultural Society, entertained the oflacers and
members with their friends at his farm, where he treated them
to an unlimited supply of green corn, which was boiled in.
immense pots outside. Other creature comforts were provided
by the host- and his good wife. The Bridgewater band
furnished fine music, and a most enjoyable afternoon was spent.
February. — Ex-Councillor Mason skated from Tancook to the
back harbor at Lunonburg.
It having been decided to establish a Home for the Poor on
the large tract of land at Summerside, generously given for the
purpose by E. D. Davison & Sons, a suitable building was
erected in 1888. It commands a fine view of the La Have
River, and of the main road on each side.
Those whom poverty obliges to become inmates of this
institution, are not shut out from sights and sounds which can
add to the comfort of their declining years, nor from the
personal visits and kind attention of the charitably disposed.
1889.
February 20th, 21st, 22nd. — Weather very fine. Carpenters
engaged at outside work.
February 25th. — Mrs. Charles Hall, Bridgewater, had full
blown mayflowers.
February 27th, 28th. — Very mild and spring-like.
Died this month in the County Poor House, about ninety-
eight years old, Andrew Taylor, said to have been born in the
Poor House, Halifax.
March 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. — Very warm and bright. La Have
River open above bridge to mill-dam, and below shipyard.
March 6th. — Last of ice went out of river. Fine all through
the month with few exceptions.
At the end of May, Rev. E. Kennedy, Bridgewater, had
potatoes in blossom, and on June 16th, John Rafuse, of same
town, had new potatoes for dinner. Full-grown grass was
mowed by Robert West, G. H. Burkett, and others, on the
18th and 19th, and much hay was stored before the end of the
month. Ripe strawberries were sold on the 1st of June.

568 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
August. — In the annual races of the Nova Scotia Yacht
Squadron at Halifax, the Marquis of Lome Cup, won by the
Esme, of Lunenburg, in 1888, was again taken by the same
craft, owned by the brothers John Joseph and Andrew Henry
Rudolf, by the former of whom she was sailed in the contest.
They now own the cup.
Died. — Tuesday, August 3rd, at Appiparoo, Rio Demorara,
Christian Burns, a native of Lunenburg, N.S., the inventor of
Burns' goldwasher and saver, aged sixty-three years. The
deceased was at one time purser of the M. A. Starr.
September 10th. — Excursion to Liverpool by Bridgeivater,
Captain Joshua Oakes.
October 24th. — Henry Schupe (17) out for partridges. Second
Peninsula, killed two racoons. He was attacked by a third,
and screamed for help, which his brother almost imriiediately
gave him by shooting tho animal. The three weighed 147
pounds. In this year tho new fire-engine house in Lunenburg was
completed. Besides the room for the engine and appliances, it
has a handsome parlor and other convenient rooms, the floor
of one being of polished ash. The whole establishment reflects
the highest credit on the Lunenburg firemen, and all who aided
them in the work.
September. — Mr. Edward Bailley, of Lunenburg, shod to date
for Messrs. Cantolope, of North-West, the same horse for twenty-
three years, and used 736 shoes and 5,888 nails.
October 7th, 8th, 9th. — The sixth Sunday School Convention
of Nova Scotia was hold in the Presbyterian Church at Bridge-
water. This large building was crowded at all the meetings,
and the greatest interest was manifested in the work for which
the convention was assembled. Addresses were delivered by
many clergymen and laymen. Those of William Reynolds, Esq.,
of Peoria, U.S., were especially interesting and instructive.
December 27th. — Very heavy gale at Lunenburg. Drift ice
in and around the wharves lessened the damage. A brigantine
and several schooners injured, several boats smashed, fish flakes,
and part of the breastwork along the shore of the " Head " were
washed away.

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY OP LL^NENBURG. 569
1891.
November. — Mayflowei-s picked in different pai-ts of the
county — some on the road from Lunenburg to La Have Ferry.
1892.
The Bridgewater ReUef Committee, R. Dawson, jun.. Trea
surer, sent amount contributed there, and in adjacent settle
ments, 81,714.74, for the sufferers by the great fire at St. John's
Newfoundland. Lieutenant-Governor Daly, in a telegram to
W. M. Duff, Esq., said : " Bridgewater has done nobly."
1893.
February 8th. — Edward Lohnes crossed the La Have on the
ice from Conquerall Bank, and continuing on the post-road,
skated the whole distance to Lunenburg, about eight and a
half miles, in an hour and three-quarters.
Sunday, ilarch 26th. — WiUiam H. Card, an aged and worthy
inhabitant of Bridgewater, fell dead whUe returning from
evening service at the Methodist church. He was picked up
by Mr. Abner Wile, near the residence of the latter.
Sunday, April 30th. — The seventy-fourth anniversary of the
establishment in America of the Independent Order of Odd
feUows was celebrated at Bridgewater, by Countj' Lodges —
" Rising Sun," No. 59, of Lunenburg, and " La Have," No. 60,
of Bridgewater. Headed by the Bridgewater band, discours
ing sacred music, they proceeded to Holy Trinity Church, where
a sermon was preached by Rev. Henry How, B.A., Rector of
Annapolis, and a Brother of the Order, from 1 Samuel xv. 6.
The fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man were
dwelt upon : the duty of brotherly kindness was eloquently
enforced, and striking examples were given in the conduct of
members of the Society of OddfeUows. A coUection in aid of
the funds of the Sunday-school realized over S17.
On the 2nd of -June, Captain Adam Kjiickle, of the schooner
Westeria, spoke the Viking, from Christiana, Norway, bound
to Chicago for the World's Fair, thirty-nine days out.
June 21st. — Nova Scotia's natal day. The steamer Bridge-
vxiter, Captain Oako.s, brought from Halifax to Bridgewater

570 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
240 persons, who were delighted with the trip, especially with
the La Have River.
July 5th and 6th. — The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the
Medical Society of Nova Scotia was held in the Music HaU,
Bridgewater. The local committee were C. A. 'Foster, M.D.,
H. A. March, M.D., and W. E. Jenkins, M.D. Among the
papers read, was one by Dr. Foster, on " Cancer of Stomach,"
founded on a case treated by himself, with production of the
cancerous growth.
5th. — Sailed from Lunenburg, schooner Zeta, Captain How
ard Hebb, for Halifax, where Dr. Cook, of New York, and
R. D. Perry, of Braintree, Mass., embarked, joined afterwards
at Baddeck, C.B., by Professor Hoppin and A. H. Sutherland,
on a trip to Greenland. The voyage was resumed on the 12th.
A very interesting account of it was published in the Lunenburg
Progress of October 11th, 1893. On July 26th they sighted
Fredericksal, Greenland. Here they made a short call, and
proceeded to Holstenburg, in Lat. 66° — just on the Arctic Circle.
Its longest day is two months. The Governor came off to the
schooner and served Captain Hebb with a copy of trade regula
tions, issued at Copenhagen, and remained on board for a while.
Next day. Captain Hebb and his associates were guests at a
Governor's ball. Music on two violins ; one played by a Zeta
seaman and one by a native. On leaving port salutes were
exchanged between the Zeta and the quarters of the Governor.
The homeward trip commenced August 18th, during which
other places in Greenland were visited. They also called at
Riggolet, Labrador, fifty miles up Hamilton Inlet. The Zeta
arrived at Lunenburg on the 7th of October, after a very
enjoyable trip. Dr. Cook's account, from a scientific standpoint,
was subsequently published.
August 7th. — Miss Lillian M. Phelps, of St. Catharines, Out.,
a fluent and forcible speaker, lectured in Lunenburg on " Prohi
bition and Woman's Ballot." She also lectured at Bridgewater.
20th. — Great gale at Lunenburg. ' Much damage done to
wharves, vessels, and boats.
September 14th. — Grounds of Bridgewater Athletic Club,
near the exhibition building, opened. Much money had been •

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 571
spent and great improvements made. Music was furnished.
Refreshments were sold, and games and sports indulged in.
October 11th. — "A large chestnut tree in the garden of
Daniel Owen, Esq., of Lunenburg, is at present covered with
blossoms." December. — A son of Mr. Levi Hebb, Liverpool road, near
Bridgewater, picked a ripe wild strawberry.
30th. — Sylvester and James Fiendel, aged respectively four
teen and twelve years, were skating on the La Have, at Bridge-
water, and both were drowned. James broke through first,
and Sylvester, in trying to assist him, fell in also. Fred.
Woodbury and Eddie Hoyt exerted themselves to help the lads,
but all in vain. The bodies were recovered, and interred on
January 1st, a sad beginning of the New Year for the parents
and the many friends the boys had by their good conduct made
in the community. 1894.
January 10th. — Mayflowers in full bloom were picked one
day last week at North-West by Miss Agnes Berringer.
Sunday, April Sth. — About 10 p.m. a great snow-storm com
menced, and continued for about twenty-four hours. Sixteen
inches in depth. Heavy wind caused great banks, in many
places impassable. Mails were much delayed. On the 14th,
sled-teams were coming in from the country.
Birds in search of food cleared away the snow with their feet
in places about the gardens, leaving large bare patches. Many
persons threw out crumbs to them for several days.
l()th. — Rev. W. Meikle delivered at Bridgewater an intensely
interesting address on " The Tabernacle," illustrated with very
fine paintings. It was a great treat to all who heard it.
September 6th. — Large gathering of Oddfellows at Bridge-
water. Special trains. About 1,200 visitors. Games and
sports at grounds of Athletic Club. Several bands of music,
including the noted 75th from Lunenburg.
7th.  Golden wedding at Lunenburg, of William J. Dauphinee,
Esq., Prothonotary and Clerk of the Crown, and wife. Mr. and

572 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
Mrs. Dauphinee entertained a large number of guests, including
clergy, members of Parliament and other citizens.
1895.
On Sunday, March 10th, there was a total eclipse of the
moon. The night was beautifully clear. Nothing to hinder
the fullest observation.
Captain Edward Gerhardt, Master of the brigantine Doris,
sailed from Lunenburg for Demerara in the schooner Victor, in
1869, and up to March in this year, made over 230 voyages in
the West India trade.
One of the saddest accidents that ever happened in the
county was that of October Sth, 1895. Robert Annesley
Chesley, in his twentieth, and Agnes Davison Chesley, in her
nineteenth year, children of Judge Samuel A. and Mary R.
Chesley, of Lunenburg, -went thence to South in a sail boat,
she to give lessons in music, and he to spend the day and
return with her in the evening. They left about 5 p.m. for
home, with a fresh wind which increased in force. Persons on
shore noticed that the boat was laboring heavily and then
disappeared. It was evident that she had shipped water while
running before the gale for a short time previous to the
accident, and swamped when Mr. Chesley was apparently
trying to clear the breakers of Head Shoal. Both of the
occupants were drowned. Their bodies were fortunately
recovered. The funeral services, conducted by Rev. George F.
Day, of Mahone Bay, in the absence of Rev. J. L. Batty, were
attended by an immense concourse of people, including the
clergy and members of the different denominations ; and the
sympathy of the whole community and county was extended
to the bereaved parents.
At a special meeting of the town council, a letter of condo
lence was adopted, signed by the mayor, council, and clerk, and
duly presented. Another warmly sympathetic letter was sent
from Rising Sun Lodge of Independent Order of Oddfellows>
of which Judge Chesley is a member, and tributes of regret
were received from other bodies.

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 573
Mr. Chesley had been engaged as assistant engineer and
timekeeper in connection with the Lunenburg water-works.
Miss Chesley was a devoted teacher in the Methodist Sunday-
school, and active in church work. Both are greatly missed.
" Leaves have their time to fall,
And flowers to wither at the north- wind's breath.
And stars to set — but all.
Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death I
' ' Thou art where biUows foam.
Thou art where music melts upon the air ;
Thou art around us in our peaceful home.
And the world calls us forth — and thou art there."
" Some day the Master will explain
The ' wherefore ' of each grief and pain."
HUFEISEN BuCHT.
In " The Old Judge ; or. Life in a Colony, " one of the works
of that celebrated writer, the late Hon. Mr. Justice Haliburton
(Sam. SUck), a tale is related, entitled " Horseshoe Cove : or,
Hufeisen Bucht."
The story narrates the coining to the La Have River about
the year 1763, of Nicolas Spohr, who, " several miles above the
entrance, discovered part of the river which, bj^ an enlargement
in a semi-circular shape, formed a miniature harbor, nearly
enclosed, and effectively concealed by two wooded promontories,
that gave to the cove a striking resemblance to a horseshoe."
(The place is supposed to be between Bridgewater and Summer-
side.) " He also found a clearing of forty acres of land, with a
dwelling-house, warehouse and block-house, the rafters of the *
latter supporting a bell, of sufiicient size to be heard across the
river. A square field of about an acre, surrounded by large
wiUows, had in the centre some old apple-trees. There were
several indications that this had been a garden. Near- the
entrance, an arbor, built over a spring, contained a rustic table
and seats. Initials, and names in full, were cai-ved on the former,
includino- Charles Etienne Latour, and Francis d'Entremont.
On a comer of the table two clasped hands were neatly cut in

574 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.
the wood, and underneath, the words, ' Pierre and Madeline,
1740.' The words of Ovid,' Scribere jussit amor,' wore added.
'' Nicolas proceeded to Halifax, and obtained a grant of one
thousand acres of land, covering this property, and named it
' Hufeisen Bucht, or Horseshoe Cove.' He felt his importance
very much increased by the acquisition, and manifested it in
many ways. Now and then he was heard to mutter the
names of some gentlemen at Lunenburg, as Rudolph, Von
Zwicker, or Oxner, who had belonged to good families in their
own country, and in a way to show how bo felt his own
superiority." An account is given of his visit, with his sons, to
Halifax for supplies, and his return to find the trees so changed
by the varied tints of autumn, which he had not seen before,
that this, with other things presented to his view, made him at
first doubt that his house was in the right place. When he
entered his dwelling, an awful spectacle was before him.
" There lay the mangled bodies of his wife and children, his
slaughtered dog, and the fragments of his broken furniture,
and rified propertj^ Assistance having been procured at the
Settlement by the river's mouth, the Indians were pursued and
defeated. Four were hung on the willows, and the remaining
two sent to Halifax, to bo held as hostages, or dealt with as the
Governor should direct." Spohr became very melancholy, and
gave up all attention to business. He was at last found on the
grave of his wife and children, where he had perished, and was
interred where he lay.
After the treaty of peace in 1783, a Captain John Smith
came among the refugees to Nova Scotia. He purchased the
Hufeisen Bucht, and put it in good order.
An account is given of the mannor in which the house was
furnished, and of Mr. and Mrs. Smith and their African attend
ants, Cato and his wife Venus. The Hufeisen Bucht and its
inmates were regarded with superstitious fear, partly on account
of the tragedy already referred to, and partly because of the
style of living of Smith and his family, to which the people
were not accustomed. Then follows the statement of a boy
whom Smith had brought from Halifax, as to the disappearance
of a pedlar who spent the night there. On this statement of

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. 575
the boy tliat he saw a dead body answering to that of the
pedlar carried out by two mon, and that the man who supported
the head was his master, and detailing other circumstances.
Smith was arrested, tried at Luneuburg, and found guilty. He
escaped from prison, and secured Caspar Horn, the sentinel in
front of the jail, and placed him under the straw in one of the
ox-carts at the tavern.
The writer of tho tale subsequently visited Lunonburg, and
being on a fishing excursion in the vicinity of Hufeisen Bucht,
he met at an encampment in the woods. Captain Smith, who
ofl'ered to guido him part of the way to Petite Riviere. They
discovered the body of the missing pedlar, and the skin and
frame of an enormous bear, and other things giving evidence
of a deadly struggle. A box containing a silver cup, was found
at the place, and also a black fox -skin, which Smith recognized
by a bullet-hole he had himself made, and which recalled to
his memory a roll of furs which he antl Peter Strump had
carried out of the house, on the night referred to by the boy,
to the vessel of Strump, and which tbe boy had mistaken for
the pedlar.
Tlie tale closes by stating that tho writer renewed acquaint
ance with Smith in his native land, England, when he related
the causes which led to his expatriation, and the particulars of
his sinsrular and adventurous life in the colonies under the
assumed name of Smith. Hufeisen Bucht, with the land
adjacent " remained derelict for many years, but as it was cov
ered with valuable timber, cupidity proved stronger than super
stition, tho forest has all long since been removed, and the
appoaranco of tlio place so changed that you would now find
o-roat difficulty in identifying it. Tho story of Nicolas and
Captain Smith is only known, says the writer, to a few old men
like niysolf, and will soon bo lost altogether in a country where
tlu'ro is no oiu' likely to found a romance on tho inmates and
incidents of tho Hufeisen Bucht."
It is impossible at this date, to say whether tho tale, of which
the fin-oiroing is an abstract, is a fiction or not. Tlio probability,
howo\or, is that it is founded on fact. It is very interesting,
and \\ill ^vell repay perusal.

CONCLUSION.
IN fertility of resources, healthfulness of situation, beauty of
scenery, and in the sterUng virtues of its inhabitants, this
county is second to none in Nova Scotia. We can truly say
" the lines are fallen unto us in pleasant places, yea we have a
goodly heritage." While wo survey tho cheering prospect spread
out on the right hand and on the left, let us not forget the
labors of the pioneers, who at Rous's Brook, on the memorable
June 7th, 1753, commenced the settlement of Lunenburg. In
surmounting the difficulties and discouragements which have
been described, those worthy men made debtors to their energy
and perseverance all who should afterwards find a home in the
county. The writer, in concluding what has been to him a labor of
love in recording the history of that portion of the Province in
which he naturally feels the deepest interest, offers the fervent
aspiration that He, without whose approval no work of man
can prosper, may be pleased to smile on all efforts made for its
further advancement; and that those who dwell within its
borders may be, in all generations, a people " fearing Him, and
working righteousness," and may meet at last
" Beyond the stars, and all this passing scene,
Where change shall cease, and Time shall be no more."

ADPENDA.
THE statements made in tho journal of Rev. James Munroe,
in Chapter 31, as to the depth of the La Have and its
capacity for vessels, are not at all correct, as is clearly shown
in Chapter 48 of this book. Ships of large size load at
Bridgewater for foreign ports. Mr. Munroe must have been
incorrectly informed.
Martin Henneberry was born at Burin, Newfoundland, and
went thence to Halifax, where he was engaged in a mercantile
and coopering business. He removed to Chester, continuing
his work there for many years, and diod January 14th, 1868,
aged seventy-nine years. His widow died March 11th, 1873,
aged seventy-three years. Two daughters reside at Chester.
Mr. Henneberry was a Justice of the Peace, and very highly
respected. WilUam Ross was born in Dornoch, Sutherlandshire, Scot
land, and came to Lunenburg in 1828, where for forty-four years
he carried on a mercantile and shipping business, and was the
owner of vessels engaged in the West India trade. He died May
25th, 1872, aged seventy-one years. Mr. Ross married Rosanna
Selig, who died August 21st, 1890, aged eighty years. They had
five sons, three of whom were John Alexander, a clergyman of
the Presbyterian Church, William Mathew, a clergyman of the
Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, and George
Angus, Barrister-at-law and M.P.P. There were also five
daughters, one of whom still resides at the old home in Lunen
burg. Mr. Ross qlaimed descent, on his mother's side, from
Lady Margaret Madison, to whose family belonged James
Madison, President of the United States. When Mr. Ross was
37

578

ADDENDA.

twelve years old he was apprenticed to a stonecutter in Edin
burgh, and worked in the same company with Hugh Miller.
He used to tell how Miller, when work was ended, would take
his hammer and bag and roam about among the rocks.

'&

Amos Lovett was born in Halifax, December 2nd, 1786, came
to Chester in 1827, kept the "Lovett House" until 1874, and
died February 14th in that year. Tho hotel was then managed
by his son Charles, who died Decembar 23rd, 1890. The busi
ness has been continued from December 24th in the same year
by Mr. Leander Manning, formerly of Bridgewater, whose wife
is a granddaughter of the first proprietor, and the house still
maintains the good name it has always borne. This and the
" Mulgrave House " (David Whitford, proprietor), have long
furnished excellent accommodation to visitors.
Edward James Robinson, son of the late William H. Robinson,
Esq., died January 10th, 1876, aged forty-six years. He carried
on a large mercantile and shipping business at Chester, and
gave employment to many persons. Mr. Robinson was a kind-
hearted man. His widow resides in Halifax.
The late John Tobin, J.P., who was one of the oldest residents
of Bridgewater, had a large room in his house suitably fitted
up for chapel purposes, which was used for some years previous
to the building of St. Joseph's Church.
In 1861, Benjamin Harrington built, near the east end of the
bridge at Bridgewater, the brigantine Volant, for the late James
Starratt, jun. At the launch the ways spread when the vessel
was half-way down, and she became fast in the mud. Heavy
ropes were attached to her and to pine trees by Mr. West's
store, on the opposite side of the livor, and with these and
other appliances she was got off. She proved a very fast
sailer, and was readily bought by parties in the United States,
who paid the whole amount of the purchase money in Ameri-

ADDENDA. 579
can gold. Mr. Harrington built in the following year, at the
same place, the brigantine Micmac for the late Robert Dawson,
Esq. The schooner Viator was also built in the same vicinity
for the late Robert West, Esq., and was totally wrecked on
a voyage from the West Indies to New York. James Tobin,
of Bridgewater, was one of the crew.
Officers of the Salvation Army have been at work for several
years in Lunenburg and Bridgewater. They have met with
opposition, shown sometimes in very discreditable ways. In
self-denial and earnestness they set an example worthy of
imitation. John M. Shand, Esq., has recently opened in Bridgewater a
factory for the canning of vegetables.
Rev. Thomas H. White, D.D., noticed on page 290, was born
March, 1806 ; ordained Deacon, June, 1829 ; Priest, October, 1830.
He was appointed to Shelburne, January, 1836, has been rector
of that parish for very nearly sixty years, and now, in his
ninetieth year, takes an effective part in the services at Christ
Church. Captain Lewis Knickle, referred to in Chapter 47, has been
awarded, by the Government of Franco, a handsome pair of
binocular glasses suitably inscribed.
The handsome granite stones measuring fourteen and fifteen
feet in length and two feet in depth, placed in the chapel and
school-house walls on Pleasant Street, in Bridgewater, were
taken by Mr. Henry Sorette from his quarry at New Germany.
Aaron Morse, who was born in 1799, was one of the earliest
settlors at Bridgewater. He built the house which for a long
time stood on part of the site of the " Eureka Hotel," and kept
a store on the opposite side of the street. He was also one of
the first surveyors of lumber. Mr. Morse is remembered as a

580 ADDENDA.
most excellent man, and one of the kindest of neighbors. He
was the father of two sons and seven daughters. One of the
latter, Mrs. Joseph H. Wade, resides in Bridgewater.
About twenty years ago somo of the ladies of Bridgewater
formed themselves into a society known as " The Ladies' Light
Association," and by entertainments of different kinds secured
funds for the purpose of lighting the streets, and carried on
the work successfully for two or three years. One of the
means adopted was a course of lectures delivered by clergy
men, lawyers, and others, resident in Bridgewater and else
where. For want of proper support, the ladies were obliged
to discontinue their good work.
A course of lectures was some years ago delivered under the
auspices of the Bridgewater Agricultural Society.
Among many excellent lectures which have been delivered
in Bridgewater by residents of the town, was a very interest
ing and instructive one by James A. McLean, Esq., Q.C, in the
Presbyterian Church, Bridgewater, in December, 1887, the
subject of which was, "From Joppa to Damascus." The
lecture was an account of Mr. McLean's journey ings in that
part of the Holy Land, and was listened to with the closest
attention by a large and appreciative audience. It was subse
quently delivered, by request, in other parts of the county.
Also one by William E. Marshall, Esq., Barrister, in the
Methodist Church, in July, 1893, on " The Origin and Growth
of Some of Our Positive Laws." The lecture evinced much
study and research, and was of a very interesting character.
James Mills, a worthy Resident of Chester, carried on a large
tanning business there for many years, on the property now
occupied by two of his sons near Stanford's Lake. He had
twenty-one children by one wife, who was a remarkably
capable and active woman, even to advanced age. Several of
the family still reside in Chester.

INDEX.

COUNTY.

Aborigines —
Territory of Micmacs  342
Act to prevent frauds against
Indians  345
Indian names  18, 341
Intended sacrifice of prisoners
at Merliguesche  19
Massacre near Heckman's Island 343
Massacre, at Murderer's Point . . 343
Wagner killed at La, Have  343
Soldiers killed at Darey's Lake. 344
Scalpings  343
Tailor at Faubourg shot  345
Burialplaces  346
Murder of Lewis Payzant  495
Murder of Captain Cope  345
Soulnow's petition to Governor . 348
Murder at Mahone Bay  344
Discoveries of pottery, etc  347
Treaty of peace with Indian
chief  55
"The Micmac's Wish," poem. . 350
Addenda  577
Agriculture and Horticulture .... 448
Alexander's (Sir W. ) grant to Lord
of La Tour  19
Amended County line  78
Boundaries of County  52
Baptisms, weddings, and funerals 391
Brass Bands  395
Census returns from 1 686  431
Cromwell's grant to La Tour  19
Celebration of Queen Victoria's
Jubilee  491
Conclusion  576
37*

Early houses  37
Early dresses  39
Education  396
Exports and imports  485
Epitaphs  387
First Vehicles  40
Germans, Description of  26
Geological and mineralogical spe
cimens  413
Heights of different places  549
Hufeisen Bucht, or Horseshoe
Cove  573
Journal of Rev. James Munroe . . 352
Lunenburg, Origin of name  21
Luneburg iu Germany, Descrip
tion of  24
Lighthouses  546
Longevity, Remarkable instances
of  379
Miscellanea from 1762  553
Members of Parliament from 1758
to 1895  443
Murders  501
Models of vessels by young men . . 483
Natural history  418
Nova Scotia Central Bailway .... 532
Old Bibles  389
Old routes of travel  551
Peace with Indians  53

582

INDEX.

PAQE
Population in different years from
1686 to 1891  440
Proclamation of Governor Law
rence, offering rewards for cap
ture of Indians  499
Presentations for deeds of bravery 524
Recollections of aged people  362
Rescues of persons in peril  522
Rivers and lakes  548
Report of Vice-Admiral Hopkins. 548

PAGE
Situation of County  17
Scenery of County  335
Tragical events  494
Temperance  407
Tables of distances  549
Vessels and boats built in County 473
Visit of New England Journalists
in 1891  540
Wardens and Councillors  446
Zouberbuhler's grant  57

TOWNSHIP OF
Address by Rev. R. C Caswall . . 29
Boundaries of Township  48
Block-houses  31
Block-houses, Additional  76
Births and cradles  52
Bounties given  53
Biographical notices  107
Black Rocks and Blue Rocks .... 139
Cornwallis at Merliguesche  20
Capture and re-capture of Daly's
vessel  19
Commission to Lawrence to settle
Township  21
Captain Cobb  28
Col. Sutherland's order  46
Commons, articles and legislation
therefor  35
Creighton, John, sworn in as Coun
cillor  60
Churches and clergymen  80
Centenary celebration  125
Cross Island  140
Creeser's Cove  133
Distinguished visitors  125
French Settlement, Merliguesche. 20
First civil list  56

LUNENBURG.
First Mayor and Council  129
Five Houses  133
Foster Settlement  157
Governor Hopson's choice of Mer
legash  30
Grant of Township, and grantees . 69
Governor Shirley's letter  45
Governor Franklin's return of in
habitants, etc  56
Hobson's Nose, Search for money
at  141
Inventory of property of Catherine
B. Zouberbuhler  58
Impressment at Halifax  61
Indian Point  152
Jessen's expedition in search of
Indians  50
Kolp's Ferry  40
Kingsburg  131
Lunenburg —
Terms offered to emigrants iu
Germany  22
Hardships on voyage  24
Settlement by Germans, Swiss,
etc  28

INDEX.

583

PAGE
Lunenburg (Continued)—
First birth  30
First registered marriage and
death  80, 81
Mode of drawing lands  43
First recorded deed of land .... 44
Town plot laid out  43
First militia regiment  30
Officers of Lunenburg militia,
1798  74
First magistrates  31
First court-house  61
First shop  41
Rebellion  32
Invasion  62
Major .loseph Pernette's letter . 65
Lieut. Rudolf's letter to Queen
Victoria's father  75
Lunenburg vessels captured, 1812 77
Little Bluff  162
Murder ot Eminauds by Boutiliers 501
Mahone Bay  143
Maitland  153
Manufactures in Lunenburg  472
Northfield  153
New Cornwall  154

PAGE
New Germany  156
Churches and clergymen  158
Oldest house in Lunenburg, Kailer's 38
Ovens, and gold discoveries there. 135
Oxner's beach  133
Places whence settlers came  22
Punishment by whipping  507
Parks' Creek  134
Public celebrations  127
Rous, Captain  29
Return of settlers, 1758  49
Return of inhabitants and cattle,
1760  54
Road, Lunenburg to Halifax, 1757,
Proposal for  48
Rations ordered, 1758  49
Rose Bay  131
Ritcey's Cove  132
Riversdale  153
Stock sent by Government  37
Steignfort's expedition to Minas . . 47
Sally, Capture of, 1780  61
Streets in Lunenburg  43
Town plot laid out  43
West Cliff  161

TOWNSHIP OF NEW DUBLIN.

Arrival of I'Escarbot at La Have in
1697  169
Arrival of expedition under M. de
Saussaye in 1613  169
Arrival of vessels at Bridgewater
during winter of 1869-70  209
British settlement in New Dublin 181
Bridgewater  188
Broad Cove  251
Black Rock  169
Biogiaphical notices, Bridgewater 211

Churches and clergymen. Bridge-
water  201
Cape La Have, first land seen and
named by De Monts and De
Champlain in 1604  166
Crescent Beach  245
Crouse Town  251
Conquerall Bank  228
Charlebois' account of grain at
La Have  176
De Razilly at Fort Point in 1632 . 170

584

INDEX.

PAGE
Disaster to schooner Industry .... 242
Early ways of going to Halifax . . 198
Early towage of vessels  199
French ruins at Fort Point, fort,
chapel, etc  178
First sale of land at Bridgewater. 190
First houses at Bridgewater  190
First hotel in Bridgewater  192
First bridge over La Have at
Bridgewater  1 95
First vehicles  193
First mail between Bridgewater
and Lunenburg  200
Hebb's Mills  223
Houses in main street. Bridge-
water, 1853  192
Indian Island  169
Lower and West Dublin  240
La Have Iron-bound Island  236
La Have islands  246

PAGE
La Have River, and poems on same 226
Mills erected in New Dublin  184
Mellipsigit  225
Manufactures in Bridgewater  200
New Italy  251
Petite Riviere  247
Pernette's grant  181
Relics found at Fort Point  180
Sloane's Point. ,  184
Steamship Chesapeake  229
Streets in Bridgewater  190
St. Peter's Churoh and clergymen 185
Town plot of Bridgewater  189
Vogler's Cove, and gold discoveries 252
West La Have Ferry  182
Zero brigantine. Captain Benson
murdered  507

TOWNSHIP OF CHESTER.

Arrival of early settlers  256
Additional settlers  262
Arrival of Admiral Sir John Grif
fith in 1816  272
Arrival of Countess of Dalhousie,
Miss Cochrane, and Earl Ram
say, in 1818  398
Arrival of Cunard steamship Uni
com, in 1848  273
Arrival of H.M.S. Argua, 1854,
with Lieut.-Governor Le Mar
chant, and Hon. L. M. Wilkins 273
Aspotogon  318
Bounties  260
Blandford and Bayswater  316

Biographical notices  292
Boat-race by ladies  273
Common  :  275
Churched and clergymen  278
Chester Basin  277
Descriptions of Chester  253
Defences  262
Deep Cove  318
Death of Rev. Thos. Lloyd  287
Drowning of Jacob Stevens and
others  275
Damage by lightning at Chester
Basin  276
Extracts from journal of Rev. J.
Seccombe  256

INDEX.

585

PAGE
First birth, marriage, and recorded
death  261
Governor Franklin's return  264
Gale of October, 1871  274
Gold River gold discoveries  331
Islands iu Chester Bay  300
Mill Cove and Fok Point  317
New Boss, formerly Sherbrooke. . 321
Churches and clergymen  328
"Rose Bank" — poem  325
Privateers  270
Rivers  331
Road from Halifax to Chester, and
road through military settle
ment, recommended by Governor
in 1820  272

PAGE
Return of settlers, farm lands, etc. 265
Regatta, 1856  273
Saw-mill, Chisholm & Co., Gold
River  334
Schooner Patty, Capture of, 1776. 268
Scotch Cove, or East Chester . . . 276
Searches for treasure at Oak Island 300
Sherwood  328
Shoreham, now Chester  259
Streets in Chester  263
The Tancooks  310
Churoh and clergymen .'  312
Tancook breakwater  313
Tancook boats  313
Verses on Chester  254
Young Teazer chase and explosion 518

Press Notices of the First Edition.

Among favorable notices by the Press, of the first edition of this work, were the
following :
" The ' History of the County of Lunenburg,' by M. B. DesBrisay, Esq., M.P.P.,
has been kindly presented to us by the author. It contains a great variety of useful
and interesting information, which could only have been obtained by the most care
ful research, and we would advise our readers to secure a copy of it without delay."
Bridgewater Timxis, August 25th, 1870.
" We have read this work with great pleasure. It is written in a clear, concise
style, peculiarly fitted to the nature of a brochure of this kind. It contains inter
esting details of the situation, soil, climate, products, trade, and scenery of the
county, together with a description of the foundation of the various settlements
within it, and sketches of the first settlers and the difficulties which they were
obliged to encounter.
" The Lunenburg rebellion in 1753, the Indian attacks upon the inhabitants, the
landing of the American privateers, and other incidents narrated in the book are
some of the most interesting portions of Nova Scotia's history.
"Mr. DesBrisay has well employed his leisure time in writing the history of his
native county, and we trust he will find a large circle of appreciative readers. His
sdccess may be the means of stirring others up to like efforts, so that every county
in time will have its own historian." — Morning Chronicle, Halifax, August 27th,
1870. ' ' The ' History of the County of Lunenburg ' has been politely sent us. This is
a neatly got-up book of 264 pages. Typography and paper good. We have not
been apprised of its price per copy, but be that what it may, it is such a work as we
have no doubt will be readily purchased by all lovers of that fine county.
"Mr. DesBrisay deserves great credit for the undertaking. Every county
should have its own history separate from and independent of the history of the
Province." — Liverpool Advertiser, September 1st, 1870.
"M. B. DesBrisay, Esq., who represents the County of Lunenburg in the Local
Legislature, has just published a most interesting, instructive and well-written
history of that noble county in a volume of 264 pages. In obtaining the materials
for this valuable contribution to our provincial history and literature, he has person
ally visited every locality in the county — has obtained much information respecting
events of ' long ago ' from several very old people, and he has examined all the
public records that could throw any light or interest upon Lunenburg's past. It
was a laborious work, and well has he performed it. The privations, struggles and
indomitable perseverance of the first settlers are worthy of record, and the present
inhabitants of Lunenburg may well be proud of the hardy ancestry whence they
sprang. We have perused this unpretending volume with much pleasure and profit.
Mr. DesBrisay has, by the volume before us, conferred a boon upon the Province in
general, and upon Lunenburg in particular." — Free Press, September Sth, 1870.
" Mr. DesBrisay has well and patriotically employed his leisure in rescuing from
the wastes of time, and preserving for the information of the public, the records of
the early history of Lunenburg. This volume treats of the name and situation of
the county, its settlements, the customs of the early settlers, the divisions of town
ships, the troubles and struggles of the colonists, the tragedies and comedies of early
life,"besides the Indians and their habits, the scenery, the industries and commerce,
etc., of the County of Lunenburg. Each township and village has a special section,
and nothing is left out that could be of interest to the reader or credit to the county.
We regret we have not space for the interesting particulars concerning many of the
villages and townships, nor for some extracts concerning the early customs, wed
dings, etc., nor for any account of the Indian depredations. The volume is well
printed and well written, and does great credit to the author for the patient
industry with which he collected from many sources the materials for his book,
and the literary skill with which he has worked them up into a useful and readable
compendium. " — Evening Express, Halifax, September 21st, 1870.

SOME WELL=KNOWN WRITERS
OF OR FROM THE
Maritime Provinces
AND THEIR BOOKS.

Mrs. W. J. Dickson ("Stanford Eveleth")—
Miss Dexie : A Romance of the Provinces- Paper, 50c. ; Cloth $1 00
Marshall Saunders—
Beautiful Joe. Autobiography of a Dog. Illustrated  0 75
Charles G. D. Roberts—
In Divers Tones. Poems  i 25
Songs of the Common Day. Poems  i 25
The Raid from Beausejour. Illustrated  i 00
Earth's Enigmas. Prose Tales and Sketches  1 00
J. Macdonald Oxley—
The Wreckers of Sahle Island  0 35
Diamond Rock; or. On the Right Track. Illustrated  i 25
Up Among the Ice-Floes. Illustrated  i 25
My Strange Rescue, and Other Stories. Illustrated  i 25
Boris the Bear Hunter. A Story of Peter the Great and His
Tihies. Illustrated  1 25
In the Wilds of the West Coast  I 75
Sir J. William Dawson—
Modern Ideas of Evolution as Related to Revelation and
Science  i 50
The Meeting-Place of Geology and History  1 25
Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives  2 65
Origin of the World according to Revelation and Science . 2 65
The Story of the Earth and Man  2 65
Rev. Principal Grant—
The Religions of the World in their Relation to Christianity 0 50
Bliss Carman-
Low Tide on Grand-Pre. Poems  l 25
Behind the Arras- Poems  i 50
James De Mille-
Behind the Veil. A Poem. Quarto size. Cloth, |1.50 ; Morocco 2 50

WILLIAM BRIGGS,
Publisher and Importer,
29-33 Richmond Street West, TORONTO.

Cape Breton Illustrated
HISTORIC, PICTURESQUE AND DESCRIPTIVE.
BY
JOHN ]V[. GO^A^.
With Thirty Full=Page Photo= Engravings.

Cloth, 423 pages, T x 9 inches, $3.00 ;
Morocco. 8 X 10 inches, $5.00.

OOITa?E3SrTS
I. The English Puritan.
II. The American Puritan.

in. The Briton as an Organizer and
a Colonist.
IV. The Frenchman as Missionary
and Colonist.
V. The Seven Years' War.
VI. Description of the Town and
Fortress of Louisburg.

VII. The New England Invasion
of Cape Breton.
VIII. The First Siege of Louisburg.
IX. The Second Siege of Louis
burg.
X. The United States.
XI. Cape Breton.
XII. The Dominion of Canadsu
XIII. Attractions of Cape Breton
for Tourists.

This remarkable work is marked by great ability and the strong person
ality of the author. It is a notable contribution to our national literature.
The scope of the work is outlined in the following extract from the
author's preface :
In this volume It is attempted to account for the American Puritan, and for his
proR:enitor, the English Puritan ; to discuss the spirit and the genius of the men
before whom the weak tyranny ot kings hopelessly fell. The English and American
revolutions were accomplished by men actuated by principles substantially the
same. The ancient town and fortress of Louisburg is described, and the story or both
sieges is told In detail. There is a short account ot the colonial struggle between
Franco and England, and of its immediate and remote results — tbe erection of the
United States into a separate nationaliiy, and the formation ot the nucleus ot the
Dominion of Canada. There is also inserted a short history of Cape Breton, with
a description of its prospective commercial advantages, and a presentation of its
attractions as a summer resort.
The illustrations are a revelation of the magnificent scenery of Cape
Breton, and present views of the many points of historic interest in that
altogether interesting island. The letterpress and the binding are worthy
of the work itself.

WILLIAM BRIGGS,
METHODIST BOOK AND PUBLISHING HOUSE, TORONTO.
C W. COATES, Montreal. - - S. F. HUESTIS, Halifax,

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