YALE UNIVERSITY 1 3 9002 06126 3126 DICTIONAEY OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS, CONTAINING BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF ITS MEMBERS THE FOUNDATION OF THE GOYERNMENT; AN APPENDIX, COMPILED AS A MANUAL OF REFERENCE LEGISLATOR AND STATESMAN. BY CHARLES LANMAN. PUBLISHED FOE THE AUTHOR, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. PHILABKLPHIA. 1859. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by CHARLES LANMAN, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia. INTRODUCTION. Political laws, wisely framed, have made the United States powerful and wealthy to a degree unexampled in modern times; and I have thought that a book of facts, recording the public services of our National law-makers, would be a deserved tribute to them, and, at the same time, be generally useful. The record has been made in each case as correct and concise as possible. Of many men more might have been written, but that was not deemed expe dient in a work of this kind; and where not enough has been said, the fault must be attributed to the indifference of the persons mostly interested, or to the neglect of their friends. Not being a politician, it has given me but little trouble to be impartial. My leading object has- been to pre pare a kind of labqr-saving machine for the benefit of all those who feel an interest in the political history and future prosperity of the Republic; and in the Appendix I have endeavored to bring together from the Government Archives a mass of legislative and executive information calculated to be of service to members of Congress while engaged in their public duties. Thus far had I progressed with this Introduction; and while hesitating as to its continuation, it was my good for tune to be present in the United States Senate, when that body formally changed its place of meeting. All the pro ceedings on this occasion were highly interesting, and a few remarks offered by the Hon. John J. Crittenden — the oldest member of the Senate — were truly affecting. After he had resumed his seat, an address was delivered by the Vice-Pre sident of the United States, at the previous request of the 4 INTRODUCTION. , Senate. The propriety of sketching, as he did, a history of the meeting-places of the Federal Congress, struck me with great force. I saw, moreover, that just such an account as he had given to the Senate, would enhance the value of my work, as one of reference, and my next thought was to re quest the use of it in this place. My appeal and its results were as follows : — Georgetown, D. C, January 4, 1859. Hon. John C. Breckinridge, "Vice-President, &c. Dear Sir : — It was my privilege to hear your address to the Senate, commemorating the departure of that body from its old chamber to the new wing of the Capitol. It contained many particulars of great interest both to the statesmen of the country and the public at large. The pathos and lofty tone of your words were in keeping with the impressive charac ter of your facts, and I cannot but believe that, from this day forward, the honor and importance of being a Senator or Representative in the Ame rican Congress, will be more fully appreciated than ever before. I was especially impressed by your address, as connected with that extensive brotherhood of men, whose public services I have endeavored to chronicle in my Dictionary of Congress, now going through the press. I have ventured, therefore, to request it as a personal favor, that you will permit me to print your eloquent and patriotic remarks in the Introduction to my new publication. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, CHARLES LANMAN. Washington City, January 5, 1859. Dear Sra : — In answer to your letter of yesterday's date, asking my consent to the publication, in the Introduction to your Dictionary of Congress, of my remarks on the occasion of the Senate's removal from the old chamber, I have to thank you for the- terms in which you have been pleased to speak of them, and to say that I have no objection to your ap- ' propriating the whole or any part. And I am, Yours respectfully, % JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE. Charles Lanman, Esq., Georgetown, D. C. Introduction. fi 0 THE ADDRESS. Senators: — I have been charged by the committee to whom you confided the arrangements of this day with the duty of expressing some of the reflections that naturally occur in taking final leave of a chamber which has so long been occu pied by the Senate. In the progress of our country and the growth of the re presentation, this room has become too contracted for the representatives of the States now existing and soon to exist-, and accordingly you are about to ex change it for a hall affording accommodations adequate to the present and the future. The occasion suggests many interesting reminiscences ; and it may be agreeable, in the first place, to occupy a few minutes with a short account of the various places at which Congress has assembled, of the struggles which preceded the permanent location of the seat of government, and of the circumstances under which it was finally established on the banks of the Potomac. The Congress of the Revolution was sometimes a fugitive, holding its sessions, as the chances of war required, at Philadelphia, Baltimore, Lancaster, Annapo lis, and York-town. During the period between the conclusion of peace and the commencement of the present Government, it met at Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton, and New York. After the idea of a permanent Union had been executed in part by the adop tion of the Articles of Confederation, the question presented itself of fixing a seat of government, and this immediately called forth intense interest and ri valry. That the place should be central, having regard to the population and terri tory of the Confederacy, was the only point common to the contending parties. Propositions of all kinds were offered, debated and rejected, sometimes with in temperate warmth. At length, on the 7th of October, 1783, the Congress being at Princeton, whither they had been driven from Philadelphia by the insults of a body of armed men, it was resolved that a building for the use of Congress be erected near the falls of the Delaware. This was soon after modified by requir ing suitable buildings to be also erected near the falls of the Potomac, that the residence of Congress might alternate between those places. But the jjuestion was not allowed to rest, and at length, after frequent and warm debates, it was resolved that the residence of Congress should continue at one place ; and com missioners were appointed with full power to lay out a district for a Federal 6 Introduction. town near the falls of the Delaware ; and in the mean time Congress assembled alternately at Trenton and Annapolis; but the representatives of other States were unremitting in exertions for their respective localities. On the 23d of December, 1784, it was resolved to remove to the City of New York, and to remain there until the building on the Delaware should be com pleted ; and accordingly, on the 11th of January, 1785, the Congress met at New York, where they continued to hold their sessions until the Confederation gave place to the Constitution. The commissioners to lay out a town on the Delaware reported their pro ceedings to Congress, but no further steps were taken to carry the resolution into effect. When the bonds of union were drawn closer by the organization of the new Government under the Constitution, on the 3d of March, 1789, the subject was revived and discussed with greater warmth than before.* It was conceded, on all sides, that the residence of Congress should continue at one place, and the prospect of stability in the Government invested the question with a deeper in terest. Some members proposed New York as being " superior to any place they knew for the orderly and decent behavior of its inhabitants." To this it was answered that it was not desirable that the political capital should be in a commercial metropolis. Others ridiculed the idea of building palaces in the woods. Mr. Gerry, of Massachusetts, thought it highly unreasonable to fix the seat of government in such a position as to have nine States of the thirteen to the northward of the place ; while the South Carolinians objected to Philadel phia on account of the number of Quakers, who, they said, continually annoyed the Southern members with schemes of emancipation. In the midst of these disputes the House of Representatives resolved " that the permanent seat of government ought to be at some convenient place on the banks of the Susquehanna." On the introduction of a bill to give effect to this resolution, much feeling was exhibited, especially by the Southern members. Mr. Madison thought if the proceeding of that day had been foreseen by. Vir ginia, that State might not have become a party to the Constitution. The ques tion was allowed by every member to be a matter of great importance. Mr. Scott said the future tranquillity and well-being of the United States depended as much on this as on any question that had ever or could come before Congress • and Mr. Fisher Ames remarked that every principle of pride and honor, and even of patriotism, were engaged. For a time any agreement appeared to be impos sible ; but the good genius of our system finally prevailed, and on the 28th of June, 1790, an act was passed containing the following clause : "That a district of territory on the River Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and the Connogocheague, be and the same is hereby accepted for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States." The same act provided that Congress should hold its sessions at Philadelphia until the first Monday in November, 1800, when the Government should remove to the district selected on the Potomac. Thus was settled' a question which had produced much sectional feeling between the States. But all difficulties * For a table of data, in this connection, see Appendix. C. L. Introduction. 7 were not yet surmounted ; for Congress, either from indifference or the want of money, failed to make adequate appropriations for the erection of public build ings, and the commissioners were often reduced to great straits to maintain the progress of the work. Finding it impossible to borrow money in Europe or to obtain it from Congress, Washington, in December, 1796, made a personal ap peal to the Legislature of Maryland, which was responded to by an advance of $100,000 ; but in so deplorable a condition was the credit of the Federal Go vernment, that the State required, as a guarantee of payment, the pledge of the private credit of the commissioners. From the beginning Washington had advocated the present seat of govern ment. Its establishment here was due, in a large measure, to his influence ; it was his wisdom and prudence that composed disputes and settled conflicting titles ; and it was chiefly through his personal influence that the funds were pro vided to prepare the buildings for the reception of the President and Congress. The wings of the Capitol having been sufficiently prepared, the Government removed to this District on the 17th of November, 1800 ; or, as Mr. Wolcott ex pressed it, left the comforts of Philadelphia "to go to the Indian place, with the long name, in the woods, on the Potomac." I will not pause to describe the ap pearance, at that day, of the place where the city was to be. Cotemporary ac counts represent it as desolate in the extreme, with its long unopened avenues and streets, its deep morasses, and its vast area covered with trees instead of houses. It is enough to say that Washington projected the whole plan upon a scale of centuries, and that time enough remains to fill the measure of his great conception. The Senate continued to occupy the north wing, and the House of Represen tatives the south wing of the Capitol, until the 24th of August, 1814, when the British army entered the city and burnt the public buildings. This occurred during the recess, and the President immediately convened the Congress. Both Houses met in a brick building known as Blodget's Hotel, which occupied a part of the square now covered by the General Post-office. But the accommodations in that house being quite insufficient, a number of public-spirited citizens erected a more commodious building on Capitol Hill, and tendered it to Congress ; the offer was accepted, and both Houses continued to occupy it until the wings of the new Capitol were completed. This building yet stands on the street oppo site to the northeastern corner of the Capitol Square, and has since been occa sionally occupied by persons employed in different branches of the public ser vice. On the 6th of December, 1819, the Senate assembled for the first time in this chamber, which has been the theatre of their deliberations for more than thirty- nine years, and now that the strifes and uncertainties of the past are finished, we see around us on every side the proofs of stability and improvement. This Capitol is worthy of the Republic ; noble public buildings meet the view on every hand ; treasures of science and the arts begin to accumulate. As this flourishing city enlarges, it testifies to the wisdom and foresight that dictated the plan of it. Future generations will not be disturbed with questions concerning the centre of population, or of territory, since the steamboat, the railroad, and the telegraph have made communication almost instantaneous. The spot is sa- 8 Introduction. cred by a thousand memories, which are so many pledges that the City of Wash ington, founded by him, and bearing his revered name, with its beautiful site, bounded by picturesque eminences, and the broad Potomac, and lying within view of his home and tomb, shall remain forever the political capital of the United States. It would be interesting to note the gradual changes which have occurred in the practical working of the Government since the adoption of the Constitution ; and it may be appropriate to this occasion to remark one of the most striking of them. At the origin of the Government the Senate seemed to be regarded chiefly as an Executive council. The President often visited the chamber and conferred personally with this body ; most of its business was transacted with closed doors, and it took comparatively little part in the legislative debates. The rising and vigorous intellects of the country sought the arena of the House of Representa tives as the appropriate theatre for the display of their powers. Mr. Madison observed, on some occasion, that being a young man, and desiring to increase his reputation, he could not afford to enter the Senate ; and it will be remembered that, so late as 1812, the great debates which preceded the war and aroused the country to the assertion of its rights, took place in the other branch of Congress. To such an extent was the idea of seclusion carried, that, when this chamber was completed, no seats were prepared for the accommodation of the public ; and it was not until many years afterwards that the semicircular gallery was erected, which admits the people to be witnesses of your proceedings. But now, the Senate, besides its peculiar relations to the Executive department of the Go vernment, assumes its full share of duty as a coequal branch of the Legislature ; indeed, from the limited number of its members and for other obvious reasons, the most important questions, especially of foreign policy, are apt to pass first under discussion in this body, and to be a member of it is justly regarded as one of the highest honors which can be conferred on an American statesman. It is scarcely necessary to point out the causes of this change, or to say that it is a concession both to the importance and the individuality of the States, and to the free and open character of the Government. In connection with this easy but thorough transition, it is worthy of remark, that it has been effected without a charge from any quarter that the Senate has transcended its constitutional sphere — a tribute at once to the moderation of the Senate, and another proof to thoughtful men of the comprehensive wisdom with which the framers of the Constitution secured essential principles without inconveniently embarrassing the action of the Government. The progress of this popular movement, in one aspect of it, has been steady and marked. At the origin of the Government no arrangements in the Senate were made for spectators ; in this chamber about one-third of the space is al lotted to the public ; and in the new apartment the galleries cover two-thirds of its area. In all free countries the admission of the people to witness legislative proceedings is an essential element of public confidence ; and it is not to be anticipated that this, wholesome principle will ever be abused by the substitution of partial and interested demonstrations for the expression of a matured and enlightened public opinion. Yet it should never be forgotten that not France, Introduction. 9 but the turbulent spectators within the hall, awed and controlled the French Assembly. With this lesson and its consequences before us, the time will never come when the deliberations of the Senate shall be swayed by the blandish ments or the thunders of the galleries. It is impossible to disconnect from an occasion like this a crowd of reflections on our own past history, and of speculations on the future. The most meagre ac count of the Senate involves a summary of the progress of our country. From year to year you have seen your representation enlarge ; time and again you have proudly welcomed a new sister into the Confederacy ; and the occurrences . of this day are a material and impressive proof of the growth and prosperity of the United States. Three periods in the history of the Senate mark, in striking contrast, three epochs in the history of the Union. On the 3d of March, 1789, when the Government was organized under the Constitution, the Senate was composed of the representatives of eleven States, containing three million people. On the 6th of December, 1819, when the Senate met for the first time in this room, it was composed of the representatives of twenty-one States, containing nine million people. To-day it is composed of the representatives of thirty-two States, containing more than twenty-eight million people, prosperous, happy, and still devoted to constitutional liberty. Let these great facts speak for themselves to all the world. The career of the United States cannot be measured by that of any other people of whom history gives account ; and the mind is almost appalled at the contemplation of the prodigious force which has marked their progress. Sixty- nine years ago, thirteen States, containing three millions of inhabitants, bur dened with debt and exhausted by the long war of Independence, established for their common good a free Constitution, on principles new to mankind, and began their experiment with the good wishes of a few doubting friends and the derision of the world. Look at the result to-day ; twenty-eight millions of peo ple, in every way happier than an equal number in any other part of the globe ; the centre of population and political power descending the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, and the original thirteen States forming but the east ern margin on the map of our vast possessions ! See, besides Christianity, civi lization, and the arts given to a continent, the despised Colonies grown into a Power of the first class, representing and protecting ideas that involve the pro gress of the human race ; a commerce greater than that of any other nation ; every variety of climate, soil, and production, to make a people powerful and happy ; free interchange between the States ; in a word, behold present great ness, and, in the future, an empire to which the ancient mistress of the world in the height of her glory could not be compared. Such is pur country ; ay, and more — far more than my mind could conceive or my tongue could utter. Is there an American who regrets the past ? Is there one who will deride his country's laws, pervert her Constitution, or alienate her people ? If there be such a man, let his memory descend to posterity laden with the execrations of all mankind. So happy is the political and social condition of the United States, and so 10 Introduction. accustomed are we to the secure enjoyment of a freedom elsewhere unknown, that we are apt to undervalue the treasures we possess, and to lose, in some de gree, the sense of obligation to our forefathers. But when the strifes of faction shake the Government and even threaten it, we may pause with advantage long enough to remember that we are reaping the reward of other men's labors. This liberty we inherit ; this admirable Constitution, which has survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity ; this double scheme of Government, State and Federal, so peculiar and so little understood by other Powers, yet which protects the earnings of industry, and makes the largest personal freedom com patible with public order ; these great results were not acquired without wisdom and toil and blood. The touching and heroic record is before the world ; but to all this we were born, and, like heirs upon whom has been cast a great inherit ance, have only the high duty to preserve, to extend, and to adorn it. The grand productions of the era in which the foundations of this Government were laid reveal the deep sense its founders had of their obligations to the whole family of man. Let us never forget that the responsibilities imposed on this genera tion are by so much the greater than those which rested on our revolutionary ancestors, as the population, extent, and power of our country surpass the dawning promise of its origin. It would be a pleasing task to pursue many trains of thought not wholly foreign to this occasion, but the temptation to enter the wide field must be vigorously curbed ; yet I may be pardoned perhaps for one or two additional reflections. The Senate is assembled for the last time in this chamber. Henceforth it will be converted to other uses ; yet it must remain forever connected with great events, and sacred to the memories of the departed orators and statesmen who here engaged in high debates and shaped the policy of their country. Hereaf ter the American and the stranger, as they wander through the Capitol, will turn with instinctive reverence to view the spot on which so many and great materials have accumulated for history. They will recall the images of the great and the good, whose renown is the common property of the Union ; and chiefly, perhaps, they will linger around the seats once occupied by the mighty three, whose names and fame, associated in life, death has not been able to sever ; illustrious men, who in their generation sometimes divided, sometimes led, and sometimes resisted public opinion — for they were of that higher class of statesmen who seek the right and follow their convictions. There sat Calhoun, the Senator, inflexible, austere, oppressed but not over whelmed by his deep sense of the importance of his public functions ; seeking the truth, then fearlessly following it ; a man whose unsparing intellect compelled all his emotions to harmonize with the deductions of his vigorous logic, and whose noble countenance habitually wore the expression of one engaged in the performance of high public duties. This was Webster's seat. He, too, was even such a Senator. Conscious of his own vast powers, he reposed with confidence on himself; and scorning the contrivances of smaller men, he stood among his peers all the greater for the simple dignity of his Senatorial demeanor. Type of his Northern home, he rises before the imagination, in the grand and granite outline of his form and intel- Introduction. 11 lect, like a great New England rock repelling a New England wave. As a writer, his productions will be cherished by statesmen and scholars while the English tongue is spoken ; as a Senatorial orator, his great efforts are histori cally associated with this chamber, whose very air seems yet to vibrate beneath the stroke of his deep tones and his weighty words. On the outer circle sat Henry Clay, with his impetuous and ardent nature, untamed by age, and exhibiting in the Senate the same vehement patriotism and passionate eloquence that of yore electrified the House of Representatives and the country. His extraordinary personal endowments, his courage, all his noble qualities, invested him with an individuality and a charm of character which, in any age, would have made him a favorite of history. He loved his country above all earthly objects. He loved liberty in all countries. Illus trious man !— orator, patriot, philanthropist — his light at its meridian was seen and felt in the remotest parts of the civilized world; and his declining sun, as it hastened down the west, threw back its level beams in hues of mellowed splendor to illuminate and to cheer the land he loved and served so well. All the States may point, with gratified pride, to the services in the Senate of their patriotic sons. Crowding the memory, come the names of Adams, Hayne, Mason, Otis, Macon, Pinckney, and the rest — I cannot number them — who, in the record of their acts and utterances, appeal to their successors to give the Union a destiny not unworthy of the past. What models were these, to awaken emulation or to plunge in despair ! Fortunate will be the American statesmen who, in this age, or in succeeding times, shall contribute to invest the new hall to which we go with historic memories like those which cluster here. And now, Senators, we leave this memorable chamber, bearing with us, un impaired, the Constitution we received from our forefathers. Let us cherish it with grateful acknowledgments to the Divine Power who controls the destinies of empires and whose goodness we adore. The structures reared by men yield to the corroding tooth of time. These marble walls must moulder into ruin ; but the principles of constitutional liberty, guarded by wisdom and virtue, unlike material elements, do not decay. Let us devoutly trust that another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger chamber this Constitution, vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the delibe rations of the Representatives of American States still united, prosperous, and free. CONTENTS. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. APPENDIX. PAGE SUCCESSIVE SESSIONS OF CONGRESS 3 SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 5 PRESIDENTS OF THE SENATE 6 SUCCESSIVE ADMINISTRATIONS 9 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS 16 THE SUPREME COURT : 70 MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES 74 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 93 MEMBERS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 101 PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 106 SESSIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 106 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 107 ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS 125 THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE AMERICAN UNION. 136 PROGRESS OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES 143 POPULATION AND RATIO OF REPRESENTATION 144 THE STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS 146 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ABBOTT, AMOS. Born at Andover, Massachu setts, September 10, 1786. He was educated at a district school, but spent the most of his life as a trader and merchant. He represented his native State in Congress, from 1843 to 1849, and was a member of the Committees on the Militia, and on Manufactures. ABBOTT, JOEL. Was born in Pairfield, Connnecti- cut, emigrated to Georgia, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Wilkes County, in that State, from 1817 to 1825, serving as a member of the Committees on Commerce and the Slave-Trade. ABBOTT, NEHEMIAH. Born in Sidney, Maine, March 29, 1806. He is a lawyer by pro fession ; was a member of the House of Representatives, in the Maine Legislature, in 1842 and 1843, and was elected to the Thirty-fifth Con gress. He is a member of the Com mittee on Revolutionary Pensions. 2 ABERCROMBIE, JAMES. He was born in Georgia, and, re moving to Alabama, was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. ADAIR, JOHN. He was born in 1758 ; was a Se nator of the United States, from Kentucky, during the years 1805 and 1806; commanded the Ken tucky troops at the battle of New Orleans, under General Jackson; and was appointed a general in the army. He was elected a Represen tative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1831 to 1833, and was a mem ber of the Committee on Military Affairs. He died at Harrodsburg, May 19, 1840. ADAMS, BENJAMIN. Born at Worcester, Massachu setts ; was a Representative in Con gress, from 1816 to 1826, and was a member of the Committees on Re volutionary Pensions and Public Ex penditures. He died at Uxbridge, Massachusetts, in April, 183T. 18 Biographical Sketches. ADAMS, GEORGE. He was a Senator in Congress, from Adams County, Mississippi, from 1829 to 1830. ADAMS, GREEN. Born in Barborville, Knox Coun ty, Kentucky, August 20, 1812; was bred a farmer, but read law and adopted that profession; in 1839, he was elected to the State Legis lature, and re-elected; he was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1847 to 1849, and was a member of the Committee on Engraving. He was also a Presi dential Elector in 1844, and since he left Congress, has been a Judge of the Circuit Court. ADAMS, JOHN. Born at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 30, 1735; graduated at Harvard University in 1755; in structed a class of scholars in Latin and Greek for a subsistence ; studied law, and having been admitted to the bar, settled at Quincy to prac tice his profession. As a member of the Old Congress, he was among the foremost in recommending an independent government. In 1777, he was chosen Commissioner to the Court of Versailles. On his return he was chosen a member of the Convention called to prepare a form of government for Massachusetts. In September, 1779, he was ap pointed Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace, and had autho rity to form a commercial treaty with Great Britain. In June, 1780, he was appointed Ambassador to Holland; and, in 1782, he went to Paris to engage in the negotiation for peace, having previously ob tained assurance that Great Britain would recognize the independence of the United States. After serv ing on two or three commissions to form treaties of amity and com merce with foreign powers, in 1785 he was appointed first Minister to London; and, in 1788, having been absent nine years, he returned to America. In March, 1789, the new Constitution of the United States went into operation, and he became the first Vice-President, which office he held during the whole of Wash ington's administration. On the resignation of Washington, he be came, March 4, 1797, President of the United States. This was the termination of his public functions; and he spent the remainder of his days upon his farm in Quincy, occu pying himself with agriculture, and obtaining amusement from the lite rature and politics of the day. He died on the fourth of July, 1826, with the same words on his lips which, fifty years before, on that day, he had uttered on the floor of Con gress : — "Independence forever I" His principal publications are— " Letters on the American Revolu tion," "Defence of the American Constitution," an "Essay on Canon and Federal Laws," a series of let ters under the signature of Novan- glus, and Discourses on Davila. It was as Vice-President that he had a seat in the Senate. Biographical Sketches. 19 ADAMS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Green County, New York, from 1833 to 1835, and was a member of the Committee on Inva lid Pensions. He died at Catskill, New York, September 28, 1854. ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Born in Braintree, now Quincy, Mass., July 11, 1767. When ten years of age, he accompanied his father to Prance ; and when fifteen, was private secretary to the Ame rican Minister in Russia. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1787; studied law in Newburyport, and settled in Boston.' From 1794 to 1801 he was American Minister to Holland, England, Sweden, and Prussia. He was a Senator in Con gress from 1803 to 1808 ; Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard University, with limited duties, from 1806 to 1808 ; was appointed, in 1809, Min ister to Russia ; assisted in negotiat ing the Treaty of Ghent, in 1814; and assisted, also, as Minister, at the Convention of Commerce with Great Britain, in 1815. He was Secretary of State under President Monroe ; and was chosen President of the United States in 1825 — serving one term. In 1831 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, and continued in that posi tion until his death, which occurred in the Speaker's room, two days after falling from his seat in the House of Representatives, Febru ary 23, 1848. His last words were: " This is the end of earth ; I am content." He published "Letters on Silesia," "Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory," and various " Poems," besides many occasional letters and speeches. His unpublished writings, it is said, would make many vo lumes. ADAMS, PARMENIO. A Representative in Congress, from Batavia, Genesee County, New York, from 1823 to 1827. ADAMS, ROBERT H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Mississippi, from February to May, in 1830, and died on the se cond day of July following. ADAMS, STEPHEN. He was a native of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, and had been a member of the Senate of that State. Removing to Mississippi, he took an active part in public affairs ; was a member of the State Legislature, and a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1847 ; he was elected Judge of the Circuit. Court, and from 1852 to 1857, was a Senator in Congress, from Mis sissippi. He removed to Tennes see with the intention of practicing law at Memphis, where he died, May 11, 1857. ADDAMS, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829, and served on a Committee for the Deaf and Dumb Institutions of New York and Ohio. 20 Biographical Sketches. ADGATE, ASA. He was a Representative in the Legislature of New York, from Clin ton County, from 1798 to 1799, and elected Representative in Congress, from Essex County, in that State, from 1815 to 1817, and was again a member of the Legislature in 1823. ADRIAN, GARNETT B. Born in the City of New York December 20th, 1816. He gradu ated at Rutger's College, New Jer sey, in 1833 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837 ; and is a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from New Jersey, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Engraving. He has also been elected a member of the Thirty- sixth Congress. AHL, JOHN A. He was born in Stansbury, Frank lin County, Pennsylvania, in August, 1815 ; received a good English edu cation ; studied medicine with his father, and graduated at the " Wash ington Medical College" of Balti more. He abandoned his profes sion in 1850, and turned his attention to various kinds of manufactures, and was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Thirty- fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Manufactures. AIKEN, WILLIAM. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806 ; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1825; was a member of the State Legis lature in 1838, 1840, and 1842; was Governor of South Carolina in 1844 ; and a Representative in Con gress from that State, from 1851 to 1857. He is considered one of the most successful rice planters in his native State. ALBERTSON, NATHANIEL. He was born in Virginia, and was elected a Representative in Congress from the First Congres sional District of Indiana, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Public Lands. ALBRIGHT, CHARLES J. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was elected from the State of Ohio a Representative to the Thirty- fourth Congress. ALEXANDER,, ADAM R. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Madison County, Tennessee, from 1823 to 1827, and served as a member of the Com mittee on Post-offices and Post- roads. , ALEXANDER, EVAN. Born in North Carolina ; was a member of the Legislature for two years; and a Representative in Congress from North Carolina, from 1805 to 1809. ALEXANDER, HENRY P. • He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Herkimer County, in that State^ Biographical Sketches. 21 from 1849 to 1851, and was a mem ber of the Committee on Expendi tures in the State Department. ALEXANDER, JAMES, Jr. He was born in Maryland ; was a resident of St. Clairsville, Bel mont County, Ohio, and elected a Representative in Congress from the Eleventh District in that State, from 1837 to 1839, and was a mem ber of the Committee on Public Expenditures. ALEXANDER, JOHN. He was elected a Representative in Congress from Ohio, May 4th, 1813, serving till 1817. ALEXANDER, MARK. He was born in Mechlenburg County, Virginia, and elected a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 181*9 to 1833, and served on the Committees on Revolutionary Pensions, Ways and Means, and Ex penditures in the State Department, and the District of Columbia. ALEXANDER, NATHANIEL. Graduated at Princeton College in 1776, and after studying medi cine, ' entered the army. At the close of the war he resided at the High Hills of Santee, pursuing his profession1, and afterwards at Meck lenburg. While he held a seat in Congress, from 1803 to 1805, the Legislature elected him Governor for 1806. He died at Salisbury, March, 8, 1808, aged fifty-two. In all his public stations he ' is said to have discharged his duty with ability and firmness. ALFORD, JULIUS C. He was born in Georgia, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Troup County, in that State, from 1839 tol842, and served as a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. ALLEN, CHARLES. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress from Worcester, in that State, from 1849 to 1853, and was a mem ber of the Committee on the Dis* trict of Columbia. » ALLEN, CHILTON. He was born in Albemarle Co., Virginia, April 6, 1786, and settled in Kentucky as a wheelwright. He educated himself for the legal pro fession ; from Clark County was elected in 1811 to the Legislature of Kentucky for several terms, and he was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1831 to 1837, officiating as Chairman of the Committee of Territories, and a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 1838 he was President of the Board of Internal Improvement, and in 1842 he was again returned to the State Legis lature, which was the last public position he occupied. He died at Winchester, September 3, 1858. He was a man of ability and of rare virtues. ALLEN, ELISHA H. A native- of Vermont, and elected a Representative in Congress, from 22 Biographical Sketches. Maine, from 1841 to 1843, serving as a member of the Committee on Manufactures. ALLEN, HEMAN. He was born in 1776 ; was a re sident, if not a native, of Milton, Vermont; adopted the profession of law, in which he became dis tinguished ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Vermont, from 1827 to 1829, and again from 1833 to 1839, serving as an active member of the Committee on Claims. He subsequently settled in Burling ton, Vermont, where he died De cember 11, 1844. ALLEN, HEMAN. He was born in 1779, and a resi dent of Colchester, Vermont ; he graduated at Dartmouth College in 1795, and adopted the profession of law. He was Sheriff of Chittenden County in 1808 and 1809 ; from 1811 to 1814 he was Chief Justice of the Chittenden County Court ; from 1812 to 1817 hewas an active member of the State Legislature ; was appointed quartermaster of militia, with the title of brigadier ; and was a trustee of the University of Vermont. He was first elected a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, in 1817, but resigned in 1818 to accept from President Monroe the appointment of United States Marshal for the District of Vermont. In 1823 he received from the same President the ap pointment of Minister to Chili, which he resigned in 1828 ; in 1830 he was appointed President of the United States Branch Bank, at Burlington, which he held until the expiration of its charter, after which he settled in the town of Highgate, Vermont, where he died of heart disease, April 9, 1852. ALLEN, JAMES C. He was born in Shelby County, Kentucky, January 29, 1823 ; re ceived a good common school edu cation ; studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar in that State in 1843 ; in 1846 was elected, for two years, Prosecuting Attorney in the Seventh Judicial District of Ken tucky ; and, having removed to Illi nois, was elected a member, in 1850 and 1851, of the State Legislature, and was chosen a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1853 to 1855, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress. He was also chosen Clerk of the House of Representatives for the Thirty-fifth Congress, which position, he con tinues to occupy. ALLEN, JOHN. Born in Great Barrington, Mas sachusetts, in 1763; was a lawyer by profession, and a member of the State Council of Connecticut for several years; was a Representa tive, from that State, during the last Congress which was held in Philadelphia, from 1797 to 1799. He died at Litchfield, Connecticut July 31, 1812. Biographical Sketches. 23 ALLEN, JOHN J. He was born in Virginia, was a resident of Harrison County, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1833 to 1835, and served as a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. He is at the present time Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. ALLEN, JOHN W. Born in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1802 ; settled in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1825, and was a member of the Senate of that State from 1835 to 1837, also Mayor of Cleveland ; and was elected a Representative in Congress from 1837 to 1841, serving as a member of the Committee on the Militia and Military Affairs. ALLEN, JOSEPH. He was born in Boston ; was a merchant in Leicester, and benefac tor of the Academy there ; twice Elector for President ; was a Clerk of the County Court and a State Councillor ; and a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1811 to 1813. He died at Worcester, September 2, 1827, aged seventy-eight years. ALLEN, JUDSON. He was born in Connecticut, and removing to New York, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and was a member of the Committee on Mileage. ALLEN, NATHANIEL. He was born in Dutchess Coun ty, New York ; served in the As sembly of that State in 1812, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1821, and a mem ber of the Committee on Manufac tures. ALLEN, PHILIP. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, September 1, 1785; graduated at Brown University, in 1803 ; was elected to the State Le gislature in 1819, 1820, and 1821 ; devoted much attention to the busi ness of manufacturing ; was Gover nor of Rhode Island during the years 1851, 1852, and 1853; and was elected a Senator in Congress, from his native State, from March 3, 1853, serving as a member of the Committees on Commerce and on Naval Affairs. ALLEN, ROBERT. Born in Augusta County, Virgi nia. He was a colonel in the army under General Jackson, a Repre sentative in Congress, from Tennes see, from 1819 to 1827, serving as a member of the Committees on Com merce, the Library, and Revolu tionary CJaims. He died at Car thage, Tennessee, August 19, 1844, aged sixty-seven years. ALLEN, ROBERT. Born in Woodstock, Shenandoah County, Virginia, July 30, 1794. He was educated at Dickinson and Washington colleges, having left the latter institution on a furlough 24 Biographical Sketches. of three months, for the purpose of joining a volunteer military force in 1813, but returned and graduated. He studied law, and practiced in his native place. He held for a time the office of Prosecutor for the Com monwealth ; served five years in the Senate of Virginia, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1833, serving on the Committee for the District of Columbia. Since that time he has devoted himself chiefly to the pursuits of agriculture. ALLEN, SAMUEL C Born in Franklin County, Massa chusetts; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794 ; was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1829, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Accounts. He died at Northfield, February 8, 1842, aged seventy years. ALLEN, WILLIAM. He was born in Ohio, adopted the profession of law, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ross County, Ohio, from 1833 to 1835, serving as a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs ; was elected a Senator in Congress, from 1837 to 1849, serving as a member of several important committees in the Senate, during his first term. ALLEN, WILLIS. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1851 to 1855. ALLISON, JAMES. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Beaver County, Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1825. ALLISON, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress. ALLISON, ROBERT. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1833. ALSTON, LEMUEL, Jb. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1807 to 1811. ALSTON, WILLIAM J. He was born in Georgia, and re moving to Alabama, was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Post- offices and Post-roads. ALSTON, WILLIS. Born in Halifax County, North Carolina. He appeared in public life as early as 1794, serving in the State Legislature for several years, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1799 to 1815, and from 1825 to 1831. During the war of 1812, he was Chairman of the Com mittee of Ways and Means, in the House of Representatives. Died April 10, 1837. Biographical Sketches. 25 AMES, FISHER. He was born in Dedham, Massa chusetts, April 9, 1756, and died July 4, 1808. He entered Harvard University at the age of twelve years, and graduated with honor; and having studied law, commenced the practice of his profession, in his native town, in 1T81. He was ac knowledged to be the most eloquent debater in the House of Represen tatives, and was the author of the "Address" of that body, to Wash ington, on his retirement from the Presidency. He was a prominent member of the Massachusetts Con vention for ratifying the Constitu tion, in 1788, and after retiring from political life, having served in Con gress for eight years, he was elected President of Harvard University, but declined the honor. He was an industrious writer as well as a great orator ; and his collected writings, with a memoir, were published in 1809. ANDERSON, ALEXANDER. He was a Senator in Congress, from the Knoxville District, Ten nessee, during the years 1840 and 1841, a part of a term, and served as a member of the Committee on the Militia. ANDERSON, HUGH J. A Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1837 to 1841, and a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He was a native of Maine, and a lawyer by profession. ANDERSON, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1807. ANDERSON, JOHN. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College in 1813, and elected a Re presentative in Congress, from Cum berland County, Maine, from 1825 to 1833, serving as a member of the Committees on Elections and Naval Affairs. He died in 1853, aged sixty-one years. ANDERSON, JOSEPH. He was born near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 'November 5, 1757 ; enjoyed what was called at the time a good education ; studied law ; was appointed an ensign in the New Jersey line in 1775 ; was promoted to an adjutancy; as a captain, fought at the battle of Monmouth ; he also went, in 1779, with Sullivan against the Six Nations ; in 1780 he was at Valley Forge; in 1781 at the siege of York ; and after the war he re tired with the rank of brevet-major. He practiced law iii Delaware for seven years. In 1791 was appoint ed by Washington judge of the territory south of the Ohio river ; remained in that position until the first Constitution of Tennessee was formed, which he aided in forming in covention ; and he was an influ ential member of the United States Senate, from Tennessee, from 1797 to 1815, serving at all times upon important committees, and acting on two occasions as President pro ' 26 Biographical Sketches. tempore of the Senate. He was appointed in 1815 First Comptrol ler of the Treasury, where he re mained until 1836. He died in Washington, April 17, 1837. ANDERSON, JOSEPH H. He was born in New York, and was elected a Representative in Congress from that State from 1843 to 1847, and was Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture, and a member of the Committee on Ex penditures in the Treasury Depart ment. ANDERSON, JOSIAH M. He was born in Tennessee, and was elected a Representative in Congress from the Third District in that State, from 1849 to 1852, and was a member of the Committee on Private Land Claims. ANDERSON, J. P. He was born in Tennessee, and was elected a Delegate to the Thirty- fourth Congress from the Territory of Washington. ANDERSON, RICHARD C, Jr. Born in Jefferson County, Ken tucky ; was elected a Representative in Congress from Kentucky, from 1817 to 1821, and was Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands dur ing the Sixteenth Congress. In 1823 he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Colombia, and in 1 826 Envoy Extraordinary to Pana ma; but died November 6, 1826. ANDERSON, SAMUEL. Born in 1774, in Pennsylvania. He served repeatedly in the Legis lature of that State ; was Speaker of its House in 1848 and 1849 ; and elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1827 to 1829, and was a member of the Committee on the Boundary-Line of Missouri. He died in Chester, Pennsylvnia, Janu ary 17, 1850. ANDERSON, SIMEON H. He was elected a Representative in Congress from the Fifth Con gressional District of Kentucky, from 1839 to 1841, and served as a member of the Committee on Post- offices and Post-roads. He died at his residence near Lancaster, Ken tucky, August 11, 1840, before the expiration of his term of service. ANDERSON, THOMAS L. Born in Green County, Kentucky, December 8, 1808. He was self- educated, and removed to Missouri in 1830, where he commenced the practice of law at twenty-one years of age. He was elected to the Legis lature of that State in 1840 ; was a Presidential Elector in 1844, 1848, 1852, and 1856 ; and a member of the Convention for remodeling the State Constitution in 1845, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on In valid Pensions. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. Biographical Sketches. 27 ANDERSON, WILLIAM. He was born in Chester County, New Jersey, in 1763 or '64, and was a Representative in Congress from Pennsylvania, from 1809 to 1815, and from 1817 to 1819. ANDREWS, CHARLES. Born in Paris, Maine, in 1814 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837 ; was a member of the State Legislature from 1839 to 1843, a portion of the time Speaker of the House; and a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1851 to the time of his death, which occurred in Paris, April 30, 1852. ANDREWS, GEORGE R. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from the Fourteenth Congressional District in that State, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Com mittee on Elections. ANDREWS, JOHN T. He was born in New York, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839, serving as a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department. ANDREWS, LANDAFF W. Born in Fleming County, Ken tucky, February 12, 1803; gradu ated at Transylvania University in 1824 ; and commenced the practice of law in 1826, in which profession he has since been actively engaged. He was a member of the Kentucky Legislature in 1834, and in 1838 was elected a Representative in Congress, serving from 1839 to 1843, and acted on the Committees on Revolutionary Pensions and Ac counts. He is now a member of the Kentucky Senate. ANDREWS, SAMUEL G. He was born in Derby, New Ha ven County, Connecticut, October 16, 1799 ; received an academical education ; and removed with his father to Rochester, New York, in 1816. He has been occupied chiefly in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits ; was for several years Mayor of Rochester ; was a mem ber of the New York Legislature in 1831 and 1832, from Monroe County, New York ; Clerk of the Monroe County Court ; Secretary of the State Senate of New York for four years ; Clerk of the Court of Dernier Resort for four years ; and was Postmaster of Rochester. He was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Roads and Canals. ANDREWS, SHERLOCK J. Born in Wallingford, Connecti cut, in 1801 ; graduated at Union College ; settled in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1825, and practiced law; was Judge of the Superior Court of that State, and elected a Representa tive in Congress, from 1841 to 1843, and was a member of the Commit tee on Commerce. 28 Biographical Sketches. ANGEL, WILLIAM G. He was a native of New York, and elected a Representative in Congress, from Burlington, Otsego County, in that State, from 1825 to 1827, and again from 1829 to 1833, and was a member of the Commit tees on Indian Affairs and on Ter ritories. ANTHONY, JOSEPH B. Born in Pennsylvania ; was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, serving as a member of the Com mittees on Territories and Military Affairs. He died at Williamsport, Pennsylvania, January 17, 1851. APPLETON, JOHN. Born in Beverly, Massachusetts, February 11, 1815 ; graduated at Bowdoin College, Maine, in 1834 ; was admitted to practice law at Portland, Maine, in 1837. In the winter of 1838-39 he became editor of a Democratic newspaper in that city, (The Eastern Argus,) and continued to be its editor for the next four or five years, during a part of which time he was also Re gister of Probate for the County of Cumberland. In 1845 he accepted an invitation from Mr. Bancroft, the Secretary of the Navy, to be come Chief Clerk of the Navy De partment ; subsequently he succeed ed Mr. Trist as Chief Clerk of the State Department, which was then presided over by Mr. Buchanan. In 1848 he was appointed, by President Polk, Charge d'Affaires of the Uni ted States to Bolivia. On 'his re turn from that mission, which he re signed after the election of General Taylor, he resumed the practice of law at Portland, in partnership with Nathan Clifford, now one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States; but soon afterwards, in September, 1850, he was elected from the Portland District, a mem ber of the Thirty-second Congress In 1855 he joined Mr. Buchanan at Loudon, as Secretary of Legation, but returned home in time for the presidential canvass of 1856. In 1857, having been obliged from ill health to decline the position to which he had been invited, of editor of the Washington Union, he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Assistant Secretary of State. APPLETON, NATHAN. Born at New Ipswich, New Hamp shire, October 6, 1779. He entered Dartmouth College in 1794, but left his studies there, after being invited by his brother to join him in the mercantile business in Boston. He became interested in the cotton ma nufacture, and in 1821 was one of the three original founders of Lowell. He was at different periods a member of the Legislature of Massachusetts, and from 1831 to 1833, and again in 1842, was elected a Representa tive of that State in Congress ; but soon resigned his seat, and has since taken no part in public affairs. He has published pamphlets and essays on Currency, Banking, and the Tariff. Biographical Sketches. 29 APPLETON, WILLIAM. Born in Brookfield, Massachu setts, November, 1786, and was educated for mercantile pursuits, in which he has been engaged exten sively and successfully for more than fifty years. He has taken a pro minent pari in various public enter prises and benevolent objects ; given much attention to banking and finan- ,cial operations, and was for some years, and until the close of the in stitution, President of the Branch Bank of the United States in Bos ton. In 1850, he was elected a Representative in Congress from Massachusetts, and re-elected in 1852. ARCHER, JOHN. He was born in Harford County, Maryland, in 1741, and graduated at Nassau Hall in 1760. He stu died divinity, but on account of a throat affection, turned his atten tion to medicine, and went through a course of study at the Philadel phia Medical College, having re ceived the first medical diploma ever issued in the New World. At the commencement of the Revolu tion, he had command of a military company; was a member of the State Legislature; and after the war he practiced his profession ; he was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1801 to 1807 ; and died in 1810. As a medical man he commanded great influence, and several discoveries were made by him, which have been adopted by the profession. ARCHER, STEPHENSON. He was born in Harford County, Maryland, and elected a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1817, when he was appointed Judge of Mississippi Ter ritory. He was chosen a Repre sentative in Congress again, from 1819 to 1821, and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. ARCHER, WILLIAM S. Born in Amelia County, Virgi nia, March 5, 1789. He came of a Welsh family, a number of whom acquitted themselves with honor in the revolutionary war. He ob tained the rudiments of his educa tion at the best grammar schools of the day ; graduated at the College of William and Mary ; and studied law. In 1812 he was elected to the State Legislature, where he served, excepting one year, until 1819. In 1820 he was elected a Representa tive in Congress from Virginia, where he remained until 1835, tak ing an active part in all matters of national importance, and exerting a paramount influence, especially as Chairman of the Committee on Fo reign Relations and member of the Committee on the Missouri Com promise. In 1841 he was elected to the United States Senate, where he remained until 1847, having, from the start, been placed at the head of the Committee on Foreign Re lations in that body. By his pub lic acts, he commanded the respect of the country ; and by the charms of his private character, won the 30 Biographical Sketches. friendship of many of the leading men of his day. On his retirement from public life, he devoted himself to the improvement of his paternal estate; and died March 28, 1855, of neuralgia, with which he had been afflicted for twenty years. ARMSTRONG, JAMES. A native of Pennsylvania; dis tinguished himself in the Indian wars, and was consulted by the pro prietors of Pennsylvania on all mat ters connected with Indian affairs. In 1776, Congress promoted him from the rank of colonel to that of brigadier-general, and he assisted in the defence of Fort Moultrie, and in the battle of Germantown; in 1777 he resigned his commission in consequence of dissatisfaction as to rank. He was subsequently elect ed a Representative to Congress from Pennsylvania, serving from 1793 to 1795, and sustained a num ber of other honorable offices. He died at Carlisle, Penna., March 9, 1795, a few days after the expira tion of his term in Congress. ARMSTRONG, JOHN. He was a native of Pennsylva nia, and served as an officer during the revolutionary war. At the close of the war, in order to obtain re dress for the grievances sustained by the officers of the army, he pre pared the celebrated "Newburgh Letters," and they produced a deep sensation. After the war he re turned to Pennsylvania, where he was made adjutant-general of the State; and to him was intrusted the direction of the last Pennsyl vania war against the Connecticut settlers of Wyoming. Returning to New York, he was sent to the Senate of the United States, serv ing from 1800 to 1802. On the re turn of Chancellor Livingston from the French embassy, he was com missioned Minister in his place in 1804. Returning to his own coun try, he was called to the War De-* partment by President Madison. During the campaign of 1813, he visited the northern frontier. His flight from Washington, with Mr. Madison and his cabinet, at the sacking of 1814, gave the coup de grace to his official career as Secre tary of War. It was charged, that the capital was lost by reason of his neglect to provide the means of defence. He was dismissed from office, and the duties of the War Department devolved upon Mr. Monroe, then Secretary of State. From that time he lived in retire ment upon his estate at Red Hook, but passed a few years in Mary land. He published a brief history of the last war with England. He died at Red Hook, New York, April 1, 1843, aged eighty-four years. ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM. He was born in Lisburn, Antrim County, Ireland, December 23, 1782. He came to this country in 1792 ; had a limited education; studied law in Winchester, Virginia; de voted himself to mercantile pursuits. In 1813 he was appointed by Pre- Biographical Sketches. 31 sident Madison collector for the Sixth District of Virginia; in 1818 and 1819 he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates; in 1822 and 1823, a member of the Board of Public Works ; and in 1820 and 1824 he was a Presidential elector ; for many years a justice of the peace ; one year high sheriff of Hampshire County ; and he was a Representative in Congress from •1825 to 1833. Since that time, he has lived in retirement in the plea sant valley of the South Branch of the Potomac. ARNOLD, BENEDICT. He was a member of the Assem bly of New York, from Amsterdam, Montgomery County, in 1816 and 1817, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1831. ARNOLD, LEMUEL H. Born in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, January 29, 1792, and removed to Rhode Island at an early age. He graduated at Dartmouth College, in 1811 ; was educated for the bar, but turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1831, he was elected Governor of Rhode Island, and re elected in 1832; he was a member of the Governor's Council during the Dorr rebellion in 1842 ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1847; and died in Kings ton, Rhode Island, June 27, 1852. * ARNOLD, SAMUEL. He was born in Haddam, Mid dlesex County, Connecticut, June 1, 1806; received his education at Plainfield Academy, in Connecti cut, and Westfield Academy, in Massachusetts; has devoted the most of his life to agricultural pur suits, and to various interests of commerce, having also for many years carried on one of the most ex tensive stone quarries in the Union. He was, also, for a number of years, President of the Bank of East Had dam. He served his native county, in the Legislature, during the years 1839, 1842, 1844, and 1851, and was elected to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, as a Representative from Con necticut, serving as a member of the Committee on Claims. ARNOLD, THOMAS D. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Knox County, Tennessee, from 1831 to 1833, and for a second term, from 1841 to 1843, representing Greenville County ; he was a member of the Committees on Elections and Claims. ARRINGTON, ARCHIBALD. He was born in North Carolina, and represented that State in Con gress, from 1841 to 1845, after which he retired to private life. He was a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the War Depart ment. ASH, MICHAEL W. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, serving as a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs. 32 Biographical Sketches. ASHE, JOHN B. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Brownsville County, Tennessee, from 1843 to 1845, representing the Tenth Dis trict, and serving as a member of the Committees on Invalid Pen sions, and Expenditures in the State and Treasury Departments. ASHE, JOHN BAPTISTE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1790 to 1793; was elected Governor of the State of North Carolina, in 1801 ; and died November, 27, 1802. He was a Delegate to the Continental Con gress in 1787 and 1788. ASHE, WILLIAM S. Born in Wilmington, North Ca rolina ; a lawyer by profession ; served in the State Legislature in 1846, and was re-elected in 1848 ; he was a Representative in Con gress, from 1849 to 1853, serving on the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department. ASHLEY, CHESTER. Born at Westfield, Massachusetts, June 1, 1790, but was removed in infancy to Hudson, New York, where he resided until he reached the age of twenty-seven. He then went to Illinois, and after practicing law in that State for two years, re moved to the Territory of Arkansas and established himself in Little Rock, then a mere landing. He was chosen a Senator in Congress, in 1844, and was Chairman of the Ju diciary Committee in that body. He served until his death, which oc curred in Washington City, April 29, 1848. ASHLEY, HENRY. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Delaware and Green counties, New York, from 1825 to 1827. ASHLEY, WILLIAM H. Born in Powhatan County, Va., and emigrated to Missouri, then Upper Louisiana, in 1808, and set tled near the Lead Mines. In 1822, he projected the scheme of the " Mountain Expedition," by uniting the Indian trade in the Rocky Mountains with the hunting and trapping business. He enlisted about 300 hardy men in the business, and, after various successes and reverses, having sustained numerous losses by Indian robbery and river disas ters, he and his associates realized a handsome fortune. He was the first Lieut-Governor of Missouri, after it became a State, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1831 to 1837. He died near Boonville, Missouri, March 26, 1838. ASHMUN, ELI PEASE. He was a distinguished lawyer, and for several years a member of the House of Representatives and Senate of Massachusetts ; and was elected, in 1816, to succeed Gene ral Varnum as Senator from that State, in Congress; this office he resigned in May, 1818. He died Biographical Sketches. 33 at Northampton, May 10, 1819, aged forty-eight. ASHMUN, GEORGE. Born in Brandford, Massachu setts, December 25, 1804; gradua ted at Yale College in 1823; stu died law and settled in Springfield in 1828. He served in the State Legislature during the years 1833, 1835, 1836, 1838, and 1841, offici ating as Speaker of the House in the latter year. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1845 to 1851, and was a member of the Committees on the Judiciary, In dian Affairs, and on Rules. Since that time he has been devoted to the practice of his profession. ATCHISON, DAVID R. He was born in Frogtown, Fay ette County, Kentucky, August 11, 1807; was educated for the bar; and removed to Missouri in 1830. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1834 and 1838. In 1841, he was appointed Judge of the Platte County Circuit Court; and during the year 1845, was ap pointed a Senator in Congress, to which position he was twice elected, serving until 1855, frequently at the head of important committees, and for several sessions as President pro tempore of the Senate. He has since been devoted to agricultural pursuits. ATHERTON, CHARLES G. He was born in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, July 4, 3 1804 ; graduated at Cambridge in 1822; studied law, but engaged in politics when quite young ; he was for many years in the Legislature of New Hampshire, and for three years Speaker of the House ; he was a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1843 ; a Senator in Con gress, from 1843 to 1849; and, in November, 1852, he was re-elected a Senator to fill a vacancy, and died of apoplexy in Manchester, New Hampshire, November 15, 1853. He was Chairman, in the Senate, of the Committee on Finance. ATHERTON, CHARLES H. He was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, August 14, 1773, and graduated at Harvard College in 1794. He held the office of Regis ter of Probate, from 1798 to 1807 ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1817, and stood at the head of the bar in Hillsborough County for many years. He died in Amherst, January 8, 1853. ATKINS, JOHN D. C He was born in Henry County, Tennessee, on the 4th of June, 1825 ; graduated at the University of East Tennessee in 1846 ; was elected to the lower branch of the Legisla ture in 1849 and 1851 ; was elected to the State Senate in 1855 ; was a Presidential Elector in 1856 ; and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, in 1857, and is a member of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads. 34 Biographical Sketches. ATKINSON, ARCHIBALD. Born in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, September 13, 1792. He left school at the age of eighteen, and entered the office of the Clerk of the County Court, and performed the duties of copyist, devoting his leisure time to the study of law, which he completed at the Law School of William and Mary Col lege. In 1813 he joined the troops at Norfolk, as ensign of a volunteer company, which was attached to the 29th Regiment, and was at the battle of Craney Island. Upon leaving the army he commenced the practice of law in Smithfield, and was a member of the General As sembly from 1815 to 1817, and, also, of the House of Delegates and State Senate for several years. In 1843 he was elected a Representa tive in Congress, and served until 1848, and was a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Commerce. He was Prosecuting Attorney for his county twenty years ; Mayor of Smithfield, and a magistrate. Of late years he has devoted his attention to agriculture. AUSTIN, ARCHIBALD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1817 to 1819. AVERETT, THOMAS H. He was born in Virginia ; was a resident of Halifax County, and elected a Representative in Con gress, from the Third District in that State, from 1849 to 1853, and was a member of the Committees on Invalid Pensions, and on Revisal and Unfinished Business. AVERY, DANIEL. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Hamilton County, New York, from 1811 to 1815, and from Cayuga County, from 1816 to 1817. AVERY, WILLIAM T. Born in Maury County, Ten nessee, November 11, 1819, and was very early in life thrown upon his own resources for education and sup port ; he is a lawyer by profession ; and was elected to the Legislature of Tennessee in 1843. He held several creditable positions in his native State, and was chosen a Re presentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress. He is a member of the Com mittees on Expenditures in the State Department, and on Private Land Claims. AYCRIGG, JOHN B. He was born in New York, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843, and was a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department, and the Joint Committee on the Library, and on Invalid Pensions. BABCOCK, ALFRED. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1841 to 1843. Biographical Sketches. 35 BABCOCK, leander. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. BABCOCK, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833. BACON, EZEKIEL. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Yale College in 1794 ; the son of John Bacon ; and a Re presentative in Congress, from Mas sachusetts, from 1807 to 1813. BACON, JOHN. He was born in Canterbury, Con necticut ; graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1765; studied theology, and, after preaching for a time in Maryland, removed to Mas sachusetts, and settled in Boston. Owing to some difficulties with his congregation he relinquished the ministry, and subsequently held the positions of magistrate, represen tative in the State Legislature, Pre siding Judge of the Court of Com mon Pleas, a member and President of the State Senate, and that of Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1801 to 1803. He died in Berkshire County, Octo ber 25, 1820. BADGER, GEORGE E. Born in the town of Newbern, N. Carolina, in 1795. He graduated at Yale College in 1813; studied and practiced law ; and was elected to the Legislature in 1816. In 1820 he was elected a judge of the Supreme Court, which he resigned in 1825 ; he was appointed Secre tary of the N avy by President Har rison in 1841 ; and was elected a Senator in Congress in 1846, and re-elected in 1848 for a term of six years, serving on the Committees on Military and Naval Affairs. Of late years he has been wholly de voted to the practice of his profes sion, visiting Washington occa sionally to argue cases in the Su preme Court of the United States. BADGER, LUTHER. Born in Partridgefield, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, April 10, 1785, but his father removed to Broome County, New York, in 1786. Having made sufficient ac quaintance in the common branches of an English education, he entered Hamilton College at the age of nineteen, and spent two years there. In 1807 he commenced the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1812, and continued to practice his profession until 1824, when he was elected a Representative to the Nineteenth Congress. He had been engaged in military services in his State, and in 1819 was appointed, by Governor Clinton, Judge-Advo cate for the 27th Brigade of In fantry of New York State, which office he held for eight years. In 1832 he resumed the practice of law, and in 1840 was appointed Examiner in Chancery and Com missioner of United States Loans, 36 Biographical Sketches. which office he held for three years. From 1846 to 1849 he was United States District Attorney for New York. BAER, GEORGE. He was a Representative'in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1797 to 1801, and again from 1815 to 1817. BAGBY, ARTHUR P. He was born in Virginia in 1794 ; was liberally educated ; adopted the profession of law, and settled in Alabama in 1818; was elected a member of the Legislature in 1820 and 1822, and was Speaker of the House ; was Governor of Alabama from 1837 to 1843 ; and a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1842 to 1849. His last public po sition was that of Minister to Rus sia, to which he was appointed in 1848. He died of yellow fever at Mobile, September 21, 1858. BAILEY, DAVID J. He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. BAILEY, JEREMIAH. A Representative in Congress, from Lincoln County, Maine, from 1835 to 1837, and was a member of the Committees on Agriculture and Expenditures in the Post-office De partment. BAILEY, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, for Massachusetts, from 1823 to 1831, serving on the Committees on Public Expenditures and Expen ditures in the State Department; and died at Dorchester, Massachu setts, June 26, 1835. BAILEY, THEODORUS. He was born in 1752 ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from New York, from 1793 to 1797, and again from 1799 to 1803 ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1803 to 1804, when he was appointed Postmaster of New York City. He died Sep tember 6, 1828. BAKER, CALEB. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island ; served four years in the New York Assembly ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. BAKER, DAVID J. He was a Senator in Congress, from Illinois, from 1830 to 1831. BAKER, EDWARD D. He was born in England, but having emigrated to Illinois, and been naturalized, was elected a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Pub lic Lands. BAKER, EZRA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1815 to 1817. BAKER, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1811 to 1813. Biographical Sketches. 37 BAKER, osmyn. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Yale College in 1822 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from his native State, from 1841 to 1845. BALDWIN, ABRAHAM. Was a native of Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale College in 1772,' and from 1775 to 1779 he was a tutor in that institution. Having studied law, he settled in Savannah, Georgia, and soon after his arrival there he was chosen a member of the Legislature. He originated the plan of the University of Georgia, drew up the charter, and persuaded the Assembly to adopt it, and was for some time its president. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1788, and a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. From 1789 to 1799 he was a Representative in Con gress, and from 1799 to 1807 he was a member of the United States Senate. He died March 4, 1807, aged fifty-three years. BALDWIN, HENRY. He was born in New Haven, Con necticut, in 1779; graduated at Yale College in 1797 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1817 to 1822. He was a distinguished lawyer, and was for many years Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. He died in Philadelphia, April 21, 1844. BALDWIN, JOHN. He was born in Connecticut ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1825 to 1829, serving on one standing, and one select committee. BALDWIN, ROGER SHERMAN. Born at New Haven, Connecti cut, January 4, 1793 ; graduated at Yale College in 1811 ; studied law at Litchfield Law School ; was ad mitted to the bar in 1814; and established himself in practice at New Haven, where he has since continued to reside. In 1837 he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1838, and chosen Pre sident pro tern, of that body. In 1840 and 1841 he was a Representa tive in the General Assembly, and in the latter year was associated with J. Q. Adams in the argument before the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the Africans of the Amistad. In 1844 and 1845 he was Governor of the State, and in 1847 was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature of Connecticut, serving until 1851. Since that time he has been engaged in his professional duties. BALDWIN, SIMEON. Born at Norwich, Connecticut, December 14, 1761 ; graduated at Yale College in 1781. In 1783 he was appointed tutor at the college, and continued in that station until 1786, when he was admitted to' the bar in New Haven, and commenced 38 Biographical Sketches. the practice of law. From 1790 to 1803 he was Clerk of the District and Circuit Courts of the United States ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1803 to 1805, and declined a re-election. In 1806 he was appointed, by the Legislature, Associate Judge of the Superior Court and of the Supreme Court of Errors, and held the office until 1817. In 1822 was chosen by the General Assembly one of the Com missioners to locate the Farmington Canal, and was made President of that Board. In 1826 was elected Mayor of New Haven. In 1830 he resigned his officers Commissioner. He died in New Haven, May 26, 1851. BALL, EDWARD. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1853 to 1855, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. BALL, WILLIAM LEE. Born in Lancaster County, Vir ginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1824. BANKS, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Crawford County, in that State, from 1831 to 1836, and was a member of the Committees on Elections; Patents, and Claims. BANKS, LINN.' Born in Virginia, and was for twenty successive years Speaker of the House of Delegates of that State, and a Representative in Con gress, from 1838 to 1842, and was a member of the Committee on Claims. He was found drowned in a stream in Madison County, Vir ginia, February 24, 1842. BANKS, NATHANIEL P. Born in Waltham, Massachusetts, January 30, 1816, of poor but re spectable parents — operatives in a factory. He had no advantages but those afforded by the common school, but he became a lover of books at an early day, and that love has been a source of gratification to him all his life. His first venture before the public was in the capa city of newspaper editor in his na tive town, and he followed the same pursuit at Lowell. He studied law, but did not practice to any great extent, and in 1848 he was elected to the Legislature of Massachu setts, serving in both houses, and officiating for a time as Speaker. He was chosen President of the Convention held in 1853, for revis ing the Constitution of Massachu setts, and was soon afterwards elect ed a Representative in Congress, serving from 1853 to 1857, when he was elected Governor of Massa chusetts, by a majority of 24,000. During his second term in Congress, he was elected Speaker, and, as a presiding officer, won a reputation for impartiality, as it is said that not one of his decisions was ever overruled by the House. He was Biographical Sketches. 39 elected Governor of Massachusetts for a second term, in 1858. BARBER, LEVI. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1817 to 1819, and again from 1821 to 1823. BARBER, NOYES. He was born in Groton, Connec ticut, April 28, 1781 ; was in early life a merchant, but a lawyer by profession ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from his native State, from 1821 to 1835. He died at Groton, January 3, 1845. He was a man of ability, and while in Congress accomplished much good for his native State, where he was universally respected as a man and a statesman. BARBOUR, JAMES. A native of Virginia ; was Speak er of the House of Delegates, and Governor of that State; and a Senator in Congress, from 1815 to 1825, officiating as Chairman of the Committees on Foreign Relations and the District of Columbia, and serving on other important com mittees. He was appointed Secre tary of War in 1825, and Minister to England in 1828. He died in Orange County, Virginia, June 8, 1842, aged sixty-six years. BARBOUR, JOHN S. Born in Virginia in 1810, and died in Culpeper County, Virginia, January 12, 1855. He was in early life a member of the State Legisla ture ; was from 1823 to 1833 a member of Congress from Virginia ; again in the State Legislature in 1833-34 ; and member of the Con stitutional Convention in 1829-30. He was a gentleman of much ability, and exercised considerable inflence in the public affairs of his State. BARBOUR, LUCIEN. He was born in Canton, Connec ticut, March 4, 1811; graduated at Amherst College in 1837, having, while receiving his own education, been a teacher himself; he removed to Indiana, studied law, and settled in the practice at Indianapolis. He was appointed, by President Polk, United States District Attorney ; acted a number of times as arbitra tor between the State of Indiana and private corporations ; in 1852 was appointed a Commissioner to prepare a code of practice for the State ; and was a Representative in the Thirty-fourth Congress, since which time he has been devoted to his profession. BARBOUR, PHILIP P. Born in 1779 ; was educated for the law, in the practice of which he was successful ; he was a member of Congress, from Virginia, from 1814- to 1825; Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1821 ; in 1825 he was appointed Judge of the Eastern District of Virginia; was again in Congress from 1827 to 1830, officiating as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee; and in 1836 was appointed by President Jackson 40 Biographical Sketches. an Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. He died in Washington City, of ossification of the heart, February 25, 1841. BARCLAY, DAVID. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from his native State, from 1855 to 1857. BARD, DAVID. He was a graduate of Princeton College in 1773, and a Representa tive in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1795 to 1799, and again from 1803 to 1815. BARKER, DAVID. He was a lawyer .by profession, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1827 to 1829, and died in Rochester, New Hampshire, April 1, 1834, aged thirty-seven years. BARKER, JOSEPH. He commenced his classical stu dies at Harvard University, and graduated at Yale College in 1771 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1805 to 1809. He died in 1815. BARKESDALE, WILLIAM. Born in Rutherford County, Ten nessee, August 21, 1821, and pur sued a partial course of studies at the Nashville University. He is a lawyer by profession ; held a com mission in the staff of the 2d Mis sissippi Regiment, in the Mexican war, in 1847 ; was a member of the Mississippi Convention called in 1851 to discuss the Compromise measures of 1850 ; and was elected Representative, from Mississippi, in the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Congresses. He is a member of the Committee on For eign Affairs. BARLOW, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1827 to 1 829, and was a member of the Committee on Agriculture. BARNARD, D. D. He was born in Berkshire Coun ty, Massachusetts ; graduated at William's College in 1818 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar, in New York, in 1821 ; in 1826 was elected District Attorney for the County of Monroe, New York ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829, and again from 1839 to 1845. In 1850 he was appointed Minister to Prussia. He has devoted much at tention to literary pursuits, and the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the colleges of Geneva and New York. Of late years he has devoted himself to the publica tion of a work called "A Journal of Education." BARNARD, ISAAC D. He was a Senator in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1827 to 1831, and died at West Chester, Pennsylvania, February, 1834. Biographical Sketches. 41 BARNETT, WILLIAM. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1812 to 1815, when he was appoint ed one of the Commissioners to run the Creek boundary line. BARNEY, JOHN. He was a son of Commodore Joshua Barney, and a member of Congress, from Maryland, from 1825 to 1827. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, January 26, 1857, aged seventy-two years. He was known in Washington society for many years, as an agreeable gentleman ; and he left behind him an unfinished record of " Personal Recollections of Men and Things," both in this country and Europe. BARNITZ, CHARLES A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1833 to 1835, and died at York, in that State, in March, 1850. BARNWELL, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1791 to 1793. BARNWELL, R. W. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at Harvard University in 1821; studied law, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1829 to 1833, was President of the South Carolina College from 1835 to 1843, and was a. Senator in Congress in 1850. BARRERE, NELSON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1851 to 1853. BARRINGER, DANIEL L. Born in Mecklenburgh County, North Carolina, October 1, 1788-; had a good classical education ; studied law, and practiced with suc cess in Wake County ; served in the Legislature of North Carolina in 1813, and again from 1819 to 1822 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1826 to 1835, and again from 1843 to 1849. He subse quently removed to Tennessee, and was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives of that State. He died October 16, 1852. BARRINGER, DANIEL MOREAU. Was born in Cabarras County, North Carolina, and graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1826 ; he selected the law as a profession, having commenced to practice in 1829. In that year he was elected a member of the State Legislature, in which position he continued for a number of years. In 1835 he was a member of a conven tion to amend the State Constitu tion. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1849, when he was appointed by President Tay lor Minister to Spain and continued in that mission by President Fill more. On resigning his position as Minister, after serving four years, he traveled extensively in Europe, and, on his return home, was elect ed to the State Legislature, and in 42 Biographical Sketches. 1855, having declined a re-election, retired to private life, devoting him self to literary studies and pursuits. BARROW, ALEXANDER. Born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1801, where, after completing his education, he was admitted to the bar ; he soon after removed to Loui siana, gave up the practice of law, and turned his attention to planting. He served a number of years in the Legislature of Louisiana, and was a Senator in Congress, from 1841 to 1847. Died December 29, 1846. BARROW, WASHINGTON. He is a native of Tennessee ; a lawyer by education and profession ; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849, serving on the Committee for the District of Columbia; and in 1841 was appointed American Charge d'Affaires to Portugal. BARRY, WILLIAM S. He was born in Mississippi, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. BARRY, WILLIAM T. He was a native of Kentucky, and a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1814 to 1816, having previously, during the years 1810 and 1811, been a Representative in Congress. He was also a member of President Jackson's cabinet, as Postmaster- General, (the first, as such, admitted to that honor ;) and at the time of his death, which occur red in Liverpool, England, August 30,1 835,he was Minister Plenipoten tiary of the United States to Spain. BARSTOW, GAMALIEL H. He served three years in the As sembly of New York, four years in the State Senate, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833. BARSTOW, GIDEON. A native of Massachusetts ; was a member of both branches of the Legislature of that State, and a Representative in Congress, from 1821 to 1823. He died in St. Au gustine, Florida, where he had gone for his health, March 26, 1852, aged sixty-nine years. BARTLETT, BAILEY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts,from 1797 to 1801. BARTLETT, ICHABOD. He was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire, in 1786 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1808; studied law, and settled in Portsmouth, where he was eminently successful in his profession, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1823 to 1829, serving on the Committee on Naval Affairs. He was also fre quently in the State Legislature, and a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution. He died in Portsmouth, October 19, 1853. Biographical Sketches. 43 BARTLETT, JOSIAH. Born in New Hampshire in 1768, and died at Stratham, in that State, April 14, 1838. He was a physi cian of extensive practice, and a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1811 to 1813. BARTLETT, THOMAS, Jr. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. BARTLEY, MORDECAI. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1831. BARTON, DAVID. He was a Senator in Congress, from Missouri, from 1821 to 1831, and a man of distinguished talents. Died near Boonville, Missouri, Sep tember 28, 1837. BARTON, RICHARD W. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. BARTON, SAMUEL. He was born in New York, served three years in the Assembly of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1837. BASSETT, BURWELL. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1805 to 1813, from 1815 to 1819, and from 1821 to 1831. BASSET, RICHARD. He was a member from Delaware of the Convention which formed the Constitution, and a Senator in Con gress, from its adoption until 1793. He was also a justice of the Federal Supreme Court; Governor of De laware, from 1798 to 1801 ; and died in September, 1815. BATEMAN, EPHRAIM. He was born in Cumberland, New Jersey, was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1826 to 1829 ; and was a member of the Commit tees on Agriculture and Enrolled Bills; having previously been a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1823; serving on the Com mittees on the Post-office and Ac counts. BATES, EDWARD. He is a lawyer by profession, and was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1827 to 1829. RATES, ISAAC C. Born at Granville, Massachusetts, in 1780, and graduated at Yale Col lege in 1802. He studied law and attained a high position as an ad vocate. He was frequently in the State Legislature and a member of the Executive Council ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1827 to 1833, and a Senator in Congress, from 1841 tol845 ; and was Chair man of the Committee on Pensions. He died in Washington City, March 16, 1845.. 44 Biographical Sketches. bates, JAMES. A Representative in Congress from Somerset County, Maine, from 1831 to 1833, and was a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post-office Department. BATES, JAMES W. He was born in Goochland County, Virginia, and was a Dele gate ¦ to Congress, from the Terri tory of Arkansas, from 1820 to 1823. BATES, M. W. He was born in Salisbury, Litch field County, Connecticut, February 24, 1787 ; he received a good Eng lish education, and became a lawyer by profession ; having first studied medicine. He removed to Delaware and was several times elected to the Legislature of that State ; and in 1850 was a member of the" Consti tutional Convention of the State of Delaware. He took his seat in the Thirty-fifth Congress, as a Senator from Delaware, and is a member of the Committee on Pensions and Revolutionary Pensions. BAY, WILLIAM V. N. He was born in New York, and having become a citizen of Mis souri, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1849 to 1851. BAYARD, JAMES A. He was born in Pennsylvania, in 1767. After studying law at Phi ladelphia, he commenced the prac tice in Delaware. In 1796 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, serving from 1797 to 1801; when he was appointed Minister to France. In 1804 he was elected to the United States Senate, of which body he continued a member, till he was appointed by President Ma dison, in 1813, a Commissioner to negotiate a peace with Great Bri tain. The absence of the Emperor from St. Petersburg preventing the transaction of any business, he pro ceeded to Holland: he lent his able assistance in the negotiation of the treaty of peace at Ghent. At Paris, he was apprised of his appointment as Envoy to the Court of St. Petersburg ; this he declined. He tendered, however, his co-opera tion in forming a commercial treaty with Great Britain ; but an alarm ing illness compelled him to return to the United States. He arrived in June, and died in August, 1815. BAYARD, JAMES A. He has been a Senator in Con gress, from Delaware, ever since 1851, and is Chairman of the Com mittee on the Judiciary, and a mem ber of the Committees on the Library and on Public Grounds. BAYARD, RICHARD H. He was born in Delaware, gra duated at Princeton College in 1814, and was a Senator in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1836 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1845. He was subsequently ap pointed American Minister to Bel gium. Biographical Sketches. 45 BAYLIES, FRANCIS. Born in 1784; a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1821 to 1827, and in 1832 was appointed American Minister to Brazil, and died October 28, 1852. He was the author of "A History of the Plymouth Colony." BAYLIES, WILLIAM. He graduated at Harvard Col lege in 1760 ; was a member of the Provincial Congress in 1775 ; often a member of the Massachusetts State Council ; and a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1805 to 1809, and again from 1813 to 1817. He died at Dighton, Massachusetts, June 17, 1826, aged eighty-two years. BAYLIES, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1833 to 1835, serving as a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. BAYLEY, THOMAS. He was born in Somerset County, Maryland, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1823. BAYLEY, THOMAS M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1813 to 1815. BAYLOR, R. E. B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, from 1829 to 1831. BAYLY, THOMAS HENRY. Born in Accomac County, Vir ginia, in 1810; graduated at the University of Virginia, and came to the bar in 1830. At the age of twenty-six, he was chosen a mem ber of the General Assembly of Virginia, and was re-elected for five years in succession. While a mem ber of the Legislature, he was elected by that body a brigadier- general of the militia of Eastern Virginia. He resigned his seat, and was elected Judge of the Cir cuit Superior Court of Law. In 1844 he resigned his seat on the bench, and was elected to the House of Representatives from the Ac comac District, and continued, by successive elections, a member of the House for twelve years, until'. the time of his death; during the Thirty-first Congress officiating as Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. He lived and died on the same spot where his ancestors from England landed in 1666, and where they established the family home. He commanded the same brigade which his grand father had commanded; and he held the same seat in the General Assembly of his State and in the House of Representatives, which his father had occupied before him. He died June 22, 1856, aged forty- five years. BEALE, JAMES M. H. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, and 46 Biographical Sketches. for two other terms, from 1849 to 1853. BEALE, R. L. T. Born at Hickory Hill, Westmore land County, Virginia, May 22, 1819; his education was obtained chiefly at Northumberland Aca demy, spending a short time at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. In 1836 he commenced the study of law, and graduated at the Uni versity of Virginia, as a student of that profession, in 1838, and was licensed to practice in 1839. In 1847 he was elected a Representa tive in Congress, and was a mem ber of the Committee on the Mi litia; he declined a re-election at the expiration of his term. In 1850 he was a member of the Reform Convention of Virginia, and in 1857 was elected to the State Senate, which position he now holds. BEALL, REZIN. He was an officer in Wayne's army, with Harrison and Van Rens selaer ; occupied various public sta tions in Ohio, and was a member of Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815, and died at Wooster, Ohio, February 20, 1843, aged seventy-three years. BEARDSLEY, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Oneida County, New York, from 1831 to 1836, and was Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. He also held the offices of State Senator in 1823, and As sistant Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and the Fede ral appointment of United States District Attorney for New York. BEATTY, JOHN. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1769, and studied medicine ; was a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1793 to 1795, having been a Delegate to the Continental Congress, from 1783 to 1785. He died April 30, 1826, aged seventy-seven years. BEATTY, MARTIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1833 to 1835. BEATTY, WILLIAM. He was born in Ireland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1837 to 1841. BEAN, BENNING M. He was born in New Hampshire, was a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837, and was a mem ber of the Committee on Agricul ture. BEAUMONT, ANDREW. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, and died at Wilksbarre, Pennsylvania, in October, 1853. BECKER, GEORGE L. He is a Representative in Con gress, from Minnesota; elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress. Biographical Sketches. 47 BEDINGER, GEORGE M. He was an officer in the revolu tionary war, having served as ad jutant in the expedition against Chillicothe, in 1779, and as a major at the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782; he was one of the earliest emigrants into the State of Ken tucky ; was a. member of the Ken tucky Legislature in 1792, and a Representative in Congress, from 1803 to 1807. He spent the close of his life in retirement, and died at an advanced age. BEDINGER, HENRY. He was born in Virginia; re ceived a classical education ; adopt ed the profession of law ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1845 to 1849, where he was distinguished for his elo quence as a debater. In 1853 he was appointed Charge d'Affaires to Denmark, and returned home in the autumn of 1858. A few weeks after his return he partook of a compli mentary dinner tendered to him by his fellow-citizens of all parties ; he died of pneumonia, at Shepherds- town, Virginia, November 26, 1858. During his residence in Denmark, he was successful in bringing about the treaty abolishing the Sound Dues. BEECHER, PHILEMON. Born in New Haven, Connecti cut; he was an able lawyer, and one of the early settlers of Ohio, to which he emigrated from Connecti cut. He was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1817 to 1821, serving as a member of the Committee on the Judiciary, and re-elected from 1823 to 1829. He died at Lancaster, Ohio, Novem ber 30, 1839, aged sixty-four years. BEEKMAN, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. BEESON, HENRY W. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. BELCHER, HIRAM. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. BELCHER, NATHAN. Born in Griswold, Connecticut, June 23, 1813; graduated at Am herst College in 1832; studied law with Samuel Ingham, of Essex, and at the Cambridge Law School; was admitted to the bar in 1836; and practiced at Clinton, Connecticut, until 1841, when he removed to New London, relinquished the prac tice of law, and engaged in manu facturing. He was a member of the House of Representatives of Connecticut in 1846 and 1847, and of the State Senate in 1850, and a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. BELDEN, GEORGE 0. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829. 48 Biographical Sketches. bell, hiram. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1852 to 1853. BELL, JAMES. Born November 13, 1804, in Francestown, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1822 ; studied law, and completed his course at Litchfield; was admitted to the bar in 1825, and commenced to practice at Gilmanton; removed to Exeter, and thence to Gilford ; and for many years held a dis tinguished rank in his profession. In 1846 he was elected to the Legislature, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of the State in 1850. He was elected United States Senator, in June, 1855, for six years; and died in Laconia, New Hampshire, May 26, 1857, whither he had gone from Washington to recruit his health. BELL, JAMES M. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. BELL, JOHN. He was born near Nashville, Tennessee, February 15, 1797. He commenced his studies at Cumber land College, now the Nashville University, and graduated at the latter in 1814; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. In 1817 he was elected to the State Senate ; declined a re-election, and devoted the next ten years of his life wholly to his profession; in 1827 he was elected a Representa tive in Congress, and continued to be re-elected until 1841, officiating during one term as Speaker; in 1841 he accepted a seat in Presi dent Harrison's cabinet as Secre tary of War, which post he resigned in five months after the accession of President Tyler; in 1847 he ac cepted a seat in the House of Re presentatives of Tennessee, but be fore the close of the year he was elected to the United States Senate, and was re-elected in 1852, serving, from time to time, as chairman of important committees. BELL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1850 to 1851. BELL, JOSHUA F. He was born in Kentucky, and elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 18.45 to 1847, serving as a member of the Committee on Invalid Pensions, and declined a re-eleetion. He is a lawyer, and distinguished in the West as an orator. BELL, PETER H. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Texas, from 1853 to 1857. BELL, SAMUEL. Born in 1769, and died at Ches ter, New Hamsphire, December 23, Biographical Sketches. 49 1850. He was a graduate of Dart mouth College in 1793 ; a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, from 1816 to 1819; Governor of the State, from 1819 to 1823 ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1823 to 1835, serving as a member of the Committees on Fo reign Affairs and Claims, and offi ciating as Chairman of the latter during the Twenty-third Congress. BELLINGER, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1817 to 1819.BELSER, JAMES E. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, from 1845 to 1847. BENJAMIN, J. P. He is a lawyer by profession ; and was elected a Senator in Congress, from Louisiana, to serve from 1853 to 1859, and he is Chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims, and a member of the Committees on the Judiciary and on Commerce. BENNET, BENJAMIN. Born in 1762; was a Baptist minister, and a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1815 to 1819. He died at Middle- town, New Jersey, October 8, 1840. BENNET, HENRY. He was born in New Lisbon, Ot sego County, New York, Septem- 4 ber 29, 1808 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832; and having been elected to Congress as a Representative from that State in 1848, has continued to be re elected until the present time, so that at the end of the Thirty-fifth Congress he will have served in that capacity continuously, the pe riod of ten years. During the Thirty-fourth- Congress he was Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and reported a num ber of important bills for the bene fit of the Western States, and during the present Congress he has served as a member of the same committee. BENNETT, H. S. Born in Williamson County, Ten nessee, March 7, 1807; received a limited education; studied law, and began to practice in 1830, when he removed to Mississippi, where he held the office of circuit judge for eight years, and of which State he was a Representative in Congress during the Thirty-fourth Congress. Of late years he has been devoted to planting. BENSON, EGBERT. He was eminent as a statesman and jurist, and died at Jamaica, New York, in August, 1833, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. He was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1789 to 1793, taking an active part in its delibera tions. He had previously served as a delegate in the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1788. He 50 Biographical Sketches. was a graduate of Columbia Col lege in 1765, and received literary honors from Harvard University in 1808, and from Dartmouth in 1811. BENSON, SAMUEL P. He was born in the town of Win throp, Maine ; graduated at Bow doin College in 1825; and was elected a Bepresentative in Con gress, from that State, in 1853, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress, when he served as Chair man of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He is at the present time one of the overseers of Bowdoin College BENTON, CHARLES S. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1843 to 1849. BENTON, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1793 to 1798. BENTON, THOMAS HART. He was born in Hillsborough, North Carolina, March 14, 1782, and educated at Chapel Hill Col lege. He left that institution with out receiving a degree, and forth with commenced the study of law in William and Mary College, Vir ginia, under Mr. St. George Tucker. In 1810 he entered the United States army, but soon resigned his commission of lieutenant-colonel, and in 1811 was at Nashville, Ten nessee, where he commenced the practice of the law. He soon after wards emigrated to St. Louis, Mis souri, where he connected himself with the press as the editor of a newspaper, the Missouri Argus. In 1820 he was elected a member of the United States Senate, serving as chairman of many important committees, and remained in that body till the session of 1851, at which time he failed of re-election. As Missouri was not admitted into the Union till August 10, 1821, more than a year of Mr. Benton's first term of service expired before he took his seat. He occupied him-i self during this interval before taking his seat in Congress in acquiring a knowledge of the language and lite rature of Spain. Immediately after he appeared in the Senate he took a prominent part in the delibera tions of that body, and rapidly rose to eminence and distinction. Few public measures were discussed be tween the years 1821 and 1851 that he did not participate in largely, and the influence he wielded was always felt and confessed by the country. He was one of the chief props and supporters of the admin istrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren. The people of Missouri long clung to him as their apostle and leader ; and it required persevering effort to defeat him. But he had served them during the entire period of thirty years with out interruption, and others, who aspired to honors he enjoyed, be came impatient for an opportunity to supplant him. His defeat was the consequence. Colonel Benton was distinguished for his learning, Biographical Sketches. 51 iron will, practical mind, and stroDg memory. As a public speaker he was not interesting or calculated to produce an effect on the passions of an audience, but his speeches were read with avidity, always producing a decided influence. He was elected a Representative in the Thirty-: third Congress for the District of St. Louis, and on his retirement from public life devoted himself to the preparation of a valuable regis ter of the debates in Congress, upon which he labored until his death, which occurred in Washington on the 10th of April, 1858, of cancer in the stomach. BERGEN, JOHN T. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833. BERNHISEL, JOHN M. Born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, June 23, 1799 ; gra duated in the medical department of Pennsylvania University ; en gaged in the practice of medicine ; and was elected a Delegate to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from the Ter ritory of Utah. BERRIEN, JOHN McP. Bora in New Jersey, August 23, 1781, but when a child removed with his father to Georgia. He graduated at Princeton in his fif teenth year, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. In 1809 he was elected Solicitor-General, and the next year Judge of the Eastern Cir cuit. During the war of 1812 he had command of a regiment of vol unteer cavalry, and served in the State Legislature for several years. In 1824 he was elected to the United States Senate, where he remained until 1829, when he took a seat in the cabinet of President Jackson as Attorney-General. For a while afterwards he held various positions of responsibility "in Georgia, and in 1840 was again elected to the United States Senate for six years, taking an active part in all leading mea sures, and officiating most of the time as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1845 he was elected one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Georgia, and in 1847 was once more elected to the United States Senate, resigning his seat in May, 1852. On his return to Georgia, he still continued, in various ways; to promote the public good, and he died at Savannah, January 1, 1856, universally la mented. He was undoubtedly, one of the best> most distinguished, and high-minded statesmen of the coun try. BETHUNE, LAUGHLIN. A native of North Carolina, for several years a Senator in the State Legislature, and from 1831 to 1833 a Representative in Congress, from Cumberland County, serving as a member of the Committee on Elec tions. BETTON, SILAS. He graduated at Dartmouth Col lege in 1787; was a Representa- 52 Biographical Sketches. tive in Congress, from New Hamp shire, from 1803 to 1807 ; and died in 1 822, aged fifty-eight years. BETTS, SAMUEL R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817. BETTS, THADDEUS. He was born in Norwalk, Con necticut ; graduated at Yale Col lege in 1807, and acquired great distinction as a lawyer. He was at one time Lieutenant-Governor of Connecticut, and an influential mem ber of the United States Senate, from 1839 to the date of his death, April 7, 1840. He was greatly respected for his talents and cha racter. BIBB, GEORGE M. He was born in Virginia ; gra duated at Princeton College in 1792; studied law and settled in Kentucky. He was three times elected Chief Justice of Kentucky ; was in the State Senate two years ; held the position of Chancellor of the Chancery Court of Louisville ; was Secretary of the Treasury under President Tyler ; since which time he has practiced his profession in the City of Washington, and acted as an assistant in the office of the Attorney-General of the United States. His services in Congress were rendered as a Senator, from 1811 to 1814, and again from 1829 to 1835. BIBB, WILLIAM W. Died at his residence, in Fort Jackson, Alabama, July 9, 1820, aged thirty-nine years. He was a Representative from Georgia, in the Thirteenth Congress, and was ap pointed in 1817 Governor of the Territory of Alabama. He was elected first Governor, under the constitution of that State, in 1819. . BIBIGHAUS, THOMAS M. Born in Pennsylvania in 1816; and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to the time of his death, which occurred in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, June 18, 1853. bicknell, bennet. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1837. to 1839 ; having been in the As sembly of the State in 1812, and a State Senator from 1815 to 1818. BIDDLE, JOHN. He was born in Philadelphia; was an officer in the war of 1812, acquitting himself with bravery, and was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Michigan, from 1829 to 1831, when he was appointed Register of the Land Office, at Detroit, Michigan. For some years past he has been travel ing in Europe. BIDDLE, RICHARD. He was a brother of Nicholas Biddle, and a Representative in Biographical Sketches. 53 Congress, from Western Pennsyl vania, from 1837 to 1841, and died at Pittsburg, July 7, 1847. BIDLACK, BENJAMIN A. He was born in Pennsylvania; and was a Representative^ Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1841 to 1845; and died at Bogota, Feb ruary, 29, 1849, to which country he had been appointed Charge d'Affaires^ immediately after leav ing Congress. BIDWELL, BARNABAS. He graduated at Yale College in 1785; received the degree of LL.D. from that institution; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1805 to 1807. He died in 1833. BIGELOW, ABU AH. Born in Westminster, Worcester County, Massachusetts, December 5, 1775. He graduated at Dart mouth College in 1795; studied law and was admitted to practice in 1798 ; was town clerk of Leomin ster for five years ; served two years • as a member of the General Court of Massachusetts ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1810 to 1815. In 1838 he was appointed a master in chancery, for Worces ter County; from 1817 to 1833, he was clerk of the County Court of Worcester; at one time treasurer and trustee of Leicester Academy ; and has held the minor office of jus tice of the peace, for about fifty years. BIGELOW, LEWIS. Born in Massachusetts in 1783 ; was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1821 to 1823; was the author of the "Di gest of the first twelve volumes of Massachusetts Reports;" and, re moving to Peoria, Illinois, became clerk of the County Court there, and died in October, 1838. BIGGS, ASA. Born in Williamstown, Martin County, North Carolina, February 4, 1811. He was educatsd at an academy, served as a merchant's clerk, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1835 he was elected a member of the Con stitutional Convention of that State; in 1840, 1842 and 1844, he was elected to the State Legisla ture ; he was chosen a member of the Twenty-ninth Congress ; in 1850 he was one of three Commis sioners, appointed to revise the sta tutes of the State ; in 1854 he went a second time into the State Se nate ; and he was elected a Senator in Congress, in 1854, for six years, but resigned May 3, 1858, for the appointment of Judge of the United States District Court of North Ca rolina, conferred upon him by Pre sident Buchanan. He was a member of the Committees on Finance and on Private Land Claims. BIGLER, WILLIAM. Born at Shermansburg, Cumber land County, Pennsylvania, in De cember, 1814. He received a mode- 54 Biographical Sketches. rate school education, and instead of a college, graduated in a print ing-office ; by his own personal efforts, he established and for several years carried on, entirely unaided, the Clearfield Democrat; dispos ing of his paper, he devoted him self for a time to mercantile pur suits and politics; in 1841 he was elected to the State Convention, and was a member of the State Senate, part of the time Speaker, up to 1847 ; in 1851 he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania ; subse quently became President of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company; aud in 1855 was elected a Senator in Congress, where he still continues, serving on the Com mittees on Commerce, Post-offices and Post-roads, and Engrossed Bills. BILLINGHURST, CHARLES. He was born in Brighton, Mon roe County, New York, July 27, 1818; adopted the profession of law, and, after practicing a few years, removed to Wisconsin in 1847, and was a member of the first Legislature of that State in 1848 ; was a Presidential Elector in 1852; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress from Wisconsin, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Judiciary Com mittee. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. BINES, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1814 to 1815, and again from 1819 to 1820. BINGHAM, JOHN A. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1815; received an academical edu cation ; spent two years in a prints ing-office; entered Franklin Col lege, in Ohio, but his health prevented him from graduating ; he studied law in ' Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1840 ; from 1845 to 1849 he was Attorney for the State in Tuscarawas County; and in 1854 he was elected a Repre sentative in the Thirty-fourth Con gress, and re-elected to the Thirty- fifth Congress. During his first term, he was a member of the Com mittee on Elections, and made a re port on the Illinois contested cases, which was adopted by the House, and at the present time he is a member of the Committee on Ex penditures in the State Department. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. BINGHAM, KINSLEY S. He was born at Camillus, Onon daga County, New York, December 16, 1808 ; received a fair academic education ; spent three years in the office of a lawyer as clerk; emi grated to Michigan in 1833, and settled upon a farm ; he was elected to the Michigan Legislature in 1837, and was five years a member of that body; three years elected Speaker; he was a Representative in Con gress, from Michigan, from 1849 to 1851, and served on the Committee Biographical Sketches. 55 on Commerce ; and was elected Governor of Michigan in 1854 and 1856, and is still in that position. He has also held in other years the offices of Postmaster, Supervisor, Prosecuting Attorney, Judge of Probate, and Brigadier-General of Militia. BINGHAM, WILLIAM. He graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 1768, and he was agent for this country at Martinique during the Revolution. In 1786 he was a Delegate to the Continen tal Congress from Pennsylvania, and was elected a Senator in Con gress in 1795. He died at Bath, England, February 7, 1804, aged fifty-two years. BINNEY HORACE. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 4, 1780 ; graduated at Harvard University in 1797 ; and was educated a law yer. He was a Director of the old United States Bank, and one of the trustees to whom its affairs were intrusted when it was wound up. He was a member of the Pennsyl vania Legislature in 1806-7, and declined a re-election ; and a Re presentative in Congress, from Penn sylvania, from 1833 to 1835 ; and was a member of the Committee on Ways and Means, and again de clined a re-election. In 1827 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Harvard University. BIRD, JOHN. A native of Litchfield, Connecti cut; afterwards settled in Troy, New York ; and was early distin guished at the bar of that State, and in the Legislature. He was a Representative in Congress from 1799 to 1801, BIRDSALL, AUSBURN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. BIRDSALL, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817, and a member of the As sembly of that State in 1837. BIRDSALL, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839. BIRDSEYE, VICTORY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817, and again from 1841 to 1843 ; a delegate to the State Con stitutional Convention of 1821 ; and a State Senator in 1828 and 1829. i BIRNE, ANDREW. He was a native of Ireland, and on becoming a citizen of Virginia, was elected a Representative in Congress from 1837 to 1841. , BISHOP, PHANUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1799 to 1807. 56 Biographical Sketches. BISHOP, SAMUEL. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress,. from that State, from 1855 to 1857. BISHOP, WILLIAM D. He was born in Bloomfield, New Jersey, September 14, 1827 ; gradu ated at Yale College in 1849 ; stu died law as a profession, but soon engaged almost exclusively in rail road business, having for several years been President of the Nauga- tuck Railroad Company. He was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Connec ticut, and is Chairman of the Com mittee on Manufactures. BISSELL, WILLIAM H. Born in Hartwick, Otsego Coun ty, New York, April 25, 1811. He was self-educated, attending school in the summer, and teaching school in the winter ; he studied medicine, and graduated in 1834 at the Medi cal College in Philadelphia ; he re moved to Illinois, and after prac ticing his profession until 1840, was elected to the State Legisla ture ; he studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar of Illinois ; , after practicing with success, he was, in 1844, elected a Prosecuting Attor ney ; he served with distinction in the Mexican war, and especially at Buena Vista, as captain of the 2d Regiment Illinois volunteers; he was a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1849 to 1855 ; and in 1856 he was elected Gover nor of Illinois for four years, to the duties of which office he is devoting his undivided attention. BLACK, EDWARD J. Born in Beaufort, South Caro lina, in 1806. He never attended college, but read law, and was ad mitted to the bar of Augusta, Geor gia, in 1827. He commenced his public life by going into the State Legislature, where he served for several years, and was elected a Re presentative in Congress, from Geor gia, in 1838, remaining there until 1845. He died in Barnwell Dis trict, South Carolina, whither he had gone for change of scene in 1849. BLACK, JAMES. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. BLACK, JAMES A. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. BLACK, JOHN. He was at one time a resident of Louisiana, but removing to Missis sippi, was elected a Senator in Con gress, from 1834 to 1838, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims during the first term. He died in Winchester, Virginia, August '29, 1854. Biographical Sketches. 57 BLACKLEDGE, WILLIAM. Presumed to have been the father of the following. He was for seve ral years a member of the General Assembly of North Carolina, and served that State as Representative in Congress, from 1803 to 1809, and from 1811 to 1813. BLACKLEDGE, WILLIAM S. He was born in Pitt County, North Carolina ; was a member of the General Assembly of North Carolina ; and he was elected to Congress, from that State, for the term, from 1821 to 1823. Died in Newbern, North CaroUna, March 21, 1857, aged sixty-four. BLACKMAR, ESBON. He was a native of New York, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1848 to 1849 ; he also served two years in the State Assembly, from Wayne County. BLACKWELL, JULIUS W. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1843 to 1845. BLAIR, BARNARD. He was a native of New York, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, serving as a member of the Commit tee on Elections. BLAIR, FRANK P., Jr. Born in Lexington, Kentucky, February 19, 1821 ; graduated at Princeton College ; is a lawyer by profession; was a member of the Missouri Legislature in 1852 and 1854; and is a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Committee on Pri vate Land Claims. BLAIR, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1821 to 1822, and from 1829 to 1834. He died at Washington, by his own hand, March 27, 1834. BLAIR, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1823 to 1837, and was a member of the Com mittee on Military Affairs. BLAISDELL, DANIEL. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1808 to 1811. BLAKE, JOHN. He was a native of New York, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1805 to 1809, and was a member of the Assembly of that State in 1819. BLAKE, THOMAS H. He was born in Calvert County, Maryland, June, 1792, and spent his boyhood in Washington City. He served at the battle of Bladens- burg in 1814 ; was an early emigrant to the State of Kentucky, and after wards to Indiana while a Territory ; upon the formation of the State go- 58 Biographical Sketches. vernment, he settled at Terre Haute; there practiced law, and served on the bench of the Circuit Court, and was District Attorney ; and subse quently engaged in mercantile pur suits. He was, for many years, a member of the State Legislature, and a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1827 to 1829. Under President Tyler's adminis tration, he was Commissioner of the General Land Office, and, upon his resignation, was appointed Presi dent of the Wabash and Erie Canal Company. He held this office at the time of his death, having just returned from England, where, as the financial agent of his State, he had made satisfactory arrangements with its public creditors. He died at Cincinnati, while on his return from Washington, November 28, 1849. BLANCHARD, JOHN. Born in the County of Caledonia, Vermont, September 30, 1787. He spent his boyhood on a farm ; pre pared himself for college, and gra duated at Dartmouth in 1812; re moved to Pennsylvania, and taught school ; read law, and was admitted to practice; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1845 to 1849. He died in Columbia, Lancaster County, March 8, 1849. BLAND, THEODORIC. Was a native of Virginia ; he was bred a physician, but upon the com mencement of the American war he quitted the practice for the army, and rose to the rank of colonel, and had the command of a regiment of, dragoons. In 1779, he had com mand of the troops at Albemarle barracks, and continued in that sta tion till elected to a seat in Congress in 1780. He served in that body three years. He was then chosen a member of the Virginia Legisla ture. He was a Representative in the first Congress under the Consti tution, having voted for its adoption. He died at New York, June 1, 1790, while attending a session of Con gress, aged forty-eight. BLEDSOE, JESSE. He was at one time a distin guished advocate and jurist of Ken tucky, and a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815 ; he was also professor of law in the Univerity of Transylvania,and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Kentucky. He died at Nacogdo ches, Texas, June 30, 1837. BLEECKER, HERMANUS. He was born at Albany, New York, in 1779, and died there, July 19, 1849. He was a member- of Congress, from 1811 to 1813, and,- by President Van Buren, was ap pointed, in 1839, Charge d'Affaires at the Hague. BLISS, GEORGE. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. Biographical Sketches. 59 BLISS, PHILEMON. Born in Canton, Connecticut, July 28, 1814; educated at Fair field Academy, Oneida Institute, and Hamilton College, New York ; is a lawyer by profession ; removed to Ohio, and was elected President Judge of the Fourteenth Circuit Court, and, in 1854, a Representa tive to the Thirty-fourth Congress, and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Committee on Manufactures. BLOODWORTH, TIMOTHY. He was born in North Carolina and was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, in 1790 and 1791, and a Senator of the Uni ted States, from 1795 to 1801. He died August 24, 1814. BLOOMFIELD, JOSEPH. He was born in Burlington, New Jersey, and elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821, officiating as Chair man of a Select Committee on Re volutionary Pensions, during the last term. BLOUNT, WILLIAM. He was a Delegate to the Con tinental Congress in 1782, 1783, 1786, and 1787, from North Caro lina ; and was Governor of the ter ritory south of the Ohio, having been appointed to that office in 1 7 90. In 1796, he was chosen president of the Convention of Tennessee. He was elected, the same year, by that State, to a seat in the United States Senate, but was expelled in 1797, for having instigated the Creeks and Cherokees to assist the British in conquering the Spanish territo ries, near the United States. He died at Knoxville, March 10, 1810, aged fifty-six. BLOUNT, WILLIAM G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1815 to 1819. BOARDMAN, ELIJAH. Born in New Milford, Connecti cut, March 7, 1760 ; and became a successful merchant. He was fre quently a member of the Legisla ture, member of the Council, and a Senator in Congress, from 1821 to 1823. He died in Boardman, Ohio, October 8, 1823. BOARDMAN, WILLIAM W. He was born in New Milford, Connecticut, October 10, 17^4; graduated at Yale College in 1812; studied law at Litchfield and Cam bridge, and practiced with success ; was at one time Judge of Probate ; for several years in the State Legis lature, and Speaker of the House ; and a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1841 to 1843. BOCKEE, ABRAHAM. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1831, and again from 1833 to 1837 ; he subsequently served four years in 60 Biographical Sketches. the Senate and one year in the As sembly of the State of New York. In 1822 he was Collector of Cus toms at the port of New York. BOCOCK, THOMAS S. He was born in Buckingham County, Virginia, in 1815 ; gradu ated at Hampden Sidney College ; adopted the profession of law; was Commonwealth Attorney for the County of Appomattox, in 1845 and 1846; for several sessions a member of the Virginia House of Delegates ; and has been a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1847 to the present time, serving, of late years, as Chairman of the Com mittee on Naval Affairs. BODEN, ALEXANDER. He was born in Carlisle, Penn sylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. BODLE, CHARLES. He was a Representative in' Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1835, and died in New York City, in 1836. BOKEE, DAVID A. He was born in New York, Oc tober 6, 1805; was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1849 to 1851, serving on the Committee on Indian Affairs ; and his last public position was that of Naval Ofiicer of the port of New York, under President Fillmore. BOND, SHADRACH. He was elected a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Illinois, from 1811 to 1815 ; and was the first Governor under the State Constitution. In 1814 was ap pointed Receiver of Public Moneys in Kaskaskia, Illinois. He died at Kaskaskia, April 13, 1832. BOND, WILLIAM K. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1835 to 1841. BONHAM, MILLEDGE L. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the College of that State, in 1834; is a lawyer by pro fession ; and was elected a Repre sentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from his native State ; and is a member of the Committee on Military Affairs. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. BOON, RATLIFF. He was born in North Carolina, in 1781, and was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1825 to 1827, and again, from 1829 to 1839, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, dur ing the Twenty-fourth Congress. He died in Louisiana, November 20, 1844. BOOTH, WALTER. Born in Woodbridge, New Ha ven County, Connecticut, Decem ber 8, 1791, and after receiving a Biographical Sketches. 61 good school education in New Ha ven, he settled in the town of Meri den, where he still resides. He was for several" years a merchant and manufacturer, and for eighteen years President of the Meriden Bank ; he has been a member of the Gene ral Assembly and State Senate; and, in 1834, was Associate Judge of the County Court. He was ma jor-general of militia, and elected a member of the Thirty-first Con gress, serving on the Committee of Public Expenditures. He has since been engaged in agricultural pur suits. BORDEN, NATHANIEL B. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from the Fall River District, in that State, from 1835 to 1839, and again, from 1841 to 1843, and was amember of the Committees on Elections and on Territories. BORLAND, CHARLES. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1820 ; a Repre sentative in Oongress, from that State, from 1821 to 1823 ; and was again elected to the Assembly, in 1836. BORLAND, SOLON. He was born in Virginia ; was educated in North Carolina ; served in the war with Mexico, as a vol unteer ; was a Senator in Congress, from Arkansas, fr6m 1848 to 1853, and was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to Central Ame rica. He also received, from Pre sident Pierce, the appointment of Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, but declined. BORST, PETER J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from the County of Schoha rie, New York, from 1829 to 1831, and was a member of the Commit tee on Expenditures in the Post- office Department. BOSS, JOHN L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Rhode Island, from 1815 to 1819. BOSSIER, PETER E. He was descended from an old French family of Louisiana, and, after serving ten years in the State Senate, he was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Congress, and died in Washington before the ex piration of his term, April 24, 1844. BOTTS, JOHN M. Born in Dumfries, Prince Wil liam County, Virginia, September 16, 1802, but removed with his fa ther to Fredericksburg, and subse quently to Richmond. In 1811 he lost his parents, at the conflagration of the Richmond theatre, and was sent to a boarding-school. At eigh teen he was admitted to the bar, practiced for six years, and then re tired to a farm in Henrico County. He served in the Legislature, from 1833 to 1839, when he was elected a Representative in Congress, and 62 Biographical Sketches. occupied that position until 1843; was re-elected to the Thirtieth Con gress, and was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. He afterwards resumed the practice of his profession in Richmond, where he now resides. BOUCK, JOSEPH. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833, serving on the Committee on Im prisonment for Debt. BOUDE, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1801 to 1803. BOUDINOT, ELIAS. Was born in Philadelphia, May 2, 1740. He studied the law and became eminent in that profession. At an early period of the revolu tionary war, he was appointed, by Congress, Commissary-General of prisoners. In the year 1777 he was chosen a member of Congress, and in 1782, was made President of that body. After the adoption of the Constitution, he entered the House of Representatives, where he con tinued for six years. He then suc ceeded Rittenhouse as Director of the Mint of the United States, an office which he resigned in the course of a few years, and lived from that time at Burlington, New Jersey. He devoted himself ear nestly to Biblical literature, and, be ing possessed of an ample fortune, made munificent donations to va rious charitable and theological in stitutions. The American Bible Society, of which he became Presi dent, was particularly an object of his bounty. He died in 182^ BOULDIN, JAMES W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1833 to 1839. BOULDIN, THOMAS T. He was a member of Congress, from Virginia, from 1829 to 1833, and died in the Capitol, at Wash ington, February 11, 1834. On the day preceding his death he was censured by a colleague for omitting to call the attention of the House to the death of his predecessor, John Randolph ; and he had risen to re ply, when he was seized with para lysis, sank down into a chair, and died immediately. Before entering Congress, he had been a lawyer of high rank, and an able and upright judge, and highly respected for his talents and integrity. BOULIGNY, DOMINIQUE. He was born in Louisiana ; was a lawyer by profession ; was a Se nator in Congress, from that State, from 1824 to 1829; and died in 1833. BOURNE, BENJAMIN. He was a native of Bristol, Rhode Island, and was born about the year 1755, and educated at Harvard Col lege, where he graduated in 1775. Biographical Sketches. 63 He was conspicuous for talents and learning, and spent a large part of his life in public and honorable em ployments. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from Rhode Isl and, from 1790 to 1796, when he resigned, and was appointed Judge of the United States District Court of Rhode Island. He died Sep tember 17, 1808. BOURNE, SHEARJASUB. He was a graduate of Harvard College in 1764 ; was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk County, Massachusetts ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1791 to 1795. He died in 1806. BOVEE, MATHEW J. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, serving on the Committee on Ex penditures in the War Department. BOWDON, FRANKLIN W. Born in Alabama, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1846 to 1851, from his native State. In 1852 he removed to Texas, and en gaged in the practice of the law. He died at Henderson, Texas, June 6, 1857. BOWEN, JOHN H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1813 to 1815. BOWER, GUSTAVUS B. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1843 to 1845. BOWERS, JOHN M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1814. BOWIE, RICHARD I. He was born in Georgetown, District of Columbia, June 23, 1807. He received a classical education, and was admitted to the bar in his nineteenth year, and, subsequently, to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1836 and 1837 he was elected to the Legisla ture of Maryland; in 1840 he was a delegate to the Harrisburg Con vention, called to nominate a Presi dent; and he was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1849 to 1853. It is claimed by his friends, that he made the first speech in the House of Representatives on the Compromise measures of 1850. BOWIE, THOMAS F. Born at Queen Ann, Prince George's County, Maryland, April 7, 1808; graduated, in 1837, at Union College, New York ; adopted „ the profession of law; served as Deputy Attorney-General for Prince George's County sixteen years; served three terms in the Legisla ture of Maryland, and was elected a Representative, from Maryland, in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty- fifth Congresses. He is a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. BOWIE, WALTER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1802 to 1805. 64 Biographical Sketches. BOWLIN, JAMES B. Born in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, in 1804. He was reared a mechanic, but obtained a common school education ; and, after study ing law, was admitted to the bar, in Greenbrier County, in 1827. In 1833 he removed to St. Louis, Mis souri; in 1834 was appointed chief clerk of the State House of Repre sentatives, and in 1835 was elected a member of the Legislature. In 1837 he was made District At torney for St. Louis; soon after attorney for the Bank of St. Louis ; in 1839 he was elected Judge of the Criminal Court; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1843 to 1851. In 1858 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Commis sioner to Paraguay. BOWNE, OBADIAH. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. BOWNE, SAMUEL S. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1834, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. BOYCE, WILLIAM W. Born in Charleston, South Caro lina, October 24, 1819, and was educated at the South Carolina College, and Virginia University; he is a lawyer by profession ; was a member of the Legislature of South Carolina, and has been a Represen tative in Congress, from 1853 to the present time, and he is a member of the Committee on Elections. His tastes are of a literary character, and he is said to be a hard stu dent. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. BOYD, ADAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1803 to 1805, and again from 1808 to 1813. BOYD, ALEXANDER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. BOYD, JOHN H. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. He was a member, in 1840, of the State Assembly, from Washington County. BOYD, LINN. Was born in Nashville, Tennes see, November 22, 1800. His early advantages were limited, but on arriving at man's estate he entered into politics, ' and in 1827 was elected to the Legislature of Ten nessee, from Calloway County, serving three sessions, and in 1831 was re-elected for another session, from Trigg County. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1837, from 1839 to 1847, and again from 1847 to 1855; he was Chairman of the Committee on Territories during the Thirty-first Biographical Sketches. 65 Congress ; and during his last term in Congress occupied the chair of Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives. During hi& career in Congress he labored faithfully and constantly for his. constituents, and retired to private life with a high reputation. BOYDEN, NATHANIEL. Born in Franklin Township, Mas sachusetts, August 16, 1796 ; he graduated at Union College, New York, in 1820; in 1821 removed to North Carolina. There he taught school, studied law, and was elected a number of times to the State Legislature. He was in Congress as a Representative, from 1847 to 1849, and was a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department; he declined a re-election, for the purpose of de voting his whole attention to the practice of his profession. BOYLE, JOHN. He was born in Kentucky, liber ally educated, and a lawyer by pro fession. He was a Judge of the Supreme Court of Kentucky, also Chief Justice of the State ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1803 to 1809, when he was appoint ed Governor of Illinois Territory. He was a distinguished and success ful lawyer and able judge, and died in Kentucky, January 28, 1834. During the eight years immediately preceding his death, he was Judge of the United States District Court for Kentucky, having been appoint ed by President Adams. 5 BRACE, JONATHAN. He was born in Harrington, Con necticut, November 12, 1754, and died at Hartford, Connecticut, Au gust 26, 1837. He was a graduate of Yale College in 1779, and was elected a Judge of Probate, Chief Judge of the Hartford County Court, and a Representative in Congress, from 1798 to 1800. He was also frequently in the State Le gislature, at one time States' Attor ney for Hartford County, and for nine years Mayor of Hartford. BRADBURY, GEORGE. Was born in Putland, then called Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1770. He graduated at Harvard College in 1789, and immediately commenced the study of law. He established himself in the practice at Putland. In 1812 he was chosen to represent the Cumberland District in Con gress, as successor to William Wid- gery, whose vote on, and support of war measures, rendered him un popular with his constituents. Mr. Bradbury received the approbation of a second election in 1814. After this service he returned to his pro fession, which he pursued to the time of his death, which took place November 27, 1823. BRADBURY, JOHN W. He was born in Maine ; gradu ated at Bowdoin College in 1825 ; adopted the profession of law ; and was a Senator in Congress, from Maine, from 1847 to 1853, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Printing. 66 Biographical Sketches. BRADBURY, THEOPHILUS. Was born in that portion of New bury, now Newburyport, in 1739. Having graduated at Harvard Uni versity at the age of eighteen, he then studied law, and practiced in Falmouth, Maine, until 1779, when he returned to his native town. After filling several local offices, he was chosen to represent the Essex District in Congress, from 1795 to 1797. About six years before his death, which occurred September 6, 1803, he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Massachu setts. BRADFORD, WILLIAM. Was born at Plymton, Massachu setts, November 4, 1729. He stu died medicine, and established him self in practice at Warren, Rhode Island, but afterwards removed to Bristol. He then turned his atten tion to the law, and became one of the most distinguished civilians of the State. He took an active part in the cause of his country during the Revolution, and afterwards held many important stations. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the State, and a member of the United States Senate, from 1793 to 1797. He died July 6, 1808. BRADLEY, STEPHEN. R. He was born in Connecticut, and graduated at Yale College in 1775. He was a general of militia, the in timate friend of General Ethan Al len, and the aid of General Wooster when that officer fell' in a skirmish with the enemy. He was a lawyer by profession, and the first Senator from Vermont in the Congress of the United States, serving, from 1791 to 1795, and from 1801 to 1813 ; a man of eminent ability,but of eccentric habits ; and died in New Hampshire, December 16, 1830, aged seventy-six years. BRADLEY, WILLIAM C Born at Westminster, Vermont, March 23, 1782. He entered Yale College, and was compelled to leave when a freshman, in 1796, and yet in 1817, the Corporation of the In stitution surprised him with the de gree of M. A. He studied law with his father, Stephen R. Bradley, and was admitted to the bar in 1802. The public positions held by him are as follows : — From 1800 to 1803, Secretary of Commissioners of Bankruptcy ; from 1804 to 1811, States Attorney for Windham Coun ty, and part of this period Clerk of Westminster; in 1806-7, Repre sentative in the State Legislature ; in 1812, member of the State Coun cil ; a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1815 ; from 1817 to 1822, agent of the United States under the Treaty of Ghent ; again in Congress, from 1823 to 1827 ; in 1850 again in the State Legislature ; in 1856 a Presidential Elector; in 1857 a member of the State Consti tutional Convention; and in 1858 took formal leave of the bar, at which he had practiced for fifty-four Biographical Sketches. 67 years, conferring honor upon his na tive State and winning a spotless reputation as a man. BRADSHAW, SAMUEL C He was born in Plumstead Town ship, Bucks County Pennsylvania, June 10, 1809 ; received a common school education ; studied medicine, and graduated at the Pennsylvania Medical College in 1833 ; and was a Representative, from his native State, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. BRADY, JASPER E. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. BRAGG, JOHN. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, from 1851 to 1853. BRANCH, JOHN. Born in Halifax County, North Carolina, November 4, 1782 ; gra duated at the University of North Carolina in 1801 ; studied and prac ticed law; in 1811 was elected a State Senator ; re-elected every year until 1817 ; was then elected Governor of the State ; again en tered the State Senate in 1822 ; served in the United States Senate from 1823 to 1829 ; and was in the latter year appointed Secretary of the Navy by President Jackson. On his return home from Washing ton, in 1831, he was elected to a seat in Congress as Representative ; in 1834 was again elected to the State Senate ; in 1835 elected a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution; and in 1843 was appointed Governor of the Territory of Florida, after which he retired to private life, to enjoy in peace the love and respect of his many friends. BRANCH, LAWRENCE 0. B. Born in North Carolina in 1820 ; graduated at Princeton College in 1838; is a lawyer by profession; and was elected a Representative, from North Carolina, to the Thirty- fourth, and re-elected to the Thirty- fifth Congress. He is a member of the Committee on Territories. BRAYTON, WILLIAM D. He was born in Warwick, Kent County, Rhode Island, November 6, 1815. He was educated at Brown University, and ill health preventing him from following a se dentary profession, he entered into active mercantile pursuits ; he held the position for some time of town clerk ; was elected in 1841 to the State Assembly, serving two terms ; after serving for two years in the Town Councils, part of the time as president, he was in 1848 elected to the State Senate ; again elected to the State Assembly in 1851 ; elec ted a second time to the Senate in 1855; was a Presidential Elector in 1856; and was elected a member of the Thirty-fifth Congress, serv ing on the Committee on Patents. 68 Biographical Sketches. BRECK, DANIEL. He was born near Boston, Mas sachusetts, in 1788 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1812 ; he stu died law, and, removing to Ken tucky in 1814, soon after commenced the practice of his profession there ; his first public position in Kentucky was that of judge of a county court ; in 1824 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected five years ; from 1 835 until 1843 he was President of the Branch Bank of Kentucky, at Richmond ; in 1840 he was a Presidential Elector ; in 1843 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Kentucky ; and he was a Representative in Con gress, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Manufactures. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him, by the Transylvania University, in 1843, and he has attained the title of colonel in the militia service. After leaving CoDgress, he resumed the office of bank president. BRECK, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress from Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1825, of which State he was a native. BRECKINRIDGE, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1809 to 1817. BRECKINRIDGE, JAMES D. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1823. He died at Louisville, May, 1849. BRECKINRIDGE, JOHN. Was a Virginian by birth, and the author and advocate of the cele brated "Resolutions of 1788-89" in the Legislature of that State. Emigrating to Kentucky, he was elected United States Senator in 1801, and was appointed Attorney- General of the United States, by President Jefferson, in January, 1805, holding the office until Janu ary, 1806. One of his sons, Robert C. Breckinridge, is a distinguished Presbyterian divine ; another, John Cabell Breckinridge, was an emi nent lawyer, and the father of Vice- President Breckinridge. He died at Lexington, Kentucky, December 14, 1806. BRECKINRIDGE, JOHN C. He was born near Lexington, Kentucky, January 16, 1821 ; was educated at Centre College, Ken tucky ; spent a few months at Princeton ; studied law at the Transylvania Institute, and was ad mitted to the bar at Lexington. He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, where he remained for a time, but returned to Lexington, where he has since resided, and when not en gaged in public duties has practiced his profession with success. He served as a Major of infantry during the war with Mexico, and while in that country distinguished himself as the counsel of Major-General Pil low during the famous court-martial. Biographical Sketches, 69 On his return from Mexico, he was elected to the State Legislature; and was a Representative in Con gress, from the Ashland District, from 1851 to 1855. During his administration, President Pierce tendered to him the mission to Spain, but family affairs compelled him to decline the honor. He was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1856, on the ticket with James Buchanan, and entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1857. By virtue of his office he is the President of the United States Senate. BREESE, SIDNEY. He was born in Whitesborough, Oneida County, New York, July 15, 1800. He attended Hamilton College, but graduated at Union College; he removed to Illinois, and after due preparation, and be fore becoming of age, was admitted to the bar ; his first public position was that of captain of militia, after which he became Assistant Secre tary of State under Secretary Kane, and was appointed Postmaster of Kaskaskia. In 1822 he was ap pointed State Attorney, which office he held until 1827, when he was appointed Attorney of the United States for Illinois. In 1829 he published a volume of Decisions of the Supreme Court, which now bears his name, and was the first octavo volume published in the State ; he served in the Black Hawk war as a lieutenant of volunteers. In 1835 he was elected a circuit judge ; he was a Senator in Con gress, from Illinois, from 1843 to 1849, and officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands; he was a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution during President Polk's administration. In 1850 he went into the Illinois Legislature and was elected Speaker; he was one of the originators of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1855 he was again placed upon the Circuit Court bench, and having been made Chief Judge, still holds the position. BRENGLE, FRANCIS. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845, and was elected, in 1858, President of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. BRENT, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1795 to 1799, and again from 1801 to 1803 ; and a Senator in Congress from 1809 to 1814. He died December 30, 1814. BRENT, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1823 to 1829. BRENTON, SAMUEL. He was a native of Gallatin County, Kentucky ; was a minister of the gospel from the age of twenty until 1848, when, stricken by paralysis, he resigned, and was 70 Biographical' Sketches. appointed Register of the Fort Wayne Land-office. He was elected to Congress in 1851, and again in 1855. He was also President of the Fort Wayne College. He died March 29, 1857, aged forty-eight years. BREVARD, JAMES. He was born in Iredell County, North Carolina, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1819 to 1821. BREWSTER, DAVID P. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. BRIDGES, SAMUEL A. He was born in Colchester, Con necticut, January 27, 1802; received an academic education, and gradu ated at Williamstown College in 1826; studied law, and was admit ted to the bar in 1829 ; in 1830 he removed to Pennsylvania ; was for seven years Deputy Attorney-Gene ral of the State for Lehigh County; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1848 to 1849, and from 1853 to 1855. BRIGGS, GEORGE. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. BRIGGS, GEORGE N. He was born in Andover, Berk shire County, Massachusetts, April 12, 1796 ; commenced life by learn ing the trade of a hatter ; spent one year in an academy; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1818 ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1831 to 1843, offi ciating during the Twenty-seventh Congress as Chairman of the Com mittee on the Post-office, and in 1843 was Governor of Massachu setts. BRTGHAM, ELIJAH. He was a native of Northborough, Massachusetts ; a graduate of Dart mouth College in 1778 ; studied law at Harvard; was a merchant by occupation ; held many positions of trust and responsibility; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachussetts, from 1811 to 1816. He died in Washington City, of croup, April 22, 1816, aged sixty- six years. BRIGHT, JESSE D. Born at Norwich, Chenango Co., New York, December 18, 1812; re ceived an academic education, and studied law as a profession. He was Circuit Judge of Indiana, State Senator, Marshal of the United States for the District of Indiana, and Lieutenant-Governor of that State. He was a United States Senator from 1845 to 1857, and President of the Senate during several sessions. He was elected for an additional term in 1857, and is Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and a member of the Committees on Finance and the Pacific Railroad. Biographical Sketches. 71 BRINKERHOFF, HENRY R. He was born in Adams County, Pennsylvania, in 1788, and emi grated at an early period to New York. During the last war with England he served in command of a volunteer company, and distin guished himself at the battle of Queenstown. In 1837 he removed to Ohio, and was elected to Con gress, as Representative from that State, in 1843, but died before the expiration of his term, in Huron County, Ohio, April 30, 1844. BRINKERHOFF, JACOB. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1843 to 1847. BROADHEAD, JOHN C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833, and again from 1837 to 1839. BROCKENBROUGH, WILLIAM H. Born in 1813 ; he originally went to Florida for the benefit of his health, which during his residence there was a continual depression upon his physical and mental ener gies. He, however, held no undistin guished position as a citizen, having been, under the Territorial govern ment, a Senator from the Western District, and at one time President of the Senate,; also United States District Attorney, and a Represen tative in Congress from 1845 to 1847. He died in Tallahassee, Florida, June, 1850, of pulmonary consumption. BROCKWAY, JOHN H. Born in Ellington, Connecticut; graduated at Yale College in 1820 ; he commenced active life by teach- • ing the academy at East Windsor Hill ; he studied law, and has been devoted to the practice of the pro fession ever since. He has fre quently served in the two Houses of the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress from 1839 to 1843.BRODERICK, D. C. He is a Senator of the United States, from California, having taken his seat during the second session of the Thirty-fourth Congress, and is a member of the Committees on Public Lands and Military Affairs. BRODHEAD, JOHN. He was a minister of the Metho dist Episcopal Church for forty-four years, and a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 182'9 to 1833. He died at New Market, New Hampshire, April 7, 1838, aged sixty-seven years. BRODHEAD, RICHARD. He is a native of Pike County, Pennsylvania; was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1843 to 1849, and a Senator of the United States from 1851 to 1857, from Pennsyl vania. BRONSON, DAVID. A Representative in Congress, from Norridgewock, Maine, from 1841 to 1843, and served as a mem- 72 Biographical Sketches. ber of the Committee on Public Lands. BRONSON, ISAAC H. Born in Rutland, New York, Oc tober 16, 1802, and died at Pilatka, Florida, August 13, 1855. He was educated for the bar, and admitted to practice in 1822 ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Territories, when he was appointed one of the Territorial Judges of Florida, and from that time until his death he served continually on the Bench, — at the time of his death being District Judge of the United States for Northern Florida. BROOKE, WALTER. He was a Senator in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1852 to 1853. BROOKS, DAVID. He was for six years a member of the New York Assembly, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from May, 1797, to July, 1797. BROOKS, JAMES. He was born in Portland, Maine, November 10, 1810. When only eleven years old he became a clerk in a store; when sixteen, was a school teacher, and, at the age of nearly twenty-one, he graduated at the Waterville College. He has been an extensive traveler, both in this country and Europe, and has published a large number of letters descriptive of his tours. In 1835 he was elected to the Legislature of Maine ; in 1836 he established the New York Daily Express, of which he has since been the chief editor and proprietor; in 1847 he was elected a member of the New York Legislature; and from 1849 to 1853 he was a Representative in Con gress, from the City of New York, serving on the Committee on Pub lic Lands. BROOKS, MICAH. He was born in Cheshire, Con necticut, in 1775 ; was educated by his father, with whom he removed to Western New York, and where he taught school. He settled on a farm, but was a justice of the peace in 1806, and for twenty years there after he was a county judge. He was a member of the New York As sembly in 1808 and 1809; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817 ; a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1821 ; and a Presi dential Elector in 1824. He died in Livingston County, New York, early in July, 1857. BROOKS, PRESTON S. He was born in Edgefield District, South Carolina, in August, 1819; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1839 ; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1843, and was a State Representative in 1844. In 1846 he raised a company of volunteers, was made captain, and served in the Palmetto Regiment during most of the Mexican war. Biographical Sketches. 73 After the war he devoted himself to planting. He was elected to Con gress in 1853, and again in 1855. In 1856 he made a personal assault upon Charles Sumner, in the United States Senate Chamber, which event caused much excitement throughout the country. The attack was caused by words uttered in debate by Se nator Sumner against Senator But ler, who was Mr. Brooks's relative. Mr. Brooks died in Washington, District of Columbia, January 27, 1857, of acute inflammation of the throat, — leaving behind him many warm personal friends. BROOM, JACOB. He was born in Baltimore, Mary land, July 25, 1808 ; received a classical education ; on removing to Pennsylvania, was appointed, in 1840, Deputy Auditor of that State; in 1849 he was elected Clerk of the Orphans' Court for the City and County of Philadelphia; and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con- BROOME, JAMES M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1805 to 1807. BROWN, AARON V. Born in Brunswick County, Vir ginia, August 15, 1795. He gra duated at Chapel Hill University in 1814, and in 1815 removed with his parents to Tennessee, where he de voted himself to the study of law ; and when admitted to practice, be came a partner of the late James K. Polk, in Giles County, serving in the mean time for a number of years in the Legislature of Tennessee. In 1839 he was elected a member of Congress, and re-elected in 1841 and 1843. On his retirement from Congress, in 1845, he was elected Governor of Tennessee ; and he has at all times been considered one of the most faithful and industrious leaders of the Democratic party in Tennessee. His present position is that of Postmaster-General in the cabinet of President Buchanan. Among the measures which have marked his administration of our postal affairs may be mentioned the establishment of a new and shorter oceanic communication to Califor nia, by Tehuantepec, of the great overland mail from Memphis and St. Louis to San Francisco, and an other, across the continent, by the way of Salt Lake. His speeches, Congressional and political, were published at Nashville, in 1854, in a handsome volume of seven hundred pages. BROWN, ALBERT G. He was born in Chester District, South Carolina, May 31, 1813; adopted the law as a profession; was a member of the State Legis lature from 1835 to 1839 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Mississippi, in 1840 and 1841. He was also a Judge of the Circuit Superior Court, in 1852 and 1853 ; Governor of Mississippi, from 1844 74 Biographical Sketches. to 1848 ; was again elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1848 to 1854 ; was elected a United States Senator, from 1854 to 1858 ; and re-elected for six years, commencing March 4, 1859. He is Chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia, and a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs, and that of Enrolled Bills. BROWN, ANSON. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, during the years 1839 and 1840, and died at Balls- ton, New York, in June, 1840, much respected for his character and acquirements. BROWN, BEDFORD. Born in Caswell County, North Carolina, in 1795 ; was elected to the House of Commons, of that State, in 1815, in which capacity he served many years ; and was a Se nator in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1841, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Ag riculture during several sessions. He was subsequently elected to the General Assembly, and at the end of his term retired to private life. BROWN, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con- gress,from Massachusetts,from 1815 to 1817. BROWN, CHARLES. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, and again from 1847 to 1849. BROWN, ELIAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1829 to 1831. BROWN, ETHAN A. He was Governor of Ohio, from 1818 to 1822, and from 1822 to 1825 a Senator in Congress, from that State, serving as a member of the Judiciary Committee. BROWN, GEORGE H. He was born in New Jersey; graduated at Princeton College in 1828 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. BROWN, JAMES. He was born in Virginia, Octo ber, 1766 ; studied law; settled first in Tennessee, at Natchez ; and was appointed, by President Jefferson, Secretary of the Territory of Loui siana, after its acquisition. This led him to New Orleans, which became his home. He was appointed Uni ted States Attorney for the District of Louisiana, and rose to a high rank at the bar. He was chosen to the United States Senate, and served from 1812 to 1817, and again from 1819 to 1824, officiating as Chair man of the Committee on Foreign Relations, and was appointed Min ister Plenipotentiary to France. He remained five years abroad, and sub sequently settled in Philadelphia, Biographical Sketches. 75 where he died of apoplexy, April 7, 1835. BROWN, JEREMIAH. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1845. BROWN, JOHN. • He was a Representative in Con gress, from Rhode Island, from 1799 to 1801. BROWN, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1809 to 1810. BROWN, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1825. BROWN, JOHN W. He was born in Scotland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Orange County, New York, from 1833 to 1837, and was a mem ber of the Committees on Invalid Pensions, Territories, and Expen ditures on Public Buildings. BROWN, MILTON. He was born in Ohio, and on tak ing up his residence in Tennessee, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1847. BROWN, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1798 to 1815. BROWN, TITUS. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1825 to 1829, and was a mem ber of the Committee on the Me morial of the Legislature of Ten nessee. BROWN, WILLIAM. He was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1819 to 1823. BROWN, WILLIAM G. He was born in Preston County, Virginia, September 25, 1801 ; he received a good English education ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; in 1832 he was elected to the Assembly of Virgi nia; he was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1845 to 1849 ; and in 1850 he was elected to the State Convention of Virgi nia, since which time he has been wholly devoted to his profession. BROWN, WILLIAM J. He was born in Kentucky, in 1 805. He emigrated to Indiana in 1821, and was at one time Secretary of State for Indiana, and a member of the State Legislature ; a Represen tative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845, and again from 1849 to 1851 ; he was also Assistant Postmaster- General, under President Polk; editor of the Indiana Sentinel; State Librarian of Indiana ; and, at the time of his death, Special Agent of the Post-office Depart- 76 Biographical Sketches. ment for Indiana and Illinois. He died near Indianapolis, March 18, 1857. BROWNE, JOHN. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1789 to 1793. BROWNE, JOHN. He was born in 1757, and died at Frankfort, Kentucky, August 28, 1837. He was a Senator in Con gress, from 1792 to 1805. BRUCE, PHINEAS. He was a graduate of Yale Col lege in 1786 ; and elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from Massa chusetts, from 1803 to 1805. BRUSH, HENRY. He was born in Dutchess County, New York, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Ohio, from 1819 to 1821. BRUYN, ANDREW D. W. Born in New York, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1838, and died at Ithaca, in July, 1838. BRYAN, GEORGE M. Was born in Missouri, June 12, 1821 ; bore a part in the military campaign of Texas in 1836 ; re ceived a liberal education and stu died law ; in 1846 he went to the Rio Grande, under General Taylor ; in 1847 was elected to the Texas Legislature, and served in the House and Senate seven years; and was elected a Representative, from Texas, to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving on the Committee on Agriculture. BRYAN, HENRY H. Born in Martin County, North Carolina, and was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1819 to 1823, and was a member of the -Committee on Private Land Claims. He died in Montgomery County, of that State, in May, 1835. BRYAN, JOHN H. He was born in Newbern County, North Carolina, in 1798 ; and gra duated at the University of North Carolina in 1815. He was a lawyer by profession ; served a number of years in the State Legislature ; and was a member of Congress, from 1825 to 1827, and again from 1815 to 1819. BRYAN, JOSEPH. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1803 to 1806. BRYAN, NATHAN. Born in Jones County, North Carolina, and in 1791 represented that county in the House of Com mons. He was a member of Con gress, from 1795 to 1798, and died at Philadelphia, during the latter year. He was a prominent man among the Baptists, and a most exemplary Christian. Biographical Sketches. 77 BUCHANAN, ANDREW. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. BUCHANAN, JAMES. Born in Franklin County, Penn sylvania, November 13,1791. After a regular course of classical educa tion, he studied and practiced law in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1814 he was elected to the State Legislature of Pennsylvania, and re-elected the next year. In 1821 he entered Congress, as a Repre sentative from the Lancaster Dis trict, where he continued until 1831, when he declined a re-election. In 1832 he was appointed Minister to Russia, by President Jackson, and on his return from that mission in 1834, he was elected by the Penn sylvania Legislature to the Senate of the United States, to fill the unexpired term of William Wil- kins, who had resigned. He was re-elected in 1837, and again in 1843. In 1845 he resigned his seat in the Senate, and became Secretary of State, and the head of the cabi net of President Polk. At the close of that eventful administra tion, he retired to private life at his residence of " Wheatland," near Lancaster ; but he was summoned again to the public service in 1853, when he accepted the appointment from President Pierce, of Minister of the United States to the Court of St. James. Having resigned this office, he returned home in 1856, and in the summer of that year re ceived the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. In the following November he was elected to that position, and in March, 1857, he entered upon its duties. BUCHER, JOHN C. He was for many years a Judge of the Circuit Court of Pennsyl vania; a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833 ; and died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, October 26, 1851. BUCK, DANIEL. He was a lawyer by profession, and one of the earliest settlers in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1795 to 1797, and died in 1817. He was the father of the Hon. Daniel A. A. Buck. BUCK, DANIEL AZRO A. He was born in Vermont in 1789 ; graduated at Middlebury College in 1807, and also at the West Point Military Academy in 1808, when he entered the army. He resigned his commission in 1811; was re appointed, as a captain in the army, in 1813, but finally left the military profession in 1815. He then established himself as a lawyer at Chelsea, Vermont, and was for fourteen years a member of the State Legislature, officiating about half of that time as Speaker of the Lower House. He filled the office of State Attorney for Orange County 78 Biographical Sketches. for six years ; was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1827 to 1829 ; and was subsequently con nected with the Indian Bureau of the War Department in Washing ton, where he died December 24, 1841. BUCKNER, ALEXANDER. He was a Senator in Congress, from Missouri, from 1831 to 1833, and died in May, 1833. His term would have expired in 1837. He was a member of the Committees on Pensions and on Engrossed Bills. BUCKNER, AYLETT. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. BUCKNER, RICHARD A. Born in 1763 ; was a Represen tative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1823 to 1829, and died at his residence in Greensburg, Kentucky, December 8, 1847. BUEL, ALEXANDER H. He was a prominent and success ful merchant, and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1850 until the time of his death, which occurred in Washington City, January 30, 1853. BUEL, ALEXANDER W. Born in Rutland County, Ver mont, in 1813; graduated at the Vermont University, in 1831 ; taught school for several years in Vermont and New York, during which period he prepared himself for the practice of the law; in 1834 he took up his residence in Michi gan ; in 1836 was Attorney for the City of Detroit; in 1837 was elect ed to the State Legislature; in 1843 and 1844 was Prosecuting Attorney for Wayne County ; in 1847 was again elected to the Le gislature; and from 1849 to 1851 was a Representative in Congress, from Michigan, and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Af fairs. BUFFINGTON, JOSEPH. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. BUFFINGTON, JAMES. Born in Fall River, Massa chusetts, March 16, 1817; was a merchant by occupation ; Mayor of the City of Fall River during the years 1854 and 1855 ; and was elected a Representative from Mas sachusetts to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, and is a member of the Com mittee on Military Affairs. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. BUFFUM, JOSEPH, Jr. He was born in Fitchburg, Mas sachusetts; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1806 ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1819 to 1821, and a member of the Committees on Ex- Biographical Sketches. 79 penditures in the Navy Department, and on Public Buildings. BUGG, ROBERT M. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1853 to 1855. BULL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Missouri, from 1833 to 1835. BULLARD, HENRY ADAMS. Born in Groton, Massachusetts, September 9, 1788 ; was educated at Harvard University, and gradu ated in 1807. He was a lawyer by profession, but his knowledge of the modern languages brought him in contact with General Toledo, in Philadelphia, who was organizing an expedition to revolutionize New MexiGO. He joined him as his aid and military secretary, and spent the winter of 1812 with him at Nashville, and accompanied him into New Mexico in the spring. They were defeated in a pitched battle by the royal troops at San Antonio, and suffered severe hard ships, but he managed to reach Na- chitoches, and there remained and commenced the practice of his pro fession. In 1822 he was elected to a seat on the District Court Bench, and performed its duties for several years. In 1831 was chosen a Re presentative in Congress, and served till 1834 ; he was then elevated to the Snpreme Bench of Louisiana, and filled the office until 1846, with the exception of a few months in 1839, when he acted as Secretary of State. He then removed to New Orleans. In 1847 was appointed Professor of the Civil Law in the Law School of Louisiana, and de livered two courses of lectures. In 1850 he was elected to the Legisla ture, and a few weeks after was chosen to fill a vacancy in Congress, occasioned by the resignation of C. M. Conrad, and served again in the House of Representatives one year. On his return journey homeward he was prostrated by fatigue and expo sure ; he lingered three weeks, and died in New Orleans, April 17, 1851. BULLOCH, WILLIAM B. Born in Georgia in 1776 ; was a lawyer by profession ; being a pro minent member of the bar as early as 1800. In 1809 he was Mayor of Savannah, and subsequently Col lector of that port. He was United States Senator in 1813 ; and in 1816 was chosen President of the Bank of Georgia, of which he was one of the founders, and held the office twenty-seven years. He died in Savannah, Georgia, March 6, 1852. BULLOCK, STEPHEN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1797 to 1799. BULLOCK, WINGFIELD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, during the years 1820 and 1821. 80 Biographical Sketches. BUNCH, SAMUEL. Was born in 1786. He com manded a regiment in the Indian war, under General Andrew Jack son, and in the charge of the battle of the Horse Shoe, was the first or second man over the breastwork of the enemy. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1833 to 1837 ; and died in Granger County, Tennessee, Sep tember 5, 1849. BUNNER, RUDOLPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829, and died at Otsego, July 23, 1837, aged fifty-eight years. BURD, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1835, and died at Bedford, Penn sylvania, January 13, 1844, aged fifty years. BURGES, TRISTAM. Born in Rochester, New York, February 26, 1770, and died in Rhode Island, October 13, 1853. He graduated at the Rhode Island College; studied law and taught school at the same time ; com menced the practice of his profes sion in Providence, and acquired great influence and distinction as an advocate; in 1811 was elected Chief Justice of Rhode Island ; oc cupied the Chair of Oratory in Brown University ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1825 to 1835. He acquired great repu tation by a parliamentary contest with John Randolph, and left be hind him many interesting pamph lets on political and literary subjects. His characteristics as a debater, were withering sarcasm, combined with fervid eloquence and rare rea soning power. BURGESS, DEMPSY. He was a member of the Provin cial Congress of North Carolina; a lieutenant-colonel of the militia ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1795 to 1798. BURKE, EDAMUS. He was born in Galway, Ireland, and came to America at the begin ning of the Revolution. In 1778 he was appointed a Judge of the Su preme Court of South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1789 to 1791. Hewas an earnest Republican, and died at Charleston, March 30, 1802, aged fifty-nine years. BURKE, EDMUND. Born in Westminster, Vermont, January 23, 1809 ; was educated by private tutors; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829 ; and removed to New Hampshire in 1833, where he established, in Sul livan County, the New Samp- shire Argus, which he edited a number of years. He was a Repre- ¦ sentative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1839 to 1845, and was Chairman of the Committee on the Library, and a member of the Biographical Sketches. 81 Committees on Commerce and Claims; and, by President Polk, was appointed Commissioner of Pa tents in Washington. BURLEIGH, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Berwick, York County, Maine, for two terms, from 1823 to 1827, and was a member of the Committee of Expenditures in the State Department. BURLINGAME, ANSON. Born in New Berlin, Chenango County, New York, November 14, 1822. His youth was spent on the Western frontiers, at one time act ing with surveying parties and at another participating in the making of Indian treaties, far beyond the confines of civilization. He laid the foundation of his education at the Branch University of Michigan, but removing to Massachusetts, he entered Harvard University, where he received a degree in 1846. He studied law and practiced in Bos ton. In 1852 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1853 was a member of the Convention for re vising the Constitution of Massa chusetts. He was elected a Repre sentative in the Thirty-fourth Con gress ; was re-elected to the Thirty- fifth, serving as a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. BURNELL, BARKER. He was a native of Nantucket. When only twenty -two years of age, 6 he was chosen a member of the House of Representatives in his native Commonwealth. A few years later, he passed into the Senatorial body, where, in spite of his youth, he became a leading member. He sat also in the Convention which framed the present Constitution of Massachusetts ; took an active part in the Harrisburg Convention of 1840, and served as a Representative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, June 4, 1843, aged forty- five years. BURNETT, JACOB. Was born in Newark, New Jer sey, on the 22d of February, 1770. He was a graduate of Princeton College in 1791; was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1796, and removed to Cincinnati immediately there after, where he continued to reside until his death. During the first twenty years of that residence, he devoted himself to the practice of his profession, and was ranked among the most distinguished mem bers of the bar. When the second grade of the territorial government was established, in 1799, he was appointed, by President Adams, a member of the Legislative Council, which appointment he held till the establishment of the State govern ment of Ohio, in the winter of 1802-3. He was a member of the State Legislature during the war of 1812, and took an active part in sustaining the measures proposed .82 Biographical Sketches. in that body, to aid the general government in maintaining the eon- test. In 1821 he was appointed one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Ohio, which commission he resigned in December, 1828, and was immediately after elected to the Senate of the United States, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the re signation of his friend General Har rison. In the same year he was chosen, by the Legislature of the State of Kentucky, one of the Com missioners to settle the matters in controversy betweenthat State and the Commonwealth of Virginia, in regard to the complaints of the latter against the statute of limita tion. He was the first President of the Astronomical Society of Cin cinnati, and still continued, in 1852, an active member of that institution. He was, for many years, the Presi dent of the Colonization Society of Hamilton County, President of the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Ohio, and President of the Board of Trustees of the Cin cinnati College, and, upon the nomi nation by La Fayette, had been elected a member of the French Academy. In 1847 he published a volume entitled "Notes on the Early Settlement of the Northwest ern Territory," which is considered as containing much interesting in formation, especially as to Ohio, the progress of which he witnessed from a Territory. He died in 1853. BURNETT, HENRY C Born in Essex County, Virginia, October 5, 1825 ; studied law as a profession, and practiced in Ken tucky; was Clerk of the Circuit Court of Trigg County, in that State, from 1851 to 1853, and a Representative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses. He was Chairman, during the first session of the Thirty-fifth Congress, of the Committee of Inquiry in regard to the sale of Fort Snelling, and a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. BURNS, JOSEPH. Born in Waynesborough, Au gusta County, Virginia, March 11, 1800; was educated at the Ohio Union Schools; was by trade a hatter and then a farmer ; has filled various County and State offices; and was elected, from the State of Ohio, a Representative in the Thirty-fifty Congress. He is amem ber of the Committees on Expendi tures in the Post-office Department and on Invalid Pensions. BURNS, ROBERT. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. BURNSIDE, THOMAS. Was an Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1815 to 1819. He died at Germantown, Pennsylvania, March 25, 1851. BURR, AARON. He was born in Newark, New Jersey, February 6,1756. He gra- Biographical Sketches. 83 duated at Princeton College in 1772, at the age of sixteen ; in 1775, in his twentieth year, he joined the American army under Wash ington, at Cambridge ; accompanied General Arnold as a private soldier in his expedition against Quebec; after his arrival there, he acted as an aid-de-camp to General Montgo mery; and on his return, in 1776, General Washington invited him to join his family at headquarters. Some circumstances soon took place, by which he forever lost the con fidence of Washington; and the hostility of the former to the latter, from that time, was undisguised and unmitigated. In 1777, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and distinguished himself as an able and brave officer; but in March, 1779, he was, on account of the state of his health, compelled to resign his office, and retire from military life. He then devoted him self to the study of law ; commenced practice at Albany, in 1782, but soon removed to the City of New York ; he became distinguished in his profession ; was appointed At torney-General of New York in 1789; from 1791 to 1797, he was a member of the United States Senate, and bore a conspicuous „part as a leader of the Democratic or Republican party. At the elec tion of President of the United States, for the fourth Presidential term, Thomas Jefferson >and Aaron Burr had each seventy-three votes, and the choice was decided by Con gress, on the thirty-sixth ballot, in favor of Jefferson for. President, and Burr for Vice-President. On the 12th of July, 1804, Colonel Bun- gave Alexander Hamilton, long his professional rival and political op, ponent, a mortal wound in a duel. He soon after conceived the project of his enterprise in the western country of the United States; for which he was at length apprehended and brought to Richmond, in Au gust, 1807, on a charge of treason ; and after a long trial, was acquitted. He afterwards returned to the City of New York, practiced law to some extent, but passed the remainder of his life in comparative obscurity and neglect. He was of small stature, yet he had a lofty mien, a military air, a remarkably bril liant eye, and a striking appear ance. He possessed distinguished talents and many accomplishments. He died on Staten Island, New York, September 14, 1836. BURRILL, JAMES. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, April 25, 1772; graduated at Brown University, in 1788 ; studied law, devoted himself to its practice, and was Attorney- General of the State of Rhode Isl and, from 1797 to 1813; was a member and Speaker of the As sembly in 1814 ; and was Chief Justice of the State in 1816. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1816, and served as a member of the Committees on the Judiciary, on Commerce, on Manu factures, and on Accounts. He died 84 Biographical Sketches. at Washington, before the expira tion of his term, December 25, 1820. He was considered an able scholar and a wise judge. BURROUGHS, SILAS M. He was born in New York; served four years in the Legislature of that State, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from New York, and is a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. He has been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. BURROWS, ENOCH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1821 to 1823. BURROWS, LORENZO. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1849 to 1853." BURT, ARMISTEAD. He was born in South Carolina, received a liberal education, adopt ed the profession of law, and was a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1843 to 1853. During a part of the Thirtieth Con gress he officiated as Speaker of the House of Representatives. BURTON, HUTCHINS G. He was born in Granville County, North Carolina ; studied law ; in 1810 represented Mecklenburg in the State Legislature, and, in 1816, the County of Halifax; was for several years Attorney-General of the State. He served as a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1819 to 1824, and was a member of the Committee on the Judiciary and Military Affairs ; he was then elect ed Governor of North Carolina. He died in Iredell County, April 21, 1836. BURWELL, WILLIAM A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1806 to 1821. BUSBY, GEORGE H. He was born in Darstown, North umberland County, Pennsylvania, July 10, 1794. In 1810 he removed with his father to Ohio, where he acquired a knowledge of the cabi net-making business and devoted himself to farming. In 1824 he was appointed Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Su preme Court, and subsequently a Recorder of Deeds in the County of Marion; and he was a Repre sentative in Congress, from J.851 to 1853, from Ohio. BUTLER, ANDREW PICKENS. He was born in Edgefield Dis trict, South Carolina, November 18,1796. He graduated at South Carolina College, studied law, be came a member of the Legislature when quite a young man, and was appointed, in 1835, one of th'e Judges of the General Sessions of Common Pleas, which office he held Biographical Sketches. 85 until 1847, when he was appointed by the Executive to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate, caused by the death of Mr. McDuffie. He was subsequently elected and re elected to the same position, and was in office at the time of his death, which occurred at his home, May 25, 1857. He was a states man of distinguished ability and much influence, possessed an uncom mon degree of both mental and physical ability, and in every par ticular, was a high-toned gentle man. He was popular in the Se nate, and left behind him many deeply attached friends. BUTLER, CHESTER. Born in Wilkesbarre, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in March, 1798; graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1817 ; read law at the Litch field School, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Pennsyl vania, from 1845 to 1850, and was a member of the Committee on Revo lutionary Claims. He died Octo ber 5, 1850. BUTLER, EZRA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1813 to 1815, and Governor of that State during the years 1826 and 1827. He died at Waterbury, Vermont, July 19, 1838. BUTLER, JOSIAH. Born in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, in 1780, and died at Deerfield/ October 29, 1854. He graduated at Harvard University in 1803; studied law in Virginia, and practiced it in his native State. He was repeatedly elected to the State Legislature ; was a county sheriff, and a clerk of the courts. He was elected a Representative in Congress, in 1817, and served in that capacity until 1823, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture, during the Seventeenth Congress. He was then appointed Judge of the Superior Court of New Hampshire, which he held until the office was abolished. BUTLER, PIERCE. He was of the family of the Dukes of Ormond, in Ireland. Before the Revolution he was a major in a British regiment in Boston, but af terwards attached himself to the republican institutions of America. In 1787 he was a Delegate, from South Carolina, to the old Con gress; in 1788, a member of the Convention which framed the Con stitution of the' United States, and, under it, was one of the first Sena tors from South Carolina, and re mained in Congress till 1796. On the death of Mr. Calhoun, in 1802, he was again a Senator, but. re signed in 1804. He was opposed to some of the measures of Wash ington's administration, but ap proved of the war of 1812. He died at Philadelphia, February 15, 1822, aged seventy-seven. BUTLER, SAMSON H. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con- 86 Biographical Sketches. gress, from that State, from 1840 to 1843. BUTLER, THOMAS. Hewas born in Carlisle, Penn sylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1818 to 1821. BUTLER, THOMAS B. He was born in Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1807 ; was educa ted a lawyer ; served in the Con necticut Legislature ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1849 to 1851. BUTLER, WILLIAM. He was the father of the late Se nator, A. P. Butler, and graduated at the College of South Carolina, in 1810, as a student of medicine ; served as an officer and surgeon both in the army and navy of the United States ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1801 to 1813. He died many years ago. BUTLER, WILLIAM 0. He was born in Jessamine Coun ty, Kentucky, in 1793, and came of a family honorably identified with the Revolution. He was liberally educated, and when the war of 1812 broke out, he enlisted as a soldier ; was an ensign under General Win chester, at the battle of the River Raisin, and under General Jackson, in the South, he attained the rank of captain, and was made a colo nel in 1817. After spending many years in retirement, he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, in 1839, and re-elected in 1841 ; and during the war with Mexico, he obtained such distinc tion, that he was promoted to the position of major-general in the regular army ; a sword was voted to him by Congress, March 2, 1847 ; and when General Scott was re called from the City of Mexico, General Butler was left chief in command, and announced the rati fication of the treaty of peace, May 29, 1848. In 1848 he was the Democratic candidate for Vice-Pre sident, on the ticket with Lewis Cass for President. He was ap pointed, by President Pierce, Go vernor of Nebraska Territory, but declined the appointment. He is the author of many fugitive pieces of poetry, several of which possess uncommon merit, and one, entitled "The Boat Horn," has attained great popularity. BUTMAN, SAMUEL. A Representative in Congress, from Penobscot County, Maine, from 1827 to 1831, and was a mem ber of the Committee on Internal Improvements. BYNAM, JESSE A. Born in Halifax County, North Carolina. He was educated at Union College, New York ; served a number of years in the State Legislature ; and was a member of Congress, from 1833 to 1841. While in Congress he fought a duel Biographical Sketches. 87 with Daniel Jenifer, which termi nated harmlessly ; and at the close of his last term he removed to Loui siana. CABELL, EDWARD C. Born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1817 ; graduated at the University of Virginia; and in 1837 removed to the Territory of Florida, where he settled as a cotton planter. He represented the State of Florida in Congress, from 1847 to 1853. CABELL, SAMUEL J. In the beginning of the war of the Revolution he Was at William and Mary College, and left there to join the first armed corps raised in Virginia, and soon attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Continental Army, serving with honor in all the campaigns, till the fall of Charleston, May 12, 1780, when he became a prisoner, and the close of the war restored him to liberty. For many years he was a member of the Virginia Assembly, and a Representative in Congress, from 1795 to 1803. He died in Nel son County, Virginia, September 4, 1818, aged sixty-one years. CABLE, JOSEPH. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. CABOT, GEORGE. Bom in Salem, Massachusetts, and employed the early part of his life in foreign commerce. Before he was twenty-six years old, he was elected a member of the Provin cial Congress, from Massachusetts, where he advocated those principles of political economy for which he was afterwards distinguished; he was a member of the Convention which formed the Constitution of that State, and also of that which ra tified the Constitution of the United States, to promote which he made the most strenuous exertions. From 1791 to 1796 he served in the Uni ted States Senate, and was one of the most distinguished members of that body ; a confidential friend of Washington and Hamilton, to the latter of whom he rendered most important assistance in forming his financial system.' In 1808 he was a member of the Council of Massa chusetts, and in 1814 a delegate to the Hartford Convention, and was made president of that body. He, after that period, retired from pub lic life, and died at Boston, April 18, 1823, aged seventy-two. CADWALLADER, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con- CADWALLADER, LAMBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1789 to 1791, and again from 1793 to 1795. CADY, DANIEL. He was born in Chatham, Colum bia County, New York, April 29, 88 Biographical Sketches. 1773 ; was bied a shoemaker; stu died law, and practiced with suc cess ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817, having previously served five years in the State Legis lature. CADY, JOHN W. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1822, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. CAGE, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Mississippi, from 1833 to 1835. CAHOON, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1829 to 1833. CALDWELL, GEORGE A. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845, and again from 1849 to 1851. CALDWELL, GREENE W. Born in Gaston County, North Carolina, April 13, 1811. He stu died medicine, and practiced with success, but subsequently devoted himself to the law. He served a number of years in the State Legis lature, and was a member of Con gress, from 1841 to 1843. He was subsequently appointed Superinten dent of the United States Mint, at Charlotte, which position he re signed ; he participated in the war with Mexico as volunteer captain« of a company of dragoons. CALDWELL, JAMES. ¦He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1813 to 1817. CALDWELL, JOSEPH P. Born in Iredell County, North Carolina, in 1808. He was edu cated at Bethany Academy ; studied law ; and entered public life in 1838, as a member of the State Legisla ture, where he served a number of years, and was. a Representative in Congress, from 1849 to 1853. CALDWELL, PATRICK C. He was a native- of South Caro lina, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, serving on the Committee on Manufactures. CALHOUN, JOHN. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. CALHOUN, JOHN C. Born in Abbeville District, S. O, March 18, 1782. He was of an Irish family. His father, Patrick Calhoun, was born in Ireland, and at an early age came to Pennsylvania, thence went to the western part of Vir ginia, and after Braddock's defeat, moved to South Carolina in 1756. At the age of thirteen, he was put under the charge of his brother- Biographical Sketches. 89 in-law, Dr. Waddel, in Columbia County, Georgia. He entered Yale College in 1802, and graduated with distinction; studied law at Litch field, Connecticut ; and in 1807 was admitted to the bar of South Caro lina. The next year he entered the Legislature of that State, where he served for two sessions with ability and distinction, and in 1811 was elected to Congress, where he con tinued until 1817, when he became Secretary of War under President Monroe, and conducted the affairs of that department with energy and ability for seven years. In 1825 he was elected Vice-President, and in 1831, upon General Hayne's leav ing the Senate to become Governor of South Carolina, Mr. Calhoun re signed the Vice-Presidency, and was elected a member of the United States Senate by the Legislature of South Carolina. After the expira tion of his senatorial term, he went voluntarily into retirement. Upon the death of Mr. Upshur, in 1843, he assumed the conduct of the State Department, which he held until the close of President Tyler's adminis tration. In 1845 he was again elected Senator, which office he held until his decease. From 1811, when he entered Congress, until his death, he was rarely absent from Washington, and during the most of that period he was in the public service of his .State and country. He entered Congress at a time of unusual excitement, preceding the declaration of war of 1812, and had great influence in favor of that mea sure. In the difficulties and em barrassments upon the termination of war, and the transition to a peace establishment, he took a responsible part. As a presiding officer of the Senate he was punctual, methodi cal, and accurate, and had a high regard for the dignity of the body, which he endeavored to preserve and maintain. His connection with nullification, his views of the tariff, his opinions in regard to slavery, and the many and_ exciting questions arising from it, are well known. He shaped the course, and moulded the opinions of the people of his own State, and of some other South ern States, upon all these subjects. Amid all the strifes of party poli tics, there always existed between him and his political opponents, a great degree of personal kindness. He died in Washington City, March 31, 1850, leaving behind him the reputation of one of the greatest and the purest of American states men. His collected writings and speeches have been published in several octavo volumes, edited by his son, and accompanied with a biography. CALHOUN, JOHN E. Born in 1749 ; and graduated at Princeton College in 1774. He afterwards studied law, in which profession he became distinguished. After being for many years in the State Legislature of South Caro lina, he was a Senator in Congress from 1801 to 1802. He was a de cided republican, and supporter of 90 Biographical Sketches. Mr. Jefferson. He was one of the committee who were instructed to report a modification of the judi ciary system of the United States. He died in Pendleton District, No vember 26, 1802, aged fifty-two years. CALHOUN, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1807 to 1811. CALHOUN, WILLIAM B. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Yale College in 1814 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from his native State, from 1835 to 1843. CALL, JACOB, He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1824 to 1825. CALL, RICHARD K. He was born in Kentucky ; and having taken an interest in mili tary affairs, became aid-de-camp to General Jackson in 1818, and was promoted to a captain soon after wards, and subsequently was ap pointed brigadier-general of the Florida militia. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Flo rida in 1822; a Delegate to Con gress from 1823 to 1825 ; Receiver of Public Money for the Land- office ; and he held the position of Governor of Florida from 1836 to 1844. CALVIN, SAMUEL. Born in Washingtonville, Colum bia County, Pennsylvania, July 30, 1811 ; at the age of sixteen, after the death of his father, he was thrown upon his own resources, and became a school teacher, with the view of supporting his father's fa mily, and obtaining the means for a classical education ; he accomplish ed this object ; subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836, and practiced in Hollidays- burg, Pennsylvania. In 1848 he was elected a member of the Thirty- first Congress, and in 1850 declined a re-election.CAMBRELLING, CHURCHILL C. He was born in Washington, North Carolina, in 1786, and re ceived an academical education at Newbern, in that State. He had a special fondness for field sports, but did not let them interfere with his duties as a clerk in a Carolina store, where he was engaged for two years. He removed to New York City in 1802, which has since that time been his home, excepting the year 1806, when he was a counting-house clerk in Providence, Rhode Island. He engaged at an early day in mercantile pursuits with John Jacob Astor, and traveled ex tensively over the world. He was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1821 to 1839, and officiated as Chairman of the Com mittees of Commerce, Ways and Means, and of Foreign Affairs. Biographical Sketches. 91 His reports and political pamph lets were at one time very nume rous, one of the former, on Com merce and Navigation, having gone through several editions and been republished in London. While traveling in Europe in 1839, he re ceived the appointment of Minister to Russia, and on his return to the United States he retired to private life. CAMERON, SIMON. He was born in Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, in 1799, and was left an orphan when only nine years of age. He educated himself, while pursuing the employment of a prin ter in newspaper offices at Harris burg and in Washington City, and when twenty -two years of age edited and published a Democratic journal at the former city, having previously had charge of a paper at Doyles- town, Pennsylvania. In 1832 he established the Middletown Bank of Pennsylvania, and devoted much of his attention to the railroad in terests of his native State, and be fore entering Congress he was the cashier of a bank, president of two railroad companies, and Adjutant- General of Pennsylvania. He was first elected a Senator in Congress in 1845, where he served until 1849, and he was re-elected to the same position in 1857, for the term ending in 1863. He is a member. of the Committees on Finance and on Printing. CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER. He was a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, from 1809 to 1813. CAMPBELL, BROOKINS. He was born in Washington County, Tennessee, in 1808 ; was for many years a member of the State Legislature, and in 1845 was unanimously elected Speaker ; he was an officer in the quartermaster's department in the war with Mexico, and a member of Congress, from 1852 to the time of his death, which occurred in Washington, District of Columbia, December 24, 1853. CAMPBELL, GEORGE W. He was born in Tennessee in 1768; received a good education; was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1803 to 1809, serving during the last two years of his term as Chairman of the Com mittee of Ways and Means; was Judge of the United States District Court ; was elected Senator of the United States in 1811, but resigned on being appointed Secretary of the Treasury in 1814. He resumed his seat in the Senate the following year, and served till 1818, when he was appointed Minister to Russia. He died at Nashville, Tennessee, February 17, 1848. CAMPBELL, JAMES H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. 92 Biographical Sketches. CAMPBELL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1 801 to 1811. CAMPBELL, JOHN. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1829 to 1831, and again from 1837 to 1845. CAMPBELL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1837 to 1843. CAMPBELL, JOHN H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. CAMPBELL, JOHN P. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. CAMPBELL, JOHN W. He was born in Augusta County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1817 to 1827. CAMPBELL, LEWIS D. Born in Franklin, Warren County," Ohio, August 9, 1811. He received a limited education ; was attached at an early day to the Cincinnati Gazette, as printer and assistant editor ; subsequently had the entire control of another political paper; and having studied law, was ad mitted to practice. He was elected a member of Congress, from Ohio, in 1848, and has been re-elected to each successive Congress, down to the Thirty-fifth, when his seat was contested, and the House of Repre sentatives decided against his claim. During the Thirty-third Congress, he was Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. CAMPBELL, ROBERT B. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1809 ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1835 to 1837. He was subsequently appointed, by President Fillmore, American Con sul at Havana, Cuba. CAMPBELL, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1821 to 1823, having previously served five years in the Assembly of that State. CAMPBELL, THOMAS F. He was a native of South Caro lina, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1834 to 1835. CAMPBELL, THOMAS J. He was a citizen of Tennessee, and a member of Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, and twice Clerk of the House of Re- Biographical Sketches. 93 presentatives. He died in Wash ington, District of Columbia, April 13, 1850. CAMPBELL, THOMPSON. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Illinois, from 1851 to 1853. CAMPBELL, WILLIAM B. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1843. CAMPBELL, WILLIAM W. Born in Cherry Valley, New York, June 10, 1806 ; graduated at Union College in 1827, and stu died law with Judge Kent, of New York, and in 1831 he commenced the practice of his profession in that city, having previously written and published a history of the bor der war of New York. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1847, and then spent a year in Europe ; on his return, he was appointed a Justice of the Superior Court of New York City, and served seven years, and was subse quently elected a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, which position he now holds. CANBY, RICHARD S. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. CANNON, NEWTON. He was born in Guilford County, North Carolina, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Tennes see, from 1814 to 1817, and again from 1819 to 1823, and was also appointed by President Monroe, in 1819, one of two Commissioners, to treat with the Chickasaws. CAPERTON, HUGH. He was born in Virginia in 1780 ; was a farmer by occupation ; a member, for many years, of the State Legislature ; and a Representative in Congress, from the Greenbrier region of Virginia, from 1813 to 1815. He died in Monroe County, Virginia, February, 9, 1847. CAREY, GEORGE. He was a native of Maryland, but removed to Georgia, and died in Upson County in 1844. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1823 to 1827, from Georgia. CAREY, SHEPARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1843 to 1845, and served as a member of the Committee on Claims. CARLILE, JOHN S. Born in Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia, December 16, 1817. He was educated by his mother until fourteen years of age, and then went into a country store as salesman and clerk, and at the age of seventeen commenced busi ness for himself ; at the same time he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1840, and settled in Beverly, Randolph County, in 1842, 94 Biographical Sketches. to practice. He was elected to the State Senate in 1847, and served till 1851. In 1850 he was a mem ber of the Constitutional Conven tion of Virginia, and in 1855 was elected a Representative in Con gress, serving one term. CARLTON, PETER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1807 to 1809. CARMICHAEL, R. B. He was a native of Maryland, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. CARNES, THOMAS P. He was born and educated in Maryland ; studied law, and settled in Georgia; he was there succes sively Solicitor-General, Attorney- General, and Judge of the Supreme Court; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1793 to 1795. He died at Milledgeville, May 8, 1822. CARPENTER, DAVIS. He was born in Walpole, Che shire County, New Hampshire, December 25, 1799; received an academical education ; studied me- decine, and took the degree of M.D. at Middlebury College, Ver mont, in 1824 ; he removed to the State of New York in 1825, and there attained the position of co lonel of a rifle corps ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1853 to 1855. He is now devoted to his profession and to surveying. CARPENTER, LEVI D. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1843 to 1845. CARR, FRANCIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1811 to 1813. CARR, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1815 to 1817. CARR, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1831 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1841, and died in Clarke County, Indi ana, January 20, 1845. CARROLL, CHARLES, of Carrollton. He was born in Annapolis, Mary land, on the 20th of September, 1737 ; was descended from a re spectable Irish family ; was of the Roman Catholic religion, and in herited a very large estate. He was sent at an early age to St. Omers to be educated, and afterwards re moved to Rheims. After having studied civil law in France, he went to London, and pursued the study of common law at the Temple; Biographical Sketches. 95 and returned to America at the age of twenty-seven. He soon be came known as an advocate for liberty, and was one of the ablest political writers of Maryland. In 1776, he was elected a Delegate to the old Congress, and subscribed his name to the Declaration of In dependence, and at the time of his death was the last surviving signer of that document. In 1778 he left Congress, and devoted himself to the councils of his native State ; in 1789 he was elected a Senator to the new Congress, and in 1810 he quitted public life, and passed the remainder of his days in tranquillity, beloved and revered by his friends and neighbors, and honored by his country. He was ever considered a model of regularity in conduct and sedateness in judgment. He died in Baltimore, November 14, 1832. CARROLL, CHARLES H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1843 to 1847, a member of the Assembly of the State in 1836, and a State Senator in 1837. CARROLL, DANIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1789 to 1791, and was that year appointed Commissioner for Surveying the District of Columbia. CARROLL, JAMES. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. CARSON, SAMUEL P. Born at Pleasant Garden, Burke County, North Carolina. He was for several years a member of the State Legislature, and a Represen tative in Congress, from 1825 to 1833. He killed Doctor Robert B. Vance in a duel, in 1827, and at the close of his services in Congress, removed to Arkansas, where he died in November, 1840. CARTER, JOHN. Born on Black River, Sumter District, South Carolina, Septem ber 10, 1792; and graduated at South Carolina College, Columbia. He was a lawyer by profession; and a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1822 to 1829, when he declined a re-election. His residence was Camden, but he removed to Georgetown, District of Columbia, in 1836, where he re mained until his death, which oc curred June 20, 1850. CARTER, TIMOTHY J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1837 to the date of his death, which occurred at Washington, March 14, 1838. CARTER, WILLIAM B. Born in Tennessee in 1812; was a member of the House and Senate in the State Legislature ; President of the Constitutional Convention ; and from 1835 to 1841, a Repre sentative in Congress, from his native State. He died in Carter County, Tennessee, April 17, 1848. 96 Biographical Sketches. CARTTER, DAVID R. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1849 to 1853. CARUTHERS, ROBERT L. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. CARUTHERS, SAMUEL. Born in Madison County, Mis souri, October 13, 1820 ; was edu cated at Clinton College, Tennessee; is a lawyer by profession ; and was elected a member of the House of Representatives, in Congress, in 1853, which position he still occu pies. CARY, GEORGE B. A member of Congress, from the Petersburg District, Virginia, in 1842 and 1843. He died in South ampton County, Virginia, March 5, 1850. CARY, JEREMIAH E. Born in Coventry, Rhode Island, April 30, 1803 ; commenced active life in the State of New York, by working on a farm, and in the tan nery of an uncle ; he received a good common school education, which he paid for by his own exertions as a teacher; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829 ; was elected to Congress, from Cherry Valley County, in 1842, and, after his term as a Representative, re moved to the City of New York, where he has since been engaged with success in the practice of his profession, and holding many im portant local offices connected with the cause of education. CASE, CHARLES. Born at Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio, December 21, 1817; a lawyer by profession, and a Rep resentative in the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from Indiana. He is' a mem ber of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. He has also been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con- CASE, WALTER. He was born in Dutchess County, New York, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. CASEY, JOSEPH. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1849 to 1851. CASEY, LEVI. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1803 to 1807. CASEY, ZADOCK. He was born in Georgia, and on removing to Illinois, was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1843. Biographical Sketches. 97 CASKIE, JOHN S. He was born in Virginia, and was first elected a Representative to Congress, from his native State, in 1851, and has been elected to each successive Congress, serving at the present time as a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. CASS, LEWIS. Born in Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. Having received a limited education at his native place, at the early age of seventeen he crossed the Alleghany Mountains on foot, to seek a home in the "great west," then an almost unex plored wilderness. Settled at Ma rietta, Ohio, he studied law, and was successful. Elected at twenty- five to the Legislature of Ohio, he originated the bill which arrested the proceedings of Aaron Burr, and, as stated by Mr Jefferson, was the first blow given to what is known as Burr's conspiracy. In 1807 he was appointed, by Mr. Jef ferson, Marshal of the State, and held the office till the latter part of 1811, when he volunteered to repel Indian aggressions on the frontier. He was elected colonel of the 3d Regiment of Ohio volunteers, and entered the military service of the United States, at the commence ment of the war of 1812. Having by a difficult march reached Detroit, he urged the immediate invasion of Canada, and was the author of the proclamation of that event. He was the first to land in arms on the ene- 7 my's shore, and, with a small de tachment of troops, fought and won the first battle, that of the Tarontoe. At the subsequent capitulation of Detroit, he was absent, on import ant service, and regretted that his command and himself had been in cluded in that capitulation. Libe rated on parol, he repaired to the seat of government to report the causes of the disaster, and the fail ure of the campaign. He was im mediately appointed a colonel in the regular army, and, soon after, pro moted to the rank of brigadier- general ; having, in the mean time, been, elected major-general of the Ohio volunteers. On being ex changed and released from parol, he again repaired to the frontier, and joined the army for the recovery of Michigan. Being at that time without a command, he served and distinguished himself, as a volunteer aid-de-camp to General Harrison, at the battle of the Thames. He was appointed, by President Madi son, in October, 1813, Governor of Michigan. His position combined, with the ordinary duties of chief magistrate of a civilized commu nity, the immediate management and control, as superintendent, of the relations with the numerous and powerful Indian tribes in that region of country. He conducted with success the affairs of the Territory under embarrassing circumstances. Under his sway peace was preserved between the whites and the treach erous and disaffected Indians, law and order established, and the Ter- 98 Biographical Sketches. ritory rapidly advanced in popula tion, resources, and prosperity. He held this position till July, 1831, when he was, by President Jackson, made Secretary of War. In the latter part of 1836, President Jack son appointed him Minister to France, where he remained until 1842, when he requested his recall, and returned to this country. In January, 1845, he was elected, by the Legislature of Michigan, to the Senate of the United States ; which place he resigned on his nomination, in May, 1848, as a candidate for the Presidency, by the political party to which he belongs. After the election of his opponent (General Taylor) to that office, the Legisla ture of his State, in 1849, re-elected him to the Senate for the unexpired portion of his original term of six years. When Mr. Buchanan became President, he invited General Cass to the head of the Department of State, in which position he has ac quitted himself with characteristic ability. He has devoted some at tention to literary pursuits, and his writings, speeches, and State papers would make several volumes. CASSADY, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1821 to 1827, and died in Hackensack, New Jersey, December 31, 1842, aged fifty-eight years. CATHCART, CHARLES W. He was born in the Island of Madeira, and having taken up his residence in Indiana, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1849, and was a Senator in Congress, from 1852 to 1853. CATLIN, GEORGE S. Born in Harwington, Litchfield County, Connecticut, in 1809; re ceived a common school and aca demic education ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1830; and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1843 to 1845. He was also a number of years in the State Legislature, States Attorney, and Judge of the Windham County Court He died in December, 1851. CAUSIN, JOHN M. S. He was born in Maryland, a law yer by profession, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from his na tive State, from 1843 to 1845. CAVANAUGH, J. M. He is a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Minne sota. CHAFFEE, CALVIN C. Born in Saratoga County, New York, August 28, 1811. He early devoted himself to the study of me dicine, graduated at Middlebury College; and on becoming a citizen- of Massachusetts, he was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, for the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is now a member of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Biographical Sketches. 99 CHALMERS, JOSEPH W. He was a Senator in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1845 to 1847. CHAMBERLAIN, EBENEZER M. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1853 to 1855. CHAMBERLAIN, JOHN C. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1793 ; practiced law at Alstead, New Hampshire ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1811. He died at Utica, New York, Decem ber 8, 1834, aged sixty-two years. CHAMBERLAIN, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1803 to 1805, and again from 1809 to 1811. CHAMBERS, DAVID. He was born in Allentown, North ampton County, Pennsylvania, in 1780. He was educated by his father, who was a school teacher; and in 1794 was employed as a con fidential express to carry dispatches from General Henry Lee to Presi dent Washington, during the Whis ky Insurrection; in 1796 he was placed in the office of the Aurora newspaper, to learn the printer's trade ; and after spending the six teen subsequent years on a farm in Virginia, he removed to Zanesville, Ohio, where he conducted a news paper, and was elected State prin ter. When the seat of government was removed to Columbus, he was appointed Secretary of the Senate ; during the years 1812 and 1813 he was aid-de-camp to General Cass ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1821 to 1823. He subsequently served a number of years in the State Legis lature of Ohio ; was Speaker in 1844, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1851 ; having also been elected Mayor of Zanesville, Recorder, and Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas. Of late years he has been wholly de voted to agricultural pursuits. CHAMBERS, EZEKIEL F. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maryland, from 1826 to 1835, CHAMBERS, GEORGE. Born in Chambersburg, Pennsyl vania, in 1 7 8 6 ; graduated at Prince ton College in 1804; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1807, and practiced extensively in the Franklin County courts. He was a Representative in Congress from 1833 to 1837, and was then elected a delegate to the Pennsylvania Con stitutional Convention. In lf851 he was appointed by the Governor, with the unanimous consent of the Senate, a trustee of the Supreme Court of the State, which office he held until the expiration of its tenure under the constitution. Since that time he has lived in retirement, discharging many trusts and offices 100 Biographical Sketches. in promotion of religion and educa tion, in the town of his birth, which bears his father's name. CHAMBERS, HENRY. He was a Senator in Congress from 1825 to 1826, from Alabama, and died in 1826. CHAMBERS, JOHN. Born in New Jersey in 1779 ; emigrated to Kentucky when thir teen years of age ; studied law, and practiced the profession with suc cess ; was an aid-de-camp to Gene ral Harrison at the battle of the Thames ; was appointed Governor of the Territory of Iowa by Presi dent Harrison, manifesting great ability and prudence in his inter course with the Indians; and by President Taylor he was appointed a Commissioner to make a treaty with the Sioux Indians. He was a member of Congress, from Ken tucky, from 1827 to 1829, and again from 1835 to 1839. He died near Paris, Kentucky, September 21, 1852. CHAMPION, EPAPHRODITUS. He was, a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1807 to 1817 ; a man greatly respected for his public and private character ; and died at East Haddam, Connec ticut, November 22, 1835, aged seventy-eight years. CHAMPLIN, CHRISTOPHER G . He was a native of Newport, Rhode Island ; graduated at Har vard University in 1786; was a member of Congress from 1797 to 1801, and a Senator of the United States from 1809 to 1811. At the time of his death, which occurred March 18, 1840, in the seventy- fourth year of his age, he was Pre sident of the Rhode Island Bank. CHANDLER, JOHN. He was a Councillor and Senator in Maine from 1803 to 1805 ; re presented Massachusetts in Con gress, from 1805 to 1808 ; and was elected to the Senate in 1820, being one of the first two Senators from Maine after its separation from Massachusetts. In 1829 he was appointed Collector of the port of Portland. CHANDLER, JOSEPH R. He was born in Massachusetts ; was liberally educated, and studied law ; edited a newspaper in Phila delphia for many years; was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1849 to 1855; and was appointed Minister to Naples by President Buchanan in 1858. CHANDLER, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1829 to 1833. CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH. He is a Senator in Congress from Michigan, having succeeded Sena tor Cass in that capacity ; he took his seat in the Thirty-fifth Congress. Biographical Sketches. 101 He is a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. CHANEY, JOHN. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1833 to 1839. CHAPIN, GRAHAM H. He was born in Connecticut; Oj graduated at Yale College in 18l¥-; and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1835 to 1837, and died in 1843. CHAPMAN, AUGUSTUS A. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. CHAPMAN, BIRD B. He was born in Connecticut, and, on removing to Nebraska, was elect ed a Delegate, from that Territory, to the Thirty-fourth Congress. CHAPMAN, CHARLES. Born at Newtown, Fairfield Coun ty, Connecticut, June 21, 1799 ; receiyed a classical education ; he is a lawyer by profession ; was three times a member of the House of Representatives of the State ; he was United States Attorney during the administration of Mr. Tyler, and a Representative in the Thirty- second Congress, from Connecticut. CHAPMAN, HENRY. He was born in Pennsylvania, and elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from his na tive State, serving as a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. CHAPMAN, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1797 to 1799. CHAPMAN, JOHN G. He was born in Charles County, Maryland, July 5-, 1798, and died December 10, 1856. He laid the foundation of his education at Yale College, which he left during his senior term, on account of his health, and afterwards refused a diploma which was tendered to him by the faculty. He studied law with Wil liam Wirt, and, after practicing for some time, turned his attention to politics, and between the years 1824 and 1844, he was almost constantly in the Legislature of Maryland. In 1845 he was elected a Representa tive in Congress, and again re-elect ed in 1847, serving on important committees, and doing much good for his constituents and the public at large. He was chosen President of the Convention which framed the present Constitution of Maryland ; and his last public act was to preside as Chairman of the National Whig Convention, which met in Baltimore, in 1856, to nominate Millard Fill more for the Presidency. He was an eloquent speaker, filled all his public trusts with fidelity, and died lamented by a large number of warm personal friends. 102 Biographical Sketches. CHAPMAN, REUBEN. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1835 to 1847. CHAPPELL, JOHN J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1813 to 1817. CHARLTON, ROBERT M. He was a Judge, and a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, in 1852 and 1853. He died in Savannah, January 18, 1854. CHASE, DUDLEY. Was born in Cornish, Sullivan County, New Hampshire, Decem ber 30, 1771. He received an aca demic education, and graduated at Dartmouth College, in 1791. Having been admitted to the bar, he commenced practice in Vermont, and, from 1803 to 1811, he was States' Attorney for Orange County. He was a member of the Constitu tional Conventions of 1814 and 1822. He was a Representative, from Randolph, to the Legislature of Vermont, in 1805, and the seven succeeding years, during five of which he was Speaker of the House of Representatives, and was again elected Representative, from the same town, in 1823 and 1824. He was elected United States Senator, from Vermont, from 1813 to 1819, but he resigned his seat in 1817. He was chosen Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Vermont, in 1817, holding the same office, by annual re-elections, until 1821. He then returned to his profession of the law for a few years, and in 1824 he was again chosen United States Senator, from 1825 to 1831, inclu sive, when he retired wholly from public life, and devoted his attention to farming and gardening, of which he was excessively fond. He was a brother of the late Philander Chase, Bishop of Illinois ; and died at Randolph, Vermont, February 23, 1846. CHASE, GEORGE W. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. CHASE, LUCIEN B. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term, ending in 1849. CHASE, SALMON P. He was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, January 13, 1808. His education began at home, and was continued at the schools and acade mies of New Hampshire and Cen tral Ohio, and completed at the Cincinnati . College, and at Dart mouth, in New Hampshire. He studied law, in Washington City, with William Wirt, and has prac ticed his profession in Cincinnati, Ohio, for many years. His first public position was that of School Examiner, in Cincinnati, in 1839 ; in 1840 he was a City Councilman; Biographical Sketches. 103 was a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, from 1849 to 1855; and elected Governor of Ohio, in 1855, and re-elected in 1857. CHASE, SAMUEL. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829. CHASTAIN, EDWARD W. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1851 to 1855. CHEATHAM, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1837 to 1839. CHETWOOD, WILLIAM. Born in New Jersey, in 1769 ; graduated at Princeton College in 1792 ; and admitted to the bar in 1798. During the Whisky Insur rection he attended Major-General Lee, as aid-de-camp ; at one time served in the State Council of New Jersey, and was elected to Congress, to fill a vacancy, during the admin istration of President Jackson. He was an able lawyer, practiced his profession until his seventieth year, and died December 18, 1857. CHEVES, LANGDON. He was born in Abbeville Dis trict, South Carolina, in September, 1776; was admitted to the bar in 1800 ; elected to the State Legisla ture in 1808; and afterwards At torney-General of the State. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1811 to 1816, and was Speaker during the second session of the Thirteenth Congress. He was also Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, from 1816 to 1819, and for a time President of the United States Bank. Resigning this trust, he returned to Carolina, and with drew from public life. He died June 25, 185-7. CHILTON, SAMUEL. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. CHILTON, THOMAS. He was a native of Kentucky, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1831, and for a second term, from 1833 to 1835. CHILDS, THOMAS, Jr. He was born in New York, and was a Representative from that State during the Thirty-fourth Con gress. CHILDS, TIMOTHY. He was born in Massachusetts ; was a member of the Assembly of New York in 1828 and 1833 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1831, from 1835 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. CHINN, JOSEPH W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1831 to 104 Biographical Sketches. 1835, and died at Richmond, De cember 5, 1840. CHINN, THOMAS W. He was born in Kentucky, and, removing to Louisiana, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1841. CHIPMAN, DANIEL. Born in 1765 ; graduated at Dart mouth ; was a lawyer by profession, and practiced at Ripton, Vermont. He was frequently Speaker of the House of Representatives of his State, and was a member of the last Constitutional Convention ; he was the first reporter of the de cisions of the Supreme Court, and the author of an able work on Law Contracts for the Sale of Specific Articles, which is highly esteemed by the profession. He was a mem ber of Congress, from 1814 to 1817, and died in Ripton, April 23, 1850. CHIPMAN, JOHN S. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from Michigan, from 1845 to 1847. CHIPMAN, NATHANIEL. Born in Salisbury, Connecticut, November 15, 1752; graduated at Yale College in 1777 ; and settled as a lawyer in Tinmouth, Vermont, and was Professor of Law for twen ty-eight years in Middlebury Col lege. In 1786 he was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court; in 1789 he was chosen Chief Justice; and in 1791 was appointed Judge of the United States District Court. He was subsequently again elected Chief Justice, and from 1797 to 1802 he was a member of the Uni ted States Senate. In 1793 he pub lished "Sketches of the Principles of Government," and "Reports and Dissertations." He died at Tin mouth, February 15, 1843. CHIPMAN, WILLIAM W. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Iowa, from 1839 to 1841. CHITTENDEN, MARTIN. He was born in 1769, in Salis bury, Connecticut. He was a mem ber of Congress, from Vermont, from 1803 to 1813, and Governor of Vermont in 1813 and 1814. He was a graduate of Dartmouth Col lege in 1789, and died in 1840. CHOATE, RUFUS. Was born at Ipswich; Massachu setts, in October, 1799. He gradu ated at Dartmouth College in 1819, and was afterwards chosen a tutor in that institution, but having se lected the law for his profession, he entered the law school at Cambridge. He completed his legal studies at an office in Salem, and commenced the practice of his profession in the town of Danvers, in 1824. In 1825 he was elected a Representative to the Massachusetts Legislature, and in 1827 he was in the Senate of the same State. He took a prominent part in the debates, and won much reputation by his energy and saga- Biographical Sketches. 105 city. In 1832 he, was elected a member of Congress from the Es sex District, but declined a re-elec tion in 1834, and removed to Bos ton, to devote himself to his profes sion. Here he took an eminent position at the bar, and soon came into an extensive practice. In 1841, on the retirement of Mr. Webster from the Senate, Mr. Choate was elected to fill the vacancy, but he afterwards resigned his seat, and gave himself up wholly to his pro fession. He was a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, but holds no public office now. CHRISMAN, JAMES S. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. CHRISTIE, GABRIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1793 to 1797, and from 1799 to 1801. CHRISTIE, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress from Kentucky, from 1809 to 1811. CHURCHWELL, WILLIAM W. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1852 to 1855. CILLEY, BRADBURY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1813 to 1814. CILLEY, JONATHAN. He was born in Maine in 1803 ; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825; adopted the profession of law; was at one time Speaker of the House of Representatives of Maine ; and a member of Congress, from 1837 to the time of his death. He was killed, at the third fire, in a duel fought with William J. Graves, at Bladensburg, Maryland, Febru ary 24, 1838, with rifles, at eighty yards distance. CILLEY, JOSEPH He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1846 to 1847. CLAGETT, CLIFTON. He was born in Rockingham County, New Hampshire ; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1803 to 1805 ; and again from 1817 to 1821. CLAIBORNE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1805 to 1808. CLAIBORNE, JOHN F. H. Was a native of Natchez, Mis sissippi, educated and licensed as a lawyer in Virginia ; was a Repre sentative in the Legislature of Mis sissippi during three sessions, and a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1838 ; has since conducted the Natchez Fur Trader, and Lou isiana Courier, leading journals of 106 Biographical Sketches. the South, and is editor of an agri cultural journal, published in New Orleans. He holds the office of United States Timber Agent, for the District of Louisiana and Mis sissippi, to which he was appointed, by President Pierce. He is said to be engaged 6n a historical work relating to the Southwest. CLAIBORNE, NATHANIEL H. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1825 to 1837. CLAIBORNE, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1799, and again from 1801 to 1805. CLAIBORNE, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1817 to 1819. , CLAIBORNE, WILLIAM C. C. He studied law, and settled in Tennessee, of which State he as sisted in forming the Constitution, and afterwards represented it in Congress, from 1797 to 1801. In 1801 he was appointed Governor of the Mississippi Territory, and in 1804 of- Louisiana, and to that of fice he was also chosen by the peo ple, after the adoption of its Con stitution, from 1812 to 1816. He was then elected a Senator of the United States, but died before he took his seat, at New Orleans, No vember 23, 1817. CLAPP, ASA W. H. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. CLARK, ABRAHAM. Born near Elizabethtown, New Jersey, February 15, 1726. He was a self-made man, and, because of his habit of giving legal advice gratuitously, he was called the "Poor Man's Counsellor." He was sheriff, and clerk of the Co lonial Assembly, one of the Dele gates to the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; and, after the adop tion of the Constitution, was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1791 to 1794. He died September 15, 1794, of stroke of the sun. CLARK, ARCHIBALD S. He was a member of the New York Senate for four years, begin ning with 1813, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1816 to 1817. CLARK, BAYARD. He was born in New York, and was a Representative from New York, in the Thirty-fourth Con gress. CLARK, BEVERLY S. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1847 to 1849. CLARK, CHRISTOPHER. He was a Representative in Con- Biographical Sketches. 107 gress, from Virginia, from 1804 to 1806. CLARK, DANIEL. Born in Stratham, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, October 24, 1809 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834 ; is a lawyer by pro fession ; was a member of the House of Representatives of New Hamp shire, in 1842, 1843, and 1846, and again in 1854 and 1855. In 1857 he was chosen a Senator in Con gress, and is a member of the Committees on Claims and Public Buildings and Grounds. CLARK, EZRA, Jr. He was born in Vermont, and having removed to Connecticut, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, and re elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Com mittee on Elections. CLARK, FRANKLIN. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. CLARK, HORACE F. He was born in Southbury, New Haven County, Connecticut; gra duated at Williams College, Massa chusetts ; adopted the law as a profession ; and is a member of the Thirty-fifth Congress, from New York, serving as a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. CLARK, JAMES. He was a'Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1813 to 1816, and again from 1825 to 1831, and was Governor of the State in 1836. He died at Frankfort, Ken tucky, August 27, 1839. CLARK, JAMES W. Born in Bertie County, North Carolina; graduated at Princeton CoUege in 1796; was for several years in the House of Commons; a Presidential Elector in 1812; three years a member of the State Senate ; and a, Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1817. He was in 1828 appointed Chief Clerk of the Navy Department, and died in the sixty-fifth year of his age. CLARK, JOHN B. Born in Madison County, Ken tucky, April 17, 1802. A lawyer by profession ; removed to Mis souri, and was appointed Clerk of Howard County Court, in 1824, serving till 1834. In 1832 com manded a regiment of mounted miUtia during the Black Hawk war, and made major-general of militia in 1848 ; elected to the Legislature during the session of 1850-51 ; was chosen, by the State, as commanding officer to expel the Mormons from Missouri, and is a member of the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving on the Committee on Territories. He has been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. 108 Biographical Sketches. CLARK, LINCOLN. He was born in Massachusetts, and, on removing to Iowa, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. CLARK, LOT. He was born in New York, was a Representative in Congress, from 1823 to 1825, when he was ap pointed Postmaster at Norwich, New York ; and was a member of the New York Assembly in 1846. CLARK, M. S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, during the years 1820 and 1821. CLARK, ROBERT. He was born in Washington County, New York, was a member of the Assembly of that State, from 1812 to 1815; a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1821 ; and a delegate to the State Constitu tional Convention held in the latter year. CLARK, SAMUEL. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1833 to 1835. CLARK, SAMUEL. He was born in New York, and, on removing to Michigan, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. CLARK, WILLIAM. He was for some time, prior to 1828, State Treasurer of Pennsyl vania. In 1828 was appointed Treasurer of the United States, and held the office for one year. From 1833 to 1837 he was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress. He died in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, April 28, 1851. CLARKE, BAYARD. Born in New York City, March 17, 1815 ; educated at Geneva Col lege, and studied law. In 1836 he was Attache and Secretary to Gene ral Cass's Embassy to France, and continued in that position four years. He then took a course of study at the Royal School of Ca valry, in France, and afterwards , served in the 2d Regiment of dra goons, through the Florida war. He resigned in 1843, and settled at Westchester, New York, which Dis trict he represented in the Thirty- fourth Congress. CLARKE, CHARLES E. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. In 1839 and 1840 he was a mem ber of the New York Assembly, from Jefferson County. CLARKE, DANIEL. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Orleans or Louisiana, from 1806 to 1809. Biographical Sketches. 109 CLARKE, HENRY S. Born in Beaufort County, North Carolina. He studied law; went into the State Legislature in 1834 ; was Solicitor for the State in 1842 ; and a Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1845 to 1847. CLARKE, JOHN C. He was born in Connecticut; served in the Assembly of New York in 1826 ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1829, and again from 1837 to 1843. CLARKE, JOHN H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1847 to 1853. CLARKE, STALEY N. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1841 to 1843. CLAWSON, ISAIAH D. He was born in New Jersey, and was elected a Representative from that State to the Thirty-fourth Con gress, and re-elected to the Thirty- fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. CLAY, CLEMENT C. He was born in Halifax County, Virginia, December 17, 1789 ; gra duated at the University of East Tennessee; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1809 ; and removed to Huntsville, Alabama, in 1811, where he has resided ever since. During the Creek war, he saw some service as a soldier. He practiced his profession until 1817, when he was elected a member of the Territorial Council of Alabama; in 1819 he was chosen one of the Judges of the Circuit Court; in 1820 was 'chosen Chief Justice of that Court, and resigned in 1823 ; in 1828 he was elected to the State Legislature, and was made Speaker; he was a Representative in Con-* gress, from Alabama, from 1827 to 1835 ; in 1835 he was elected Go vernor of Alabama, serving two years ; and in 1837 he was elected a Senator in Congress for the term ending in 1842. CLAY, CLEMENT C, Jr. He was born in Madison, Ala bama, about the year 1819 ; gra duated at the University of Ala bama, and spent two years at the University of Virginia ; studied law and commenced the practice at Huntsville, Alabama, in 1840; served in the Legislature of Ala bama in 1842, 1844, and 1845 ; and was elected by the Legislature, in 1846, Judge of the Madison County Court, serving two years, when he resigned. In 1853 he was elected a Senator in Congress, from Ala bama, and in 1857 was re-elected for the term of six years, receiving every vote in the Legislature. He is Chairman of the Committee on Commerce and a member of the Committee on Pensions. 110 Biographical Sketches. clay, henry. Born in Hanover County, Vir ginia, April 12, 1777. Having re ceived a common school education, he became at an early age, a copy ist in the office of the clerk of the Court of Chancery, at Richmond. At nineteen he commenced the study of law, and shortly afterwards re moved to Lexington, ' Kentucky, where he was admitted to the bar in 1799, and soon obtained exten sive practice. He began his political career, by taking an active part in the election of delegates to frame a new constitution for the State of Kentucky. In 1803 he was elected to the Legislature by the citizens of Fayette County; and in 1806 he was appointed to the United States Senate for the remainder of the term of General Adair, who had resigned. In 1807 he was again elected a member of the General Assembly of Kentucky, and was chosen Speaker. In the following year occurred his duel with Hum phrey Marshall. In 1809 he was again elected to the United States Senate for the unexpired term of Mr. Thurston, resigned. In 1811 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, on the first day of his appearance in that body, and was five times re-elected to this of fice. During this session, his elo quence aroused the country to resist the aggressions of Great Britain, and awakened a national spirit. In 1814, he was appointed one of the Commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace at Ghent. Returning from this mission, he was re-elected to Congress, and in 1818, he spoke in favor of recognizing the inde pendence of the South American Republics. In the same year, he put forth his strength in behalf of a national system of internal im provements. A monument of stone, inscribed with his name, was erected on the Cumberland road, to com memorate his services in behalf of that improvement. In the session of 1819-20, he exerted himself for the establishment of protection to American industry, and this was followed by services in adjusting the Missouri Compromise. After the settlement of these questions, he withdrew from Congress, in order to attend to his private affairs. In 1823 he returned to Congress and was re-elected Speaker ; and at this session he exerted himself in sup port of the independence of Greece. Under John Quincy Adams, he filled the office of Secretary of State ; the attack upon Mr. Adams's ad- -ministration, and especially upon the Secretary of State, by John Randolph, led to a hostile meet ing between him and Mr. Clay, which terminated without blood shed. In 1829 he returned to Ken tucky ; and in 1831 was elected to the United States Senate, where he commenced his labors in favor of the Tariff; in the same month of his reappearance in the Senate, he was unanimously nominated for Pre sident of the United States. In 1836 he was re-elected to the Se- Biographical Sketches. Ill nate, where he remained until 1842, when he resigned, and took his final leave, as he supposed, of that body. In 1839 he was again nominated for the Presidency, but General Harrison was selected as the can didate. He also received the nomi nation, in 1844, for President, and was defeated in this election by Mr. Polk. He remained in retirement in Kentucky, until 1849, when he was re-elected to the Senate of the United States. Here he devoted all his energies to the measures known as the Compromise Acts. His efforts during this session weakened his strength, and he went for his health to Havana and New Orleans, but with no permanent advantage ; he returned to Wash ington, but was unable to partici pate in the active duties of the Senate, and resigned his seat, to take effect upon the 6th of Septem ber, 1852. He died in Washington City, June 29, 1852. He was in terested in the success of the Co lonization Society, and was for a long time one of its most efficient officers, and also its president. His Life and Letters, and also his Speeches, were published in several volumes by the late Calvin Colton. CLAY, JAMES B. Born in Washington City, No vember 9, 1817. He received his classical education at Transylvania University in Kentucky, and at the age of fifteen went to Boston, where he spent two years in a counting- house. From Boston he emigrated to St. Louis, Missouri, then a city of only eight thousand, and settled upon, a farm ; and when twenty-one years of age, he returned to Ken tucky. After spending two years in the manufacturing business, he graduated at the Law School of Lexington, and practiced law as the partner of his father, the Honorable Henry Clay, until 1849 ; and dur ing that year President Taylor ap pointed him Charge d'Affaires to Lisbon ; and having returned home by order of the Government, he was mentioned by name in President Fillmore's Message of 1850. In 1851 he again took up his residence in Missouri, but returned to Ken tucky in 1853, when he became the proprietor of Ashland. He was elected to Congress in 1857, and still continues a member, serving on the Committee on Foreign Re lations. CLAY, JOSEPH. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1784 ; was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1808; and died in 1811. CLAY, MATTHEW. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1797 to 1813. CLAYTON, AUGUSTIN S. Born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, November 27, 1783, and died at his residence, in Athens, Georgia, June 21, 1839. He was educated at the 112 Biographical Sketches. University of Georgia; read law, and practiced it with eminent suc cess ; served in the State Legisla ture; was appointed Judge of the Superior Court ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1831 to 1835. He was for many years skeptical on the subject of the Christian religion, but at the time of his death was a sincere believer, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He acquired some distinction as a politician, and the political pamphlet called "Crockett's Life of Van Buren," is said to have been the production of his pen. CLAYTON, JOHN M. Born in Sussex County, Dela ware, July 24, 1796 ; graduated at Yale College in 1815 ; was bred to the bar, having studied law in the office of John Clayton, and for a time in the law school at Litchfield, Connecticut. He commenced prac tice in 1818, and soon attained emi nence in his profession. He was, in 1824, elected to the State Legis lature, and subsequently Secretary of State of Delaware ; and in 1829 was chosen a Senator in Congress. He was re-elected in 1835, and re signed in December, 1836. In January, 1837, was appointed Chief Justice of Delaware, which office he resigned in 1839. He was again elected to the Federal Senate in 1845, and was a Senator until 1849, when he became Secretary of State under President Taylor, which po sition he occupied until the death of Taylor, in July, 1850. During this period he negotiated the famous Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. He was for the third time elected to the Se nate, and took his seat March, 1851, and died a Senator, November 9, 1856. During his last term in the Senate, he vindicated, with marked ability, the principles of the treaty which he inaugurated. At the bar he was a learned lawyer and an elo quent advocate ; and during his whole public career acquitted him self uprightly, with dignity, and re cognized ability. He had two sons, both of whom preceded him to the grave. CLAYTON, JOSHUA. He was the Governor of Dela ware from 1793 to 1796, and was chosen a Senator of the United States in 1798, and died the follow ing year. CLAYTON, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1813 to 1817, and United States Senator from 1823 to 1826, and again from 1837 to 1847. He had been at dif ferent periods a member of the Delaware Legislature, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and of the Superior Court. He died in Newcastle, Delaware, August '21, 1854, aged seventy-six years. CLEAVELAND, J. F. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1836 to 1839, but subsequently removed to Biographical Sketches. 113 Charleston, where he became a mer chant, and died May 19, 1841. CLEMENS, JEREMIAH. He was born in Huntsville, Ala bama, December 28, 1814, and was educated at La Grange College, and the University of Alabama. He studied law at the University of Transylvania, in Kentucky, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1838 he was appointed United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama; in 1839, 1840, and 1841 he was elected to the State Legislature; in 1842 raised a company of volunteer troops, and went to Texas, having been ap pointed lieutenant-colonel, and sub sequently, to the same office in the regular army; in 1843 and 1844 he was again elected to the Legislature; in 1844 served as a Presidential Elector ; in 1848 was appointed Governor of the Civil and MUitary Department of Pur chase in Mexico, which position he held until the close of the war ; and he was a Senator in Congress, from Alabama, from 1849 to 1853. He was also a Presidential Elector in 1856. As an author Mr. Clemens has published two novels, entitled "Bernard Lile" and "Mustang Gray," the first in 1853, and the last in 1857. He is now an editor. CLEMENS, SHERRARD. Born, at Wheeling, Virginia, April 28, 1826 ; graduated at Wash ington College, Pennsylvania; a law yer by profession, and during politi- 8 cal campaigns has held several confi dential positions in his native State ; and was elected a member of Con gress, from December, 1852, to March, 1853, and elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Committees on Manufactures and Revolutionary Pensions. CLENDENEN, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1815 to 1817. CLEVELAND, CHAUNCEF F. Born in Hampton, Connecticut, in 1799 ; was educated in the com mon schools of that vicinity; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1819 ; he was in the Connecticut Legislature in 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1832, 1835, 1836, 1838, 1847, and 1848, and twice elected Speaker ; he was appointed Attor ney for the State in 1832 ; and was Governor of Connecticut in 1842 and 1843. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1849 to 1853. CLIFFORD, NATHAN. He was born in Rumney, Grafton County, New Hamsphire, August 18, 1803. He fitted for College at the Haverhill Academy, and com pleted his education at the Hamp ton Literary Institution. He stu died law, and, after being admitted to the bar, removed to Maine in 1827. He was elected to the Le gislature, from York County, in 1830, and re-elected for three years, during the last two occupying the 114 Biographical Sketches. post of Speaker. In 1834 he was appointed Attorney-General for the State of Maine, which office he held four years; and he was a Repre sentative in Congress from 1839 to 1843. In 1846 he was appointed, by President Polk, Attorney- Gene ral of the United States, which office he held until March, 1847, when he was appointed Commis sioner to Mexico. When peace was declared between this country and Mexico, he was appointed Min ister to that Republic ; on his return to the United States he settled in Portland, devoting himself to his profession ; and in 1858 was ap pointed, by President Buchanan, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. CLINCH, DUNCAN L. Was a general in the United States army; and from 1843 to 1845 a Representative in Congress from Georgia. He was a brave soldier and noble-hearted man. Died at Macon, Georgia, October 28, 1849. CLINGMAN, THOMAS L. Born in Huntsyille, Surry Co., North Carolina. He commenced his classical studies under private instructors, and afterwards entered Chapel Hill University as a sopho more, where he graduated. After leaving Chapel Hill he studied law, and in a short time mastered the elementary principles of legal juris prudence ; but just, as he was about to enter upon the practice of his profession, he was elected to the House of Commons of the State. On his retirement from the Legis lature in 1836, he removed to Ash- ville, in Buncombe County, where he still resides. He was soon after elected by a large vote to a seat in the State Senate of North Caro lina. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, and with the exception of one term, he has been a member, until recently, of the House of Re presentatives ever since his first election — a period of about thirteen years. On entering the Thirty- fifth Congress, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and on the resig nation of Senator Biggs, he was appointed a Senator in Congress, and in November, 1858, his appoint ment was confirmed by an election by the Legislature. Though so long identified with politics, he has not neglected the pursuits of litera ture and science, having made him self acquainted with the soil, cli mate, and manifold capabilities of his section of North Carolina ; and from time to time has given to the world the result of his observations upon these subjects. He has made contributions to the sciences of ge ology and mineralogy, and brought to light many facts connected with the mountains of North Carolina, one of the highest peaks of which it was his fortune to explore and measure, and which now bears his name. Biographical Sketches. 115 CLINTON, DE WITT. Born at Little Britain, in Orange County, New York, March 2, 1769. He graduated at Columbia College, with the highest honors, in 1786. He studied law, but never engaged much in its practice. He was elect ed to the Senate of New York in 1799. In July 1802 he fought a duel with Mr. Swartwout, arising from political controversy concern ing Mr. Burr. He was a Senator of the United States from 1802 to 1803, and was chosen Mayor of New York in 1803, holding this office untU 1815, excepting the years 1807 and 1810. While he was Mayor, he was also for several years a State Senator, and the lieutenant- governor. Under his auspices, also, the Historical Society of New York and the Academy of Fine Arts were incorporated, the New York City Hall was founded, the Orphan Asy lum established, and the city forti fied. He took a great interest, as early as 1817, in, and did more than any other man in behalf of, the Erie Canal, and that great work was finished during his administration as Governor, in 1825. In 1812 he consented to become the candidate of the peace party for the Presi dency of the United States. In 1823 and 1824 he was President of the Board of Canal Commissioners, and during the latter year was elect ed Governor of the State, and in 1826 was re-elected to the same office ; he afterwads declined the embassy to England, offered to him by President Adams. He died at Albany, February, 11, 1828. CLINTON, GEORGE. Born in Ulster County, New York, July 26, 1739, and died at Washington City, April 20, 1812. He commenced life by sailing in a privateer ; served as a lieutenant in the expedition against Fort Fron- tenac ; he afterwards studied law ; was a member of the Colonial As sembly, and also of the Provincial Congress in 1775 ; he was appoint ed a brigadier-general in 1777 ; was Governor of New York for eighteen years ; from 1795 to 1800 he lived in retirement ; was again chosen Governor in 1804; and having been elected Vice-President of the United States during the last year, he re tained the office until his death, consequently officiating as President of the Senate a period of eight years. CLINTON, GEORGE, Jr. He was born in New York ; was a member of the New York As sembly in 1801 and 1802 ; and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1804 to 1809. CLINTON, JAMES G. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1841 to 1845. CLOPTON, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1795 to 1799, and again from 1801 to 1816. 116 Biographical Sketches. CLOWNEY, W. K. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1818 ; adopted the pro fession of law ; was Commissioner in Equity of South Carolina ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835, and again from 1837 to 1839. CLYMER, GEORGE. He was a patriot of the Revolu tion, and born in Philadelphia in 1739. He engaged in mercantile pursuits, and early espoused the cause of his country. In 1773 he resolutely opposed the sale of tea sent out by the British government, and not a pound was sold in Phila delphia. In 1775 he was one of the first Continental Treasurers. In 1776 he was a member of Con gress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1774 his fur niture was destroyed by the enemy. In 1780 he co-operated with Robert Morris in the establishment of a bank for the relief of the country. He was a member of the old Con gress in 1780, and a Representative, under the Constitution, from 1789 to 1791. In 1791 he was placed at the head of the Excise Depart ment in Pennsylvania. In 1796 he was sent to Georgia to negotiate a treaty with the Creek and Chero kee Indians. He was afterwards President of the Philadelphia Bank and of the Academy of Fine Arts. He died at Morrisville, Bucks Coun ty, January 23, 1813. COBB, DAVID. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1783 ; was a Representative in Congress from Massachusetts, from 1793 to 1795 ; and was also a member of the State Legislature. He died in 1830. COBB, HOWELL. The uncle of Secretary Cobb, and for whom he was named, was born in Granville, North Carolina, and was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1807 to 1812. During the last war with England he served with credit as a captain in the army, and after peace was declared, he settled upon a planta tion, and devoted his whole atten tion to agriculture. He died about the year 1820. COBB, HOWELL. He was born in Jefferson County, Georgia, September 7, 1815. When a child, his father removed to Athens, Georgia, where he has since resided. He graduated at Franklin College in 1834 ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836; in 1837 he received the appointment of Solicitor-General of the Western Circuit, which he held four years ; and he was elected a Representative in Congress in 1842, having been re-elected in 1844, 1846, and 1848, and during his latter term he was elected Speaker. On his retire ment from Congress, he was chosen Governor of Georgia ; in 1855 he was again elected to Congress ; and on the accession of Mr. Buchanan Biographical Sketches. 117 to the Presidency, Governor Cobb went into his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury, where he still con tinues. COBB, THOMAS W. He was born in Buckingham County, Virginia, and attained a high position as a lawyer. He was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1817 to 1821, and again from 1823 to 1824 ; and he was a Senator in Congress from 1824 to 1828. He was subse quently chosen a Judge of the Su perior Court, and died at Greens- borough in 1830. COBB, WILLIAMSON, R. W. He was born in Ray County, Tennessee, in 1807, and in 1809 his father removed to Madison County, Alabama, with the prosperity of which State his name has been identified for many years. He re ceived a good common school edu cation, and then turned his attention to farming. From this pursuit he was caUed, in 1845, to a seat in the State Legislature, where he re mained two years. In 1847 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, in which ca pacity he has served his adopted State, by successive re-elections, down to the present time. During eight years of his Congressional ca reer, he has officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Unfinished Business, and the balance of the time as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands. The credit is awarded to him of having engi neered through Congress the Boun ty Land Bill of 1850, and the Gra duation Bill of 1854. COCHRAN, JOHN. He was a major of militia, and represented the State of New York in Congress, from 1797 to 1799. He died at Oswego, New York, November 7, 1848, aged seventy- nine years. COCHRANE, C. B. Born in NewBoston, New Hamp shire, May 31, 1815 ; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, New York ; a lawyer by profession ; member of the New York Legisla ture in 1843 and 1844 ; and a Re presentative in the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from New York, serving on the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. COCHRANE, JOHN. Born at Palatine, Montgomery County, New York ; studied at Union and graduated at Hamilton College, New York ; is a lawyer by profession; was Surveyor of the port of New York for four years, and elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is the Chairman of the Commit tee on Commerce. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. 118 Biographical Sketches. COCKE, JOHN. He was born in Brunswick Coun ty, Virginia, in 1772; in early life he emigrated to Tennessee, adopted the profession of law, and became a member of the first Legislature of the State, in 1796 ; he was Speaker of the House for many years, and also a member of the Senate. From 1819 to 1827 he was a Representa tive in Congress, from his adopted State. He died in Grundy County, Tennessee, February 16, 1854. COCKE, WILLIAM. He was a Senator in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1796 to 1797, and again from 1799 to 1805, and was appointed in 1814, by President Madison, Indian Agent for the Chickasaw nation. COCKE, WILLIAM M. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term, ending in 1849. COCKERELL, JOSEPH R. He was born in Virginia, and, having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committees on Public Expenditures and Expenses in the War Depart ment. COCKRAN, JAMES. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1809 to 1813. COFFEE, JOHN. He was a member of Congress, from Georgia, from 1833 to 1837, and died in Telfair County, of that State, September 25, 1836. COFFIN, CHARLES G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1838 to 1839. COFFIN, PELEG. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1793 to 1795. COIT, JOSHUA. Born in New London, Conn., Oc tober 7, 1758 ; graduated at Har vard University in 1776 ; he studied law and settled in New London in 1779 ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from 1793 to 1798. He also served a number of years in the Legislature of Connecticut. Died in New London, September 5, 1798, of yellow fever. COKE, RICHARD. He was a lawyer by profession, and possessed talents of a high order, and an energy seldom equal ed. He was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1829 to 1833, and for many years a pro minent member of the bar. He died in Abingdon, Virginia, March 30, 1851. COLCOCK, WILLIAM F. He was born in South Carolina.; graduated at the South Carolina Biographical Sketches. 119 College in 1823 ; adopted the pro fession of law ; was a member of the State Legislature, and Speaker of the House ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from South Caro lina, from 1849 to 1853. COLDEN, CADWALLADER D. He was for many years a promi nent member of the New York bar ; at one time Mayor of New York ; and a member of Congress, from 1821 to 1823. He was an early and intimate friend- of Robert Ful ton, and wrote his biography; he was highly respected for his talents and virtues, and died in Jersey City, New Jersey, January 7, 1834, aged sixty-five years. COLE, ORSAMUS. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Wisconsin, from 1849 to 1851. COLEMAN, NICHOLAS D. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1829 to 1831, and was in that year ap pointed Postmaster at Maysville, Kentucky. COLES, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1789 to 1791, and again from 1793 to 1797. COLES, WALTER. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1845. COLFAX, SCHUYLER. Born in New York City, March 23, 1823 ; received a good Common School education; was bred a printer; and settled in Indiana in 1836. He has been the editor and publisher of the South Bend Regis ter ever since he became of age ; he was a member, in 1850, of the State Constitutional Convention ; in 1848 and 1852 he was a delegate to the Whig National Convention of those years, and the Secretary of each Convention; and, in 1854, hewas elected a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, where he still continues, serving on the Committee on Indian Affairs. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. COLLAMER, JACOB. Born in Troy, New York, in 1792, but removed with his father to BurUngton, Vermont, when a child. He graduated at the Uni versity of Vermont in 1810 ; served as a subaltern during the first cam paign of the last war with England ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1813, and practiced until 1833, during which time he was for several years a member of the State Legislature ; and Judge of the Su preme Court of Vermont, from 1833 to 1841. In 1843 was a Representa tive to Congress, served by re-elec tions till 1849 ; and in March of that year was appointed Postmas ter-General in the cabinet of Pre sident Taylor. Resigned in 1850, with the rest of the cabinet, after 120 Biographical Sketches. the death of the President ; was re appointed Judge in Vermont, which office he held until 1854, when he was elected to the United States Senate for six years, commencing March, 1855. He is a member of the Committee on Territories, and that on the Judiciary. COLLIER, JOHN A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1838. COLLIN, JOHN F. Born in Hillsdale, Columbia County, New York, April 30, 1802. He received a common school edu cation, and has devoted himself chiefly to agricultural pursuits. He served in the State Legislature in 1834, was a member, for some years, of the County Board of Supervisors, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. COLLINS, ELA. He commanded a regiment of militia near Sackets Harbor, New York, in 1814 ; he represented Lewis County in the Legislature of the State, and in 1821 was a mem ber of the State Constitutional Con vention ; he was in Congress, from 1823 to 1825 ; and died at Lowville, Lewis County, November 23, 1848. COLLINS, JOHN. Governor of Rhode Island, from 1786 to 1789, succeeding William Greene. He was a patriot of the Revolution, and a Representative in C ongress in 1 7 8 9. He died at New port, in March, 1795, aged seventy- eight. COLLINS, WILLIAM. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. COLQUIT, ALFRED H. He was a native of Georgia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. COLQUITT, W. T. He was born in Halifax County, Virginia, December 27, 1799; was educated at Princeton College, and admitted to the bar in 1820. He was a brigadier-general of militia at the age of twenty-one ; in 1826 was appointed a District Judge, and held the first court ever held in Co lumbus ; was appointed to the same office in 1829 ; was a member of the State Senate in 1834 and 1837; a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1839 to 1843; and a Senator in Congress, from 1843 to 1849. He was also a member of the Nashville Convention in 1850; and he died at Macon, Georgia, May 7, 1855. COLSTON, EDWARD. Born in Berkely County, Virginia, in 1788, and graduated at Prince ton College in 1806. He served for a long time as magistrate of the county, and in the capacity of high sheriff; was frequently a member of the State Legislature ; and was a Biographical Sketches. 121 Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819. He died April 23, 1851. COMEGYS, JOSEPH P. Son of Cornelius P. Comegys, formerly Governor of the State of Delaware, was born in St. Jones's Neck, at Cherbourg, near Dover, Delaware, December 29, 1813 ; was educated at Dover Academy. In May, 1831, entered the office of J. M. Clayton as a student of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. Elected a member of the House of Representatives of the State in 1842 and 1848. In January, 1851, was appointed by the General Assembly one of a committee of three to revise the statutes of the State. In No vember, 1856, was chosen by the Governor to fill the vacancy in the ^United States Senate occasioned by the death of John M. Clayton. COMINS, LINUS B. Born in Charlton, Massachusetts, in 1817; graduated at the "Wor cester County Manual Labor High School;" and has devoted himself to the mercantile business, and to manufacturing. He was of the Rox bury City Council in 1846, and in 1847 and 1848 President of the Council; in 1854 he was Mayor of Roxbury; and having been, soon after, elected to Congress, has con tinued in that position to the pre sent time, serving on the Committee on Commerce. COMSTOCK, OLIVER C. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1810 and 1812; and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1819. CONDIT, JOHN. He was born in 1755 ; was a sol dier and surgeon during the revo lutionary war ; he was a member of the New Jersey Legislature for several years ; a Representative in Congress, from that . State, from 1799 to 1803; a Senator in Con gress, from 1803 to 1817; and again a Representative during the years 1819 and 1820. He died May 4, 1834. CONDIT, LEWIS. Born at Morristown, New Jer sey, in March, 1773, and was a phy sician of eminence. From 1805 to 1810, he was a member of the New Jersey Legislature, the two latter years officiating as Speaker; in 1807 was a Commissioner for set tling the boundary between New York and New Jersey ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from 1811 to 1817, and from 1821 to 1833. He was also at one time sheriff of Morris County, and is still living, at his birth-place, in the enjoyment of a peaceful old age. CONDIT, SILAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1831 to 1833. 122 Biographical Sketches. CONGER, HARMON S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1847 to 1851. His native State was Connecticut. CONGER, JAMES L. He was born in New Jersey, and on removing to Michigan, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1851 to 1853. CONKLING, ALFRED. He was a Representative in Con gress from New York, from 1821 to 1823, and was subsequently ap pointed a Judge of the United States District Court for New York. CONNER, HENRY W. Born in Prince George County, Virginia, in August, 1793; edu cated at the University of South Carolina, where he graduated in 1812 ; in 1814 he was aide-de-camp to General Jos. Graham in the Creek war; was a Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1821 to 1841, when he declined a re-election ; and having in 1848 seived in the General Assembly, he also declined a re-election to that office, and retired to private life. CONNER, SAMUEL S. He graduated at Yale College in 1806; was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1815 to 1817 ; and died in 1820. CONRAD, CHARLES M. He was born in Winchester, Vir ginia, and when an infant went with his father, first to Mississippi and then to Louisiana, where he has since resided. In 1828 he was ad mitted to the bar in New Orleans ; served a number of years in the State Legislature ; was a Senator in Congress, in 1842 and 1843; was a member of the State Consti tutional Convention in 1844; and a Representative in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1849 to August, 1850, when he became Secretary of War under President Fillmore. Since that time he has lived in re tirement. CONRAD, FREDERICK. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1807. CONRAD, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1815. CONSTABLE, ALBERT. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. CONTEE, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1789 to 1791. CONWAY, HENRY W. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Arkansas, from 1823 to 1829. Biographical Sketches. 123 COOK, BATES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833. COOK, JOHN B. He was born in New York, and on taking up his residence in Iowa, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. COOK, ORCHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1805 to 1811. COOK, THOMAS B. He was a Representative in Con- gress.from New York, from 1811 to 1813, and a member of the As sembly of that State, in 1838 and 1839. COOK, ZADOCK. Born in 1769; was frequently in the Legislature of Georgia ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819. His memory is said to have been remarkable, as he could, after reading a chapter in the Bible, repeat the same from be ginning to end. In 1854 he was stiU living. COOKE, DANIEL P. He was born in Scott County, Kentucky, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Illinois, from 1820 to 1828, and filled with great ability the post of Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. By such men as Mr. Calhoun and Judge McLean, he was considered a man of remarkable talents. He died at the age of thirty-two years. COOKE, ELENTHEROS. Born in Granville, Washington County, New York, December 25, 1787. He received a liberal edu cation, and having studied law, practiced it with success both in New York and Ohio, until 1830. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1831 to 1833; served for many years in the Legislature of that State, before and after entering Congress; and though ostensibly living in retire ment, he has been for many years, and is still, very frequently called upon to address the citizens of Ohio on topics of a varied nature, on account of his popularity as an orator. COOPER, JAMES. He was born in Frederick Coun ty, Maryland, May 8, 1810; he commenced his education at the common schools of the county, spent some little time at St. Mary's Col lege, and graduated at Washington College, Pennsylvania. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar inPennsylania,inl834; was elected a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, in 1838, and re-elected in 1840 ; in 1843 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected in 1844, 1846, and 1848, serving in 1847 as Speaker; in 1848 he was, appointed Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and in 1849 was chosen a Senator in Congress, for 124 Biographical Sketches. the term of six years. During his service in Congress his health was feeble, so that he could not partici pate in the debates of the Senate, to the extent that he desired, and on his return to Pennsylvania, he settled in Philadelphia, where he is now practicing his profession. COOPER, MARK A. He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1842 to 1843. COOPER, RICHARD M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1829 to 1833. COOPER, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1813 to 1817. COOPER, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1795 to 1797, and again from 1799 to 1801. COOPER, W. R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1839 to 1841. CORNING, ERASTUS. Born in Norwich, Connecticut, December if, 1794. When thir teen years of age he went to Troy, New York, and entered the hard ware store of his uncle Benjamin Smith, the bulk of whose property he subsequently inherited. In 1814 he removed to Albany, and con- tinned in the same business, esta blishing the well-known house, still in existence, of Erastus Corning & Co. His first public position was that of Alderman of the City of Albany; from that he was pro moted to Mayor, which office he held for three years. He was also for several years an influential rail road, bank, and canal company president ; for several terms a mem ber of the State Legislature; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Committee on Naval Affairs. CORWIN, MOSES B. He was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, January 5, 1790 ; spent his boyhood on a farm in Ohio ; re ceived a good education ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. In 1838 and 1839 he was elected to the Legislature ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1849 to 1855, serving as a member of the Committee on the Post-office Department. CORWIN, THOMAS. Born in Bourbon County, Ken tucky, July 29, 1794. Rising from humble life, he became distinguished as a lawyer, and was elected, first to the Ohio Legislature, and afterwards a Representative to Congress, from the Warren District, in 1831; he continued a member of the House Biographical Sketches. 125 until 1840, when he was chosen Governor of Ohio, in October of that year. He was Governor but two years, Wilson Shannon suc ceeding him in 1842. The Whigs having a majority in the Legisla ture of Ohio, in 1845, elected him United States Senator, which office he held till his appointment in the cabinet, in 1850, as Secretary of the Treasury, under President Fill more. He has been long known in Congress as an advocate of the Whig measures of policy. As a stump speaker and before a jury, his eloquence is singularly effective. In October, 1858, he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, for the term commencing in 1859. COTTERAL, j. l. t. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, from 1846 to 1847. COTTMAN, JOSEPH S. Born in Somerset County, Mary land, August 16, 1803 ; received a classical education ; admitted to the bar in 1826; served in the Mary land Legislature ; was a Presiden tial Elector ; and a member of Con gress, from 1851 to 1853. COULTER, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1827 to 1835, and died in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, April 21, 1852. COVINGTON, LEONARD. He was born at Aquasco, Prince George County, Maryland, Octo ber 30, 1768. In 1793 he obtained, from General Washington, the com mission of lieutenant of dragoons, and joined the army under General Wayne ; he distinguished himself at Fort Recovery and the battle of Miami, and was honorably men tioned in the official report of Ge neral Wayne. After the war he was promoted to the rank of cap tain, by Washington, in 1794, and retired to the pursuits of agricul ture. He was for many years a member of the Legislature of Mary land, and was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1805 to 1807. He was ap pointed, by President Jefferson, in 1809, lieutenant-colonel of a regi ment of cavalry, and in 1810 was in command at Fort Adams, on the Mississippi, and took possession of Baton Rouge, and a portion of West Florida. In 1813 he was ordered to the Northern frontier, and appointed, by President Madi son, brigadier-general. At the bat tle of Williamsburg, he received a mortal wound while animating his men, and leading them to the charge, and died at French Mills, November 13, 1813, two days after his fall. His remains were re moved to Sackets Harbor, August 13, 1820, and the place of his burial is now known as Mount Covington. He had the reputation of being one of the best officers in the service. 126 Biographical Sketches. covode, JOHN. Born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, March 17, 1808; a farmer and manufacturer by occu pation ; and extensively engaged in the coal business. He was elected a member of the Thirty-fourth and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving at present on the Committee on Public Expenditures. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. COWEN, BENJAMIN S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1841 to 1843. COWLES, HENRY B. Born at Hartford Connecticut, March 18, 1798 ; when eleven years old he removed to Dutchess County, New York, with his father ; and graduated at Union College, in 1816. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1819 ; in 1826, 1827, and 1828, he served as a member of the New York Legis lature, from Putnam County, and during his first term was Chairman of the Select Committee raised to investigate the "Astor Claim;" and he was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. In 1834 he took up his residence in the City of New York, where he continues in the practice of his profession. COX, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, during the years 1809 and 1810. COX, ANLEDER M He was born in Virginia, and re moving to Kentucky, was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses. COX, SAMUEL S. He was born in Zanesville, Ohio ; graduated at Brown University; is a lawyer by profession, and was also an editor. He was appointed Secretary of Legation to Peru, in 1855 ; and elected a Representative, from Ohio, to the Thirty-fifth Con gress. He is Chairman of the Com mittee on Revolutionary Claims. As an author, he published a book of foreign travel, called " The Buck eye Abroad," and is an occasional lecturer on literary topics. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. COX, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1813 to 1815. CRABB, GEORGE W. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1839 to 1841. CRABB, JEREMIAH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1795 to 1796. CRAFTS, SAMUEL C. He was born in Windham Co., Connecticut; and graduated at Harvard University in 1790. His Biographical Sketches. 127 father effected the settlement of Craftsbury, Vermont, and upon the organization of the town, in 1792, Mr. Samuel C. Crafts was chosen Town Clerk, and held the office for thirty-seven successive years. He was the youngest delegate to the Convention for revising the State Constitution in 1793. In 1796, 1800, 1801, 1803, and 1805, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the State. From 1796. to 1815 he was Register of Probate for Orleans District. In 1798 and 1799 he was Clerk of the House of Representatives. From 1809 to 1812, and from 1825 to 1827, he was a member of the Exe cutive Council. In 1800 he was ap pointed a judge of Orleans County Court, and remained such till 1816, during the last six years as Chief Judge. From 1825 to 1828 hewas again Chief Judge, and from 1836 to 1838 Clerk of the Court. In 1816 he was elected Representative to Congress, and served for that and the three succeeding terms ; i.e. from 1817 to 1825, inclusive. In 1828 he was elected Governor of Vermont, and was re-elected in 1829 and 1830. In 1829 he was President of the Constitutional Con vention. In 1842 hewas appointed by Governor Paine, and afterwards elected by the Legislature, a Sena tor in Congress, for the unexpired term of one year. He thus filled every office in the gift of Vermont. He died in Craftsbury, Vermont, November 19, 1853, aged eighty- four years. CRAGIN, AARON H, Born in Weston, Vermont, Feb ruary 3, 1821. He is a lawyer by profession; was a member of the New Hampshire Legislature from 1852 to 1855, and was elected a Re presentative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. CRAIG, HECTOR. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1829 to 1830. CRAIG, JAMES. Born in Pennsylvania ; is a law yer by profession ; and was a mem ber of the Missouri Legislature in 1846 and 1847 ; was captain of a volunteer company in the Mexican war; Circuit Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit in Mis souri, from 1852 to 1856 ; ,and is a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Commit tee on Post-offices and Post-roads. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. CRAIG, ROBERT. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1833, and again from 1835 to 1841. CRAIGE, BURTON. Born in Rowan County, North' Carolina, March 13, 1811 ; gradu- 128 Biographical Sketches. ated at Chapel Hill in 1829; is a lawyer by profession ; was a member of the State Legislature in 1832 and 1834 ; and was elected to the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Congresses, serving at the present time as a member of the Judiciary Committee. CRAIK, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1796 to 1801. CRAMER, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1837 ; having been elected to the State Constitutional Convention in 1821, andhaving served three years in the Assembly, and three years in the Senate of the State of New York. CRANE, JOSEPH H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1829 to 1837, and died at Dayton, Ohio, November 12, 1851, aged seventy years. CRANSTON, HENRY Y. Born in Newport, Rhode Is land, October 9, 1789 ; received a Umited education ; worked at a trade for five years from the age of twelve, then commenced the busi ness of commission merchant ; stu died law, and was admitted to the bar in three years. In 1818 he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com mon Pleas, and held the office until 1833 ; he was for twenty-five years annually elected Moderator for the town of Newport ; was a member of the several conventions for framing and remodeling the State Constitution ; and was Vice-Presi dent of the Convention in 1842. From 1827 to 1843 he was a mem ber of the lower branch of the Le gislature ; and was a Representa tive in Congress from 1843 to 1847, when he was returned to the Le gislature, and was several times Speaker of that body until 1854, since which time he has lived in re tirement. CRANSTON, ROBERT B. He was born in Rhode Island, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State,' from 1837 to 1843, and again from 1847 to 1849. CRARY, ISAAC E. Was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Michigan, in 1835 and 1836, and a Representa tive from that State from the time of its admission into the Union in 1836, to 1841. He died in Michi gan, May 8, 1854. CRAVENS, JOHN H. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. CRAWFORD, GEORGE W. Born in Columbia County, Geor gia, December 22, 1798. He gra duated at Princeton in 1820 ; stu- Biographical Sketches. 129 died law, and commenced the prac tice at Augusta, in 1822. In 1827 he was elected Attorney- General, and continued in that office until 1831 ; he was in the State Legis lature from 1837 to 1842; and in 1843 was elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He was elected Gover nor of the State in 1843, and re elected in 1845. He was a member of President Taylor's cabinet, as Secretary of War, and subsequently visited Europe, since which time he has Uved in retirement. CRAWFORD, JOEL. Born in Columbia County, Geor gia, June 15, 1783. He was edu cated by private tutors ; became a student of law, and was admitted to practice in 1808. In 1813 he joined the army of General Floyd, and served through the whole campaign as aid-de-camp to the General. After the war he resumed the prac tice of his profession ; served three years in the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1817 to 1821. CRAWFORD, MARTIN J. He was born in Jasper County, Georgia, March 17, 1820; was educated at the Mercer University ; is a lawyer by profession, and was a member of the Georgia Legisla ture from 1845 to 1847. In 1853 he was appointed Judge of the Su perior Court for the Chattahoo chee Circuit, and was elected a member of the Thirty-fourth and 9 Thirty-fifth Congresses, serving in the last on the Committees of Ways and Means and Roads and Canals. CRAWFORD, THOMAS H. Born at Chambersburg, Pennsyl vania, November 14, 1786. He graduated at Princeton College in 1804; studied law for three years and was admitted to the bar in 1807 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1833. During the last year named, he wast elected to the State Legislature; in 1836 he was appointed a Commissioner to investigate certain alleged frauds in the purchase of the reservation of land to the Creek Indians; in 1838 he was appointed, by President Van Buren, Commissioner of In dian Affairs, and took up his resi dence in Washington, holding that office for seven years ; and in 1845 he was appointed, by President Polk, Judge of the Criminal Court of the District of Columbia, which arduous position he still occupies. CRAWFORD, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1809 to 1817. CRAWFORD, WILLIAM H. Born in Amherst County, Vir ginia, February 24, 1772, and with his father settled in Georgia in 1783. He received an academical education, and subsequently had the management of Richmond Acade- 130 Biographical Sketches. my. He studied law and took a high position as a lawyer. He served four years in the State Le gislature, and was a Senator in Congress from 1807 to 1813. President Madison invited him into his cabinet as Secretary of War, but he declined the honor, accept ing, instead, the post of Minister to France, in 1813; on his return, however, at the end of two years, he went into the War Department. In 1817 he was appointed, by President Monroe, Secretary of the Treasury, where he served with marked ability until 1825, during which year he received a flattering vote for President of the United States. In 1827 he was appointed Judge of the Northern Circuit of Georgia, which office he held until his death, which occurred in Elbert County, Georgia, September 15, 1834. CREIGHTON, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1815 to 1817, and again from 1827 to 1833. CRISFIELD, JOHN W. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. CRITTENDEN, JOHN J. He was born in Woodford Coun ty, Kentucky, in September, 1786. When quite young he entered the army, and during the war of 1812 served as an officer under General Hopkins, in his Expedition, and was aid-de-camp to Governor Shel by at the battle of the Thames. After adopting the profession of law he entered Congress as a mem ber of the Senate, from Kentucky, in 1817, serving then but two years. From 1819 to 1835 he continued in the practice of his profession; residing principally at Frankfort, and occasionally representing his county in the State Legislature. In 1835 he was again elected to the United States Senate, and conti nued to serve in that body until March, 1841, when he was appoint ed Attorney-General by President Harrison. In September, 1841, he resigned with the other members of the cabinet, except Mr. Webster, and retired to private life, from which, however, he was soon called by the Legislature, to resume his seat in the United States Senate, in 1842. He was also elected a Senator for another term of six years, from March, 1843, but, in 1848, having received the Whig nomination for Governor of Ken tucky, he retired from the Senate, and was elected to that office, which he held until his appointment as Attorney-General by President Fill more. He was again elected to the United States Senate in 1855, for the term ending in 1862, and is, at the present time, the oldest member of that body. CROCHERON, HENRY, He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817. Biographical Sketches. 131 CROCHERON, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. CROCKER, SAMUEL L. A Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1853 to 1855. CROCKETT, DAVID. Born in Greene County, Tennes see, August 17, 1786, of Irish descent, his father having fought in the revolutionary war. He com menced the active duties of life, when twelve years old, by turning drover, and, instead of going to school, he chose the fortunes of an adventurer. He served under Ge neral Jackson, in some of the In dian wars, and became his fast friend. He had a natural bias for politics, and his smartness and ec centricities made Mm very popular on the frontiers, and caused him to be elected to the Legislature of Tennessee. He was fond of the woods, and had no equal as a bear- hunter. He was elected to Con gress in 1827, and served until 1831, and then again in 1833, serving until 1835 ; while in Wash ington he was always at his post of duty, never forgetting the welfare of his constituents, and he was one of the most popular men in Con gress. The most striking features of his disposition and mind were, undoubtedly, of a whimsical charac ter ; butbehind these there was much to command respect and admira tion. He told stories, or related his wild adventures with wonderful effect. He was killed at the Alamo, Texas, March 1, 1836. CROCKETT, JOHN W. He was the son of the celebrated David Crockett, a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1838 to 1843, and died at Mem phis, November 24, 1852. CROSS, EDWARD. He was born in Tennessee, and on taking up his residence in Ar kansas, was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from 1839 to 1845. CROUCH, EDWARD. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1815. CROWELL, JOHN. Born in Halifax County, Alaba ma ; was chosen Delegate to Con gress, when the Territory of Alaba ma was established in 1817, and served till 1819, when the State Constitution was formed, and he was elected first Representative to Congress, serving till 1821, and was a member of the Committee on Private Land Claims. Soon after wards he was appointed Agent for the Creek Indians, then inhabiting large portions of Alabama and Georgia, and exercised extensive influence over them, until their re moval west of the Mississippi, in 1836. He died near Fort Mitchell, Alabama, June 25, 1846. 132 Biographical Sketches. CROWELL, JOHN. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1847 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. CROWNINSHIELD, BENJAMIN W. Born in 1774. He filled with general acceptance the office of Se cretary of the Navy, to which he was appointed in December, 1814, by President Madison, and served until his resignation, in November, 1818. In 1823, he was elected a Representative in Congress, from the Salem District of Massachu setts, and continued in that position until 1831. He died in Boston, February 8, 1851. CROWNINSHIELD, JACOB. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1803 to 1809, but was ap pointed Secretary of the Navy, by President Jefferson, March 3, 1805. CROZIER, JOHN. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term, ending in 1849. CRUDUP, JOSIAH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1821 to 1823, and was a member of the Committee on Private Claims. CRUGER, DANIEL. He was a member of the New York Assembly a number of years, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1819. CRUMP, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1826 to 1827. CULBRETH, THOMAS. Born in Kent County, Delaware, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1817 to 1821. CULLEN, ELISHA D. He was born in Delaware, and elected a Representative from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. CULLOM, ALVAN. He was a native of Kentucky, and a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1845 to 1847. CULLOM, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1851 to 1855, and Clerk of the House of Representatives during the Thirty- fourth Congress. CULPEPPER, JOHN. He was born in Anzin County, North Carolina, and represented that State in Congress, fsom 1807 to 1809, from 1813 to 1817, from 1819 to 1821, and, according to the American Almanac, (which is con tradicted by John H. Wheeler, in his History of North Carolina,) from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1841 to 1843. He was a Baptist Biographical Sketches. 133 preacher, and elected to the General Assembly, but his seat was vacated on constitutional grounds. CULVER, ERASTUS D. He was born in New York ; gra duated at the University of Ver mont in 1826; served in the As sembly of New York in 1838 and 1841, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. CUMBACK, WILLIAM. He was born in Franklin County, Indiana, March 24, 1829 ; was edu cated at the Miami University, Ohio ; taught school for one or two years ; attended the law school at Cincinnati, and adopted the legal profession ; and he was elected a Representative from Indiana, in the Thirty-fourth Congress. CUMMINGS, THOMAS W. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1853 to 1855 CUMMINS, JOHN D. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative from Ohio, during the Thirtieth Con gress. He died of cholera at Mil- waukie, Wisconsin, September 11, 1849. CUNNINGHAM, FRANCIS A. He was born in South Carolina, and was a s Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1845 to 1847. CURRY, J. L. M. Born in Lincoln County, Georgia, June 5, 1825, and removed with his father, in 1838, to Talladega County, Alabama, where he has since resided ; he graduated at the University of Georgia in 1843, and at the Dane Law School, Harvard University, in 1845, and practiced law with success in Alabama. In 1846 he joined the Texas Rangers for the Mexican war, but soon re turned on account of ill health. He was a member of the lower branch of the Legislature of Ala bama in 1847, 1853, and 1855; and in 1857 was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, serving on the Committees on Revolutionary Claims and Expenditures in the State Department. CURTIS, CARLTON B. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1851 to 1855. CURTIS, EDWARD. Born in Vermont, graduated at Union College, New York, and practiced law in New York City. He took a prominent part in the councils of that city, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1841. He was appointed Collector of New York, by President Harrison,, and removed by President Polk. He was an intimate friend of Daniel Webster. 134 Biographical Sketches. CURTIS, SAMUEL R. Born in Ohio, (while his parents were emigrating to the West from Connecticut,) February 3, 1807. He graduated at the West Point Aca demy in 1831, and was appointed a lieutenant in the United States infantry, but resigned in 1832. He studied and pursued the profession of law in Ohio; was subsequently an engineer in Ohio and Iowa ; from 1837 to 1840, chief engineer of the Muskingum Works; during the Mexican war he served as an ad jutant-general in mustering the - State troops ; he went to Mexico as a colonel under General Taylor, and acted for a time as Governor of Mattamoras, Camargo, Monterey, and Saltillo, performing much im portant service ; on his return from Mexico, he practiced law for a time, but was called to Iowa and Mis souri to perform important labors as an engineer, in improvements of harbors and the building of rail roads ; and having finally settled at Keokuck, in Iowa, he was elected from that State a member of the House in the Thirty-fifth Congress. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. CUSHING, CALEB. Was born in Essex County, Mas sachusetts, in January, 1800. He graduated at Harvard College, and was subsequently a tutor there of mathematics and natural philoso phy; studied law at Cambridge, and settled in Newburyport to prac tice. In 1825 and 1826 he served in the State Legislature, and in 1829 visited Europe for pleasure, — publishing, on his return, " Reminis cences of Spain," and "Review of the Revolution in France." He also wrote for the North American Re view. In 1833 and 1834, he was again elected to the Legislature; and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1835 to 1843. He was appointed, by President Tyler, Com missioner to China, and as such ne gotiated an important treaty. In 1846 he was again elected to the Legislature, and in 1847, as briga dier-general, was attached to the army in Mexico, under General Taylor. In 1850, he was for the fifth time elected to the Legislature, and in 1851 was made a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State. When President Pierce came into power, he invited General Cushing into his cabinet, as Attorney-Gene ral ; and, on his return home, he was again re-elected to the Legislature of his native State, in which posi tion he still continues. In office, or out of it, he has the reputation of being a hard student, and his ability as a lawyer is unquestioned. CUSHMAN, JOHN PAINE. He was born in Pomfret, Connec ticut, in 1784, and graduated at Yale College in 1807. Hestudied law and removed to Troy, New York, where he practiced his pro fession. He served in Congress, from 1817 to 1819; and, in 1838, was appointed Judge of the Circuit Court, having previously been Re- Biographical Sketches. 135 corder of the City of. Troy and one of the Regents of the State Uni versity. He was a man of eminence in his profession, and discharged with ability the various offices with which hi was intrusted. CUSHMAN, JOSHUA. He was born in Plymouth, Mas sachusetts ; graduated at Cam bridge in 1789 ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1819 to 1821 ; and re presented Maine, in Congress, from 1821 to 1825, after its separation from Massachusetts. CUSHMAN, SAMUEL. Born in 1783; was Judge of the Police Court of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and held several offices of trust in the State. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1839, and died in Ports mouth, May 20, 1851. CUTHBERT, ALFRED. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1803 ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1814 to 1817 ; again, from 1821, to 1827, and a Senator of the United States, from 1835 to 1843. Died in 1856. CUTHBERT, JOHN A. He was born in Savannah, Geor gia; grafluated at Princeton Col lege in 1805 ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from his native State, from 1819 to 1821, and was appointed, by the President, in 1822, a Commissioner to treat with the Creek and Cherokee Indians. CUTLER, MANASSEH. He was born in Killingly, Con necticut, in 1824, and graduated at Yale College in 1765; removed to Dedham, Massachusetts, in 1769; studied for the ministry, and was ordained in 1771; and was settled as a pastor of a church in Hamilton, Massachusetts, September 11, 1771. He distinguished himself by his attention to several branches of na tural history, particularly by mak ing the first essay toward a scien tific description of the plants of New England, an account of several hundred of which, communicated by him, was published by the Ameri can Academy, of which he was a member. He was one of the first scientific explorers of the White Mountains. In 1787 he organized an expedition for the Northwest Territory, and in 1788, with Gene ral Rufus Putnam, commenced a settlement at Marietta, on the Mus kingum, Ohio. In 1790 he re turned, with his family, to New England, and was pastor of the church at Hamilton, Massachusetts, until his death. In 1800 he was elected to a seat in Congress, and retained it till 1804, when he de clined any further political employ ment, from its interference with his professional duties. He died July 28, 1823. CUTTING, FRANCIS B. He was born in New York ; was liberally educated, and adopted the profession of law; in 1836 and 1837 he was a member of the Le- 136 Biographical Sketches. gislature "of New York, from the City of New York ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from his native State, from 1853 to 1855. CUTTS, CHARLES. Born in Massachusetts, in 1769 ; entered Harvard College in 1786 ; graduated in 1790; studied law with Judge Pickering ; was elected a member of the Legislature in 1804, and then Speaker of the House; was sent to the United States Senate in 1810,, and served till 1813 ; and chosen Secretary of the Senate, from 1814 to 1825. He died in Virginia, in 1846. CUTTS, RICHARD. Born June 22, 1771, at Cutt's Island, Saco, in the province or district of Maine, then constitu ting a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and received his early education at Harvard Uni versity, at which institution he gra duated in 1790, and in the twen tieth year of his age. He stu died law, was extensively engaged in commerce, and took an active part in politics. He visited Europe, and on his return, after serving two successive years as a member of the General Court of Massachusetts, he was, at the age of twenty-nine, in 1800, elected by the people of his District a member of the House of Representatives of the United States. He took his seat in the House, December 7, 1801, and through six successive Congresses, constantly sustained by the con tinued confidence of his constitu ents, he gave a firm support to President Jefferson's administra tion, and to that of his successor, President Madison, until fhe close of his first term, March 3, 1813, having patriotically sustained, by his votes, non-importation, non-in tercourse, the embargo, and finally war, as measures called for by the honor and interest of the nation, although ruinous to his private for tune. • On the third of June, of that year, he was appointed Superin tendent-General of Military Sup plies, an office created by the act of March 3, 1813, the functions of which were required only during the continuance of the war. The office was accordingly abolished by the act of March 3, 1817, to provide for the prompt settlement of public accounts. By the same act the office of Second Comptroller of the Treasury was created, to which Mr. Cutts was immediately appointed, by President James Monroe, and which he held until 1829, after which he resided in the City of Washington, in the retire ment of private life, until his death in 1849. DAGGETT, DAVID. Born in Attleborough, Massa chusetts, December 31, 1764 ; gra duated at Yale College in 1783; and was professor of law in that in stitution. He was States Attorney and Mayor of New Haven, and fre- Biographical Sketches. 137 quently a member of the Legisla ture, and member of the Council. From 1813 to 1819 he was a Sena tor in Congress, from Connecticut ; from 1826 to 1832 he was a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State; and was Chief Judge from 1832 to 1834, when he attained the age of seventy years. He died April 12, 1851. DALLAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN. He was born July 10, 1792, in the- City of Philadelphia, where he received his early education. He graduated at Princeton College in 1810 ; commenced the study of law in his father's office in Philadelphia; and was admitted to the bar in 1813. In the same year he accompanied Mr. Gallatin to Russia as his pri vate secretary, when that gentleman was appointed a member of the com mission to negotiate a peace under the mediation of Alexander. Dur ing his absence he visited Russia, France, England, Holland, and the Netherlands. He returned to the United States in 1814, and after assisting his father for a time in his duties as Secretary of the Treasury, he commenced the practice of his profession at Philadelphia. In 1817 he was appointed the deputy of the Attorney-General of Philadelphia, and soon won a high reputation as a criminal lawyer. He took an ac tive part in politics, and in 1825 he was elected Mayor of Philadelphia, and on the accession of General Jackson, in 1829, he was appointed to the office of District Attorney, the same office which had been held by his father. This post he held until 1831, when a vacancy having occurred in the representation from Pennsylvania in the United States Senate, Mr. Dallas was chosen to fill it. He took an active part in the debates of the stormy session of 1832-33. On the expiration of his term of office in 1833, he declined a re-election, and resumed the prac tice of his profession. In 1837 he was appointed, by President Van Buren, Ambassador to Russia, and remained in that country until Oc tober, 1839, when he returned home, and once more devoted himself to the practice of law. In 1844 he was elected Vice-President of the United States, and entered upon the duties of his office in March of the following year. His term of office expired in March, 1849, when he was succeeded by Mr. Fillmore. He was appointed by President Pierce to succeed Mr. Buchanan as Minister at the Court of St. James, in which position he was retained by Mr. Buchanan, when he became President. DALTON, TRISTAM. Was born in that portion of New bury, Massachusetts, now Newbury port, in 1783, and at the early age of seventeen graduated at Harvard University. He studied law as an accomplishment, the fortune which he inherited from his father not re quiring him to practice it as a pro fession, and he took a deep interest in the cultivation of a large landed 138 Biographical Sketches. estate, in what is now the town of West Newbury. Washington, John Adams, Louis Philippe, Talleyrand, and other distinguished guests par took of his hospitalities. As emi nent for piety as he was for mental endowments, the Episcopal Church, of which he was a warden, shared in his generous liberality ; and he was also noted for the affectionate interest which he took in the wel fare of his servants, both black and white. He was a Representative, Speaker of the House of Represen tatives, and a Senator in the Legis lature of Massachusetts, and a Se nator of the United States in the First Congress after the adoption of the Federal Constitution. When Washington City was founded, Mr. Dalton invested his entire fortune in lands there, and lost it by the mismanagement of a business agent. At the same time a vessel, which was freighted with his furniture and valuable library, was lost on her voyage from Newburyport to Wash ington, and he thus found himself, after having lived sixty years in af fluence, penniless. Several offices of profit and honor were immedi ately tendered him by the Govern ment, and he accepted the Surveyor- ship of Boston. He died in Boston in June, 1817, and his remains were taken to Newburyport, where they were interred in the burial-ground of St. Paul's Church. DAMRELL, WILLIAM S. Born in Portsmouth, New Hamp shire, November 20, 1809; never had the privilege of even a common school education; was by trade a printer ; and was elected a Repre sentative, from Massachusetts, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Committee on Roads and Canals. DANA, AMASA. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1828 and 1829, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1843 to 1845. DANA, JUDAH. Born in Massachusetts in 1772; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1795 ; commenced the practice of law in Fryeburg ; was Attorney for Oxford County for six years ; Judge of Probate for twenty years ; Judge of the Common Pleas for nine years ; one of the Committee which drafted the Constitution of Maine ; a mem ber of the Executive Council of the State in 1834 ; and by appointment of the Governor, was a Senator in Congress during the years 1836 and 1837. He died at Fryeburg, Maine, December 27, 1845. DANA, SAMUEL. He was a respectable lawyer and a judge, and during the years 1814 and 1815 a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts. He died at Charlestown in November, 1835, in the sixtieth year of his Biographical Sketches. 139 DANA, SAMUEL W. He was born in Connecticut in 1747, and died in 1830. He gra duated at Yale College in 1775, and was a Senator in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1810 to 1821. DANE, JOSEPH. He was born in Essex County, Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard University in 1799. From 1820 to 1823 he represented the York District of Maine in Congress, was subsequently in the Legislature as a member of the House for six years, and was a member of the Se nate in 1829. He was chosen a member of the Executive Council of Massachusetts in 1817, and to a similar station in Maine in 1841, but he declined both offices. He settled in Kennebunk early in the present century, where he died, May 1, 1858. DANIEL, HENRY. He was born in 1793, and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1827 to 1833, where he had a famous encounter with Tristam Burgess. DANIEL, JOHN R. J. Born in Halifax County, North Carolina ; graduated at the univer sity of that State in 1821 ; studied law, and practiced it with success ; he served for several years in the General Assembly, and was elected Attorney- General of the State ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1841 to 1853, serving through several sessions as Chairman of the Committee on Claims. Banner, joel b. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1850 to 1851. DARBY, EZRA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1806 to 1808. DARBY, JOHN FLETCHER. Born in Person County, North Carolina, December 10, 1803. In 1818 he removed with his father to Missouri, and settled in St. Louis County, where, until 1823, he work ed on a farm, pursuing his studies under many difficulties, having pre viously received a good English education in his native town. After the death of his parents, in 1825, he applied for an appointment at West Point, but being unsuccessful, sold out his father's estate, and went to Frankfort, Kentucky, and stu died law with Mr. Crittenden. In May, 1827, having a license to prac tice from the Supreme Court of Kentucky, he returned to Missouri and commenced his professional life. He was four times chosen Mayor of the City of St. Louis, and once a member of the State Senate, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1851 to 1853. DARGAN, EDWARD S. He was born in North Carolina, removed in early youth to Alabama, 140 Biographical Sketches. where he subsequently taught school and studied law. In 1844 he was elected Mayor of Mobile ; from 1845 to 1847 he was a Representa tive in Congress ; and during the latter year was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court of Alabama. DARLING, MASON C Born in Bellingham, Massachu setts, May 18, 1801 ; received a common school education ; com menced active life as a school teacher in New York ; and having studied medicine, graduated at the Berkshire Medical Institution of Massachusetts in 1824. He prac ticed his profession for thirteen years, when he removed to Wiscon sin, and aided in establishing the towns of Sheboygan and Fond du Lac. The principal offices held by him, in Wisconsin, were those of Judge of Probate, Mayor of Fond du Lac, a member, for several years, of the Territorial Legislature, and a Representative in Congress, from the State of Wisconsin, from 1847 to 1849. DARLINGTON, EDWARD. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1839. DARLINGTON, ISAAC. Born in Westtown, Chester County, Pennsylvania, December 13, 1781, and died April 27, 1839. He was brought up to hard labor, partly on a farm, and in the shop of his father, a worthy blacksmith, and was a Quaker in religion. He edu cated himself, taught school, studied law, and was successful as a practi tioner. In 1807 he was elected to the State Legislature ; served as a volunteer lieutenant in the last war with England ; and was a member of Congress, from 1817 to 1819,^- declining a re-election. In 1820 he was appointed Deputy Attorney- General for Chester County, and in 1821 was appointed President Judge of the County Court, which he held until his death. DARLINGTON, WILLIAM. Born in Birmingham, Chester County, Pennsylvania, April 28, 1783. He was brought up on a farm until eighteen years old, trained in the religion of George Fox, and when young had but a limited education. He studied medicine, and in 1804 graduated at the Uni versity of Pennsylvania; in 1806 he was disowned by the Society of Friends for accepting the appoint ment of surgeon to a military regi ment ; in 1807 he went to India as surgeon of a merchant-ship ; in 1811 and 1812 he assisted in establishing the West Chester Academy, Penn sylvania, of which he was long a trustee, and the secretary ; in 1813 he prepared a catalogue of plants of his native country; in 1814 he took part in establishing the Bank of West Chester, and was its presi dent ; when Washington City was attacked by the British, he went thither as a volunteer ; and he was a member of Congress, from Penn-; Biographical Sketches. 141 sylvania, from 1815 to 1817, and again from 1819 to 1823. He was also a member of the "American Philosophical Society ;" was a Ca nal Commissioner in 1825 ; in 1826 he aided in forming a Natural His tory Society in West Chester, and was elected President of the same ; and on account of his devotion to science and his scientific learning, a number of rare plants were named after him, by leading naturalists of Switzerland and America. He also held the office of Clerk of the Court of Chester County ; aided in found ing and was President of the "West Chester Medical Society ;" was pre sident of arailway company ; in 1847 he was robbed of $50,000 belonging to the bank of which he was presi dent; his pubUcations on botany and kindred subjects are quite nu merous ; and he has been elected a member of some forty learned socie ties, in America and Europe. He is stiU Uving (August, 1858,) in the enjoyment of good health and his many honors. DARRAGH, CORNELIUS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. DAVEE, THOMAS. Born in Plymouth,Massachusetts, December 9, 1797; removed to Maine, and was bred a merchant ; served six years in the two Houses of the Maine Legislature ; served a second term in the State Assembly, and was chosen Speaker; he was also High Sheriff of Somerset Coun ty ; and a Representative in Con gress, from 1837 to 1841. He was also, for many, years, a postmaster in Maine, and at the time of his death was a Senator-elect of the State Legislature. He died, sup ported by the hopes of the Chris tian, December 9, 1841. DAVENPORT, FRANKLIN. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1798 to 1799, and a Representative in Con gress, from 1799 to 1801. DAVENPORT, JAMES. He was a graduate of Yale Col lege in 1777, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Connecti cut, from 1796 to 1797, in which year he died. DAVENPORT, JOHN. He was born in Connecticut; graduated at Yale College in 1770 ; was a tutor in that college ; and a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1799 to 1807. He died in 1830. DAVENPORT, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1827 to 1829. DAVENPORT, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia,' from 1825 to 1835, and died in Halifax County, in November, 1838. 142 Biographical Sketches. DAVIDSON, THOMAS G. Born in Jefferson County, Missis sippi, August 3, 1805 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1827 ; in 1833 was Register of the Land-office at Greensburg, Louisi ana ; was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1833, where he served, from different parishes, some thirteen years ; and he was elected a Representative in Congress, in 1855; re-elected in 1857, and is Chairman of the Committee on En rolled Bills, and member of the Committee on Claims. • DAVIDSON, WILLIAM. He was a native of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, having been born September 12, 1778; re presented that county in the State Legislature, as a Senator, in 1813, 1815, 1816, and 1817 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1818 to 1821. He served again in the State Se nate, in 1827, 1828, and 1829. He died in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, September 16, 1857, from injuries which he received by being thrown from his carriage, while tak ing a drive with a fractious horse. Though leading the quiet life of a planter, he was a man of great in fluence and usefulness. DAVIES, EDWARD. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. DAVIS, AMOS. He represented Kentucky in Congress, from 1833 to 1835, and died in Owingsville, Kentucky, June 5, 1835. DAVIS, GARRIT. He was born in 1803; studied law and acquired distinction in the practice; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1839 to 1847. DAVIS, GEORGE T. He was born in Sandwich, Mas sachusetts, January 12, 1810; gra duated at Harvard College in 1829; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832 ; was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in 1839 and 1840; and was a Representa tive in Congress from 1851 to 1853. He is now devoted to his profes sion. DAVIS, H. W. He was born in Maryland ; elect ed to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty- fifth Congresses, from that State, as a Representative ; and is a member of the Committee on Ways and Means. DAVIS, JEFFERSON. He was born in Christian Coun ty, Kentucky, in 1805, but his fa ther removed to Mississippi in his infancy. He commenced his edu cation at the Transylvania Univer sity, Kentucky, but left it for the West Point Academy, where he graduated in 1828. He followed Biographical Sketches. 143 the fortunes of a soldier until 1835, when he became a planter. He was a cadet from 1824 to 1828; second lieutenant of infantry from ' 1828 to 1833 ; first lieutenant of dragoons from 1833 to 1835, serv ing in various campaigns against the Indians ; was adjutant of dra goons, and at different times served in the quartermaster's department ; in 1844 was a Presidential Elector; in 1845 was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from Mississippi, for one term, but resigned in 1846, to become Colonel of a volunteer regiment to serve in Mexico ; in Mexico he received the appointment of Brigadier-General; in 1847 was appointed a Senator in Congress, to fill a vacancy, and was elected for the term ending in 1851; was re-elected for a term of six years, but resigned ; was appointed Se cretary of War by President Pierce, serving throughout his administra tion; and in 1857 again took his seat in the United States Senate for the term of six years. He is Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and a member of those on Public Buildings and Grounds, and on Printing. DAVIS, JOHN. Born in Massachusetts, in 1790; graduated at Yale College in 1812 ; adopted the profession of law ; was a Representative in Congress from 1825 to 1833 ; Governor of Massa chusetts during the years 1833 and 1834 ; a Senator in Congress from 1835 to 1841, and again from 1845 to 1853, always serving on import ant committees and exerting much influence. On account of his many popular qualities, he was called "Honest John Davis." He died suddenly, at Worcester, April 19, 1854. DAVIS, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. DAVIS, JOHN G. Born in Fleming County, Ken tucky, October 10, 1810. His edu cation was obtained at a country school, where, during the winter months, he studied the. rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic. He was bred to the occupation of a farmer ; was elected sheriff of Parke County, Indiana, where he now resides, and resigned in 1832. He was clerk of the Superior and Inferior Courts of that county, from 1833 to 1851, and was a Re presentative from Indiana in the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, and Thirty-fifth Congresses; and is a member of the Committee on Pub lic Lands, and also served on the Committee to Examine into the Accounts of the late Clerk of the House. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. DAVIS, JOHN W. He is a native of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania; after com pleting his medical studies in Balti more, he emigrated to Indiana. He 144 Biographical Sketches, served in the Legislature of that State, and was Speaker of the lower branch, and also acted as Commissioner to make a treaty with the Indians. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1835 to 1837, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1843 to 1847, and was once Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was, in 1848, appointed Minister, to China, and, subsequently, held the position of Governor of Oregon Territory. DAVIS, REUBEN. Born in Tennessee, January 18, 1813. He was self-educated, owing to the limited means of his father. He studied and practiced medicine for a few years, and, afterwards, pursued the law as a profession. In 1835 was chosen District Attor ney for the Sixth Judicial District of Mississippi. In 1837 he was re-elected to the same office ; served for four months, in 1842, on the bench of the High Court of Errors and Appeals ; was in the Mexican war as colonel commandant of the Mississippi Rifles, but resigned on account of sickness, and was in no battle ; was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature from 1855 to 1857, and was elected a member of the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving on the Committees on the Post-office and Post-roads and Expenditures in the Navy Depart ment. DAVIS, RICHARD D. He was born in New York, gra duated at Yale College in 1818, and was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1841 to 1845. DAVIS, ROGER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1811 to 1815. DAVIS, SAMUEL. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815. DAVIS, SAMUEL B. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1853 to 1855. DAVIS, THOMAS. He was born in Ireland, and hav ing emigrated to Rhode Island, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1853 to 1855. DAVIS, THOMAS T. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1797 to 1803, and was appointed in that year Judge in the Territory of In diana. DAVIS, TIMOTHY. He was born in Newark, New Jersey, in March, 1794; received a common school education; re moved to Kentucky in 1816, and was there admitted to the bar in 1817 ; spent twenty years of his life in Missouri ; and, having re moved to Iowa, was elected a Ee- Biographical Sketches. 145 presentative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on the Post-office and Post-roads. DAVIS, TIMOTHY. He was born in Gloucester, Mas sachusetts, April 12, 1821 ; was educated at a district school, which he did not attend after reaching the age of twelve years ; spent two years in a printing-office ; lived a number of years in Boston as a clerk and as a merchant ; in 1854, by an unusually large majority, he was elected a Representative in Con gress, from his native district ; was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, and has served as a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs. DAVIS, WARREN R. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1810 ; adopted the pro fession of law ; was appointed Soli citor for South Carolina, and was a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1827 to 1835, and died in Washington, District of Columbia, January 29, 1835. DAWES, HENRY L. Born in Cummington, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, October 30, 1816. He graduated at Yale Col lege, and adopted the profession of the law. He was a member of the Legislature of Massachusetts; of the Lower House during the years 1848, 1849, and 1852; of the State Senate in 1850; and also of the 10 State Constitutional Convention in 1853. He was also District Attor ney for the Western District of his native State from 1853 until elected to, the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. DAWSON, JOHN. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1782 ; was elected a Re presentative in Congress, from Vir ginia, from 1797 to 1814 ; and was appointed bearer of dispatches to France in 1801, by President Adams. He died in 1814. DAWSON, JOHN B. ' He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1841 to the time of his death, which occur red at St. Francisville, Louisiana, June 26, 1845. DAWSON, JOHN L. He represented Pennsylvania in Congress from 1851 to 1855. He died March 10, 1857, from the effects-, it is believed, of the myste rious National Hotel disease. He was appointed, by President Pierce, Governor of Kansas, but declined. DAWSON, WILLIAM C Born in Greene County, Georgia, January 4, 1798, and died May 5, 1856. He graduated at Franklin College in 1816 ; studied law at home and at Litchfield, Connecti cut ; and having been admitted to the bar, settled at Greensborough, 146 Biographical Sketches. in 1818, where he was eminently successful as a jury lawyer. He was for twelve years Clerk of the House of Representatives of Geor gia, and several times Senator and Representative in the Legislature. He was a Representative in Con gress from 1837 to 1842; and in 1845 he was appointed Judge of the Ockmulgee Circuit; and from 1849 to 1855 he was a Senator of the United States, where he served on important committees, and spoke on many important questions of national interest, and commanded a wide influence. DAWSON, WILLIAM J. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1793 to 1795. DAY, ROWLAND. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1816 and 1817, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1833 to 1835. DAY, TIMOTHY C. He was born in Ohio, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. DAYAN, CHARLES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833 ; a State Senator in 1827 and 1828; and a member of the Assembly in 1835 and 1836. DAYTON, JONATHAN. A native of New Jersey; gradu ated at Princeton College in 1776; was a member of the State Conven tion in 1787 ; a Representative in Congressfrom 1791 to 1799; Speak er of the House of Representatives in 1797 ; and was a Senator of the United States from 1799 to 1805. He was a distinguished statesman, and died at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, October 9, 1824, aged about sixty-eight years. DAYTON, WILLIAM L. Born in New Jersey, February 17, 1807 ; graduated at Princeton College ; is a lawyer by profession; was a member of the State Senate of New Jersey in 1837 ; was ap pointed one of the Justices of the Superior Court of the State Feb ruary 28, 1838, and resigned said office in 1841, and resumed the prac tice of law ; was a Senator in Con gress from 1842 to 1851. In March, 1857, was appointed Attorney-Gen eral of New Jersey, which office he still holds. DEAN, EZRA. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1841 to 1845. DEAN, GILBERT. Is a native of Pleasant Valley, Dutchess County, New York. In May, 1837, he entered the Amenia Seminary, and in September of the same year he went to Yale College, and graduated in 1841. He studied Biographical Sketches. 147 law in Pine Plains, and commenced practice in Poughkeepsie in 1844, attaining eminence in his profes sion ; and was elected a Represen tative in Congress from 1851 to 1853. DEAN, SIDNEY. He was born in Glastenbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, No vember 16, 1818. He received only a common school education ; en tered upon active life as a manu facturer ; but subsequently became a clergyman. He served one year in the Legislature of Connecticut, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, in 1855, and re-elected in 1857 ; of ficiating during his first term as Chairman of the Committee on Pub lic Expenditures, and is now a mem ber of the Committee on the Dis trict of Columbia. DEANE, JOSIAH. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1807 to 1809. DEARBORN, HENRY. Was a native sof New Hampshire, and settled, in the practice of physic, at Portsmouth. He was a captain in Stark's regiment at the battle of Bunker HiU; he accompanied Arnold in, the expedition through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec ; he was captured by the British, and put into close confinement, but in May, 1776, was permitted to re turn on parole; in March, 1777, he was exchanged ; he served as a major in the army under Gates, at the capture of Burgoyne. He distinguished himself at the battle of Monmouth, by a gallant charge on the enemy. Dearborn being sent to ask for further orders, Washing ton inquired, by way of commenda tion, " What troops are those ?" " Full-blooded Yankees from New Hampshire, sir," was the reply. In 1779 he accompanied Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians ; in 1780 he was with the army in New Jersey ; in 1781 he was at Yorktown, at the surrender of Corn- wallis; in 1789 Washington ap pointed him Marshal of the District of Maine. He was elected a mem ber of Congress, from 1793 to 1797. In 1801 he was appointed Secre tary of War, and held the office till 1809, when he was appointed to the lucrative office of Collector of Boston. In 1812 he received a commission as senior major-general in the army of the United States. In the spring of 1813 he captured York, in Upper Canada, and Fort George, at the mouth of the Ni agara. He was recalled, by Mr. Madison, in July. He was ordered to assume the command of the mi litary district of New York City. In 1822 he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal ; two years after he returned to America, at his own request. He died in 1829, aged seventy-eight years. DEARBORN, HENRY. Born in 1783, in Exeter, New Hampshire ; was educated at Wil liam and Mary College, Virginia 148 Biographical Sketches. and commenced the study of law in Washington, while his father was Secretary of War under Jeffer son. He finished his studies at Salem, Massachusetts, in the office of Judge Story, and commenced to practice in that city. He re moved to Portland, and superin tended the erection of the forts in the harbor. He was appointed Col lector of Boston, by President Madi son, (having been previously made Deputy Collector by his father, when Collector,) as an inducement for his father to accept the com mand of the army, and he held the office until removed by General Jackson, in 1829. In 1812 he was brigadier of militia, and had the command of the troops in Boston harbor. In 1821 was a member of the Convention for revising the Constitution of Massachusetts. In 1829 was a Representative in the Legislature, from Roxbury ; and the same year chosen Executive Coun cillor; and the following year a State Senator. From 1831 to 1833, he was a Representative in Con gress. He was soon appointed Adjutant- General of Massachusetts, and continued in that office till 1843, when he was removed for lending some of the State arms during the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island. In 1847 was chosen Mayor of Roxbury, which office he held until his death. While in the Cus tom-house, in Boston, he wrote and published three volumes on the "Commerce of the Black Sea." He also wrote a biography of Com modore Bainbridge, and one of his father ; a book on Architecture, and a Life of Christ. He died, in Port land, Maine, July 29, 1851. DEBERRY, EDMUND. Born in Montgomery County, North Corolina, August 14, 1787. He was educated at the ordinary schools of the county, and having entered public life, in 1806, as a member of the State Legislature, he continued to serve there, with occasional intermissions, until 1828; and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1829 to 1831, from 1833 to 1845, and again from 1849 to 1851. DE GRAFF, JOHN J. He was a Representative in Con gress from New York, from 1827 to 1829, and again from 1837 to 1839. DEITZ, WILLIAM. He was a member of the New York Assembly, in 1814 and 1815; a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1825 to 1827 ; and a State Senator, from 1830 to 1833. DELANO, COLUMBUS. He was born in Vermont, and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. DEMMING, BENJAMIN F. He was born at Danville, Ver mont; received a common school education; served a number of years Biographical Sketches. 149 as a clerk in a store ; was clerk of the court in his native county for sixteen years ; and was elected a Representative in Congress, for the term from 1833 to 1835, but died at Saratoga Springs, whither he had gone for his health, July 11, 1834. DE MOTT, JOHN. He was born in New Jersey, was a member of the New York As sembly, in 1833 ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. DENNIS; JOHN. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. DENNIS, LITTLETON P. He graduated at Yale College in 1803, and was elected a Represen tative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1833 to 1835, and died at Washington, April 14, 1834, before the expiration of his term in Con gress. DENNISON, GEORGE. He was born in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1823. DENNY, HARMAR. Born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1794; graduated at Dickinson College ; was a member of the Le gislature of his native State, and a Representative in Congress, from 1829 to 1837, and a member of the Convention which formed the pre sent Constitution of Pennsylvania. He 'died in Pittsburg, January 29, 1852. , DENT, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1793 to 1801, and was appointed in the latter year United States Marshal for the Potomac District. During the third session of the Fifth Con gress he was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. DENT, WILLIAM B. W. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1853 to 1855. DENVER, JAMES W. Born in Winchester, Virginia, in 1818. When quite young he emi grated to Ohio with his parents ; received a good education ; in 1841 he went to Missouri, where he taught school and studied law ; he served in the Mexican war as a captain, under appointment from President Polk ; in 1850 he went to California, where he was appointed member of a relief committee to protect emigrants ; and, afterwards, Secretary of State of California; he was a Representative, from Ca lifornia, in the Thirty-fourth Con gress; by President Buchanan he was appointed Commissioner of In dian Affairs, which office he resign ed to accept the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Kan- 150 Biographical Sketches. sas, which position he resigned in November, 1858, and was re-ap pointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs. DESAUSSURE, WILLIAM F. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at Harvard University in 1810; and was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1852 to 1853. DESHA, JOSEPH. He was born in Pennsylvania, December 9, 1768, and emigrated to Kentucky in 1781; in 1794 he served as a volunteer in the expe dition against the Indians, under General Wayne ; served for a time in the State Legislature ; fought at the battle of the Thames, as a ma jor-general ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819; was Governor of Kentucky for four years, from 1824; and died at Georgetown, Kentucky, October 1 1, 1842. DESHA, ROBERT. He was a prominent merchant of Mobile, where he died, February 8, 1849 ; and a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1827 to 1831. DEWART, LEWIS. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833. DEWART, WILLIAM L. He was born in Pennsylvania ; is a lawyer by profession, and a mem ber of the Thirty-fifth Congress, from his native State. He is Chair man of the Committee on Unfinished Business. DEWEY, DANIEL. Was a lawyer, having studied under Theodore Sedgwick, and at tained a high rank in his profession. He was a member of the Council of the State, and a Representative in Congress, from Berkshire District, Massachusetts, in 1813 and 1814; was appointed Judge of the Su preme Court of Massachusetts in 1814. He died June 3, 1815. DE WITT, ALEXANDER. Born in Worcester County, Mas sachusetts, April 2, 1798. He is a bank president; was once in the Legislature of his native State, and a Representative in Congress, dur ing the years 1856 and 1857. DE WITT, CHARLES G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831, and appointed Charge d'Affaires, for Central America, in 1833. He died at Newburg, April 13, 1839. DE WITT, JACOB H. He was born in Ulster County, New York, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821, and a member of the New York Assembly in 1839 and in 1847. He died at Kingston, New York, January 30, 1857, aged seventy-three years. Biographical Sketches. 151 DE WOLFE, JAMES. He was a Senator of the United States, from Rhode Island, from 1821 to 1825, and died in the City of New York, December 21, 1837, aged seventy-four years. DEXTER; SAMUEL. Was a native of Massachusetts, and born in 1761 ; he graduated at Harvard College in 1781; and, having studied law at Worcester, with Levi Lincoln, he soon rose to professional eminence. He was a member of the House of Represen tatives in Congress, from 1793 to 1795, and was elected to the Senate, serving from 1799 to 1800. Dur ing the administration of John Adams he was appointed Secretary of War, in 1800, and Secretary of the Treasury, in January, 1801 ; and,. for a short time, also, had the charge of the Department of State. On the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, he held the office of Secretary of the Treasury, and, not complying with an intimation to resign, Mr. Gallatin was ap pointed in his place. In 1812 he abandoned the party to which he had always been attached, and be came a leader on the other side, and, as such, was the candidate for Governor of Massachusetts, in 1815 and 1816, in opposition to Governor Brooks. A mission to Spain was offered him, by Mr. Madison, in 1815. He died in 1816. DICK, JOHN. Was born in Pennsylvania, was bred a merchant, and was a mem ber of Congress, from said State, in 1854 and 1855, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, serving as a member of the Committee on Accounts. DICKENS, SAMUEL. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, during the years 1816 and 1817. DICKERSON, MAHLON. Born in Morris County, New Jer sey, in 1769 ; graduated at Prince ton College in 1789; studied law, and in early life he resided in Penn sylvania, where he was Recorder of the City of Philadelphia, and sub sequently Quartermaster-General of the State ; he returned to New Jer sey, and was elected to the Legis lature of that State. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jer sey, and was elected. Governor of that State in 1815, and held the office until 1817, when he was chosen United States Senator, and con tinued in that office for sixteen years. In 1834 he became Secre tary of the Navy, in the cabinet of President Jackson, and held that department until 1838, some two years after the accession of Presi dent Van Buren. For two years he was President of the American Institute. He died in Morris County, New Jersey, October 5, 1853. DICKERSON, PHILEMON. A native of New Jersey, was an officer in the war of the American Revolution, and enjoyed a great 152 Biographical Sketches. reputation for courage and zeal in the cause of liberty. He com manded the Jersey militia at the battle of Monmouth ; and after the organization of the National Go vernment in its present form he was appointed a Senator in Con gress, from 1790 to 1793. Having discharged in a satisfactory manner the duties of the several civil and mUitary stations which he held, he enjoyed several years of retirement from public life ; and died at Tren ton in 1809. He was a Delegate from Delaware, to the Continental Congress, from 1782 to 1783. DICKERSON, PHILEMON. He was the son of the above and a native of New Jersey, and a Re presentative in Congress, from the Paterson District in that State, from 1833 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1841-. DICKEY, JESSE C. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1849 to 1851. DICKEY, JOHN. He was a member of Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1843 to 1845, and from 1847 to 1849; and at the time of his death, was United States Marshal for Western Penn sylvania. He died in Beaver County, March 14, 1853. DICKINSON, DANIEL S. He was born in Goshen, Litch field County, Connecticut, Septem ber 11, 1800; removed with his family to New York in 1806 ; he was self-educated, and adopted the profession of law. He was at one time in the State Senate ; was Judge of the Court of Errors from 1836 to 1841 ; he was Lieutenant- Governor, President of the Senate and of said court, from 1842 to 1844; was a Democratic Elector in 1844 ; and a Senator in Con gress, from New York, from 1844 to 1851, since which time he has lived in retirement. DICKINSON, DAVID W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1833 to 1835, and again from 1843 to 1845, and died at Franklin, Ten nessee, April 27, of the latter year. DICKINSON, EDWARD. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. DICKINSON, JOHN D. He was born in Middlesex County, Connecticut, in 1767; gra duated at Yale College in 1785, and was a member of Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1823, and again from 1827 to 1831 ; and died at Troy, January 28, 1841. DICKINSON, RUDOLPHUS. He was born in Massachusetts, and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1847 to 1849. Biographical Sketches. 153 DICKSON, DAVID. He was a member of Congress, from Mississippi, in 1835 and 1836, and died at Little Rock, Arkansas, July 31, 1836. DICKSON, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1835, and died at West Bloom field, New York, February 22, 1852. DICKSON, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, during the Thirty-fourth Congress. He died at his residence, in New Scotland, New York, May 3, 1858, in conse quence of spinal injuries received whUe in the faithful discharge of his public duties at Washington. He had been bred a physician, and was universally respected. DICKSON, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1801 to 1807. DILLET, JAMES. He was a native of South Caro lina, and one of the early graduates of the university of that State, hav ing left it in 1810 ; he adopted the profession of law*; removed to Ala bama in 1818, where he was appoint ed a Judge of the Circuit Court, and frequently represented his coun ty in the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1843 to 1845. He died at Claiborne, December 21, 1848, aged sixty years. DILLINGHAM, PAUL, Jjt. He was born at Shutesbury, Franklin County, Massachusetts, August, 1800 ; removed to Water bury, Vermont, with his father, in 1805 ; received a good education ; adopted the profession of law ; and was admitted to practice, in Wash ington County, in 1824. He was Town Clerk of Waterbury, from 1829 to 1844, and Justice of the Peace eighteen years. He was States Attorney, for Washington County, from 1835 to 1838 ; was a member of the Constitutional Con vention in 1836 and 1837. He was a Representative to the General As sembly six years, and State Senator in 1841 and 1842; and elected a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1847, and was a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. He has since that time devoted himself to the practice of his pro fession. DIMMICK, MILO M. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. DIMMPOK, W. H. He was born in Milford, Pike County, Pennsylvania, December 20, 1815. He received an academical education, and adopted the profes sion of law. He was Prosecuting Attorney, for the Commonwealth 154 Biographical Sketches. of Pennsylvania, for Wayne County, in 1836 and 1837 ; was a member of the State Senate in 1845, 1846, and 1847; and was elected a Rep resentative, from Pennsylvania, in the Thirty-fifth Congress, officiating as Chairman of the Joint Commit tee on the Library. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. DIMOCK, DAVIS, Jr. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1841 to 1842. DINSMOOR, SAMUEL. He was born at Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1766 ; gradu ated at Dartmouth College in 1789 ; was for many years a major-general of militia ; a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1811 to 1813 ; a Judge of Probate ; and served as Governor of his na tive State during the years 1831, 1832, and 1833. He died at Keene, March 15, 1835. DISNEY, DAVID T. He was a native of Baltimore, Maryland, and removed to Cincin nati, Ohio, in 1820. He was fre quently a member of both branches of the State Legislature of Ohio, and three times elected Speaker. He represented his adopted State in Congress, from 1849 to 1855. He died in Washington, March 14, 1857, aged fifty-four years. DIX, JOHN A. Born in Boscawen, New Hamp shire, July 24, 1798. He com menced his education by attending the academies at Salisbury and Ex eter; spent one year in a French College at Montreal; and, in 1812, was appointed a cadet in the army, but, instead of going to West Point, preferred to join the army on the frontier as an ensign ; and, in 1813, he was acting adjutant of an inde pendent battalion. In 1819 he was aid-de-camp to Major-General Brown, but devoted his leisure to the study of law; from that time until 1828, he visited Cuba and traveled in Europe for his health, when he settled at Cooperstown, as a lawyer. In 1831 he was adjutant- general under Governor Throop ; in 1833 he was appointed Secretary of State of New York, and was a Regent of the State University; in 1841 he was elected to the Assem bly, from Albany ; and after making another visit abroad, was elected to the United States Senate, where he served from 1845 to 1849. Of late years, he has been chiefly engaged in the management of a large estate. In 1820 he raceived from Brown University the degree of Master of Arts, and in 1845, from Geneva College, the degree of Doctor of Laws. DIXON, ARCHIBALD. Was born in Caswell County, North Carolina, April 2, 1802, and removed with his fiather to Hender son County, Kentucky, in 1805. Biographical Sketches. 155 He received only a plain English education at the county schools, but made good use of his advan tages, and at the age of twenty, entered upon the study of law, and acquired considerable reputation as a lawyer. In 1830 he was a Repre sentative in the Legislature, and in 1836 in the State Senate, and again in the Lower House in 1841. In 1843 was elected Lieutenant-Gover nor of Kentucky. In 1849 was a member of the Constitutional Con vention for reforming State laws, and was a member of the United States Senate, from 1852 to 1855, being elected to fiU the vacancy oc casioned by the resignation of his friend, Henry Clay. DIXON, JAMES. Born in Enfield, Connecticut, in 1814 ; graduated at Williams Col lege, Wifliamstown, Massachusetts, in 1834 ; is a lawyer by profession ; and was a member of the House in the Legislature of Connecticut, in 1837, 1838, and 1844, and of the State Senate in 1849 and 1854; and a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1849 ; also elected a Senator for six years, from March 4, 1857. He is a member of the Committees on Post-roads and Con tingent Expenses of the Senate. DIXON, JOSEPH HENRY. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1799 to 1801. DIXON, NATHAN F. Born at Plainfield, Connecticut, in 1774 ; graduated at Brown Uni versity in 1799 ; studied law, and established himself in Rhode Island, in 1802, to practice his profession. In 1813 he was elected a member of the General Assembly of that State, to which he was appointed at thirty-four successive elections. From 1839 to 1842 he was a Sena tor of the United States. He died at Washington, District of Colum bia, January 29, 1842. DIXON, NATHAN F. Born in Westerly, Rhode Island, May 1, 1812; fitted for College at Plainfield Academy ; and graduated at Brown University in 1833. He attended the law schools at New Haven and Cambridge, and was ad mitted to the bar in New London in 1837, and engaged in the practice of his profession in Rhode Island and in Connecticut. He was a member of the General Assembly of Rhode Island, from 1840 to 1849, and was elected a Representative in the Thirty-first Congress. In 1851 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, with the exception of two years, has held the office to the present time. DOANE, WILLIAM. He was born in Maine, and hav ing removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. 156 Biographical Sketches. DOBBIN, JAMES C. He was born in 1814 ; graduated at the University of North Caro lina in 1832. He was a lawyer by profession, and was elected a Re presentative in Congress, from his native State, in 1845, and declined a re-election. He served in the State Legislature in 1848 and 1850, and during the last session officiated as Speaker. His eloquence at the bar and in the legislative hall, is said to have been of the most win ning character, and his urbane man ners and amiable disposition made him a general favorite. He was Secretary of the Navy during the whole of President Pierce's admin istration, and he died in Fayette ville, North CaroUna, August 4, 1857. DOCKERY, A. He was a native of North Caro lina, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and again from 1851 to 1853. DODD, EDWARD. Born in Salem, Washington Co., New York, in 1805; was bred a merchant ; chosen County Clerk of the County of Washington for three terms of three years each, commenc ing January 1, 1835 ; was a mem ber of the Constitutional Conven tion of New York in 1846 ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1855 to the present time, serving on the Committee on the District of Columbia. DODDRIDGE, PHILIP. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, in 1829, and continued in that position until his death, which occurred in Washing ton, November 19, 1832. He was a distinguished lawyer, and com manded great influence in Congress. He was about sixty years of age. DODGE, AUGUSTUS C. He was born in Missouri, and was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Iowa, from 1841 to 1847 ; a Senator in Congress from the State of Iowa from 1848 to 1855 ; after which he received, from President Pierce, the appointment of Minister to Spain, which he has recently resigned. DODGE, HENRY. He was born in Indiana, and re moving to Wisconsin, served, with great credit, as an officer of volun teers, on the Northwestern frontiers. He distinguished himself especially in the Black Hawk war, and, as an Indian fighter, was thought to have no superior. When the first regi ment of dragoons was raised in 1833, he was appointed Colonel, which office he resigned in 1836, when he was appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory and Superin tendent of Indian Affairs. He was 'a Delegate to Congress, from Wis consin, from 1841 to 1845, and a Senator in Congress, from the State of Wisconsin, from 1849 to 1857. Biographical Sketches. 157 DOIG, ANDREW W. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843, having previously served one year in the State Assembly. DONEYELLES, PETER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. DONNELL, RICHARD S. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. DOOLITTLE, J. R. Born in Hampton, Washington County, New York, January 3, 1815 ; graduated at Geneva College in 1834; is a lawyer by profession, and was admitted to the Supreme Court of New York in 1837. He was District Attorney, for several years, for Wyoming County, New York; and removed to Wisconsin in 1851; was chosen Judge of the First Judicial Circuit of that State in 1853, but resigned in 1856. He was elected a Senator of the United States in 1857, for six years, and is a member of the Committee on In dian Affairs. DORSEY, CLEMENT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1825 to 1831. DOTY, JAMES D. He was born in New York, was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Wisconsin, from 1839 to 1841, and a Representative in Congress, from the State of Wis consin, from 1849 to 1853. DOUBLEDAY, ULYSSES F. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833, and again from 1835 to 1837. DOUGLAS, STEPHEN A. Was born at Brandon, Rutland County, Vermont, April 23, 1813. He lost his father while an infant, and his mother being left in desti tute circumstances, he entered a cabinet shop at Middlebury, in his native State, for the purpose of learning the trade. After remain ing there for several months, he re turned to Brandon, where he conti nued for a year at the same calling, but his health obliged him to aban don it, and he became a student in the academy. His mother having married a second time, he followed her to Canandaigua, in the State of New York. Here he pursued the study of the law until his removal to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1831. From Cleveland he went still farther west, and finally settled in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was at first employed as clerk to an auctioneer, and after wards kept school, devoting all the time he could spare to the study of the law. In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, soon obtained a lucrative 158 Biographical Sketches. practice, and was elected Attorney- General of the State. In 1837 he was appointed, by President Van Buren, Register of the Land-office, at Springfield, Illinois. He after wards practiced his profession, and, in 1840, was elected Secretary, of State, and the following year Judge of the Supreme Court. This of fice he resigned, after sitting upon the bench for two years, in conse quence of ill health. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, and con tinued a member of the Lower House for four years. In Decem ber, 1847, he was elected to the United States Senate, of which he continues a member. He was, (as he had been for several sessions,) during the first session of the Thirty- fifth Congress, Chairman of the Committee on Territories. He has also recently been re-elected a Se nator in Congress. DOWDELL, JAMES F. Born in Jasper County, Georgia, November 26, 1818 ; graduated at Randolph Macon College in 1840; and is a lawyer by profession ; he removed to Alabama in 1846, and took charge of a female college for one year, and afterwards engaged in farming and planting. He was a Representative from Alabama in the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee of Ways and Means, and also that of Inquiry into the Cost of Public Printing and Laws Relating thereto. DOWNING, CHARLES. He was born in Virginia, and was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Florida/from 1837 to 1841. DOWNS, SOLOMON U. He was Collector of the port of New Orleans, and from 1847 to 1853 a Senator in Congress, from Louisiana. He died in Orchard Springs, Kentucky, August 14, 1854. DOWSE, EDWARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1810 to 1821. DRAKE, JOHN R. He was one of the earliest set tlers in Tioga County, New York; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1819; was elected Judge of Tioga County in 1833 ; and was a member of the New York Assembly in 1834. He was in ill health for eight years be fore his death, which occurred at Oswego, March 21, 1857, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. DRAPER, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1830 to 1831, and again from 1832 to 1833. DRAYTON, WILLIAM. Was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1825 to 1833, but was a resident of Biographical Sketches. 159 Philadelphia for many years, in which city he died May 24, 1846. DRUM AUGUSTUS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. DRUMGOOLE, GEORGE C. , He was- born in Virginia ; edu cated a lawyer ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Vir ginia, from 1835 to 1841, and also from 1843 to 1847 ; and died April 28, 1847. DUDLEY, CHARLES E. He was a Senator in Congress, from New York, from 1828 to 1833, and died January 23, 1841. DUDLEY, EDWARD B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1829 to 1831 ; and in 1836 was elected the first Gover nor of North Carolina under the amended Constitution of that State. He was subsequently appointed President of the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad Company, and died at Wilmington, North Caro lina, in November, 1855. DUNBAR, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1853 to 1855. DUNCAN, ALEXANDER. Was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress, from Ohio, from 1837 to 1841, and from 1843 to 1845. He died in Cincin nati, Ohio, March 2, 1852. DUNCAN, DANIEL. Born in the town of Shippens- burg, Cumberland County, Penn sylvania, July 22, 1806, and died in Washington, June 18, 1849. He was bred a merchant, and in 1843 was elected to the Legislature of Ohio, from Licking County. He was a Representative in Congress from 1847 to 1849 ; and more a man of action than of words. DUNCAN, GARNETT. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. DUNCAN, JAMES H. He was a native of Massachu setts, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. DUNCAN, JOSEPH. He served in the army with cre dit during the late war with Eng land; held various offices of dis tinction and trust ; was at one time Governor of Illinois, and a Repre-* sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1835. He died at Jacksonville, Illinois, January 15, 1844. DUER, WILLIAM. Born in the City of New York, May 25, 1805. He graduated at Columbia College in 1824 ; studied law, and, in 1828, removed to Os- 160 Biographical Sketches. wego, soon after returning to New York ; he subsequently removed to New Orleans, and again returned to Oswego ; he served in the Legisla ture of New York, on two occasions ; was District Attorney for Oswego County, and a Representative in Congress, from 1847 to 1851. DUNHAM, CYRUS L. He is a native of New York State. As a farmer's boy he work ed laboriously during the summer months, to obtain means for his education during the winter ; after acquiring the rudiments, he filled the humblest position on board a fishing craft from one of the sea ports of Massachusetts, to New foundland, and after completing his studies, he removed to Salem, Indi ana, taught school and studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was elected to the Legislature of Indiana, in 1846 and 1847, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1855. DUNLAP, ROBERT P. He was born in Maine ; gradu ated at Bowdoin College in 1815 ; ¦ studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1818 ; in 1821 and 1822 was a member of the State Legislature ; in 1823 he was elected a State Se nator, and presided over that body for several years ; in 1833 he was a member of the Executive Council of Maine ; in 1834 he was elected Governor of Maine, and served four years ; and he was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1843 to 1847. He is at the pres3nt time President of the Board of Over seers of Bowdoin College. DUNLAP, WILLIAM C He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. DUNN, GEORGE G. He was born in 1813, and died in Lawrence County, Indiana, in September, 1857 He had held many high official trusts, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1847 to 1849. He was a lawyer, and noted for his abilities as an orator. DUNN, GEORGE H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1837 to 1839. DURELL, DANIEL M. He was born in Massachusetts; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1807 to 1809. He died in 1841, aged seventy-one years. DURFEE, JOB. He was born at Tiverton, Rhode Island, in 1790; graduated at Brown University in 1813 ; adopt ed the profession of the law; and though for a long time was Chief Justice of Rhode Island, he devoted much attention to poetry and Belles- lettres generally. He was a Rep resentative in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1821 to 1825. He died in 1847. Biographical Sketches. ]61 DURFEE, NATHANIEL B. He was born in Tiverton, Rhode Island, September 29, 1812; re ceived a good classical education at Newport; from 1838 to 1850 de voted himself to the pursuits of agriculture; he represented the town of Warwick, some seven or eight years, in the State Legisla ture, and the town of Tiverton, four years ; and, having been elected a member of the Thirty-fourth Con gress, served his term, and was re elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Committee on Manu factures. DURKEE, CHARLES. Born in Royalton, Vermont, De cember 5, 1807; was a merchant; removed to Wisconsin, and was elected to the Legislature of that State, in 1837 and 1838 ; a Repre sentative in Congress, in 1848 and 1850 ; and a United States Senator for six years, commencing March, 1855, and is a member of the Com mittees on Revolutionary and Pri vate Land Claims. DUVAL, WILLIAM P. Born in Virginia in 1784, but in early life went to Kentucky, where heTtudied and practiced law; he was a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1815 ; and in 1822 was appointed Governor of Flo rida, by President Monroe, and re appointed by Adams and Jackson. In 1848 he removed to Texjs, and was Governor of that State. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, March 19, 1854. 11 DUVALL, GABRIEL. He was born in 1751, of a Hu guenot family ; served as a clerk to the first Legislature of Mary land, before the Declaration of In dependence ; he was a Representa tive in Congress, from Maryland, from 1794 to 1796; Comptroller of the United States Treasury in 1802 ; and in 1811 was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, which office he held for twenty years. He died in Prince George County, Maryland, March 6, 1844. DWIGHT, HENRY W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1821 to 1831, and died in New York, February 21, 1845. DWIGHT, THEODORE. Born in Northampton, Massa chusetts, in 1765. Soon after the Revolution he studied law, and at tained a high position as a lawyer ; for a great number of years he was a State Senator in Connecticut; and he was a Representative in Congress, during the years 1806 and 1807. He was a ready and brilliant writer ; conducted for a time the Hartford Mirror; was Secretary of the Hartford Conven tion, of which he wrote the authen tic history ; in 1815, at the sugges tion of leading men, he established the Albany Daily Advertiser; and in 1817 founded the New York Daily Advertiser, which he con ducted with signal ability until 162 Biographical Sketches. 1836, when he removed to Hart ford, Connecticut, and retired from active life. About three years be fore his death, he went to New York to reside with his son, and died in that city, June 11, 1846. DWIGHT, THOMAS. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1778 ; was a Represen tative in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1803 to 1805; and died in 1819. DWINELL, JUSTIN. He graduated at Yale College in 1805; was a member of the New York Assembly in 1821 and 1822; and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. EAGER, S. W. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1809 ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. EARLE, ELIAS. He was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1805 to 1807, from 1811 to 1815, and again from 1817 to 1821. EARLE, JOHN B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1803 to 1805. EARLE, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, 'from South Carolina, from 1795 to 1797. EARLL, JONAS. Born in 1786, was at one time a Senator in the New York Legisla ture, a member of Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1831, and a Canal Commissioner at the time of his death, which- occurred at Syra cuse, New York, in October, 1846. EARLL, NEHEMIAH ,H. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. EARLY, PETER. Born in Madison County, Vir ginia, June 20, 1773, and emigrated to Georgia with his father in 1795. He graduated at Nassau Hall, Princeton, and studied law in Phi ladelphia. He served in the United States House of Representatives, from Georgia, from 1802 to 1807 ; and was one of the most conspi cuous among its members who sup ported the Administration. On his return to Georgia, he was made a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and in 1813 was elected Governor of his adopted State. He was subsequently a State Senator, but for several years before his death lived in retirement. He died August 15* 1817. ' EASTMAN, BENJAMIN C. A Representative in Congress, from Wisconsin, from 1851 to 1855, and died February 5, 1856, at Platteville, in that State. Biographical Sketches. 163 EASTMAN, IRA A. He was born in New Hampshire ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1829 ; served in the State Legisla ture ; was a Judge of the Supreme Court ; and was elected .a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. EASTMAN, NEHEMIAH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1825 to 1827. EASTON, RUFUS. He was a Delegate to Congress, from Missouri Territory, from 1814 to 1816. EATON, JOHN H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1B18 to 1829 ; was Secretary of War under Presi dent Jackson, (as well as a warm personal friend,) from 1829 to 1831 ; from 1834 to 1836 was Governor of the Territory of Florida ; and from 1836 to 1840, Minister Plenipoten tiary to Spain. He died in Wash ington, District of Columbia, No vember 17, 1856, aged sixty-six years. < EATON, LEWIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1823 to 1825. ECKERT, GEORGE N. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. EDDY, NORMAN. He was born in New York, and having removed to Indiana, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. EDDY, SAMUEL. Born ill Johnson, Rhode Island, March 31, 1769; graduated at Brown University in 1787; studied law, but did not long engage in practice. In 1798 he was chosen Secretary of State, and held the office for twenty-one years, when he resigned, and was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from his native State, from 1819 to 1825. He was subsequently Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island, for eight years. He de voted some attention to literary pursuits, and published a work on "Antiquities," and was honored, in 1801, with the degree of LL.D. He died in Providence, February 3, 1839. EDGERTON, ALFRED P. He was born in New York, and removing to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. EDIE, JOHN R. He was born in Pennsylvania, and elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, serving as a member of the Committee on Patents. EDMOND, WILLIAM. Born at South Britain, Connecti cut, September 28, 1755, and gra- 164 Biographical Sketches. duated at Yale College in 1773. He was a volunteer soldier at the burning of Danbury, and received a wound in the leg, which made him lame for life. He was a lawyer by profession ; was chosen a mem ber of the Legislature, member of the Council, and Judge of the Supreme Court of the State ; and a member of Congress, from 1798 to 1801. He died in Newton, Con necticut, August 1, 1838. EDMONDS, J. WILEY. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. EDMUNDSON, HENRY A. He was born in Virginia, and having been elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, in 1849, has been re-elected to each successive Congress, serving at the present time as a member of the Committee on Public Expenditures. EDSALL, JOSEPH. He was born in Vermont, and on removing to New Jersey, was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. EDWARD, JOHN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. EDWARDS, BENJAMIN. Born in Stafford County, Vir ginia, in 1752, and died' in Todd County, Kentucky, November 13, 1826. He had not the advantage of a classical education, and his pur suits were those of agriculture and merchandise. He was a member of the Maryland Legislature; also of the State Convention which rati fied the Federal Constitution ; and a member of Congress, from Mary land, from 1 7 93 to 1 7 95. He spent the later years of his life in Ken tucky, but held no public positions in that State. EDWARDS, FRANCIS S. He was born in Connecticut, and removing to New York, was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Congress. EDWARDS, HENRY W. He was born at New Haven, Con necticut, in 1779; graduated at Princeton College in 1797 ; studied his profession at the Litchfield Law School, and settled in New Haven. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1819 to 1823; United States Senator from 1823 to 1827; member of the State Senate in 1828 and 1829 ; Speaker of the Connec ticut House of Representatives in 1830 ; Governor in 1833, and from 1835 to 1838 ; and upon his recom mendation a geological survey of the State was taken. He died in New Haven, July 22, 1847. EDWARDS, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1792 to 1795. Biographical Sketches. 165 EDWARDS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1839 to 1843, and died in Chester, Penn sylvania, June 25, 1843. EDWARDS, JOHN C He was a Representative in Con gress, from Missouri, from 1841 to 1843. EDWARDS, NINIAN. Born in Montgomery, County, Maryland, March, 1775. He was in early life the intimate friend of Wil liam Wirt, and graduated at Dicken son College ; he studied both medi cine and law, but devoted himself to the practice of the law with eminent success ; removing to Kentucky, he was twice elected to the Legislature ; was appointed a Circuit Clerk ; and subsequently Judge of the General Court of Kentucky, of the Circuit Court, of the Court of Appeals, and finally Chief Justice of the State, and all before reaching the thirty-second year of his age. In 1809 President Madison appointed him Governor of the Territory of Illinois, to which office he was three times re-appoint ed. Before Congress had adopted any measures on the subject of vo lunteer rangers, he organized com panies, supplied them with arms, built stockade forts, and established a line of posts from the mouth of the Missouri to the Wabash River ; he was thus prepared for defence, and during the Indian wars on the frontiers, was most devoted to his country's service. In 1816 he was appointed a Commissioner to treat with the Indian tribes. When Illi nois became a State, he was elected a Senator in Congress, serving from 1818 to 1824, when he was appoint ed Minister to Mexico, but declined the office. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State of Illinois, which office he filled until 1831. He died of cholera, July 20, 1833. EDWARDS, SAMUEL. He was born in Delaware Coun ty, Pennsylvania, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1827. EDWARDS, THOMAS 0. He was born in Maryland, and having taken up his residence in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. EDWARDS, WELDON N. Born in Northampton County, North Carolina, in 1788; educated at Warrenton Academy ; read law, and came to the bar in 1810 ; was in the Legislature for two years ; and was a member of Congress, from 1816 to 1827. He again went into the Legislature, serving there from 1833 to 1844; and was re elected in 1850, when he was made President of the State Senate. EFFNER, VALENTINE. He was born in New York; a member of the Assembly of that State in 1829, and a Representa tive in Congress, from 1835 to 1837. 166 Biographical Sketches. EGBERT, JOSEPH. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. EGE, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, during the years 1796 and 1797. EGGLESTON, JOSEPH. *Born in Amelia County, Vir ginia, November 24, 1754, and died February 15, 1811. He was edu cated at the College of William and Mary ; served in the revolu tionary war, as a captain and major of cavalry, under Colonel Henry Lee ; was in several of the battles fought by Gates and Greene; he served in the Virginia Assembly for several years; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1798 to 1801. From the time of his leaving Congress until his death, he was a justice of the peace. ELIOT, SAMUEL A. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, March 5, 1798 ; educated at Har vard College, and engaged in com mercial and manufacturing business. He was Mayor of Boston, from 1837 to 1839; Representative and Senator in the Legislature for three or four years ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1850 to 1851. He was also Treasurer of Harvard College eleven years. ELLERY, CHRISTOPHER. He graduated at Yale College in 1787; was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1801 to 1805 ; and was appointed, in the latter year, United States Commis- sinner of Loans. He was appointed Collector of Newport in 1828 ; and died in 1840. ELLICOTT, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1817 to 1819. .ELLIOT, JOHN. He graduated at Yale College in 1794; resided in Sunbury, Liberty County, Georgia, and was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1825, serving on several important committees. He died in. 1827. ELLIOT, THOMAS D. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1854 to 1855. ELLIOTT, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1803 to 1809, and died at Newfane, Ver mont, November 10, 1839. ELLIOTT, JOHN M. Born in Scott County, Virginia, May 16, 1820. He was educated in the county schools of Kentucky; studied law, and commenced the practice in 1843; was elected to the State Legislature in 1847 ; and in 1853 was elected a Representa tive in Congress, which position he Biographical Sketches. 167 still occupies, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Public Ex penditures. ELLIS, CALEB. Born at Walpole, Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard College in 1793 ; when admitted to the bar he settled at Claremont, New Hamp shire. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1805 to 1809 ; was a member of the Council, and in 1811 elected to the State Senate. In 1812 he was one of the Electors of Pre sident and Vice-President ; and . in 1813 was Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, and con tinued in that office until his death, which occurred May 9, 1816, aged srforty-nine years. ELLIS, CHESELDEN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. ELLIS, POWHATTAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, front' Mississippi, from 1825 to 1826, and again from 1827 to 1833; and was appointed United States Judge for the Mississippi District. ELLIS, WILLIAM C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1825. ¦ ELLISON, ANDREW. He was born in Ireland, and hav ing emigrated to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. ELLSWORTH, OLIVER. Born at Windsor, Connecticut, April 29, 1745, and graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1766. He studied law, and soon became eminent in the practice. In 1777 he was chosen a Delegate in Congress, from Connecticut. In 1780 he was elected to the Council of Connecticut, and was a member of that body till 1784, when he was appointed a Judge of the Superior Court of tha£ State. In 1787 he was elected a member of the Con vention which framed the Federal Constitution. In an assembly illus trious for talents, erudition, and patriotism, he held a distinguished place. His exertions essentially aided in the production of an instru ment which has been the main pil lar of American prosperity and glo ry. He was afterwards a member of the State Convention of Connec ticut, and contributed his efforts toward procuring the ratification of the Constitution by that State. When the Federal Government was organized, in 1789, he was a mem ber of the Senate, from Connecticut. In 1 7 9 6 he was appointed, by Wash ington, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, but re signed the office, on account of ill health, in 1800. In 1799 he was appointed, by President Adams, Envoy Extraordinary to France, for the purpose of settling a treaty with that nation. He received the degree of LL.D., in 1790, from Yale College, and in 1797 from Dart mouth. He died November 26, 1807. 168 Biographical Sketches. ELLSWORTH, SAMUEL S. He was born in Vermont ; was a member of the New York Assembly in 1840, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. ELLSWORTH,- WILLIAM W. He was born in Windsor, Hart ford County, Connecticut, Novem ber 10, 1791; graduated at Yale College in 1810; adopted the pro fession of law, and was Professor of Law in Trinity College ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1829 to 1833. In 1838 he was elected Governor of Connecticut, and re-elected four years ; and for many years past has been a Judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. ELMENDORF, LUCAS. He graduated at Princeton in 1782, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1797 to 1803 ; a member of the As sembly of that State in 1804 and 1805 ; and a State Senator from 1814 to 1817. ELMER, EBENEZER. He was born in Cedarville, New Jersey, in 1752 ; was educated a physician ; was a field-officer in the revolutionary war ; also a surgeon in the army ; was President of the So ciety of the Cincinnati for New Jer sey ; a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1801 to 1807; served a number of years in the State Assembly, and was chosen Speaker; he was also for a long time adjutant-general of the New Jersey militia ; during the war of 1813, he commanded the troops on the Delaware; in 1807 and 1815 he was a member and Vice-Presi dent of the State Council ; in 1808he was appointed Collector of Bridge- ton, and held the office for many years ; and he died at Bridgeton, New Jersey, October 18, 1843. He was one who always seemed to think more of his duty as a public officer than of his private interests. ELMER, JONATHAN. He was born in Cumberland County, New Jersey, in 1745 ; was a prominent physician, and prac ticed in his native county, having graduated with honors at the Uni-* versity of Pennsylvania ; was a mem ber of the Continental Congress; and a Senator in Congress under the Federal Constitution, from 1789 to 1791. During the Revolution, he was a sheriff, a surrogate, and a judge ; was a man of learning, and member of the Philosophical Soci ety of America. He died in 1817. ELMER, LUCIUS Q. C. Born in Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1793; graduated at Princeton College ; was educated a lawyer, which profession he practiced in his native town. For many years he was Prosecutor for the State ; was in the Assembly from 1820 to 1823, the last year being Speaker of that body ; and in 1824 he was appointed Attorney of the United States for New Jersey, which office he filled until 1829. He was a Representa- Biographical Sketches. 169 tive in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1843 to 1845; in 1850 was appointed Attorney-General of the State ; and in 1852 one of the Jus tices of the Supreme Court of his State, which office he continues to hold. ELMORE, FRANKLIN HARPER. Born in Laurens District, South CaroUna, in 1799; entered South Carolina College in November, 1817, and graduated in 1819 ; he was a lawyer by profession, and admitted to the bar in 1821, In 1822 hewas elected Solicitor of the Southern Circuit, and was continued in this office by re-elections, until 1837, when he was elected to the House of Representatives in Con gress, and served till 1839 ; he was that year elected President of the Bank of the State of South Caro Una, which office he held till his nomination to the Senate in 1850, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of the Hon. John C. Calhoun. His voice was heard but once in the Senate, and then in answering to his name when called by the Secre tary. He died in Washington, Dis trict of Columbia, May 29, 1850. ELY, JOHN. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1839 to 1841, having previously served two years in the Assembly of that State. ELY, WILLIAM. He graduated at Yale College in 1787 ; was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1805 to 1815, and died 1817. EMBREE, ELISHA. Born in Lincoln County, Ken tucky, September 28, 1801, and re moved with his father, in 1811, to the Southwestern portion of In diana Territory, where he has con tinued to reside. He received a common school education, after which he studied and practiced law. In 1813 he was elected to the State Senate of Indiana; in 1835 was chosen, by the Legislature, Circuit Judge, which office he held for ten years. In 1847 he was elected Re presentative in the Thirtieth Con gress, and since the expiration of that term has been engaged in agri cultural pursuits. EMOTT, JAMES. Born in Albany, New York, in 1770 ; he did not receive a colle giate education, but in 1800 Union College conferred on him the de gree of A.M. He was a distin guished member of the bar, and under the old Constitution of New York he, for several years, filled the office of first Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for his county, and in that capacity gave that court a rank among the best of the State. Under the Constitution of 1821 he was appointed Judge for the Second District, which station he filled until he reached the age of sixty years, which required him to retire. He was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1809 to 170 Biographical Sketches. 1813, and died in Poughkeepsie, April 7, 1850. EMRIE, J. REECE. He was born in Ohio, and elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Congress. ENGLISH, WILLIAM H. Born in Scott County, Indiana, August 27, 1822. He received a good common school education, and spent three years at the University of South Hanover ; studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1845, but when at home is chiefly devoted to agricultural pursuits; in 1843 he was elected Clerk of the House of Representatives of Indiana ; during President Polk's administration he was a clerk in the Treasury Depart ment; he was the Clerk of the State Constitutional Convention in 1850 ; in 1851 he was elected to the State Legislature, and officiated as Speaker; in 1852 he was elected a Representative in Congress, re elected in 1854, and made a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution ; again elected in 1856, and during the first session of the Thirty-fifth Congress took part in the Kansas Compromise measure, and officiated at the same time as Chairman of the Committee on Post-offices and Post- roads. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. EPPES, JOHN W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1803 to 1811, and again from 1813 to 1815. EPPES, JOHN W. Was a Senator in Congress, from Virginia, from 1817 to 1819, when he resigned from ill health ; he died near Richmond, Virginia, Septem ber, 1823, aged fifty years. ERDMAN, JACOB. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. ERWIN, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1817 to 1821, and died at Darling ton Court-House, South Carolina, in October, 1838. ESTILL, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1825 to 1827. ETHERIDGE, EMERSON. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1857. EUSTIS, GEORGE, Jr. He was born in Louisiana, and was educated at Harvard Univer sity ; practiced law in New Orleans, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty- fifth Congresses, serving at the pre sent time on the Committee of Commerce. Biographical Sketches. 171 EUSTIS, WILLIAM. Was born in Cambridge, Massa chusetts, June 10, 1753. After gra duating at Harvard College in 1772, he studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Warren. At tile beginning of the war he was appointed surgeon of a re giment, and afterwards hospital sur geon. In 1777, and during most of the war, he occupied, as a hos pital, the spacious house of Colonel Robinson, a royalist, opposite to West Point ; Arnold had his head quarters in the same house. At the termination of the war, he- com menced the practice of his profes sion in Boston. In 1800 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, serving until 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Secretary of War, by President Madison, and continu ed in office until, in the late war, the army of Hull was surrendered, when he resigned. In 1815 he was sent as Ambassador to Holland. After his return, he was a Representative in Congress, from 1820 to 1823. He was chosen Governor of Mas sachusetts in 1823, and died in Bos ton, after a short illness, February 6, 1825. EVANS, ALEXANDER. He was born at Elkton, Cecil County, Maryland, his ancestors having settled in that county more than a hundred years ago. His education was received at a village school, until fifteen years of age, and his first avocation was that of a civil engineer. In 1842 he com menced the study of law in his na tive town, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He was a Represen tative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1847 to 1853, since which time he has practiced his profession at Elkton. In 1842 he was elected corresponding member of the Na tional Institute at Washington, and in 1849 received the degree of A.M. from Delaware College. ~In 1851 he was elected a member of the American Association for the Ad vancement of Science, and also a member of the Historical Society of Baltimore. EVANS, DAVID R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South CaroUna, from 1813 to 1815. EVANS, GEORGE. Born in Hallowell, Maine, Janu ary 12, 1797; graduated at Bow doin College, September 3, 1815; is a lawyer by profession; was Speaker of the House of Represen tatives of Maine in 1829; a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1829 to 1841, and United States Senator, from 1841 to 1847. From 1849 to 1850 he was a Commissioner of the Board of Claims against Mexico ; and Attorney-General of Maine in 1853, 1854, and 1856. EVANS, JOSHUA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1833. EVANS, JOSIAH J. He was born in the District of Marlborough, South Carolina, No vember 27, 1786; he was for a time 172 Biographical Sketches. a merchant's clerk, but graduated at South Carolina College in 1808 ; taught school for one year ; studied law and rose to a high legal posi tion ; at an early age, in 1812, 1813, and 1816, he was sent to the Legis lature ; by that body made Solicitor for the State from his District, which position he held for thirteen years; in 1830 he was chosen a Judge of the Supreme Court, which office he held until 1852, when he was elected to the United States Senate. He died May 6, 1858, of disease of the heart, having, only an hour before his death, been par taking of the hospitalities at din ner of his friend and colleague, Senator Hammond. He was Chair man of the Committees on Revo lutionary Claims and on Contingent Expenses of the Senate, and also a member of the Committees on Pa tents and on Naval Affairs . EVANS, LEMUEL D. He was born in Tennessee, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Congress. EVANS, NATHAN. Born in Belmont County, Ohio, June 24, 1804 ; received a common school education, and studied law, being admitted to practice in 1831. He was Prosecuting Attorney for Guernsey County for four years, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1847 to 1849, and now follows his profession in Cambridge, Ohio. EVANS, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1797 to 1801. EVERETT, EBWARD. Born in Dorchester, Massachu setts, April, 1794. He received his early educatian at Boston, and en tered Harvard College when little more than thirteen years old, leav ing it with first honors four years later, undecided as to a pursuit for life. He turned his attention for two years to the profession of di vinity; but, in 1814, he was invited to accept the new professorship of Greek literature at Cambridge, Mas sachusetts, with permission to visit Europe. He accepted the office; and, before entering on its duties, embarked at Boston for Liverpool. He passed more than two years at the famous University of Gottingen, engaged in the study of the Ger man language and the branches of learning connected with his depart ment. He passed the winter of 1817-18 at Paris. The next spring he again visited London, and passed a few weeks at Cambridge and Oxford. In the autumn of 1818 he returned to the continent, and divided the winter between Flo rence, Rome, and Naples. In the spring of 1819 he made a short tour in Greece. He came home in 1819, and entered at once upon the duties of his professorship. Soon after his return, he became the editor of the North American Re view, a journal which, though sup- Biographical Sketches. 173 ported by writers of great ability, had acquired only a limited circula tion. Under its new editor the de mand increased so rapidly that a second and sometimes a third edi tion of its numbers was required. In 1824 he delivered the annual ora tion before the Phi-Beta-Kappa So ciety, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. This was the first of a series of ora tions and addresses deUvered by him on public occasions of almost every kind during a quarter of a century, and afterwards collected in two vo lumes. Up to 1824 he had taken no active interest in politics, but thecon- stituency of Middlesex, Massachu setts, without any solicitation on his part, returned him to Congress. For ten years he sat in Congress, and was a working member. In 1835 he retired from Congress, and was for four successive years chosen Governor of Massachusetts. In 1841 he was appointed to repre sent the United States at the Court of St. James. Although the Se cretaryship of State at Washington was held by four different statesmen, of various politics, during his mis-- sion, he enjoyed the confidence and approbation of all. His scholar ship was recognized by the bestowal of the degree of D.C.L. by the Uni versities of Oxford and Cambridge. He returned to America in 1845, and was chosen President of Har vard College, which office he re signed in 1849. On the death of Mr. Webster, he was appointed Secretary of State by President Fillmore, which office he resigned for a seat in the Senate. This po sition he also resigned, since which time, although leading the quiet life of a scholar, he has greatly added to his reputation by delivering orations on the Life of Washing ton, and on other topics, all being for charitable purposes. He was the intimate friend of Daniel Web ster, and wrote the best, life extant of that distinguished man, whose collected writings he edited. EVERETT, HORACE. A native of Vermont ; was born in 1780; he was a lawyer by pro fession; settled in Windsor, and distinguished himself as one of the most successful jury advocates in Vermont. He served in the State Legislature in 1819, 1820, 1822, 1823, 1824, and 1834 ; was States Attorney for Windsor County, from 1813 to 1817 ; and was a prominent member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1828. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1829 to 1843. EVERHART, WILLIAM. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. EWING, ANDREW. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. EWING, EDWIN H. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1845 to 1847. 174 Biographical Sketches. EWING, JOHN. He was born at sea, while his pa rents were on their way from Ire land to Baltimore. He was bred to mercantile pursuits, but acquired a taste for literature. He served in both branches of the Legislature of Indiana, and was a Representative of that State, in Congress, from 1833 to 1835, and again from 1837 to 1839. He died suddenly ' and alone, at Vincennes, in the winter of 1857, leaving on his table these lines : — • "Here lies a man who loved his friends, His God, his country, and Vincennes." EWING, JOHN H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1845 to 1847. EWING, PRESLEY. Born in Kentucky, and was a Representative to the Thirty-third Congress ; he died at the Mam moth Cave, September 27, 1854 He was considered one of the most promising young men of the State. EWING, THOMAS. He was born near West Liberty, Ohio County, Virginia, December 28, 1789 ; he received his early education chiefly from an elder sis ter, and, with his father's family, settled in the wilds of Ohio, about 1792, where he enjoyed the advan tage of a winter school and an aca demy; his life, during his youth and early manhood, was one of con tinuous toil; in 1814 he was a school teacher ; in 1815 he received the degree of A.B. from the Athens Academy, the first ever granted in Ohio ; and he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1816, prac ticing with success in the courts of Ohio and the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1830 he was elected to a seat in the United States Senate, from Ohio, where he remained until 1837 ; he was a member of President Harrison's cabinet, as Secretary of the Trea sury, in 1841; on the accession of President Taylor to the Presidency, in 184&, he was invited into the cabinet, and took charge of the new Department of the Interior; and, in 1850, he was appointed to a seat in the United States Senate, where he remained until 1851, when he retired from political life and re sumed the practice of his profession in Ohio. EWING, WILLIAM L. D. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Illinois, from 1836 to 1837. FAIRFIELD, JOHN. Born in Saco, Maine, January 30, 1797. He received a common school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1826. In 1832 he was appointed reporter of the Decisions of the Supreme Court ; from 1835 to 1837 he was a Representative in. Congress ; *he was Governor of the State during the years 1842 and 1843; and he was elected a Senator in Congress, Biographical Sketches. 175 in 1843, to fiU a vacancy, and in 1845 was re-elected for a term of six years ; but he died at Washing ton, December 24, 1847, after a surgical operation for the relief of a local complaint. FARELLY, JOHN W. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. FARELLY, PATRICK. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1826. FARLEE, ISAAC G. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. FARLEY, E. WILDER. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. FARLIN, DUDLEY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1835 to 1837, and died at Warrensburg, New York, September 26, 1837. FARNSWORTH, J. F. Born in the Township of Eaton, Lower Canada, March 27, 1820; is a lawyer by profession, and a Re presentative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from IUinois, and is a member of the Committee on Re volutionary Pensions. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. FARRINGTON, JAMES. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. FARROW, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1813 to 1815. FAULKNER, CHARLES J. Born in Berkeley County, Virgi nia, about the year 1805. He re ceived a collegiate education ; came to the bar in 1829; was, in 1832 and 1833, elected to the House of Delegates; soon afterwards ap pointed a Commissioner to report upon the boundary between Vir ginia and Maryland ; in 1841 was elected to the Senate of Vir ginia, and in 1848 was again elected to the House of Dele gates; in 1850 a was member of the Convention formed to revise the Constitution of the State ; and having, in 1851, been elected a Representative in Congress, has been re-elected to each successive Congress, and was, during the first session of the Thirty-fifth Congress, a member of the Committee to In quire into the Sale of the Fort Snelling Reservation, also serving on the Committee on Military Af fairs, and is, at the present time, Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. 176 Biographical Sketches. FAY, FRANCIS B. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1852 to 1853. FAY, JOHN. He was born in Worcester Coun ty, Massachusetts, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821. FEARING, PAUL. Born in Wareham, Massachu setts, February 28, 1762, graduated at Harvard University in 1785; studied law, and emigrated to Ohio, where he became distinguished in his profession. He settled in Ma rietta in 1788, after performing the journey, from Baltimore over the mountains, on foot. Soon after his arrival he was appointed United States Attorney for Washington County, in that Territory. In 1797 he was appointed Judge of Probate, for his county, and in 1801 was chosen a Delegate to Congress, serving until 1803. In 1814 he was appointed Master Commission er in Chancery, and from 1810 to 1817 was Judge in one of the State Courts. In 1808 he engaged ex tensively in the raising of merino sheep, producing the best descrip tion of wool, and stimulating others to unite in the business. He died August 21, 1822. FEATHERSTONE, W. S. He was born in Tennessee, and on taking up his residence in Mis sissippi, was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from 1847 to 1851. FELCH, ALPHEUS. ¦ Born in Limerick, York County, Maine, September 28, 1806. He graduated at Bowdoin College, and adopted the law as a profession. He emigrated to Michigan when quite young ; was a member of the State Legislature in 1836 and 1837 ; was appointed Bank Commissioner of Michigan in 1838, and resigned in 1839 ; for a short time in 1842 was Auditor-General of the State, but relinquished that position for a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of Michigan ; in 1845 he was elected Governor of Michigan, and having resigned in 1847, was elected a Senator in Congress for six years. He was appointed, by President Pierce, one of the Com missioners to settle land claims in California, under the Act of Con gress and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in March, 1853, the busi ness of which commission was closed by disposing of all the cases before it in March, 1856, since which time he has lived in retirement. FELDER, JOHN M. He graduated at Yale College in 1804, and was a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1831 to 1835. FENNER, JAMES. Born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1771 ; graduated at Brown Uni versity, from which institution he received the degreee of L.L. D. He was for more than half a cen tury actively connected with the public affairs of his native State; Biographical Sketches. 177 was United States Senator from 1805 to 1807, when he was elected Governor of Rhode Island, which office he held four years; was re elected in 1824, and served seven years, and was again elected in 1844. He died in Providence, April 17, 1846. FENTON, REUBEN E. Born in Carroll, Chautauque Co., New York, July 1, 1819 ; was edu cated at Pleasant Hill and Fredo nia Academies ; is a lawyer by pro fession, but pursued the mercantile business. He was elected a Rep resentative in the Thirty-third and Thirty-fifth Congresses, from New York, serving on the Committee on Private Land Claims. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. FERGUSON, FENNER, Born in Rensselaer County, New York, April 25, 1814. His educa tion was academic, and he is a law yer by profession ; he was Master in Chancery in Albany, New York, in 1844 ; also Master in Chancery in Michigan ; a member of the Mich igan Legislature, and Prosecuting Attorney. June 29, 1854, he was appointed by President Pierce, Chief Justice of the Territory of Nebraska, which office he resigned, after being elected a Delegate to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that Ter ritory. FERRIS, CHARLES G. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. 12 FESSENDEN, WILLIAM P. Born at Boscawen, New Hamp shire, October 16, 1806 ; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823; studied law and was admitted to practice in Portland, in 1827, where he has continued the practice to the pre sent time; was a member of the Maine Legislature in 1832, and re elected in 1840 ; was a Represen tative in Congress from 1841 to 1843, declining further service ; » was again in the State Legislature in 1845 and 1846, and re-elected in 1853 and 1854 ; and was elected a Senator in Congress for six years, from March 1853, serving as a member of the Committee on Fi nance. He was a member in 1832 of the Convention which nominated Henry Clay for President, and also of the Conventions that nominated Generals Taylor and Scott. During the past summer the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Bowdoin College, of which in stitution he is an overseer. FEW, WILLIAM. Born in Maryland, June 8, 1748. When he was ten years of age he removed with his father to North Carolina, where he received a good education. He was a colonel in the revolutionary army, and dis tinguished himself in several actions with the British and Indians. He settled in Georgia in 1776, and in 1778 was Surveyor- General of the State, and Presiding Judge of the Richmond County Court; in 1780 178 Biographical Sketches. he was sent as Delegate to Congress, and remained in that body until the peace ; and was again appointed in 1786 ; in the next year he assisted in forming the National Constitu tion, after the adoption of which he was elected a Senator in Congress, serving from 1789 to 1793; in 1796 he was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the State of Georgia, and subse quently served three years upon the Bench. He resided during his later years in the City of New York, of which he was Mayor. He died at Fishkill, New York, July 16, 1828. FICKLIN, ORLANDO B. A native of Kentucky, and born in 1808 ; he received a plain Eng lish education ; studied law, and graduated at the Transylvania Law School, commencing to practice in 1830, in Mount Carmel, Illinois. In 1834 he was a member of the Legislature, and was Attorney for the Wabash Circuit in 1835. In 1838 and in 1842, was again elected to the Legislature, and in 1843 was elected a Representative in Con gress, serving six consecutive years, and was re-elected in 1850. In 1853 he was colonel of militia, since which time he has been engaged in the practice of his profession, and in agricultural pursuits. FILLMORE, MILLARD. Born January 7, 1800, at Sum mer Hill, Cayuga County, in the State of New York. At an early age he was sent to Livingston Coun ty, at that time a wild region, to learn the clothier's trade, and about four months later he was appren ticed to a wool-carder, in the town in which his father lived. During the four years that he worked at his trade, he did what he could to sup ply the defects of his early educa tion. At the age of nineteen he commenced the study of law, and devoted a portion of his time 'to teaching school. In 1821 he re moved to Erie County, and pursued his legal studies in the City of Buf falo. Two years later he was ad mitted to the Common Pleas, and commenced the practice of the law at Aurora, in the same county. In 1827, he was admitted as an at torney, and in 1829, as a counsel lor in the Supreme Court, and in the following year he removed to Buffalo. His political Ufe com menced with his election to the State Assembly, in which he took his seat in 1829. In 1832, he was elected to Congress, and took his seat the following year. In 1835, at the close of his term in office, he resumed the practice of the law, but was re-elected to Congress in 1837. During this term, he took a more prominent part in the business of the House than during his former term, and was assigned a place on the Committee on Elections. He was successively re-elected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses. At the close of the first session of the Twenty- seventh Congress, he declined a re-election, returned to Buffalo, and again de- Biographical Sketches. 179 voted himself to his profession. In 1847 he was elected to the office of Comptroller of the State. In 1848 he was nominated by the Whigs as their candidate for Vice-President, and elected to that office in the autumn of the same year. In March, 1849, he resigned his office of Comp troller, to assume the duties of his newposition, where he remained until the death of President Taylor, in July, 1850, by which he was elevated to the Presidential chair. His term of office expired March 4, 1853. Since his retirement from public Ufe he has visited Europe. FINCH, ISAAC. He was a native of New York, a member of the Assembly of that State, in 1822 and 1824, and a Re presentative in Congress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. FINDLAY, JAMES. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and a member of Congress, from Ohio, from 1825 to 1833. He died at Cincinnati, Ohio, December 21, 1835. FINDLEY, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1822 to 1827. FINDLEY, WILLIAM. He came in early life from Ire land. In the Revolution he en gaged with zeal in the cause of his adopted country, and at the close of the war, he removed to Pennsyl vania. He was a member of the Convention which framed the new Constitution of Pennsylvania, and a member of Congress, from 1803 to 1817. In his politics he op posed the administration of Mr. Adams, and supported Mr. Jeffer son. He published a review of the Funding System, in 1794; and a History of the Insurrection of the Four Western Counties of Pennsyl vania, in 1796. He died at Unity Township, Greensburg, April 5, 1821, aged upwards of seventy. FINE, JOHN. Born in New York, August 26, 1784 ; graduated at Columbia Col lege, New York, in 1809 ; studied law, and' settled in St. Lawrence County, New York; was a judge in that county for eighteen years; was County Treasurer from 1821 to 1833; and a Representative in Con gress, from 1839 to 1841. He pub lished a volume of law lectures. FISH, HAMILTON. He was born in New York City in 1809; graduated at Columbia College ; studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1830; in 1837 was elected to the State Legislature; was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845 ; Governor of New York in 1 849 ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1851 to 1856. Of late years he has been traveling in Europe. FISHER, CHARLES. Born in Rowan County, North Carolina, October 20, 1789. He 180 Biographical Sketches. received an academical education, and studied law ; but did not prac tice to any extent. He commenced public life by going into the State Senate in 1818, and in 1819 was elected to Congress, where he served during his term. In 1821 he was elected again to the State Legisla ture, when he served almost contin uously until 1836. He was a dele gate to the Convention to amend the State Constitution in 1835 ; and, from 1839 to 1841, was again a Re presentative in Congress. He died at Hillsborough, Scott County, Mis sissippi, May 7, 1849, while return ing home from an extended tour in the Southwest. FISHER, DAVID. He was born in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, December 3,1794; re ceived an English eudcation, chiefly in a log school-house ; brought up to clearing land and farming, in Ohio ; he has done something also as a lay-preacher; in 1842 he was elected to the Legislature of Ohio ; and he was a Representative in Con gress, from 1847 to 1849. His chair in the House of Representatives was next to that of the late John Quincy Adams, and when the great states man fainted, before his death, he fell into the arms of Mr. Fisher. He is the author of a theological work on the "Divinity of Christ." FISHER, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1830, and a member of the New York Assembly,"from Tioga County, in 1835. FISK, JAMES. Born about theyear 1762; received a limited' education, but studied law; and from his superior natural ta lents, rose to eminence in his pro fession ; he was a Representative in Congress,From Vermont, from 1805 to 1809, and from 1811 to 1815, when he was appointed one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Vermont. He was a Senator in Congress, during the years 1817 and 1818, and resigned. In 1812 he was appointed, by President Madi son, Judge of the Territory of Indi ana, and, in 1817, Collector of the port of Alburg, which office he held eight years. He died December 1, 1844. FISK, JONATHAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1809 to 1811, and again from 1813 to 1815, when he was appointed Uni ted States Attorney for the South ern District of New York. FITCH, ASA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1811 to 1813. FITCH, G. N. Born in Le Roy, Genesee Coun ty, New York, in December, 1810. He received his education at Mid dlebury and Geneva, but did not graduate ; he studied medicine, and Biographical Sketches. 181 was a medical professor in the Rush Medical College at Chicago, Illinois, from 1844 to 1849. In 1844, 1848, and 1856, he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and in 1836 and 1839, was elected to the Legis lature of Indiana. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1849 to 1853, and in 1857 was chosen a Senator of the United States, which position he still occupies, serving as a member of the Committees on Post-offices and Post7roads, and on Indian Affairs. FITZGERALD, THOMAS H. He was a lawyer by profession ; served in the war of 1812, under General W. H. Harrison ; and, in 1848 and 1849, was a Senator in Congress, from Michigan, under the appointment of the Governor. Died at Niles, Michigan, March 25, 1855. FITZGERALD, WILLIAM. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833, and was a member of the Commit tee on Expenditures in the Trea sury Department. FITZPATRICK, BENJAMIN. He was born in Green County, Georgia, June 30, 1802; having been left an orphan when quite young, he emigrated with an elder brother, in 1815, to the valley of the Alabama River, near Mont gomery, where he has ever since re sided. He received as good an education as new countries gene rally afford; studied law and was admitted to practice in 1821 ; was shortly afterwards elected Solicitor of the Judicial District in which he lived ; was again elected to the same office, in 1825, and held it until 1829 ; after which his health compelled him to relinquish his profession and settle upon a farm. He was a Presidential Elector in 1840; in 1841 was elected Gover nor of Alabama ; in 1843 was re elected to -the same position; in 1852 he was appointed a Senator in Congress, to succeed Honorable W.' R. King, which appointment was confirmed by the Legislature of his State, and, at the conclusion of that term, he was elected, in 1855, to the same position, for the term ending in 1861. He is a member of the Committees on Territories, on Military Affairs, and on Print ing. FITZSIMMONS, THOMAS. He was a Delegate to the Conti nental Congress, from Pennsylva nia, from 1782 to 1783 ; a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1789 to 1795 ; and died in August, 1811,. aged seventy years. FLAGLER, THOMAS T. He was born in New York, served in the Assembly of that State in 1842 and 1843, and was a Representative in Congress from 1853 to 1857. 182 Biographical Sketches. FLETCHER, ISAAC. He was formerly a member of the Vermont Legislature, and a member of Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. He died at Lyndon, Vermont, October 1 9, , 1844. FLETCHER, RICHARD. He was born in Massachusetts; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1806; served in the Legislature of that State ; was a Judge of the Su perior Court; and a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1837 to 1839. FLETCHER, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1816 to 1817. FLORENCE, ELIAS. He was born in Virginia, and having taken up his residence in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. FLORENCE, THOMAS B. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl vania, January 26, 1812. He had not the benefit of a college educa tion ; for a time he devoted himself to the occupation of a hatter ; he published and edited, for several years, a Democratic newspaper ; was, for nine years, Secretary of the Board of Comptrollers of Pub lic Schools in Pennsylvania ; and was elected to Congress in 1850, where he has served continuously until the present time. He is now a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Invalid Pensions. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. FLOURNOY, THOMAS S. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. FLOYD, CHARLES A. He was born in New York, served in the Assembly of that State in 1836 and 1838, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843. FLOYD, JOHN. Born in Virginia, October3, 1769. In consequence of the pecuniary losses of his father, he learned the trade of a carpenter, and in 1791 removed to Georgia, and acquired wealth from the manufacture of boats. He served in the State Le gislature, and was a Representative of Georgia, in Congress, from 1827 to 1829. He was brigadier- general of militia, and subsequently major-general, and served during the war of 1812. He died in Cam den County, Georgia, June 24, 1839. FLOYD, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1817 to 1829, served many years in the Le gislature of that State, and was Governor of Virginia from 1829 to 1834. He died at the Sweet Springs, in that State, August 16, 1837. Biographical Sketches. 183 FLOYD, JOHN G. ). He was a native of New York, served in the Assembly of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from the same, from 1839 to 1843, and from 1851 to 1853. FLOYD, WILLIAM. He was a Delegate to the Con stitutional Congress, from 1774 to 1783, and signed the Declaration of Independence; was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1789 to 1791; a Presidential Elector in 1800 and 1804; and, for three years, a member of the New York State Senate ; in 1801 he was a member of the State Constitu tional Convention. He died Au gust 4, 1821, aged eighty-seven years. FOLEY, JAMES B. He was born in Kentucky, and having taken up his residence in Indiana, was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, in 1857, and is a member of the Committees on Agriculture and Ex penditures in the Post-office De partment FOLGER, WALTER. He was born at Nantucket, Mas sachusetts; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. FOOT, SOLOMON. Born in Cornwall, Addison Coun ty, Vermont, November 19, 1802 ; graduated at Middlebury College ; a lawyer by profession ; a member of the House of Representatives of Vermont, during the years 1833, 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1847 ; Speak er of the House in 1837, 1838, and 1847; member of the Convention for altering the State Constitution in 1836 ; States Attorney for Rut land, from 1836 to 1842; a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1843 to 1847 ; and United States Senator, from 1850 to the present time, and is a member of the Committees on Eoreign Relations and the Pacific Railroad. FOOTE, CHARLES A. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. FOOTE, HENRY S. He was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1800, and was educa ted at Washington College, in that State ; studied law, was admitted to the bar, and settled in Alabama in 1824; in 1826 he removed to Mississippi, and there continued the practice of his profession ; he was elected Governor of Mississippi, and after serving one term was elected, in 1847, a Senator in Congress, where he remained until 1853, offici ating as Chairman of the Commit tee on Foreign Relations. He sub sequently spent a few years in Cali fornia, and is now practicing his profession in Memphis, Tennessee. FOOTE, SAMUEL A. Born in Cheshire, Connecticut, November 8, 1780 ; graduated at 184 Biographical Sketches. Yale College in 1797, and com menced the practice of law in his native town. He was chosen a Representative in Congress, in 1819, 1823, and 1833; was Speaker of the Connecticut House of Repre sentatives in 1825 and 1826; and Senator in Congress, from 1827 to 1833. In 1834 he was elected Governor of the State. He died September 16, 1846. He it was who offered, on the floor of Con gress, the famous resolutions, upon which was founded the great debate between Hayne and Webster. FORD, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1833. FORD, WILLIAM D. He "was born in Providence, Rhode Island ; served in the New York Assembly in 1816 and 1817, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. FORNANCE, JOSEPH. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. FORNEY, DANIEL M. Born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, May 1784. During the late war with England he served as a major in the State line, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1818, and in 1820 was ap pointed Commissioner to treat with the Creek Indians. From 1823 to 1826 he was a member of the State Legislature. In 1834 he removed to Lowndes County, Alabama, where he died in October 1847. , FORNEY, PETER. Born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, April 1756. He was a patriot and soldier of the Revolu tion. He served as a member of the State Legislature for several years, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1815. He served as an elector during the Pre sidential campaigns of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Jackson. Died February 1, 1834. FORREST, THOMAS. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821, and again from 1822 to 1823. FORREST, URIAH. He was a general in the revolu tionary war; was wounded at .the battle of Germantown, from the ef fects of which he never recovered ; was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, during the years 1793 and 1794; and died at his seat near Georgetown, District of Columbia, in 1805. FORRESTER, J. B. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, Biographical Sketches. 185 and was a member of the Commit tee on Claims. FORSYTH, JOHN. He was bom in Fredericks burg, Virginia, October 2, 1780; graduated at Princeton College in 1799; removed with his father to Charleston, South Carolina, and afterwards to Augusta, Georgia. He studied law, and from 1802 to 1808 distinguished himself at the Georgia bar; and in 1808 was At torney-General of the State; he was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1813 to 1818, and from 1823 to 1827 ; a Senator in Congress, during the years 1818 and 1819, and from 1829 to 1835; Governor of Georgia in 1827, 1828, and 1829 ; Minister to Spain from 1819 to 1822 ; and was Secretary of State under President Jackson ; in which position he was continued by President Van Buren, until the end of his administration. His superior abilities were universally acknowledged, and the dignity and elegance of his manners added much to his popularity. He died in Wash ington City, of bilious fever, Octo ber 21, 1841. FORT, TOMLINSON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1827 to 1829. FORWARD, CHAUNCEY. He was a native of Pennsylva nia, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1825 to 1831. FORWARD, WALTER. He was born in Connecticut in 1786, where he received a liberal education. He removed to Pitts burg in 1803, and studied law. In 1805 he became editor of the De mocratic paper called the Tree of Liberty; from 1806 to 1822 he was engaged in the practice of law, and, as a pleader, had few equals. In 1822 he was elected to Congress as a Representative, where he con- . tinued till March, 1825. In 1837 he bore a prominent part in the Pennsylvania Convention to reform the State Constitution. In March, 1841, President Harrison named him First Comptroller of the Trea sury, which post he held until he was appointed by President Tyler Secretary of the Treasury. On retiring from Mr. Tyler's cabinet, he resumed and continued his prac tice at the bar, until appointed by President Taylor Charge d'Affaires to Denmark, where he spent several years, resigning his situation to re turn home in order to accept the office of President Judge of the District Court of Alleghany County, to which he had been called by popular election. While in court, employed in his judicial duties, he was suddenly taken ill, and died in forty-eight hours, at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1852. FOSDICK, NICOLL. He was a native of New York, served in the Assembly of that State, in 1818 and 1819, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1825 to 1827. 186 Biographical Sketches. FOSTER, ABIEL. Born in Andover, Massachusetts, August 8, 1735 ; graduated at Har vard University in 1756, studied theology and was a pastor for eigh teen years over the Congregational Church in Canterbury, New Hamp shire, and in 1780 was a Represen tative to the General Court; was a Delegate from New Hampshire to the Continental Congress, from 1783 to 1785; and was present at the surrender of Washington to Congress at Annapolis ; he was a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1789 to 1791, and was again a Representa tive in the Legislature, and a dele gate to revise the State Constitu tion ; was a member of the State Senate, from 1793 to 1794, and in both years was president of that body; and was re-elected to Con gress, from 1795 to 1803. He died at Canterbury, February 6, 1806. FOSTER, A. LAWRENCE. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, 'from that State, from 1841 to 1843. FOSTER, DWIGHT. He was born in Massachusetts in 1757, and died at Brookfield, in that State, in April, 1823. He graduated at Brown University in 1774; studied and practiced law; was County Sheriff, and Judge of the Common Pleas; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1793 to 1799 ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1800 to 1803. FOSTER, EPHRAIM H. He entered public life when quite young, and in 1829 was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Tennessee. In 1837 he was elected to the United States Senate, but in 1839 resigned his seat because he could not obey the instructions of the State Legislature ; and in 1843 he was re-elected for two years. On his return from Washington he was a candidate for Governor, but failed of an election. He died at Nashville, September 4, 1854. FOSTER, HENRY A. He was born in New York ; served in the Senate of that State from 1831 to 1834, and from 1841 to 1844 ; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839 ; and was a Senator in Congress during the years 1844 and 1845. FOSTER, HENRY D. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. FOSTER, LA FAYETTE S. Born in Franklin, New London County, Connecticut, November 22, 1806, and is a direct descendant of Miles Standish. He graduated at Brown University ; is a lawyer by profession; was a member of the General Assembly of Connecticut in 1839, 1840, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1854 ; Speaker of the House in 1847, 1848, 1854; Mayor of the City of Norwich, Connecticut, for Biographical Sketches. 187 two years, and chosen a Senator in Congress, from March 4, 1855, for six years, and is a member of the Committees on Public Land and Pensions. FOSTER, NATHANIEL G. Born at "The Fork," in Green County, Georgia, August 25, 1809; graduated at FrankUn College in 1830 ; read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1831, and settled in Madison, Georgia, where he ob tained a high reputation as an ad vocate and jury lawyer. He served three years as Solicitor-General of Ocmulgee Circuit, five years in the State Senate, and one year in the House, and was a Representative in the Thirty-fourth Congress. FOSTER, STEPHEN C. Born in Machias, Maine, Decem ber 24, 1799; commenced life as a blacksmith, but for the last twenty- five years has been a lumber mer chant and ship-builder ; was in the Maine Legislature from 1834 to 1837, again in 1840, when he was President of the Senate, and again in 1847 ; was elected to Congress, from Maine, in 1856, where he still continues ; and he is now President of the Washington Agricultural So ciety of his native State. He is a member of the Committee on Manu factures. FOSTER, THEODORE. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1790 to 1803, and died in 1828. FOSTER, THOMAS F. Born in Greensborough, Georgia, November 23, 1790. He graduated at Franklin College in 1812 ; read law at home, and at Litchfield, Con necticut, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He was for many years a member of the Georgia Le gislature ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1829 to 1835, and again from 1841 to 1843. He died in 1847. FOWLER, JOHN. He was a soldier in the war of the Revolution; attained the rank of captain ; and was a member of Congress, from Kentucky, from 1797 to 1807. He died at Lexing ton, Kentucky, August 22, 1840, aged eighty-five years. FOWLER, ORIN. He was born in 1795 ; graduated at Yale College in 1815; studied divinity, but turned his attention to politics ; was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in 1848 ; and was a Representative in Congress from 1849 to the time of his death, which occurred in Washington City, Sep tember 3, 1852. FOWLER, SAMUEL. Born in New Jersey in 1779 ; was a distinguished member of the medi cal profession ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1833 to 1837. Died in Sus sex County, New Jersey, February 21; 1844. 188 Biographical Sketches. FRANCIS, JOHN B. He was born in Rhode Island, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1844 to 1845. FRANKLIN, JESSE. He was born in Surry County, North Carolina ; was a member of the House of Delegates of that State in 1794; he represented that State in Congress, from 1795 to 1797, and then returned to the Legisla ture. From 1799 to 1805, and from 1807 to 1813, he was United States Senator. In 1816 he was appointed, by President Madison, a Commissioner to treat with the Chickasaws, and was elected Go vernor of North Carolina in 1820. He died in 1823. FRANKLIN, JOHN A. He was born in Worcester Coun ty, Maryland, May 6, 1820 ; gradu ated at Jefferson College, Pennsyl vania, in 1836 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1841 ; served in the State Legislature of Maryland in 1843, and also in 1849, when he was elected Speaker ; in 1851 he was chosen President of the Board of Public Works of the State, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1853 to 1855. FRANKLIN, MESHACK. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1807 to 1815. He served in the House of Commons of that State in 1800, and in the State Senate in 1828 and 1829. He died December, 1841. FREEDLEY, JOHN. He was born (according to an in teresting work published by E. T. Freedley, Esq.,) in Norristown, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, May 22, 1793. He commenced life as a brickmaker ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820; he entered extensively into various kinds of business, especially that of quarrying marble, and was success ful ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1847 to 1851. He died December 8, 1851. FRELINGHUYSEN, FREDERICK. Born in New Jersey, April 13, 1753; graduated at Princeton Col lege- in 1770. When twenty-two years of age he was sent to the Continental Congress ; and as cap tain of a volunteer corps of artil lery, he was at the battles of Tren ton and Monmouth, and it is said that it,was he who killed Khalle, the Hessian commander at Trenton. He was a Senator in Congress, from 1793 to 1796, when he resigned on account of domestic bereavements. He stood among the first at the bai of New Jersey, and held various State and County offices. He died April 13, 1804. FRELINGHUYSEN, THEODORE. He was born in Millstown, So merset County, New Jersey, March 28, 1787 ; graduated at Princeton Biographical Sketches. 189 College, Nassau Hall, in 1804 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1808 ; was Attorney- General of New Jersey, from 1818 to 1829 ; and a Senator in Congress, from New Jersey," from 1829 to 1835. Mr. Frelinghuysen was Chancellor of the University of New York, from 1839 to 1850, and while in that position was the candidate of the Whig party for Vice-President upon the ticket with Henry Clay. In 1850 he was elected President of Rutgers's College, where he still officiates, de voting much of his time and means to the benevolent and educational interests of his native State and of the Union. FREEMAN, JOHN D. He was born in New Jersey, and having removed to Mississippi, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. FREEMAN, JONATHAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1797 to 1801. FREEMAN, NATHANIEL. He was born at Dennis, Massa chusetts, in April, 1741, and died September 27, 1820. He graduated at Harvard University ; studied me- decine; and was a patriot in the revolutionary war ; performed vari ous services in the Legislature and as a brigadier-general of militia; he was also a Judge of Probate for forty-seven years, and a Judge of the Common Pleas for thiry years ; he was twice married, and had twenty children ; and was a mem ber of Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1795 to 1799. FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES. Born in South Carolina, January, 1813. His father was an emigrant from France. He received a good education, though left an orphan at four years of age ; and at the age of seventeen he graduated at Charles ton College. From teaching mathe matics he turned his attention to civil engineering, and was recom mended to the government for em ployment in the Mississippi survey. He was afterwards employed at Washington in constructing maps of that region. Having received the commission of a Ueutenant of engineers, he proposed to the Secre tary of War, to penetrate the Rocky Mountains. His plan was approved, and in 1842, with a few men, he ex plored the South Pass. Impatient of quiet, he planned a new expedi tion to the Territory of Oregon. He approached the Rocky Mountains by a new line, scaled the summits south of the South Pass, deflected to the Great Salt Lake, and con nected his survey with that of Wilkes's exploring expedition. He also performed another expedition, in which he revealed the grand features of Alta California, its great basin, the Sierra Nevada, the val leys of the San Joaquin and Sa cramento, and established the geo graphy of the western portion of 190 Biographical Sketches. the continent. In August, 1844, he was planning a third expedition, while writing the history of the second, and before its publication, in 1845, was again on his way to the Pacific, collecting his mountain comrades, to examine in detail the Asiatic slope of the continent, whieh resulted in giving a new volume of science to the world, and California to the United States. After the conquest of California, in which he bore a part, he was the victim of a quarrel between two American com manders, and stripped of his com mission by court-martial. The Pre sident reinstated him, but he declined returning. He determined to retrieve his honor. One line more would com plete his survey, the route for a great road from the Mississippi to San Francisco. Again he appeared in the far West. He refitted his ex pedition, and started again ; pierced the country of the Apaches ; met, awed, or defeated savage tribes ; and in a hundred days from Santa Fe, stood on the banks of the Sa cramento The people of California reversed the judgment of the court- martial, and he was made the first Senator of the Golden State, in 1850 and 1851. He was subsequently a candidate for President in opposi tion to Mr. Buchanan, and though he received a large vote, was de feated, and has since then lived in retirement. FRENCH, RICHARD. He was a native of Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, from 1843 to 1845, and again from 1847 to 1849. FREY, JOSEPH. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1827 to 1831. FRICK, HENRY. Born in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in 1796; was edu cated as a printer'; became an edi tor of a newspaper; served for three sessions in the State Legisla ture, and was a Representative in Congress at the time of his death, which occurred at Washington City, March 1, 1844. FRIES, GEORGE. He was born in Pennsylvania, and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term ending in 1849. FROMENTIN, ELIGIUS. A Senator of the United States from Louisiana, from 1813 to 1819. In 1821 he was Judge of the Crim inal Court of New Orleans, and was appointed Judge of the Western District of Florida. He shortly resigned his office and returned to the practice of law, at New Orleans, where he died, of the yellow fever, October 6, 1822. FROST, JOEL. He was born in New York ; served in the State Assembly, in 1806 and Biographical Sketches. 191 1808, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. FRY, JACOB, Jr. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. FULLER, GEORGE. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. FULLER, HENRY M. He was born in Connecticut, and removing to Pennsylvania, became a Representative in Congress, from that State, serving from 1851 to 1853, and from 1855 to 1857. FULLER, PHILO C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1837 and died at Geneva, August 16, 1855. FULLER, THOMAS J. D. He was born in Hardwick, Cale donia County, -Vermont, March 17, 1808 ; was left an orphan when seven years of age ; spent his boy hood and youth upon a farm ; on attaining manhood • studied and adopted the profession of law, having been admitted to the bar in 1833 ; and, removing to Maine, was elected Attorney for the county ofMaineforthreeyears; was elected a Representative, from Maine, to the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, and Thirty-fourth Congresses, serving as an active member of the Committee on Commerce. In 1857 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Second Auditor of the Treasury, which office he still occupies. FULLER, TIMOTHY. He was born" at Martha's Vine yard, Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard University in 1801 ; he was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1817 to 1825 ; and died at Groton, Massa chusetts, October 1, 1835, aged fifty-seven years. FULLER, WILLIAM K. He was a member of the Assem bly of New York in 1829 and 1830 ; at one time Adjutant-General of the State Militia ; and from 1833 to 1837 a Representative in Con gress. FULLERTON, DAVID. Born in 1771 ; was for several years a member of the State Legis lature of Pennsylvania ; and repre sented that State in Congress, from 1819 to 1820. He died at Gree%- castle, Pennsylvania, February 1, 1843. FULLTON, ANDREW S. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. FULTON, JOHN H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1833 to 192 Biographical Sketches. 1835, and died at Abingdon, Jan uary 28, 1836. FULTON, WILLIAM S. He was born in Cecil County, Maryland, J,une 2, 1795; before coming of age he served with great credit as a volunteer aid in the bom bardment of Fort McHenry ; dur ing the late war with England, he removed to Tennessee and was pri vate secretary to General Jackson in the Florida campaign. He stu died law and settled in Alabama for the practice of his profession. He was subsequently appointed, in 1 829, by President Jackson, Secretary of the Territory of Arkansas, and, in 1835, Governor of the same, which office he held until the Territory was admitted into the Union as a State, when he was elected a Sena tor in Congress, from the new State, from 1836 to 1844, — having died at Rosewood, near Black Rock, Ar kansas, August 14, of the latter year. GAGE, JOSIAH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1^17 to 1819. GAILLARD, JOHN. A Senator of the United States, from South Carolina, from 1804 to 1826. He voted for the war of 1812, and was repeatedly called to preside over the Senate, in the ab sence of the Vice-President. He died at Washington, February 26, 1826. GAINES, JOHN P. He was born in Kentucky ; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849; and was subsequently appointed Go vernor of Oregon Territory. GAITHER, NATHAN. He was born iu Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1833. GALBRAITH, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1841. GALE, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1789 to 1791. GALE, LEVIN. He was born in Maryland, ,and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1829. GALLATIN, ALBERT. Born at Geneva, January 29, 1761 ; graduated at the University of his native city, in 1779, and dur ing the next year emigrated to America. He commenced his ca reer in Maine, then a part of Mas sachusetts, having been placed in command of a small fort. at Ma- chias. He was appointed, a .tutor at Harvard University in 1782, and removed to Pennsylvania in 1786, where he acted a prominent part in Biographical Sketches. 193 the State Convention of 1789, and served in the lower branch of the Legislature in 1790 and 1791. In 1793 he was elected a Senator in Congress, from Pennsylvania, but his seat was vacated, in 1794, by a resolution of the Senate, on the ground of want of citizenship for a sufficient length of time, and soon after, without his knowledge, he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, serv ing from 1795 to 1801. He was, in the latter year, appointed Secretary of the Treasury, under President Jefferson, and, as an executive councillor, and subsequently diplo matist and statesman, he obtained a very high reputation. In 1813 he went to St. Petersburg as one of the Envoys Extraordinary, to ne gotiate with Great Britain, under the mediation of Russia,, and, dur ing the following year, with Adams, Bayard, Clay, and Russell, signed the Treaty of Ghent. He assisted also in concluding the Commercial Convention with England, at Lon don, in 1815, and resided at Paris, as Minister of the United States, from 1816 to 1823. In 1827 he obtained full indemnification from England, for injuries sustained by our citizens for violating the Treaty of Ghent. President Madison of fered him a seat in his cabinet, as Secretary of State ; President Mon roe offered him the post of Secre tary of the Navy, and he was also nominated for Vice-President, all which honors he declined. In 1828 he became a citizen of New York, 13 and took an active part in promot ing the literary or commercial in terests of the Empire City, and of the Union at large. In 1831 he was a member of the Free Trade Convention, and drew up the me morial to Congress, which embo dies the views of the Democratic party ; he was President of the National Bank of New York, and also of the New York Histori cal Society, and the EthnologicaL Society, and advocated the estab lishment of the New York Univer sity ; and, just before his death, be came identified with the Smithso nian Institution. He was a fine scholar, and published many papers on the currency and finance, on In dian languages, and other import ant subjects. He died at Astoria, Long Island, August 12, 1849. GALLEGOS, JOSE MANUEL. He was born in New Mexico, and was a Delegate from that Ter ritory, to the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses. GALLOWAY, SAMUEL. He was born in Pennsylvania, and, having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. GALLUP, ALBERT. He was at one time Sheriff of Al bany County, New York, a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839, and was appointed, by President Polk, Col- 194 Biographical Sketches. lector of Providence, Rhode Island. He died at Providence, in Novem ber 1851. GAMBLE, JAMES. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. GAMBLE, ROGER L. . Was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress, from Georgia, from 1833 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1843 ; and afterwards Judge of the Superior Court of that State. He died December 20, 1847. GANNETT, BARZILLAI. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1785, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Massa chusetts, from 1809 to 1811. GARDENIER, BARENT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1807 to 1811. GARDNER, FRANCIS. He was born in Stow, New Hampshire, in 1738 ; graduated at Harvard College; was a preacher of the gospel, in New Hampshire, for half a century; a Representative in Congress, from 1807 to 1809; and died in 1814. GARDNER, GIDEON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1809 to 1811. GARLAND, DAVID S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 180*9 to 1811. GARLAND, JAMES. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. GARLAND, RICE. He was born in Virginia, and, having taken up his residence in Louisiana, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1834 to 1840. GARNETT, JAMES M. Born at Elmwood, in Essex County, Virginia, June 8, 1770. He served for several years as a member of the Legislature of his native State, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1805 to 1809. He was a member of the Convention assem bled at Richmond, in 1829, to re vise the Constitution of Virginia. He was interested in the cause of education, and devoted to the pur suits of agriculture, having presided over the Agricultural Society of Fredericksburg for more than twen ty years, and toiled laboriously for the formation of a National Agri cultural Society. He died at Elm- wood, May 1843, aged sixty-two years. GARNETT, M. R. H. He was born in Essex County, Virginia ; was educated at the Um- Biographical Sketches. 195 versity of Virginia, and studied law as a profession ; he was a member of the Constitutional Convention of the State in 1850; a member of the House of Delegates in 1853 and 1854, 1855 and 1856, and du ring the latter session was Chair man of the Committee on Finance. He was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, as a Representative from Virginia, serving as a member of the Committee on Claims. He was a delegate to the Democratic Con ventions, at Baltimore and Cincin nati, in 1852 and 1856. GARNETT, ROBERT S. He was a native of Essex Coun ty, Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1827. GARNEY, DANIEL G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1830. GARRISON, DANIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1823 to 1827. GARROW, NATHANIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829. GARTRELL, LUCIUS J. Born in Wilkes County, Georgia, January 7, 1821 ; educated at Ran dolph Macon College, Virginia, and Franklin College, Athens, Georgia; is a lawyer by profession; and in 1843 was elected, by the General Assembly of Georgia, Solicitor Ge neral of the Northern Judicial Cir cuit. He resigned in 1847, on being elected a Representative to the Le gislature, and was re-elected in 1849 ; was a Presidential Elector for the State of Georgia in 1856 ; and in 1857 was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is one of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department. GARVEN, WILLIAM S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1845, to 1847. GASTON, WILLIAM. Born in Newbern, North Caroli na, September 19, 1778. His early education was conducted by his mo ther ; advanced at the Catholic Col lege of Georgetown, District of Co lumbia ; and he graduated at Prince ton College. He studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1798. He served a number of years in the State Legislature, and was a Re presentative in Congress from 1813 to 1817. In 1834 he was appoint ed Judge of the Supreme Court, and in 1835 was a member of the State Convention to amend the Constitution. He continued on the Bench until the time of his death, which occurred January 23, 1844. He was an able and successful law yer, and an upright judge, had a taste for polite literature, and is re- 196 Biographical Sketches. membered in North Carolina as one of its most distinguished citi zens. GATES, SETH M. He was born in New York; served in the Assembly of that State in 1832; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1839 to 1843. GARTLIN, ALFRED. He was born in North Carolina ; graduated at the university of that State ; and was a Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1823 to 1825. GAYARRE, CHARLES E. A. Born in Louisiana, January 3, 1805; educated at the College of New Orleans ; in 1826 he went to Philadelphia and studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1829, and returned home; in 1830 he was elected to the Legislature; in 1831 was appointed Deputy Attorney- General; in 1833 Presiding Judge of the City Court of New Orleans ; and in 1835 he was elected a Senator in Congress, but ill health prevent ed him from taking his seat. He went to Europe, where he spent a number of years, and on his return, in 1843, was again returned to the State Legislature ; and in 1846 he was appointed Secretary of State, in which capacity he served seven years. As an author, he has ac quired a high position, his leading works being as follows: "History of "Louisiana," "Romance of the History of Louisiana," "Spanish Domination in Louisiana," a dra matic novel called " The School of Politics," and a work on "The In fluence of the Mechanic Arts." GAYLE, JOHN. Born in Sumpter District, South Carolina, September 11, 1792; edu cated at South Carolina College; and emigrated to Alabama in 1813. In 1817 he was appointed a mem ber of the Territorial Legislature; was Solicitor of the First Judicial District on organization of the State Government; and in 1823 was elected Judge of the Supreme Court of the State. In 1829 was elected to the State Legislature, and was Speaker of the House. In 1831 was elected Governor, and re elected in 1833. He was Presiden tial Elector in 1836 and in 1840, and in 1847 was elected, from Mo bile County, a Representative in Congress. In 1849 he was appoint ed Judge of the United States Dis trict Court of Alabama, which office he now holds. GAYLORD, JAMES M. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. GAZLEY, JAMES W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1825. GEBHARD, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1821 to 1823. Biographical Sketches. 197 GEDDES, JAMES. Born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1763; obtained a limited education while working upon a farm ; removing to New York, he organized, in 1794, a company for the manufacture of salt at Onon daga; in 1800 was elected a magis trate ; in 1804 and in 1821 he was in the State Legislature ; in 1809 an associate county justice ; in 1812 Judge of the Common Pleas ; and he was a Representative in Congress from 1813 to 1815. In 1822 he was appointed Chief Engi neer of the Ohio Canal; and in 1827 assisted in locating the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, as weU as the Pennsylvania Canal. He died Au gust 19, 1838. GENTRY, MEREDITH P. He was born in North Carolina; studied law, and settled in the prac tice of his profession in Tennessee ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843, from 1845 to 1847, and from 1847 to 1853. GERMAN, OBADIAH. He was a Senator in Congress, from New York, from 1809 to 1815, and died September 24, 1 842. GERRY, ELBRIDGE. Born at Marblehead, Massachu setts, July, 1744, and graduated at Harvard College in 1762. He de voted himself for several years to commercial pursuits ; was a member of the Legislature in 1773, and was appointed on the Committee of Correspondence. Frffm 1776 to 1785 he was a Delegate to the Pro vincial Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence ; while in that body he was a member of the Committee of Public Safety and Supplies, and when the Committee were in session at Menotomy, he, with Colonel Orne, escaped from the British troops at night by fleeing to a cornfield, while the house was searched for them. He was a mem ber of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States, but declined subscribing to it. He was a Representative in the Federal Congress from 1789 to 1793 ; and in 1797 hewas appointed. Minister to France. In 1804' he was one of the Presidential Elec tors, and was Governor of Massa chusetts in 1810 and 1811. In 1813 he was inaugurated Vice-Pre sident of the United States, and filled the office until his death, which took place at Washington, Novem ber 23, 1814.GERRY, ELBRIDGE. Born in Waterford, Oxford Coun ty, Maine, December 6, 1815 ; re ceived agood academical education ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839 ; in 1840 was Clerk of the House of Representatives of Maine ; in 1842 was appointed State Attorney for Oxford County, and re-elected by the people during the following year ; in 1846 he was elected to the State Legislature ; and he was a Representative in 198 Biographical Sketches. Congress, from Maine, from 1849 to 1851. OMate years he has re sided in Portland, engaged in the practice of his profession. GERRY, JAMES. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1839 to 1843. GIST, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1821 to 1827. GEYER, H. S. He was born in Frederick Coun ty, Maryland ; adopted the profes sion of law ; and was a Senator in Congress, from Missouri, from 1851 to 1857. GHOLSON, JAMES H. He was born in Virginia ; gradu ated at Princeton College in 1820 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1833 to 1835 ; and died at Brunswick, Vir ginia, July 2, 1848, aged fifty years. GHOLSON, S. H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Mississippi, from 1837 to 1838. GHOLSON, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1808 to 1816. GIDDINGS, JOSHUA R. Born at Athens, Bradford Coun ty, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1795 ; is a lawyer by profession ; practiced in Ohio ; was elected to the Ohio Legislature in 1826 ; and a Repre sentative in Congress, in 1838, which position he has ever since held. He has for many years been recognized as one of the leaders of the Anti- slavery party. GILBERT, EDWARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from California, from 1850 to 1851. GILBERT, EZEKIEL. He was born in 1755, in Middle- town, Connecticut; graduated at Yale College in 1778; and was a member of Congress, from New York, from 1793 to 1797. He suf-, fered for thirty years from a stroke of paralysis, and died at Hudson, New York, in July, 184i. GILBERT, SYLVESTER. Born in 1756, at Hebron, Con necticut,; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1775 ; studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1777, at Hebron. In 1780 he was a mem ber of the General Assembly, being the youngest member in the House. In 1788 hewas appointed States At torney for Toland County, and filled that office twenty-one years. In 1807 he was appointed Chief Judge of the County Court, and Judge of Probate, which offices he held until 1825, with the exception of his term as Representative in Congress, in 1818 and 1819 ; and in 1810 he was a teacher of a law school, which he Biographical Sketches. 199 continued about seven years, during which time fifty-six students were prepared for the bar under his tui tion.. In 1826 he was again elected to the Legislature, and was then the oldest member in the House; to which body he had, from the year 1780, been re-elected thirty times. He died in January, 1846. GILBERT, WILLIAM A. He was born in Connecticut, and removing to New York, was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth Congress. GILES, JOHN. Born in Rowan County, North Carolina, about the year 1788 ; gra duated at Chapel Hill University in 1808 ; was a lawyer by profession, and engaged in the practice for more than thirty years. In 1829 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives in Con gress, but resigned before taking his seat, on account of ill health. In 1835 he was a member of the Convention which met to revise the State Constitution. He died March 2, 1846, in Stanly County, North Carolina, where his professional du ties required his attendance before the Circuit Court. GILES, WILLIAM BRANCH. Born in Amelia County, Virgi nia, August 12, 1762; graduated at Princeton in 1781 ; studied law, but abandoned the profession after prac ticing about six years. From 1826 to 1829 he was Governor of his na tive State ; was a Representative in Congress, fron 1790 to 1798, and again from 1801 to 1802 ; and Uni ted States Senator, from 1804 to 1815; and was subsequently a mem ber of the Legislature. He pub lished a Speech on the Embargo Laws in 1808, and, in 1813, Politi cal Letters to the People of Virgi nia, and subsequently an invective letter against President Monroe, and others, of a political character, to John Marshall and J. Q. .Adams. He died in Albemarle County, Vir ginia, December 4y 1830. GILES, WILLIAM F. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, .from that State; from 1845 to 1847. GILLASPIE, JAMES. He was a member of the Provin cial Congress of North Carolina, and a Representative in the United States Congress,_from 1793 to 1799, and from 1803 to 1805. GILLET, RANSOM H. Was born in New Lebanon, Co lumbia County, New York, Jan uary 27, 1800. His early employ ment was farming on his father's farm, in Saratoga County, in the summer, and lumbering in the pine forest during the winter. In 1819 he removed to St. Lawrence County, where he was employed to teach school, during the winters, while he attended the St. Lawrence Academy during the summer. In 1821 he engaged in- the study of 200 Biographical Sketches. the law, with the late Silas Wright, at Canton, still continuing to teach for his support. He was soon ad mitted to the bar, practicing in the local courts, and finally settled in Ogdensburg, where he continued, mainly devoted to the profession, for about twenty years. In 1827 he was appointed Brigade-Major and Inspector of the 49th Brigade of Militia, and for ten years drilled and inspected six large regiments in St. Lawrence and Jefferson Counties; February 27, 1830, he was appointed Postmaster of Og densburg, which office he filled about three years ; in 1832 he was a member of the first Baltimore Convention, which nominated Gen eral Jackson for President ; he was elected, in November of that year, to Congress, to represent St. Law rence and Franklin Counties, and re-elected in 1834, and served, while in Congress, as a member of the Committee on Commerce ; in 1837 he was appointed, by Presi dent Van Buren, a Commissioner to treat with the Indian tribes in New York, and continued in that service until March, 1839 ; in 1840 he was a member of the Baltimore Convention which re-nominated Mr. Van Buren; he then engaged in practicing law, and continued to do so until 1845, when President Polk appointed him Register of the Treasury, in which office he served until May, 1847, when he was pro moted to the office of Solicitor of the Treasury, in which place he continued to serve until the autumn of 1849 ; he thenresumed the prac tice of law in New York ; February 1, 1855, he became Assistant to the Attorney-General of the United States, and continued in that office until he resigned, in May, 1858 ; President Buchanan tendered him the place of Solicitor of the Courtof Claims, which he accepted, and is still performing the, duties of that office. GILLIS, JAMES L. Born at Hebron, Washington County, New York, October 2, ¦ 1792. He received a common school education ; served an ap prenticeship to the currying and tanner's trade; during the cam paigns of 1812 and 1813, served as a volunteer from New York ; in 1814 he was commissioned a lieute nant, by the Governor of New York, and having been taken prisoner by the British, was transported' to Halifax, where he remained until the close of the war; he subse quently returned to Ontario County, and established himself as a farmer; in 1823 he removed to Pennsylva nia; in 1840 was elected to the Le gislature of that State; in 1842. was appointed one of the Judges of Jefferson County ; elected 'to the State Senate in 1845; re-electedto the Lower House in 1851; and elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress; serving on the Committee on Agriculture. GILLON, ALEXANDER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1793 to 1794. Biographical Sketches. 201 GILMAN, CHARLES J. He was born in New Hampshire, and having removed to Maine, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, and is a member of the Com mittee on Private Land Claims. GILMAN, NICHOLAS. He was a Delegate, from New Hampshire, to the Continental Con gress, from 1786 to 1788; after the adoption of the Constitution, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1789 to 1797 ; and was a Senator in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1805 to 1814. He died May 2, 1814, aged fifty- two years. GILMER, GEORGE R. He was born in Wilkes County, (now Oglethorpe,) Georgia, April 11,1790. He received an academi cal education, but did not enter col lege, on account of ill health. He studied law, and settled in Lexing ton, Oglethorpe County, Georgia. In 1813, as first lieutenant of the 43d Regiment, United States army, he participated in the Creek war, and in 1818 entered upon the practice of his profession. He was elected to the State Legis lature in 1818, 1819, and 1824; was Governor of the State in 1828 and 1837, and during the latter term removed the Cherokee Indians from Georgia. He was President of the Board of Presidential Elec tors in 1836 ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from 1821 to 1823, from 1827 to 1829, and from 1833 to 1835. He was also a Pre sidential Elector in 1836 and 1840, and for thirty years performed the duties of trustee of the Georgia College. He is the author of a book, published in 1855, entitled Georgians, which contains much useful and interesting information touching the early settlement of his native ^State. GILMER, JOHN A. Born in Guilford County, North Carolina, November 4, 1805 ; ac quired a good English education at winter schools, working on a farm and in the shop during the sum mers; then taught a school, and thus obtained the means to enter the academy at Greensborough for three years, and became a good linguist and mathematician, and taught for three years in a gram mar school ; afterwards studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832. Was a member of the State Senate, from 1846 to 1856, and in 1857 was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress ; serving as a member of the Committee on Elec tions. GILMER, THOMAS W. He was a native of Virginia, in which State he held many positions of high character, was a Represen tative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843, and was Secretary of the Navy under President Tyler. He was killed by the accident on board the United States steamer Prince ton, February 28, 1844. 202 Biographical Sketches. GILMORE, ALFRED. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. GILMORE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1833. GLASCOCK, THOMAS. He was a soldier and statesman of Georgia ; served at the siege of Savannah, under Count Pulaski, as lieutenant, and exhibited great skill and bravery ; he was appointed colonel of the troops ordered out by the Legislature, in defence of the State against the Indians, on the Western frontier; and was after wards elected general of militia. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1836 to 1839, and highly respected for his talents and character. He died at Decatur, Georgia, May 9, 1841. GLASGOW, HUGH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1817. GLEN, HENRY. He took an active part in the revolutionary war, and was a Re presentative from New York, in Congress, from 1793 to 1801. He died at Schenectady in 1814, aged seventy-three years. GODDARD CALVIN. Born in Shrewsbury, Massachu setts, July 17, 1768 ; and' graduated at Dartmouth, in 1786. He was admitted to the bar in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1790, and settled in Plainfield, from which place he was elected a Representative in the Legislature, for nine sessions, during three of which he was Speaker of the House. He removed to Nor wich, in 1807. From 1801 to 1805 he was a Representative in Con gress, and from 1808 to 1815 he was a member of the State" Council, and from 1815 to 1818 Judge of the Superior Court. He was States Attorney for the County of New London for five years, and Mayor of Norwich for seventeen years. He died at Norwich, May 2, 1842. GOGGIN, WILLIAM. Born in Bedford County, Vir ginia, May, 31, 1807.; received an academic education; studied law in Winchester, and was admitted to the bar in 1828, and practiced in several of the Circuit and District courts of the State. In 1836 he was a member of the Legislature, and in 1837 declined a re-election; In 1839 he was elected a Represen tative in Congress, and was re elected in 1841, and 1843, and in 1847, being Chairman of the Com mittee on the Post-offices, and Post- roads, during his last term. He was afterwards appointed one of the Visitors of West Point, under the administration of President Fillmore, and since that time he Biographical Sketches. 203 has pursued his profession, in con nection with agricultural pursuits. GOLD, THOMAS R. He was a native of New York ; graduated at Yale College in 1786 ; was a member of the State Senate from 1797 to 1802 ; a member of the Assembly in 1808 ; and a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1809 to 1813, and again from 1815 to 1817. He died in 1826. GOLDSBOROUGH, CHARLES W. He was Governor of the State of Maryland, and a Representative in Congress from 1805 to 1817. He died at Shoal Creek, Maryland, December 13, 1834. GOLDSBOROUGH, ROBERT H. He was a Senator of the United States from Maryland, from 1813 to 1819, and again from 1835 to 1837. He 'died at New Easton, Maryland, October 5, 1836. GOUCH, DANIEL W. Born in Wells, State of Maine, January, 1820. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1843 ; studied law and commenced the practice in Boston ; was elected, in 1852, to the Legislature of Massachusetts; in 1853 to the Constitutional Conven tion ; and subsequently, a Represen tative in the Thirty-fifth Congress. He has also been elected to the- Thirty-sixth Congress. GOODE, PATRICK G. He was born in Virginia, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1843, from Ohio. GOODE, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1799 to 1801. GOODE, WILLIAM O. He was born at Inglewood, Mecklenburg County, Virginia, Sep tember 16, 1798 ; was educated at the College of William and Mary ; studied law and commenced the practice in 1821 ; he was,, early in life, elected for several terms, a member of the State Legislature. He was a member, in 1829, of the State Reform Convention of Vir ginia ; in 1832 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and took an active part in the debates on slavery, of that year ; he was re elected to the Legislature in 1838 ; and he was first elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from Vir ginia, in 1841, serving until 1843. He was subsequently again elected to the Legislature, and was Speaker of the House of Delegates, for sev eral sessions. He was also a mem ber of the State Reform Conven tion of 1850, and was chosen Chair man of the Legislative Committe ; and he was a member of the House of Delegates, called to put the New Constitution into operation, and Chairman of the Committee on Fi nance. In 1853 he was again elected a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, and has been regularly re-elected to the present 204 Biographical Sketches. time. He is Chairman of the Com mittee on the District of Columbia. GOODENOW, JOHN M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1829 to 1831. GOODENOW, ROBERT. He was born in New Hampshire, and, having taken up his residence in Maine, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. GO'ODENOW, RUFUS K. Born in Henniker, New Hamp shire, April 24, 1790, but removed with his father to Brownfield, Maine, where he was educated in a country school. He was a farmer, and' for. many years a common sailor. He entered the army in 1812, as captain in the 33d Regi ment of United States infantry, and served in that capacity until 1815. Upon the organization of a State government, he was appointed clerk of the courts for Oxford County, and removed to Paris, and held this office sixteen years. He was a member of the Legislature, and a Presidential Elector in 1840, and represented his District in the Thir ty-first Congress. GOODHUE, BENJAMIN. Born at Salem, Massachusetts, October 1, 1748; graduated at Harvard University in 1766; and received literary honors from Yale College in 1804. Early in life he engaged in commercial pursuits; he was a Whig during the Revolution, represented his native county, in the State Senate, from 1784 to 1789, when he was elected a Ee- presentative to Congress under the new constitution, and, assisted by Mr. Fitzsimmons, of Philadelphia, formed our code of revenue laws, the majority of which have never been abrogated. In 1796 he was elected a Senator of the United States, and became distinguished as a Chairman of the Committee on Commerce, but in 1800 he resigned his seat, and retired from public life. He died at Salem, July 28, 1814. GOODRICH, CHAUNCEY. Born at Durham, Connecticut, October 20, 1759 ; graduated at Yale College in 1776, with a high reputation for genius and acquire ments. After spending several years as tutor in that institution he established himself as lawyer at Hartford, and soon attained to emi nence in the profession. He was a Representative in the Legislature in 1793, and a Representative in Con gress from 1795 to 1801. From 1802 to 1807 was a Councillor of the State; and he was elected United States Senator from 1807 to 1813. He received the office of Mayor of Hartford in 1812, and re signed his seat in Congress. He was appointed Lieutenant-Gover nor of the State in 1813. He died August 18, 1815. Biographical Sketches. 205 GOODRICH, ELIZUR. He was one of the very few sur vivors among the men who figured in public life under the administra tions of Washington and the elder Adams. He belonged to the Wash ington school of Federalists, and his removal from the office of Col lector of Customs, at New Haven, immediately on the accession of Jefferson to the Presidency, gave occasion to the famous letter, in which Jefferson avowed his princi ple of removal for political opi nions. Besides being honored with various offices of trust and respon sibility, he was for some-time Pro fessor of Law in Yale College, and for many years the efficient Mayor of New Haven. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Connec ticut, from 1799 to 1801. Died in New Haven, November 1, 1849. GOODRICH, JOHN Z. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1851 to 1855, from his native State. GOODWIN, HENRY C. Born in De Ruyter, Madison County, New York, June 25, 1824, received an academic education, and studied law, having been admitted to the bar in 1846. In 1847 he was elected District Attorney of Madison County- and held the office three years. He was a Representative from NewYork to the second session of the Thirty-third Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, serving as a member of the Com mittee on Claims. GOODWIN, PETERSON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1803 to 1808. GOODYEAR, CHARLES. He was born in New York, and was a member of the New York Assembly, from Schoharie County, in 1840, and a Representative in Congress from 1845 to 1847. GORDON, JAMES. He was a member, for seven years, of the State Senate of New York, twelve years in the State As sembly, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1791 to 1795. , GORDON, SAMUEL. He was born in New York, served in. the State Assembly in 1834, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843* and again from 1845 to 1847. GORDON, WILLIAM. He was a graduate of Harvard College in 1779; was Attorney- General for the State of New Hamp shire ; a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1797 to 1800 ; and died at Boston, in May, 1802, aged thirty-nine years. GORDON, WILLIAM F. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1835. 206 Biographical Sketches. GORE, CHRISTOPHER. Graduated at Harvard College in 1776; Governor of Massachusetts under the Constitution of 1780. He settled in Boston as a lawyer, and, in 1789, was appointed Dis trict Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, under the new Con stitution of the United States. In 1796 he was appointed a Commis sioner under the fourth article of Jay's Treaty. This appointment obliged him to go to London, where he remained eight years, during the last of which he was left Charge d'Affaires. He was again chosen Governor in 1809, but only served one term. In 1813 he was elected a Senator of the United States, in which capacity he served until 1816, when he retired to private life. He died in 1827, aged sixty-eight. Having no children, Mr. Gore left valuable bequests to the American Academy and the Historical So ciety, of which he was a member ; and he made Harvard College, of which institution he had been a Fellow and Trustee, his residuary legatee. He was for a time the legal tutor and adviser of Daniel Webster. GORHAM, BENJAMIN. He was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, February 13, 1775, and died in Boston, September 27, 1855. He graduated at Cambridge in 1795, studied law with Theophi- lus Parsons, of Newburyport, and rose to eminence at the bar of Bos ton. He was a Representative in Congress, from the Suffolk District, from 1820 to 1823, from 1827 to 1831, and from 1833 to 1835. He was afterwards, for a short time, member of the State Legislature, but spent the closing years of his life in retirement.GORMAN, WILLIAM A. He was born in Kentucky, and having removed to Indiana, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. GOTT, DANIEL. He was born in Connecticut, and on removing to New York, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1847 to 1851. GOULD, HERMAN D. He was born in Connecticut, and having taken up his residence in New York, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. GOURDIN, THEODORE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1813 to 1815. GOVAN, A. R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1822 to 1827. GRAHAM, JAMES. Born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, in January, 1793. He graduated at the University of that Biographical Sketches. 207 State in 1814; studied law, and practiced with success for many years ; served four years in the State Legislature ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1833 to 1843, and from 1845 to 1847. He spent the close of his life en gaged in agricultural pursuits, and died in September, 1851. GRAHAM, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1837 to 1839. GRAHAM, WILLIAM A. Was born in 1800, in North Ca rolina, and represented that State in the United States Senate two years, viz., from 1841 to 1843. In August, 1844, he was elected Go vernor of the State, to which office he was re-elected in 1846, retiring at the expiration of his second term, in January, 1849. He was Secretary of the Navy under Presi dent Fillmore, and subsequently, candidate for Vice-President on the ticket with General Scott. .GRANGER, AMOS P. He was born in Suffield, Hart ford County, Connecticut, in June, 1789 ; received a common school education ; has devoted the most of his life to farming and merchandis ing ; and having removed to New York, was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty- fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Territories. GRANGER, FRANCIS. He was born in Suffield, Hart ford County, Connecticut, in 1787 ; graduated at Yale College in 1811; and, on removing to New York, was for five years, from 1826, a member of the General Assembly of that State. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1835 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1841, when he resigned, to receive from President Harrison the appointment of Postmaster-Gene ral. Since that time he has lived in retirement. GRANT, ABRAHAM P. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. GRANTLAND, SEATON. He was born in Virginia, and having taken up his residence near Milledgeville, in Georgia, was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. He was also a Presidential Elector. GRAVES, WILLIAM J. He represented the State of Ken tucky in Congress, from 1835 to 1841, and died at Louisville, Sep tember 27, 1848, aged forty-three years. GRAY, EDWIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1799 to 1813. 208 Biographical Sketches. GRAY, HIRAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839. GRAY, JOHN C. He was born in Southampton County, Virginia, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1820 to 1821. GRAYSON, WILLIAM. Was a native of Virginia, and a member of the Continental Con gress. In 1788 was a member of the Convention of Virginia which assembled to consider the Constitu tion of the United States, and made himself conspicuous both by his ta lents, and his union with Henry in opposing the adoption of the Con stitution. From 1789 to 1790 he was a Senator of the United States, and died at Dumfries, while on his way to the seat of Government, March 12, 1790. GRAYSON, WILLIAM I. He is a native of Beaufort, South Carolina; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1809; was bred to the legal profession; was a Com missioner in equity of South Caro lina ; a member of the State Legis lature; and a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837; and by President Taylor he was ap pointed Collector of the Customs at Charleston. Of late years he has devoted himself to planting. In 1856 he published "The Hireling and the Slave," " Chicora, and other Poems." GREELEY, HORACE. Was born at Amherst, in New Hampshire, February 3, 1811. Un til the age of fourteen, he attended a common school in his native State. About that time, his pa rents having removed to the State of Vermont, Horace, who had early shown a fondness for reading, espe cially newspapers, and had resolved to be a printer, endeavored to find employment as an apprentice in a printing-office in Whitehall, but without success. He afterwards applied at the office of the North ern Spectator, in Pultney, Ver mont, where his services were ac cepted, and where he remained un til 1830, when the paper was dis continued, and he returned to work on his father's farm. During the following year he arrived in the City of New York, where he ob tained work as a journeyman prin ter, and was employed in various offices, with occasional intervals, for the next eighteen months. In 1834, in connection with Jonas Winchester, he started The New- Yorker, a weekly journal of litera ture and general intelligence, and became its editor. After struggling on for several years, the journal was abandoned. During its existence, Mr. Greeley published several poli tical campaign papers : The Con stitution, The Jeffersonian, and the Log Cabin. In 1841 he commenced the publication of the New York Tribune. In 1848 he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the Thirtieth Congress, and served Biographical Sketches. 209 through the short term preceding President Taylor's inauguration. In 1851 he visited Europe, and was chosen chairman of one of the juries at the World's Fair. He gave an account of his travels in a series of letters to the Tribune, which were afterwards collected into a volume. He has also published a collection of his addresses, essays, etc., under the title of "Hints toward Reforms." t GREEN, BYRAM. He was born in New York ; served five years in the Assembly of that State ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. GREEN, FREDERICK W. He was born in Maryland, and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. GREEN, I. L. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Harvard University in 1781 ; was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1805 to 1809, and again from 1811 to 1813. He died in 1841. GREEN, INNIS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1827 to 1831. GREEN, JAMES S. He was born in Fauquier Coun ty, Virginia, February 28, 1817 ; 14 and in 1836, with no fortune but a common English education, he re moved to Alabama, where he re mained one year, and then took up his residence in Missouri, with which State he has since been identified. After many struggles with the world, he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and soon thereafter entered upon a lucrative practice. He was a member of the Convention held in 1845 for the revision of the Consti tution of Missouri; and was elected a member of Congress in 1846, serving through two terms. He argued a boundary dispute case in the Supreme Court, by appointment of the Governor of Missouri ; and in 1849 took the stump against the late Hon. Thomas H. Benton. In 1853 President Pierce appointed him to be Charge" d'Affaires, and subsequently Minister-Resident at Bogota, New Grenada. He was again elected a member of Congress in 1856, but before taking his seat he was chosen by the Legislature to represent the State of Missouri in the Senate of the United States, which position he still occupies. During the first session of the Thirty-fifth Congress he was a member of the Committees on the Judiciary and on Territories, and at the commencement of the second session of that Congress, he was chosen Chairman of the Committee on Territories. GREEN, WILLIS. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1845. 210 Biographical Sketches. GREENE, ALBERT C. He was a Senator in Congress from Rhode Island, from 1845 to 1851, serving on the Committee on Private Land Claims. GREENE, RAY. He graduated at Yale College in 1784 ; and was a Senator in Con gress, from Rhode Island, from 1797 to 1801. GREENE, THOMAS M. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Mississippi, from 1802 to 1803. GREENUP, CHRISTOPHER. He was Governor of Kentucky from 1804 to 1808 ; was a patriot of the American Revolution, and participated in the perils of the war. He was at various times a member of the Legislature of Kentucky, and a Representative of that State in Congress, from 1792 to 1797. He was a man of great usefulness in his native State, and died at Frankfort, Kentucky, April 24, 1818. GREENWOOD, A. B. Born in Franklin County, Geor gia, July 11, 1811 ; graduated at Athens, Georgia ; is a lawyer by profession ; and was a member of the Legislature of the State of Ar kansas from 1842 to 1845. He was Prosecuting Attorney from 1845 to 1851 ; Circuit Judge from 1851 to 1853 ; and elected a Representative in Congress from 1853 to 1858, serving a portion of the time as Chairman of the Committee on In dian Affairs. GREGG, ANDREW. Born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, June 10, 1755 ; he received a good classical education, and for several years was tutor in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1783 he opened a country store in Middletown, Dauphin County, whence he re moved, in 1789, to a wilderness val ley, where he commenced agricultu ral pursuits. In 1790 he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, serving from 1791 to 1807, and a Senator of the United States from 1807 to 1813. In 1814 he removed to Bellefonte, and in 1816 hewas appointed Secretary of State of Pennsylvania. He was re markable for a sound and discrimi nating mind, agreeable and dignified manners, and performed his duties with talent and integrity. He died at Bellefonte, May 20, 1835. GREGG, JAMES M. Born in Patrick County, Virgi nia, June 26, 1806. He received only a common school education, and was bred a practical farmer, but studied the profession of law; and in 1830, he settled in Hendrick County, Indiana. From 1834 to 1837 he was County Surveyor, and then chosen Clerk of the Cir cuit Court, serving till 1845. He was elected a Representative of the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Pub lic Expenditures Biographical Sketches. 211 GREGORY, DUDLEY S. He was born in Connecticut, was at one time engaged in the iron business among the Adirondack Mountains of New York, and hav ing settled in New Jersey, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. GREIG, JOHN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1842. GRENNELL, GEORGE, Jit. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1808 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1839. GREY, BENJAMIN E. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. GRIDER, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, his - native State, from 1843 to 1847. GRIFFIN, ISAAC. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1813 to 1817. GRIFFIN, JOHN K He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1831 to 1841, and died at Milton, South CaroUna, August 1, 1841. GRIFFIN, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1789 to 1795. GRIFFIN, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1803 to 1805. GRINNELL, JOSEPH. He was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, November 17, 1788. His early education was received at private schools and was moulded in view of a mercantile life; he commenced business in New York as a commission merchant in 1809, and continued there until 1829 ; for five years being connected with John H. Howland, eleven years with Preserved Fish, and four years with his brothers, Moses H. and Henry Grinnell ; in 1829 he retired from the New York concern, and visited Europe; on his return, he settled in his native place, devoting himself to commerce generally, and especially to the whale fishery; among the laborious positions which he has long held in New Bedford, are those of President of the Marine Bank, of the New Bedford and Taunton Railroad, and of the Wam- sutta Cotton Mill. In 1839, 1840, and 1841, he was a member of the Governor's Council of Massachu setts ; he was elected a Represen tative to Congress in 1843, and was three times re-elected, serving on the Post-office and Commerce Committees, and originating the 212 Biographical Sketches. idea of a reduction of postage and the establishment of life-boats. In deed, so great was Mr. Grinnell's influence on the floor of Congress, as every measure he proposed seemed to succeed, he was play fully designated by his friends as one of the most dangerous men in the House. GRINNELL, MOSES H. Born in New Bedford, Massa chusetts, March 3, 1803 ; was edu cated at private schools, and at Friend's Academy ; was bred a merchant, and frequently went abroad as supercargo ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1839 to 1841. Moses H., Henry Grinnell, and Robert B. Minturn, are the gentle men composing the distinguished firm of Grinnell, Minturn & Co., the house taking that title in 1829, though in reality founded many years before by Joseph Grinnell and Preserved Fish. GRISWOLD, GAYLORD. He graduated at Yale College in 1787 ; was a member of the New York Assembly, from 1796 to 1798 ; and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1803 to 1805 ; and died in 1809. GRISWOLD, ROGER. Born in Lyme, Connecticut, May 21, 1762 ; graduated at Yale Col lege in 1780, and studied law. From 1795 to 1805 he was a Rep resentative in Congress, from Con necticut. In 1801 he declined the appointment of Secretary of War, offered him by President Adams, a few days previous to the accession of President Jefferson. In 1807 he was chosen a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State ; was Lieutenant- Governor from 1809 to 1811, and then elected Governor ; while hold ing that office, he refused to place four companies under General Dear born, at the requisition of the Pre sident, for garrison purposes, deem ing the requisition unconstitutional, as they were not wanted to "repel invasion," etc. He died in 1812. GRISWOLD, STANLEY. Born in Torringford, Connecti cut, November, 1768; graduated at Yale College in 1786 ; and was a clergyman. In 1804 he became the editor of a Democratic paper in Walpole, New Hampshire, but soon after was appointed, by President Jefferson, Secretary of the Territory of Michigan. He was a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, in 1809 ; and United States Judge for the North western Territory. He died at Shawneetown, Illinois, August 21, i8i/r GROESBECK, WILLIAM S. He was born in New York ; and having taken up his residence in Ohio, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Biographical Sketches. 213 GROSS, EZRA C He was born in Windsor County, Vermont ; graduated at the Univer sity of Vermont in 1806 ; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821; and was elected to the Assembly of that State in 1828 and 1829, but died before the close of his second term. GROSS, SAMUEL. He was a native of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1823. GROSVENOR, THOMAS P. Born in Pomfret, Connecticut, in 1780, and died April 25, 1817. He graduated at Yale College in 1800 ; and, after studying law, removed to New York ; served a number of years in the Legislature of that State, and was elected to Congress as a Representative, serving from 1813 to 1817. GROUT, JONATHAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1789 to 1791. GROVE, WILLIAM B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1791 to 1803. GROVER, MARTIN. He was a native of New York, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. GROW, GALUSHA A. Born in Ashford, Windham Coun ty, Connecticut, August 31, 1823 ; was educated at Amherst College, graduating in 1844 ; adopted the law as a profession, and was admit ted to the bar in 1847 ; and having settled among the mountains of Pennsylvania, and his health, in 1850, being delicate, he amused himself by surveying wild lands and rafting ; and in 1850 he was elected a Representative in Congress, where he still continues, serving as a member of the Com mittees on Territories and Public Printing. When Mr. Banks was Speaker of the House of Represen tatives, Mr. Grow was Chairman of the Committee on Territories ; and during one of the recesses of Con gress, he visited Europe. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. GRUNDY, FELIX. Born in Virginia, September 11, 1770 ; he removed with his father to Kentucky, and was educated at Bardstown Academy ; studied law, and soon became distinguished at the bar. He commenced his public career at the age of twenty-two, as a member of the Convention for re- visingthe Constitution of Kentucky ; was afterwards, for six or seven years, a member of the Legislature of that State. In 1806 he was elected one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Kentucky, and was soon after Chief Justice. In 1807 he removed to Nashville, 214 Biographical Sketches. Tennessee, and became eminent as a lawyer. From 1811 to 1814 he was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, and during several years after was a member of the Legislature of that State. From 1829 to 1838 he was United States Senator, and in the latter year was appointed, by Prisident Van Buren, Attorney-General of the United States; in 1840 he resigned this position, and was again elected Se nator. He died at Nashville, Ten nessee, December 19, 1840. GUNN, JAMES. He was a Senator of the United States from Georgia, from 1789 to 1801, and died in Louisville, in that State, July 30, 1801. GURLEY, HENRY H. He was born in Lebanon, Con necticut, in 1787 ; was educated at Williamstown College ; studied law, and settled at an early day in Lou isiana ; and he was a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1831. He previously held the office of United States Judge of the District Court of Lou isiana., and died in 1832. GUSTINE, AMOS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1841 to 1843, and died in Lost Creek Valley, Pennsylvania, March 3, 1844. GUYON, JAMES. He was born in Bichmond Coun ty, New York, in 1777 ; represented Staten Island, in the Legislature of New York, a Dumber of years, and was a member of Congress, from 1819 to 1821. He died on Staten Island, March 8, 1846. GWIN, WILLIAM M. Born in Sumner County, Ten nessee, October 9, 1805 ; graduated at Transylvania University, Lexing ton, Kentucky, and studied medicine as a profession ; he was appointed United States Marshal for Missis sippi ; and elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, serving from 1841 to 1843. He was Commissioner of Public Buildings to superintend the erection of the New Orleans Custom-house ; a member of the Convention for framing the Constitution of California, and was one of the first United States Sena tors from that State, having been elected, in 1850, for six years, and re-elected in 1856, for the term which expires in 1861. He is Chairman of the Committee on the Pacific Railroad, and a member of the Committees on Finance and on Post-offices and Post-roads. HABERSHAM, RICHARD W. He was born in Savannah, Geor gia, in 1786, and was educated at Nassau Hall, New Jersey, where he graduated in 1805. He distinguish ed himself as a lawyer, and occu pied many stations of trust in his native State, and was a Represen tative in CoDgress, from 1839 to 1843, where he commanded great respect for his political integrity Biographical Sketches. 215 and gentlemanlycharacter. He died in Habersham County, Georgia, December 2, 1844. HACKET, THOMAS C. He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851, and was a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. HACKLEY, AARON. Born in New Haven, Connecti cut, and was a member of the New York Legislature in 1814, 1815, and 1818, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. HAILE, WILLIAM. He was born in 1797, and died at Woodville, Mississippi, March 7, 1837. He was a member of Con gress, from Mississippi, from 1826 to 1828. HALE, ARTEMAS. Born in Winchendon, Worcester County, Massachusetts, October 20, 1783, and pursued the occupation of a farmer until twenty-one years of age, having received only a com mon school education. He was a teacher in Kingham for ten years, and then removed to Bridgewater, where he engaged in manufactur ing. He was a Representative in the Legislature for several years, and a State Senator in 1833 and 1834. In 1853 he was a member of the State Constitutional Con vention, and a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1849. HALE, JOHN P. Born in Rochester, Stafford County, New Hampshire, March 31,1806. After preparing himself at Exeter Academy, he entered Bowdoin College, and graduated in 1827. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1830; in 1832 he was elected to the State Legislature ; in 1834 he was ap pointed, by President Jackson, Dis trict Attorney for New Hampshire, and reappointed by President Van Buren ; in 1843 he was elected a Re presentative in Congress ; in 1846 he was again elected to the State Legislature and chosen Speaker; in 1847 he was elected a Senator in Congress, and after serving until 1853, devoted himself for two years to his profession, and was re-elected in 1855 to the United States Se nate, and still continues to hold the" position, serving as a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs, on Post-offices and Post-roads, and that to Examine the Condition of the Banks. HALE, SELMA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1817 to 1819. HALE, WILLIAM. He was one of the most influ ential men of New Hampshire, and a member of Congress, from 1809 to 1811, and again from 1813 to 1817. Died at Dover, November 8, 1848, aged eighty-four years. 216 Biographical Sketches. HALEY, ELISHA. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. HALL, AUGUSTUS. He was born in New York, and elected a Representative in Con gress, from Iowa, to the Thirty- fourth Congress. HALL, BOLLING. He was a member of Congress, from Georgia, from 1811 to 1817 ; died near Montgomery, Alabama, March 25, 1836, aged sixty-seven years. HALL, GEORGE. He was born in New Haven, Con necticut; was a member of the As sembly of New York in 1816, and a Representative in Congress, from that SUite, from 1819 to 1821. HALL, HILAND. He was born in Bennington, Ver mont, July 20, 1795. He spent his boyhood on his father's farm, re ceiving, as he could, a good English education; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1819; in 1827 he was elected to the State Legislature, and afterwards, for several years, was States Attorney ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1833 to 1843, officiating for several ses sions as Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. He was also Bank Commissioner for Ver mont, from 1843 to 1846; four years Judge of the Supreme Court; in 1850 Second Comptroller of the Treasury ; and in 1851 was ap pointed, by President Fillmore, Land Commissioner for California, where he remained until 1854. He is now residing on the farm where he was born. HALL, JOSEPH. He was born in Essex County, Massachusetts, June 26, 1793; re ceived a limited education; after leaving Andover Academy, went to Maine, and was a clerk in a store until twenty-one years of age ; served as a lieutenant of militia in 1813-14; from 1817 until 1819 was engaged in mercantile pursuits ; was sheriff of two counties for twelve years; and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1833 to 1837, having been the first Northern man who voted against receiving slavery petitions. Before entering Congress he was for four years Postmaster of Camden, Maine; and, by President Polk, was ap pointed Navy Agent of Boston in 1849. He has since been connected with the Boston Custom-house. HALL, LAWRENCE W. He was born in Lake County, Ohio, in 1819; was educated in that State; graduated at Hudson in 1839 ; was admitted to the bar in 1843; practiced his profession un til 1851, when he was elected Judge of the I Court of Common Pleas, which position he held until 1856, when he was elected a Representa- Biographical Sketches. 217 tive, from Ohio, to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Committees on Agriculture and on Public Buildings and Grounds. HALL, NATHAN K. Born March 28, 1810, at Mar- cellus, Onondago County, New York. He read law in the office of Mr. (afterwards President) Fill more, and became his partner in the practice of their profession, at Buffalo, Erie County, New York, in 1832. He has held different ad ministration and judicial offices in his native State, served as a mem ber of the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress from 1847 to 1849. On Mr. Fill more's accession to the Presidency, in July, 1850, he was appointed to the office of Postmaster-General. HALL, OBED. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1811 to 1813. HALL, ROBERT B. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 28, 1812 ; was educated for the ministry ; was a member of the Massachusetts Senate in 1855 ; and, having been elected a Repre- . sentative to the Thirty-fourth Con gress, in that year, was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1857, where he continues at the present time ; serving as a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. HALL, THOMAS H. Born in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, in 1773 ; was edu cated for the medical profession, and was a Representative in Con gress from 1817 to 1825, and again from 1827 to 1835. In 1836 he served as a member of the State Senate, and voted against the re ception of any of the surplus reve nue of the United States Treasury, by the State of North Carolina. He died in Tarborough, June 30, 1853. HALL, WILLARD. He was born in Westford, Mas sachusetts, December 24, 1780; graduated at Harvard College in 1799; he studied law and was ad mitted to the bar in 1803 ; he re moved to Delaware and practiced his profession there; in 1811 he was elected Secretary of State, in Delaware, and held that office three years ; he was elected a Represen tative in Congress in 1816, and re elected in 1818 ; he was again Se cretary of State in 1821 ; in 1822 was elected to the Legislature ; and in 1823, was appointed, by Presi dent Monroe, District Judge of the United States for Delaware; in 1829 he revised the State Laws of Delaware, and in 1831 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention. HALL, WILLARD P. He was born in Virginia, and on taking up his residence in Missouri, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1847 to 1853. 218 Biographical Sketches. HALL, WILLIAM. He was born in 1774, and died in Sumner County, Tennessee, in October, 1856. He was a general of militia and a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1831 to 1833. HALLOCK, JOHN, Jk. He was a member of the Assem bly of New York State, from Orange County, in 1816 and 1817, andfrom 1820 to 1821, and a Representa tive in Congress from 1825 to 1829. HALLOWAY, RANSOM. A Representative in Congress, from the Eighth Congressional Dis trict of New York, from 1849 to 1851. He died in Mount Pleasant, Prince George County, Maryland, April 6, 1851. HALM, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1815 to 1817. HALSEY, JEHIEL H. He was a member of the New York Senate from 1832 to 1835, having previously been a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1831. HALSEY, NICOLL. He was a member of the New York Assembly, from Tompkins County, in 1824, and a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. HALSEY, SILAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1805 to 1807, and having previously been in the Assembly of that State for several years, was subsequently, for one year, a member of the State Senate. HALSTEAD, WILLIAM. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. HAMER, THOMAS L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1833 to 1839, and died at Monterey, Mexi co, while serving in the war, De cember 3, 1846. HAMILTON, JAMES. Born in Charleston, South Ca rolina, in 1789, was liberally edu cated, and adopted the law as a profession. In 1812 he served with distinction on the Canadian fron tier ; was for several years Mayor of Charleston ; in 1823 was elected to the State Legislature; andfrom that position was transferred to the National House of Representa tives, where he remained until 1829. He was subsequently chosen Gover nor of South Carolina, and, becom ing interested in the Republic of Texas, helped to promote her inde pendence, and went to Europe as Minister Plenipotentiary from that Republic. He did much to pro mote the interests of his native Biographical Sketches. 219 city and State, and was one of the founders of the Southern Quarterly Review, and also of the Bank of Charleston. At the.time of his death he was a Senator elect in Congress, but was drowned on his passage to Texas, November 15, 1857, by a col lision between the steamersjGalves- ton and Opelousas, having been a passenger on board the latter steamer. HAMILTON, JOHN. He was at one time High Sheriff of Washington County, Pennsylva nia, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1805 to 1807. He died at home, August 31, 1837, aged thirty-four years. HAMILTON, WILLIAM T. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1855. HAMINS, DAVID. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. HAMLIN, EDWARD S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1844 to ^1845. HAMLIN, HANNIBAL. Born in Paris, Oxford County, Maine, August 27, 1809 ; is a law yer by profession ; was a member of the Maine Legislature from 1836,' to 1840 ; and Speaker of the House in 1837, 1839, 1840; was elected a Representative to the Twenty- eighth Congress, and re-elected to the Twenty-ninth Congress ; was a member of the House of Represen tatives in the State Legislature in 1847 ; and elected to the United States Senate, May 26, 1848, for four years, to fill a vacancy occa sioned by the decease of John Fair field. He wasre-elected for six years, July 25, 1851, and elected Governor of Maine, January 7, 1857, resigning his seat in the Senate and being in augurated Governor the same day. On the sixteenth of the same month, was re-elected United States Sena tor for six years, and resigned the office -of Governor, February 20, 1857. He is a member of the Committees on Commerce, and on the District of Columbia. HAMMET, WILLIAM J. He was born in Virginia ; studied divinity ; was Chaplain of the Uni versity of Virginia when he finished his education ; was at one time Chaplain of Congress; and a Rep resentative in Congress, from Mis sissippi, from 1843 to 1845. HAMMOND, EDWARD. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress from that State, from 1849 to 1853. HAMMOND, JABEZ D, He was a lawyer and popular political writer of New York ; did not receive a collegiate education, but Union College conferred on him the degree of A.M. He was a Representative in Congress, from 220 Biographical Sketches. New York, from 1815 to 1817, and on the expiration of his term, he was elected to the State Senate, of which he was a member until 1821. He visited Europe, in 1830, to re store his health. He was elected County Judge in 1838, and about that time commenced his " Political History of the State of New York. " In 1845 he was elected to succeed Mr. Van Buren as a Regent of the University of New York, and held the office until his death. After his return from Europe, having withdrawn in a great measure from public and professional life, he de voted himself to literary pursuits, and published works entitled " Ju lius Melbourn," " The Political History of New York," and the "Life and Times of Silas Wright." He died August 18, 1855, in Cherry Valley, New York, his place of residence. HAMMOND, JAMES H. Born in Newbury District, South Carolina, November 15, 1807 ; graduated at the State College, Co lumbia ; practiced law from 1 828 to 1830 ; was editor of the Southern Times ; served his native State in Congress, from 1835 to 1837 ; after which he visited Europe for his health. In 1841 he was appointed a general of militia ; and in 1842 elected Governor of South Carolina. After spending about fifteen years in the quiet enjoyment of his plan tation, on the Savannah River, de voting himself to agricultural and literary pursuits, he was, in Novem ber, 1857, elected to the United States Senate, where he stiU con tinues. HAMMOND, ROBERT H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. HAMMOND, SAMUEL./ Born in Richmond County, Vir ginia, in 1757 ; received as good an education as the country afforded at the time ; when quite young he volunteered in an expedition against the Indians under Governor Dun- more, and acquired distinction at the battle of the Kanawha ; when the Revolution broke out he displayed, great bravery and ability at the battle of Long Bridge, at the siege of Savannah, where he was made As sistant Quartermaster ; at the bat tle of Black Stocks, where he had three horses shot from under him, and was wounded ; he was a mem ber of the Council of Capitulation at Charleston ; was at the battle of King's Mountain ; he was also at the siege of Augusta ; *at the battle of Cowpens ; the battle of Eutaw, where hewas again badly wounded. After the war he settled at Savan nah, and held many positions of trust and honor ; in 1793 he headed a volunteer corps, and did good service in the Creek country ; served a number of years in the State Legislature ; and he was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1803 to 1805. He was also appointed, by Biographical Sketches. 221 President Jefferson, Military and Civil Commandant of Upper Loui siana ; he was one of the early Governors of Georgia ; and Re ceiver of Public Money in that State. In 1824 he returned to South CaroUna, and was elected to the Legislature of that State ; was appointed Surveyor-General; and in 1831 Secretary of State. He retired from pubUclife in 1835, and died soon after, leaving behind a brilUant reputation, both as a patriot and a man. HAMMONS, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1829 to 1833 ; and died at Farm- ington, in that State, April, 1836. HAMPTON, JAMES G. He was born in New Jersey ; graduated at Princeton College in 1835 ; and was a Representative in Congress, % from his native State, from 1845 to 1849. HAMPTON, MOSES. Born in Beaver County, Penn sylvania, October 28, 1803, but re moved, with his father, to Trumbull County, Ohio, so that his opportu nities for even a common school education were limited ; he, how ever, by his own exertions, obtained a classical education, and graduated at Washington College, Pennsyl vania. He- studied law at Union- town, and was admitted to the bar in 1829, and commenced to practice in Somerset, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1838, and then went to Pittsburg, and pursued the prac tice of his profession. From 1847 to 1851, he was a Representative in Congress, and declined a re-elec tion. In 1853, he was elected President Judge of the District Court for Alleghany County, and still holds that office. HAMPTON, WADE. He was born in South Carolina in 1755 ; he took an active part in the war of the Revolution; com manded a brigade in 1812 on the Northern frontier; he spent the larger part of his life engaged in agricultural pursuits, by which he amassed a very large fortune, hav ing been called the richest planter in the United States ; and he died at Columbia, South Carolina, Feb- uary 4, 1834. HANCOCK, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1797. HAND, AUGUSTUS C. He was a member of the State Senate of New York, from Essex County, from 1845 to 1848, and a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1841. His native State was Vermont. HANNA, JOHN A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1797 to 1805. k HANNA, ROBERT. He was a member of the Indiana Constitutional Convention of 1816 ; 222 Biographical Sketches. a general of militia ; was for many years in the State Legislature; was a Senator in Congress, from In diana, by appointment, from 1831 to 1832; took an active part for many years in the public affairs of his State ; and was killed by the cars, while walking on the track of a railroad at Indianapolis, Novem ber 19, 1858. HANNEGAN, EDWARD A. He was born in Ohio, but spent his boyhood in Kentucky, received a good education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in his twenty-third year, settling in In diana. He was frequently a mem ber of the State Legislature, and a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1833 to 1837, and a Senator in Congress, from 1843 to 1849, officiating a part of the time as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals, and on Enrolled Bills. On his retirement from the Senate, he was appointed Minister to Prussia, and ori his return from Europe, took up his residence in Missouri. HANSON, ALEXANDER CONTEE. He was a lawyer by profession, and at one time edited a political newspaper called the Federal Re publican, at Georgetown, District of Columbia. He was a bitter op ponent of the administration, and in 1812 published an article, which so irritated the populace, that his printing-office was destroyed. He resolved to re-issue the paper, and took possession of a house for that purpose, supported by several poli tical friends, well armed ; the paper appeared next morning with an ar ticle against the people and police of Baltimore, and in the evening the house was attacked by a mob from that city, which was, however, repelled ; but Mr. Hanson and his friends were obliged to surrender to the civil authorities, for security, and were conducted to jail. That building was also attacked, and he was thrown in front of the jail, with others, and left by the mob, sup posed to be dead. He afterwards removed to Baltimore, and in that year was elected a Representative in Congress, serving from 1813 to 1816, when he was elected a Sena tor of the United States. vHe died at Belmont, April 23, 1819, aged thirty-three years. HARD, GIDEON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1837, and a Senator from that State, from 1842 to 1847. HARALSON, HUGH A. Born in Greene County, Georgia, November 13, 1805. He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1825, and adopted the law as a pro fession, having,, by an act of the Legislature, been permitted to prac tice before he was twenty-one. He was for many years a member of the Georgia Legislature, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1843 to 1851. He died at home in Oc- Biographical Sketches. 223 tober, 1854. He also participated in the military affairs of the State, and was a major-general of militia ; and when in Congress, was Chair man of the Committee on Military Affairs. HARDIN, BENJAMIN. He was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1815 to 1817, from 1819 to 1823, and again from 1833 to 1837, and died at Bardstown, Kentucky, September 24, 1852. HARDIN, JOHN J. He was born in Kentucky, and having removed to Illinois, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1843 to 1845. HARDIN, MARTIN D.' He was born on the Mononga hela River, Western Pennsylvania, June 21, 1780. He was educated chiefly at Transylvania Seminary, in Kentucky ; studied law ; served for several years in the Legislature of Kentucky ; was at one time Se cretary of State for Kentucky; served in the Northwestern army as a major; and was a Senator in Congress, during the years 1816 and 1817. He had a superior mind, and as a lawyer was emi nently successful. He died in Franklin County, Kentucky, Octo ber 8, 1823. HARLAN, AARON. He was born in Warren County, Ohio, September 8, 1802 ; received a good English education; adopted the profession of law, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1825 ; in 1831 he was elected a member of the State Legislature, and in 1838 and 1839 was elected to the State-Se nate; was a Presidential Elector in 1844 from Ohio ; in 1849 was again elected to the State Senate ; in 1850 was a member of the State Consti tutional Convention; and in 1852 he was elected a Representative in Congress from Ohio, where he has continued to serve the people of his native district to the present jime. He is a member of the Committee on Private Land Claims. HARLAN, ANDREW J. He was born in Chester, Clinton County, Ohio, March 29, 1815 ; re ceived a limited education ; studied law, but abandoned the practice for politics ; in 1842 he was elected Clerk of the Indiana House of Re presentatives ; was elected to the Legislature in 1846, 1847, and 1848 ; and was elected a Represen tative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1849 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855. HARLAN, JAMES.. Born in Mercer County, Kentucky, June 22, 1800 ; received a good English education, and engaged in mercantile pursuits from 1817 to 1821. He then commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1823. In 1829 he was appointed Prosecuting Attor ney for the Circuit in which he re sided, and held the office four years. 224 Biographical Sketches. In 1835 he was elected a Represen tative to Congress from Kentucky, and in 1837 he was re-elected ; during the last session he was Chair man of the Committee for Investi gating Defalcations. From 1840 to 1844 he was Secretary of State of Kentucky. In 1845 he was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature ; and in 1850 he was appointed Attorney- General of that State, which office he now holds. HARLAN, JAMES. Born in Clark County, Illinois, August 26, 1820 ; graduated at In diana University in 1845 ; a lawyer by profession ; was Superintendent of Public Instruction in the State of Iowa in 1847; President of Iowa Wesleyan University in 1843 ; and was elected a United States Senator in 1854, serving as a member of the Committees on Public Lands and on Engrossed Bills. HARMANSON, JOHN H. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, in January, 1803 He was educated at Jefferson College, Mississippi, and having removed to Louisiana, devoted himself first to one of the mechanic arts, then to law, and after wards to agriculture. He served in the State Senate in 1844 ; and was elected to the National House of Representatives in 1845, and re elected in 1847 and 1849, ever keep ing a watchful eye upon the interests of his adopted State, and proposed in Congress a project to secure a grant from the United States to Louisiana, of all the submerged lands in that State, with a view to their redemption from that condi tion, and thus promoting the public health. He died in New Orleans, October 25, 1850. HARPER, ALEXANDER, He was born in Ireland, and having emigrated to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1837 to 1839, from 1843 to 1847, and again from 1851 to 1853. HARPER, FRANCIS J. He was elected a member of Con gress from Pennsylvania, but died before taking his seat, March 18, 1837, aged thirty-eight years. HARPER, JAMES. He was born in Ireland, and having emigrated to Pennsylvania, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837. HARPER, JOHN A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1811 to 1813. HARPER, JOSEPH M. Born in Limerick, Maine, June 21,1787; commenced active life by working on his father's farm in sum mer and going to the district school in winter ; he was also at the Frye burg Academy, and taught school; he studied medicine and law, and practiced both professions ; he was a judge, at one time, of the United Biographical Sketches. 225 States District Court of Maine; and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1835. He is now the President of the Mechanics' Bank, Con cord. HARPER, ROBERT G. He was born near Fredericks burg, Virginia, in 1765; was a graduate of Princeton College in 1785, and for a time a teacher in that institution ; removing to Charleston, South CaroUna, he studied law and was admitted to the bar of that State; he was a leading Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1794 to 1801; he subsequently removed to Baltimore, Maryland, and was a Senator in Congress, from that State, during the years 1815 and 1816 ; in 1819 he visited Europe, and, on his return, devoted himself to the cause of the Colonization Society, and to literary pursuits, publishing a number of interesting- addresses and papers, which were subsequently collected in a volume. He served with credit in the war of 1812, having attained the rank of major-general. He died suddenly, January 15, 1825, having been en gaged the preceding day in the Circuit Court. HARPER, WILLIAM. He was a native of South Caro lina ; graduated at the South Caro lina College in 1808 ; adopted the profession of law; served in the State Legislature, and was elected 15 Speaker of the Lower House. He was a Senator in Congress, from South Carolina, during the year 1826, and was appointed Chancel lor of that State in 1835 ; he was an eminent jurist, and died Octobei 10, 1847. HARRIS, ISHAM G. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. HARRIS, J. MORRISON. Born in the City of Baltimore, in 1821 ; was educated at La Fayette College, Pennsylvania, and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1843. He was a Presidential Elec tor in 1848, and in 1855 was elected a Representative, from Maryland, in the Thirty-fourth Congress, and returned to the Thirty-fifth Con gress in 1857, serving as a member of the Committee on Mileage. HARRIS, JOHN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1807 to 1809. HARRIS, MARK. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, during the years 1822 and 1823. HARRIS, ROBERT. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1823 to 1827. 226 Biographical Sketches. HARRIS, SAMPSON W. Born in Elbert County, Georgia, February 23, 1809, and died in Washington City, April 1, 1857. He graduated at Franklin College in 1828 ; adopted the profession of law ; served one term in the Geor gia Legislature, and then removed to Alabama. He was there ap pointed Prosecuting Attorney for the State; and in 1847 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, where he con tinued until his death HARRIS, THOMAS K. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1813 to 1815. ' HARRIS, THOMAS L. He was born in Norwich, Con necticut, October 29, 1816 ; gradu ated at Trinity College, Hartford, in 1841 ; studied law, in Connecticut, with Governor Isaac Toucey ; was admitted to the -bar, in Virginia, in 1842, and during that year com menced the practice of his profes sion in Petersburg, Menard County, Illinois. In 1845 he was chosen School Commissioner for his coun ty, and in 1846 he raised and com manded a company, and joined the 4th Regiment of Illinois Volunteers to serve in the war with Mexico ; he was afterwards elected major of the regiment, and, owing to the sickness of his superior officers, was chief in command during most of the campaign. He was at the tak ing of Vera Cruz, and served in the navy battery with a detachment during the day of its terrible fire; was also at Cerro Gordo, and after the wounding of General Shields, took command of the regiment, and was honorably mentioned in Government dispatches, for placing a twenty-four-pounder battering cannon on the heights of Cerro Gordo, during the night preceding the battle. While absent in the army, in 1846, he was elected a Se nator in the Illinois Legislature, and in 1848 was chosen a Rep resentative in Congress, serving through the Thirty-first, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Con gress ; during his second term he officiated as Chairman of the Com mittee on Elections. He took a special interest in the lateelection in Illinois, when he was re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress ; and it is supposed that owing to his de clining health, the efforts he made to attend the polls were the more immediate cause of his death, which occurred at Springfield, Illinois, November 24, 1858. His disease was pulmonary consumption. HARRIS, WILEY P. He was born in Mississippi, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. HARRIS, WILLIAM A. He was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, August 8, 1805 ; received a classical education; he adopted the profession of law, and practiced it for ten years ; he was twice elect- Biographical Sketches. 227 ed to the Legislature of Virginia ; and he was a Representative in .Congress, from 1841 to 1843. He was editor, for several years, of a journal called the Spectator, and subsequently of the Constitution; and in 1845 he was appointed, by President Polk, Charge d'Affaires to Buenos Ayres, where he remained until 1851. After the election of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency, he became the editor and proprietor of the Washington Union; which continued in his possession until he was elected Printer to the United States Senate, which is his present official position. HARRISON, ALBERT G. He was a native of Kentucky ; a lawyer by profession ; and a mem ber of Congress, from Missouri, from 1835 to 1839. He died at Fulton, Missouri, September 7, 1839, highly esteemed. HARRISON, CARTER B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1799. HARRISON, JOHN S. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1857. HARRISON, S. S. He was born in Maryland ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1833 to 1837. HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY. Was born in Charles County, Virginia, February 9, 1773 ; was educated at Hampden Sydney Col lege, and afterwards studied me-. dicine. He received, from Wash ington, a millitary commission in 1791, and fought under Wayne in 1792. After the battle of Miami Rapids, he was made captain, and placed in command of Fort Wash ington. In 1797 he was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Terri tory; and in 1799 and 1800 he was a Delegate to Congress. Being ap pointed Governor of Indiana, he was also Superintendent of Indian Af fairs, and negotiated thirteen trea ties. He gained a great victory in the battle of Tippecanoe, Novem ber 7, 1811. In the war with Great Britain, he was commander of th,e Northwest army, and was distin guished in the defence of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the Thames. From 1816 to 1819, he was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio ; and from 1825 to 1828, United States Senator. In 1828 he was Minister to the Republic of Colombia ; and on his return he re sided upon his farm, at North Bend, Ohio. In 1840 he was elected President of the United States, by 234 votes out of 294, and inaugura ted March 4, 1841. He died in the Presidential mansion, April 4, 1841. HART, EMANUEL B. Born in New York City, October 29, 1811 ; entered early upon a mer cantile occupation; went to the 228 Biographical Sketches. Spanish Main as a supercargo ; and settled in New Vork as a commis sion merchant ; served for a time in the Board of Aldermen ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1851 to 1853 ; he was at one time a lieu tenant-colonel of the State militia ; and was appointed, by President Buchanan, Surveyor of the port of New York. Mr. Hart has also fre quently been a member of the State and National Conventions of the Democratic party. HARTLEY, THOMAS. He was born in Reading, Penn sylvania; served in the revolutionary war as a colonel from 1776 to 1779 ; was a lawyer of eminence; and a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1789 until his death, which occurred at York, Pennsylvania, in 1800. HARVEY, JONATHAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1825 to 1831, and during his last term was a member of the Com mittee on Commerce. HARVEY, MATTHEW. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1821 to 1825. HASBROUCK, ABRAHAM. He was a member of the New York Assembly, from Ulster County, in 1781 and 1782, and again in 1811; and a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1815 ; and State Se nator in 1822. HASBROUCK, ABRAHAM B. He graduated at Yale College in 1810 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827. HASBROUCK, JOSIAH. He was for four years a member of the New York Assembly, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1803 to 1805, and again from 1817 to 1819. ' HASCALL, AUGUSTUS P. He was born in Massachusetts; and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1851 to 1853. HASKELL, WILLIAM T. He was born in Tennessee, re ceived a liberal education, and adopted the profession of law; he commanded, as colonel, a regiment of Tennessee volunteers, in the late war with .Mexico, having distin guished himself at Medelin and at Cerro Gordo ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Ten nessee, from 1847 to 1849. HASKINS, JOHN B. Born at Fordham, Westchester County, New York, August 7, 1821 ; educated at a public school in New York City ; he was a law yer by profession ; held several im portant city offices from 1846 to 1856, and was then elected a Re presentative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, officiating as Chairman Biographical Sketches. 229 of the Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department. HASTINGS, GEORGE. He was born in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, March 13, 1807 ; graduated at Hamilton Col lege in 1826 ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1830 ; he was District Attorney for Oneida County nine years ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1853 to 1855. Late in the latter year he was elect ed Judge for Livingston County, which office he now holds. HASTINGS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1839 to 1843, and died at Columbus, De cember 29, 1854. HASTINGS, L. CLINTON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Iowa, from 1846 to 1847. HASTINGS, SETH. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1782; was a Represen tative in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1801 to 1807; and died in 1831. HASTINGS, WILLIAM SODEN. He was frequently a member of the Legislature of Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1842. He died at the Sulphur Springs, Virginia, June 17, 1842. HATCH, ISRAEL T. He was born in New York ; was a member of the Assembly of that State, in 1852 ; and elected a Re presentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving as Chairman of the Committe on the Militia, and as member of the Committee on En graving. HATHAWAY, S. G. He was, for three years, a mem ber of the Assembly of New York, one year a State Senator, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. HATHORN, JOHN. He was a member of the State Senate of New York in 1787 ; a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1789 to 1791, and again from 1795 to 1797 ; and was again elected to the State Senate in 1804. HAVEN, JONATHAN N. He graduated at Yale College in 1777, and was for nine years a member of the New York Assem bly, from Suffolk County, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1795 to 1799, the year of his death. HAVEN, NATHANIEL A. He was a native of New Hamp shire; graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1779; was a member of Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1811, and died March, 1831, aged sixty-nine years. 230 Biographical Sketches. HAVEN, SOLOMON G. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State from 1851 to 1857. HAWES, ALBERT G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1831 to 1837, and died in Davis County, Kentucky, April 14, 1849. HAWES, AYLETT. Was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1811 to 1817. He was a physician by pro fession, and died in Culpepper County, Virginia, April, 1834. HAWES, RICHARD. He was born in Virginia, and having removed to Kentucky, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. HAWKINS, BENJAMIN. Born in Yates County, North Carolina, August 15, 1754; was educated at Princeton College ; and was an excellent French scholar, which occasioned his becoming a personal friend of Washington, that he might act as interpreter in his intercourse with the French officers of his army. He was with him at the battle of Monmouth. In 1780 he was chosen Commercial Agent by the Legislature of North Caro lina; and from 1781 to 1784, and from 1786 to 1787, he was a Dele gate in the First Congress; and as a Senator of the United States, un der the Constitution, from North Carolina, he served from 1789 to 1795; and having been appointed, by Washington, Agent for Superin tending all the Indians south of the Ohio, he retained that office until his death, — having tendered his re signation, without its being accept ed, to each successive President, from 1796 to 1816. He was a man of superior abilities and lofty character, and left behind him some valuable writings on "Topogra phy," and " Indian Character." He died June 6, 1816. HAWKINS, GEOEGE S. He was born in New York, and, having become a citizen of Florida, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, serving on the Committees on Private Land Claims, and on Naval Affairs. HAWKINS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1821 to 1823. HAWKINS, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. HAWKINS, JOSEPH W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1814 to 1815. HAWKINS, M. T. He entered public life, in 1819, as a member of the House of Com- Biographical Sketches. 231 mons of North Carolina;, was a member of the State Senate from 1823 to 1827; and a Representa tive in Congress, from North Caro lina, from 1831 to 1841. He served again in the State Senate in 1846. He was also at one time a general of militia. HAWS, J. H. HOBART. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. HAY, ANDREW K. He was born in Massachusetts, and, having become a resident of New Jersey, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1849 to 1851. HAYDEN, MOSES. He was a member of the New York State Senate in 1829 and 1830, and a Representative in Congress, from 1823 to 1827. HAYMOND, THOMAS S. He was. born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. HAYNE, ARTHUR P. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, March 12, 1790, received a good education, and commenced active life in a counting-house. He early formed an attachment for military life, and, on entering the army, rendered good service dur ing the last war with England, at Sacket's Harbor, as first lieutenant ; on the St. Lawrence, as major of cavalry; in the Creek Nation, as inspector-general, and also at the storming of Pensacola, and at New Orleans. After the war he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Pennsylvania. During the Florida war he was again called into the field, and had command of the Ten nessee Volunteers, and he retired from the army in 1820. He sub sequently served in the Legislature of South Carolina, and was chosen a Presidential Elector in 1832, votr ing for Jackson; and he was ap^ pointed to a seat in the United States Senate, from South Carolina, in May, 1858, in the place of Se nator Evans. HAYNE, ROBERT Y. He was born near Charleston, South Carolina, November 10, 1791; his early advantages for education were limited ; he studied law with Langdon Cheves, and was admitted to the bar before he was twenty- one years of age, attaining a high rank as a lawyer. In the war of 1812 he held the commission of lieutenant. In 1814 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1818 Speaker, and was also At torney-General of the State. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1823, and continued there until 1832. In 1832, as a member of the "Union and State Rights Convention" of South Carolina, he reported the ordinance of Nullifica-! tion, and was soon afterwards elect ed Governor of the State. He was 232 Biographical Sketches. subsequently Mayor of Charleston, and President of the Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati Railroad Company. He died at Ashville, North Carolina, September 24,1839. His abilities were of a high order, and he acquired distinction by his participation in a debate in the Senate with Daniel Webster. HAYNES, CHARLES E. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1825 to 1829, and again from 1835 to 1839. HAYS, SAMUEL. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. HAYS, SAMUEL. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. HAYWOOD, WILLIAM H., Jr. Born in Wake County, North Carolina, in 1801 ; graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1819; studied law; entered public life as a member of the House of Commons in 1834, continuing there three years; in 1836 was Speaker of the House; and a Senator in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. HAZARD, NATHANIEL. He was born in Newport, Rhode Island, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1821. HAZELTINE, ABNER. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1829 and 1830, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, HEALEY, JOSEPH. He was1 a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1825 to 1829, and was a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. HEATH, JAMES P. He was born in Delaware, De cember 21, 1777. In 1799 he was appointed a lieutenant in the regi ment of artillerists and engineers) which he resigned in 1802 ; he was Register in Chancery, at Annapo lis, at the commencement of the war of 1812; he served through the whole war as aid-de-camp to Ge neral Winder; in 1838 he was wrecked on the steamer Pulaski, and spent five days and nights afloat upon a piece of the wreck; when nineteen years of age he fought a duel with John Knight, and received a ball which never left him ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1833 to 1835, serving as a member of the Committee on Commerce. He died in Georgetown, June 12, 1854. HEATH, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1797. Biographical Sketches. 233 HEBART, WILLIAM. He was born in Connecticut, and having settled in Vermont, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. HEISTER, DANIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1789 to 1796, and, for another term, from 1809 to 1811. He also served in Congress, from Maryland, from 1801 to 1804. HEISTER, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1807 to 1809. HEISTER, JOSEPH. He was born at Reading, Penn sylvania, November 18, 1752; was a general in the revolutionary war, having organized a company at his own expense, which fought on Long Island, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was a Repre sentative in the Pennsylvania Le gislature soon after the close of the war, and served for several years ; was a member of the Convention which formed the State Constitu tion, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1797 to 1805, and again from 1815 to 1820. He was Governor from 1820 to 1823, and died at Reading, June 10, 1832. HEISTER, WILLIAM, He was, for many years, an ac tive politician and a leader of the Anti-Masonic party. He was a member of the Convention to revise the Constitution of Pennsylvania, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1837. He died October 14, 1853, in Penn sylvania, aged sixty- two years, HELMS, WILLIAM. He was an officer in the revolu tionary army ; a Representative, in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1801 to 1811 ; and, removing to Tennessee, died there at an ad vanced age. HEMPHILL, JOSEPH. He was born in Delaware Coun ty, Pennsylvania, and was a leading member of the old Federal party; he was a Representative of Pennsylva nia in Congress, from 1801 to 1803, again from 1819 to 1827, and from 1829 to 1831. He distinguished himself particularly by a speech on the Judiciary Bill in 1801 ; and was for some time Judge of the District Court of Philadelphia. He died in Philadelphia, May 29, 1842, aged seventy-two years. HEMPSTEAD, EDWARD. He was born near New London, Connecticut ; was educated for the bar, and became distinguished as a lawyer; he removed to Upper Louisiana three years after its ces sion to the Union, and was the first Delegate to Congress, from the western side of the Mississippi River, representing Missouri Terri tory from 1811 to 18i4. 234 Biographical Sketches. HENDERSON, ARCHIBALD. Born in Granville County, North .Carolina, August 7, 1768, and died October 21, 1822. He was edu cated in his native county, studied law, and rose to a high position at the bar of his State. He was a Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1799 to 1803 ; and subsequently elected to the General Assembly for several terms. His learning was extensive, and his character as a man above reproach. HENDERSON, BENNETT H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1815 to 1817. HENDERSON, JOHN. , He was a lawyer by profession ; a general of militia in Mississippi ; a Senator in Congress, from Missis sippi, from 1839 to 1845; and, dur ing the latter part of his life, prac ticed his profession in Louisiana. He died at Pass Christian in 1857, aged sixty-two years. HENDERSON, JOSEPH. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. HENDERSON, J. PINCKNEY, Born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, March 31, 1808. He re ceived a liberal education but did not graduate, and adopted the law as a profession, first visiting Cuba for his health, and settUng in Mis sissippi. He emigrated to Texas in 1836, and his first civil office was that of Attorney- General of the Republic of Texas, having been ap pointed, by President Houston, in 1836; in 1837 he was appointed Secretary of State of the Republic; soon afterwards Minister Plenipo tentiary to England and France, clothed with the additional powers of Commissioner to solicit the re cognition of the Indpendence. of Texas ; in 1838 he made a commer cial arrangement with England, and in 1839 a commercial treaty with France ; in 1844 he was appointed a Special Minister to the United States, which mission resulted in the annexation of Texas; in 1845 he was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the State of Texas; in November, of the same year, was elected Governor of the State ; and when the Mexican war broke out, in 1846, as Gover nor of the State, and by permission of the Legislature, he took com mand, in person, of the volunteer troops, called for by General Tay lor, served six months as major- general, and distinguished himself at the battle of Monterey, subse quently receiving from Congress, for his services, a vote of thanks and a sword valued at fifteen hundred dol lars. He was elected a Senator, in Congress, in 1857, but, owing to ill health, did not take an active part in its proceedings, and he died in Washington City, June 4, 1858, deeply lamented by all who knew him. Biographical Sketches. 235 HENDERSON, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1814 to 1815. HENDERSON, THOMAS. He was a graduate of Princeton College in 1761; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; a Delegate to the Continental Con gress, from 1779 to 1780; a Rep resentative, of New Jersey, in Con gress, under the Constitution, from 1795 to 1797 ; and was once Lieu tenant-Governor of that State. HENDRICKS, THOMAS A. He was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, September 7, 1819; was educated at South Hanover College ; studied law and completed his legal studies at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1843; settled in Indiana, and practiced his profes sion with success ; in 1848 he was chosen to the State Legislature, and decUned a re-election ; was an active member of the Constitutional Convention of 1850 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1851 to 1855 ; he was appointed, by President Pierce, in 1855, Commissioner of the Gen eral Land-office, in which he has been continued by President Bu chanan, to the arduous duties of which he is wholly devoted. HENDRICKS, WILLIAM. Born in Westmoreland County Pennsylvania, in 1783. He was one of the early settlers of Madison, Indiana, having removed there in 1814. During his residence in that State, he filled many high and im portant offices; he was Secretary of the Convention which formed the present Constitution of the State ; the first and sole Repre sentative of Indiana, in Congress, from 1816 to 1822 ; Governor of the State from 1822 to 1825, when he was elected a member of the United States Senate, and served until 1837. He died in Madison, May 16, 1850. HENLEY, THOMAS, Jk. He was born in Indiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. HENLEY, THOMAS J. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. HENN, BERNHARDT. He was born in New York, and on emigrating to Iowa, he was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. HENRY, JOHN. He was a graduate of Prince ton College, in 1769; was for seve ral years, from 1778, a Delegate to the old Congress; a Senator in Congress under the Constitution, from Maryland, from 1789 to 1797 ; and elected Governor of Maryland, in the latter year. He died at East on, December, 1798. 236 Biographical Sketches. HENRY, ROBERT P. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1823 to 1827. HENRY THOMAS. Born in Ireland in 1785, and died in Beaver County, Pennsyl vania, July 27, 1849. He served his adopted State, in Congress, from 1837 to 1843. HENRY WILLIAM. He was born in New Hampshire, and having settled in Vermont, de voted himself to mercantile pursuits ; was for many years cashier of the Bank of Bellow's Falls, where he resides ; was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from Vermont, from 1847 to 1853, accomplishing much work, as a member of several committees. HERBERT, JOHN C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1815 to .1819. HERBERT, PHILIP T. He was born in Alabama, and was a Representative in Congress, from California, from 1855 to 1857. HERKIMER JOHN. Born in Herkimer County, New York, in 1773 ; was for many years a Judge of the Circuit Court ; and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1817 to 1819, and again from 1823 to 1825. Died at Danube, New York, June 8, 1845. HERNANDEZ, JOSEPH M. He was one of the prominent Spanish citizens who remained in the Territory of Florida at the time of its transfer to the United States ; he was the first Delegate to Congress, from Florida, and subse quently a leading member and pre siding officer of the Territorial Le gislature. At the breaking out of the Indian hostilities, he was made a brigadier-general in the United States Service. He was a man of refined and elegant manners, re sided at St. Augustine, and died near Matanzas, Cuba, June 8, 1857, at an advanced age. HEROD, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1837 to 1839. HERRICK, EBENEZER.- He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1821 to 1827, and died at Lewiston, in that State, May 7, 1839. HERRICK, JOSHUA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1843 to 1845, and was a member of the Committee on Accounts. HERRICK, RICHARD P. Born in 1791, a man of remarka ble business enterprise, and a mem ber of Congress, from New York, from 1845 to the time of his death, which occurred at Washington, June 20, 1846. Biographical Sketches. 237 HERRICK, SAMUEL. He was born in Dutchess Coun ty, New York, April 14, 1779. He read law at Carlisle, Pennsylva nia, and was admitted to the bar in 1805; in 1810 he settled at Zanes ville, Ohio, and was appointed Col lector of Taxes for that county ; soon afterwards, Prosecuting At torney for the same county; and soon after that, by President Madi son, was appointed United States District Attorney for Ohio ; in 1812 he was appointed one of a Board of Commissioners, for settling the Northwestern boundary line; in the autumn of that year, he succeed ed Lewis Cass as Prosecuting At torney for Muskingum County ; in 1814 he was appointed to the same office in Licking County ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1821. After his se cond election, his seat was contest ed by Charles Hammond, but the House sustained his claim. He was a Presidential Elector in 1828, and in 1829 was appointed, by Pre sident Jackson, United States Dis trict Attorney for Ohio. The re mainder of his life was spent in re tirement, and he died in December, 1851. HEYWARD, WILLIAM H. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1808, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1823 to 1825. HIBBARD, HENRY. He was born in Vermont, gradu ated at Dartmouth College in 1835, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1847 "to 1855. HIBSHMAN, JACOB. He was born in Lancaster, Penn sylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. HICKMAN, JOHN. Born in Chester County, Penn sylvania, September 11, 1810; is a lawyer by profession; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, from Penn sylvania, and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. He has also been elect ed to the Thirty-sixth Congress. HIESTER, ISAAC E. He was born in Pennsylvania," and was a Representative, in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. HILL, JOSHUA. Born in Abbeville District, South .Carolina, January 10, 1812; he had not a collegiate education ; but studied law as a ' profession. He was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Public Lands. HILL, CLEMENT S. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. 238 Biographical Sketches. HILL, HUGH L. W. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. HILL, ISAAC. Born in Somerville, Massachu setts, April 6, 1788. In 1798 his parents removed to a farm in Ash- burnham, Massachusetts; his edu cation was exceedingly limited, and at the age of fourteen he was ap prenticed in a printing-office, and in 1809, at the expiration of his apprenticeship, he went to Con cord, New Hampshire, and pur chased the American Patriot, which was afterwards issued as The New Hampshire Patriot, and became a paper of immense circulation and influence during the twenty years of his editorship. During that time he was twice chosen Clerk of the State Senate ; was once a Repre sentative in the Legislature, and was elected a member of the State Senate in 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1827. In 1828 he was a condidate for the United States Senate, but not elected. In 1829 he was ap pointed, by President Jackson, Second Comptroller of the Trea sury, and held the office until April, 1830. He returned to New Hamp shire, and was elected by the Legis lature United States Senator for six years, from 1831. In 1836 he resigned his senatorship, being elected Governor of New Hamp shire, and re-elected in 1837 and 1838. In 1840 he was appointed, by President Van Buren, Sub-Trea surer at Boston, and in that year established, in connection with his two oldest sons, Hill's New Hamp shire Patriot, which they published and edited until 1847, when that paper was united with the Patriot. He also published the Farmers' Monthly Visitor, an agricultural paper, for ten years ; and during the last fifteen years of his life devoted much attention to agriculture. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, March 22, 1851. HILL, JOHN. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. HILL, JOHN. Born in Stokes County, North Carolina, served many years in the Legislature of the State, was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1839. to 1841, and in 1850 held the posi tion of Reading Clerk in the State Senate. HILL, MARK L. He was born in York County, Maine. From the year 1792 to the close of his life, he had been almost constantly in the exercise of some public employment, either by popu lar election or executive appoint ment. Though denied the advan tages of a liberal education, he succeeded, by assiduous self-culture, in making himself useful to his country, and gaining honor to him self in the various posts of high re sponsibility to which he was sue- Biographical Sketches. 239 cessively elevated He was, at various periods, a member of the Senate and House of Representa tives of Massachusetts, a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, member of Congress, from Massa chusetts, from 1819 to 1821, Post master at Phipsburg, Maine, Col lector of the port at Bath, and held several other town and county offices. He was one of the Over seers of Bowdoin College from the first, until 1821, when he became a Trustee, in which office he continued till his decease, and during the whole period of forty-nine years regularly attended every meeting except one. He died at Phipsburg, Maine, No vember 26, 1842, in the seventy-first year of his age. HILL, THOMAS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1824 to 1826. HILL, WILLIAM H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1799 to 1803, and he was also ap pointed Judge of the United States District Court for the District of North Carolina. HILLEN, SOLOMON, Je. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. HILLHOUSE, JAMES. He was bom at Montville, Con necticut, October 21, 1754; gra duated at Yale College in 1773; after due preparation, entered upon the practice of law ; took an active part in the revolutionary struggle, and when New Haven was invaded by the British, was commander of the Governor's Guards. He be came a Representative in Congress in 1791, and three years afterwards he was chosen a Senator of the United States from Connecticut, and continued a distinguished mem ber for sixteen years. In 1810 he resigned his seat in the Senate, and took the office of Commissioner of the School Fund of Connecticut, which he managed with great ability and fidelity for fifteen years ; and in 1825 he undertook to conduct the construction of the Farmington and Hampshire Canal. He was chosen Treasurer of Yale College in 1782, and continued to hold the office until his death, having done much to promote the interests of that in stitution. He died at New Haven, December 29, 1831 HILLIARD, HENRY W. He was born in North Carolina, but spent his boyhood in South Carolina, at the College of which State he graduated. He studied law, and Bettled in Georgia, but in 1836 became a citizen of Alabama, occupying for several years a pro fessorship in the University of that State. In 1838 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1840 a Presidential Elector. In 1842 he was appointed, by President Tyler, Minister to Belgium ; and was a 240 Biographical Sketches. Representative - in Congress, from Alabama, from 1843 to 1851. He has also been a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and has devoted some attention to the pur suits of literature ; a volume of his speeches was published in 1855. HILLYER, JUNIUS. He was born in Wilks County, Georgia, April 23, 1807 ; graduated at the State University at Athens in 1828 ; having studied his profes sion while in college, he was admit ted to the bar within one week after graduating ; in 1834 he was elected by the Legislature Solicitor-Gene ral for the Western District of the State ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1851 to 1855, during his second term serving as Chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims. In 1857 he was appointed, by Pre sident Buchanan, Solicitor of the United States Treasury, which po sition he now holds. HINDMAN, WILLIAM. He was a Delegate, from Mary land, to the Continental Congress ; a Representative in Congress, from 1792 to 1799 ; and a Senator in Congress during the years 1800 and 1801. He died January 26, 1822. HINDS, THOMAS. Born about the year 1775 ; was a distinguished officer in the battle of New Orleans; and a Representa tive in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1828 to 1831. He died in Jefferson County, gust 23, 1840. Mississippi, Au- HINES, RICHARD. He was born in North. Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1825 to 1827. HITCHCOCK, PETER. Born in Cheshire, Connecticut, October 19, 1780; and graduated at Yale College in 1801. He was admitted to the bar in 1804, and commenced the practice of law in his native town. In 1806 he re moved to Geauga County, Ohio, and in 1810 he was elected to the Gene ral Assembly of that State; from 1812 to 1816 he was a member of the State Senate, and President of that body one session. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819, and then chosen Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, for seven years ; was re-elected to the same office in 1826, and re tired from the bench in 1852, after a judicial service of twenty-eight years ; having been for a portion of that time Chief Justice. From 1833 to 1835 he was again a mem ber of the State Senate, and once again President. In 1850 he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of the State. He died in Painesville, Ohio, May 11, 1853. HOAGLAND, MOSES. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. Biographical Sketches. 241 HOAR, SAMUEL. Born in Lincoln, Massachusetts, May 18, 1788. He graduated at Cambridge in 1802, and was for two years thereafter a private tutor in Virginia. He studied law with Artemas Ward, and was admitted to the bar in 1805, and opened an office in Concord. He soon attained high rank, and was for forty years one of the most eminent and suc cessful practitioners in Middlesex County, as well as in the whole State. He was a member of the Convention for revising the State Constitution in 1820 ; State Senator in 1825 and 1833 ; member of the Executive Council in 1845 and 1846; State Representative in 1850; and a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1837. In 1844 he was ap pointed by the Legislature of Mas sachusetts, to proceed to South Carolina and aid the colored citi zens of Massachusetts, imprisoned by the authorities of South Caroli na, by testing, in the courts of the United States, the constitutionality of the acts of South Carolina, au thorizing the imprisonment of co lored persons who should enter that State. His appearance in Charles ton caused great excitement, and he was expelled from that city by its citizens, December 5, 1844 ; the Le gislature having passed resolutions on that day authorizing the Gover nor to expel him. He was a mem ber of various religious and charita ble societies, of the American Aca demy of Arts and Sciences, of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 16 and, at the time of his death, one of the Overseers of Harvard College; the degree of Doctor of Laws hav ing, in 1838, been conferred upon him by that institution. He died in Concord, Massachusetts, November 2, 1856. HOARD, CHARLES B. Born in Springfield, Vermont, June 28, 1805 ; he was a mechanic, and for several years in early life a clerk in a private land-office at Ant werp, New York. He was post master under Presidents Jackson and Van Buren ; justice of the peace for several years ; a member of the Legislature of New York in 1838, and County Clerk of Jefferson County, New York, in 1844, 1845, and 1846. He has been an active politician, and was elected a Repre sentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving on the Committee on Expenditures in the State Depart ment. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. HOBART, AARON. He was born in Plymouth Coun ty, Massachusetts, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1827. HOBART, JOHN SLOSS. He was Judge of the District Court of New York, and held several important stations in that State during the revolutionary war ; after which he was appointed one of the three judges of the Su preme Court. He. was elected a 242 Biographical Sketches. member of the United States Se nate for the term commencing Jan uary, 1798, but resigned May 5, not having taken his seat, and was then appointed Judge of the United States District Court of New York. He died February 4, 1805, aged sixty-six. HOBBIE, SELAH R. Born in Newburg, New York, March 10, 1797, and at an early day established himself at Delhi, Delaware County, in the practice of law, where he was soon appointed District Attorney and Brigade Ma jor and Inspector. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1827 to 1829, when, on the accession of General Jackson to the Presidency, he was appointed Assistant Post master-General, which he held until 1850, when he retired on account of ill health, but assumed the duties of the office under President Pierce. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, March 23, 1854. HODGES, JAMES L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1827 to 1831. HOFFMAN, HENRY W. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. HOFFMAN, MARTIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1829. HOFFMAN, MICHAEL. Born in the town of CUfton Park, Saratoga County, New York, in 1788. He was educated as a phy sician, but afterwards studied law and settled in Herkimer County, where he occupied a high position. He was elected to Congress in 1824, and continued a member for eight years, serving a portion of the time as Chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He was appointed a Canal Commissioner for the State of New York, wrote several able reports, and resigned the office in 1835. In 1841 he went into the House of Assembly, from Herkimer County, and accomplished much good for the service and credit of his State. He was also a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1846, and was Naval Officer in the City of New York ; he was a powerful and effective debater, and as a man, unselfish and of high cha racter. He died at Brooklyn, Sep tember 27, 1848. HOFFMAN, OGDEN. He was born in New York City, ' in 1794, and graduated at Colum bia College in 1812; he soon after entered the navy as a midshipman, but in three years he resigned, and studied law. He commenced to practice in Orange County, and was appointed District Attorney, but removed to New York City in 1826, and was a partner of Hugh Max well, and became eminently success ful in his profession. In 1828 he Biographical Sketches. 243 was a Representative in the Legis lature ; from 1829 to 1835 was Dis trict Attorney ; and was appointed United States District Attorney, by President Harrison. From 1837 to 1841 he was a Representative in Congress, and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ; he was re-elected in 1848, and in 1854 was appointed Attorney General of the State. He was remarkable for his eloquence and learning ; and for more than a quarter of a century occupied a high position at the bar of New York. He died in that City, May 1, 1856. HOGAN, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833. HOGE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1804 to 1805. HOGE, JOSEPH R. He was born in Ohio, and, having removed to Illinois, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. HOGE, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1801 to 1804, and again from 1807 to 1809. HOGEBOOM, J. L. He was a member of the New York Constitutional Convention of 1821, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. HOGG, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1817 to 1819. HOLCOMBE, G. E. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1805 ; was a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1821 to 1828, and died in 1828. HOLLADAY, ALEXANDER R. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853, and was Chairman, during his first term, of the Committee on Expen ditures in the Navy Department. HOLLAND, CORNELIUS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1831 to 1833, serving on the Committee on Elections, as well as on the Com mittee of Representation under the Fifth Census. HOLLAND, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1795 to 1797, and again from 1801 to 1811. HOLLEMAN, JOEL. Born in the County of Isle of Wight, Virginia, October 1, 1799 ; was educated at Chapel Hill, North 244 Biographical Sketches. Carolina; taught school for some years, and then studied law, in the practice of which he was success ful; and was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1839 to 1841. He was subsequently in the State Legislature for several years, and Speaker of the House when he died, August, 1844. HOLLEY, JOHN M. He graduated at Yale College in 1822 ; was a member of the New York Assembly, from 1838 to 1841 ; and elected a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1848. He died at Jack sonville, Florida, March 8, 1848, before the expiration of his term. HOLLOWAY, D. P. Born in Waynesville, Warren County, Ohio, December 6, 1809, but removed with his parents to Cincinnati in 1813. In 1823 he went to Richmond, Indiana, and learned the printing business, and subsequently served four years in the office of the Cincinnati Ga zette. He commenced the publica tion of the Richmond Palladium in 1832, and is still the editor. In 1843 he was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature of Indiana, and in 1844 to the State Senate, serving nine years. In 1855 he was elected a Representative in Congress, and was Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture, during that term. He was eight years President of the Agricultural So ciety of Wayne County. HOLMES, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1797 to 1809. HOLMES, DAVID. He was a Senator of the United States, from Mississippi, serving from 1820 to 1825, having pre viously been appointed Governor of that Territory. He died August 20, 1832. HOLMES, ELIAS B. Born in Fletcher, Vermont, May 27, 1807. He commenced life as a teacher, and at the age of twenty emigrated to Monroe County, New York, where he studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1830. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1845 to 1849. HOLMES, GABRIEL A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1825 to 1829. He was born in Sampson County of that State, educated at Harvard University, and was a law yer by profession. He was in the State Senate in 1807, and Governor of the State in 1821. HOLMES, ISAAC E. Born in Charleston, South Caro lina, April 5, 1796 ; educated at the best schools of his native city, and graduated with honors, at Tale College, in 1815 ; he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1818, in Charleston. He was one of the originators of the " South Biographical Sketches. 245 Carolina Association ;" and was elected to the State Legislature in 1826. For a time he devoted him self to planting, but his most dis tinguished pubUc service was as a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1839 to 1851, during which period he served with abiUty at the head of the Commit tees of Commerce and the Navy, and also on that for Foreign Af fairs. He subsequently took up his residence in California. HOLMES, JOHN. A Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1817 to 1820, and a Senator, from Maine, from 1820 to 1833. He was a member of the Convention to form the Constitution of the State of Maine, and acted as Chairman of the Committee that drafted the document. He also served in the Legislatures of Maine and Massa chusetts. He was born on Cape Cod, and died July 7, 1843, in Port land, aged about seventy years, hold ing, at the time, the office of United States District Attorney for Maine. He was a prominent member of the bar for forty years, and was distin guished for his eloquence and wit. HOLMES, URIEL. He graduated at Yale College in 1784, and was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1817 to 1818, when he resigned. He died in 1827. HOLSEY, HOPKINS. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1836 to 1839. HOLT, ORRIN. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. HOLTEN, SAMUEL. Born in Dan vers, Massachusetts, June 9, 1738, and was bred a physi cian. During the Revolution he zealously espoused the cause of his country, and was a member of the old Congress from 1778 to 1787, officiating, at one time, as its Presi dent. He was a Representative, under the Constitution, from 1793 to 1795 ; and spent the closing years of his life as Judge of Pro bate for Essex County, and died January 2, 1816. HOUCK, JACOB, Jr. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843. HOOK, ENOS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. HOOKS, CHARLES. Born in Bertie County, North Carolina, served for many years in the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress during 246 Biographical Sketches. the years 1816 and 1817, and from 1819 to 1825. He subsequently removed to Alabama, where he died in 1851. HOPKINS, GEORGE W. Born in Goochland County, Vir ginia, February 22, 1804. He was educated at the "old field schools" of that day, and, for some years, alternately taught school and stu died law. During the years 1833 and 1834, he served in the House of Delegates, and was elected a Re presentative in Congress, in 1835, and was re-elected until 1847, serving during one session as Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives, after which he was ap pointed, by President Polk, Charge d'Affaires of the United States to Portugal. On his return from Eu rope, in 1849, he went a second time into the House of Delegates of Virginia, and was elected Speak er of the House. He was subse quently elected a Judge of the Cir cuit Court, and, in 1857, was re elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, where he succeeded Hon. Thomas L. Clingman as Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. HOPKINS, SAMUEL. He was born in Albemarle Coun ty, Virginia ; he served with dis tinction in the revolutionary war, having fought at Princeton, Tren ton, Monmouth, Brandywine, and Germantown, and also, as lieute nant-colonel of a Virginia regi ment, at the siege of Charleston ; he removed to Kentucky in 1797, and served a number of years in the State Legislature ; in 1812 led two thousand troops against the Kickapoo Indians ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from Ken tucky, from 1813 to 1815. He died at an advanced age. HOPKINS, SAMUEL M. He graduated at Yale Col lege in 1791, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. Hewas an eminent lawyer, and much re spected as a philanthropist and a Christian. He died at Geneva, New York, October 8, 1837, aged sixty-five years. HOPKINSON, JOSEPH. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylva nia, November 12, 1770 ; was edu cated at the university of his native State, from which institution, as well as from Nassau Hall and Har vard University, he subsequently received the degree of LL.D. He studied law, and commenced to practice at the age of twenty, at Easton, and afterwards at Philadel phia, and became eminent in his profession. He was the leading counsel of Dr. Rush, in his famous suit against William Cobbett, in 1799, and was also engaged by Judge Chase, in his impeachment case before the United States Se nate. In 1815 he was a Re presentative in Congress, and served until 1819, after which he resided in Bordentown, New Jer- Biographical Sketches. 247 sey, until appointed, by President John Quincy Adams, Judge of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsyl vania, when he returned to Phila delphia and held this office until his death. In 1837 he was a mem ber of the Constitutional Conven tion of the State ; was one of the Trustees of the University of Penn sylvania ; was President of the Phi ladelphia Academy of Fine Arts, and Vice-President of the Ameri can Philosophical Society. He published many interesting ad dresses, and wrote the song " Hail, Columbia." He died at Philadel phia, January 15, 1842. HEREFORD, JEDEDIAH. He was born in Vermont, and having removed to New York, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. HORN, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1833. HORNBECK, JOHN W. He was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1847 to 1848, and died at Allentown, Penn sylvania, January 16, 1848. HERSEY, OUTERBRIDGE. He was a native of Delaware, and born in 1777 ; after completing his classical education he studied law, under Honorable James A. Bayard, and rose to eminence in his profession. He was for many years Attorney- General of the State, and was a Senator in Congress, from Delaware, from 1810 to 1821. He died at Needwood, Maryland, June 9, 1842. HORTON, THOMAS R. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. HORTON, VALENTINE B. He was born at Windsor, Ver mont, January 29, 1802 ; was edu cated at Partridge's Military Aca demy, in that State ; and after that institution was removed to Middle- town, Connecticut, he became a teacher therein. He studied law at Middletown, and was admitted to the bar in 1830, after which he re moved to and practiced his profes sion in Pittsburg. He removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1833, where he followed his profession for two years, and in 1835 removed to Pomeroy, Ohio, his present resi dence, where he engaged in mining and manufacturing. He was a member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1850, and in 1854 he was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, his business affairs causing him to decline a nomination for the next Congress. He is at present a member of the Committee on Post- offices and Post-roads. 248 Biographical Sketches. HOSMER, HEZEKIAH L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1797 to 1799. HOSTELER, JACOB. He was born in York, Pennsyl vania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. HOUGH, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1803 to 1807. HOUGH, WILLIAM J. He was born in New York ; served in the Assembly of that State, in 1835 and 1836 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. HOUSTON, GEORGE S. He was born in Williamson County, Tennessee, but removed, when quite young, to the Fifth Con gressional District of Alabama, where he was educated and has since resided. Soon after attaining the age of twenty-one he was elected to the Alabama Legislature, and served two sessions ; he was also, for a time, Attorney for the State, or Solicitor ; and was a second time elected to the Legisla ture. He was elected a Represen tative to Congress, in 1841, and continued to serve, by successive elections, until 1849, when he volun tarily retired, for the purpose of resuming the practice of law. He was again elected to Congress, in 1851, and has been regularly, re elected to the present time, serving on several of the leading committees, and officiating at the present time as Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. HOUSTON, JOHN W. Born in Sussex County, Dela ware ; studied at Newark Acade my, and graduated at Yale College in 1834. He studied law with Hon. John M. Clayton, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He was Se cretary of State in 1841; and a Representative in Congress, from Delaware, from 1845 to 1851. HOUSTON, SAMUEL. Born in Rockbridge County, Vir ginia, March 2, 1793. He lost his father when quite young, and his mother removed with her family to the banks of the Tennessee, at that time the limit of civilization. Here he received but a scanty education ; he passed several years among the Cherokee Indians, and in fact, through all his life, he seems to have held opinions with Rousseau, and retained a predilection for life in the wilderness. After having served for a time as clerk to a country trader, and kept a school, in 1813 he enlisted in the army, and served under General Jackson, in the war with the Creek Indians. He distinguished himself on se veral occasions, and at the con clusion of the war he had risen to the rank of lieutenant, but soon re- Biographical Sketches. 249 signed his commission and com menced the study of law at Nash ville. It was about this time that he began his political life. After holding several minor offices in Tennessee, he was, in 1823, elected to Congress, and continued a mem ber of that body until, in 1827, he became Governor of the State of Tennessee. In 1 829, before the ex piration of his gubernatorial term, he resigned his office, and went to take up his abode among the Che- rokees in Arkansas. During his residence among the Indians, he became acquainted with the frauds practiced upon them by the govern ment agents, and undertook a mis sion to Washington for the purpose of exposing them. In the execu tion of this project, he met with but little success ; he became in volved in lawsuits, and returned to his Indian friends. During a visit to Texas, he was requested to allow his name to be used in the canvass, for a Convention which was to meet to form a Constitution for Texas, prior to its admission into the Mexican union. He consented, and was unanimously elected. The Constitution drawn up by the Con vention was rejected by Santa Anna, at that, time in power, and the disaffection of the Texans caused thereby was still further heightened by a demand upon them to give up their arms. They de termined upon a resistance ; a mi litia was organized, and Austin, the founder of the colony, was elected commander-in-chief, in which office he was shortly after succeeded by General Houston. He conducted the war with vigor, and finally brought it to a successful ter mination by the battle of San Ja cinto, which was fought in April, 1836. In May, 1836, he signed a treaty, acknowledging the indepen dence of Texas, and in October of the same year he was inaugurated the first President of the Republic. At the end of his term of office, as the same person could not constitu tionally be elected President twice in succession, he became a member of the Texas Congress. In 1841, however, he was again elevated to the Presidential chair. During the whole time that he held that office it was his favorite policy to effect the annexation of Texas to the United States, but he retired from office before he saw the consumma tion of his wishes. In 1844 Texas became one of the States of the Union, and General Houston was elected to the Senate, of which body he is still a member, serving on the Committee on Indian Affairs. HOWARD, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1807 to 1810, when he was appointed Go vernor of Indiana Territory. He was appointed Brigadier-General in the United States army in 1813; and was once Governor of Missouri Territory. He died at St. Louis, Missouri, September 18, 1814. HOWARD, BENJAMIN C. He was born in Maryland ; gra duated at Princeton College in 250 Biographical Sketches. 1809 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1829 to 1833, and again from 1835 to 1839. HOWARD, JACOB M. He was one of the earliest emi grants to the State of Michigan, where he devoted himself to the practice of law, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. He is at the present time Attorney-Gene ral for the State of Michigan. HOWARD, JOHN EAGER. He was born June 4, 1752, in Bal timore County, Maryland ; and gra duated at Princeton College. He entered the army in 1776, as a cap tain in the regiment of Colonel J. C. Hall ; in the following year he was promoted, till finally he suc ceeded to the command of the Se cond Maryland Regiment. He was an efficient coadjutor of Greene during the campaign in the South, distinguishing himself at the battle of Cowpens, when, says Lee, "he seized the critical moment, and turned the fortune of the day;" also at Guilford, and the Eutaws. He was in the engagement of White Plains, Germantown, Monmouth, Camden, and Hobkirk's Hill. Hav ing been trained to the infantry service, he was remarkably apt at charging into close battle with fixed bayonet ; at Cowpens this mode of fighting was resorted to for the first time in the war, and in this battle he had in his hands at one time the swords of seven officers, who had surrendered to him personally. On this occasion he saved the life of the British General 0'Hara,whom he found clinging to his stirrup and asking quarter. When the army was disbanded he retired to his pa trimonial estate near Baltimore. In 1788 he was chosen Governor of Maryland, and held the office three years. He was a Senator of the United States, from Maryland, from 1796 to 1803. He died October 12, 1827. HOWARD, TILGHMAN A. Born near Pickensville, South Carolina, November 14, 1797. He received a limited education, and commenced active life as a clerk in a store, and as a schoolmaster ; re moved to Tennessee, and devoted himself to the law ; when twenty- seven years of age was elected a member of the Tennessee Legisla ture ; was a Jackson Elector in 1830 ; during that year removed to Indiana, and was appointed, by Pre sident Jackson, District Attorney for that State ; and was appointed Charge d'Affaires to Texas in 1844, in which Republic he died August 16, 1844. His term of service as a Representative in Congress from Indiana' was from 1839 to 1841. HOWARD, VOLNEY E. He was born in Maine, and hav ing emigrated to Texas, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. Biographical Sketches. 251 HOWARD, WILLIAM A. He was born in Vermont, and having taken up his residence in Michigan, was elected a Represen tative from that State to the Thirty- fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee of Ways and Means. HOWE, JOHN W. He was born in New Hampshire, and having settled in Pennsylvania, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1849 to 1853. HOWE, THOMAS M. He was born in Vermont, and having settled in Pennsylvania, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1851 to 1855. HOWE, THOMAS Y., Jr. He was a native of New York, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. HOWELL, EDWARD. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1832, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835 HOWELL, ELIAS. He was born in New Jersey, and having taken up his residence in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1837. HOWELL, JEREMIAH B. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1811 to 1817. HOWELL, NATHANIEL W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from, New York, from 1813 to 1815, and died at Canandaigua, New York, October 10, 1851, aged eighty-one years. HOWLAND, BENJAMIN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1804 to 1809, and died in May, 1821. HUBBARD, DAVID. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 183* to 1841, and for a second term from 1849 to 1851. HUBBARD, EDMUND W. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1847. HUBBARD, HENRY. He was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, May 3, 1784; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1803; studied law, and commenced practice in Charlestown. He came early into public life. He was fre quently a member of the State Legislature, and for some years Speaker of the House. He was Judge of Probate for Sullivan .County, from 1827 to 1829 ; a Re presentative in Congress, from 1829 to 1835 ; and a Senator in Con gress, from 1835 to 1841. He was also Governor of New Hampshire, in 1842 and 1843; and from 1846 to 1849 United States Assistant 252 Biographical Sketches. Treasurer, in Boston. For a part of the time, during the Twenty- eighth Congress, he was chosen Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives. He died at Charles town, New Hampshire, June 5, 1857. HUBBARD, JONATHAN H. Born in 1768. He was one of the oldest and most esteemed citi zens of Vermont, and was distin guished as a jurist; he was a Representative in Congress, from 1809 to 1811, and for many years was one of the Judges of the Su preme Court of Vermont. His death occurred, where most of his life was spent, at Windsor, Ver mont, September 20, 1849. HUBBARD, LEVI. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1815. HUBBARD, SAMUEL DICKINSON. Born at Middletown, Connecti cut, August 10, 1799, and died at the same place, October 8, 1855. Graduated at Yale College in 1819, studied law, but did not practice, devoting himself chiefly to the ma nufacturing business. He served as a Representative through the Twenty- ninth and Thirtieth Con gresses. In 1852 he was appointed Postmaster-General, and held the office until the close of President Fillmore's administration, after which he retired to private life. He was zealous in the cause of education, and assisted in the esta- bUshment of the City High School at Middletown. HUBBARD, THOMAS H. He was a native of New Haven, Connecticut, and a graduate of Tale College in 1798. He studied law, and settled at Hamilton, Madison County, New York, and was there Surrogate for ten years. In 1823 he removed to Utica, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1817 to 1819, and from 1821 to 1823. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1812, 1844, and 1852. He died in Utica, May 22, 1857, aged seventy-six years. HUBBELL, WILLIAM S. He was born in New York ; was a member of the Assembly of that State in 1841, and a Representa tive in Congress, from the same, from 1843 to 1845. HUBLEY, EDWARD B. From 1835 to 1839 a Represen tative in Congress, from Pennsyl vania, and died February 23, 1856, in Philadelphia. HUDSON, CHARLES. Born in Marlborough, Massachu setts, November 14, 1795. He spent his youth as a student in a village school, and also as a teacher, and at the age of twenty-one was a day laborer on a farm. In 1819 he was licensed as a preacher of the Universalist persuasion, and con tinued in charge of a parish until Biographical Sketches. 253 elected to Congress, in 1841, where he remained until 1849. He was subsequently appointed to a local office in Massachusetts, by the Fe deral Government. HUFTY, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1809 to 1814. HUGER, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1799 to 1805, and for a second term, from 1815 to 1817. HUGER, DANIEL. He was a member of the Conti nental Congress, and a Representa tive in the Congress of the United States, from South Carolina, from 1789 to 1793. HUGER, DANIEL ELLIOT. Was a citizen of Charleston, South Carolina ; graduated at Princeton College in 1789; and for nearly half a century was identified with the public service of his State, as a member of the Legislature, State Senate, and Judge of her courts ; and was a Senator in Congress, from 1843 to 1846. He died in Charleston, in August, 1854. HUGHES, CHARLES. He was" born in Georgia, and having settled in New York, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. HUGHES, JAMES. He was born at Hampstead, Maryland, November 24, 1823, and was educated at the State Univer sity of Indiana. He began the practice of law at Bloomington, Indiana, in 1842; was appointed first lieutenant of the 16th Regi ment of United States infantry, one of the ten regiments in the Mexican war, and served till the close of the war, and then returned to the practice of law in Blooming ton. He was elected Circuit Judge, in 1852, for six years; in 1853 was elected Professor of Law in the University of Indiana, and served three years. He was elected a Re presentative, from Indiana, in the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Ter ritories. HUGHES, JAMES M. He was a native of Kentucky, and a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1843 to 1845. HUGHES, THOMAS H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1829 to 1833. HUGHSTON, JONAS A. He was born in New York, and was a Representative from that State to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. HUGUENIN, DANIEL. He was distinguished as an officer in the war of 1812, and participa- 254 Biographical Sketches. ted in the stirring events on the Niagara frontier, and the battle of Queenstown, with General Scott, where he was taken prisoner. He was a member of Congress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827, and a member of the New York Legis lature, and at a later period United States Marshal for the Territory of Wisconsin, under an appointment from President Harrison. He died at Kenosha, Wisconsin, June, 1850, aged fifty-nine. HUMPHREY, CHARLES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827, and subsequently served four years in the Assembly of that State — one year as Speaker. He died at Albany, July 18, 1850, aged fifty-nine years. HUMPHREY, REUBEN. He was for four years a Senator in the Legislature of New York, from Onondaga County, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1807 to 1809. HUMPHREYS, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1819 to 1821. HUMPHREYS, PERRY W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1813 to 1815. HUNGERFORD, JOHN P. He was an officer in the revolu tionary war, and a member of Con gress, from Virginia, from 1813 to 1817. He died at Twiford, in Westmoreland County, December 21, 1833, aged seventy-four years. HUNGERFORD, ORVILLE. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1843 to 1847. HUNT, HIRAM P. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1843. HUNT, JAMES B. He was a native of New York, and for many years law-partner with Michael Hoffman. He re moved to Michigan about the time of its admission into the Union, and was soon called to responsible pub lic trusts. He was a member of Congress, from Michigan, from 1843 to 1847. He died in Washington, August 15, 1857, aged fifty-eight years. HUNT, JONATHAN. He represented the State of Ver mont in Congress, from 1827 to 1832, serving on the Committee on Public Lands, and died at Wash ington, May 14, of the latter year. He was a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1807. HUNT, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1802 to 1805. Biographical Sketches. 255 HUNT, T. G. He was a Representative in the, Thirty-third Congress, from South Carolina, of which State he was a native. HUNT, WASHINGTON. Born at Windham, Green Coun ty, New York, August 5, 1811. At the age of eighteen he entered upon the study of law, and was ad mitted to the bar at Lockport in 1834. In 1836 he was appointed first Judge of Niagara County, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1849, serving during his last term as Chairman of the Committee on Commerce. In 1849 he was elected Comptroller of New York, and, in 1850, Governor of the State. Since that time he has Uved in retirement upon a hand some farm near Lockport, dividing his attention between his friends, his books, and the pursuits of hor ticulture. HUNTER, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1793 to 1795, and a Senator in Con gress, from that State, from 1795 to 1796. HUNTER, NARSWORTHY. He was a Delegate in Congress, from the Territory of Mississippi, from 1801 to 1802. HUNTER, R. M. T. He was born in Essex County, Virginia ; was educated at the Uni versity of Virginia ; adopted the pro fession of law ; served three years in the State Legislature ; and was first elected a Representative in Con gress, from his native State, in 1837, when he served two terms, and was re-elected in 1845, officiating dur ing the Twenty-sixth Congress as Speaker. In 1847 he was elected a Senator in Congress for a long term, and re-elected for the term ending in 1859. At the present time he is Chairman of the Com mittee on Finance, and a member of the Committees on the Library and on the Pacific Railroad. HUNTER, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1817 to 1819. HUNTER, WILLIAM. Born at Newport, Rhode Island, November 23, 1775 ; graduated at Brown University in 1791 ; went to London, and studied medicine, but soon changed to the law, and entered at the Inner Temple in London; and on his return to Newport, at the age of twenty-one, was admitted to the bar. In 1799 he was a Repre sentative in the General Assembly of Rhode Island, and re-elected at different periods from that time to the year 1811, when he was chosen a Senator in Congress, and held his seat till 1821. His speeches, espe cially those on the acquisition of Flo rida, and the Missouri Compromise, won him a high reputation as a sa gacious statesman and finished ora tor. In 1834 he was Charge to 256 Biographical -Sketches. Brazil, an office which was, in 1842, raised to a full mission, and he was continued as Minister till 1845, when he retired from public life, and resided at Newport until his death, which occurred December 3, 1849. HUNTER, WILLIAM F. He was born in Alexandria, Vir ginia, December 10, 1808 ; had few educational advantages ; practiced the trade of a cabinet-maker until 1840; and having studied law, re moved to Ohio, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853 ; since which time he has devoted himself to his profession. HUNTER, WILLIAM G. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1844. HUNTER, WILLIAM H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1837 to 1839. HUNTINGTON, ABEL. He was born in Norwich, Con necticut, but at an early age re moved to East Hampton, Long Island, and for sixty years was a practicing physician. He was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1833 to 1837. He was Collector of Sag Harbor, under President Polk ; and member of. the New York Constitutional Con vention of 1846. He died at East Hampton, May 18, 1858, aged eighty-two years. HUNTINGTON, BENJAMIN. ¦ Was a native of Norwich, Con necticut ; graduated at Yale College in 1761, and practiced law in his native town. He was a Judge of the Superior Court of the State, from 1793 to 1798, and was a mem ber of the Continental Congress, from 1780 to 1784, also from 1781 to 1788; and a Representative in Congress, under the Constitution, from 1789 to 1791. HewasMayorof Norwich for twelve years, and he died in l'800. HUNTINGTON, EBENEZEE. He was born in Norwich, Con necticut, and died there' in May, 1834, aged ninety-seven years. He graduated at Yale College in 1715; joined. the army the same year as a volunteer ; was soon commissioned as a lieutenant ; in 1776 he was ap pointed a captain, and alsd deputy adjutant-general ; in 1777 a major; in 1779 a lieutenant-colonel; and he was present at the surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown. Hewas- twice elected to Congress, from Connecticut, serving from 1810 to 1811, and again from 1817 to 1819. In 1799 he was, at the recommen dation of Washington, appointed a brigadier-general in the army raised by Congress, when expecta tions were entertained of a war with France. Biographical Sketches. 257 HUNTINGTON, JABEZ W. Born in Norwich, Connecticut, November 8, 1788, and graduated at Yale College in 1806. He studied law at Litchfield, and com menced to practice there, where he remained thirty years. In 1828 he was elected to the State Legisla ture, and in 1829 was a Representa tive in Congress, which office he filled until 1834, when he removed to Norwich, and became a Judge of the Supreme Court of Errors, and was chosen a Judge of the Su perior Court of his State. He was a Senator in Congress, from 1840 until his death, which occurred at Norwich, November 1, 1847. HUNTSMAN, ADAM. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1835 to 1837. HUYLER, JOHN. He was born in New York, and having become a citizen of New Jersey, was elected a Representa tive to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, and is a member of the Committee on Agriculture. HYNEMAN, JOHN M. He was a Representative, in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1811 to 1813. IHRIE, PETER. He was a native of Pennsylva nia, and was a Representative in Congress, from, that State, from 1829 to 1833. 17 IMLAY, JAMES H. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1786 ; was for a time tutor in that institution ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1797 to 1801. INGE, SAMUEL W. He was born in North Carolina, and on removing to Alabama, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. INGE, WILLIAM M. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. INGERSOLL, CHARLES J. Born in Philadelphia, October 3, 1782 ; received a liberal education ; was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1815, when he was appointed Uni ted States District Attorney for Pennsylvania. He was afterwards re-elected a Representative in Congress, from 1841 to 1847, serv ing as Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He has pub lished a "History of the Second American War with Great Bri tain," and several other works of minor importance. INGERSOLL, COLIN M. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative, in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. 258 Biographical Sketches. INGERSOLL, JOSEPH R. Born in Philadelphia, graduated at Yale College in 1804 ; is a law yer by profession, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Penn sylvania, from 1835 to 1837, and from 1842 to 1849, and for a time Chairman of the Judiciary Com mittee. "He was appointed, by Pre sident Fillmore, Minister to Eng land. INGERSOLL, RALPH I. He was born in Connecticut; graduated at Yale College in 1808 ; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1825 to 1833, and was appointed, by President Polk, Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia. INGHAM, SAMUEL. He was born in Hebron, Connec ticut, September 5, 1793 ; received a good English education in Ver mont, and studied law in Connecti cut, having been admitted to the bar in 1815 ; and in 1817 he settled at Saybrook, which has since been his home. From 1827 to 1835 he was States Attorney for the County of Middlesex, and again in 1843 and 1844 ; he was a Judge of Probate from 1829 to 1833; Judge of the Middlesex County Court from 1849 to 1853; and was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1835 to 1839, having officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs, and as a member of the Committee on Commerce. He also served a number of years in the Senate and House of Represen tatives of Connecticut, three years as Speaker, and was one year Clerk of the House ; he was appointed in 1837, by the State, an agent to pro secute certain claims against the United States, and was successful ; and in 1857 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Commissioner of Customs, which office he now holds. In 1854 he was a candidate for the office of United States Senator, and received the entire vote of his party in the Legislature, but Senator Foster was elected. INGHAM,; SAMUEL D. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1813 to 1818, andfrom 1822 to 1829, when he was ap pointed, by President J. Q. Adams, Secretary of the Treasury. IREDELL, JAMES. Born in Chowan County, North Carolina, in 1788. He was for several years in the Legislature of that State, part of the time Speaker of the House ; in 1812 commanded a company of volunteers, who went to Norfolk, to repel the British; in 1819 he was appointed Judge of the Superior Court ; in 1827 was elected Governor of North Caro lina ; and was a Senator in Con gress, from 1828 to 1831. Toward the close of his life he was Re porter of the Decisions of the Su preme Court, and died at Edenton, April 13, 1853. Biographical Sketches. 259 IRVIN, ALEXANDER. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. IRVIN, JAMES. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1845. IRVINE, WILLIAM. Born in Ireland ; educated for the medical profession ; served as sur geon on board of a British ship, in the war which began in 1754, and after the peace of 1763 settled at CarUsle, Pennsylvania. In 1774 he was a member of the State Conven tion ; in 1776 he served in Canada, and accompanied Colonel Thompson from Sorelle, to dislodge the enemy from Trois Rivieres; but was taken prisoner, June 16, and remained as such at Quebec until exchanged in 1778. On his release he was pro moted to thecommand of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, and in 1781 the defence of the Northwestern frontier was intrusted to him, and he attained the rank of major-ge neral. He was a Representative in Congress, after the war, from 1793 to 1795. He was a Commissioner during the Whisky Insurrection of 1794, and removed shortly after to Philadelphia, and was appointed Superintendent of Military Stores. ,He died July 30, 1804, aged sixty- three years. IRVINE, WILLIAM W. He was a member of the State Legislature of Ohio, and Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1829 to 1833. In 1843 he was appointed Charge d'Affaires to Denmark. He died at Lancaster, Ohio, April, 1842. IRVING, WILLIAM. He was a merchant of New York City, and a Representative in Con gress, from 1814 to 1819, and a member of the Committee of Com merce and Manufactures. He was a brother of Washington Irving, for whose " Salmagundi" he wrote several papers. IRWIN, JARED. He was a member of the Con vention which adopted the Consti tution of 1789 ; was Governor of Georgia, from 1796 to 1798, and also from 1806 to 1809. He re moved td Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1817, and died March 1, 1818, aged sixty- eight years. IRWIN, THOMAS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1829 to 1831, and was in the latter year appointed, by President Jackson, United States Judge of the Western District of Pennsylvania. 260 Biographical Sketches. IRWIN, WILLIAM W. He was a member of Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1841 to 1843; and from 1843 to 1847 he was Charge d'Affaires of the United States to Denmark. He died in Pittsburg, September 15, 1856. ISAACS, JACOB C. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State,from 1823 to 1833. ISLEY, DANIEL. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1807 to 1809. IVERSON, ALFRED. Born in Burke County, Georgia, December 3, 1798; graduated at Princeton College in 1820; a law yer by profession, served three years as a member of the House of Re presentatives, and one year as Se nator in the Legislature of Georgia. Twice elected Judge of the Supe rior Court of that State for terms of three and four years ; was one of the Electors at Large in the Presiden tial election of 1844; elected a Re presentative to the Thirtieth Con gress, and served two years. In 1854 he was elected to the United States Senate for six years, from March 4, 1855 ; and for a long time has acted as Chairman of the Com mittee on Claims, and as a member of the Committees on Military Af fairs and the Pacific Railroad. IVES, WILLARD. He was born in Watertown, New York, July 7, 1806; received a good English education ; is a farmer by occupation ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1851 to 1853. In 1846 he was elected by the Methodist Episcopal Church, a Delegate to the Christian World's Convention, which was held in London. IZARD, RALPH. A Senator of the United States,' from South Carolina, from 1789 to 1795, and a distinguished and elo quent statesman. In the judgment of Washington no man was more honest in public life. He died at South Bay, May 30, 1804, aged sixty-six years. JACK, WILLIAM. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. JACKSON, ANDREW. Born at the Waxsaw Settlement, North Carolina, March 15, 1767 When fourteen years of age He left the academy where he had been placed, and entered the revolu tionary army, and at the age of twenty-one established himself as a lawyer in Western North Carolina. When that part of the country be came a Territory in 1790, President Washington appointed him Attor- Biographical Sketches. 261 ney of the United States for the new district. When said Territory was formed into the State of Ten nessee, he was a member of the Convention which drew up the new Constitution, and he was immedi ately chosen a Representative in Congress, serving one term, when he was transferred to the United States Senate, where he continued until 1798. His next public posi tion was that of Judge of the Su preme Court; and having been chosen major-general of one of the divisions of the Tennessee militia, he retained the office until 1814, when he went into the regular army with the same rank. He was as signed to the command of the army at New Orleans, and January 8, 1815, obtained his famous victory over the British. In 1817-18 he conducted the Seminole war in Florida, and soon after retired from the army. In 1823 he was again elected a Senator in Congress, and remained there two years. He was elected President in 1828, and re elected in 1832. The events which marked his administration were the difficulties with France, the suppres sion of the nullification movement in South Carolina, the Indian war in Florida, and the removal of the deposits from the United States Bank. He retired to private life in 1836, and in the peaceful shades of the Hermitage, in Tennessee, he died, June 8, 1845. That he was a remarkable man is the undisputed verdict of his countrymen through out the Union. JACKSON, DAVID S. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1848. JACKSON, EDWARD B. He was born in Harrison County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1820 to 1823. JACKSON, JABEZ. He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1836 to 1839. JACKSON, JAMES. Born in England, and came to this country in 1772. Early in the American Revolution he joined the army; in 1778 was made brigade- major; and in 1781 commanded the legionary corps of the State ot Georgia. When the British evacu ated Savannah, July 12, 1782, he received the keys. For his various services the Assembly of the State presented him with a house and lot in Savannah. On the return of peace he engaged with success in the practice of law. He was chosen a Representative in Congress in 1789, and soon after a Senator, which office he resigned in 1795. He was Major-General of the Geor gia Militia; and Governor of the State from 1798 till his election as Senator in 1801. He died 1806, aged forty-eight. 262 Biographical Sketches. JACKSON, JAMES. He was born in Jefferson County, Georgia, in 1819; graduated at the University of Georgia in 1837 ; and having studied law, commenced the practice in 1840. In 1842 he was elected Secretary of the Senate of Georgia, holding the office one year ; in 1845 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected to the same position in 1847 ; in 1849 he was chosen by the Legislature Judge of the Western Circuit of his State, and was elected to the same office by the people in 1853, and again in 1857. In June of that year he was nominated for Congress, resigned his judgeship, and in October fol lowing was elected a Representa tive to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Commit tees on Claims and Revolutionary Claims. JACKSON, JOHN G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1795 to 1797, from 1799 to 1810, and again from 1813 to 1817. JACKSON, JOSEPH W. He was frequently a member of the City Council of Savannah, at one time mayor of the city ; served a number of years in the State Le gislature; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Georgia, from 1850 to 1853. Died at Savan nah, December 28, 1854. JACKSON, RICHARD S. Born in 1764, and died at Pro vidence, April 18, 1838. He was a member of Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1808 to 1815. In early life he was engaged in mer cantile business, and was among the first, in this country, who em barked in the manufacture of cot ton. He filled several important public offices, and was distinguished for his benevolence. JACKSON, THOMAS B. He was born i,n New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841, and was also, for three years, amem ber of the Assembly of New York. JACKSON, WILLIAM. He was one of the pioneers of railroad enterprise in Massachu setts, and from 1834 to 1837 was a Representative in Congress, from that State. He died at Newton, Massachusetts, February 27, 1855. JACKSON, W. T. Born in Chester, Orange County, New York, December 29, 1794, re ceived a common school education ; and has been chiefly employed in mercantile business. He was jus tice of the peace several years in Havana, New York, and held the office of county judge four years. In 1848 he was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, and served one term. JACOBS, ISRAEL. He was born in Germany, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1791 to 1793. Biographical Sketches. 263. JAMES, CHARLES T. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1851 to 1857. JAMES, FRANCIS. He was a native of Pennsylva nia, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. JAMESON, JOHN. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1830 to 1831, and again from 1843 to 1845, and for another term from 1847 to 1849. JAMES, HENRY F. He was born at Brimfield, Hamp den County, Massachusetts, in Oc tober, 1792 ; studied law in Mont pelier, Vermont, and was admitted to the bar in Washington County in 1817, and commenced to practice at Waterbury in that year. From 1820 to 1830, he was Postmaster at Waterbury ; he was a member of the Legislative Council, from 1830 to 1834, and was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1835 to 1837. He was State Trea surer from 1838 to 1841 ; a mem ber of the Council of Censors in 1848 ; and a member of the Legis lature, from Waterbury, in 1855, since which time he has practiced his profession. JARNAGIN, SPENCER. Born in Granger County, Ten nessee ; graduated at Greenville College in 1813; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1817 ; and was United States Senator from Tennessee, from 1843 to 1847. He died in Memphis, Tennessee, June 24, 1851. JARVIS, LEONARD. He was born in 1782; graduated at Harvard University in 1800 ; and died in Surry, Maine, Septem ber 18, 1854. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Maine, from 1831 to 1837 ; and served as Chairman of the Committee on k Naval Affairs. JEFFERSON, THOMAS. He was born at Shadwell, Virgi nia, in 1743. His education was principally conducted by private tutors, although he passed two years at the College of William and Mary. He adopted the law as his profession ; was a member of the Legislature of Virginia, from 1769 to the commencement of the American Revolution. In 1775 he was a Delegate in Congress ; and on May 15, 1776, the Conven tion of Virginia instructed their Delegates to propose a declaration of independence. In June, Mr. Lee accordingly made the motion, and it was voted that a committee be appointed to prepare one. The committee was elected by ballot, and consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. The Declaration was exclusively the work of Jefferson, 264 Biographical Sketches. to whom the right of drafting it belonged, as Chairman of the Com mittee, though alterations and amendments were made in it by Adams, Franklin, and other mem bers of the Committee, and after wards by Congress. Jefferson re tired from Congress, September, 1776, and took a seat in the Legis lature of his State in October. In 1779 he was chosen Governor, and held the office two years; he de clined a foreign appointment in 1776, and again in 1781. He ac cepted the appointment of one of the Commissioners for negotiating peace, but before he sailed, news was received of the signing of the provisional treaty, and he was ex cused from proceeding on the mis sion. He returned to Congress. In 1784 he wrote notes on the es tablishment of a money-unit, and of a coinage for the United States ; in May of that year he was appointed, with Adams and Franklin, a Min ister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties of commerce with foreign nations. In 1785 he was Minister to the French Court. In 1789 he returned to America and received from Washington the appointment of Secretary of State, which he held till December, 1793, and then re signed. In September, 1794, when an appointment was offered him by Washington, he replied, " No cir cumstances will ever more tempt me to engage in anything public." Notwithstanding this determina tion, he suffered himself to be a candidate for President, and was chosen Vice-President, in 1796, At the election in 1801, he and Aaron Burr having an equal num ber of electoral votes, the House of Representatives, after a severe struggle, finally determined in his favor. He was re-elected in 1805. At the end of his second term, he retired from office. He died July 4, 1826, at one o'clock in the after noon, just fifty years from the date of the Declaration of Independ ence. Preparations had been made throughout the United States to celebrate this day, as a jubilee ; and it is a most remarkable fact, that on the same day, John Adams, a signer with Jefferson of the Decla ration, and the second on the Com mittee for drafting it, and his im mediate predecessor in the office of President, also died. Jefferson's publications were : Summary Tiew of the Rights of British America, 1774; Declaration of Independ ence, 1776; Notes on Virginia, 1781 ; Manual of Parliamentary Practice, for the Use of the Se nate ; Life of Captain Lewis, 1814; and some papers of a philosophical character. His works, chiefly let ters, were first published by his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Ran dolph, four volumes, 8vo., 1829. JENIFER, DANIEL. Was frequently a member of the State Legislature of Maryland, and represented that State in Con gress, from 1831 to 1833, and from 1835 to 1841. During the admin. istrations of Presidents Harrison Biographical Sketches. 265 and Tyler, he was the United States Minister to Austria. He died De cember 18, 1855, near Port Tobac co, Maryland. JENKINS, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1823 to 1825. JENKINS, ROBERT. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1807 to 1811. JENKINS, TIMOTHY. Born in Barre, Worcester County, Massachusetts, January 29, 1799 ; received an academic education ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1824, practicing his pro fession in Oneida County, New York ; he was District Attorney for that county six years, and re signed the office on being elected a Representative in the Twenty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirtieth and Thirty-second. JENKS, MICHAEL H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. JENNESS, BENNING W. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Hampshire, during the years 1845 and 1846. JENNINGS, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1825 to 1826. JENNINGS, JONATHAN. He was the first Governor of In diana, and twice elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1816, and from 1822 to 1831. In 1818 he was ap pointed, by President Monroe, In dian Commissioner. He died near Charlestown, Clarke County, Indi ana, July 26, 1834. JEWETT, FREEBORN G. He was born in New York ; was a member of the Assembly of that State in 1826 ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from the same, from 1831 to 1833. JEWETT, JOSHUA H. He was born at Deer Creek, Harford County, Maryland, Sep tember 13, 1812, and having adopt ed the profession of law, removed to Kentucky, and was elected a Re presentative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses. He is Chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. JEWETT, LUTHER. He was born in Vermont ; gra duated at Dartmouth College in 1795 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1815 to 1817. JOHNS, KENSEY. He was a Senator in Congress, from Delaware, from 1794 to 1795. 266 Biographical Sketches. JOHNS, KENSEY. A son of the foregoing ; was born in Delaware, December 10, 1791 ; graduated at Princeton College in 1810; studied law, and was admit ted to practice in 1813 ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from Dela ware, from 1827 to 1831; in 1832 he was appointed Chancellor of the State of Delaware, in which capa city he was still servimg at the time of his death, which occurred at New Castle, March 28, 1857. JOHNSON, ANDREW. He was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808 ; when ten years of age he was apprenticed to a tailor, and worked at that busi ness, in South Carolina, until his seventeenth year ; he never attended school, but acquired a good com mon education by studying alone. Having removed to Greenville, Ten nessee, he was elected Mayor of that place in 1830 ; was elected to the State Legislature in 1835 ; to the State Senate in 1841 ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1843 to 1853. During thelatter yearhe was elected Governor of Tennessee, and re elected in 1855. He was elected a Senator in Congress in 1857, for the term ending in 1863. He is a member of the Committees on Pub lic Lands and on the District of Columbia. JOHNSON, CAVE. He was born in Tennessee ; re ceived a liberal education, and adopted the profession of law ; he was a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1829 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1845, after which he went into the cabinet of President Polk as Postmaster-Gen eral. JOHNSON, CHARLES. Born in Chowan County, North Carolina; was a member of the State Legislature for many years, and a Representative in Congress during the years 1801 and 1802. JOHNSON, CHARLES. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1839 to 1841. JOHNSON, FRANCIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1821 to 1827. JOHNSON, HARVEY A. He was born in Vermont, and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. JOHNSON, HENRY. He was a Senator in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1818 to 1824; from 1824 to 1828 he was Governor of that State; from 1835 to 1839 was a Representative in Congress, and was a second time elected to the United States Senate, serving from 1843 to 1849. Biographical Sketches. 267 JOHNSON, HERSCHEL V. Born in Burke County, Georgia, September 18, 1812. He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1834, and adopted the profession of law. He was a Presidential Elec tor in 1844 ; in 1848 was appointed to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate ; and in 1849 he was elected a Judge of the Superior Court. JOHNSON, JAMES. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1813 to 1820, and in the latter year was appointed Collector of Norfolk and Ports mouth, Virginia. JOHNSON, JAMES. He served as lieutenant-colonel under Colonel R. M. Johnson, at the battle of the Thames ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, during the years 1825 and 1826. JOHNSON, JAMES. He was a native of Georgia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. JOHNSON, JAMES H. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, serving on the Committee on Manufactures. JOHNSON, JAMES L. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. JOHNSON, JEROME. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York City, from 1825 to 1829, and died in Goshen, Orange County, New York, Sep tember 7, 1846. JOHNSON, JOHN. He was born in the County of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1808; received a common school education, and emigrated to Ohio, in 1824, where he is devoted to agricultural pur suits. He has served as a member of the Ohio Senate, and in the last Constitutional Convention of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1851 to 1853. JOHNSON, JOHN T. He was brother of Richard M. Johnson ; once Judge of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, and re presented that State in Congress, from 1821 to 1825. For thirty years he was a preacher of the gospel, without a salary. He died in Lexington, Missouri, December 18, 1857. JOHNSON, JOSEPH. He was born in New York, and on removing to Virginia, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1823 to 1827, from 1835 to 1841, and from 1845 to 1847. JOHNSON, NOADIAH. He served in the Legislature of New York, was a member of Con- 268 Biographical Sketches. gress, from 1833 to 1835 ; and died at Albany, April 4, 1839. JOHNSON, PERLEY B. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. JOHNSON, REVERDY. Born in Annapolis, Maryland, May 21, 1796 ; was educated at St. John's College, Annapolis ; studied law with his father, and having been admitted to the bar, has prac ticed his profession without inter mission to the present time ; his first appointment was that of State Attorney; in 1817 he .removed to Baltimore, (where he has since re sided,) and in 1820 was appointed Chief Commissioner of Insolvent Debtors, which office he held until 1821, when he was elected to the State Senate, serving two years; in 1845 he was chosen a Senator in Congress, where he remained until 1849, when he resigned to accept the post of Attorney-General of the United States, bestowed upon him by President Taylor. On his leaving the latter position, he turned his whole attention to his profes sion, practicing chiefly in the Su preme Court of the United States. Mr. Johnson has also taken an ac tive part in the preparation of seven volumes of Reports of Decisions in the Court of Appeals of Maryland. JOHNSON, RICHARD M. He was born , in Kentucky, in 1780, and died at Frankfort, No vember 19, 1850. In 1807 he was chosen a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, which post he held for twelve years. In 1813 he raised a volunteer regiment of cavalry, of one thousand men, to fight the British and Indians on the Lakes, and during the cam paign that followed, served with great credit, under General Harri son, as a colonel of that regiment. He greatly distinguished himself at the battle of the Thames, and the Chief Tecumseh is said to have been killed by his hand. In 1814 he was appointed Indian Commis- missioner, by President Madison. In 1819 he went from the House into the Senate, to fill an unexpired term, was re-elected, and served as Senator until 1829. He was re elected to the House, and remained there until 1837, when he became Vice-President, and as such pre sided over the Senate. At the time of his death he was a member of the Kentucky. Legislature, and he died from a second attack, of paralysis. He was a kind-hearted, courageous, and talented man. JOHNSON, R. W. He was born in Kentucky, and is about forty-five years of age. He was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Arkansas, in 1847, and served until 1853, and from that period to the present, he has been a Senator in Congress. He has been, until recently, Chairman of the Committee on Printing, and is a member of the Committees on Mili tary Affairs and on Public Lands. Biographical Sketches. 269 JOHNSON, WILLIAM C Born in Frederick County, Mary land, in 1806 ; received an acade mic education; studied law, and was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court in 1831 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1835, and from 1837 to 1843. He served in the State Le gislature before entering and after he left Congress; was a member of the last Covention for revising the Constitution of Maryland; and was President of the National Conven tion of Young Men, which met in Washington to nominate Henry Clay for President. When in Con gress, Mr. Johnson officiated, for a number of years, as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and also as a member of the Judici ary Committee. JOHNSON, WILLIAM S. Born at Stratford, Connecticut, October 7, 1727 ; graduated at Yale College in 1744 ; studied law, and acquired distinction as a pleader and orator. In 1765 he was a Delegate to the Congress at New York, and in 1766 an Agent for the Colony to England. In 1772 he was appointed Judge of the Su preme Court of Connecticut; was again a Delegate to the New York Congress in 1785, and was a mem ber in 1787 of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. He was a Senator in Congress, from 1789 to 1791, and from 1792 to 1800, President of Columbia College, in New York ; after which he returned to his na tive village, where he died, Novem ber 14, 1819. JOHNSTON, CHARLES C. A member of Congress, from Virginia, from 1831 to 1832, having died at Washington, June 18, of the latter year. He was Chairman of the Committee on Imprisonment for Debt. JOHNSTON, JOSIAH S. He was born in Salisbury, Con necticut, November 25, 1784, but was taken by his father, in infancy, to Kentucky. He graduated at Transylvania University, and stu died law. He removed to Louisi ana in 1805, and commenced his professional career at Alexandria, on the Red' River ; and, in 1812, was a leading man in the State Le gislature ; he was next appointed District Judge, and represented Louisiana, in Congress, from 1821 to 1823 ; and in 1824 he was elected to the United States Senate, retain ing that position until his death, which occurred May 19, 1833, by the explosion of gunpowder onboard the steamboat Lioness, on Red River. JOHNSTON, SAMUEL. Governor of North Carolina, from 1787 to 1789; was President of the Convention of that State, which ratified the Federal Consti tution, and had been a member of Congress previous to 1789, when he was appointed Senator, from North Carolina, and served tiU 270 Biographical Sketches. 1793; was afterwards a judge of the Supreme Court of Law and Equity. He was a native of Eden ton, and died at Sherwarkey, Au gust 18, 1816, aged eighty-three. JONES, BENJAMIN. He was born in Virginia, and, having removed to Ohio, was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. JONES, DANIEL T. He was born in Connecticut, and, having settled in New York, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. JONES, FRANCIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1817 to 1823. JONES, GEORGE. He was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, during the session of 1807. JONES, GEORGE W. Born at Vincennes, Indiana, and graduated at Transylvania Univer sity, Kentucky, in 1825. He was bred to the law, but ill health pre vented him from practicing. He was Clerk of the United States Dis trict Court, in Missouri, in 1826; served as an aid-de-camp to General Henry Dodge, in the Black Hawk war ; was chosen colonel of militia in 1832 ; subsequently major-general; also a judge ; in 1835 was elected a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Michigan, and served four years; in 1839 was appointed, by President Van Buren, Surveyor- General of the Northwest ; was re moved in 1841, for his politics, but re-appointed, by President Polk, and remained in the office until 1849 ; in 1848 he was elected a United States Senator, from Iowa, for six years, and re-elected in 1852, and is now Chairman of the Com mittees on Pensions and on Enrolled Bills, and a member of the Com mittee on Territories, JONES, GEORGE W. Born in King and Queen Coun ty, Virginia, March 15, 1806. He began life by adopting the occupa tion of a saddler ; was a justice of the peace for three years ; in 1834 a justice to hold the Quorum Court in Lincoln County; in 1835 and 1837 was elected to the Tennessee Legis lature ; in 1839 to the State Senate; in 1840 and 1842 was elected Clerk of the Lincoln County Court, and was elected a Representative to Congress, in 1843, to which posi tion he has been regularly re-elected to the present time, serving during the Thirty-fifth Congress as Chair man of the Committee on Roads and Canals. In 1853, upon the inauguration of President Pierce, Mr. Jones was appointed Special Bearer of Dispatches to the Ameri can Consul at Havana, authoriz ing him to administer the official oath to the Vice-President, W. R. King, who had visited Cuba for his health. Biographical Sketches. 271 JONES, ISAAC D. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. JONES, JAMES. Born in Maryland, and removed to Georgia when young. He stu died law, and settled in Savannah. He was often a member of the Le gislature of Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1799 to the time of his death, which occurred at Washington, January 12, 1801. JONES, JAMES. He was born in Amelia County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1823. JONES, J. C. He was a Senator in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1851 to 1857. JONES, J. GLANCY. He was born on the Conestoga River, Pennsylvania, October 7, 1811. By his early education he was prepared for the Church, but preferred the law, to which he de voted himself with success ; and while Deputy Attorney-General of the State, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from Penn sylvania, serving from 1850 to 1858. He was the author, in the House, of the Bill creating the Court of Claims, when a member of the Committee on Claims; and by Mr. Speaker Orr, was placed at the head of the Committee of Ways and Means. He was a Presidential Elector in 1856, and was tendered, by President Buchanan, the Mis sion to Berlin, which he declined ; but in October, 1858, he was offered the mission to Austria, and accept ed the appointment. JONES, JOHN W. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1845. JONES, JOHN W. Born on Rock Creek, Montgo mery County, Maryland, April 14, 1806 ; when quite young he re moved, with his father, to Ken tucky, where he received a good English and classical education, at the Carlisle Seminary ; as his health would permit, he devoted himself to the study of medicine, attended lectures at the Pennsylvania Aca demy, and from Jefferson College received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1840 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, and he was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1847 to 1849. In 1849 he removed to Alabama, and devoted himself to Agriculture ; but, returning to Georgia, was ap pointed a medical professor in the Atlanta Medical College, which po sition he still holds. He enjoys the reputation of having done much for the cause of education in the States of Georgia and Alabama. 272 Biographical Sketches. JONES, NATHANIEL. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1827 and 1828 ; a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1841 ; a State Senator in 1852 and 1853; and also held the offices of Survey or-General of the State, and Canal Commissioner. JONES, OWEN. Born in Pennsylvania ; a lawyer by profession, and a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from his native State. JONES, ROLAND. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in the Thirty-third Congress, from that State. JONES, SEABORN. He was born in Columbus, Geor gia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835, and again from 1845 to 1847. JONES, WALTER. Born in Virginia, and educated as a physician at Edinburg, about the year 1770; on his return he settled at Northumberland County, where he had extensive practice in his profession. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1797 to 1799, and again from 1803 to 1811. He died in Westmoreland County, Virginia, December 31, 1815, aged seventy-six years. JONES, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1801 to 1803. JUDSON, ANDREW T. Born at Eastford, Connecticut, November 29, 1784; his education was obtained at the Common Schools, and under the instructions of his father and brother. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1806, when he removed to Montpelier, Vermont, and prac ticed in that State ; he afterwards returned to his native town, and in 1809 went to Canterbury, which he made his permanent residence. In 1819 he received the appointment of States Attorney for Windham County, which office he held for fourteen years. He was at differ ent times a member of both branches of the Legislature, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1835 to 1839, when he was elected Judge of the District Court, and con tinued in that position until his death. In October, 1850, he was designated, by the Circuit Judge of the Second Circuit, to hold the Courts of the United States in the Southern District of New York, during the illness of the distin guished Judge of that District, and he officiated at the trial of Mr. O'Sullivan, and others, for the at tempted Cuban invasion. Among the causes which were brought be fore him for adjudication, was the libel of the Amistad, and the fifty- Biographical Sketches. 273 four Africans, on board. He died at home, March 17, 1853. - JULIAN, GEORGE W. He was born in Indiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. KANE, ELIAS K. He was born in New York State about the year 1795, and was bred to the legal profession. At an early period of his life he went to Tennes see, and finally settled in Kaskaskia, in Illinois Territory, in 1815. In 1818 he was a member of the Con vention for framing a State Consti tution, and when that government was organized, he was appointed Secretary of State. He was sub sequently elected a member of the Legislature; and from 1825 to 1836 he was a Senator in Congress, from Hlinois, officiating, as Chair man of the Committee on Private Land Claims. He died at Wash ington, District of Columbia, De cember 12, 1835. KAUFMAN, DAVID S. Born in Cumberland, Pennsylva nia, in 1813; graduated at Prince ton College in 1833; not long after he removed to Natchez, Mississippi, and read law in the office of Gene ral Quitman. In 1835 he settled in Natchitoches, Louisiana. In 1837 he emigrated to Nacogdoches, in Texas, and in 1838. was elected a Represen tative in the Texan Congress ; he was twice re-elected and twice chosen Speaker of the House. In 1843 he 18 was elected to the Senate, and from the Committee on Foreign Re lations in 1844, presented a report in favor of annexation, and took an active part in its consummation. In 1845 he was appointed Charge to this government, but that office was superseded by the final act of an nexation, and he was elected one of the first members of the House of Representatives, from Texas, serv ing from 1846 to 1851. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, January 13, 1851. KAVANAGH, EDWARD. He was born in 1776, was Acting Governor of the State of Maine in 1843 and 1844, and a Representa tive in Congress, from 1831 to 1835 ; when he was appointed Charge d'Affaires to Portugal. He died at Newcastle, Maine, January 20, 1844. KEESE, RICHARD. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1829. KEIM, GEORGE M. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1838 to 1843, KEIM, WILLIAM H. He was born in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, June 25, 1813; was educated at the Mount Airy Military Academy ; but, turn ing his attention to mercantile pur suits, continued in active business 274 Biographical Sketches. until 1855. He has held, almost continuously for thirty years, a number of military offices, his pre sent title being that of Major-Gen eral of the 5th Division of the Penn sylvania Volunteers; in 1848 he was elected Mayor of Reading ; and in November, 1858, he was elected to fill the unexpired term of the Hon. J. Glancy Jones, (appointed Minister to Austria,) and took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the Thirty-fifth Congress. KEITT, LAWRENCE M. He was born in South Carolina, October 4, 1824; graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1843 ; studied law and was admitted to practice in 1845; was elected to the State Legislature in 1848; and in 1853 to a seat in the National House of Representatives, having been regularly re-elected to the pre sent time. He is Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. He has also been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. KELLOGG, CHARLES. He was a native of New York, served six years in the New York Assembly, from Cayuga County, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1825 to 1827. KELLOGG, ORLANDO. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, -from that State, from 1847 to 1849. KELLOGG, WILLIAM. Born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, July 8, 1814, and removed to Illi nois in 1837. His education was obtained in the common schools of the country, and having studied law, acquired an extensive practice in the district of disputed land titles in Il linois. He served in the State Le gislature in 1849 and 1850; and was three years Judge of the Cir cuit Court of Illinois, and elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Public Expenditures.. KELLY, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1805 to 1809. KELLY, JOHN. Born in the City of New York, April 21, 1821; educated at the public schools, in that city; by trade a mason ; was Alderman of the city for two years ; and elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, serving on the Committee of Ways and Means. In October, 1858, he was elected High Sheriff for the City and County of New York, said to be one of the most lucrative offices in the country. KELLY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, during the years 1821 and 1822 ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1822 to 1825. Biographical Sketches. 275 KELSEY, WILLIAM H. He was born in New York, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty -fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Agri culture. KEMBLE. GOUVERNEUR. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. KEMPSHALL, THOMAS. He was born in England, and having emigrated to New York, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. KENAN, THOMAS. Born in Duplin County, North Carolina, in 1771. In 1799 he was a member of the House of Dele gates ; served in the State Senate in 1804 ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1805 to 1811. He subsequently removed to Alabama, where he served for many years in the Legislature of that State, but declined a re-election to Congress. Died near Selma, October 22, 1843. KENDALL, JONAS. He was born at Worcester, Mas sachusetts, in 1757; obtained a finished education by his own un aided exertions; served thirteen years in the Legislature of Massa- chussetts ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. Died in Leo minster, Massachusetts,' October 22, 1844. KENDALL, JOSEPH G. Born in 1788 ; graduated at Harvard College, in 1810, and was a tutor in that University, from 1812 to 1819. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from the Northern District of Worcester County, Massachusetts, from 1829 to 1833 ; and then appointed Clerk of the State Courts. He died at Worcester, Massachusetts, October 2, 1847. KENNEDY, ANDREW. Born in Ohio, in 1810 ; was bred a blacksmith, and at the age of nine teen could neither read nor write. He subsequently studied law, and was a member of the State Senate of Indiana ; and represented that State in Congress, from 1841 to 1847. He died at Muncietown, Indiana, December 31, 1847. KENNEDY, ANTHONY. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1811 ; removed, when ten years of age, to Virginia ; educated at Jef ferson Academy, Charlestown, Vir ginia ; studied law, but abandoned it, and subsequently engaged in the manufacture of cotton and in plant ing. He was a member of the Legislature of Virginia, from 1839 to 1843, and an unsuccessful candi date for Congress, from Virginia ; removed to Baltimore in 1850, and was elected to the Maryland Le gislature in 1856, serving as Chair man of the Committee on Ways and 276 Biographical Sketches. Means; and by that body elected to the United States Senate, for six years, from March 4, 1857, and is a member of the Committees on Pri vate Land Claims, and on the Dis trict of Columbia. KENNEDY, JOHN P. He was born in Baltimore, Octo ber, 1795. He studied law and practiced in that city until 1838, when Jie was elected to the House of Representatives, in the Federal Legislature, and served in that body through the Twenty-fifth, Twenty- seventh and Twenty-eighth Con gresses ; elected in 1846 to the House of Delegates of Maryland, (of which he had been a member in the sessions of 1820 and 1822,) he was made Speaker, and took an active part in the measure which was then adopted to resume the payment of the State debt, and the restoration of the public credit. Since 1847, he has held no local political post, but has devoted his time to literary pursuits. His last national position was that of Se cretary of the Navy, under Pre sident Fillmore. In 1849, he was chosen by the regents of the Uni versity of Maryland to preside over that institution,- as provost, which position he now occupies. Among his various political tracts, speeches, reports, and addresses, which have been published, are " A Review of Mr. Cambreling's Free- Trade Report, by Mephistopheles," in 1830; "The Memorial of the Permanent Committee of the New York Convention of Friends of Domestic Industry," in 1833; an elaborate report on "The Com merce and Navigation of the United States, by the Committee of Com merce," (of which Mr. Kennedy was chairman,) in 1842,, and are- port from the same committee on " The Warehouse System," in 1843. Besides these, he has published several pamphlets and tracts, in defence of the protective system. In the field of general literature, he is known to the public as the author of " Swallow Barn, a Sojourn in the Old Do minion." " Horse-Shoe Robinson," "Rob of the Bowl," " Quod Libet," " Memoirs of the life of William Wirt, late Attorney-General of the United States," sundry historical, biographical, and literary discourses, essays, and reviews, which have not yet been collected into volumes. He is an active member of the Historical Society of Maryland, of which he is the Vice-President, KENNEDY, WILLIAM. ' He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1803 to 1805, from 1809 to 181,1, and from 1813 to 1815. KENNETT, LUTHER M. He was born in Falmouth, Pen dleton County, Kentucky, March 15, 1807 ; received a good English and classical education ; was for » number of years Deputy Clerk of Pendleton and Campbell Counties; he studied law, and in 1825 re moved to Missouri, where he en- Biographical Sketches. 277 gaged in mercantile pursuits; having settled in St. Louis in 1842, he was elected to the Councils of that city ; in 1849 he was Chairman of the Pacific Railroad Convention, held in St. Louis, and subsequently Vice- President of the company formed for commencing the work; in 1850 he was elected Mayor of St. Louis, and re-elected in 1851 and 1852 ; in 1853 he was elected President of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad ; and he was a Represen tative in Congress, from Missouri, (St. Louis District,) from 1855 to 1857. KENNON, WILLIAM. He was born in Pennsylvania, and having emigrated to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1829 to 1833, from 1833 to 1837, and from 1847 to 1849. KENT, JOSEPH. Born in 1779, in Calvert County, Maryland ; was educated for a phy sician, and combined the practice of his profession with the pursuits of agriculture. He was a Represen tative in Congress, from his native State, from 1811 to 1815, and from 1821 to 1826 ; Governor of Mary land, from 1826 to 1829; and United States Senator, from 1833 to 1837. He died near his resi dence, in the vicinity of Bladens- burg, Maryland, November 24, 1839, in the "fifty-ninth year of his age. KENT, MOSS. He was a member of the New York Assembly, in 1807 and 1810, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1813 to 1817. KERR, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1817. KERR, JOHN. He was born in North Carolina, received a liberal education, and adopted the profession of law ; was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1853 to 1855 ; and was subsequently elected to the House of Commons of that State, where. he still continues. KERR, JOHN BOZMAN. Born at Easton, Talbot County, Maryland, March 5, 1809; gra duated at Harvard University in 1830 ; he studied law at Easton, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. Was a member of the Ge neral Assembly of Maryland, from 1836 to 1838 ; and from 1847 to 1849 he acted as deputy for the Attorney General of Maryland, for Talbot County. From 1849 to 1851, he was a Representative in Congress, and at the end of the session, was appointed by President Fillmore, Charge d'Affaires to the Republic of Nicaragua ; during the revolution of 1851 he had the good fortune, as the National Represen- 278 Biographical Sketches. tative of Central America, to bring about an armistice, and was instru mental in saving the lives of lead ing officers of the revolutionary party, for which he received a for mal expression of thanks from the Executive on leaving the country ; and in 1853 the Congress of the United States voted him an extra sum for services in Central Ame rica. In 1854 he resumed the practice of his profession in the City of Baltimore, where he now resides. KERR, JOHN L. He was born at Greenbury Point, near Annapolis, Maryland, Janu ary 15, 1780; graduated at St. John's College in 1799; studied law with John Leeds Bozman, and practiced the profession with suc cess ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1825 to 1829, and again from 1831 to 1833; he was also a Senator in Congress, from 1841 to 1843. He was a member of the National Con vention, held at Harrisburg in 1839, and at the head of the Electoral ticket for President during the same year. Before entering Congress, he was the agent of Maryland in the prosecution of militia claims against the United States. He died at his homestead, in Maryland, February 21, 1844. KERR, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1814 to 1815. KERSHAW, JOHN. He was a native of South Caro lina, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815, when he was appointed, by President Madison, one of the three Commissioners to run the Creek boundry lines. KEY, PHILIP. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1791 to 1793. KEY, PHILIP BARTON. Was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1807 to 1813, and died at Georgetown, Dis trict of Columbia, July 28, 1815, aged fifty years. He was a native of Maryland, a lawyer by profession, and a man of high abilities and character. KEYES, ELIAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1821 to 1823. KIDDER, DAVID. He was born in Dresden, Lincoln County, Maine, December 8, 1787; received a classical education from private tutors ; studied law, and set tled in Somerset County, where he held many local offices ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1823 to 1827. KIDWELL, ZEDEKIAH. He was born in Fairfax County, Virginia, January 4, 1814; was Biographical Sketches. 279. educated by his father ; studied medi cine, and graduated at the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, in 1 839 ; after practicing medicine some years, he commenced in 1848 the study of law, and began to practice as a lawyer in 1849 ; he served a number of years in the Legislature of Virginia ; was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1829 ; was a Presidential Elector in 1852 ; and a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1853 to 1857. In 1857 he was elected one of three Commissioners to superin tend the public works for the State of Virginia, representing in that board the Third District. KILBOURNE, JAMES. Born in New Britain, Connecti cut, October 19, 1770 ; while ap prenticed as a farmer's boy he re ceived instruction in Latin and Greek and mathematics, from the son of his employer ; was next a mechanic, then a merchant and manufacturer, and finally studied divinity, and became a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. In 1803 he was instrumental in forming an emi grating colony to Central Ohio, caUed the " Sciota Company;" a town was soon organized, and named Worthington. In 1805 he was ap pointed by Congress to the office of United States Surveyor of Public Lands ; and in 1806 he was chosen by the Legislature a member of the Board of Trustees of Ohio CoUege, at Athens. In 1812 he was ap pointed bythe President, a Commis sioner to settle the boundary between the public lands and the Virginia Reservation, and also commissioned as colonel of the frontier regiment. He was one of the Commissioners for locating Miami University, and President of the Board of Trustees of Worthington College. From 1813 to 1817 he was a Representa tive in Congress. He was also a member of the Ohio Legislature. He died in Worthington, April, 1850. KILGORE, DAVID. He was born in Harrison County, Kentucky, April 3, 1804, and re moved with his father to Indiana in 1819, and settled in Franklin Coun ty. He received a common school education, and commenced the study of law in 1825, and was admitted to practice in 1830, and removed to Delaware County. In 1833 he was elected to the State Legislature, and served several years. In 1839 he was elected by the Legislature President Judge of the Judicial Circuit in which he resided, and held the office seven years. In 1850 he was a delegate to the Constitu tional Convention of the State. In 1854 was again elected to the Le gislature, and was Speaker of the House. In 1856 he was elected a Representative, from Indiana, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth. He is a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury De partment. 280 Biographical Sketches. KILLE, JOSEPH. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. KINCAID, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1829 to 1833. KING, ADAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1827 to 1833, and died in May, 1835. KING, CYRUS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1817. KING, DANIEL PUTNAM. Born in Danvers, Massachusetts, in 1800 ; graduated at Harvard in 1823. At first he contemplated the study of the law, but soon aban doned it for the practice of agricul ture. In 1836 and 1837 he was a member of the Massachusetts Legis lature, in 1838 and 1839 a member of the State Senate, and in 1840 and 1841 President of that body. Speaker of the House in 1843, and during that year he was elected a Representative in Congress, and held that position until his death, which occurred in Danvers, July 25, 1850. KING, GEORGE G. He was born in Rhode Island, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. KING, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1835. KING, JAMES G. He was born at Highwood, New Jersey, in 1791 ; was taken to Eng land by his father when American Minister, and was educated there, and graduated at Harvard College in 1810 ; was an eminent merchant and banker in New York City, and a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1849 to 1851. He died in Highwood, New Jersey, October 3, 1853, aged sixty-two years. KING, JOHN. He was born in 1775 ; served in Congress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833; and died at New Lebanon, New York, September 1, 1838. KING, JOHN A. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. KING, JOHN P. _ He was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, from 1834 to 1838. KING, PERKINS. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1827, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1831. Biographical Sketches. 281 KING, PRESTON. Born at Ogdensburg, St. Law rence County, New York, October 14, 1806. He graduated at Union College ; is a lawyer by profession ; was for several years a member of the New York Legislature ; also a Representative, from that State, from 1843 to 1847, and from 1849 to 1853, after which he was elected to the United States Senate, which position he still retains, serving on the Committees on Pensions and on Military Affairs. KING, RUFUS. He was born in Scarborough, Maine, in 1755 ; was educated at Dummer Academy, in Ne.wbury, Massachusetts ; graduated at Har vard College in 1777; in 1778 he was aid-de-camp to Sullivan, in his expedition against the British in Rhode Island ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, in Newbu ryport, Massachusetts, in 1780 ; he was elected, from that town, to the State Legislature ; in 1784 was elected a Delegate to Congress, at Trenton ; was a member of the State Convention of Massachusetts, held in 1787 ; he was a member of the Convention which formed the Fede ral Constitution ; removing to New York City in 1788, he was, in 1789, elected a Senator in JJongress, and served his entire term, and was re elected to the same position in 1813, remaining in that capacity until 1825. At the close of his first term in the Senate he was appointed, by President Washington, Minister to England, where he remained through the whole of President Adams's term, and during two years of Pre sident Jefferson's term. In 1825 President John Quincy Adams again appointed him Minister to England, but bad health prevented him from entering upon his duties ; and returning home, he died at Ja maica, Long Island, April 29, 1827. As a statesman, diplomatist, and political writer, he displayed great abilities, and he was the author of many of the papers written on the British Treaty in 1794, over the signature of Camilius ; as a man, he was universally respected and be loved. KING, RUFUS H. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857, KING, T. BUTLER. He was born in Hampden, Hamp shire County, Massachusetts, Au gust 27, 1804 ; was educated at Westfield Academy; studied law, and removed to Georgia in 1823, where he devoted himself to plant ing. In the years 1832, 1834, 1835, and 1837, he was a member of the State Senate ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, from 1839 to 1843, and again from 1845 to 1847, and for another term ending with 1849, serving much of the time on the Committee on Naval Affairs, in which he took especial interest. He was also a member, in 1833, of the Milledge ville Convention; in 282 Biographical Sketches. 1836, of the Macon Railroad Con vention ; and, in 1840, of the Young Men's Convention at Baltimore ; besides serving as the president of various canal and railroad compa nies. He is now a resident of Cali fornia. KING, WILLIAM R. Born in North Carolina, April 7, 1786; received a good educa tion; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1806 ; was a Repre sentative in Congress, from his na tive State, from 1811 to 1816; he resigned that position and accom panied William Piuckney to Europe, as Secretary of Legation ; and, on his return from Europe, he settled in the Territory of Alabama, and devoted himself to planting. He was a member of the Convention which formed the State Constitu tion of Alabama; in 1819 he was elected a Senator in Congress, from Alabama, where he continued until 1844 ; in that year he was appoint ed Minister to France and con tinued there two years ; in 1846 he was again elected to the United States Senate, where he remained until elected Vice-President of the United States, in 1852. During the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty- sixth, Thirty- first, and Thirty-second Congresses, he offici ated as President, pro tern., of the Senate, and as a presiding officer, as well as a man, commanded uni versal respect. At the time of his election, as Vice-President, his health was feeble, and when the time arrived for taking the consti tutional oath of that office, he was in Cuba, and the oath was admin istered by the American Consul there. He returned to his planta tion at Cahawba, Alabama, April 17, 1852, and died on the following day. KINGSBURY, WILLIAM W. Born in Towanda, Bradford Co., Pennsylvania, June 4, 1828. He was self-educated ; he was bred a farmer, emigrated to Minnesota, and in the year 1855 was first elect ed a member of the Minnesota Le gislature, and again in 1856. In 1857 was delegate to the Conven tion for framing a Constitution for Minnesota, and elected a Delegate to the Thirty-fifth Congress. KINNARD, GEORGE L. , He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1833 to 1837, and died at Cincinnati, No vember 26, 1838, from injuries re ceived on the sixteenth of that month, on board the steamboat Flo ra, which exploded near that city. KINSEY, CHARLES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1817 to 1819, and from 1820 to 1821. KINSLEY, MARTIN. He was born in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, June 2. 1754 ; gra duated at Harvard University in 1778, and studied medicine; per formed some service in the revota- Biographical Sketches. 283 tionary war, and was chosen a Dele gate to the Convention for forming the Constitution of his native State ; served in the Legislature of Massa chusetts about thirty years ; he was also at different periods a member of the State Council ; a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas ; Judge of Probate ; and a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1819 to 1821. He died June 20, 1835. KIRTLAND, DORRANCE. He was born in New York ; gra duated at Yale College in 1789 ; and, was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1817 to 1819. KIRKLAND, JOSEPH. He was born near Norwich, Con necticut, in 1771; graduated at Yale College in 1790; removed to Utica, New York, and was the first Mayor of that City; served fre quently in the State Legislature ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 182.1 to 1823. He died at Utica, Janu ary 26, 1844. KIRKPATRICK, LITTLETON. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1815, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from New Jer sey, from 1843 to 1845. KIRKPATRICK, W. He was born in Amwell, Hun terdon County, New Jersey, in November, 1768 ; was educated at Princeton College, graduating in 1788; studied medicine and was admitted to practice in 1795 ; in 1806 he removed to Salina, New York, and became Superintendent of the Salt Springs ; was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1807 to 1809, from New York ; and died of cholera, at Salina, September 2, 1832. KITCHELL, AARON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1791 to 1793, from 1794 to 1797, and from 1799 to 1801 ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1805 to 1809. KITTERA, JOHN W. He was a graduate of Princeton College in 1776 ; and a Represen tative in Congress, from Pennsylva nia, from 1791 to 1801, when he was appointed United States Dis trict Attorney for the Eastern Dis trict of Pennsylvania. KITTERA, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1826 to 1827. KITTREDGE, GEORGE W. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. KLINGENSMITH, JOHN, Jr. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. 284 Biographical Sketches. KNAPP, CHAUNCEY L. He was born in Berlin, Vermont, February 26, 1809. He commenced the active business of life by serving an apprenticeship of seven years in a printing office in Montpelier ; was elected reporter for the Legislature in 1833 ; was co-proprietor and edi tor for some years of the State Jour nal; was elected Secretary of the State, in 1836, in which capacity he served four years ; and removing to Massachusetts he was elected Secre tary of the Massachusetts Senate in 1851 ; and was elected a Represen tative to the Thirty-fourth and re elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Territories. To him was award ed the credit, while editing the Journal, of first nominating Gene ral Harrison for the Presidency, which resulted in his obtaining the electoral votes of Vermont four years before he was really elected. Mr. Knapp's tastes have led him to the study of mechanics, and in all his public positions he has paid par ticular attention to the mechanical interests of his constituents. KNICKERBOCKER, HERMAN. He was born in New York in 1780, and was a descendant, in the third generation, of one of the ori ginal emigrants to New York. He early engaged in politics, and was a member of Congress, from 1809 to 1811, as a Federalist, but, during President Jackson's administration, he became a Democrat. He died in Williamsburg, New York, January 30, 1855. KNIGHT, JONATHAN. Born in Bucks County, Pennsyl vania, November 22, 1787, and re moved with his parents, in 1801, to East Bethlehem, Washington Coun ty. He was mostly self-educated, and became a school teacher, and surveyor of lands. In 1816 he was appointed by the State government to make and report a map of his county. He served three years as County Commissioner, and was ap pointed, in 1827, a commissioner to extend the National Road between Cumberland and Wheeling, through Ohio and Indiana, to the Eastern line of Illinois. In 1822 he was elected to the Legislature and served six years. In 1828 he visited Eng land to acquire a thorough know ledge of civil engineering, and on his return was appointed chief engi neer on the Baltimore and Ohio Road. He was elected, in 1854, a Representative in the Thirty-fourth Congress; after that- time he was engaged in agriculture. He died in Washington County, November 22, 1858. KNIGHT, NEHEMIAH. He was a native of Rhode Isl and; a farmer by occupation; a prominent politician of the Federal school, and a Representative; hi Congress, from 1803 to 1808. KNIGHT, NEHEMIAH R.. Born in Cranston, Rhode Island, December 31, 1780; was chiefly Biographical Sketches. 285 self-educated ; at the age of twenty- two was elected to the State Legis lature ; in 1805 he was elected Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in Providence; in 1812 he was chosen Clerk of the Circuit Court, and served until 1817 ; he was also for many years President of the Roger Williams Bank; he was elected Governor of Rhode Island in 1817, and re-elected in 1819 and 1820 ; he was appointed, by President Madison, during the war with Eng land, Collector of Providence ; and he was a Senator in Congress, from 1821 to 1841. He was a member, in 1843, of the State Constitutional Convention, after which he retired to private life. He died at Provi dence, Rhode Island, April 19, 1854. He was a man of sterling character, and a true patriot. KNOWLTON, EBENEZER. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1855 to 1857. KNOX, JAMES. Born in Canajoharie, Montgome ry County, New York, July 4, 1807 ; graduated at Yale College in 1830, studied law at Utica, New York, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. In 1836 he located at Knoxville, Illinois, where he has since resided, giving his attention chiefly to mer cantile and agricultural pursuits. In 1847 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention of Illi nois, and in 1852 was elected a Representative in the Thirty-third Congress, and re-elected to the Thirty-fourth. KREBS, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1826 to 1827.. KREMER, GEORGE. Born in 1775, and died in Union County, Pennsylvania, September 11, 1854. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1829. KUHNS, JOSEPH H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. KUNKEL, JACOB M. He was born in Maryland, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, and is a member of the Com mittees on Revolutionary Claims, and Expenditures in the Treasury Department. KUNKEL, JOHN C. Born in Pennsylvania, a lawyer by profession, and a member of the Thirty-fifth Congress, from his na tive State, and a member of the Committee on Claims. KURTZ, WILLIAM H. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. .286 Biographical Sketches. labranch, alcea. He was born in Louisiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. LACOCK, ABNER. Born in Virginia, in 1770. With out the advantage of much early education, he raised himself by his talents to eminence as a legislator, statesman, and civilian. He filled various public stations for a period of nearly forty years ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from Penn sylvania, from 1811 to 1813, and United States Senator from 1813 to 1819. He died in Beaver Coun ty, Pennsylvania, April 12, 1837. LAHM, SAMUEL. Born in Leitersburg, Maryland, April 22, 1812. His education was limited, yet his first earnings were the result of teaching school. In March, 1835, he removed to Indi ana, and studied law, and then set tled in Ohio. In 1837 he was elected Master in Chancery; in 1842 a State Senator; at various times to high positions in the mi litia; and to Congress, as a Repre sentative, in 1847, where he re mained until 1 849. LAKE, WILLIAM A. He was born in Maryland ; gra duated at Washington College, in Penpsylvania ; studied law ; served in the Legislature of Maryland ; removed to Mississippi, practiced his profession there with success; was elected to the Senate of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from Mississippi during the Thirty-fourth Congress. LAMAR, HENRY G. . He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1833. LAMAR, L. Q. C. He is a native of Georgia, but, having removed to Mississippi, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, serving on the Committee on Elections. LAMB, ALFRED W. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1847 to 1849. LAMBERT, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1805 to 1809; and from 1809 to 1815 he was a member of the United States Senate. During the years 1802 and 1803 he performed the duties of Governor of New Jersey, and died in February, 1823, aged seventy-five years. LANCASTER, COLUMBIA. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Washington, during the years 1854 and 1855. LANDY, JAMES. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 13, 1813; received his education in his native Biographical Sketches. 287 city ; devoted himself, for a time, to the occupation of a builder; stu died law, but abandoned the profes sion, and turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. He has devo ted much of his attention to the Public School system of Philadel phia, and has held the positions of Commissioner and President of the Board of School Commissioners. In 1856 he was elected a Repre- presentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from Pennsylvania, and is a member of the Committee on Com- LANDRY, J. ARISTIDE. He was born in Louisiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. LANE, AMOS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1833 to 1837, having previously been a member of the State Legislature, and served one session as Speaker. . He was a lawyer of the first ability, and filled a conspicuous place in the history of Indiana. He died in Lawrensburg, in that State, in 1850. LANE, HENRY S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1841 to 1843. LANE, JAMES H. He was born in Indiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. LANE, JOSEPH. Born in North Carolina, Decem ber 14, 1801. In his fifteenth year he became a clerk in a mercantile house in Indiana, and in 1822 was chosen a member of the Legisla ture, — serving in that capacity, with occasional intervals, until 1846. He participated in the war with Mexico, acquitting himself with credit at Buena Vista and on other fields, and was appointed, by Presi dent Polk, a brigadier-general. In 1849 he was appointed Governor of the Territory of Oregon, without his solicitation, and organized the government; and was elected a Delegate to Congress, in 1851,where he has been retained by his consti tuents until the present time. LANGDON, CHAUNCEY. He graduated at Yale CoUege in 1787 ; was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1815 to 1817, and died in 1830. LANGDON, JOHN. He was educated for mercantile pursuits, and afterwards prosecuted business upon the sea, until the commencement of the controversy with Great Britain. He was one of the party which removed the powder and the military stores from Fort William and Mary, at New Castle, in 1774. In 1775 and 1776 he was chosen a Delegate to Con gress. Commanding a company of volunteers, he served, for awhile^ in Vermont and Rhode Island. In 288 Biographical Sketches. his own State he was, in 1776 and 1777, Speaker of the House, and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1779 he was Conti nental Agent in New Hampshire, and contracted for the building of several ships of war. In 1783 he was again appointed Delegate to Congress, and was afterwards re peatedly a member of theLegislature, and Speaker. In March, 1788, he was chosen Governor of the State, and from 1789 to 1801 he was Senator of the United States. From 1805 to 1808, and again in 1810 and 1811, he was Governor of the State. He died in 1819, aged seventy-eight. LANMAN, JAMES. Born in Norwich, Connecticut, June 14, 1769 ; graduated at Yale College, in 1788, and settled as a lawyer in his native town ; he was a member of the Convention which formed the first Constitution of Connecticut, and served two years in the Lower House of the Legis lature, and one year as a State Sena tor ; and was for five years Attorney for the State, for New London County, acquiring great local dis tinction by his abilities. He was elected a Senator in Congress, serv ing from 1819 to 1825, during one Congress, as Chairman of the Com mittees on Post-offices and Post- roads and Contingent Expenses of the Senate, and voted with the South on the Missouri Compromise ; dur ing the Seventeenth Congress, he was at one time member of four committees, viz. : that of Commerce and Manufactures, the Militia, District of Columbia, and the Con tingent Expenses of the Senate. He was appointed, by the Governor, to a second term in the Senate, hut as this was at the expiration of his first term, the Senate decided that the appointment was without authority of law. He was subsequently Judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, for three years ; and three years Mayor of Norwich, where he died, August 7, 1841. LANSING, GERRIT Y. He was born in New York, served four years in the Legislature of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1831 to 1837. LAPORTE, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. LA SERE, EMILE. He was born in Louisiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1846 to 1847, and also for the two following terms, ending in 1851. LATHAM, MILTON S. He was born in Ohio, and on his removal to California, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. Biographical Sketches. 289' LATHROP, SAMUEL. Born in Hampden County, Mas sachusetts, in 1771; graduated at Yale College in 1792; studied law, and attained a high position at the bar ; was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1818 to 1826. He died in West Springfield, July 11, 1846. LATTIMER, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1793 to 1795, and a Senator in Congress, from 1795 to 1801. LATTIMORE, WILLIAM. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, Feb ruary 9, 1774, where he received a limited education ; he studied medi cine, removed to the Territory of Mississippi ; and was a Delegate to Congress, from that Territory, from 1803 to 1807, andfrom 1813 to 1817. He was also delegate to the Con vention which formed the first Con stitution of Mississippi ; after which he retired to private life, and died April 3, 1843. LAW, LYMAN. Born at New London, Connecti cut, August 19, 1770; graduated at Yale College in 1791 ;" studied law with his father, Richard Law, (who was a member of the Conti nental Congress,) and practiced at New London ; after serving in the Legislature of the State, and being Speaker of the House of Represen tatives, he was elected to Congress, and represented his State, in that 19 body, from 1811 to 1817. He died in New London, February 3, 1842. LAWLER, JOAB. Born in North Carolina, June 12, 1796; was educated for the minis try, and became a clergyman of the Baptist Church. In 1826 he was elected to the Lower House of the Alabama Legislature, and was re elected until 1831, in which year he was elected to the State Senate. In 1832 he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys for the Coosa Land District, and held the office until 1835. In 1833 he was elected Treasurer of the University of Ala bama. He was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1835 to 1838. He died in Wash ington, May 8, 1838, during the first session of his second term. LAWRANCE, JOHN. He was born in the County of Cornwall;' England, in 1750, and emigrated to the City of New York in 1767. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1772, and in 1775 was commissioned in the First New York Regiment, and served to the end of the revolutionary war, his several grades having been aid- de-camp to his relative, Colonel McDougal, Judge-Advocate, and General, in which latter capacity he conducted the court-martial called to try Major Andre. In 1783 he re sumed the practice of his profession in New York. In 1785 and 1786 he was a member of the First Congress. In 1789 he was elected a State Sena- 290 Biographical Sketches. tor, and during that year was elect ed, by a five-sixth vote, a Represen tative in the Federal Congress, serving from 1789 to 1793; was appointed by Washington, in 1794, Judge of the United States District Court for New York; and was a Senator in Congress, from 1796 to 1800, when he resigned, and retired to private life. He died in 1810. LAWRENCE, ABBOTT. Born in Groton, Massachusetts, December 16, 1792. His education was obtained at a district school and at Groton Academy, and in 1808 he went to Boston and became a clerk in the store of his brother Amos. In 1814 he was admitted as a partner in the concern, and for many years the twain prosecuted a very extensive importing business, and laid the foundations of their several fortunes. He was the tra veling partner, and visited Europe a number of times. He subsequently became one of the foremost men in building up American manufacture, and the flourishing City of Law rence was the offspring of his enter prise. In 1827 he was a delegate to the Harrisburg Convention. He served in the Common Council of Boston in 1831, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1835 to 1837, and again in 1839 and 1840. In 1842 he was appointed a Com missioner to arrange the Northeast ern boundary question ; in 1849 he was invited, by President Taylor, into his cabinet, but declined ; he subsequently accepted, however, the appointment of Minister to Eng land, where he acquitted himself with credit. He founded a scienti fic school in Cambridge, and his gifts and bequests to various chari table and religious societies proved him to be a man of many noble qualities. Died in Boston, August 18, 1855. LAWRENCE, CORNELIUS VAN WYCK. He was born in Flushing, Long Island, February 28, 1791 ; spent his boyhood working on his father's farm, and acquiring a good Eng lish education ; and, on arriving at the age of manhood, removed to New York City, with which, as a business man, he has been identified ever since. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York City, from 1832 to 1834; for two years following he was Mayor of the City of New York; in 1836 President of the Electoral College for President ; and for twenty years he held the honorable position of President of the Bank of the State of New York. Among other posi tions of trust and responsibility, which, with the above, have tended to give him a high reputation, may be mentioned the following: Director of the Branch Bank of the United States and the Bank of America, Trustee of the New York Life and Trust Company, and of numerous Fire and Marine Insur ance Companies. In 1856 ill health compelled Mr. Lawrence to retire from the pursuits of active life, and he is spending the close of his life m Biographical Sketches. 291 peace, on the spot where his ances tors have resided for two hundred years. LAWRENCE, JOHN W. He was born in New York ; served two years in the Assembly of that State, from Queens County; and was a Representative in Congress from 1845 to 1847. LAWRENCE, JOSEPH. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and born in 1788; he served for nine years in the State Legislature, one year as State Treasurer, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829, and again from 1841 to the time of his death, which occurred in Washington, District of Colum bia, April 17, 1842. LAWRENCE, SAMUEL. He was born in New York ; served seven years in the Assembly of that State, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from the same, from 1823 to 1825. LAWRENCE, SIDNEY. He was born in Vermont, but re moved to New York, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. LAWRENCE, WILLIAM. Born in Washington, Guernsey County, Ohio, September 2, 1814; graduated at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in September, 1835 ; engaged in mercantUe and agricul tural pursuits ; and served in the Ohio Legislature in 1843. He was a Presidential Elector in 1848, a member of the Constitutional Con vention of Ohio in 1850-51, State Senator in 1856-57, and elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department. LAWRENCE, WILLIAM T. Born in New York City, May 7, 1788 ; he was bred a merchant, and continued such until called into the service of the United Sjtates, in the war of 1812, as a militia cap tain of artillery. In 1823 he re moved to Cayuga, New York, and located on a farm, where he con tinues to reside. In 1838 he was chosen County Judge, and from 1847 to 1849, he was a Represen tative in Congress; he also served as delegate to several nominating conventions. LAWYER, THOMAS. He was a member of the New York Assembly, from Schoharie County, in 1816, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1817 to 1819. LAY, GEORGE W. He was born in New York, was a member of the New York Assem bly, from Genesee County, in 1840, having been a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837. LEA, LUKE. He was born in Surry County, North Carolina, January 26, 1782; 292 Biographical Sketches. removed at an early day with his father to Tennessee, where he was for several years Clerk of the House of Representatives ; he served gal lantly in Florida and in the Creek country, under General Jackson, in the Indian wars. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837, and for thirty years dis charged the duties of cashier of the State Bank, and Register of the State Land-office of Tennessee. In 1849 he was appointed, by Pre sident Taylor, Indian Agent of the Fort Leavenworth Agency, and was highly esteemed by the Indians under his charge. He was return ing to his residence, after making the Indian payments of his agency, when he was killed by a fall from his horse, June 17, 1851. LEA, PRYOR, Born in Knox County, Tennessee, in 1794 was educated at Greenville College; studied law, as a profes sion ; and was admitted to the bar in 1817. He served with General Jackson in the Creek war, in 1813 ; was Clerk to the Legislature in 1816; United States District At torney in 1824; and a Representa tive in Congress, from 1827 to 1831. In 1837 he removed to Jackson, Mississippi, and in 1847 to Goliad, Texas, where he now re sides. He projected the work called the " Central Transit," for building a railroad from Arkansas Bay to Mazatlan, and is President of the Company. LEACH, DE WITT C Born in Clarence, Erie County, New York, November 23, 1822. He was self-educated ; bred a farm er ; chosen a member of the Michi gan Legislature in 1849 and 1850; and a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution, in 1850; he was also State Librarian in 1855 and 1856; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Michigan, and is a member of the Committee on Re- visal and Unfinished Business. LEADBETTER, D. P. He was born in Pennsylvania; and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1837 to 1841. LEAKE, SHELTON F. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847 LEAKE, WALTER. He was a soldier in the revolu tionary war ; in 1821 was elected Governor of Mississippi, having previously served as Senator of the United States, from 1817 to 1820. He died at Mount Salus, Hines County, Mississippi, November 17, 1825. LEARNED, AMASA. Born in Killingly, Connecticut, November 15, 1750, and died at New London, May 4, 1825. He graduated at Yale College in 1772; Biographical Sketches. 293 studied divinity, but preached for only a short time ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from Con necticut, from 1801 to 1805. He. had been a member of the Conven tion which ratified the Constitution of the United States; in 1818 was a member of the Connecticut Con stitutional Convention ; and after wards, frequently sat in the Assem bly of his native State. LEAVITT, HUMPHREY H. He was born in Suffield, Con necticut, in June, 1796; removed at an early day with his father to the Western Reserve of Ohio ; re ceived an academical education; and adopted the profession of the law, having been admitted to the bar in 1816; and he was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1831 to 1834. He also served in the State Legislature, in the House in 1825 and 1826, and in the Senate in 1827; and he has for many years been Judge of the District Court of Ohio, having been appointed in 1834, by President Jackson. LECOMPTE, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1825 to 1833. LEE, GIDEON. He was born in Amherst, Massa chusetts, in 1777; in early life re moved to the City of New York, where he became a leather mer chant, and amassed a large fortune. He was at one time Mayor of New York, a Presidential Elector, and a member of Congress during the years 1836 and 1837. He died at Geneva, New York, August 21, 1841. LEE, HENRY. Born in Virginia, January 29, 1756, and graduated at Princeton College in 1773. In 1776 he was appointed a captain of cavalry, un der Colonel Bland, and in Septem ber, 1777, he joined the main army, His skill in discipline and gallant bearing attracted the notice of Washington, and he was soon pro moted to the rank of major, with the command of a separate corps of cavalry, and then advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. From 1780 to the end of the war he served under Greene. The ser vices of Lee's Legion in various actions were very important. He particularly distinguished himself in the battle of Guilford ; after wards, he succeeded in captur ing Fort Cornwallis, and other forts; he was also conspicuous at Ninety-six, and at the Eutaw Springs. In 1786 he was appoint ed a Delegate in Congress, from Virginia, in which body he remained till the Constitution was adopted, having in the Convention of Virgi nia advocated its adoption. In 1791 he was chosen Governor of Virginia, and remained in office three years. By appointment of Washington, he commanded the forces sent to suppress the Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. He 294 Biographical Sketches. was a member of Congress at the period of Washington's death, in 1799, and was appointed, by Con gress, to deliver a eulogy on the occasion. He it was who first ut tered the memorable saying in re gard to Washington — "First in peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." In 1801 he retired to private life, and in his last years he was distressed with pecuniary embarrassments ; while confined in 1809 within the bounds of Spottsylvania County, for debt, he wrote his valuable " Memoirs of the Southern Campaigns." In 1814, during the mob at Baltimore, he was one of the defenders, and was severely wounded, and carried to the jail for safety. Returning from the West Indies, where he had gone for health, he died at Cumberland Island, near St. Mary's, Georgia, March 25, 1818. LEE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1823 to 1825. LEE, JOSHUA. He was born in New York, and served three years in the Legisla ture of that State, from Ontario and Yates Counties, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from New York, from 1835 to 1837. LEE, RICHARD HENRY. Was born in Stratford, West moreland County, Virginia, Janu ary 20, 1732, and was educated at Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. He had a seat in the House of Bur gesses of Virginia, in 1757, and proposed there, in 1773, the for mation of a committee of corre spondence. He had the honor of originating the first resistance to British oppression, in the time of the Stamp Act, in 1765. He was a member of the First Congress in 1774, and in October, prepared the draft of the memorial to the people of British America. In accordance with instructions from the Virginia Convention, he first proposed in Congress a declaration of indepen dence, June 7, 1776, and a com mittee was appointed to prepare it. The second eloquent address to the people of Great Britain was drawn up by him ; and after the adoption. of the articles of the Confederation) he withdrew from Congress, but was re-elected in 1784, and chosen President of that body, serving till 1787. He contended for the neces sity of amendments to the Constitu tion previously to its adoption in 1789 ; and was a Senator, from Virginia, from 1789 to 1792. He was the author of a number of poli tical pamphlets, and his corres pondence was published in 1825. He died at Chantilly, Westmore land County, Virginia, June 9, 1794. LEE, SILAS. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1784; was a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1799 to 1801 ; he was appointed, by President Adams, Biographical Sketches. 295 United States District Attorney for Maine ; and died in 1814. LEE, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey,' from 1833 to 1837 ; and died at Port Eliza beth, November 2, 1855. LEE, THOMAS BLAND. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from 1789 to 1795, having previously served in the Continental Congress, and died in 1827. LEET, ISAAC. Born in Pennsylvania in 1802; was for several years in the Senate of that State ; a Representative in Congress, from 1829 to 1831 ; and died at Washington, Pennsylvania, June 10, 1844. LEFEVRE, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1811 to 1813.' LEFFERETS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815 ; a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1821 ; and a State Senator, from 1822 to 1825. LEFFLER, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1827 to 1829. LEFFLER, SHEPHERD. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Iowa, from 1846 to 1851. LEFTWICH, JABEZ. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1821 to 1825. LEGARE, HUGH SUMPTER. He was born at Charleston, South Carolina, January 2, 1797 ; gra duated at the College of that State, in 1814, and after having studied law, went to Europe, where he re mained until 1820, occupied with the pursuits of literature. On his return to Charleston, he devoted himself to the practice of his pro fession and to agricultural pursuits. In 1830, he was appointed Attorney- General of the State, and was the principal editor of the Southern Re view. In 1832 he was appointed Charge d'Affaires of the United States to Belgium ; from 1837 to 1839 was a Representative of his na tive State, in Congress; andinl841 was appointed Attorney-General of the United States, by President Tyler, and also Acting Secretary of State. He died, suddenly, at Boston, June 16, 1843, while ac companying the President in his journey to attend the Bunker Hill Celebration. His fine taste as a writer, his eminent acquirements as a scholar, and his learning and elo quence as a lawyer, were known and appreciated throughout the 296 Biographical Sketches. Union. His writings were collected and published in 1846. LEIB, MICHAEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1799 to 1806, and a Senator of the United States from 1808 to 1814, and in the latter year, he was ap pointed Postmaster at Philadel phia. LEIB, OWEN D. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. LEIDY, PAUL. Born in Hemlock, Columbia County, Pennsylvania, November 21, 1813. He was educated at a common school ; the early part of his life was devoted to agricultural pursuits ; from the age of sixteen to twenty-four he followed the bu siness of a tailor ; and having studied law and taught school at the same time, has practiced the profession for about sixteen years. He was for five years District At torney for Montour County; for a short time Superintendent of Common Schools, for the same county; and was elected a Repre sentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving as a member of the Committee on Roads and Canals. LEIGH, BENJAMIN WATKINS. Born in Virginia in 1782, and died at Richmond, February 2, 1849. He was one of the most eminent men of his State, well known as a lawyer and public man. From 1829 to 1841 he was Re porter of the State; frequently a member of the House of Delegates ; a member of the Convention of 1830, for revising the State Con stitution ; and a Senator in Con gress, from 1834 to 1837. LEIPER, GEORGE G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1831. LEITER, BENJAMIN F. Born in Leitersburg, Washington County, Maryland, October 13, 1813. He was chiefly educated by his father ; taught school in Mary land, from 1830 to 1834; removed to Ohio and taught there until 1842, after which he was admitted to the bar and devoted himself to the practice of law, in which he was successful ; he was elected to the Ohio Legislature, in 1848, and was chosen temporary Chairman, by the Democrats, acting as such through out the long contest of that year between his party and the Whigs, which is now spoken of in Ohio as the "days of the revolution;" in 1849 he was re-elected, and chosen Speaker; and in 1854 he was elected to Congress, and re-elected to each successive Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. LENT, JAMES. He was a member of Congress, from New York, from 1829 to Biographical Sketches. 297 1833, and died in Washington, February 24, 1833. He was Chair man of the Committee on Expen ditures in the Department of State. LEONARD, GEORGE. Born in Boston, in 1729 ; gra duated at Harvard CoUege in 1748 ; a Representative in Congress, from 1789 to 1793, and from 1795 to 1797 ; a man of unusual wealth ; for his learning was made a Doctor of Laws ; and died at Raynham, Massachusetts, July 26, 1 819. His descendants are numerous, and many of them distinguished. LEONARD, MOSES G. He was born in Connecticut; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1843 to 1845, and was for several years, Commissioner of Emigration in the City of New York. LEONARD, STEPHEN B. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1841. LETCHER, JOHN. Born in Lexington, Rockbridge County, Virginia, March 29, 1813 ; he commenced his classical studies at Washington College, and com pleted his education at Randolph Macon College ; adopted the pro fession of law and was admitted to practice in 1839 ; during that year he established and for a time edited the Valley Star, in Lexington ; a member of the Convention for re forming the Constitution of Virgi nia in 1850 ; and was elected a Re presentative in the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Congresses, serving at present as a member of the Com mittee of Ways and Means. He has recently been nominated by the Democracy of Virginia, as their candidate for Governor of that Commonwealth. LETCHER, ROBERT P. He was born in Gerard County, Kentucky; received a good educa tion, and adopted the profession of law. He served a number of years in the State Legislature, and was at one time elected Speaker of the House ; was a Representative in Congress from 1823 to 1833 ; Go vernor of Kentucky in 1840 ; and in 1849 was appointed Minister to Mexico. LEVIN, LEWIS C. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, November 10, 1808 ; re ceived a liberal education, having graduated at Columbia ' College, South Carolina; adopted the profes sion of law, and practiced the same in Maryland, Louisiana, Kentucky and Pennsylvania ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Penn sylvania, from 1845 to 1847, and again from 1847 to 1851, generally serving on the Committee on Naval Affairs. To him is generally award ed the credit of having founded, in 1843, the Native American party. 298 Biographical Sketches. LEWIS, ABNER. He was born in New York ; was a member of the Assembly of that State, from Chautauque County in 1838 and 1839, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. LEWIS, DIXON H. Born in Dinwiddie County, Vir ginia, in 1802, and was educated at the South Carolina College. He studied law, removed to Alaba ma, and became eminent in his pro fession. He was an able and amia ble man, and physically very large and fleshy ; and the story is related of him, that when returning from home on one of the Southern steam ers, which was wrecked, he refused to take a seat in a small boat, be cause the lives of several persons would thereby be jeopardized, and though for a time he was in great danger, he was rescued. He Repre sented Alabama in Congress, from 1829 to 1843, and from 1844 until his death was a Senator in Con gress. Died in New York, October 25, 1848. LEWIS, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1803 to 1807. LEWIS, WILLIAM J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1817 to 1819. LIGON, THOMAS W. He was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, placed at an ear ly age at Hampden Sydney Col lege, but finished his education at the University of Virginia. He studied law, and after spending a year and a half at the Yale Law School, settled in Baltimore. He was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1845tol849, having been re-elected for a second term ; and was elected in 1854 Go vernor of that State. LILLY, SAMUEL, He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. He was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809 ; re ceived a limited education ; adopted the profession of law ; was a cap tain of volunteers iu the Black Hawk war ; at one time Postmas ter of a small village ; four times elected to the Illinois Legislature ; and a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1847 to 1849. LINCOLN, ENOCH. Born in Worcester, Massachu setts, December 28, 1788 ; and after studying law, settled in Fryeburg, Maine, and afterwards removed to Paris. He was a member of the United States House of Represen tatives, from 1818 to 1826, when he was elected Governor of Maine, Biographical Sketches. 299 and re-elected in 1828; He pub lished, while at Fryeburg, a poem, entitled "The Village;" he was also the author of some historical recollections of Maine. He died at Augusta, October 8, 1829. LINCOLN, LEVI. A native of Massachusetts ; gra duated at Harvard College in 1772 ; and settled as a lawyer in Worces ter, where he rose to distinction ; he was a Representative in Con gress, from 1799 to 1801, and dur ing the administration of President Adams, he wrote a series of politi cal papers, called "Farmer's Let ters." In 1801 he was appointed Attorney-General of the United States, and acted as Secretary of State, until Mr. Madison reached Washington; and in 1807 was Lieutenant-Governor of Massachu setts; acting as Governor in 1809, after the death of Governor Sul- Uvan. In 1811 he was Associate Judge of the Supreme Court. He died at Worcester, Massachusetts, April 14, 1820, aged seventy-one years. LINCOLN, LEVI. He was born in Massachusetts; was Governor of that State, from 1825 to 1834; and from 1834 to 1841 was a Representative in Con gress. He also served a number of years in the Legislature of that State. LINDLEY, JAMES J. Born at Mansfield, Ohio, January 1, 1822 ; went with his parents to Kentucky when a boy, and lived at Cynthiana several years ; was a student in Wood ville College, Ohio, for two years ; studied law, and located at Monticello, Missouri, in 1846. In 1848 he was elected Cir cuit Attorney for eight counties, and re-elected in 1852. He was a Representative in the Thirty-third Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth. He afterwards re moved to Davenport, Iowa, and engaged in the practice of his pro fession. LINDSLEY, WILLIAM D. He was born in Connecticut, and having removed to Ohio, was elect ed a Representative in Congress-, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. LINN, ARCHIBALD L. He was born in New York, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, and was a member of the State Assem bly, from Schenectady, in 1844. LINN, JAMES. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1769, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from New Jer sey, from 1799 to 1801, when he was appointed by President Adams Supervisor of the Revenue. . LINN, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, of which State he was a native, from 1817 to 1821. 300 Biographical Sketches. LINN, LEWIS F. Born near Louisville, Kentucky, November 5, 1795 He was edu cated chiefly by an elder brother, and studied medicine. In 1809 he removed to Missouri ; and in 1814 helped to fight the battles of his country; after successfully practic ing his profession, he was elected to the State Legislature in 1827 ; and in 1833 was elected a Senator in Congress, in which capacity he served until his death, which oc curred at St. Genevieve, Missouri, October 3, 1843. He proved him self to be a man of remarkable abilities, identified himself through out his whole career in Congress with the interests of the valley of the Mississippi, and when he died, many of the best men in the coun try eulogized him for his manifold virtues. LITCHFIELD, ELISHA. He was born in New York ; served five years in the State Legis lature, from Onondaga County ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1821 to 1823, and again from 1823 to 1825. LITTLE, EDWARD P. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1842 to 1853. LITTLE, PETER. He was born in Petersburg, Penn sylvania; removed to Maryland; and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1813, and was in the latter year appointed, by President Madi son, colonel of infantry ; and again a Representative in Congress from 1816 to 1829. LITTLEFIELD, NATHANIEL S. Born in Wells, York County, Maine, September 20, 1804; re ceived a common school education; studied and adopted the profession of law ; was a member of the Maine Senate in 1837, 1838, and 1839; President of the same a part of the time; a Representative, from Maine, of the Twenty-seventh and Thirty- first Congresses ; and a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1854. Now devoted to his pro: fession. LIVERMORE, ARTHUR. Born in Londonderry, New Hamp shire, July 26, 1776. He was a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire from 1799 to 1816; from 1825 to 1833 Judge of the Common Pleas ; and a Representa tive in Congress from 1817 to 1821, and from 1823 to 1825. He died at Campton, New Hampshire, July 1, 1853. LIVERMORE, EDWARD S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1807 to 1811. LIVERMORE, SAMUEL. Born in Waltham, New Hamp shire, in 1732; graduated at Prince- Biographical Sketches. 301 ton College in 1752 ; was Judge- Advocate of the Admiralty before the Revolution ; subsequently Judge of the Superior Court of New Hampshire ; and a Senator in Con gress, from 1793 to 1801. He died at Holderness, May, 1803. LIVINGSTON, EDWARD. Born at Claremont, Livingston Manor, New York, in 1764; gra duated at Princeton College in 1781 ; studied law, and was admit ted to the bar in 1785, and pursued his profession till 1795, when he was elected a Representative to Con gress, from New York City, serving until 1802. He was then appointed United States Attorney for the Dis trict of New York, and was also mayor of the city. Removing to New Orleans in 1804 he became eminent there as a lawyer ; at the invasion of Louisiana he acted as the aid to General Jackson ; and was elected a Representative, of Louisiana, in Congress, from 1823 to 1829, and as a Senator of the United States from 1829 to 1831, when he was appointed, by Presi dent Jackson, Secretary of State, and in 1833 Minister to France. His " Penal Code" is considered a monument of his profound learning. He died at Rhinebeck, May 23, 1836. LIVINGSTON, HENRY WALTER. Was born in 1764 ; graduated at Yale College in 1786, and was educated to the law ; he was secre tary, in 1792, to Mr. Morris, Am bassador to France ; a Represen tative in Congress, from New York, from 1803 to 1807. He died at, Livingston Manor, New York, De cember 22, 1810, aged forty-two. LIVINGSTON, ROBERT LE ROY. He was elected a Representative. in Congress, from the Sixth Con gressional District of New. York, from 1809 to 1813, but resigned in 1812, when he was succeeded by T. P. Grosvenor; he was then ap pointed, by President Madison, lieu tenant-colonel of infantry. LLOYD, EDWARD. He was at one time Governor of Maryland ; a member of Congress from 1806 to 1809; and served as United States Senator, from Mary land, from 1819 to 1826. He was highly respected, both in public and private life. He died June 2, 1834. lloyd; JAMES. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maryland, from 1797 to 1800. LLOYD, JAMES. He was born in Boston, Massa chusetts, in 1769 ; graduated at Harvard University in 1787; and devoted himself to mercantile pur suits, and resided in Russia a num ber of years. He devoted some attention to literature ; was elected a member of the American Acade my of Arts and Sciences ; and re ceived from his Alma Mater, in 1826, the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was a Senator in Congress, 302 Biographical Sketches. from Massachusetts, from 1808 to 1813, and again from 1822 to 1826, serving as Chairman of the Com mittees on Commerce and Naval Affairs. His reputation was that of an able statesman and a wealthy and benevolent man. He died in New York City, April 5, 1831. LOCKE, FRANCIS. Born in Rowan County, North Carolina, October 31, 1766. He was elected Judge of the Superior Court in 1803, and, having resigned, was chosen a Senator in Congress, for the years 1814 and 1815. Died January, 1823. LOCKE, JOHN. He was born in Hopkinton, Mas sachusetts, in 1764; graduated at Cambridge in 1792; was admitted to the bar in 1796, and opened an office in Ashby. He represented that town, in the Legislature, in 1804, 1805, 1813, and 1823. In 1820 he was a member of the Con stitutional Convention of the State ; and from 1823 to 1829 was a Re presentative in Congress, from the Worcester North District. In 1830 he was State Senator, from Middle sex County ; and in 1831 was a member of the Executive Council. He removed to Lowell in 1837, and thence, in 1849, to Boston, where he died March 29, 1855. LOCKE, MATTHEW. Born in Rowan County, North Carolina, in 1730, and died in 1801. He was a member of the Congress at Halifax, in 1776, which formed the Constitution of North Carolina, and was a Representative in the Congress of the United States, from 1793 to 1799. He also served in the Legislature, and had four sons, at one time, in the revolutionary war. LOCKHART, JAMES. He was born in New York, but removed to Indiana, and was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from 1851 to 1853. LOGAN, GEORGE. Born at Stanton, near Philadel phia, September 9, 1753. Hewas educated at Edinburg for the me dical profession, but devoted a great portion of his time to agricul ture ; and was a member of the Le gislature of Pennsylvania. In 1798 he embarked for Europe for the sole purpose of preventing a war between America and France, and prepared the way for a negotiation which terminated in peace. He was a Senator of the United States, from 1801 to 1807. He went to Eng land, in February, 1810, on the same peaceful mission which led him to France, but not with the same success. He was an active member of the Philosophical Society and the State Board of Agriculture; and in 1797 published "Experi ments on Gypsum" and " Rotation of Crops." He died at Stanton, April 9, 1821. Biographical Sketches. 303 LOGAN, HENRY. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. LOGAN, WILLIAM. He was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, December 8, 1776 ; was a member of the State Constitu tional Convention in 1799; studied law and practiced with success ; was frequently in the Legislature, and officiated as Speaker; was twice chosen Judge of the Court of Ap peals ; was a Senator in. Congress during the years 1819 and 1820; and died August 8, 1822. LONG, EDWARD H. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. LONG, JOHN. Born in Randolph County, North Carolina ; was a farmer by profes sion; entered public life as a Se nator in the Assembly in 1815, and in 1821 was elected to Congress as a Representative, from North Ca roUna, where he remained until 1829. LONGFELLOW, STEPHEN. He was born about the year 1770; graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1789; for many years a leading politician and lawyer in Maine; and a member of the Hartford Convention in 1814 of which body, at the time of his death, he was the only surviving delegate from Massachusetts. From 1817 to 1836 he was a member of the Corporation of Bowdoin Col lege, from which institution he re ceived the degree of LL.D. He was a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1823 to 1825, and died at Portland, August 2, 1849. LOOMIS, A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1837 to 1838. LOOMIS, ARPHAXAD. He was for three years a member of the Legislature of New York, from Herkimer County, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. LORD, FREDERICK W. Born in Lyme, Connecticut, De cember 11, 1800;' graduated at Yale College in 1821 ; was for two years Professor of Mathematics in Washington College ; had charge for three years of an academy in the City of Baltimore ; devoted himself, in Baltimore, for several years, to the study of medicine, and received a diploma from Yale College in 1829; spent fifteen years in the practice of his profession at Sag Harbor, New York, when he re tired ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1849. He was also a dele gate to the Baltimore National Con vention for nominating a President, in 1840. 304 Biographical Sketches. LOVE, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1833 to 1835. LOVE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1807 to 1811. LOVE, THOMAS C He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1835 to 1837. LOVE, WILLIAM C Born in Virginia, educated at the University of North Carolina, of which his father was Steward ; was a lawyer by profession, and a Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1815 to 1817. LOVEJOY, OWEN. He was born in Albion, Kenne bec County, Maine, January 6, 1811; labored on a farm until eighteen years of age; taught school, and obtained the means for a college education, which he re ceived at Bowdoin. He was a clergyman of the Congregational Church, at Princeton, Illinois, from 1838 to 1854, and was elected a Representative in the Illinois Le gislature in 1854, when he resigned his pastoral duties ; and in 1856 was elected a Representative from that State to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, and re-elected to the Thirty- sixth. He is a member of the Com mittee on Revolutionary Claims. LOVETT, JOHN. He graduated at Yale College, and was a member of the New York Assembly in 1800 and 1801, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1814, and from 1815 to 1817. He died in 1818. LOWELL, JOSHUA A. He was born in Thomaston, Maine, March 20, 1801 ; his edu cational advantages were limited, but he commenced active life by teaching school; he adopted the profession of law; was a member, of the Maine Legislature in 1826, 1831, and 1832, and a Representa tive in Congress, from Maine, from 1839 to 1843. LOWER, CHRISTIAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1805 to 1807. LOWNDES, THOMAS. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1765 ; received; a thorough education, and was one of the chivalrous citizens of his native city. He was a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1801 to 1805, and was distin guished for his talents. He died in Charleston, July -8, 1843. LOWNDES, WILLIAM. He was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1822, when, Biographical Sketches. 305 from ill health, he resigned. In 1 8 1 8 he was Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. He died while on a voyage with his family from Philadelphia to London, in the ship Moss, October 27, 1822, aged forty-two. He had a memory of uncommon power, was an elo quent debater, and stood in the first rank of American statesmen. LOWRIE, WALTER. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1819 to 1825. LOYALL, GEORGE. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, May 29, 1789 ; graduated at WUliam and Mary College in 1808. In 1815 he visited England, and on his return in 1817, was elected a member of the House of Delegates of Virginia, and served ten years. In 1829 was a member of the Con vention to amend the State Consti tution, and from 1831 to 1837 he was a Representative in Congress. In 1837 he was appointed Navy Agent at Norfolk, and with the ex ception of two years, he has occu pied that position ever since. LUCAS, EDWARD. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. LUCAS, JOHN B. C. He was born in Normandy, France, in 1762; was educated at the University of Caen, where he graduated as Doctor of Civil and Common Law in 1782. He prac ticed his profession in" his native country two years, and then emi grated to the United States, and settled on a farm near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where, in connec tion with agricultural pursuits, he devoted himself to acquiring the English language, and making him self acquainted with the history, constitution, and laws of his adopt ed country. He Soon gained the confidence of the people, and in 1792 was elected to the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and served as a- Judge in the Court of Common Pleas, for his district. In 1802 he was elected a Representative in Congress, and re-elected in 1804. In 1805 he was appointed, by Pre sident Jefferson, Judge of. the United States Court in Upper Louisiana, when he resigned his seat in Congress, and removed to St. Louis. He was also Commis sioner of Land Titles in that Ter ritory. He held the office of Judge until 1820, when he retired to pri vate life, on a farm adjoining the City of St. Louis, where he died in September, 1842. LUCAS, WILLIAM. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and for a second term, from 1843 to 1845. LUMPKIN, JOHN H. He was born in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, June 13, 1812 ; 306 Biographical Sketches. he was educated at Franklin and Yale Colleges; served for a time as secretary in the Executive De partment of Georgia ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834 ; was elected to the State Le gislature in 1853; in 1838 he was Solicitor-General of the Cherokee Circuit ; and he was a Representa tive in Congress, from Georgia, from 1843 to 1849, and re-elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress. He also held the office, for three years, of Judge of the Cherokee Circuit Court, and that of Judge of the Supreme Court of the State. LUMPKIN, WILSON. Born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, January 14, 1783. He received a common school educa tion, and while engaged as a copy ing clerk, in his father's office, studied law. Soon after attaining the age of twenty-one he was sent to the State Legislature, and continued in that capacity a num ber of years. He was twice elected Governor of Georgia. In 1823 he was appointed, by President Mon roe, to mark out the boundary line between Georgia and Florida ; and, by President Jackson, was ap pointed a Commissioner, under the Cherokee treaty of 1835. He was' also a member of the Board of Public Works. He served in the Federal House of Representatives, from 1815 to 1817, and from 1827 to 1831 ; and was a Senator in Congress, from 1838 to 1841. LYLE, AARON. He was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1809 to 1817. LYMAN, J. S. He was born in Hampden, Mas sachusetts, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821. LYMAN, SAMUEL. He was a graduate of Yale Col lege in 1770 ; a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1795 to 1800. Died in 1802. LYMAN, WILLIAM. A native of Northampton, Mas sachusetts ; graduated at Yale College in 1776, and was brigadier- general of militia. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1793 to 1797; and appointed Consul to London in 1805, where he died, Oc tober, 1811, aged about fifty-eight years. LYNDE, WILLIAM P. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Wisconsin, from. 1848 to 1849. LYON, ASA. Was a native of Connecticut; a graduate of Darmouth College, in 1790, and shortly after his gradua tion removed to South Hero, Ver mont. He was appointed Chief Judge of Grand Isle County, in 1805, 1806, 1808, and 1813. He was elected a Representative, fro111 Biographical Sketches. 307 South Hero, in 1802, 1804, 1805, 1806, and 1808, and from Grand Isle, in 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814. He was a member of the Executive Council, in 1808; and was elected a member of Congress, from 1815 to 1817. He was a member of the Corporation of the University of Vermont, from 1814 to 1821, inclusive. He is said to have been a second cousin of Ro bert Burns, the Scotch poet. He was for many years, and until his death, an able preacher of the gos pel. Although never regularly in stalled, he prefered the Calvinistic form of worship. He was distin guished for his ripe scholarship and eloquence. By rigid economy and prudence, he amassed wealth, and died at South Hero, April 4, 1841. His published sermons and patriotic addresses indicate a high order of talent, and an intimate acquaintance with modern and classic Uterature. LYON, CALEB. He was born in Lyonsdale, Lewis County, New York, and liberally educated, and while devoting him self to the quiet pursuits of Utera ture, was elected a Representative in the Thirty-third Congress, from New York ; and was subsequently elected for one term to each house of the State Legislature. By way of distinction he signs his name Caleb Lyon, of Lyonsdale. He has traveled extensively in the West and the East, and has re cently devoted some attention to lecturing. LYON, CHITTENDEN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1827 to 1835, and died in Caldwell County, Kentucky, in November, 1842. LYON, FRANCIS S. He was born in North Carolina, and having settled in Alabama, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1835 to 1839. LYON, LUCIUS. He was born in Vermont, but emigrated to Michigan when quite a young man ; devoted himself for a number of years to the business of surveying the wild lands of the Territory ; was a Delegate in Con gress, from that Territory, during the years 1833, 1834 and 1835 ; and a Senator in Congress, from the State of Michigan, from 1836 to 1840 ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. His last public position was that of Surveyor-General in the North west. Died at Detroit, September 25, 1851. LYON, MATTHEW. He was born in Wicklow County, Ireland, in 1746, and having emi grated to this country when thir teen years of age, participated to some extent in the revolutionary struggle, having in 1777 been ap pointed temporary Paymaster of the Northern army, and in 1778 Deputy Secretary of the Governor of Vermont, and at the same time 308 Biographical Sketches. Clerk of the Court of Confiscation. He settled in Vermont after the war, and was elected a member of the State Legislature, in 1799 and the three following years. In 1783 he founded the town of Fairhaven, where he built saw-mills, grist-mills, established a forge or iron foundry, manufactured paper from bass- wood, and established a newspaper, called The Farmers' Library. He served that town in the Legis lature ten years. In 1786 he was Assistant Judge of Rutland Coun ty. He was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1799 to 1801, and it was during his first term that he had a personal difficulty, on the floor of Congress, with Roger Griswold, of Connecti cut, when an unsuccessful effort was made to have him expelled. The fact of his giving the vote that made Jefferson President, is well known. At the end of his second term as a Representative, from Vermont, he removed to Kentucky, served two years in the Legislature . of that State, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1803 to 1811. After his final retirement from Congress, and on November 13, 1811, the Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives presented a petition from him, setting forth that he had, many years before, been prosecuted and convicted under the sedition law, (see " State Trials of the Uni ted States,") that he had suffered imprisonment, and been made to pay the sum of $1060 90, and that he wished to have the money refunded to him. On July 4 1840, a law was passed, pay ing to his heirs the specified sum, with interest from February, 1799, It was while in prison at Vergennes that he was elected to Congress, from Vermont, and at the close of his services in Congress; from Ken tucky, he was employed to build gun-boats for the war, but became bankrupt from the speculation. In 1820 he was appointed a Factor among the Cherokee Indians in Arkansas ; when that Territory was organized, he was elected the first Delegate to Congress, but did not , live to take his seat, having died at Spadra Bluff, Arkansas, August 1, 1822. LYTLE, ROBERT T. He was distinguished as a public speaker, and was a member of Con gress, from Ohio, from 1833 to 1835. He died in New Orleans, December 21, 1839. MACE, DANIEL. Was a native of Ross County, Ohio ; he commenced life as a mer chant, in Warren County, Indiana, but subsequently became a success ful lawyer. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from Indiana, from 1851 to 1855. MACHIR, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1797 to 1799. Biographical Sketches. 309 MACLAY, SAMUEL. B? was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1795 to 1798, and a Senator in Congress, from 1803 to 1808. MACLAY, WILLIAM. He was a Senator in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1789 to 1791, and died in April, 1804. MACLAY, WILLIAM. He- was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1815 tol817,andagainfroml817tol819. MACLAY, WILLIAM B. Born in New York City in 1815 ; graduated at the University of New York, where he subsequently offi ciated for a time as Professor of Latin ; he was also a Trustee, as weU as Secretary of the University ; he adopted the profession of the law; and in 1836 he was associate editor of the New York Quarterly Magazine. He was also an active member of the Legislature of New York for several years, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, in 1843j was re-elected in 1845, 1847, and also in 1857, serving generaUy on import ant committees. He has recently been re-elected a Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress, which wiU make his fifth term. MACLAY, WILLIAM P. He was born in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1816 to 1821. MACON, NATHANIEL. He was born in Warren County, North Carolina, in 1757. His early youth was marked by diligence in the acquisition of knowledge, and he was sent to Princeton Col lege to complete his education ; but the troubles of the Revolution closed the haUs of that institution, " and he returned home and volun teered as a private in a company commanded by his brother, having refused a higher position. WhUe in the army, he was elected a mem ber of the General Assembly, in which he served for several years. In 1791 he was elected a Represen tative in Congress, and continued a member of that body until trans ferred to the United States Senate, in 1815, where he served until 1828. From 1801 to 1805 hewas Speaker of the House, and from 1825 to 1828 he was President pro tern. of the Senate. He was for thirty- seven years a member of the House or Senate, and was called the Father of the House, having served a longer time in that -body than any other man. In 1828 his native State, in honor of his ser vices, named a county for him. He afterwards returned to the General Assembly, and in 1835 was Presi dent of the Constitutional Conven tion of the State. He died sud denly, at his residence, June 29, 1837. MACY, JOHN B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Wisconsin, from 1853 310 Biographical Sketches. to 1855. He resided at Fond du Lac, and was lost, September 24, by the burning of the steamboat Niagara, on Lake Michigan. MADISON, JAMES. He was born on the Rappahan nock River, in Virginia, March 1 6, 1751 ; and after due preparation he entered Princeton College in 1769, and graduated in 1771, going through the junior and senior stu dies in one year. He remained at the College until 1772, for the pur pose of studying Hebrew. In 1776 he was sent to the General Assem bly, and in 1778 was a member of the Executive Council ; from 1779 to 1785 he was a member of the Continental Congress, and was chosen a second time in 1786; in 1789 he was a member of the Con vention at Philadelphia which formed the Federal Constitution, and he was a Representative in Congress, under the Constitution, from 1789 to 1797. In 1798 he went again into the Assembly, and in 1800 was an Elector for Presi dent. In 1801 he was Secretary of State of the United States, which office he held until 1809, when he was elected President of the Uni ted States, and served two entire terms. After leaving the Executive chair, he retired to private life on his estate, known as Montpelier. He was subsequently a Visitor and Rector of the University of Virgi nia ; and in 1829 a member of the State Convention, which was the last pubUc position he held. He was one of the contributors to the Federalist, and his collected State papers and miscellaneous writings have been published in six volumes. He died at Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia, June 28, 1836. MAGEE, JOHN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1831. MAGRUDER, ALLAN B. A native of Kentucky, and a law yer by profession. He removed to Louisiana, and in 1805 published " Reflections on . the Cession of Louisiana to the United States;" and was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1812 to 1813, He had collected materials for a general history of the Indians. He died at Opelousas, Louisiana, in April, 1822. • MAGRUDER, PATRICK. He was born in Montgomery County, Maryland, in 1768; edu cated at Princeton College; adopt ed the profession of law; and was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1805 to 1807 ; and was Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, from 1807 to 1815. He died in Peters burg, Virginia, in 1819 or 1820. MALBONE, FRANCIS. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, in 1809, having previously been a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1793 to 1797. He died June 4, 1809. Biographical Sketches. 311 MALLARY, ROLLIN C. He was born in New Haven, Con necticut, in 1784, and died in Balti more, April 16, 1831. He repre sented the State of Vermont in Congress, from 1819 to 1831, and took an active part in all matters appertaining to commerce as chair man of an important committee. He was held in the highest estimation both for his public acts and private virtues. MALLORY, FRANCIS. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. MALLORY, MEREDITH. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1839 to 1841. MALLORY, S. R. He is a Senator in Congress, from Florida, having been elected in 1851, serving continuously, by re-election, to the present time. He is Chair man of the Committee on Naval Affairs, and a member of the Com mittee on Claims. MANGUM, WILIE P. Born in Orange County, North Carolina, in 1792, and graduated at the university' of that State in 1815. He studied law, rose to eminence in his profession, entered into poli tics, and was elected to the House of Commons, in 1818. In 1819 he was elected a Judge of the Superior Court; and from 1823 to 1826, served as a Representative in Con gress. He was elected a United States Senator in 1831, re-elected in 1841, and for a third term in 1848. In 1837 he received eleven electoral votes for President of the United States ; and during the ad ministration of President Tyler was President of the United States Se nate. He has of late years lived in retirement at his home in North CaroUna. MANN, ABIJAH, Jr. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer County, New York, September 24, 1793; he received a good common school education, and became a teacher in the district school in Oneida County ; he was afterwards a merchant, postmaster, and justice of the peace ; and elected to the Le gislature in 1827, serving by re- elections until 1830. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837, during which time he served on several committees, being once Chairman of the Committee on Rules and Orders of the House. In 1837, on returning to his native county, he was again re-elected to the Legislature. He afterwards removed to New York City, and declined all official employments. MANN, HORACE. Born in Franklin, Massachusetts, May 4, 1796. He was, to some degree, self-educated, but gradua ted at Brown University in 1819 ; he studied law at Litchfield, Con necticut, and while Counsel or-at- 312 Biographical Sketches, law, in Dedham, Massachusetts, was elected to. the State Legislature. He removed to Boston in 1836, where he was elected to the State Senate, chosen President of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and elected a member of Congress, from 1848 to 1853. Since that time he has been devoted to mat ters connected with education, hav ing been appointed President of Antioch College and the North western Christian University at In dianapolis. MANN, JOB. He was born in Bethel Town ship, Bedford County, Pennsylvania, March 31, 1795; received a com mon school education ; in 1816 was appointed clerk to a board of county commissioners ; two years after wards he was appointed register, recorder, and clerk, for the courts of Bedford County, all of which po sitions he continued to hold until 1835, when he was elected a Re presentative in Congress, where he served one term. In 1839 he was admitted to the bar; in 1842 was appointed State Treasurer, which office he held for three terms ; and in 1847 was again elected to Con gress, where he served until 1851, declining, a re-election. MANN, JOEL K. He was born in Pennsylvania, in 1780, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1835. He died in Mont gomery County, Pennsylvania, in 1857. MANNING, RICHARD I. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the State College at Columbia in 1811 ; was frequently in the Upper and Lower House of the State Legislature ; was Govern or of South Carolina for two years ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1834 to 1836 ; and died May 1, 1836, at Philadelphia, before the expiration of his term, very suddenly, while seated at the table with his family. He was greatly respected for his talents and virtues, Mr. Preston and Mr. Pinckney both eulo gizing him in Congress. MARBLE, JOHN H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1825 to 1829. MARCHAND, ALBERT G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1839 to 1843, and died at his resi dence, in Greensburg, Pennsylva. nia, February 5, 1848. MARCHAND, DAVID. He was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. MARCY, WILLIAM LARNED. He was born in Sturbridge, Wor cester County, Massachusetts, in 1786, and died in Ballston Spa, New York, July 4, 1857. He gra duated at Brown University in 1808 ; taught school for awhile in Biographical Sketches. 813 Newport, Rhode Island; studied law, and1 commenced practice in Troy, New York. He was ap pointed Recorder of that City in. 1816; made Comptroller in 1823, and removed to Albany. In 1829 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1831, elected Governor of New York in 1832, and re-elect ed in 1834. He was Secretary of War, under President Polk, from 1845 to 1849; and ¦ Secretary of State, under President Pierce, from 1853 to 1857. He was a hard working, careful, plain man, and a good scholar. As a statesman and diplomatist, he had the reputation of displaying both judgment and skill ; but his crowning virtue was his incorruptible integrity. MARDIS, SAMUEL W. Born in Alabama in 1801, and died at Talladega, in that State, November 14, 1837. He was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1831 to 1835, and was much respected for his manly virtues. MARION, ROBERT. He was a native of South Caro Una, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1805 to 1810. MARKELL, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1829. MARKELL, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. MARKLEY, PHILIP S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1827, and was in the latter year appointed Naval Officer for . the port of Philadelphia. MARKS, WILLIAM. , Was a Senator in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1831. MARR, ALEM. He graduated, at Princeton Col lege in 1807 ; was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1831. MARR, GEORGE W. L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1817 to 1819. MARROW, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1805 to 1809. MARSH, CHARLES. Born at Lebanon, Connecticut, July 10, 1765, but with his father's family removed to Vermont, before the Revolution. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1786, stu died law, and commenced practice at Woodstock, Vermont. He was for fifty years devoted to his profes sion, and for a long time at the head 314 Biographical Sketches. of the bar in the State. He served as amember of Congress, from 1815 to 1817, and while in Washington became identified with the American Colonization Society as one of its founders. He acquired great popu larity as a patron of benevolent so cieties generally, and was a highly influential and useful citizen. Died at Woodstock, Vermont, January 11, 1849. MARSH, GEORGE P. Born in Woodstock, Vermont, March 15, 1801 ; was educated at Dartmouth College, where he gra duated in 1820. He afterwards re moved to Burlington Vermont, where he commenced the study of the law ; and he has since made that place his home. After his ad mission to the bar, he came into an extensive practice, and devoted much of his time to politics. He was a member of the State Legis lature in 1835, and in 1842 he took his seat in the United States House of Representatives, which he conti nued to occupy until he was sent as Resident-Minister to Turkey, in 1849, by President Taylor. . At this post he rendered essential service to the cause of civil and religious to leration in the Turkish Empire. He was also charged with a special mission to Greece in 1852. He is well known as an author and a scholar. He has devoted much at tention to the languages and litera ture of the North of Europe, and his sympathies appear to be with the Goths, whose presence he traces in whatever is great and peculiar in the character of the founders of New England. In a work entitled " The Goths in New England," he has contrasted the Gothic and Ro man characters, which he appears to regard as the great antagonistic ' principles of society at the present day. He is also the author of a grammar of the old Northern or Icelandic language, and of various essays, literary and historical, relat ing to the Goths and their connec tions with America. He is the au thor of an interesting work on the camel, and his published addresses and speeches are quite numerous. Since his return from Tuiuey he has been performing the duties of Com missioner of Railroads for the State of Vermont. His library is said to be one of the finest in this country, rich beyond compare, in Scandina vian literature. MARSHALL, ALEXANDER K. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. MARSHALL, ALFRED. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1841 to 1843, and was a member of the Committee on the Militia. MARSHALL, EDWARD C. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from California, from 1851 to 1853. Biographical Sketches. 315 MARSHALL, HUMPHREY. ' He was among the earliest pio neers to Kentucky, having gone there in 1780 ; he was a member of the State Convention in 1787; served for many years in the State Legislature ; and was a Senator in Congress, from. 1795 to 1801, He was the author of the first published History of Kentucky, and died at an advanced age. MARSHALL, HUMPHREY. Born at Frankfort, Kentucky, January 13, 1812. He graduated at the West Point Academy, but resigned his military commission of Ueutenant, and studied law, which he practiced with success. During the ten years preceding the Mexi can war, and while devoting himself to his profession in Louisville, he took an active part in the military affairs of the State, as captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel; he served in the Mexican war as co lonel of cavalry ; fighting at Buena Vista, and leading the charge of the Kentucky Volunteers ; in 18'47, after declining several important nominations, he retired to a farm ; he was elected to Congress, in 1849, as Representative, and re-elected in 1851 ; he was appointed, by Pre sident Fillmore, Commissioner to China, which was immediately raised to a first-class mission; in 1856 he was a member of the American Na tional CouncU, held in New York, where he caused to be thrown off all secrecy in the politics of his party; and in 1857 he was re elected to Congress, and is a mem ber of the Committee on Military Affairs. MARSHALL, JOHN. He was born in Fauquier Coun ty, Virginia, September 24, 1755, and was the eldest of fifteen children, He had some classical education in his youth, but his opportunities for learning were limited, and he never entered college, his father, Thomas Marshall, having been a poor man, but possessed of superior talents. At the commencement of the Ame rican war, he espoused it with ardor ; in 1776 hewas appointed lieutenant, and in 1777 promoted to the rank of captain. In 1780 he was ad mitted to the bar, and in 1781 re signed his commission, and entered upon the practice of his profession, soon rising to distinction. He was a, member of the Virginia Conven tion to. ratify the Constitution of the United States, and as such pro duced a deep impression by his logic and eloquence. He also en tered the Legislature of Virginia, where he was a leader. President Washington invited him to become Attorney General, and offered him the mission to France, after Mr. Monroe's return, both of which honors he declined. President Adams appointed him an Envoy to France, with Pickering and Gerry, but they were not accredited, and he returned to the United States in 1798. He was a Representative in Congress in 1799 ; in 1§00 he was appointed Secretary of War ; soon afterwards Secretary of State ; 316 Biographical Sketches. and January 31, 1801, upon the nomination of President Adams, was confirmed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He wrote a " Life of George Washington," and a "History of the American Colonies." He died in Philadelphia, July 6, 1835. As a judge he was the most illustrious in America, and for his public ser- *¦ vices was ranked by many with Washington. He was the object of universal affection, respect, and confidence, and in every particular one of the greatest and best of men. MARSHALL, S. S. He was born in Illinois, edu cated at Cumberland College, Ken tucky; studied law, and devoted himself to its practice in his native State ; he was elected to the State Legislature in 1846 ; by the Legis lature he was elected State Attor ney, serving two years ; in 1851 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court, in which position he re mained until 1854; and having been elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress, was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, and is Chairman of the Committee on Claims. MARSHALL, THOMAS A. He was born near Versailles, Kentucky, January 15, 1794; gra duated at Yale College in 1815 ; studied law, and entered upon the practice in 1816; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1831 to 1835. He has been a Judge and Chief Justice of the Circuit Court of Kentucky for about twenty years ; and is a Professor of Law in the Transyl vania College. MARSHALL, THOMAS F. He was a native of Kentucky ; Judge of the Louisville Circuit Court, and a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1841 to 1843. MARTIN, ALEXANDER. Born in Guilford County, North Carolina, and died in November, 1807. He was educated at Prince ton College, and devoted much ak tention to the pursuits of literature, He was a member of the Colonial Assembly, and colonel of a regi ment in the Continental line, having been at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. He was subse quently in the State Senate, and was elected Speaker ; he was elected Governor of North Carolina in 1782, and again in 1789, and was a mem ber of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. From 1.793 to 1799 he was United States Senator, also President of the Senate. In 1793 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on him by Princeton Col lege, and at the time of his death he was a Trustee of the University of North Carolina. MARTIN, BARCLAY. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1845 to 1847. Biographical Sketches; 317 MARTIN, FREDERICK S. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1851 to 1853. MARTIN, JOHN P. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1845 to 1847. MARTIN, JOSHUA L. He was a member of Congress, from Alabama, from 1835 to 1839, and from 1845 to 1847 Governor of that State. He died at Tuscar loosa, November 2, 1856. MARTIN, MORGAN L. . He was born in New York, and was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Wisconsin, from 1845 to 1847. MARTIN, ROBERT N. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1825 to 1827. MARTIN, WILLIAM D. He was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and a Representa tive in Congress, from South Caroli na, from 1827 to 1833. He was dis tinguished for his talents and public usefulness. He retired to bed slight ly indisposed, and was found dead in the morning.. He died at Charles ton, November 17, 1833, aged forty- five years. MARTINDALE, HENRY C. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1823 to 1831, and again from 1833 to 1835. MARVIN, DUDLEY. Was a native of Lyme, Connecti cut, from which place he removed to Canandaigua, New York, in 1807. He was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of law in 1811, and soon attained eminence in his profession. He was a Rep resentative in Congress, from 1823 to 1829. In 1844 he removed to Ripley, . Chautauque County, and was again elected to Congress, serv ing from 1847 to 1849. He died at Ripley, New York, June 25, 1852, aged sixty-five years. MARVIN, RICHARD P. He was born in New York, served in the Assembly of that State, from Chautauque County, in, 1836, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1841. MASON, ARMISTED C. Born in Loudoun County, Virgi nia, in 1785, and educated at Wil liam and Mary College ; *was a farmer by occupation, and a colonel in the war of 1812; and United States Senator, from 1815 to 1817. He fell in the memorable duel with Colonel McCarty, February 6, 1819. 318 Biographical Sketches. MASON, JAMES B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Rhode Island, from 1815 to 1819. MASON, JAMES M. Born on Analoston Island, Fair fax County, Virginia, November 3, 1798. He received a good educa tion, and graduated at the Univer sity of Pennsylvania in 1818 ; he studied law at the College of Wil- liani and Mary, and obtained a li cence to practice in 1820; in 1826 he was elected to the House of De legates, and twice re-elected; he was a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1839; in 1847 he was elected a Senator in Congress, in the place of Senator Pennybacker, and re-elected in 1849, in which position he still continues, having for several sessions been Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Rela tions. MASON, JEREMIAH. Born at Lebanon, Connecticut, April 27, 1768, and died at Boston, November 14, 1848. Destined for professional life, he entered Yale College, and after graduating in 1788, entered upon the study of law, and acquired the reputation of be ing profoundly learned in common law. He went to- Vermont, and was admitted to the bar of that State, but subsequently removed to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he became the friend of Daniel Webster, who always spoke of him in extravagant terms of praise. In 1802 he was appointed Attorney. General of the State, and from 1813 to 1817, was a Senator in Congress, having resigned for the purpose of devoting himself to his profession, He removed to Boston in 1832, and on reaching the age of seventy he left the bar, though he was con sulted as chamber-counsel to the close of his life. MASON, JOHN C. He was born in Kentucky, and elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is Chairman of the Committee on Accounts. MASON, JOHN THOMPSON. Born at Montpelier, Washington County, Maryland, in May, 1815; graduated at Princeton College in 1836 ; read law in Hagerstown, and was admmitted to practice in 1838; the same year was elected a member of the Legislature of Maryland, and re-elected in 1839. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843, being at that time the youngest man in Congress. In 1851 he was elected by the people, under the new Constitution of the State, a Judge of the Court of Ap peals, which position he filled till 1857, when he resigned, and was appointed Collector of the port of Baltimore. MASON, JOHN Y. He was born in Virginia; gra duated at the University of North Carolina in 1816, from which in- Biographical Sketches. 319 stitution he received the degree of LL.D.; adopted the profession of law, and was a Judge of the Dis trict Court of Virginia; he was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1831 to 1837; a member of President Tyler's cabi net, as Secretary of the Navy ; a member of President Polk's cabi net, first as Attorney-General, and secondly, as Secretary of the Navy ; and was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to France, in which position he was continued by Pre sident Buchanan. MASON, JONATHAN. He was born in 1757 ; graduated at Princeton College in 1774; and died at Boston, November 1, 1831. He was' a Senator of the United States, from Massachusetts, from 1800 to 1803 ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1820. , MASON, MOSES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1834 to 1837. MASON, SAMSON. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1843. MASON, STEVENS THOMSON. Born in Chapawansick, Stafford County, Virginia, in 1760; educated at William and Mary College ; he was a lawyer by profession, and an officer in the revolutionary war, at taining to the rank of general ; was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses ; and a Senator of the United States, from 1794 to 1803; also a member of the Convention to form the Constitution of Vir ginia, and a member of the Legis lature. He died in 1803. MASON, WILLIAM. He was born in Connecticut; served in the Legislature of New York, from Chenango County, from 1820 to 1822 ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837. MASTERS, JOSIAH Born in Woodbury, Connecticut, October 22, 1763 ; graduated at Yale College in 1784, soon after which he removed to Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County, New York, which was thereafter his place of residence. He was a prominent member of the State Legislature in 1792, 1800, and 1801, when he was appointed Associate Judge of Rens selaer County; and from 1805 to 1809 was a Representative in Con gress. In 1808 he was chosen First Judge of the County Court of Com mon Pleas, which office he held until his6 death. He was a zealous supporter of the general measures against Great Britain during the war of 1812, yet he opposed with great earnestness, in several able speeches, the embargo, non-inter course, and other commercial restric tions. He numbered among his personal friends such patriots as Jefferson, Randolph, Madison, Clay, etc., and was a co-operator and ad- 320 Biographical Sketches. viser of De Witt Clinton in the sys tem of internal improvements, which gave to New York the rank of the Empire State. He died June 30, 1822. MATHEWS, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1789 to 1791. MATHEWS, JAMES. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1845. MATHEWS, VINCENT. Born in Orange County, New York, June 29, 1766. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1790 ; and fixing his residence near Elmira, Tioga County, was elected a State Representative in 1793, and in 1796 chosen a State Senator. In 1798 he was elected a commissioner to settle certain claims for bounty land; and from 1809 to 1811 he was a Representative in Congress. In 1812 he was appointed District Attorney for a number of the coun ties in Western New York ; and in 1816 he removed from Elmira to Bath, and thence to Rochester, pur suing the practice of his profession, in different places, for no less a period than fifty-six years. Toward the close of his life he served a se cond time in the Assembly of the State, and was District Attorney for Monroe County. The College of Geneva conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws when he was nearly seventy-five years old; and he died at Rochester, August 23, 1846. MATHEWSON, ELISHA. He was at different periods a member of the General Assembly of Rhode Island ; once a Speaker of the House ; and a Senator in Con gress, from that State, from 1807 to 1811. He died at Scituate, Rhode Island, October 14, 1853. MATHIOT, JOSHUA. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. MATLACK, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1821 to 1825, and died at Woodbury, in that State, January 15, 1840. MATSON, AARON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1821 to 1825. MATTESON, ORASMUS B. He was born in New York, and having been elected a Representa tive to Congress, from that State, in 1849, has continued in' the same position to the present time. MATTHEWS, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1797 to 1799. Biographical Sketches. 321 MATTOCKS, JOHN. Born in 1776, and was a resident of Peacham, Vermont ; he was for many years distinguished as a suc cessful lawyer; had held various public trusts, being for two years Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1821 to 1825, and from 1841 to 1843 ; also, Governor of the State one year, declining a re-election to that office. He died at Peacham, Vermont, August 14, 1847. MATTOON, EBENEZER. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1776 ; he was a major in the war of 1812, and sheriff of Hampshire, and a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1800 to 1803; and in 1816, adjutant-general of militia. He died in Amherst, September 11, 1843, aged eighty- eight years. MAURICE, JAMES. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, ' from that State, from 1853 to 1855. MAURY, ABRAHAM P. A Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1835 to 1839 ; died at his residence, in William son County, Tennessee, July 22, 1848. MAXWELL, AUGUSTUS E. Born in Elberton, Georgia, Sep tember 21, 1820 ; received the benefit of country schools in Ala- 21 bama, and graduated at the Uni versity of Virginia ; studied law ; removing to Florida, was elected in 1847 to the Assembly of that State; was Secretary of State in 1848; a State Senator in 1849; was a member of Congress, from 1853 to 1857, refusing a re-nomi nation, and in 1857 was appointed, by President Buchanan, Navy Agent at Pensacola, Florida, in which position he still continues. MAXWELL, GEORGE C. He was a native of New Jersey, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1811 to 1813. MAXWELL, J. P. B. Born in New Jersey in 1805; graduated at Princeton College in 1823; studied law, and was admit ted to the bar in 1827 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. He died at Belvidere, New Jersey, November 14, 1845. MAXWELL, LEWIS. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1833. MAXWELL, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. MAY, HENRY. He was born in the District of Columbia ; received a liberal edu- 322 Biographical Sketches. cation ; adopted the profession of law ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from . 1853 to 1855. MAY, WILLIAM L. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. MAYALL, SAMUEL. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. MAYNARD, HORACE. He was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, August 30, 1814; graduated at Amherst College in 1838, with the first honors of his class, and removed at once to Tennessee. He entered the Uni versity of East Tennessee as a tutor, and subsequently received the ap pointment of Professor of Mathe matics in that institution ; during that period he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He acquired an extensive practice in his profession ; held a number of local offices in his adopted State ; and was elected a Representative, from Tennessee, to the Thirty-fifth Congress. During the first session of that Congress he was Chairman of the Special Committee to inves tigate the accounts of William Cullum, late Clerk of the House of Representatives, and is at the present time a member of the Com mittee on Claims. MAYNARD, JOHN. He was a resident of Western New York, and graduated at Union College in 1810; he studied law and commenced to practice at Se neca Falls, and then removed to Auburn. He was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829, and gave a zealous support to the Administration of Mr. Adams ; he was subsequently a member of the New York Senate for four years, and again from 1841 to 1843 a member of Congress; he was Judge of the Supreme Court of New York, and from January, 1850, a Judge of the Court of Ap peals. He died in Auburn, New York, March 24, 1850. MAYRANT, WILLIAM. He was a native of South Caro lina, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, during the years 1815 and 1816. MoARTHUR, DUNCAN. He was born in Dutchess Coun ty, New York, in 1772. When he was eight years of age he removed with his father to Pennsylvania, and at the age of eighteen he volun teered in defence of the frontier settlements of Ohio, against the Indians. He studied surveying, and acquired great wealth in the business of buying and selling lands, in addition to surveying them. In 1805 he was a member of the Le gislature, and in 1806 was appoint ed colonel, and in 1808 major-ge neral of the State militia. He Biographical Sketches. 323 performed valuable services during the war of 1812 ; in 1815 was again a member of the Legislature, and in 1816 was appointed Commissioner to conclude treaties with the In dians; from 1817 to 1819 was in the Legislature, and Speaker of the House in 1817. He was a Repre sentative in Conguess, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1825, and in 1830 was chosen Governor of the State, which position he held until 1833, and while in that service met with an accident, from the effects of which he never recovered. McBRYDE, ARCHIBALD. Born in Moore County, North Carolina, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1813, and subsequently a member of the State Senate for two years. Mccarty, Andrew z. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. He was also a member of the New York Assembly in 1848. Mccarty, Jonathan. Was a native of Tennessee, but removed,- with his father, at an early age to Indiana. He engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was for a time Clerk of the Circuit or County Court, at Connersville. He was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1831 to 1837. He left Indiana for Iowa, where he died about four years since. Mccarty, richard. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1821 to 1823. Mccarty, william m. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1840 to 1841. McCAUSLEN, WILLIAM C. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. McLEAN, MOSES. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. McCLELLAN, ABRAHAM, He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1843. McCLELLAN, ROBERT. He was at one time Treasurer for the State of New York ; and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. McClelland, Robert. Born in Franklin County, Penn sylvania. He graduated at Dickin son College ; practiced law for a year or so in Pittsburg, and in 1833 removed to Michigan, and esta blished himself at Monroe. He served for several years in the Le gislature of that State ; and was a* 324 Biographical Sketches. Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1849. He was twice elected Governor of Michigan, in 1851 and 1852 ; and was appointed Secretary of the Interior Depart ment, by President Pierce, the ar duous duties of which position he performed with fidelity and ability. McCLENACHAN, BLAIR. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1797 to 1799. McCLERNAND, JOHN A. Born in Breckenridge County, Kentucky, May 30, 1812 ; brought up at Shawneetown, Illinois, and had only the advantages of a com mon school education. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832, and served as a private, but with credit, in the Black Hawk war. He established the first De mocratic press in Shawneetown, and edited his paper and practiced law until 1843, when he was elected to Congress, and served as a Re presentative until 1851. He had also, before going to Congress, been elected to the State Legislature. McCOMAS, WILLIAM. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837, and was a member of the Commit tee on Manufactures. McCONNELL, FELIX G. Was a native of Lincoln County, Tennessee, but removed in 1824 to Talladega County, Alabama. He was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. He died, by his own hand, in Washington, District of Columbia, September, 1846, aged thirty-six. McCORD, ANDREW. He was a member of the New York Assembly, during the years 1800, 1801, 1802, and 1807, part of the time Speaker ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1803 to 1805. McCORKLE, JOSEPH W. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from California, from 1851 to 1853. McC.OY, ROBERT. He resided at one time in Carl isle, Pennsylvania, and held several public positions in that State, such as brigadier-general of militia, and canal commissioner. He was a member of Congress, from Pennsyl vania, from 1831 to 1833, and died at Wheeling, Virginia, June 7, 1849. McCOY, WILLIAM. He was born in Augusta County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1833. McCRATE, JOHN D. He graduated at Bowdoin Col lege in 1819, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Maine, from 1845 to 1847. Biographical Sketches. 325 •McCREARY, JOHN. He was born in Chester County, South Carolina, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. McCREARY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1803 to 1809. McCREEDY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 . to 1831. Mcculloch, george. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1840 to 1841. Mcculloch, john. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. Mcculloch, thomas g. He was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1820 to 1822. Mcdonald, Joseph e. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. Mcdonald, moses. Born in Limerick, York County, Maine, April 8, 1815. Practiced law from 1837 to 1845; and was a member of the Maine Legislature in 1841 aud 1842. In 1845 was Speaker of the House. In 1847, 1848, and 1849, served as Treasurer of the State ; represented the First Congressional District in the Thir ty-second and Thirty-third Con gresses; and in April 1857, was appointed, by President Buchanan, Collector for the District of Port land and Falmouth. McDOUGAL, JAMES A. He was born in New York, and on emigrating to California, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1853 to 1855. Mcdowell, james. He was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, in 1796, and gra duated at Princeton College in 1816. He was Governor of Virgi nia from 1842 to 1845, and from 1845 to 1851 he was a Representa tive in Congress, from the Eleventh Congressional District of Virginia. In 1846 his Alma Mater conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He was an eloquent speaker, an upright man, and a true patriot. He died near Lexington, Virginia, August 24, 1851. Mcdowell, Joseph. Born in Winchester, Virginia, and emigrated with his father to North Carolina, where he took an active part in the military operations of the time, and was at the battle of King's Mountain. He was a mem ber of the House of Commons, from 1782 to 1788, and a Repre- 326 Biographical Sketches. sentative in Congress, from 1793 to 1795, and again from 1797 to 1799. Mcdowell, joseph j. He was born in North Carolina, and on removing to Kentucky was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. McDUFFIE, GEORGE. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1813 ; adopted the pro fession of law ; served a number of years in the State Legislature ; was elected a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, in 1821, and served until 1835, when he was chosen Governor of the State. In 1843 he was elected a Senator of the United States, but was compelled by ill health to resign that station before the expiration of his term of office. His ill health was partly the result of a duel which he fought in Augusta, Georgia, with Colonel Cumming, in which he was wounded. He was a co-wjorker and friend of Calhoun and Hayne, and an elo quent defender of the peculiar insti tutions of the South. He died in Sumpter District, South Carolina, March 11, 1851. McFARLAN, DUNCAN. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1805 to 1807, and subsequently a member of the State Senate for three years. McGAUGHEY, EDWARD W. He was born in Indiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and for another term ending in 1851. McHATTON, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1826 to 1829. McHENRY, JOHN H. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. McILVANE, ABRAHAM R. Born at Crum Creek, Delaware, August 14, 1804. He was bred a farmer, in which pursuit he was eminently successful, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1843 to 1849. McILVANE, JAMES. He was born in New Jersey; graduated at Princeton College in 1818 ; and was a Senator in Con gress, from that State, from 1823 to 1826, and died August. 18, 1826. McINTYRE, RUFUS. Born in York, County of York, Maine, December 19, 1784 ; received a common school education, and by teaching for two or three years, ac quired the means to fit himself for college at'South Berwick Academy, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1809. He studied law, and was ad mitted to practice in 1812. In the Biographical Sketches. 327 mean time war was declared, and he was appointed captain of militia, and remained in service on the fron tier until peace was declared, after which he returned to the practice of his profession at York. He re presented that town in the Bruns wick Convention ; and after the separation from Massachusetts, he was a Representative in the Legis lature at its first session ; he was then appointed County Attorney, which office he held till elected to Congress as Representative of Maine, serving from 1826 to 1835. In 1826 he was a Commissioner for settling the boundary line of his State, and in 1836 was a member of. the Legislature, and was ap pointed Land Agent for two years, in 1839. He was subsequently United States Marshal for Maine, and Surveyor of the port of Port land four years. He has been con nected with two or three academies as overseer, and is a member of the Board of Overseers of Bowdoin Col lege. He is now devoted to agri culture. McKAY, JAMES J. Born in Bladen County, North Carolina, in 1793. He was bred to the law; and served from 1815 to 1831 in the State Senate, and was at one time United States District Attorney. He was a Representa tive in Congress from 1831 to 1849, and was for a time Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. At the Baltimore Convention, which nominated Lewis Cass for Presi dent, he received the vote of the North Carolina delegation as can didate for Vice-President. He died in Goldsborough, North Carolina, September 14, 1853. McKEAN, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1829, and a Senator of the United States, from 1834 to 1839. He died June 23, 1840, in McKean County. He was a man of talent and influ- McKEE, JOHN. He was at one time a Govern ment Agent among the Choctaw Indians, also a Commissioner for settling the boundary line of Ten nessee, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1829. McKEE, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1809 to 1817. McKENNAN, THOMAS M. T. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1839, and from 1841 to 1843, and died at Reading, July 9, 1852. McKEON, JOHN, He was born in New York, and was educated a lawyer. In 1832, 1833, and 1834, he served in the Legislature of New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, and again from 1841 to 1843. He has twice been appointed United States 328 Biographical Sketches. District Attorney for the Southern District of New York. McKIBBIN, JOSEPH C He was born in Pennsylvania, and having taken up his residence in California, was elected a Repre sentative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Pub lic Lands and on Private Land Claims. McKIM, ISAAC. He was a much respected and wealthy merchant of Baltimore ; a member of Congress, from Mary land, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1835 to 1838; and died in Washington, April 1, 1838. McKIMM, ALEXANDER. Born in 1748, and died at Bal timore, January 18, 1832. He was a member of Congress, from Mary land/from 1809 to 1815. McKINLEY, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Alabama, from 1826 to 1831, and a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1835, and died in LouisvUle, Kentucky, July 19, 1852. McKINLEY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1810 to 1811. McKISSOCK, THOMAS. He was born in Ulster County, New York, in 1798. He received a classical education ; was bred first to the medical, and afterwards to the legal profession ; was, under the old organization, a Judge of the Supreme Court of New York; and a Representative in Congress, from 1849 to 1851. McLANAHAN, JAMES X. He was born in Antrim, Frank lin County, Pennsylvania, in 1809 ; graduated at Dickinson College in 1826 ; he studied law, and settled in Chambersburg ; in 1841 he was elected to the State Senate; and in 1849 he was elected to Congress, and re-elected in 1851, and was Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. He is now living in re tirement. McLANE, LOUIS. He was, born in Smyrna, Kent County, Delaware, May 28, 1784. When twelve years of age, he was appointed a midshipman in the navy, on leaving which, in 1801, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1807 ; in 1812 he was a volunteer in a company commanded by Cajsar H. Rodney, and marched to the relief of Baltimore when threatened by the British. He was a Representative in Congress, from Delaware, from 1817 to 1827; and was chosen, by the Legislature, a Senator in Congress, from 1827 to 1829 ; was appointed in 1829, by President Jackson, Minister to Eng land, where he remained two years; and in 1831 he received the ap pointment of Secretary of the Trea- Biographical Sketches. 529 sury ; and in 1833, that of Secretary of State under President Jackson. In June, 1834, he retired from poli tical life, and in 1837, was chosen President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and re moving to Maryland, discharged the duties of that office until 1847. During the administration of Pre sident Polk, he accepted the mis sion to England while the Oregon negotiations were pending; after which he returned to Maryland, and in 1850 represented Cecil County in the State Constitutional Convention, and then retired to private life. He held a high rank as a statesman, and died in Balti more, Maryland, in 1857. McLANE, ROBERT M. Born in Delaware, June 23, 1815 ; was educated at Washington Col lege, District of Columbia, and at St. Mary's College, Baltimore ; went to Europe with his father, Louis McLane, in 1829, and on his return entered the West Point Academy, which he left in 1837 ; he served as an army officer in Florida, the Cherokee Country, and in the Northwest; in 1843 was ad mitted to the bar of Baltimore -x in 1845 and 1846 was elected to the Maryland Legislature ; and from 1847 to 1851 was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland. In 1853 he was appointed, by Presi dent Pierce, Minister to China, and on his return resumed the practice of his profession in Baltimore. McLEAN, ALNEY. He was born in Burke County, North Carolina, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Ken tucky, from 1815 to 1817, and again from 1819 to 1821. McLEAN, FINIS E. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. McLEAN, JOHN. Born in Morris County, New Jersey, in 1785. Four years after his birth his father emigrated with his family to Virginia, whence he removed to Kentucky, and finally settled in the State of Ohio. Here the son received a scanty education ; and, having determined to pursue the legal profession, he engaged at the age of eighteen to write in the clerk's office, at Cincinnati, in order to maintain himself, by devoting a portion of his time to that labor, while engaged in his studies. In 1807 he was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of the law at Lebanon, Ohio. In 1812 he became a cadidate to represent his district in Congress, and was elected by a large majority. He professed the political principles of the Democratic party, being an ar dent supporter of the war, and of President Madison's administration. In 1814 he was again elected to CoDgress by a unanimous vote, a circumstance of rare occurrence ; and remained a member of the 330 Biographical Sketches. House of Representatives until 1816, when the Legislature of Ohio having elected him a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, he resigned his seat in Congress at the close of the session. He remained six years upon the Supreme bench of Ohio. In 1822 he was appointed Commissioner of the General Land- office by President Monroe ; and in 1823 he became Postmaster-Ge neral. In the year 1829 he was appointed, by President Jackson, a Justice of the United States Su preme Court, after he had refused the offer of the War and Navy De partments. He entered upon the discharge of his duties at the Janu ary Term of 1830, and is still the occupant of his high position. McLEAN, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Illinois, during the years 1818 and 1819; was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1824 to 1825, and again from 1829 to 1830, having died on the fourth of October of the latter year. McLEAN, WILLIAM. He was a native of New Jersey, a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1829, and died at Cincinnati, October 12, 1839. McLENE, JEREMIAH. He was born in 1767, and died in Washington City, March 19, 1837. He was for twenty-one years Secretary of State for Ohio, and a a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. McMANUS, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827. Mcmullen, fayette. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in 'Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1855, and in May, 1857, he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Governor of the Territory, of Washington, which office he continues to hold. McNAIR, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. McNIEL, ARCHIBALD. Born in Moore County, North Carolina; entered the House of Commons in 1808, re-elected in 1809, served in the State Senate in 1811 and 1815, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1821 to 1823, and again from 1825 to 1827. McQueen, john. He was born in Robinson Coun ty, North Carolina, and is about fifty years of age. He claims de scent in a direct line from the heroic Robert Bruce, of Scotland, and his father, James McQueen, was a nephew of the celebrated Flora Macdonald. He received a good Biographical Sketches. 331 education under the guidance of an elder brother, Rev. A. McQueen, who was a graduate of the Chapel Hill University, North Carolina. He commenced the study of law in his native State, and completed his course of study in South Carolina, to which he removed at an early day. He was admitted to the bar in 1828, and having settled in Marl borough District, he there com menced, and has ever since, as his public calls have permitted, con tinued the practice of his profession with success. During the Nullifi cation times of 1833, he was elected a colonel of the State militia, in 1834 a brigadier-general, and in 1835 a major-general, which last position he held for ten years, and then resigned. He was elected a Representative in Congress, in 8149, and has continued an active mem ber down to the present time, serv ing, under successive Speakers, on several of the prominent commit tees. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. McRAE, JOHN J. He was born in Wayne County, Mississippi; received a good edu cation; adopted the profession of law ; was elected frequently to the State Legislature, and during two sessions officiated as Speaker ; was also elected to the State Senate; was Governor of Mississippi, from 1844 to 1848; was, by appoint ment, for a short time in the United States Senate ; and was elected to the second session of the Thirty- fifth Congress, from Mississippi, as the successor to General Quitman. McREADY, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1819 to 1821. McROBERTS, SAMUEL. He was a Senator in Congress, from Illinois, from 1841 to the time of his death, which occurred March 27, 1843, in Cincinnati, Ohio, aged about forty years. MoSHERRY, JAMES. He was a native of Pennsylvania ; served twenty years in the Legisla ture of that State ; was a delegate to reform the Constitution of the same ; and a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1823. Died at Littlestown, Pennsylvania, February 3, 1849. McVEAN, CHARLES. Born at Johnstown, New York, in 1802, and died in the City of New York, December 20, 1848. He was bred to the law, which he practiced with success in Mont gomery County, until he removed to New York. He held the office of surrogate ; served as a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1 833 to 1835 ; and at the time of his death was District Attorney for Southern New York. McWILLIE, WILLIAM. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the South Carolina 332 Biographical Sketches. College ; adopted the profession of law ; was a Representative and Se nator in the Legislature of South Carolina; and, on removing to Mississippi, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. He was also President of a bank for several years. MEACHAM, JAMES. Born in Rutland, Vermont, in 1810 ; graduated at Middlebury College in 1822 ; was tutor there ; studied theology ; was settled in New Haven, Vermont ; was called from his parish to the Professorship of Elocution and English Litera ture in Middlebury College, when, in 1849, he was elected a Represen tative in Congress, and twice re elected. At the time of his death, August 22, 1856, he was a member of Congress, and a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution. MEAD, COWLES. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, in 1805, but his election was successfully contested by Thomas Spalding ;" and in 1806 he was appointed, by President Jefferson, Secretary of Mississippi Territory. MEADE, RICHARD K. He was born in Virginia ; re ceived a liberal education ; and adopted the profession of law ; he was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1847 to 1853 ; was appointed, by President Pierce, in 1853, Charge d'Affaires to Sar dinia ; and in 1857 was appointed, by President Buchanan, Minister to Brazil, which mission he continues to fill. MEBANE, ALEXANDER. Born in Hawfields, Orange Coun ty, North Carolina, November 26, 1767, and died July 5, 1795. He was a member of the Convention, in 1776, that met to form the State Constitution ; served a number of years in the Legislature ; and was in Congress during the years 1793 and 1794. He was distinguished for his sense, integrity, and firmness. MEDILL, WILLIAM. He was born in New Castle County, Delaware ; received an aca demical education ; he studied law, and, having removed to Ohio, was admitted to the bar of that State in 1832 ; he was soon after elected to the State Legislature, serving a number of years, and was twice elected Speaker; he was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843 ; by President Polk, he was appointed First-Assistant Postmas ter-General, and subsequently held the office of Commissioner of In dian Affairs ; in 1850 he was a member of the Convention called to revise the State Constitution, and chosen Chairman ; in 1851 and 1852 he was elected Lieutenant- Governor of Ohio ; in 1853 he was elected Governor of Ohio ; and, by President Buchanan, was appointed First Comptroller of the United Biographical Sketches. 090000 States Treasury, which position he still occupies. MEECH, EZRA. He was born in New London, Connecticut, July 26, 1773 ; was associated in early life with John Jacob Astor in the fur trade; in 1806 became agent of the North west Fur Company; and in 1809 was agent for supplying the British Government with spars and timber. Having settled in Vermont, he was, in 1822 and 1823, elected Chief Justice of Chittenden County ; and was a member of the Constitu tional Conventions of 1822 and 1826. He was elected, in 1805 and 1807, to the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1819 to 1821, and again from 1825 to 1827. During the latter years of his life he was devoted to agricultural pur suits, and owned one farm, kept in a high state of cultivation, which contained three thousand acres, and upon which have been seen a flock of three thousand sheep and a herd of eight hundred oxen. He was re markable for his intelUgence and hospitality, and not less so for his personal appearance, as he measured six feet five inches in height, and weighed three hundred and seventy pounds; and, strange as itmayseem, he was one of the most expert trout fishers in the county. He died at Shelburne, Vermont, September 23, 1856. MEIGS, HENRY. Born in New Haven, Connecti cut, October 28, 1782; graduated at Yale College in 179S; educated a (\ lawyer, and was elected a Repre- -^ sentative in Congress, from New York City, from 1819 to 1821, and for many years past has been an ac tive officer, Recording Secretary, and Trustee of the American Insti tute in New York. It is said of him, as something remarkable, that he never wore an overcoat, never had a sore throat or headache, and though seventy years of age, does not use glasses. MEIGS, RETURN J. Was a native of Middletown, Connecticut; graduated at Yale College in 1785, and was a lawyer by profession. He removed to Ohio, and became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State; was a Senator in Congress, from 1808 to 1810; and was Governor of the State from 1810 to 1814. He was appointed Postmaster-General of the United States in 1814, and held the office nine years. He died at Marietta, March, 1825. MELLEN, PRENTISS. Born in Sterling, Massachusetts, October 11, 1764; graduated at Cambridge in 1784; studied law, and settled at Bridgewater ; in 1792 he became a citizen of Biddeford, - Maine, and in 1806 settled at Port land. In 1817 he was chosen a Senator in Congress, from Massa chusetts ; and on the separation of Maine, in 1820, he resigned his seat in the Senate, and was elected the first Chief Justice of the Supreme 334 Biographical Sketches. Court of Maine. He occupied a high position as a lawyer and jurist, and in 1834, after becoming disqua lified by age to serve as judge, he resumed the practice of law. His decisions may be found in the first eleven volumes of the Maine Re ports. He was also a Trustee of Bowdoin College from 1817 to 1836, and in 1823 received the degree of LL.D. from that institution. He died at Portland, December 31, 1840. MENIFEE, RICHARD H. He was a member of Congress, from Kentucky, from 1837 to 1839, and died at Frankfort, February 21, 1841. MERCER, CHARLES FENTON. Born in Fredericksburg, Virgi nia, June 6, 1778; graduated at Princeton in 1797. In 1798, while a student of law, he tendered his services to General Washington for the defence of the country against a threatened invasion by the French, and received from him a commission as first-lieutenant of cavalry, and soon after that of captain, which he declined, not intending to devote his life to the military profession. In 1803, after spending a year in Europe, he returned and practiced law. From 1810 to 1817 he was a member of the General Assembly of Virginia. In 1811 he was again called to military duty by the General Government, and in 1813 was ap pointed aid to the Governor, and rose to the rank Of brigadier-gene ral of militia, having command of the forces at Norfolk. In 1816, as Chairman of the Committee on Fi nance, in the Legislature, he devoted his time to the promotion of inter nal improvements, and was chief supporter of the measure for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and was appointed President of the Ca nal Company. He was a member of Congress, from 1817 to 1840. In 1853 he visited Europe from phi- lanthopic motives, at his own ex pense, and used his efforts for the entire abolition of the African slave- trade, conferring with the chief ex ecutive officers of most of the king doms of Europe on the subject. He died at Howard, near Alexandria, Virginia, May 4, 1858. MERCER, JOHN F. He was a soldier of the Revolu tion ; was a member of the Old Congress, in 1782; was a member, from Maryland, of the Convention which formed the Federal Consti tution ; a Representative in the New Congress, from 1792 to 1794; Governor of Maryland from 1801 to 1803; and died at Philadelphia, August 30, 1821, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. MERIWETHER, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1802 to 1807, and was appointed, by Presi dent Jefferson, in 1804, a Commis sioner to treat with the Creek In dians. Biographical Sketches. 335 MERIWETHER, I. A. He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. MERIWETHER, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia from 1825 to 1827. MERRICK, WILLIAM D. He filled several prominent posi tions in the State of Maryland, and served in the United States Senate, from 1838 to 1845. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, February 5, 1857, at an advanced age. MERRILL, ORSAMUS C He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1817 to 1819. MERRIWETHER, DAVID. He was a Senator in Congress, from Kentucky, by appointment, for one session, in 1852, and was appointed, by President Pierce, May 6, 1853, Governor of the Ter ritory of New Mexico. MERWIN, ORANGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1825 to 1829. METCALF, ARUNAH. He was a native of New York, a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1813, and subsequently served four years in the Assembly of New York, from Otsego County. METCALF, THOMAS. He was born in Fauquier Coun ty, Virginia, March 20, 1780. When he was quite young his parents emi grated to Kentucky, and settled in Fayette, where his education was restricted to the advantages of a few months' attendance at a coun try school. He worked at the trade of a mason, but employed his leisure hours in study, and soon developed remarkable intellectual abilities. In 1809 he first appeared as a public speaker, in defence of his country against British oppression ; served in the war of 1812, and in 1813 commanded a company of in fantry at the battle of Fort Meigs, and greatly distinguished himself for his bravery. He was subse quently a member of the Kentucky Legislature, for several years, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1829, when he was elected Governor of Kentucky, which office he held until 1833. In 1834 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1840 was chosen President of the Board of Internal Improvement. In 1848 he was appointed to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Crittenden, in the Senate of the United States, after which he retired to his farm, between Mays ville and Lexington. He boasted of his service as a stone-mason, and delighted in being called the " Old Stone Hammer. " He died in Nich- 336 Biographical Sketches. olas County, Kentucky, August 18, 1855. MIDDLETON, HENRY. A native of South Carolina ; was chosen a Representative in the State Legislature in 1801 ; then State Senator until elected Gover nor, in 1810. From 1815 to 1819 he was a Representative in Con gress, and in 1820 was appointed, by President Monroe, Minister to Russia, which position he filled for many years. He died in Charles ton, South Carolina, June 14, 1846. MIDDLESWORTH, NER. He was born in New Jersey, and on removing to Pennsylvania, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. MILES, W. PORCHER. He was born in South Carolina, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, and is a member of the Com mittee on Commerce. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. MILLEDGE, JOHN. He was born in Savannah, Geor gia, and descended from one of the early settlers of the Colony. He frequently served in the Legislature, and in 1780 he was appointed Attorney-General of the State, and Governor in 1802. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1792 to 1802, excepting one term, and a Senator of the United States, from 1806 to 1809. He was the princi pal founder of the University of Georgia, and presented the land which forms its site. He died at his country-seat, at the Sand Hills, February 9, 1818. His memory was honored by an Act of the Le gislature, calling the capital of the State Milledgeville. MILLEN, JOHN. He was born in 1804, educated a lawyer, served in the Legislature of Georgia, and died near Savan nah, October 15, 1843, about ten days after his election to a seat in the National House of Representa tives. MILLER, DANIEL H. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1823 to 1831. MILLER, DANIEL T. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Iowa, from 1850 to 1851. MILLER, JACOB W. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1841 to 1847, and, having been re-elected, served until 1853. MILLER, JESSE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1836 to 1837, and died at Harrisburg, August 20, 1850. Biographical Sketches. 337 MILLER, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1 827, having previously, as well as subsequently, served both in the Assembly and Senate of New York for a number of years. MILLER, JOHN. He was distinguished for his cou rage as an officer, in the last war with England ; soon after the strug gle, he was appointed Register of the Land-office in Missouri ; subse quently elected Governor of the State ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1843. Died near Florissant, Missouri, March 18, 1846. MILLER, JOHN G. Born in Kentucky, and in 1835 emigrated to Missouri. In 1840 was elected to the State Legisla ture, and from 1853 to the time of his death he was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri. Died in SaUhe County, Missouri, May 11, 1856, aged forty-four. MILLER, JOHN K. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. MILLER, JOSEPH. He was born in Ohio, was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committees on Un finished Business and Expenditures in the Navy Department. 22 MILLER, KILLIAN. Born in Claverack, Columbia County, New York, July 30, 1785; received a good common school edu cation, with instruction in the Latin and Greek languages. He studied law and was admitted to practice in 1806 ; from that time to the present he has continued to pur sue his profession, removing from the town of Livingston to Hud son City in 1833. In 1824 and in 1827 he was a member of the General Assembly, and in 1837 was elected County Clerk, which office he held for three years. In 1854 he was chosen a Represen tative in the Thirty-fourth Con gress. MILLER, MORRIS S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815; and in 1819 was appoint ed a Commissioner to superintend a treaty with the Seneca Indians. MILLER, PLEASANT M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1809 to 1811. MILLER, SMITH. He is a native of North Carolina, but when a youth removed with his father to Indiana. His school education was limited, and he en gaged in farming as an occupation. He was a member of both branches of the Legislature of Indiana, and a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. 338 Biographical Sketches. MILLER, STEPHEN D. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1808 ; adopted the pro fession of law ; represented his na tive State in the Lower House of Congress from 1817 to 1819 ; was Governor of South Carolina from 1828 to 1830; and a Senator in Congress from 1831 to 1837. He died at Raymond, Mississippi, March 8, 1838. MILLER, WILLIAM S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847, and a man of high cultiva tion. He died in New York City, November 9, 1854. MILLIGAN, JOHN J. Born in Cecil County, Maryland, December 10, 1795 ; after receiving an academical education, he entered Princeton College, and remained three years ; he then studied law, and was admitted to practice in New Castle County, Delaware, in 1818, and pursued his profession for several years, but subsequently re tired to a country-seat near Wil mington. In 1830 he was elected a member of the House of Repre sentatives in Congress, and served from 1831 to 1839. In 1839 he was appointed, by the Governor, Judge of the Superior Court of the State of Delaware, and has con tinued in this position ever since. MILLS, ELIJAH H. Born in 1778; graduated atWil- Uams CoUege in 1797 ; studied law; was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1815 to 1819, and a Senator in Congress, from 1820 to 1827. He died at Northampton, May 5, 1829. MILLSON, JOHN S. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, Octo ber 1, 1808, and commenced the study of law before the age of six teen ; he held no public office until elected a Representative, from Vir ginia, in the Thirty-first Congress, which position he has filled, by re- elections, to the present time, and is a member of the Committee on Com merce. MILLWARD, WILLIAM. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. MILNOR, JAMES. He was born in Philadelphia, June 20, 1773; he received his edu cation at a grammar school and at the University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently studied law. In 1794 he commenced the practice of his profession, before he was twenty-one years of age. From 1811 to 1813 he was a Representative, from Penn sylvania, in Congress. In 1811 he was elected a delegate to the Gene ral Convention of the Episcopal Church, and in 1814 was ordained a clergyman by Bishop White, and in 1816 was called to the rectorship of St. George's Church, in New York. He was one of the founders Biographical Sketches. 339 of the New York Deaf and Dumb Institution, and after spending the evening in company with its direc tors, in apparent good health, died suddenly, AprU 8, 1845. MILNOR, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1807 to 1811, from 1815 to 1817, and again from 1821 to 1822. MINER, AMMAN L. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. MINER, CHARLES. « He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1825 to 1829. He is the author of a "History of Wyoming." MINER, PHINEAS. He was an eminent lawyer, and a Representative in Congress, from Connectiont, during the years 1834 and 1835. He died at Litchfield, in that State, September 16, 1839, aged sixty years. MITCHELL, ANDERSON. Born in Caswell County, North Carolina, in 1800. He graduated at the University of that State in 1821 ; studied law, and settled in Wilkes County in 1840, when he was immediately elected to the Le gislature. He was a member of Congress in 1842 and 1843, and since that time has devoted all his attention to his profession. MITCHELL, CHARLES F. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. MITCHELL, GEORGE E. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1823 to 1827, and again from 1829 to 1832. He died in Washington, June 28, 1832. MITCHELL, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1835. MITCHELL, JAMES C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1825 to 1829. MITCHELL, JAMES S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1827. MITCHELL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con- gress,from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829. MITCHELL, NAHUM. Born in East Bridgewater, Mas sachusetts, February 12, 1769; graduated at Harvard University in 1789 ; taught school, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1792. From 1811 to 1821 he was Judge of the Circuit Court of Common Pleas, and afterwards Chief Justice. From 1798 to 1812 340 Biographical Sketches. he was a Representative in the General Court ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from 1803 to 1805. In 1813 and 1814 he was State Senator; and from 1814 to 1820 he was one of the Governor's Coun cil ; and from 1822 to 1827 he was Treasurer of the State. In 1840 he published a history of Bridge- water, Massachusetts ; was a mem ber of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and published a volume of Sacred Music, entitled the " Bridge- water Collection." He fell and died suddenly in one of the streets of Plymouth, August 1, 1853, while attending the first celebration of the embarkation of the Pilgrims at Delft Haven. MITCHELL, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1833 to 1835, from Ohio, of which State he was a native. MITCHELL, SAMUEL LATHAM. Born on Long Island in 1763, and was well educated ; after the close of the war he went to Edin burgh and there studied medicine and natural history. On his return he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in Columbia College ; and his prac tice as a physician was extensive ; he edited, with Dr. Smith, fourteen volumes of the " Medical Reposi tory;'' he also published a life of Tammany, the Indian Chief, and other useful works, historical and scientific. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1801 to 1804, and again from 1810 to 1813 ; and a Senator from 1804 to 1809. He died in New York, September 8, 1831. MITCHELL, STEPHEN M. He was born at Wethersfield, Connecticut, December 20, 1743; graduated at Yale College in 1763 ; was chosen a tutor in the College in 1766, in which station he con tinued three years ; he entered upon the practice of law in 1772 ; was appointed in 1779 a Judge of the Hartford County Court, and in 1790 placed at the head of that Court; in 1795 he was appointed Judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut, and in 1807 Chief Justice of that Court, which office he held until 1814, when he became disqualified by age. He was a Delegate to the old Congress, in 1783 and 1785; and in 1793 he was appointed to the United States Senate, which position he held until 1795, when he was made Judge of the Superior Court. It was to his services, while in Con gress, that Connecticut was greatly indebted for the establishment of her title to the tract of land in Ohio called the "Western Re serve." He died in the place of his birth, September 30, 1835. In him were combined the dignity of the Christian, the purity of the pa triot, and the virtues of the faithful public servant and useful citizen. MITCHELL, THOMAS R. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1802 ; was a Represen- Biographical Sketches. 341 tative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1821 to 1823, from 1825 to 1829, and again from ,1831 to 1833; he died in 1837. MOFFIT, HOSEA. He was born in New York ; served six years in the Legislature of that State; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1813 to 1817. MOLONY, RICHARD S. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Illinois, from 1851 to 1853. MONELL, ROBERT. He was a native of Columbia County, New York, and a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821, and again from 1829 to 1831. MONROE, JAMES. Born April 28, 1758, in West moreland County, Virginia. He was educated at William and Mary CoUege. In 1776 he joined the army in the revolutionary war, and continued with it till 1788, having displayed great bravery, when he retired and engaged in the study of law. In 1780 he held the office of Military Commissioner for Virginia, and in that capacity visited the Southern army. In 1782 he was a member of the Vir ginia Assembly ; and in 1783 a Delegate to Congress. In 1788 he was a member of the Conven tion, in Virginia, to deliberate on the proposed Constitution for the United States. In 1790 he was elected a Senator of the United States, from Virginia. In 1794 he received the appointment of Minister Plenipotentiary to France, and was recalled in 1797. In 1799 he was elected Governor of Vir ginia. In 1802 he was sent on a special mission to France, which resulted in the purchase of Loui siana. In 1803 he was appointed Minister to England ; and in 1805 he was associated with Charles Pinckney to negotiate witli Spain. During his residence in England, he and Mr. William Pinckney ne gotiated a commercial treaty with Great Britain, but it was never sub mitted to the Senate, by President Jefferson. He returned to America in 1808. In 1811 he was Governor of Virginia, and the, same year re ceived, from President Madison, the appointment of Secretary of State, which office he held till his elec tion as President, March 4, 1817. During a part of the time, in 1814 and 1815, he also performed the duties of Secretary of War. He was again elected President in 1821. He died July 4, 1831. MONROE, JAMES. He was born in Virginia, and having removed to New York, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, serving from 1839 to 1841; he was a member of the Assembly of New York in 1850 and 1852, and a State Senator dur ing the three subsequent years. 342 Biographical Sketches. montanya, j. l. d. He was born in New York, served two years in the Assembly of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1839 to 1841. MONTGOMERY, DANIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1807 to 1809. MONTGOMERY, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1807 to 1811. MONTGOMERY, JOHN G. He was elected a member of the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Penn sylvania, but died before taking his seat, of the mysterious National Hotel disease, at Danville, Pennsyl vania, April 24, 1857, aged fifty- two years. He was an excellent lawyer, of great experience and learning, and a brilliant career was anticipated for him in the arena of national politics. MONTGOMERY, THOMAS. He was born in Nelson County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1813 to 1815, and again from 1821 to 1823. MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1793 to 1795. MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM. Born in Guilford County, North Carolina, and was educated for the medical profession. He was elected to the General Assembly in 1824, where he served, with but one inter mission, until '1834, when he was elected a Representative in Con gress, and continued in that posi tion until 1841. He died November 27, 1844, aged fifty-three years. MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM. Born in Canton Township, Penn sylvania, April 11, 1819; gradu ated at Washington College, Penn sylvania, in 1839 ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842, and he was elected a Representative in Congress, in 1856, and still con tinues in that capacity, serving in the Thirty-fifth Congress, on the Committee on Public Lands. He has been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. MOOR, WYMAN B. S. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maine, from 1848 to 1849, by appointment, and for an unexpired term. MOORE, ANDREW. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1789 to 1797, and again from 1803 to 1804; When he was chosen to the United States Senate, and served until 1809. Biographical Sketches. 343 MOORE, ELI. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1835 to 1839. MOORE, GABRIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, from 1822 to 1829 ; a Senator in Congress, from 1831 to 1837; and died at Caddo, Texas, in 1844. MOORE, HENRY D. He was born in Goshen, Orange County, New York, April 17,1817; received his education at one of the public schools of New York City; when sixteen years of age, he acquired a knowledge of the tai loring business, which he followed until 1843 ; in that year he removed to Philadelphia, and became in terested in the marble business ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1849 to 1853. MOORE, HERMAN A. He was born in Vermont, in 1810, studied law in Rochester, New York, and removing to Co lumbus, Ohio, obtained distinction as a lawyer, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to the time of his death, which occurred in Columbus, AprU 3, 1844. MOORE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1841 to 1843. MOORE, JOHN. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. MOORE, NICHOLAS R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1803 to 1811, and again from 1813 to 1816. MOORE, OSCAR F. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. MOORE, ROBERT. He was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, and was a a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. MOORE, SAMUEL. He was born in Cumberland County, New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1819 to 1822. MOORE, S. McD. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. MOORE, SYDENHAM. Born in Rutherford County, Ten nessee, but removed to Alabama with his parents, soon after its ad mission as a State ; he was educa ted at the University of Alabama ; was bred to the profession of the law; was Judge of the County Court of Green County, Alabama, for six years, and for a short time 344 Biographical Sketches. on the Circuit Court bench of that State ; resigned his judgeship, and went to Mexico as captain of a vol unteer company, and served one year, a portion of the time in Gene ral Taylor's line on the Rio Grande, and also in General Scott's line at Tampico, Vera Cruz, Alvarado, and Jalapa ; and, on his return home, was elected brigadier- gene ral of militia ; and was chosen, in 1857, a member of the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Committee on Claims. MOORE, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1801 to 1813, and again from 1815 to 1817. MOORE, THOMAS S. He was born in Jefferson County, Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1820 to 1823. MOORE, THOMAS P. He was born in 1795; was an officer -in the war of 1812 ; member of Congress, from 1823 to 1829, and from 1833 to 1835; Minister to the Republic of Colombia in 1829 ; and lieutenant-colonel in the regular army during the war with Mexico. He died in Harrods- burg, Kentucky, July 21, 1853. MOREHEAD, CHARLES S. He was born in Nelson County, Kentucky, in 1802 ; he adopted the profession of law, and after practic ing it for a few years he was elect ed to the State Legislature, serving during 1828 and 1829 ; he was ap-. pointed, in 1832, Attorney-General of Kentucky, which office he held five years ; in 1838, 1839, and 1840, he was again returned to the Legis lature, officiating during the latter year as Speaker; was re-elected and made Speaker in 1841; was again re-elected in 1842 and 1844, and for the third time chosen Speak er ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1847 to 1851 ; in 1853. he was once more returned to the Legislature; and in 1855 was elected Governor of Kentucky, which position he still , occupies. He was for many years one of the most devoted friends and supporters of Henry Clay. MOREHEAD, JAMES T. Born in Covington, Kentucky, May 24, 1797 ; studied law and entered upon the practice in 1818. He served three years in the State Legislature ; in 1832 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Kentucky, and after the death of Governor Breathitt, in 1834, became Gover nor. In 1837 he was again elected to the Legislature ; and in 1838 he was appointed President of the Board of Internal Improvements, which office he held until 1841, when he was elected to the United States Senate for the term of six years. He subsequently resumed the practice of his profession, and died at Covington, Kentucky, De cember 28, 1854. Biographical Sketches. 345 MOREHEAD, I. T. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1851 to 1853. MORGAN, CHRISTOPHER. He was born in New York, gra duated at Yale College in 1828, and was a Representative in Con gress, from his native State, from 1839 to 1843. MORGAN, DANIEL. Was a native of New Jersey, but removed in early Ufe to Virginia. Having neither the advantages of wealth, nor of a good education, he was dependent for his support on hard labor. In 1755 he served as a private soldier under General Braddock. At the close of the cam paign he retired to a farm in Frede rick County. At the commencement of the Revolution he commanded a troop of cavalry, under General Washington, at Boston. He was detached on the expedition against Quebec, and when Arnold was wounded he took command of his di vision ; but the retreat of the other division, after the fall of Montgo mery, left Morgan to contend with the whole force of the enemy, and he was taken prisoner; on being exchanged he was appointed to the command of a regiment. He was with General Gates at the capture of Burgoyne. In 1778 he com manded a corps on the Schuylkill to cut off supplies from the British in Philadelphia. He served. in the Southern campaign, under General Greene, and advanced to the rank of brigadier-general, receiving from Congress a gold medal, for the skill and bravery he displayed at the bat tle of Cowpens in the defeat of Tarle- ton. In 1794 he commanded the militia of Virginia, ordered out by President Washington, for the pur pose of suppressing the Whisky In surrection in Pennsylvania. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1795 to 1799. In 1799 he published an address to his consti tuents, vindicating the administra tion of Mr. Adams. He died at Winchester, Virginia, in 1802, aged sixty-nine. MORGAN, EDWIN B. Born at Aurora, Cayuga County, New York, May 2, 1806. He was a merchant by occupation, until his election to the Thirty-third Con gress as Representative ; and he was re-elected to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committtee on Public Buildings and Grounds. MORGAN, JAMES. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1813. MORGAN, JOHN I. He was a member of the New York Assembly ; a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1825; and again in the As sembly in 1836 and 1840. 346 Biographical Sketches. MORGAN, WILLIAM S. Born in Monongalia County, Vir ginia, September 7, 1801. He was self-educated ; served as a Repre sentative in Congress, from Virgi nia, from 1835 to 1839, and was Chairman of the Committee on Re volutionary Pensions, and declined a re-election; in 1840 he was ap pointed a clerk in the House of Representatives, from which posi tion he was transferred to the Le gislature of Virginia, and declined a re-election ; he was a Democratic Elector in 1843 ; and in 1845, hav ing injured his health by public speaking, he was appointed to a clerkship in the Treasury Depart ment, where he still continues. MORRIL, DAVID L. Born in Epping, New Hampshire June 10, 1772, and died February 4, 1849. He attended Exeter Aca demy, studied medicine, and com menced the practice at Epsom in 1793. He also studied theology, and was ordained a pastor, but re signed his charge in 1811, and re sumed the practice of medicine. He was a Representative to the Gene ral Court, and in 1816 was chosen to the United States Senate for six years. He subsequently became a member of the State Senate, and its President, and afterwards, for four successive terms, was elected Gover nor of New Hampshire. He wrote and published many occasional dis courses and essays, on various reli gious and secular topics. MORRILL, JUSTIN S. He was born in Strafford, Ver mont, April 14, 1810 ; received an academical education, and engaged in mercantile pursuits until the year 1848, when he devoted himself to agriculture. He was elected a Re presentative, from Vermont, in the Thirty-fourth Congress, and was re elected a member of the Thirty- fifth ; he was a member of the Com mittee on the Sale of Fort Snelling, and serving at the present time on the Committee on Agriculture. MORRIS, CALVARY. He was born in Virginia, and was . a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1837 to 1844. MORRIS, EDWARD JOY. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl vania, July 15, 1817 ; graduated at Harvard University; was a mem ber of the House of Represen tatives of Pennsylvania in 1841, 1842, and 1843; and elected to the Twenty-ninth Congress, as Re presentative from the First Con gressional District ; was appointed United States Charge d'Affaires to Naples in 1850, where he remained four years. On his return to Phila delphia, was chosen a member of the Board of Directors of Girard College. In 1856 was again elected to the State Legislature, and in the fall of that year was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a mem ber of the Committee for the Dis trict of Columbia. As an author, Biographical Sketches. 347 his publications are, "A Tour through Turkey, Greece and Egypt, Arabia Petrasa," etc., " The Turkish Empire, Social and Political," "Af- raja, or Life and Love in Norway," (a translation,) and also a transla tion from the German of Gregozo- vius, "Corsica, Social and Politi cal," etc. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR. Minister from the United States to France, and an eminent American statesman and orator. He gradu ated at King's College, in the City of New York, in 1768. He was bred to the law, and attained great celebrity in the profession. In 1 775 he was a Delegate to the Provincial Congress, from New York ; and was employed in the pubUc. service in various capacities, during the re volutionary contest, and in all of them displayed great zeal and ability. After the war of the Re volution he retired from public life, although an active member of the Convention which formed the present Constitution of the United States. In 1792 he was appointed Minister to France, and remained in that capacity till Octo ber, 1794. He returned to America in 1798, and in 1800 was chosen a Senator of the United States, from New York. He died in 1816, aged sixty-four. His publications were numerous; a selection from his papers, with a sketch of his life, have been published by Jared Sparks. MORRIS, JOSEPH. Born in Green County, Pennsyl vania, October 16, 1795. He was left an orphan at the age of ten years, and having been apprenticed to the trade of a wheelwright, he continued to follow the business until he was twenty-five years old. In 1824 he was elected sheriff of his native county. In 1829 he re moved to Ohio, and devoted himself to merchandizing ; he was elected to the Ohio Legislature in 1833 and 1834; he was Treasurer for Monroe County for one year, and, while in that office, was elected to Congress in 1843, and re-elected in 1845, serving two entire, terms. He died at Woodfield, Ohio, October 23, 1854. MORRIS, LEWIS R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1797 to 1803. MORRIS, MATHIAS. A Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1835 to 1839, and was much respected for his talents. He died at Doyles- town, Pennsylvania, November 9, 1839, aged fifty-four years. MORRIS, ROBERT. He was a native of England, but came to the United States when a boy of thirteen, and settled in Philadelphia as a clerk, where he spent the most of his life as an in fluential merchant and financier. 348 Biographical Sketches. He was a member of the Congress of 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1781 he ob tained the control of the American finances, and rendered important services to his adopted country. He was a member of the Conven tion which formed the present Con stitution, and was chosen a United States Senator, serving from 1789 to 1795. Notwithstanding his valu able services to his country, he passed the latter years of his life in imprisonment for debt ; until the period of his impoverishment, his house had been the scene of most liberal hospitality. He died May 8, 1806, aged seventy-one years. MORRIS, SAMUEL W. Born in 1788; was for many years Judge of the District Court of Tio ga County, Pennsylvania, and was a member of the House of Repre sentatives, in Congress, from 1837 to 1841. He died in Wellsborough, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1847. MORRIS, THOMAS. He was for three years a mem ber of the New York Assembly, from Ontario County, and a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1801 to 1803. MORRIS, THOMAS. He was born in Virginia, Janu ary 3, 1776, and was the son of a Baptist clergyman. When nine teen years of age he emigrated to the valley of the Ohio, and settled near the present site of Cincinnati, but two years afterwards removed to the County of Clermont. In 1802, while engaged in the avocation of a day-laborer, and without an in structor, he commenced the study of law, adopted the profession, and became eminent. In 1806 he was elected to the Legislature of Ohio, and represented Clermont County, either in the Senate or House, for a period of twenty-four years, doing much to develop the resources of his adopted State. He was also Chief Judge of Ohio, and he was elected a Senator in Congress, for the long term, from 1833 to 1839, He died December 7, 1844, and his life and collected speeches and writings have been published in one volume, under the supervision of his son, Rev. B. F. Morris. While in Congress he ably defended the freedom of the press, the free dom of speech, and the right of pe tition. MORRIS, JONATHAN D. He is the eldest son of the pre ceding ; was born in Ohio, and is a lawyer by profession, He served for twenty years as Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Supreme Court of Clermont Coun ty, Ohio ; and he was a Represen tative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1847 to 1851. Now devoted to the practice of his profession. MORRIS, ISAAC N. He is the fourth son of Thomas Morris, and brother of the above named ; and was born in Ohio, Biographical Sketches. 349 January 22, 1812. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1835 ; in 1836 he emigrated to Illinois, and settled in Quincy, where he still resides. In 1840 he was appointed Secretary of State for Hlinois, but declined the position; in 1841 he was chosen President of the Blinois and Michigan Canal Company; in 1846 he was elected to the State Legislature, from Adams County ; in 1856 he was elected a Representative, from Illi nois, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. He is at the present time a member of the Committe on Roads and Canals. MORRISON, JOHN A. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853." MORRISON, GEORGE W. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1850 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855. MORROW, JEREMIAH. Born in Pennsylvania in 1770, but removed to the Northwest Ter ritory, now the State of Ohio, in 17.95, and was chosen a member of the Territorial Legislature in 1800. He was the first Representative in Congress, from Ohio, serving from 1803 to 1813, and was a Senator in Congress, from 1813 to 1819, being appointed, in 1814, a Commissioner to treat with the Indians. He was Governor of Ohio, from 1822 to 1826 ; subsequently a Canal Com missioner ; served a second time as a Representative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843, officiating as Chair man of the Committee on Public Lands ; and for several years before his death was President of the Little Miami Railroad Company. He died in Ohio, March 22, 1852. MORSE, FREEMAN H. He was born in Maine, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, and is a member of the Com mittee on the Cost of Public Print ing, and that on Naval Affairs. He has been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. MORSE, ISAAC E. He was born in Louisiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State from 1843 to 1851. MORSE, O. A. Born in Cherry Valley, Otsego County, New York, March 26, 1815 ; graduated at HamUton Col lege, New York; studied law, but has not practiced of late years ; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. MORTON, JACKSON. He was born in Virginia and re moving to Florida, was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1855. He subsequently 350 Biographical Sketches. entered extensively into the busi ness of manufacturing lumber, in Florida. MORTON, JEREMIAH. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. MORTON, MARCUS. He was born in Freetown, Mas sachusetts, December 19, 1784; graduated at Brown University in 1804; studied law, and devoted himself to politics; in 1811 he was chosen Clerk of the Massachusetts Senate ; he was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1817 to 1821 ; in 1823 was a mem ber of the Executive Council of that State ; in 1824 was elected Lieutenant-Governor ; subsequently a Judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts; and in 1839 was chosen Governor of the State, after which he retired to private life. MOSELY, JONATHAN OGDEN. Born at East Haddon, Middle sex County, Connecticut; was a graduate of Yale College in 1780; and a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1805 to 1821. He subsequently removed to Michigan, and died at Saginaw, in that State, September 9, 1839, aged seventy-seven years. MOSELY, WILLIAM A. He graduated at Yale College in 1816 ; was a member of the New York Assembly in 1835; of the State Senate, from 1838 to 1841 • and a Representative in CoDgress from 1843 to 1847. MOTT, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, fromf 1801 to 1805. MOTT, RICHARD. Born in Mamaroneek, Westches ter County, New York, July 21, 1804. He was educated at the Quaker Seminary of "Nine Part ners," in Dutchess County, New York; bred a merchant, and has resided in Toledo, Ohio, for twenty years ; and, having been elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress, was re elected to the Thirty-fifth. MOULTON, MACE. He was born in New Hamp shire, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. MOUTON, ALEXANDER. He was a Senator in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1837 to 1842. MUHLENBERG, FREDERICK A. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylva nia; was Treasurer of the State; President of the Convention which ratified the Constitution of the United States, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1789 to 1797 ; and Speaker of the House during the First and Third Con gresses. He died at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, June 4, 1801, aged fifty-one years. Biographical Sketches. 351 **** MUHLENBERG, HENRY A. He was born in Reading, Penn sylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1854, He died January 9, 1854, in the prime of Ufe. MUHLENBERG, HENRY AUGUSTUS. He was born in Lancaster, Penn sylvania, May 13, 1782. Under the instruction of his father, a learned clergyman of the Lutheran Church, he completed the usual course of collegiate studies at an early age; and in 1802 he was ordained as a Lutheran clergyman, and had the pastoral charge of Trinity Church at Reading, in which position he remained untU 1828, when, on ac count of iU health, he resigned, and retired to a farm In 1829 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, serving until 1838, when he resigned his seat, having, during his term of office, been chairman of se veral important committees. In 1835 he was the Democratic candi date for Governor, but the Whig party was successful. In 1837 President Van Buren tendered him a place in his cabinet as Secretary of the Navy, and also the mission to Russia, both of whichhe declined, but in 1838 he accepted the mission to Austria, and was recalled at his own request in 1841. In 1844 he was again a candidate for Governor, but he died suddenly at Reading, Au gust 12, 1844, a few weeks before the election, leaving the reputation of an upright and able statesman. MUHLENBERG, PETER. He was born at the Trappe, Mont gomery County, Pennsylvania, Oc tober 1, 1746. He was educated in Germany, and, on his return home, studied theology with his father. In 1772 he went to London with Bishop White, who was also a can didate for holy orders, and was or dained, by the Bishop of London, as an Episcopal clergyman. He was for a few years settled over a parish in Virginia, but at the com mencement of the Revolution he was urged to take a military com mand ; and he accordingly preach ed his last sermon to his parishion ers, throwing off his clerical robes and appearing in the pulpit in full uniform, saying, " There is a time for all things, and now is the time to fight;" read his commission as colonel, and ordered the drummers to beat for recruits ; his parishion ers crowded to the standard, and he had no difficulty in forming a regi ment. His first campaigns were fought in Georgia and South Caro lina. In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and participated in the battles of Bran dywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Stony Point ; and in 1780 held the chief command, when Leslie in vaded Virginia, and was next in command to La Fayette when Corn- wallis entered Virginia. He com manded the First Brigade of Light Infantry at Yorktown; and when the army was disbanded, he receiv ed the commission of major-gene- 352 Biographical Sketches. ral. After returning to his abode in Pennsylvania, he was elected a member of the Supreme Executive Council of the State. In 1785 he was chosen Vice-President of the. Commonwealth, and upon the adop tion of the Federal Constitution he was elected a Representative in Congress, serving from 1789 to 1791, from 1793 to 1795, and from 1799 to 1801. In 1797 he was a Presidential Elector ; and in 1801 he was elected United States Sena tor, but resigned in 1802, and was appointed Supervisor of the Reve nue for the District of Pennsylva nia. In 1803 he was made Col lector of the port of Philadelphia, and held this office until his death, which occurred October 1, 1807. MULLEN, JOSEPH. He was a native of Ireland, and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1849. MUMFORD, GEORGE. Born in Rowan County, North Carolina. He represented it in the General Assembly in 1810 and 1811 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819, hav ing died in Washington before the expiration of his term. MUMFORD, GURDON S. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1805 to 1811. MURFREE, WILLIAM H. Born in Hertford County, North Carolina; graduated at Chapel Hill in 1801, and having studied law, was a successful advocate. He served in the State Legislature in 1805, and was a Representative iu Congress, from 1813 to 1817. In 1825 he emigrated to Tennessee, and soon after died at Nashville. MURPHY, CHARLES. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1851 to 1853. MURPHY, JOHN. He was a native of South Caro lina ; graduated at the South Ca rolina College in 1808 ; was Clerk of the Senate of South Carolina; Governor of Alabama, from 1825 to 1829, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. He died in Clark County, Alabama, September 21, 1841, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. MURPHY, HENRY C. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1810 ; graduated at Co lumbia College in 1830; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1833 ; was at one time Attorney for the City of Brooklyn; was elected Mayor of that city in 1842; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1843 to 1849 ; and by President Buchanan, was appointed Minister to the Hague. In his tastes, he is decidedly lite rary, and has devoted much atten tion to the investigation of the early history of his native State. Biographical Sketches. 353 MURRAY, AMBROSE S. He was born in New York, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Mile age. MURRAY, JOHN. He was born in Lancaster, Penn sylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. MURRAY, JOHN L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1838 to 1839. MURRAY, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1823. MURRAY, WILLIAM. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to £855. MURRAY, WILLIAM VANS. He was born in Maryland, about the year 1761. In 1783 he went to London, and entered as a stu dent of law at the Temple, and remained three years. On return ing to his native State, he engaged in the practice of law, but was soon elected to a seat in the Legislature. In 1791 he was elected a Repre sentative to Congress, and con tinued in that position until 1797, when he decUned being a candi- 23 date. He was appointed, by Wash ington, Minister to the Batavian Republic ; and in connection with Mr. Ellsworth, and Mr. Davie, he negotiated a treaty with France in 1800. He returned to the United States in 1801, and died, December 11, 1803. He possessed great keen ness of wit and delicacy of taste, and was distinguished for his elo quence, having a mind weU stored with science and literature. NABERS, BENJAMIN D. He was born in Tennessee, and on removing to Mississippi, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. NAUDAIN, ARNOLD. He was born in Delaware ; gra duated at Princeton College in 1806, and was a Senator in Con gress, from that State, from 1829 to 1836. NAYLOR, CHARLES. Born in the County of Phila delphia, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1806; educated a lawyer, admitted in 1828 to the bar of Philadelphia, and was there for some years ex tensively engaged in practice. He represented his native district in Congress, from 1837 to 1841. In 1846 he raised in Philadelphia a company of volunteers, and, as their captain, took part in the war with Mexico ; rendezvoused at the Island of Lobos, in the Gulf of Mexico ; 354 Biographical Sketches. landed with the invading army at Vera Cruz; was active in the operations before that city, and in most of the engagements, on Ge neral Scott's line. Upon the fall of the City of Mexico, September 14, 1847, he was appointed Go vernor of the National Palace, (the " Halls of the Montezumas,") and keeper of the archives and pro perty of that Republic; and con tinued to hold that place, and to aid in the administration of the go vernment of the city, till the final evacuation of it by the American army, June 12, 1848. He has filled many pjosts of trust and honor in his native State, and is at pre sent engaged in the practice of his profession in the City of Wash ington. NEAL, RAPHAEL. He was born in St. Mary's County, Maryland ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1825. NELSON, HUGH. He was born in Virginia; and was at one time Speaker of the House of Delegates of Virginia; a Judge of the General Court; a member of Congress, from 1811 to 1823, and immediately afterwards appointed American Minister to Spain. He died in Albemarle County, March 18, 1836. NELSON, JEREMIAH. He was born in Essex County, Massachusetts, in 1778 ; served as a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1805 to 1807, and again from 1815 to 1823 ; and died at Newburyport, October 2, 1838, NELSON, JOHN. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1823, and in 1831 was appointed Charge d'Affaires to the Two Sicilies. NELSON, ROGER. He was a general in the revolu tionary war ; and a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1804to 1810, and died at Frederick- town, June 7, 1815, at an advanced age. NELSON, THOMAS M. He was born in Virginia in 1782 ; served with distinction in the war of 1812, as a captain of infantry; after the war he was promoted to the rank of major, but resigned his commission ; was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1816 to 1819, when he de clined a re-election and retired to private life. He died November 10, 1853. NELSON, WILLIAM. Born in Clinton, Dutchess County, New York, June 29, 1784; he re ceived an academical education; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1807 ; was District At torney for the Counties of West chester, Putnam, and Rockland for a period of thirty years; was a Biographical Sketches. 355 member of the Assembly of New York, in 1819 and 1820; and a State Senator, in 1823 ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1851. He is at the present time a resident of Peekskill. NES, HENRY. Born in York, Pennsylvania, in 1799, and was educated a physician. He was frequently called to fill places of trust and responsibility in his native town, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845, and again from 1846 to 1850. He was retiring in his ha bits, but had many devoted friends. He died September 10, 1850. NESBITT, WILSON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South CaroUna, from 1817 to 1819 NEVEL, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1795. NEW, ANTHONY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1805, and on taking up his resi dence in Kentucky, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1813, from 1817 to 1819, and from 1821 to 1823. NEWBOLD, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1807 to 1813. ¦ NEWELL, WILLIAM A. He was born in Ohio, was edu cated for the medical profession, and on taking up his residence in New Jersey, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1847 to 1851. In 1856 he was elected-Go- vernor of New Jersey for the term ending in 1860. NEWHARD, PETER. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. NEWMAN, DANIEL. He served as a soldier in the early Indian wars in Georgia, held. many high positions in the State, and was a member of Congress, from 1831 to 1833. He died in Walker County, Georgia. NEWTON, EBENEZER. Hewas born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1851 to 1853. NEWTON, THOMAS. Bora in 1769; was a Represen tative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1801 to 1829, and again from 1831 to 1833. He died in Norfolk, Virginia, August 5, 1847. NEWTON, THOMAS W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Arkansas, from 1845 to 1846. 356 Biographical Sketches. NEWTON, WILLOUGHBY. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. NIBLACK, WILLIAM E. Born in Dubois County, Indiana, May 19, 1822. He studied law and was admitted to practice in 1843 ; during that year he was appointed County Surveyor; in 1849 he was elected to the State Legislature, where he served until 1852 ; in 1854 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and subsequently elected for six years. He was elected a Represen tative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Indiana, serving on the Com mittee on Mileage, and has recently been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. NICHOLAS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1801. NICHOLAS, R. C He was a Senator in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1836 to 1841. NICHOLAS, WILSON C. A Governor of Virginia; an of ficer in the war of the Revolution, and a member of the -Convention which ratified the Constitution of the United States. He was a dis tinguished member of the National House of Representatives, from 1807 to 1809, and of the Senate of the United States from 1799 to 1804, and ably supported the mea sures of President Jefferson's ad ministration. In 1804 he resigned his seat in the Senate, and accepted the office of Collector of the ports of Norfolk and Portsmouth. He was afterwards a member of the House ; but he resigned his seat in 1809. In 1814 he was Governor, and remained in office until 1817. He died at Milton, October 10, 1820. NICHOLS, MATTHIAS H. Born in Salem County, New Jer sey, October 3, 1824. His educa tion was acquired in a printing- office and by the aid of friends, who instructed him after the ordinary hours of labor. He studied law, and in 1849 was licensed to practice in Auglaize County, Ohio. He was Prosecuting Attorney for Allen County ; resigned the office in 1852 to become a candidate for Congress, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Joint Committee on Printing. NICHOLSON, A. O. P. He was born in WilUamson Coun ty, Tennessee, August 31, 1808; graduated at Chapel Hill Univer sity, North Carolina, in 1827; set: tied in Tennessee as a lawyer ; was a member of the Tennessee Legisla ture from 1833 to 1839; was a Se nator in Congress, from that State, from 1840 to 1842; was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1843 to 1845; was Chancellor of the Biographical Sketches. 357 middle division of the State in 1845 ; was President of the Bank of Ten nessee in 1846 and 1847 ; was elect ed Printer of the House of Repre sentatives, by the Thirty-third Con gress, and Printer of the Senate, by the Thirty-fourth Congress; and from 1853 to 1856 he was editor of the Washington Daily Union. He has been elected a Senator in Con gress, from Tennessee, for the term commencing in 1859 and ending in 1865. NICHOLSON, JOHN. He was a member for several years of the New York Assembly, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1811. NICHOLSON, JOSEPH HOPPER A native of Maryland ; received a good education, and was a lawyer by profession. In 1805 he was ap pointed Chief Judge of the Sixth Judicial District, and was also a Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland. From 1799 to 1806 he was a Representative in Congress, and died March 4, 1817, aged forty- seven years. NICOLL, HENRY. Bjorn in the City of New York, October 23, 1812; graduated at Columbia College in 1830 ; studied law and has practiced with success ; was a member of the New York Constitutional Convention in 1846 ; and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1849. NILES, JOHN M. He was born in Windsor, Con necticut, in 1787, and was bred to the bar, and went to Hartford in 1816 to practice law. In 1817 he was there concerned in publishing the Times, which he edited for a time. In 1820 he was commissioned Judge of the County Court. He was appointed Postmaster of Hartford, by President Jackson, and held the office until made a Senator in Con gress, in 1835, in which position he remained until 1839. In 1840 he was appointed Postmaster- General, by President Van Buren. In 1842 he was again elected to the United States Senate, served six years, re tired to private life, and died May 31, 1856. He was fond of literary pursuits, and his contributions to the periodical press were abundant. He edited a Gazetteer of Connec ticut and Rhode Island, and wrote a History of South America. In his will he gave $20,000 for the benefit of the poor of Hartford, and bequeathed his library to the Historical Society of Connecticut. NILES, NATHANIEL. He was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, in 1741; graduated at Princeton College in 1766 ; was a student of law, medicine, and theology; was the inventor of making wire from bar iron, by water power, and erected at Nor wich, Connecticut, a woolen card manufactory ; he was a member of 358 Biographical Sketches. the Vermont Legislature, and Speaker of the House ; a Judge of the. Supreme Court of that State ; was six times a Presidential Elec tor; and a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1791 to 1795. He wrote poetry, and many sermons, and preached in his own house twelve years. He died at West Fairlee, Vermont, in Novem ber, 1828. NISBET, E. A. He was born in Georgia; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1842. NIVEN, ARCHIBALD C He was born in New York ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. NOBLE, DAVID A. He was born in Massachusetts ; liberally educated; adopted the profession of law ; and on removing to Michigan, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. NOBLE, JAMES. He was a Senator in Congress, from Indiana, from 1816 to 1831, having died February 26, of the latter year. He was a native of Battletown, Clark County, Vir ginia, but removed when a youth to Kentucky, and subsequently to In diana. He was a self-educated man and very influential in his adopted State. NOBLE, WILLIAM H. He was born in New York; served three years in the Assembly of that State, from Cayuga County ; an d was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839. NORRIS, MOSES. Born in Pittsfield, New Hamp shire, in 1799 ; graduated at Dart mouth College in 1828; studied law, and devoted himself success fully to the practice ; in 1839 he was elected to the State Legisla ture, and in 1840 was elected Speaker of the House ; in 1841 he was elected a member of the State Council ; aud in 1844 he was elected a Representative in Congress, where he continued four years. In 1847 he was again a member of the Legislature, and Speaker; and while serving in that capacity he was elected a Senator in Congress, serving from 1849 to 1855; and he died at Washington, January 11, 1855. NORTH, WILLIAM. He was aid to Baron Steuben, in the revolutionary war, and after wards appointed adjutant-general. He was a Representative, from New York, in Congress, in 1798; died at New York, January 4, 1836, aged eighty-three years ; and was buried at Duanesburg. NORTON, EBENEZER F. He was born in New York; served in the State Assembly, from Erie County, in 1823 ; and was a Biographical Sketches. 359 Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. NORTON, JESSE 0. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1853 to 1857. NORVELL, JOHN. He was bred a printer, was for a time the editor of a newspaper in Philadelphia, was appointed, by President Jackson, Postmaster of Detroit, in Michigan, and, having become identified with the Territo ry of Michigan, became one of the Senators in Congress, from the new State, having served in that capacity from 1835 to 1841.' He died a few years after retiring from public life. NOTT, ABRAHAM. He graduated at Yale College in 1787, was Judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1799 to 1801. NOYES, JOHN. He was a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1795, was subsequently a tutor in that institution, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1815 to 1817. He died in 1841, aged seventy'-eight years. NOYES, JOSEPH C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1837 to 1839, and a member of the Com mittee on Agriculture. NUCKOLLS, WILLIAM C. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the university of that State in 1820 ; adopted the profes sion of law ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from South Caro Una, from 1827 to 1833. OAKLEY, THOMAS JA*CKSON. Born in Dutchess County, New York, in 1783 ; graduated at Yale College in 1801; studied law, and entered on the practice at Pough- keepsie, New York. In 1810 he was appointed Surrogate of Dutchess County, and in 1813 was elect ed a Representative in Congress, where he continued until 1815, when he resumed his profession, ¦ and was elected a member of the Assembly. He was appointed' Attorney-General of the State of New York in 1819, in 1820 again served in the Assembly, and in 1827 he was again elected to Con gress. In 1828, when the Superior Court of New York City was or ganized, he was appointed one of its judges ; and on the re-organi zation of the Court, under the Constitution of 1846, he was elect ed the Chief Justice, and continued in that position until his death, which occurred in New York City, May 11, 1857. The duties of the various stations to which he was called he discharged with fidelity and marked ability. O'BRIEN, JEREMIAH. Born at Machias, Maine, in 1768, and died at Boston, May 30, 1858. 360 Biographical Sketches. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1823 to 1829. Early in life, and after the separation of Maine from Massa chusetts, he was for several years in the Legislature of the new State. His educational advantages were limited, but he was a man of sound sense and solid judgment. He was both a farmer and a merchant. OGDEN, AARON. He was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, December 3, 1756 ; graduated at Nassau Hall in 1773; taught school for a time; served as an officer in the army, during the whole revolutionary war ; had a horse shot from under him at the battle of Springfield, New Jersey; participated in the Sul livan campaign against the In dians; and for his services at Yorktown was complimented by Washington ; after the war, he pur sued the legal profession with dis tinction ; was a Presidential Elector in 1800 ; was a Senator in Con gress, from 1801 to 1803; was Go vernor of New Jersey in 1812; and at the time of his death was Pre sident-General of the Society of Cincinnati. He died at Jersey City, April 19, 1839. During the war of 1812, President Madison offered him a commission as major- general in the army of the United States, which honor he declined, preferring to continue, as he had been, commander-in-chief of the militia of his own State. OGDEN, DAVID A. He was born in Morristown, New Jersey; studied law, and took up his residence in St. Lawrence Coun ty, New York, in 1812; was a member of the Assembly in 1814 and 1815 ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819. He died at Montreal, Canada, June 9, 1829. OGLE, ANDREW J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1817 to 1819, and died in Somerset, Pennsylvania, October 14, 1852. OGLE, ANDREW J. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. OGLE, CHARLES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1837 to 1841, also a general of militia; and died at Somerset, May 10, 1'841. OLCOTT, SIMEON. He was born in 1737 ; graduated at Yale College in 1761 ; studied law, and settled in the practice at Charlestown, New Hampshire; he was appointed, in 1784, Chief Jus tice of the Court of Common Pleas; in 1790 a Judge of the Superior Court ; Chief Judge of the same Court in 1795 ; and was a Senator in Congress, from New Hampshire, Biographical Sketches. 361 from 1801 to 1805. He died in New Hampshire in 1815. OLDS, EDSON B. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1849 to 1855. OLIN, ABRAM B. He was born in Shaftsbury, Ben nington County, Vermont, in 1812; graduated at Williams College, Massachusetts, in 1835; commenced the practice of law at Troy, New York, in 1838 ; was for three years Recorder of the City of Troy ; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from New York, serving as a member of the Committee on Expenditures on the Public Buildings. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. His father, Gideon Olin, was in Congress, from Vermont, during the administration of Presi dent Jefferson. OLIN, GIDEON. He was born in Rhode Island, and removing to Vermont, became one of its founders. He was a member of the State Legislature, and Speaker of the House, a Judge of the County Court, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1803 to 1807. He died at Shaftsbury, Vermont, in 1822. OLIN, HENRY. His boyhood was spent in Addi son County, Vermont ; he was elected to the General Assembly of that State in 1799, and, excepting four years, continued to serve in that capacity until 1825 ; he was also a member of the State Con stitutional Convention of 1814, 1822, and 1828 ; was an Associate Judge of Addison County, from 1801 to 1806 ; Chief Judge of said court in 1807, and from 1810 to 1824; and he was chosen a Re presentative in Congress, to fill a vacancy in 1824, and served through the term, ending in 1825. He died at Salisbury, Vermont, in 1837, aged seventy years. OLIVER, ANDREW. Born at Springfield, Otsego County, New York ; soon after his birth, in 1819, his parents removed to Pen Yan, in Yates County. He received a classical education, and graduated at Union College in 1835 ; he studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1838, and en tered upon a successful practice. He was appointed to succeed his father as First Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1843, which position he held till the adoption of the new State Constitution. In 1846 he was elected Judge of the Surrogate and County Courts In 1852 he was elected a Representa tive in the Thirty third Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty- fourth ; since that time he has been devoted to the practice of his pro7 fession. OLIVER, MORDECAI. Born in Anderson County, Ken tucky, October 22, 1819, and emi- 362 Biographical Sketches. grated to Missouri in 1832, he received as good an education as that country afforded, and entered upon the study of law at the age of nineteen, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He was elected Cir cuit Attorney for the Fifth Judicial Circuit of Missouri in 1848, and in 1852 was elected a member of the Thirty-third Congress, and re-elect ed to the Thirty-fourth. Upon retiring from Congress, he resumed the duties of his profession, in Rich mond, Missouri. OLIVER, WILLIAM M. He was a native of Springfield, Otsego County, New York, was a lawyer by profession ; and for a long time the First Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was State Senator, and Lieutenant-Go vernor ; and a Representative of New York, in the Twenty-seventh Congress. ORMSBY, STEPHEN. He was a Judge of the Circuit Court of Kentucky, a Representa tive in Congress, from 1811 to 1817, lived to an advance age, and died in Kentucky. ORR, ALEXANDER D. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1792 to 1797, and died at Paris, in that State, June 21, 1835, aged seventy years. ORR, BENJAMIN. A native of Bedford, New Hamp shire; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1798, and settled as a lawyer, in Brunswick, Maine, at taining a high rank in his profes sion. He was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1817 to 1819, and died at Bruns wick in 1828, aged fifty years. ORR, JAMES L. He was born at Craytonville, South Carolina, May 12, 1822; received his education chiefly in the University of Virginia ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843; in 1844 he was elected to the State Legislature; re-elected in 1845 ; and in 1848 he was elected a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, to which position he has been regularly re-elected to the present time. During the Thir ty-second Congress, he was fre quently Chairman of the Commit tee of the Whole on the State of the Union, and during the next Congress, was Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs; and on the assembling of the Thirty- fifth Congress, he was elected Speaker. ORR, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829. OSBORNE, THOMAS B. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. Biographical Sketches. 363 OSGOOD, GAYTON P. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1833 to 1835. OTERO, MIGUEL A. He was born in New Mexico, and was elected a Delegate, from that Territory, to the Thirty-fifth Con gress. OTIS, HARRISON GRAY. He was born in Boston, Massa chusetts, October 8, 1765, and died at Boston, October 28, 1848. His father, Samuel A. Otis, was the first Secretary of the Senate of the United States, which office he held for twenty-five years. Harrison Gray graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1783, and soon became a successful practitioner at the bar. He was for many years an active and leading member of the State Legislature, serving as Speaker and President of the Senate. He was chosen a Representative in Con gress, for the Suffolk District, in 1797, and served through President Adams's administration; and in 1817 he was chosen a Senator in Congress, where he remained for five years. He was also Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and Mayor of Boston, for whose prosperity he accomplished much good ; display ing, in all his public stations, great ability, and the utmost fidelity to the public interests. He was also appointed, by President Adams, United States District Attorney for Massachusetts. He was distin guished for his scholarly acquire ments, and for his eloquence as an orator. OTIS, JOHN. He was born in Maine in 1801 ; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823 ; was a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1849 to 1851, and died in 1856. OUTLAW, DAVID. Born in Bertie County, North Carolina, and graduated at the Uni versity of that State in 1824. He read law at Newbern, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1827. He served three years in the House of Commons; was elected Solicitor of Edenton District in 1836 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1847 to 1853. OUTLAW, GEORGE B. He was born in Bertie County, North Carolina, where he lived, and died many years ago. He was a member of the House of Commons in 1796, and in the State Senate a number of years thereafter, and a Representative in Congress, during the years 1824 and 1825. OVERSTREET, JAMES. He was a native of Barnwell County, South Carolina, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1822. OVERTON, WALTER H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1829 to 1831. 364 Biographical Sketches. OWEN, ALLEN F. He was born in North Carolina, and having removed to Georgia, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1849 to 1851. OWEN, GEORGE W. Born in 1798; was Speaker of the House of Representatives in Alabama, and Mayor of Mobile, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1829, when he was appointed Collector of the port of Mobile. He died August 18, 1839, at Mobile, Alabama. OWEN, JAMES. Born in Bladen County, North Carolina, in December, 1784. He was well educated, but adopted the occupation of a planter. He was a general of militia, four years a member of the Legislature, and a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819. OWEN, ROBERT DALE. He was born in Scotland ; was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1843 to 1847. He was one of the first Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and took a prominent part in its organiza tion ; and he was appointed Minis ter-Resident at Naples, which posi tion he still holds. OWENS, GEORGE W. A prominent member of the Georgia bar, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. in 1856. Died at Savannah, OWSLEY, BRYAN Y. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843 PACKER, ASA. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1853 to 1857. PAGE, JOHN He was one of the first Repre sentatives in Congress, from Vir ginia, under the present Constitu tion, serving from 1789 to 1797. In 1800 he was chosen one of the Electors for President, and from 1802 to 1805 was Governor of Tun ginia. He published addresses to the people in 1796 and 1799. He died at Richmond, Virgina, Octo-> ber 11, 1804, aged sixty-four years. PAGE, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Hampshire, during the years 1836 and 1837. PAGE, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1799 to 1801.. PAGE, SHERMAN. He was born in Connecticut, served in the Assembly of New York, from Otsego County, in 1827, and was a Representative in Biographical Sketches. 365 Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. PAINE, ELIJAH. Born in Brooklyn, Connecticut, January 21, 1757, and graduated at Harvard C ollege in 1 7 81 He was the first President of the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard, and pronounced the first oration before the same. He was a lawyer by profession; and having settled in Vermont, was one of the most use ful pioneers of the new State, fol lowing the practice -of his profes sion, and the employments of farmer, road maker, and cloth manufac turer. In 1786 he was a member of the Convention called to revise the State-Constitution, and of which he was Secretary. In 1787 he was elected to the State Legislature, and so continued until 1791, when he was appointed Judge of the Su preme Court. He was one of the Commissioners to settle the contro versy between Vermont and New York, in 1789 ; was a Trustee of Dartmouth College ; President of the Vermont Colonization Society ; a pecuniary benefactor to the Uni versity of Vermont ; received from Harvard College the degree of LL.D., and was elected a Fellow of the Ameripan Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary mem ber of several other literary institu tions. He was a Senator in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1795 to 1801. In 1801 he was appointed, by President Adams, Judge of the District Court of Vermont, which office he held till within a month of his death, when he resigned. He died at Williamstown, Vermont, April 21, 1842. PAINE, ROBERT T. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. PALEN, RUFUS. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. PALFREY, JOHN G. Born in Boston, May 2, 1795. He was prepared for college at Exeter Academy, and graduated at Harvard in 1815 ; he studied theology, and was ordained a Uni tarian preacher in 1818 ; he was subsequently, for a number of years, editor of the North American Re view ; delivered a course of Lec tures before the Lowell Institute; during the years 1842 and 1843 he was a member of the General Court ; was elected Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and he was a member of Congress, from 1847 to 1849. His published writings are numerous, chiefly of a theological and political character. PALMER, BERIAH. Born in New York, served four years in the Assembly of New York, from Saratoga County, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1803 to 1805. 366, Biographical Sketches. PALMER, GEORGE W. Born in Hoosick,Rensselaer Coun ty, New York, January 13, 1818; received a common school educa tion ; adopted the profession of law ; was Surrogate of Clinton County from 1843 to 1847 ; and a Repre sentative in the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from New York, serving as a member of the Committee on Ex penditures in the Post-office De partment. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. PALMER, JOHN. He was born in Hoosick, Rens selaer County, New York, in 1785; received a good education, and stu died law, and having settled in Platsburg, Clinton County, in 1810, formed a law partnership with Chancellor Walworth, which con tinued until 1820. He was elected a Representative to Congress, in 1817, but before the expiration of his term he was chosen District At torney for Clinton County, in which capacity he served until 1831, and during that year he was made the first judge of said county, and held the office until 1836. He was again elected to Congress, in 1837, and served one term. He died of consumption, at St. Bartholomew, West Indies, December 8, 1840. PALMER, WILLIAM A. He was a Senator in Congress, from Vermont, from 1818 to 1825. PARISH, ISAAC. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1845 to 1847. PARKE, BENJAMIN. He was a native of New Jersey, and was born in 1777; he was one of the early pioneers to the Western territory, and settled in that por tion which now forms the State of Indiana, in 1800. From 1805 to 1 808 he was a Delegate in Congress, from that Territory, and was soon after appointed, by President Jef ferson, Judge of the District Court, which office he held until his death, which occurred in Salem, Indiana, July 12, 1835. He was atone time President of the State Historical Society. PARKER, AMASA J. Born in 1807, at Sharon, Con necticut, and graduated at Union College, New York. He was ad mitted to the bar }n Delhi, New York, in October, 1828. In 1833 he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature, and in 1835 was chosen a Regent of the Univer sity. From 1837 to 1839 he was a Representative in Congress, and in 1844 he was appointed a Circuit Judge and Vice- Chancellor of the Court of Equity. Soon after the adoption of a new State Constitu tion, he became a Judge of the Su preme Court of New York. PARKER, ANDREW. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative; in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. Biographical Sketches. 367 PARKER, ISAAC. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, June 17, 1768, and graduated at Harvard College in 1786. He commenced the practice of law at Castine, in the District of Maine, and was elected to Congress, serv ing as Representative, from 1797 to 1799. He was appointed, by Pre sident Adams, Marshal for the District of Maine, which office he held till 1801. He afterwards re moved to Portland, and in 1806 was chosen a Judge of the Supreme Court, and in 1814 Chief Justice, which position he occupied for six teen years. In 1820 he was Presi dent of the Massachusetts Conven tion for the revision of the Consti tution, and for several years he was Professor of Law in Harvard Uni versity. He was a distinguished scholar and friend of literature, and for eleven years was a Trustee of Bowdoin CoUege, and for twenty years an Overseer of Harvard. He died in Boston, May 26, 1830. PARKER, JAMES. He was born in the Township of , Bethlehem, Hunterdon County,New Jersey, March 1, 1776. Hewas a student in Columbia College, New York, and graduated in 1793; he entered the counting-house of a merchant in New York, and re mained there until 1797, when he settled in Perth Amboy, where he has since resided; he was for a few years engaged in trade ; was a member of the New Jersey Legisla ture in 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809,1810, 1812, 1813, 1815, 1816, 1818, and 1827 — in all eleven years; was a Jackson Elector in 1824 ; Collector of the Customs at Perth Amboy, from 1829 to 1833 ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837. He also served as one of the Commissioners, on the part of New Jersey, to settle the boundary and jurisdiction between New York and New Jersey, at the different pe riods of 1807, 1827, and 1833, ob taining an agreement during the year last named; and he was a member of the Constitutional Con vention of the State in 1844. Mr. Parker is still living, in the enjoy ment of a pleasant home and troops of friends. PARKER, JAMES. A native of Boston, Massachu setts ; was a physician by profes sion ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1815, and from 1819 to 1821. He was for fifty years a re sident of Gardiner, Maine, where he died, November 9, 1837, aged sixty- nine years. PARKER, JOHN M. Born in Granville, Washington County, New York, June 14, 1805 ; graduated at Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1828 ; is a lawyer by profession; and a Representative in the Thirty -fifth Congress, from New York, serving on the Commit tees of Public Expenditures and Revolutionary Pensions. 368 Biographical Sketches. PARKER, JOSIAH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1789 to 1801. PARKER, NAHUM. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1807 to 1810. PARKER, RICHARD. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. PARKER, RICHARD E. Born in 1777 ; in early life was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates ; for many years a Judge of the General and Circuit courts of Virginia ; also, a Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals ; and, for a brief period, a Senator in Con gress. He died in Virginia, in No vember, 1840. PARKER, SAMUEL W. He was born in Jefferson County, New York, September 9, 1805; graduated at the Miami University, in Ohio, in 1828 ; settled in Indi ana, and, while studying law, taught school and edited a newspaper ; he was admitted to the bar in 1831 ; was elected to the Legislature in 1836, where he served five years ; and was two years Attorney for the State. He was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1851 to 1855; he was, in 1846, President of the White Water Ca nal Company, the charter for which he had passed by the Legislature ; in 1844 he was a Clay Elector, and in 1856 an Elector for Fremont; and, at the present time, is Presi dent of the Junction Railway Com pany of Indiana, where he resides, chiefly engaged in agricultural pur suits. PARKER, SEVERN E. He was born in Northampton County, Virginia, and was a promi nent member of the. Virginia Legis lature, an eminent lawyer, and a Representative m Congress, from 1819 to 1821. He died October 21, 1836, in Northampton County, Virginia. PARKS, GORHAM. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1833 to 1837. PARMENTER, WILLIAM. He was born in Massachusetts; and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1845. PARRIS, ALBION K. He was born in Hebron, Oxford County, Maine, January 19,' 1788; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1806 ; studied law, and was admit ted to the bar in 1809 ; in 1811 he was appointed Attorney for Oxford County ; in 1813 was elected to the General Court; in 1814 was cho sen a State Senator; was elected a Representative in Congress in Biographical Sketches. 369 1815 ; again in 1817 ; in 1816 he was a member of the State Consti tutional Convention ; was appoint ed Judge of the Federal District Court in 1818. In 1819 he was a member of the State Convention for framing a Constitution ; and in 1820 was appointed Judge of Pro bate for Cumberland County. He was five times elected Governor of Maine, from 1821 to 1826 ; was a Senator in Congress in 1827 and 1828 ; was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, in 1828, holding the office until 1836, when he became Second Comptroller in the Federal Treasury Department. He left this office in 1850, and returned to Portland, of which city, in 1852, he was elected Mayor. He died in Portland, February 11, 1857. PARRIS, VIRGIL D. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841, and a member of the Committee on In dian Affairs. PARROTT, JOHN F. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1817 to 1819; and a Senator of the United States, from 1819 to 1825 ; and in 1826 was appointed Postmaster at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He died in Greenland, New Hampshire, July 9, 1836, aged sixty-eight years. PARROTT, MARCUS J. Born at Hamburg, South Caro Una, October 27, 1828 ; graduated 24 at Dickinson College, Pennsylva nia, in 1849 ; is a lawyer by pro fession, having studied at Cam bridge ; was a member of the Ohio Legislature in 1853 and 1854 ; and was elected a Delegate to the Thirty- fifth Congress, from Kansas Terri tory. PARTRIDGE, GEORGE. He graduated at Harvard Col lege in 1762 ; was a Delegate to the Continental Congress, from Massachusetts ; and a Representa tive in Congress, after the adoption of the Constitution, from 1789 to 1791. He died at Duxbury, Mas sachusetts, July 7, 1828, aged eighty-eight years. PARTRIDGE, SAMUEL. He was born in New York ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. PATERSON, WILLIAM. Born at sea, of Irish parents, in 1745. He graduated at Princeton in 1763 ; studied law and admitted to the bar in 1769 ; was a member of the Convention which formed the first Constitution of New Jer sey in 1776; from that time until the year 1786 he was Attorney- General of the State ; and was one of the first Senators in Congress, from 1789 to 1790, having pre viously been a member of the Con vention which formed the Federal Constitution. He was Governor of New Jersey, from 1791 to 1794, when he was appointed, by the1 Pre- 370 Biographical Sketches. sident, a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, which he held until his death in 1806. In 1798 and 1799 he revised, by authority of the Legislature, the laws of New Jersey, a work highly esteemed and the foundation of the jurisprudence of the State. He re ceived the degree of LL.D. from Harvard and Dartmouth. PATON, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1792 to 1793, and for a second term from 1795 to 1797. PATTERSON, JOHN. He was a member, for four years, of the Assembly of New York; and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1803 to 1805. PATTERSON, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1323 to 1825. PATTERSON, THOMAS. He was born in Lancaster Coun ty, Pennsylvania ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1825. PATTERSON, THOMAS J. He was born in New York ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. PATTERSON, WALTER. He was a member of the Assem bly of New York in 1818, from Columbia County ; and a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1821 to 1823. PATTERSON, WILLIAM. He was born in Maryland, and having settled in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1838. PATTERSON, WILLIAM, He was elected a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839, but died before the expiration of his term, at Warsaw, New York, August 14, 1838. ( ( PATTON, JOHN M, He was born in Virginia; re ceived a liberal education, and , adopted the profession of law, in which he was successful ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1830 to 1838. He died in October, 1858, in the sixty-second year of his age. PAULDING, LEVI, He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1817 to 1819. PAULDING, WILLIAM. Born in Tarrytown, Westchester County, New York, in 1769 ; was educated for the law and engaged in a lucrative practice in New York City. He was a delegate to the New York Convention for revising the State Constitution in 1821 ; and elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1811 Biographical Sketches. 371 to 1813, but he was absent from his seat during the session in which war was declared, and served as general of mUitia during its prose cution. In 1823 he was chosen Mayor of New York, after which he held no public office. He died at Tarrytown, February 11, 1854. PAYNE, WINTER W. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1841 to 1847. PAYNTER, LEMUEL. He was born in Delaware, and on removing to Pennsylvania was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. PEARCE, DUTEE J. Born in 1789, and died at New port, Rhode Island, May 9, 1849. He was a prominent lawyer, at one time Attorney- General of the State, and United States District Attorney for that district, and a Represenative in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1825 to 1833; and again from 1835 to 1837. PEARCE, JAMES A. He was born in Alexandria, Vir ginia, December 14, 1805, although of a Maryland family by his father's side. He graduated at Princeton College, with the first honors, in 1822 ; was bred to thS law, but has been much engaged in the pursuits of agriculture ; he was a member of the Maryland Legislature in 1831 ; a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839, and from 1841 to 1843; and a Senator in Congress from 1843 to the pre sent time, having served for a num ber of years as Chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library. He has also held the post of Pro fessor of Law in Washington Col lege, Chestertown, and is a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution. * PEARCE, JOHN J. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. PEARSON, JOSEPH. Born in Rowan County, North Carolina, and died at Salisbury, Oc tober 27, 1834. He was a lawyer by profession, served two years in the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress from 1809 to 1815. While in Congress he fought a duel with the Hon. John J. Jackson, the result of a po litical quarrel. PEASLEE, CHARLES H. He was born in New Hamp shire; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1824, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1853. PECK, GEORGE W. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Michigan, from 1855 to 1857. PECK, JARED V. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. 372 Biographical Sketches. peck, LUCIUS B. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. PECK, LUTHER C He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from .1837 to 1841. -PECKHAM, RUFUS W. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. PEEK, HERMANUS. He was born in Albany, New York, and was for two years a mem ber of the New York Assembly, from Schenectady County, and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821. PEGRAM, JOHN. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1818 to 1819. PELTON, GUY R. Born at Great Barrington, Berk shire County, Massachusetts, Au gust 3, 1825 ; his tastes, from early boyhood, had inclined him to the study of law, but it was not until he had attained his twentieth year that he was enabled to prosecute his plans for a professional life, having previously to that time remained upon the homestead farm with his father. He spent two years in the academy of his native town, and three years in the Connecticut Lite rary Institute, after which he de voted one year to teaching at Lee, Massachusetts, and at Dover Plains, New York, employing his leisure in reading elementary works on law; he then entered a law-office at Kin derhook, and completed his studies, being admitted to the bar in 1850. In 1851 he opened a law-office in New York City, and in 1854 was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, after which he returned to New York, and re sumed his professional labors. PENDLETON, EDMUND H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New, York, from 1831 to 1833. PENDLETON, GEORGE H. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, July, 1825; he is a lawyer by profes sion ; was a member of the State Senate of Ohio in 1854 and 1855; and was elected to the House of Representatives in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Ohio, serving as a member of the Committee on Mili tary Affairs. He has also been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. PENDLETON, JOHN S. He was born in Virginia; in 1841 was appointed Charge d'Af faires to the Republic of Chile; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term, ending in 1849. Biographical Sketches. 373 PENDLETON, N. G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1841 to 1843. PENN, ALEXANDER G. He was born in Virginia, and having settled in Louisiana, was elected a Representative in Con; gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. PENNIMAN, EBENEZER J. He was born in New York, and was a Representative, in Congress, from Michigan, from 1851 to 1853. PENNINGTON, ALEXANDER C. M. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. PENNYBACKER, ISAAC S. Born in 1806, in Shenandoah County, Virginia ; was a lawyer by profession ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1839 ; and then Judge of the District Court of Western Virginia ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1845 to 1851. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, January 12, 1847. PERKINS, BISHOP. He was born in New Hampshire, and having settled in New York, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. PERKINS, ELIAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1801 to 1803, having graduated at Yale College in 1786 ; he died in 1845. PERKINS, JARED. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. PERKINS, JOHN, Jr. He was born in Louisiana, July 1, 1819. He graduated at Yale College in 1840, and subsequently at the Law School of Harvard Col lege ; he settled for the practice of his profession in New Orleans, but his health compeUed him to travel in Europe ; on his return, in 1851, he was chosen a Judge of the Cir cuit Court of Louisiana, which po sition he held until elected to Con gress, in 1853, where he advocated Democratic measures, and remained until 1855, serving on the Commit tee on Foreign Affairs. He is now devoted to planting in Louisiana. PERRILL, AUGUSTUS L. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. PERRY, JOHN J. He was born in Maine, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, from that State. PERRY, THOMAS. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. 374 Biographical Sketches. PETER, GEORGE. Born in Georgetown, Montgo mery County, Maryland, (now Dis trict of Columbia,) September 28, 1779. He was educated at private institutions and Georgetown Col lege ; entered the United States army in 1799, and resigned in 1809 ; served as a major of volunteers dur ing the war of 1812 ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1816 to 1819, and again from 1825 to 1827 ; was elected twice to the State Legislature ; and is now serv ing the public as Commissioner of Public Works for the State of Mary land. PETRIE, GEORGE. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. PETRIKEN, DAVID. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. PETTIGREW EBENEZER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1835 to 1837, and was a member of the Committee on Expenses in the Navy Department. PETTIS, SPENCER. He was born in Virginia, and educated a lawyer, and on taking up his residence in Missouri, was elected a Representative in Con gress, where he served from 1829 to 1831. PETTIT, JOHN. Borp at Sackett's Harbor, Jeffer son County, New York, July 24, 1807, he received a good education, and studied law, and removed to Lafayette, Indiana, in 1831, where he has since resided. He was a member of the State Legislature, United States District Attorney, and served in the House of Repre sentatives in Congress, from 1843 to 1847, and in the United States Senate, from 1853 to 1855. In 1850 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and has twice held the office of Circuit Judge, and is now engaged in the practice of his profession. PETTIT, JOHN U. He was born in New York ; gra duated at Union College in 1839; studied law, and commenced the practice of his profession in Wa bash, Indiana, in 1841. He went as United States Consul to Maran- ham, Brazil, in 1850 ; and on his return, in 1853, was appointed Judge of the Upper Wabash Cir cuit Court of Indiana; and was elected to Congress, as a Repre sentative of that State in 1854, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Joint Committee on the Library. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. PEYTON, BAILIE. He was born in Tennessee, re ceived a liberal education, and adopted the profession of law; he Biographical Sketches. 375 was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837 ; he was appointed, by President FiUmore, Minister to Brazil; was subsequently elected United States District Attorney for Louisiana; and is now settled at San Fran cisco, California, in the practice of his profession. PEYTON, JOSEPH H. He was frequently elected to the Senate of Tennessee, held many other local positions of high cha racter, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. PEYTON, SAMUEL 0. He was born in Kentucky; and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, in 1847, and after serving one term, was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on P ub- lic Grounds. PHELPS, ELISHA. He was a native of Simsbury, Connecticut; born in November, 1779; graduated at Yale College in 1800, and studied law at Litch field. He was several times a mem ber of the House of Representa tives and of the Senate of his native State. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Legisla ture in 1821 and 1829 ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from Con necticut, from 1819 to 1821, and also from 1825 to 1829 ; was Comp- troUer of the State from 1830 to 1834, and in 1835 was appointed one of the Commissioners to revise the statutes of Connecticut. He died at Simsbury, in April, 1847. PHELPS, JOHN SMITH. He was born in Simsbury, Hart ford County, Connecticut, Decem ber 22, 1814 ; was educated at Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford, Connecticut, and studied law in the office of his father, Elisha Phelps. He practiced law a short time in his native State, and in 1837 emigrated to Missouri, and set tled at Springfield, Greene County, near which town he now resides. In 1840 he was chosen by the peo ple of Greene County to represent them in the Legislature. In 1844 he was elected a Representative to the Twenty-ninth Congress, serving in that position until the present time. He is now Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, and has been elected a Representa tive to the Thirty-sixth Congress. PHELPS, LAUNCELOT. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1839. PHELPS, OLIVER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1803 to 1805, and a member of the As sembly of that State, from Ontario County, in 1834. PHELPS, SAMUEL S. He was born in Litchfield, Con necticut, May 13, 1793, and died 376 Biographical Sketches. March 25, 1855, in Middlebury, Vermont. He graduated at Yale College in 1811, and while studying law, in 1812, he entered the Ame rican army, and before the close of his military career, was appointed paymaster. He settled in Middle bury, and practiced law. In 1827 he was a member of the Council Of Censors, and wrote the address issued by that body. In 1831 he was chosen a member of the Legis lative Council of Vermont, and was soon afterwards appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, in which position he remained until 1838. He was a Senator in Con gress, from 1839 to 1854, in which body he displayed abilities of a high order. PHELPS, WILLIAM W. He was born in Oakland County, Michigan, June 1, 1826 ;, he gra duated at the University of Michi gan in 1846 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1848 ; and edited a Democratic newspaper, in Oakland County, from 1851 to 1855. In 1852 and 1853 he held the of fice of Commissioner for his native county, performing the duties of Judge at Chambers ; in 1854 was appointed, by President Pierce, Re gister of the United States Land- office at Red Wing, in Minnesota ; and in 1857 he was elected a Re presentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from that State. He is at the present time a member of the Committee on Mileage. PHILLIPS, HENRY M. He was born in Pennsylvania; elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Finance. PHILLIPS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1823. PHILLIPS, PHILLIP. Born in Charleston, South Caro lina, December 13, 1807, and was educated at the Norwich Military Academy, in Vermont, and at Mid dletown, Connecticut. In 1825 he commenced the study of law in Charleston, and on the day after attaining his majority, was admitted to the bar. He entered public life by becoming a member of the Nulli fication Convention in 1832, and voted with the minority ; in 1834 he was elected, for two years, to the State Legislature ; in 1835 he re signed ; removed to Mobile, Ala bama, and practiced his. profession with success ; in 1837 was elected President of the Alabama Democra tic State Convention ; in 1844 was elected to the Legislature, and was Chairman of the Committee on Fe deral Relations ; in 1849 was presi dent of an internal improvement con vention; in 1851 was again elected to the Legislature ; in 1852 went to the Baltimore Convention ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Alabama, from 1853 to 1855, and Biographical Sketches. 377 declined a re-election. Since that time he has practiced his profession in Washington City. PHILLIPS, STEPHEN CLARENDON. He was born in Salem, Massa chusetts, November 1, 1801 ; gra duated at Harvard College in 1819, with high honors ; began to study law, but soon became a merchant. From 1824 to 1829, by annual re- elections, he was chosen a Repre sentative to the State Legislature from Salem ; from 1830 to 1831 he was State Senator, and in 1832 and 1833 was again a member of the House. From 1834 to 1838 he worthily represented Massachusetts in Congress. From December, 1838, to March, 1842, he was Mayor of Salem, and upon his voluntary re tirement devoted the whole of his salary as Mayor to the public schools of the city. In 1840 he was one of the Presidential Electors for Massachusetts, and in 1848 and 1849 was the Free-Soil Candidate for Governor. He held various State and private trusts, in the dis charge of which, by his ability, sa gacity, experience, and integrity, he rendered signal service. He was for many years a member of the State Board of Education, and a Trustee of the State Lunatic Hos pital at Worcester. He retired from public life in 1849, and was extensively engaged in the lumber ing business. He was lost by the burning of the steamer Montreal, on the St. Lawrence River, June 26, 1857, while returning from Que bec, whither he had been on busi ness to Three Rivers, the head quarters of his operations in Canada. PHILSON, ROBERT. He was born in Donegal, Ireland, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1819 to 1821. PHG3NIX, J. PHILIP. He was born in New Jersey ; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1843 to 1845 ; a member of the State Assembly in 1848, from New York City ; and again in Congress from 1849 to 1851. PICKENS, ANDREW. He was born at Paxton, Penn sylvania, September 19, 1739, and removed with his father, in 1752, to the Waxhaw Settlement, in South Carolina; he served as a volunteer in Grant's expedition against the Cherokees, and was an active mili tary partisan during the Revolu tion. He was a member of the State Legislature from the close of the war until 1793, when he was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1793 to 1795. In 1795 he was commissioned major-general of the South Carolina militia, and was frequently a Commissioner to treat with the Indians. He was Governor of the State, from 1816 to 1817. He died at Pendleton District, South Carolina, August 17,1817. 378 Biographical Sketches. PICKENS, FRANCIS W. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1835 to 1845. PICKENS, ISRAEL. Born in Cabarrus County, North Carolina; served one year in the State Legislature ; was a Represen tative from that State in Congress, from 1811 to 1817, in which year he was appointed Register of the Land office of Mississippi Terri tory ; on removing to Alabama, he was elected Governor of that State, in 1821. PICKERING, TIMOTHY Was born in Salem, Massachu setts, July 17, 1745 ; graduated at Harvard College in 1763, and after the usual course of professional stu dies, was admitted to the practice of law. When the dissensions between the mother country and our own commenced, he soon became the champion and leader of the Whigs of the quarter where he lived. He was a member of the Committees of Inspection and Correspondence, and bore the entire burden of writing. The addresses which, in 1774, the inhabitants of Salem, in full town- meeting, voted to Governor Gage, on the occasion of the Boston Port- Bill, proceeded from his pen. A part of it, disclaiming any wish on the part of the inhabitants of Salem, to profit by the closing of the port of Boston, is quoted by Dr. Ram say, in his History of the American Revolution. In April, 1775, on re ceiving intelligence of the battle of Lexington, he marched with the re giment of which he was at the time commander, to Charlestown, but had not an opportunity of coming to action. Before the close of the same year, when the provisional government was organizing, he was appointed one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas for Essex, his native county ; and sole Judge of the Maritime Court (which had cognizance of all prize causes) for the Middle District, comprehending Boston, with Salem and tbe other ports in Essex. These offices he held until he accepted an appoint ment in the army. In 1777 he was named adjutant- gen eral, by Wash ington, and joined the army then at Middlebrook, New Jersey. He con tinued with the Commander-in- chief until the American forces went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, having been present at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. He then proceeded to discharge the duties of a member of the Conti nental Board of War, to which he had been elected by Congress, then sitting at Yorktown, Pennsylvania. In this station he remained until he was appointed to succeed General Greene in the office of quartermas-- ter-general, which he retained dur ing the residue of the war, and in which he contributed much to the surrender of Corwallis at Yorktown. From 1790 to 1794 he was charged, by President Washington, with se- Biographical Sketchei 379 veral negotiations with the Indian nations on our frontiers. In 1791 he was also made Postmaster-Gene ral ; and in 1794 removed from that station to the Secretaryship of War, on the resignation of General Knox In 1795 he was appointed Secre tary of State in the place of Mr. Randolph. From that office he was removed, by President Adams, in 1800. At the end of the year 1801 he returned to Massachusetts. In 1803 the Legislature of that State chose him a Senator to Congress, for the residue of the term of Dwight Foster, who had resigned ; and in 1805 re-elected him to the same station for the term of six years. After its expiration, in 1811, he was chosen, by the Legislature, a member of the Executive ConncU, and during the war of 1812 he was appointed a member of the Board of War for the defence of the State. In 1814 he was returned to Con gress, and held his seat until March, 1817. He then finally retired to private Ufe. His death took place January 29, 1829. In his manners, Colonel Pickering was plain and unassuming. In pubUc Ufe he was distinguished for energy, ability, and disinterestedness ; as a soldier he was brave and patriotic ; and his writings bear ample testi mony to his talents and information. He was one of the leaders of the Federal party in the United States. PICKMAN, BENJAMIN. He was born in 1763 ; graduated at Cambridge in 1784 ; visited Eu rope, and on his return studied law, and, though admitted to the bar, abandoned that profession, devoting himself to mercantile pursuits. In 1800 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected a num ber of years to the State Senate ; in 1807 he became a member of the Executive CouncU; was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1809 to 1811 ; and in 1820 was a member of the Convention for revising the State Constitution. He also held many other offices of trust and ho nor, and died at Salem, Massachu setts, in August, 1843. PIERCE, FRANKLIN. Was born in the town of Hills borough, New Hampshire, in 1804, aDd after completing his academical studies, entered Bowdoin CoUege, Maine. On leaving college he com menced his legal studies at North ampton, Massachusetts, but subse quently returned to his native State, and finished his studies at Amherst. He was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his pro fession in his native town ; but be fore the end of two years he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature, and during his second year's service was chosen Speaker of the House. In 1833 he was elected to Congress, and re mained a member of the House of Representatives four years. In 1837 he was elected a member of the United States Senate, but, after five years' service in that body, resigned his seat. He settled in Concord, 380 Biographical Sketches. and resumed his practice at the bar. He adhered to his resolution of ac cepting no political office, declined to be a candidate for Governor of the State, or United States Senator) and refused the offices of Attorney- General and Secretary of War, which were tendered him by President Polk. On the breaking out of the Mexican war, however, he enrolled himself as a private soldier in the New England Regiment, but Presi dent Polk sent him a colonel's com mission, and subsequently raised him to the rank of brigadier-general in March, 1847. He was in most of the battles which were fought be tween Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico. On the restoration of peace between the two countries, he resigned his commission, and re turned home, where he remained, comparatively unobserved, until the action of the Baltimore Democratic Convention gave him a new import ance throughout the Union. He was nominated by that body as the Democratic candidate for the Pre sidency. He was elected President of the United States in November, 1852, was inaugurated March 4, 1853, and served to the end of his term, after which he retired to pri vate life. The best biography of him was written by his personal friend, Nathaniel Hawthorne. PIERCE, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, during the years 1801 and 1802. PIERSON, ISAAC. He was born August 15, 1770, and died September 22, 1833, in New Jersey. He was educated at Princeton College, graduating in 1789, and was subsequently a Fel low of the College of Surgeons and Physicians of New York. He practiced medicine for forty years ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1827 to 1831. PIERSON, JEREMIAH H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from '1821 to 1823. PIERSON, JOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1835. PIKE, JAMES. He was born in Salisbury, Mas sachusetts, in November, 1818; •was educated at the Wesleyan Uni versity, in Connecticut; was a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church from 1841 to 1854; and was elected a Representative, from New Hampshire, in the Thirty- fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Enrolled Bills. PILLSBURY, TIMOTHY. He was born in Newbury, Mas sachusetts, April 12, 1789; re ceived a common school education ; spent two years as a clerk in a Biographical Sketches. 381 store, and several subsequent years as a sailor and coasting trader, making one trip to Europe, as cap tain of a brig; settled in Maine, and was appointed a member of the Executive Council ; also served in the State Legislature ; went from Maine to Ohio, thence to Louisiana, and finally to Texas ; he served a number of years in the Senate and House of Representatives of Texas ; and when that Republic came into the Union he was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1846 to 1849. He died near Danville, Texas, November 23, 1858. PINCKNEY, CHARLES. Born in Charleston, South Caro lina, in 1758 ; was a patriot in the revolutionary struggle ; received the degree of LL.D. from Princeton Col lege in 1787; and in 1787 was a delegate to the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. He was Governor of South Carolina, from 1789 to 1792, and from 1796 to 1798. He was a Senator in Congress, from 1798 to 1801, and was appointed, in 1802, Minister to Spain, by Presi dent Jefferson, holding that posi tion till 1805. He was subsequently a Representative in Congress, from 1819 to 1821, and died October 29, 1824. PINCKNEY, H. L. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837 PINCKNEY, THOMAS. He was a soldier of the American Revolution ; was elected Governor of South Carolina in 1787 ; was ap pointed Minister to Great Britain by Washington ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress from 1799 to 1801. He died in 1828. PINCKNEY WILLIAM. Born in Annapolis, Maryland, March 17, 1765. Having prepared himself for the bar, under the in struction of Judge Chase, he was admitted to practice in 1786, and immediately gave promise of high distinction. He was a member of the Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution, andfrom 1789 to 1792 was a Representative in Congress, and then a member of the Executive Council, and made its President: In 1795 he was a mem ber of the State Legislature. In 1796 he was a Commissioner under Jay's treaty, in conjunction with Mr. Gore, and remained in London eight years. He recovered for Mary land a claim on the Bank of England for $800,000. In 1806 he was Envoy Extraordinary to England, and in 1808, on the return of Mr. Monroe, was made Minister Plenipotentiary. He returned to the United States, and. settled in Baltimore, in 1811, and was soon after a member of the State Senate. In December, 1811, he was appointed Attorney-General, and remained in that position until 1814. He commanded a battalion of riflemen, and was wounded at Bladensburg, in August, 1814. He 382 Biographical Sketches. was a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1816, and then made Minister to Russia and Envoy to Naples. On his return, in 1819, he was elected a member of the United States Senate, and continued in that station until his death, February 25, 1822. He possessed splendid talents, and was one of the most ac complished orators and statesmen of his time. PINDELL, JAMES. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1820. PIPER, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1811 to 1819. PITCHER, NATHANIEL. He was born at Litchfield, Con necticut ; and was a member of the New York Legislature in 1806, 1815, 1816, and 1817 ; a delegate to the State Constitutional Conven tion of 1821; at one time Lieute nant-Governor and acting Governor of the State ; at another, Commis sioner to survey the State roads; and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 18.19 to 1823, and again from 1831 to 1833. PITKIN, TIMOTHY. Born in Farmington, Connecti cut, in 1765, and graduated at Yale College in 1785. He was for seve ral years a member of the State Legislature, and Speaker of the House during five sessions, and a Representative in Congress, from 1805 to 1819. In 1816 he pub lished "A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States," and in 1828 his "Political and Civil History of the United States, from 1763 to the close of Washington's Administration." He died in New Haven, December 18, 1847. PITMAN, CHARLES W. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1849 to 1851. PLANT, DAVID. Was a native of Stratford, Con necticut, and graduated at Yale College in 1804. In 1819 and 1820 he was Speaker of the House of Representatives; in 1821 a mem ber of the State Senate, and was twice re-elected. From 1823 to 1827 he was Lieutenant-Governor of the State, and from 1827 to 1829 a Representative ,in Congress. He died October 18, 1851. PLATER, THOMAS. He was a Representative, in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1801 to 1805. PLATT, JONAS. Judge of the Supreme Court of New York, was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1799 to 1801, and died in Peru, Clinton County, New York, in 1834. Biographical Sketches. 383 PLEASANTS, JAMES. Born in Virginia, in 1769, and died at Goochland County, Novem ber 9, 1836. He was a Represen tative in Congress, from 1811 to 1819, United States Senator, from 1819 to 1822, Governor of Virgi nia, from 1822 to 1825, and a mem ber of the Convention of 1829-30, for amending the State Constitu tion. He was twice appointed to the bench, but declined, from a dis trust of his own qualifications. He was a man of rare modesty, greatly respected and esteemed for public and private virtues. PLUMER, ARNOLD. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. PLUMER, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1827. PLUMER, WILLIAM. He was born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, June 25, 1759 ; re ceived a good education; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1787 ; was for many years Solicitor for the County of Rockingham ; he was for eight years a member of the State Legislature, and two years Speaker of the House ; served as a member, and President of the State Senate. He was also Go vernor of New Hampshire for four years ; and was a Senator in Con gress, from that State, from 1802 to 1807. He died at Epping, New Hampshire, December 22, 1850. PLUMER, WILLIAM. Born in Epping, New Hamp shire, in 1790, and died, Septem ber 18, 1854. He graduated at Cambridge in 1809, studied law, but never practiced his profession. He frequently served in the State Legislature, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1819 to 1825, — his father, whose name he bore, having been a United States Senator in 1802, from the same State. He was also a member of the Convention to form a new State Constitution, in 1850. PLUMMER, FRANKLIN E. He was at one time a Judge of the Circuit Court of Mississippi, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833, and again from 1833 to 1835. He died at Jackson, Mississippi, Sep tember 24, 1852. POINDEXTER, GEORGE. He was the second Governor of Mississippi, under the State Con stitution, from 1819 to 1821; was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory, from 1807 to 1813, when he was appointed Federal Judge of the Territory; he was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819, and United States Se nator, from Mississippi, from 1831 to 1835. He died in Jackson, Mis sissippi, September 5, 1853. 384 Biographical Sketches. POINSETT, JOEL R. He was born in South Carolina, in 1779; spent the most of his youth in traveling in foreign coun tries ; was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1821 to 1825 ; was appointed, by President John Q. Adams, United States Minister to Mexico ; he was Secretary of War under President Van Buren; and from 1840 until his death he lived in retirement. He was a man of letters, and, among other things, wrote an interesting book on Mexico. He died in State- burg, South Carolina, December 14, 1851. POLK, JAMES KNOX. Born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, November 2, 1795 ; removed with his father, in 1806, to Tennessee, and lived in the valley of Duck River, a branch of the Cumberland. He graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1815 ; studied law in Tennessee with Felix Grundy, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1820 ; he was a member of the House of Repre sentatives in Congress, from 1825 to i839, and Speaker in that body from 1835 to 1837; and was elected Governor of Tennessee, in 1839, for two years. In December, 1844, the Electors chose him President of the United States; and during his eventful administration the Ore gon question was settled, Texas an nexed, war with Mexico declared, and New Mexico and .California were acquired. He died at Nash ville, Tennessee, June 15, 1849. POLK, TRUSTEN. He was born in Sussex County, Delaware, May 29, 1811; gradu ated at Yale College in 1831 ; stu died law at the Yale Law School ; and in 1835 he emigrated to Mis souri, where he commenced the prac tice of his profession. In 1845, while absent from Missouri for the benefit of his health, he was elected a member of the Convention called to remodel the State Constitution; in 1856 he was elected Governor of Missouri, and inaugurated' January, 1857, but soon resigned for a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected for the term of six years, from March 4, 1857. He is a member of the Committees on Foreign Affairs and on Claims. POLK, WILLIAM H. He was born in Maury County, Tennessee, May 24, 1815 ; educated at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and the University of Tennessee; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839; in 1841 and 1843, he was elected to the State Legislature; was appointed, by President Tyler, Charge d'Affaires to Naples, where he negotiated a treaty with the two Sicilies ; served as a major of dra goons in the Mexican war; was a delegate to the Nashville Conven tion, in 1850; and a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee from 1851 to 1853. Biographical Sketches. 385 POLLOCK, JAMES. He was born in Pennsylvania; graduated at Princeton College in 1831; was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas ; was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1849. POND, BENJAMIN. He served four years in the As sembly of New York, from Essex County, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1811 to 1813. POPE, JOHN. He was born in Prince WiUiam County, Virginia, in 1770 ; having lost one arm, by accident, he de termined to study law, and attained eminence at the bar ; he removed to Kentucky, and served a number of years in the Legislature ; was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1807 to 1813 ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1843. In 1829 he was ap pointed Governor of the Territory of Arkansas, and died in Kentucky in 1842. POPE, NATHANIEL. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Illinois, from 1816 to 1818, in which year he was appointed Register of the Land- office, in Edwardsville, Illinois ; and was appointed, in 1819, Federal Judge of the IlUnois District. POPE, PATRICK'H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1833 to 1835, and died 25 at Louisville, Kentucky, in May, 1841. PORTER, ALEXANDER. Born in Ireland in 1786, and his father having fallen a victim there during the disturbances of 1798, he emigrated to America, and settled at Nashville, Tennessee. He at first engaged in commerce, but afterwards studied law, and re moved to Louisiana about the year 1809, where he soon acquired dis tinction. He assisted in forming the Constitution of the State, and became a Judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana ; and was a Senator in Congress, from 1834 to 1837. He died at Attakapas, Louisiana, January 13, 1844. PORTER, AUGUSTUS S. Born in Canandaigua, New York, January 18, 1798 ; graduated at Union College in 1818; studied law, as a profession, and practiced for twenty years in Detroit, Michi gan, of which city he was chosen Mayor in 1838. He was a Senator in Congress, from Michigan, from 1840 to 1845, and in 1848 he re moved to Niagara Falls, the resi dence of his father, where he has since Uved in retirement. PORTER, GILCHRIST. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1851 to 1857. PORTER, JAMES. He was a member of the New York Assembly, in 1814 and 1815, 386 Biographical Sketches. and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1817 to 1819. PORTER, JOHN. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1806 to 1811. PORTER, PETER B. He was born in 1773, a native of Salisbury, Connecticut, and gra duated at Yale College in 1791. He completed his law studies at Litchfield, and emigrated to West ern New York. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1813, andfrom 1815 to 1816. As Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Rela tions, he reported the resolutions authorizing immediate and active preparations for war ; and in 1816 was appointed Commissioner under the treaty of Ghent. In 1813 he was made major-general, and chief in command of the State troops, and in 1815 he received, from Pre sident Madison, the appointment of commander-in-chief of the Uni ted States army, which he declined. Soon after the war, he was chosen Secretary of the State of New York. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of War, by President Adams. He died at Niagara Falls, March 20, 1844, aged seventy-one years. PORTER, TIMOTHY H. He was a native of New York, served five years in the Assembly of that State, and also five years in the State Senate, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827. POSEY, THOMAS. He was a Senator in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1812 to 1813. He died, March 19, 1818. POST, JOTHAM. He was a member of the New York Assembly, for four years, from the City of New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1815. POTTER, ELISHA R. He filled, for forty years, a large space in the political transactions of Rhode Island, having been for twenty-five years a member of the General Assembly, and a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1796 to 1797, and from 1809 to 1815. He was a man of superior talents, and died at South Kingston, Rhode Island, September 26, 1835. POTTER., ELISHA R, Jk. He was born in Rhode Island, and was a Representative in Gon- gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. POTTER, EMERY D. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845, and again from 1849 to 1851. Biographical Sketches. 387 POTTER, JOHN F. Born in Augusta, Maine, May 11, 1817 ; educated at Philips's Academy, New Hampshire ; is a lawyer by profession ; was a mem ber of the Legislature of Wiscon sin in 1856, and Judge of Walworth County, from 1842 to 1846, and elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Re volutionary Pensions. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. POTTER, ROBERT. Born in GranvUle County, North Carolina. He entered the navy as a midshipman, but resigned this position, and studied law. He en tered the State Legislature in 1826, and was in Congress, from 1829 to 1831. He was a second time in the Legislature, but owing to an outrage that he committed upon the persons of two men, of whom he was jealous, he lost all political in fluence, and removing to Texas, was kUled in a private brawl. POTTER, SAMUEL J. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, during the years 1803 and 1804, having died in Oc tober of the latter year, aged fifty- four years. POTTER, WILLIAM W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1837 to 1839, and died at Bellefonte, in that State, October 28, 1839. POTTLE, EMORY B. Born in Naples, New York ; is a lawyer by profession ; was once in the Legislature of New York; and was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, serving on the Committee on Expenditures in the Navy De partment. He has also been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. POTTS, DAVID, Jr. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1831 to 1839. POTTS, RICHARD. He was Governor of Maryland during the years 1781 and 1782; and a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1792 to 1796. He received from Princeton College, in 1805, the degree of LL.D. POWELL, ALFRED H. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1825 to 1827. POWELL, CUTHBERT. He was at one time Mayor of Alexandria, in Virginia, and on his removal to Loudon County, was elected to the Legislature ; was sub sequently a Representative in Con gress, from 1841 to 1843. He died at LangoUen, Virginia, May 8, 1849. 388 Biographical Sketches. POWELL, LEVIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1799 to 1801. POWELL, PAULUS. He was born in Virginia, and having been elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, in 1849, has continued in that ca pacity to the present time, and is a member of the Committee on Ex penditures in the Navy Depart ment, and that on Post-offices and Post-roads. POWELL, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1815 to 1817. POWERS, GERSHOM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1829 to 1831. pBYDRAS, JULIAN. He was a Delegate in Congress, from the Territory of Louisiana, from 1809 to 1812. PRATT, JAMES T. He was born in Middletown in 1805 ; was bred a farmer, which occupation he still follows ; has served in the Connecticut Legisla ture ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. PRATT, THOMAS G. He was born in Washington City in 1800 ; was educated at Prince ton College; was bred a lawyer; was Governor of Maryland, from 1844 to 1848, and was a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1857. PRATT, ZADOCK. Was born at Stephentown, Rens selaer County, New York, October 30, 1790. He commenced in early life without means, but by his in dustry gained a large fortune. De voting his attention to tanning, he attained eminent success in that branch of the mechanic arts, and his name will ever be associated with Prattsville, and that vast tan nery, where, previous to the close of it, in 1846, he had tanned more than a million sides of leather. He was elected to Congress in 1836, and labored successfully for the public good. His career in Con gress will be remembered for his efforts in behalf of the reduction of postage, his plans for the new post- office buildings, and the bureau of statistics, which owes its origin to him. PRENTISS, JOHN H. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1837 to 1841. PRENTISS, SAMUEL. He was born in Stonington, Con necticut, March 31, 1782; removed with his father to Worcester, Mas sachusetts, and subsequently to Northfield, where he commenced Biographical Sketches. 389 the study of law. He completed his professional studies in Brattle- borough Vermont, and commenced practice at Montpelier in 1803, where he soon attained success, and became one of the foremost men of the Vermont bar. In 1824 and 1825 he represented Montpelier in the State Legislature. In 1829 he was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, having several years before declined the office of Associate Justice of that Court. He was a Senator in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1831 to 1842. While Senator, he did much to effect the passage of the law against dueUing in the District of Columbia. In 1842 he was ap pointed Judge of the Federal Dis trict Court in Vermont, which office he held at the time of his death. He died in Montpelier, Vermont, January 15, 1857. PRENTISS, SERGEANT S. Born in Portland, Maine, Sep tember 30, 1808, and died at Long- wood, near Natchez, Mississippi, July 1, 1850. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1826, when, after studying law at Gorham, he removed to Mississippi, and passed two years as tutor in a private family. He studied law at Natchez, and on removing to Vicksburg, became from the start the leader of the bar in his adopted State, — ac quiring by his profession a large property. He entered into poUtics, was elected to the State Legisla ture in 1835, and in 1837 was chosen a Representative in Con gress, for the years 1838 and 1839. From that period until the close of his life, he was devoted wholly to his profession, appearing frequently in court at New Orleans ; and as a jury orator, he was acknowledged as having no equal in the South western States. PRESTON, FRANCIS. He was a member of Congress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1797, and died at Columbia, South Caro- . Una, May 26, 1835, whither he had gone upon a visit to his son, the distinguished William C. Preston. He was in the seventieth year of his age. PRESTON, JACOB A. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. PRESTON, WILLIAM. He was born near Louisville, Kentucky, October 16, 1816; was liberally educated at St. Joseph College, Kentucky, in New Haven, and at Harvard University; he settled, in the practice of law, at Louisville, and there remained un til the Mexican war, when he went to Mexico as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Kentucky Volunteers ; he served in the Convention called to frame anew the Constitution of Kentucky ; in 1850 and 1851 he was elected to the State Legislature; he was a Presidential Elector in 1852, voting for Scott; was a member of the 390 Biographical Sketches. Cincinnati Convention, which nomi nated Mr. Buchanan in 1856 ; and has recently been appointed, by President Buchanan, Minister to Spain. PRESTON, WILLIAM B. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. PRESTON, WILLIAM C. Was born December 27, 1794, in Philadelphia, while his father was attending Congress, at that place, as a member from Virginia. His maternal grandmother was the sister of Patrick Henry. He was educated at the University of South Carolina. In 1812 he graduated, and returned to Virginia, where he studied law in the office of William Wirt, at Richmond. In 1816 he went to Europe, and after visiting France, England, and Switzerland, resided for some time in Edinburgh, where he attended the lectures of Hope, Playfair, and Brown. In 1819 he returned to the United States, and being admitted to the bar in 1821, commenced the prac tice of law in Virginia. In 1822 he removed to Columbia, in South Carolina, where he continued to practice his profession with great distinction and success. In 1832 he was elected to the Senate of the United States, where he assumed a high position as a debater. In 1842 he resigned his place in the Senate, and returned to the prac tice of his profession in South Ca rolina. In 1845 he became Presi dent of the University of South Carolina, which office he filled with great credit until he was forced to resign, in consequence of ill health, since which time he has Uved in re tirement. PRICE, RODMAN M. Born in Sussex County, New Jersey, November 5, 1816. He attended Princeton College until his health compelled him to retire, and he devoted some attention to the study of law; was appointed Purser in the Navy in 1840 ; is said to have been the first person to exercise judicial functions under the American flag on the Pacific Coast, as Alcalde ; in 1848 was made Navy Agent for the Pacific Coast; was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1851 to 1853 ; and subsequently elected Governor of New Jersey. He caused the establishment, in that State, of a Normal School, and has done much to improve the militia of the State. PRICE, STERLING. He was born in Virginia ; was a Representative in Congress, from Missouri, from 1845 to 1847. PRINCE, OLIVER H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, during the years 1828 and 1829, and died at sea, October 9, 1837. Biographical Sketches. 391 PRINCE, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1824. PRINGLE, BENJAMIN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1857. PROFFIT, GEORGE H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1839 to 1843; and in 1843 was United States Minister to BrazU. He died at Louisville, Kentucky, September 5', 1847. PUGH, GEORGE ELLIS. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, No vember 28, 1822; graduated at Miami University in 1840, and is a lawyer by profession. He was captain of the 4th Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, in the Mexican war, in 1847 ; Representative in the Legislature in 1848 and 1849 ; was appointed Solicitor to the City of Cincinnati, in 1850 ; was Attor ney-General of > the State in 1851; and elected a Senator in Congress, from March 4, 1855, for six years, and is a member of the Committees on Public Lands and on the Judi ciary. PUGH, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1805 to 1809. PURDY, SMITH M. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. PURVIANCE, SAMUEL A. Born in Butler, Pennsylvania, November 8, 1809. He was a student of Washington College, but did not graduate ; is a lawyer by profession, and has practiced for twenty-five years ; was a member of the Convention to amend the State Constitution, in 1836, and served in the Legislature in 1838 and 1839 ; was a member of the Elec toral College in 1848; and a Representative in Congress, from 1854 to the present time,. the Thir ty-fifth Congress. He is a member of the Committee on Public Build ings and Grounds. PURVIANCE, SAMUEL D. A member of Congress, from North Carolina, from 1803 to 1805. PURYEAR, RICHARD C. He was born in Mecklenburg, Virginia, February 9, 1801 ; re ceived a good English education ; has spent the most of his life en gaged in merchandising and farm ing^ In 1838, having removed to North Carolina, he was elected to the Legislature of that State ; in 1840 to the State Senate ; in 1844, 1846, and 1852, he was again cho sen to the Legislature ; and was a Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1853 to 1857. 392 Biographical Sketches. PUTMAN, HARVEY. For many years a leading mem ber of Genesee County bar ; was elected, several times, to both branches of the New York Legis lature ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1851. He died in Attica, New York, September 21, 1855, aged sixty-two years. QUARLES, TUNSTALL. He was born in Virginia; was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1817 to 1820, and was subsequently Receiver of Public Moneys at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. QUINCY, JOSIAH. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, February 4, 1772. He graduated at Harvard in 1790, and entered on the practice of law in Boston. In 1804 he was chosen Representa tive, from Boston, in the Congress of the United States, and held that station eight successive years, until he declined a re-election in 1813. He was chosen State Senator, for Suffolk, from 1814 to 1819; Re presentative, from Boston ; and was Speaker of the House, in 1820 ; Judge of the Municipal Court, in Boston, in 1821 ; and Mayor of that City in 1823. He held the office of Mayor six successive years, untU he declined a re-election, in December, 1828. In 1829 he was chosen President of Harvard Uni versity, and held that office until his resignation in 1845. His pub lished works are " Speeches in Congress, and Orations on Various Occasions;" " Memoir of Josiah Quincy, jr., of Massachusetts," " Centennial Address on the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Set tlement of Boston," "A History of Harvard University, from 1636 to 1836," " Memoir of James Gra- hame, Historian of the U. S..A.," " Memoir of Major Samuel Shaw," " History of the Boston Athe naeum," " A Municipal History of the Town and City of Boston, from 1630 to 1830." QUITMAN, JOHN A. Born in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York, September 1, 1799. He had a liberal education; studied theology, but preferred the law, and in his twentieth year was a professor of law in Mount Airy College, Pennsylvania. In 1820 he emigrated to Ohio, and was admit ted to the bar of that State, but soon afterwards removed to Natchez, Mississippi. In 1827 he was elected to the State Legislature ; in 1828 was appointed Chancellor of the State, serving three years ; in 1835 he was elected to the State Senate, and as President of that body was called upon to perform the duties of Governor ; in 1836 he distinguished himself as a soldier and leader in behalf of Texas against Mexico ; in 1839 he visited Europe on business for the Mississippi Railroad ; on his return was appointed Judge of the High Court of Errors and Appeals; he served with distinction in the Biographical Sketches. 393 Mexican war; had a horse shot from under him at Monterey ; com manded at Victoria ; was at Vera Cruz and Ojo Del Agua ; commis sioned, by the President, major- general in the army ; he also ac quitted himself with great credit at Chapultepec ; he was Governor of Mississippi in 1850 ; and in 1855 he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Mississippi, and re-elected in 1857, serving both terms at the head of the Committee on MiUtary Affairs. By virtue of his experience and strict integrity he ever commanded the respect of all, and the kindness of his heart and amiable manners won for him troops of friends among all parties. He was spoken of on two occasions as the Democratic canditate for Vice-President, and was the recog nized leader of those favorable to the annexation of Cuba. He died at his residence in Mississippi, July 17, 1858. RAMSAY, ALEXANDER. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. RAMSAY, ROBERT. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835, and again from 1841 to 1843. RAMSEY, WILLIAM. Born at Sterrett's Gap, Cumber land County, Pennsylvania, Septem ber 7, 1779. In 1803he was appoint ed Surveyor of his native county, an office held by his father during the Revolution; and he also held the offices of Prothonotary, Register, Recorder, and Clerk of the Orphans' Court ; studied law, and practiced with success. In 1826 he was elected a member of Congress, re elected in 1828 and 1830, and died in September, 1831. RAMSEY, WILLIAM S. Born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, June 12, 1810; was educated at Dickinson College, but on account of bad health did not graduate ; he traveled in Europe ; was an attache to the American Legation in Lon don, and formed the acquaintance of Walter Scott and General La Fayette ; returning to Carlisle, he was admitted to the bar in 1832 ; elected a Representative to Con gress in 1838, re-elected in 1840, but died in Baltimore, October 17, 1840, a few weeks after his election. RANDALL, ALEXANDER. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. RANDALL, BENJAMIN. He was born in Massachusetts in 1789 ; graduated at Bowdoin Col lege in 1809 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1814, and commenced to practice in Bath, Maine, where he resided forty-five years. He was a member of th e State Senate in 1833, and a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1839 394 Biographical Sketches. to 1843, and a member of the Com mittee on Invalid Pensions. He was appointed, by President Tay lor, Collector of the port of Bath, and died at that place October 14, 1857. RANDOLPH, JAMES F. Born in Middlesex County, New Jersey, June 26, 1791; received a common school education, served an apprenticeship to the printing business, and became editor of the Fredonia, a weekly rfewspaper, in 1812, and continued in that capa city for thirty-years. He was ap pointed Collector of the " Internal Revenue" of the United States, in 1815,, and held that office till the close of the war in Texas. He was subsequently Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas for the County, and for two years a member of the State Legislature. He was a Represen tative in Congress from 1828 to 1833, and was afterwards president of a bank in New Brunswick, New Jersey, for ten years. RANDOLPH, JOHN, of Roanoke. He was born in Chesterfield, Vir ginia, June 2, 1773, and was a de scendant, through his mother, from Pocahontas, the daughter of Pow hatan, the great Indian Chief. His father died in 1775, leaving three sons and a large estate; and his mother was married in 1783 to St. George Tucker, who was his guar dian during his minority. His early life was spent at different places, under different instructors, of most of whom he said he "never learned anything." He passed a short time at Princeton College, Columbia College, and at William and Mary College ; and for a time he studied law with Edmund Randolph. He was elected a Representative in Con gress, in 1799, and he continued a member of the House of Represen tatives, with the exception of two intervals of two years each, until 1829 ; in that year he was a mem ber of the Convention to revise the Constitution of Virginia, and he was afterwards appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia, by Presi dent Jackson, in 1830. During one of the intervals alluded to, from 1825 to 1827, he was a Senator of the United States. He was never married, and was possessed of a large estate on the Roanoke. He died at Philadelphia, May 24, 1833, while about to depart for Europe for the restoration of his feeble health. He was distinguished alike for his genius, his effective elo quence, and for many eccentricities of thought and manner. RANDOLPH, JOSEPH F. Born in 1803, in New Jersey, and obtained an ordinary school educa tion, after which he studied law and was licensed to practice in 1825; he settled at Monmouth Court House, and was appointed States Attorney for the County. He was a Representative in Congress from 1837 to 1843, and during one term he was Chairman, of the Committee on Revolutionary Biographical Sketches. 395 Claims. In 1844 he was a member of the Convention which framed the State Constitution ; and in 1845 was appointed a Judge of the Su preme Court of New Jersey, for seven years, after which he resumed the practice of his profession at Trenton, where he now resides. RANDOLPH, THOMAS M. Hewas a native of Virginia ; Go vernor of that State ; and a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1803 to 1807, and died at Monticello, June 20, 1828. RANKIN, CHRISTOPHER. He was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1819 to 1826. RANTOUL, ROBERT. Born in Beverly, Massachusetts, May 13, 1805. He graduated at Harvard University in 1826; stu died law ; was admitted to the bar in 1827, and settled to practice in South Reading, and removed to Gloucester in 1832 ; was elected to the State Legislature in 1834, and iri 1837 a member of the Massachu setts Board of Education. In 1838 he removed to Boston, and in 1843 was appointed Collector of that port; in 1845 was appointed, by President Polk, United States Dis trict Attorney for Massachusetts; in 1851 succeeded Mr. Webster in the United States Senate, but re mained there only a short time ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1851 to the time of his death, which occurred at Washington, Au gust 7, 1852. His writings have since been published in a large vo lume. RARIDEN, JAMES. He was a native of Kentucky, and was an early settler of the White Water Valley, in that State ; he was self-educated, and became eminent as a lawyer. He was a Represen tative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1837 to 1841, and died at Cambridge City, in that State. RATHBUN, GEORGE. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. RAYNER, KENNETH. Born in Bertie County, North Carolina, in 1808 ; received an aca demical education ; and though he studied law, he did not practice. He entered public life, in 1835, as a member of the House of Commons, and the same year was a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution. He served again in the local Legislature in 1836 and 1838, and was- a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1845. In 1846 he went for the third time into the Legislature. REA, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1811, and again from 1813 to 1815. 396 Biographical Sketches. READ, ALMON H. He was born in Vermont in 1790; graduated at Williamstown Col lege ; studied law, and removing to Pennsylvania, was frequently elected to the State Legislature ; in 1840 was appointed Treasurer of the State, and in 1841 was elected to fill a vacancy in the National House of Representatives. Died at Montrose, Pennsylvania, June 3, 1843. READ, GEORGE. Born in Cecil County, Maryland, in 1734, but, with his father, re moved to New Castle County, Dela ware. He was educated for the law, and was admitted to the bar in Phi ladelphia, at the age of nineteen, and practiced his profession in New Castle; was made Attorney-Gene ral of the three lower counties on the Delaware, in 1763, and held the office until he was chosen a Delegate to Congress, in 1775. In 1776 he was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was President of the Convention which formed the first Constitution of Delaware, and also a member of the Convention which framed the Federal Constitu tion, and was elected a member of the United States Senate, serving from 1789 to 1793. He was then appointed Chief Justice of the Su preme Court of Delaware, in which office he remained until his death, in 1798. READ, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1795 to 1802, and was appointed, by President Adams, Judge of the United States District Court of South Carolina, in 1801. READ, NATHAN. Born in Essex County, Massa chusetts, in 1760; graduated at Harvard University in 1781, and two years afterwards officiated as tutor in that institution. He was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1800 to 1803; and having removed to Hallowell, Maine, was for many years Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was devoted to science, and a petitioner for a patent for an inven tion, before the patent laws were enacted ; and before the time of Fulton's experiments, he had tried the effect of steam upon a boat in Wenham Pond. He died at Hal lowell, January 20, 1849. READ, THOMAS B. He was a Senator in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1826 to 1827, and also during the session of 1829, and died soon afterwards. READE, EDWItf G. Born in Orange County, North Carolina, November 13, 1812; he had a liberal education; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836, in Person County, and en gaged in a lucrative practice. He was elected a Representative in Congress, in 1855, serving until 1857. Biographical Sketches. 397 READY, CHARLES. Born at Readyville, Rutherford County, Tennessee, December 22, 1802. He graduated at Greenville College, and received from the Nashville University the degree of Master of Arts. He was bred a lawyer, and has practiced his pro fession with success. He was a member of the Tennessee Legisla ture in 1835, and closely identified with the organization of the Judi ciary. By special commission he has twice presided in the Supreme Court of Tennessee, and was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, in 1853, to which position he has been twice re-elect ed, and is a member of the Com mittee on the Judiciary. REAGAN, JOHN H. Born in Sevier County, Tennes see, October 8, 1818; is a lawyer by profession ; was appointed De puty Surveyor in the Republic of Texas, in 1840; and in 1843 was a justice of the peace and militia cap tain ; in 1846, Probate Judge and colonel of militia, and elected a member of the Legislature in 1847; was a Judge of the District Court from 1852 to 1857, when he was elected a member of the Thirty- fifth Congress, serving on the Com mittees on Indian Affairs and Ex penditures in the Post-office De partment. REDING, JOHN R. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1845. REED, CHARLES M. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. REED, EDWARD C. He was a native of New York ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1812 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833. REED, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, his native State, from 1852 to 1853. REED, JOHN. Graduated at Yale College in 1772 ; was ordained as a minister of the gospel in 1780, and settled at West Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1795 to 1801, and from 1813 to 1817. He died February 17, 1831, aged eighty years. REED, PHILIP. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maryland, from 1806 to 1813, and a Representative in Congress, from 1817 to 1819, and again from 1821 to 1823. He died November 2, 1829. REED, ROBERT R. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con- 398 Biographical Sketches. gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. REED, WILLIAM. He was a native of Massachu setts, an eminent merchant, and highly esteemed for his benevolent and religious character. He was a member of Congress, from Massa chusetts, from 1811 to 1815 ; was President of the Sabbath-School Union of Massachusetts, and of the American Tract Society ; Vice- President of the American Educa tion Society ; a member of the Board of Visitors of the Theological Semi nary at Andover, and of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College. Besides liberal bequests to heirs and relatives, he left $68,000 to benevo lent objects, of which $17,000 were to Dartmouth College, $10,000 to Amherst College, $10,000 to the Board of Commissioners for For eign Missions, $9000 to the First Church and Society in Marblehead, $7000 to the Second Congrega tional Church of Marblehead, and $5000 to the Library of the Theo logical Seminary at Andover. He died at Marblehead, February 18, 1837, very suddenly, while attend ing a Sabbath-school meeting. REESE, DAVID A. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1853 to 1855. REID, DAVID S. Born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, April 19, 1813. He studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1843 ; he was elected to the State Legislature in 1835, and served continuously until 1842. In 1843 he was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from North Carolina, serving that term; and was re-elected in 1845 for a second term ; he was, in 1850, elected Governor of North Carolina, and re-elected, in 1852, serving until 1855, when he was elected a Sena tor in Congress, which position he continues to hold. He is Chair man of the Committee on Patents and the Patent-office, and a member of the Committee on Commerce. REID, ROBERT R. He was born in Beaufort Dis trict, South Carolina, in 1789 ; re moved early in life to Georgia; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1818 to 1823; was also a Judge of the Superior Court of that State ; was appoint ed, in 1832, by President Adams, District Judge for Eastern Florida; and was appointed, by President Van Buren, Governor of the Ter ritory of Florida; and was a mem ber of the Convention which formed a State Constitution for Florida, over which body he presided in a creditable manner. He died near Tallahassee, July 1, 1841. REILLY, WILSON. Born in Pennsylvania; followed for a time the business of a hatter, and was elected a Representative in Congress, in 1857, serving as » Biographical Sketches. 599 member of the Committee on Pa tents. REILY, LUTHER. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. RELFE, JAMES H. He was born in Virginia, and having settled in Missouri, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. RENCHER, ABRAHAM. Born in Wake County, North Carolina, and in 1822 graduated at the University of that State. He practiced law for a time, but taking an interest in politics, was elected to Congress, where he served from 1829 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1842; and he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, which office he stiU retains. REYNOLDS, GIDEON. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. REYNOLDS, JAMES B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1815 to 1817, and again from 1823 to 1825. REYNOLDS, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1843. REYNOLDS, JOSEPH. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837. He also served in the Assembly of that State, in 1819. RHEA, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1803 to 1815, and from 1817 to 1823. In 1816 he was appointed United States Commissioner, to treat with the Chocktaws. RHETT, ROBERT B. He was born in Beaufort, South Carolina, December 24, 1800 ; re ceived a liberal education, and adopted the profession of law; in 1826 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1832 he was elected Attorney-General of South CaroUna; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1838 to 1847, and for a second term, ending in 1849, and was a Senator in Con gress during the years 1850 and 1851, having resigned, contrary to the wishes of his State. He is said to have been the first man who proposed, and advocated on the floor of Congress, a dissolution of the Union. Of late years he has lived wholly retired from public life, on an extensive plantation. 400 Biographical Sketches. RICAUD, JAMES B. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, February 11, 1808; graduated at Washington College, Maryland, and is a lawyer by profession; was a member of the House of Delegates of Maryland, in 1834, and of the State Senate of Maryland, from 1836 to 1844, inclusive; was an Elector of President and Vice-President in 1836 and 1844; and a Representa tive in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty- fifth Congresses, serving on the Committee on Manufactures, and also that for investigating the Ac counts of the late Clerk of the House. RICE, HENRY M. He was born in Vermont, Novem ber 29, 1816 ; emigrated to Michi gan when it was a Territory, and since that time has lived in three other Territories, viz., Iowa, Wiscon sin, and Minnesota, much of his life having been spent among the wild Indian tribes of the Northwest ; in 1840 he was appointed a sutler in the army ; has been employed as Commissioner in making many In dian treaties of great importance; in 1853 he was elected a Delegate to Congress, from Minnesota; re elected in 1855, having secured the passage of the act authorizing the people of Minnesota to form a State Constitution ; and in 1857 he was elected a Senator in Congress, from Minnesota, for the term of six years. At the commencement of the second session of the Thirty-fifth Congress he was appointed a member of the Committees on Indian Affairs and on Post-offices and Post-roads. RICE, THOMAS. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1791 ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1815 to 1819; and died in 1854. RICH, CHARLES. He was born in Hampshire Coun ty, Massachusetts, in 1771, and was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1813 to 1815, and again from 1817 to 1824. He died at Sherburne, Vermont, October 15, 1824. RICHARD, GABRIEL. He was a Roman Catholic priest, and a man of learning. He was born at Saintes, in France ; came to America after the commencement of the French Revolution ; labored in Illinois as a missionary; went to Detroit, Michigan, in 1798, whence he was sent as a Delegate to Con gress, in 1823. ¦ He died in Detroit, September 13, 1832, aged sixty- eight years. During his ministry, it became his duty, according to the Roman Catholic religion, to excom municate one of his parishioners, who had been divorced from his wife. The parishioner prosecuted the priest for defamation of charac ter, which resulted in his obtaining a verdict of $1000. This money the priest could not pay, and was consequently imprisoned in the com mon jail; as he had already been elected a Delegate to Congress, he Biographical Sketches. 401 went from his prison, in the wilds of Michigan, to his seat on the floor of Congress. , RICHARDS, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1809. RICHARDS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1795 to 1797. RICHARDS, JOHN. He was a member of the New York Assembly, in 1814 and 1815, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. RICHARDS, MARK. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1817 to 1821. RICHARDS, MATHIAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1807 to 1811. RICHARDSON, JOHN P. He was a judge, and a member of the House of Representatives, in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1837 to 1840, and died in South CaroUna, in 1850. RICHARDSON, JOHN S. Born in South Carolina, in 1777, and died at Charleston, May 11, 1850. He was an Associate Judge of the General Sessions and the 26 Common Pleas, and Presiding Judge of the Court of Appeals ; and was elected a member of Con gress, in 1820, but owing to some exigency in his private affairs, he was not qualified. He was also at one time a member of the State Legislature, and also Attorney-Ge neral for the State. RICHARDSON, JOSEPH. He graduated at Dartmouth Col lege in 1802, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1827 to 1831. RICHARDSON, WILLIAM A. He was born in Kentucky, and having removed to Illinois, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1847 to 1855; and was appointed, by President Buchanan, Governor of Nebraska Territory, which office he resigned in 1858. RICHARDSON, WILLIAM M. He was born at Pelham, New Hampshire, January 4, 1774, and graduated at the University of Cambridge in 1797. He practiced law for a few years at Groton, Mas sachusetts, and was a member of Congress, from 1811 to 1814. Here- moved to Portsmouth, New Hampr shire, in 1814, and was appointed Chief Justice in 1816 ; and he dis charged the duties of the office with high reputation nearly twenty-two years. He was a man of distin guished talents, great industry, and extensive acquirements, and highly respected for his integrity and 402 Biographical Sketches. estimable character. He was the author of " The New Hampshire Justice," and "The Town Officer." A considerable portion of the first and second volumes of the New Hampshire Reports was drawn up by the Chief Justice ; nearly all the eases of the third, fourth, and fifth, were furnished by him ; and of the matter for, perhaps, four volumes more, he prepared a large share. He died at Chester, New Hamp shire, March 23, 1838. RICHMOND, JONATHAN. He was born in Bristol, Massa chusetts, in 1774; was one of the pioneers to Western New York, in 1813; was once Collector of the Customs for the United States, and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821. He died in Cayuga, New York, July 29, 1853. RIDDLE, GEORGE R. He was born in New Castle, Delaware, in 1817 ; educated at Delaware College ; studied survey ing, and was engaged for years in locating canals and roads in Penn sylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1848; he was soon afterwards appointed Deputy At torney-General for his native coun ty, which he held until 1850 ; and he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Delaware, from 1851 to 1855. He was also a Delegate to the several National Conven tions of 1844, 1848, and 1856. Now devoted to his profession. RIDGELEY, HENRY M. Born in 1778; a lawyer by pro fession, and for many years was a distinguished member of the Dela ware bar. He was a Representa tive in Congress, from Delaware, from 1811 to 1815 ; and supplied a vacancy as Senator in Congress, from 1826 to 1829. He died at his residence in Dover, Delaware, August 7, 1847. RIDGWAY, JOSEPH. He was born on Staten Island, New York, May 6, 1783, received a limited education, and acquired the trade of a house carpenter. In 1811 he emigrated to Cayuga Coun ty, New York, and devoted himself to making fanning mills; and in 1822 settled in Columbus, Ohio, and established an extensive iron foundry, which subsequently became an establishment for manufacturing railroad carriages. In 1828 he was elected to the Legislature of Ohio, and re-elected in 1830; and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1837 to 1843. He failed in business in 1811, and though exonerated by the Bank rupt law, he thought proper, in 1857, to pay up his old debts, at the rate of two dollars for one ; and of seventy creditors, he only found four living, so that he had to hunt up and pay the heirs, which occu pied four months of his time. . RIGGS, LEWIS. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. Biographical Sketches. 403 RIKER, SAMUEL. He was a member of the New York Assembly, in 1784, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1804 to 1805, and again from 1807 to 1809. RINGGOLD, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1810 to 1815, and again from 1817 to 1821. RIPLEY, ELEAZAR W. He graduated at Dartmouth Col lege in 1800 ; studied law, and set tled in the District of Maine ; was Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, in 1811; ac quitted himself with credit as an officer in the last war with Eng land ; removed to Louisiana, whence he was elected to Congress, serving from 1835 to the time, of his death, which- occurred at New Orleans, March 2, 1839, aged fifty-seven years. RIPLEY, JAMES W. He was a CoUector of Customs for the Passamaquoddy District of Maine; an officer in the late war with England, and a member of Con gress, from Maine, from 1829 to 1831. He died in June, 1835. RISLEY, ELIJAH. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1849 to 1851. RITCHEY, THOMAS. He was born in Pennsylvania, and having settled in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849, and again from 1853 to 1855. RITCHIE, DAVID. He was born at Canonsburg, Washington Couuty, Pennsylvania, August 19, 1812; graduated at Jefferson College in 1829 ; ad mitted to the bar, at Pittsburg, in 1835 ; received the degree of S.W.D. from the University of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1837 ; and has been a Representative, from Pittsburg, in the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Con gresses, and is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. RITTER, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1843 to 1847, and died in Reading, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1851. RIVERS, THOMAS. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1855 to 1857. RIVES, FRANCIS E. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841. RIVES, WILLIAM C. He was born in Nelson County, Virginia, May 4, 1793 ; was edu- 404 Biographical Sketches. cated at Hampden Sidney and Wil liam and Mary Colleges ; studied law and politics under the direction of Thomas Jefferson; was aid-de camp in 1814 and 1815 with a body of militia and volunteers, called out for the defence of Vir ginia ; and was a member, in 1816, of the Staunton Convention, called to reform the State Constitution. He was elected to the Legislature of Virginia in 1817, 1818, and 1819, from Nelson County ; in 1822 to the same position from Al bemarle County; in 1823 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, and he served for three suc cessive terms; in 1829 he was ap pointed, by President Jackson, Minister to France ; on his return in 1832 he was elected a Senator in Congress, and resigned in 1834; was re-elected in 1835, and served to the end of the term, in 1839 ; in 1840 was elected to the Senate, for a third term, where he remained until 1845. In 1849 he was a second time appointed Minister to France, and returned in 1853, when he finally retired from political life. ROANE, JOHN. He was born in Virginia ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1831, and for a third term, from 1835 to 1837. ROANE, JOHN J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, his native State, from 1831 to 1833. ROANE, JOHN T, He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1809 to 1815. ROANE, WILLIAM H. Born in Virginia, in 1788 ; was twice elected a member of the Exe cutive Council of that State ; once a Delegate to the General Assem bly; a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1817 ; and a Senator of the United States, from 1837 to 1841. He died at Tree Hill, near Richmond, Virginia, May 11, 1845. ROBBINS, GEORGE R. Born near Allentown, Monmouth County, New Jersey, September 24, 1812 ; graduated at the Jeffer son Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1837, and pursued the practice of medicine, until his election to the House of Representatives, du ring the Thirty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty- fifth, and is a member of the Com mittee on Invalid Pensions. ROBBINS, JOHN, Jb. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1855. ROBERTS, ANTHONY E. Born in Chester County, Penn sylvania, October, 1803, but re moved with his parents to Lancaster County, in his infancy; he re ceived a common school education, and commenced life as a merchant. Biographical Sketches. 405 In 1839 he was elected Sheriff of Lancaster County, and held the office till 1842. In 1 849 he was appointed, by President Taylor, Marshal of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and remained in that position until 1853, and collected the statistics for the Seventh Cen sus of that District. He was a Re presentative in the Thirty-fourth Congress, and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, and is a member of the Committee on the MUitia. ROBERTS, JONATHAN. Born in 1771, and early in the present century was elected to both branches of the Legislature of Pennsylvania; was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1811 to 1814, and an advocate of the war of 1812. From 1814 to 1821 he was a Senator of the United States ; and in 1841 he was appointed Col lector of the port of -Philadelphia, by President Harrison. He died in Philadelphia, July, 1854. ROBERTS, ROBERT W. He was born in Delaware, and having settled in Mississippi, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1843 to 1847. ROBERTSON, GEORGE. Born in Mercer County,Kentucky, November 18, 1790, and completed his education in Transylvania Uni versity. He studied law, and com menced to practice in 1809. In 1816 he was elected a Representa tive in Congress, and served from 1817 to 1821. He was a member of the Legislature, and Speaker of the House four sessions, ending in 1827. In 1828 he was Secretary of State, and the same year chosen Judge of the Court of Appeals, and in 1829 commissioned Chief Justice of Ken tucky, which position he resigned in 1843, and resumed the practice of law in Lexington, in 1835. He was Professor of law in Transyl vania. University for twenty-three years, and is stUl engaged in teach ing law. He has repeatedly de clined important offices, including missions to Colombia and Peru. ROBERTSON, JOHN. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1834 to 1839. ROBERTSON, THOMAS B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1812 to 1818, having been the first mem ber elected under the State Consti tution. ROBIE, REUBEN. He was born in Vermont, and having settled in New York, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. ROBINS, ASHER. Born in Weathersfield, Connecti cut, in 1757. He held many im portant public positions, and was a leading Senator in Congress, from 406 Biographical Sketches. Rhode Island, from 1825 to 1839. Died at Newport, Rhode Island, February 25, 1845. ROBINSON, EDWARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, during the years 1838 and 1839. ROBINSON, JOHN L. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1847 to 1853. ROBINSON, JOHN M. He was born in 1793, and was one of the early settlers of Illinois ; and one of the Judges of the Su preme Court of that State. He was a Senator in Congress, from 1830 to 1842, and died at Ottawa, Illinois, April 26, 1843. ROBINSON, JONATHAN. He was appointed Chief Justice of Vermont in 1801, in the place of Judge Smith, who resigned, and in 1806 was elected to succeed Mr. Smith as Senator in Congress, serving from 1807 to 1815. He died at Bennington, November 3, 1819, aged sixty-four. ROBINSON, MOSES. He was Governor of Vermont, having succeeded Mr. Chittenden, in 1789. He was a member of the Senate of the United States under the Administration of Presi dent Adams, from 1791 to 1796. He was one of the minority who were opposed to the ratification of Jay's Treaty. He died at Benning ton, May 26, 1813, aged seventy- two. ROBINSON, ORVILLE. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. He also served four years in the Assembly of New York, from Os wego County. ROBINSON, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1839 to 1841, and died in Sussex County, of that State, October 28, 1843. ROBISON, DAVID F. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. ROCHESTER, WILLIAM B. He was a man of legal acquire ments, much respected for his abili ties, and a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1821 to 1823. He was lost, with many others, off the coast of North Ca rolina, by the explosion of the steamer Pulaski, June 15, 1838. ROCKHILL, WJLLIAM. He was born in New Jersey, and having settled in Indiana, was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. ROCKWELL, JOHN A. Born in Norwich, Connecticut; graduated at Yale CoUege in 1824 ; Biographical Sketches. 407 studied law; was at one time, Judge of Probate, in New Lon don County ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Connec ticut, from 1847 to 1849. ROCKWELL, JULIUS. Born at Colebrook, Litchfield County, Connecticut, April 26, 1805. Entered Yale College in 1822, and graduated in 1826; stu died law at the New Haven Law School, and was admitted to the bar in Litchfield County, in 1829, commencing to practice in 1830, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He was a member of the House of Repre sentatives, of Massachusetts, from 1834 to 1838, and was Speaker, from 1835 to 1838, and in that year was appointed Bank Commissioner, and held the office three years. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1847 to 1851,and United States Senator for two sessions, to succeed Mr. Everett. In 1853 he was a member of the Convention to re vise the Constitution of Massachu setts; and in 1858 was again elected to the House of Representatives of the State.. RODGERS, JAMES. He was born in South Carolina ; graduated at the University of that State in 1813 ; adopted the profes sion of law ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1843. RODMAN, WILLIAM. Born in Bensalem, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, October 7, 1757, his parents being of the Society of Friends. He received a liberal education; served in the revolu tionary war as a soldier ; under the call from Washington, he raised and commanded a company, dur ing the " Whisky Insurrection" in Western Pennsylvania ; he was, for many years, in the Legislature of his native State ; and he was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1811 to 1813. He died at the place of his birth, July 27, 1824. RODNEY, CESAR A. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1 803 to 1805. He was appointed Attorney- General of the United States, by President Jefferson, and in 1812 commanded a company of volun teers in defence of Baltimore. He was a Senator of the United States, from 1821 to 1823, in which year he was appointed United States Minister to Buenos Ayres. He died June 10, 1824. RODNEY, DANIEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from the State of Delaware, from 1822 to 1823, and a Senator in Congress, from 1826 to 1827. RODNEY, GEORGE B. He was born in Delaware ; gra duated atPrinceton College in 1820; and was a Representative in Con- 408 Biographical Sketches. gress, from his native State, from 1841 to 1845. ROGERS, CHARLES. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. He also served in the Assembly of New York, from Washington County, in 1833 and 1837. ROGERS, EDWARD. He was born in Connecticut ; received a classical education, stu died law, and settled in Madison County, New York. He was, for many years, County Judge ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1843 to 1845. He died in Galway, Saratoga Coun ty, New York, May 23, 1857, aged seventy years. ROGERS, SION H. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. ROGERS, THOMAS I. He was born in Waterford, Ire land, and came to this country when three years of age ; was a Represen tative in Congress, from Pennsylva nia, from 1818 to 1824. ROMAN, JAMES D. He was born in Maryland ; was educated a lawyer ; was a Presiden tial Elector on two occasions ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. He is at the present time, President of the Hagarstown Bank. ROOSEVELT, JAMES I. Born in the City of New York, December, 1796; was educated at Columbia College ; studied law with Peter Augustus Jay, and was for several years his partner. In 1835 and 1840 he was a member of the State Legislature, and in 1842 and 1843 was a Representative in Con gress, from New York City. He de clined a re-election, and went abroad in 1843. On his return he retired from the practice of law to private life ; but was induced to accept the appointment of Judge of the Su preme Court of the State, in 1851. He was also for several years in early life, a member of the city govern ment. ROOT, ERASTUS. Born in Hebron, Connecticut, March 16, 1772 ; graduated at Dart- mouth College in 17 93; after which he taught school for some time and then studied law and settled in Dela ware County, New York, in 1796. He was a Representative in the As sembly eleven years ; Speaker of the House three years; State Se nator eight years, and a Represen tative in Congress, from 1803 to 1805, from 1809 to 1811, 1812 to 1813, 1815 to 1817, in which year he was appointed Postmaster at Delhi, New York, and was re-elected to Congress, from 1831 to 1833. In 1822 he was chosen Lieutenant- Governor of the State, and he was Biographical Sketches. 409 also major-general of militia. He died in New York City, December 24, 1846. His intellect and tastes were highly cultivated. ROOT, JOSEPH M. Born in Cayuga, New York, Oc tober 7, 1807 ; read law at Auburn, and removed to Ohio in 1829 ; was appointed Prosecuting Attorney in that State ; in 1840 chosen to the State Senate ; and served as a Re presentative in Congress, from 1845 to 1851. He was for a time Chair man of the Committees on the Post- office and Expenditures in the Trea sury Department. ROSE, ROBERT L. Born in Geneva, New York, Oc tober 12, 1804 ; is a farmer by oc cupation ; has held the office of Su pervisor for the town of Allen's Hill, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1851. ROSE, ROBERT S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from the State of New York, from 1823 to 1827, and again from 1829 to 1831. He died at Water loo, New York, November 24, 1835, aged sixty-three years. ROSS, HENRY H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827. ROSS, JAMES. Born about the year 1761, in Pennsylvania. He was a Senator in Congress,, from 1794 to 1803, and died at his residence near Pittsburg, November 27, 1847. ROSS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1809 to 1811, and again from 1815 to 1818. ROSS, THOMAS. He was a native of Pennsylvania ; graduated at Princeton College in 1825 ; and was a Representative in • Qongress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. ROSS, THOMAS R. He was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1819 to 1825. ROWAN, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, in 1773; emigrated to Kentucky when quite young ; he was a mem ber of the Convention which formed the Constitution of 1799; he was Secretary of State in 1804 ; elected a member of Congress, from 1807 to 1809 ; for many years a member of the General . Assembly ; Judge of the Court of Appeals in 1819 ; and was a Senator in Congress, from 1825 to 1831. His last pub lic position was that of Commis sioner for carrying out a late treaty with Mexico. He died in Louis ville, Kentucky, July 13, 1843. ROWE, PETER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1853 to 1855. 410 Biographical Sketches. ROYCE, HOMER E. He was born in Berkshire, Ver mont, in 1819 ; received a common school education ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842 ; was a member of the State Legis lature in 1846 and 1847 ; was Pro secuting Attorney for the State in 1848; a State Senator in 1849, 1850, and 1851 ; and was elected a Representative, from New York, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. RUFFIN, THOMAS. BorninEdgecomb County, North Carolina ; graduated at Chapel Hill University ; is a lawyer by pro fession, and served as Circuit Attor ney of the Seventh Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, from De cember, 1844, to December. 1848 ; and was elected a Representative, from North Carolina, to the Thirty- third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty- fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committees on Public Lands and on Accounts. RUGGLES, BENJAMIN. Born in Windham County, Con necticut. He obtained the means for receiving a classical education by teaching a school in winter. He studied law, and after his admission to the bar removed to Marietta, Ohio ; he subsequently settled at St. Clairsville; and in 1810 was elected President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the Third Circuit. He was elected, by the Legislature, a Senator of the United States, from Ohio, serving from 1815 to 1833 ; and from his well-known habits of industry and constant devotion to the interests of his clients, he was called "The Wheel-horse of the Senate." From his youth he was a member of the Masonic fraternity. He died at St. Clairsville, September 2, 1857, aged seventy-four years. RUGGLES, CHARLES H. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1820, and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1823. RUGGLES, JOHN. He was well educated, but pos sessed a taste for the mechanic arts, and was a Senator in Congress, from Maine, from 1835 to 1841, and a member of the Committee on Com merce. He took a special interest in, and was the originator, when in Congress, of the idea of a reorgani zation of the Patent-office, and the very first patent granted after the reorganization, July 28, 1836, was granted to him for a locomotive steam-engine. RUGGLES, NATHANIEL. He was a native of Massachu setts; graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1781 ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1819, and died near the close of the latter year. Biographical Sketches. 411 RUMSEY, DAVID. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. RUMSEY, EDWARD. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. RUNK, JOHN. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. RUSK, THOMAS J. He was born in South Carolina ; studied law, and practiced with suc cess in Georgia. In the early part of 1835 he removed to Texas, and was a prominent actor in all the important events in the history of the RepubUc and State of Texas. He was a member of the Conven tion that declared Texas an inde pendent Republic, in March, 1836; was the first Secretary of War; participated in the battle of San Jacinto, and took command of the army after General Houston was wounded. He continued in com mand of the army until the organi zation of the Constitutional Govern ment, in October, 1836, when he was again appointed Secretary of War, and resigned after a few months. He afterwards commanded several expeditions against the Indians; served as a member of the House of Representatives, and as Chief Jus tice of the Supreme Court, which last office he resigned early in 1842. In 1845 he was President of the Convention that consummated the annexation of Texas to the United States. Upon the admission of Texas into the Union he was elected one of the Senators in the Congress of the United States, in which office he served two terms, and was elected for the third term. He was Chairman of the Committee on the Post-office. He took a deep interest in the wagon-road to the Pacific, and the overland mail. At the time of his death, which oc curred in Nacogdoches, Texas, July 29, 1856, he was President, pro tern., of the Senate. In a moment of insanity, caused by overwhelming grief at the death of his wife, he took his own life, aged fifty-four. RUSS, JOHN. He was a native of Ipswich, Mas sachusetts, and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1819 to 1823. RUSSELL, DAVID. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1835 to 1841. He was also in the As sembly of that State, in 1816 and 1830, from Washington County. RUSSELL, JAMES M. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1842 to 1843. 412 Biographical Sketches. RUSSELL, JEREMIAH. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. RUSSELL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1805 to 1809. RUSSELL, JONATHAN. He was a Representative in Con- gress.from Massachusetts, from 1821 to 1823. RUSSELL, JOSEPH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. RUSSELL, SAMUEL. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. RUSSELL, WILLIAM. He was born in Ireland, and hav ing emigrated to Ohio, was a Rep resentative in Congress, from that State, from 1827 to 1833, and again from 1841 to 1843. RUSSELL, WILLIAM F. Born in Saugerties, Ulster Coun ty, New York ; was a merchant for twenty years, and a member of the Legislature of New York, in 1850, serving one term ; was elected a Re presentative, from New York, in the Thirty-fifth Congress, serving on the Committee on Indian Affairs. RUST, ALBERT. He was born in Virginia, and removing to Arkansas, was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. RUTHERFORD, JOHN. He was a native of New York City ; a nephew of William Alex ander, Earl of Stirling ; graduated at New Jersey College in 1776; was educated a lawyer ; was one of the first Presidential Electors, and a Senator of the United States, from New Jers.ey, from 1791 to 1798 ; and was the last survivor of the Senators in Congress, during the administration of Washington. He early retired from public life, and, being one of the largest land holders in New Jersey, was actively engaged in agricultural and inter nal improvements. He died at Ederston, New Jersey, February 23, 1840, in the eightieth year of his age. / RUTHERFORD, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1793 to 1797. RUTLEDGE, JOHN. He was born in Ireland; emi grated in 1735 to South Carolina; studied law in England, and, return ing to South Carolina in 1761, took an active part in the revolutionary cause, and was a Delegate to the Continental Congress. In 1776 he was appointed President of South Carolina, and commander-in-chief Biographical Sketches. 413 of that Colony. He was Governor of the State in 1779 ; a Represen tative in Congress, from 1797 to 1803 ; and, after having been Judge of the Court of Chancery, Chief Justice of South Carolina, Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, was finally promoted to the position of Chief Justice, in which capacity he died in 1800. RYALL, D. B. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. SABIN, ALOAH. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1857. SABINE, LORENZO. He was born in Lisbon, New Hampshire, February 28, 1803 ; was entirely self-educated; was bred a merchant; was for many years a bank officer, and is at the present time Secretary of the Boston Board of Trade. He was three times elected to the Legislature of Maine, from Eastport, and was at one time Deputy Collector of the port of Passamaquoddy. He has held, in Massachusetts, the position of Con fidential Agent of the Treasury De partment; and was a Representa tive, from that State, to the Thirty- second Congress. He has devoted much of his time to literary pursuits, and is the author of "Life of Com modore Preble," "The American Loyalists," " Report on the Ameri can Fisheries," and " Notes on Duels and Dueling," and has been a con tributor to the North American Review. The degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Bowdoin and Harvard Colleges. SACKETT, WILLIAM A. Born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853, and was a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. SAGE, EBENEZER. He graduated at Yale College in 1778, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1809 to 1815, and again from 1819 to 1820. He died in 1834. SAGE, RUSSELL. Born in Oneida County, New York, August 4, 1816 ; received a common school education; com menced active life as clerk in a store at Troy, and until 1853 was wholly devoted to mercantile pursuits. In 1 841 he was elected an alderman in the City of Troy, and, by annual elections, served seven years in that capacity ; he was also Treasurer of Rensselaer County for seven years, in which office he was especially popular ; and he was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1853 to 1857, serving on the Committees on Invalid Pensions and on Ways and Means. He was the first man who advocated^ on the floor of Congress, the purchase by the General Government of Mount 414 Biographical Sketches. Vernon, and he was among the most active supporters of Mr. Banks for the office of Speaker of the House of Representatives. He is at the present time wholly devoted to his private affairs. SAILLY, PETER. He was born in Loraine, France, first came to the United States in 1783, and settled in Clinton Coun ty, New York. Having been well educated, and possessing a decided talent for business, he acquired con siderable influence, and held several offices of public trust in his adopted State. He was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1805 to 1807, and on his retirement from that position, he was appoint ed, by President Jefferson, Collec tor of Customs for the District of Champlain, holding the office until his death, which occurred at Platts burg, in 1826. SALTONSTALL, LEVERETT. Born in Massachusetts in 1781 ; graduated at Harvard College in 1802 ; commenced the practice of law in Salem in 1805, and was dis tinguished as a lawyer; he fre quently served in the State Legis lature, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1843. He was also an active member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Harvard College, to which he left a legacy, and he also made a bequest of valuable books to Phillips's Academy, at Exeter, where he commenced his education. He died at Salem, Massachusetts, May 8, 1845. SAMMONS, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1803 to 1807, and again from 1809 to 1813. SAMPLE, SAMUEL C He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1843 to 1845. SAMPSON, ZABDIEL. He was born in Plympton, Mas sachusetts; graduated at Brown University in 1803, and adopted the profession of law. He was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1817 to 1819; and in 1820 he was appointed Col lector of Customs at Plymouth, where he died, while in office, July 19, 1828. SAMUEL, GREEN B. Born in Virginia, and was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1841. SANDFORD, JOHN. He was a native of New York, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, and a member of the New York Senate, in the extra session of 1851. He died in Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York, October, 1857. Biographical Sketches. 415 SANDFORD, JONAH. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1827 and 1830, from the County of St. Lawrence, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1830 to 1831. SANDIDGE, JOHN M. Born in Franklin County, Geor gia, January 7, 1817 ; is a planter by occupation, and served as mem ber of the Legislature of Louisiana from 1846 to 1855. In 1852 he was a member of the Convention that framed the present Constitution of that State ; Speaker of the House in 1854 and 1855 ; and elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is Chairman of the Committee on Pri vate Land Claims. SANFORD, JAMES T. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1823 to 1825. SANFORD, NATHAN. He was a native of New York, and held successively the pubUc po sitions of Speaker of the New York Assembly, District Attorney of the United States for his State, United States Senator from 1815 to 1821, Chancellor of the State, and was again a Senator in Congress, from 1825 to 1831. He died on Long Island, in October, 1838. SANFORD, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1803 to 1807. SANDS, JOSHUA. He was a member of the New York Senate, from King's County, from 1792 to 1799, and a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1803 to 1804, and again from 1825 to 1827. SAPP, WILLIAM R. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1857. SAUNDERS, ROMULUS M. Born in Caswell County, North CaroUna, March, 1791. He re ceived an academical education, and spent two years in the uni versity of that State. He studied law in'Tennessee, and was admitted to practice there in 1812. He re turned to North Carolina; was in the House of Commons from 1815 to 1820, and for two years Speaker of the House. He wa3 a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1821 to 1827, and from 1841 to 1845. In 1828 he was Attorney-General of the State ; in 1833 was Presi dent of the Board of Commission ers to settle the claims of American citizens under the Treaty of July 4, 1831, with France; in 1835 he was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court; in 1846 he was appointed, by President Polk, Minister to Spain, where he remained four years ; on his return, he was again elected to the Legislature of North Carolina, and since then has been devoting much attention to the raU- road improvements of the State. 416 Biographical Sketches. savage, JOHN. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1814 ; and from 1815 to 1819 a Representative in Congress, from that State. He subsequently held the positions of District Attorney, Comptroller of the State, Chief Justice of the Su preme Court, and Treasurer of the United States for New York. SAVAGE, JOHN H. He is a native of Warren Coun ty, Tennessee ; during his minority he volunteered as a private soldier under General Gaines to defend the Texan frontier, also served during a campaign in Florida. He after wards studied law, and commenced practice, in 1837, at Smithville, Tennessee. He was elected colonel of the Tennessee militia ; was elected by the Legislature Attorney-Ge neral of the Fourth District of his State in 1841, and held the office until 1847. During that year he received from President Polk the appointment of major in the 14th Regiment United States Infantry, and joining the American army in Mexico, was present at the battles of Contreras, Cherrnbusco and Mo lina del Rey, and was wounded at Chapultepec. He was promoted to the position of lieutenant-co lonel, and as such, had command of his regiment, after the death of Colonel Graham, until the close of the war. On returning to Ten nessee, he resumed the practice of his profession, and was first elected a Representative in Congress, in 1849; hewas re-elected in 1851; declined being a candidate in 1853 ; and was re-elected in 1855 and 1857. He is a member of the Committee on Military Affairs. SAWTELLE, cullen. He was born in Maine ; gradua ted at Bowdoin College in 1825; and was a- Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and again from 1849 to 1851. SAWYER, LEMUEL. Was born in Camden County, North Carolina, in 1777 ; educated at Flat Bush, New York ; studied law ; was in the State Legislature in 1801 ; and voted in the Electoral College for Thomas Jefferson in 1804. He was elected a Repre sentative to Congress, in 1807, serv ing until 1813 ; and subsequently served in the same capacity, from 1817 to 1823, and from 1825 to 1829. About the year 1850, he re moved to Washington, and held a clerkship in one of the Depart ments. SAWYER, S. T He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. SAWYER, WILLIAM. Born in Ohio, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1849. Biographical Sketches. 417 SAY, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1808 to 1809. SCALES, ALFRED M., Jr. He was born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, November 26, 1827 ; was educated chiefly at the Chapel Hill University ; adopt ed the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1851 ; was elected to the Legislature of North Carolina in 1852 and 1856 ; and in 1857 he was elected a Representa tive, from his native State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a mem ber of the Committee on the Dis trict of Columbia. SCAMMON, JOHN F. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. SCHENCK, ABRAHAM H. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1804, 1805, and 1806; and a Representative- in Con gress, from that State, from 1815 to 1817. SCHENCK, FERDINAND S. Born in Middlesex County, New Jersey, February 11, 1790; he re ceived a common school education ; and, having studied medicine, has been devoted to the practice ever since. In 1829 he was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elect ed in 1830 and 1831, and was a Representative in Congress, from 27 New Jersey, from, 1833 to 1837. He was a member, in 1844, of the Convention to revise the State Con stitution, and was soon after elected a Judge of the Court of Errors, which position he held for eight years. SCHENCK, ROBERT C. Born in Franklin, Warren Coun ty, Ohio, October 4, 1809; gra duated with high honors at the Miami University in 1827, where he remained one or two years as a tutor ; he studied law and was ad mitted to the bar in 1831, and set tled in Dayton, where he has since resided. In 1840 he was elected to the Ohio Legislature ; re-elected in 1842 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1843 to 1851, serving on many com mittees, and during the Thirtieth Congress, as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals. On his retirement from Congress, President Fillmore tendered to him the appointment of Minister to Brazil, which he accepted, and during his residence in South Ame rica took part in negotiating a number of treaties. He returned home in 1853, since which time he has taken no special interest in poli tics, but is extensively engaged in the railway business, being pre sident of a company owning the line between Fort Wayne and the Mississippi River. , SCHERMERHORN, ABRAHAM M. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1849 418 Biographical Sketches. to 1853, and died in Rochester, New York, August 22, 1855. SCHLEY, WILLIAM. Born in Frederick City, Mary land, December 15, 1786. He received an academical education in Georgia ; studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar at Augusta, in 1812 ; continued the practice of his profession until 1825, when he was elected a Judge of the Superior Court of the Middle District of Georgia. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1830, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1835, and during the two following years was Governor of Georgia. He published a "Di gest of the English Statutes." He was, when Governor, one of the most active supporters of the West ern and Atlantic Railroad, and at the time of his death was President of the Medical College of Georgia. He died at Augusta, Georgia, No vember 20, 1858. SCHOOLCRAFT, JOHN L. Born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. SCHOONMAKER, CORNELIUS C He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1791 to 1793, and was for fourteen years, before and. after the above term, a member of the New York Assem bly, from the County of Ulster. SCHOONMAKER, MARIUS. Born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. SCHUREMAN, JAMES. He was a prominent man in New Jersey, during the Revolution, and was a graduate of Queen's College. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1789 to 1791, andfrom 1797 to 1799; a Senator in Congress, from 1799 to 1801 ; and again a Representa tive, from 1813 to 1815. He was also, at one time, Mayor of New Brunswick. SCHUREMAN, MARTIN G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1805 to 1807. SCHUYLER, J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1817 to 1819, and died in New York City, February 2% 1835, aged sixty- seven years. SCHUYLER, PHILIP. Was a native of Albany, New York. He was appointed major- general in the army of the Revolu tion in 1775, and dispatched to the fortifications in the north of New York, to prepare for the invasion of Canada. By the loss of his health, the command soon devolved upon Montgomery. On his recovery, he directed the operations against Burgoyne, and in consequence of Biographical Sketches. 419 the evacuation of Ticonderoga, he unreasonably fell under some suspi cion, and was superseded in com mand by General Gates. He after wards rendered important services, though not in command. He was a Delegate to Congress previous to the present Constitution, and a Senator of the United States, from 1789 to 1791. He died at Albany in 1804, aged seventy-three. SCOTT, CHARLES L. He was born in Richmond, Vir ginia, January 23, 1837 ; graduated at William and Mary College ; studied law, and formed a partner ship with his father in- the practice of his profession, at Richmond. In 1849 he embarked, as a member of the Madisoji Mining and Trad ing Company, for California. In 1851 he abandoned the mines, and resumed the practice of law in Tuolumne County, California. He was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from Cali fornia, and is a member of the Com mittees on Indian Affairs, and on Post-offices and Post-roads. SCOTT, HENRY D. He was born in Ohio, and having removed to Indiana, was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, from that State. SCOTT, JOHN. He was born in Queen Ann County, Maryland, was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Missouri, from 1816 to 1821, and a Representative in Congress, from the same State, from 1821 to 1827. SCOTT, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1831. SCOTT, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1789 to 1791, and again from 1793 to 1795. SCUDDER, TREADWELL. He was for six years a member of the New York. Assembly, and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1817 to 1819. SCUDDER, ZENO. He filled with credit various pub lic positions. He was President of the Massachusetts Senate, and a Representative in Congress, from 1851 to 1854, when he was com pelled, by failing health, to resign his seat. He was a good lawyer, enjoyed the confidence and respect of the community in which he lived, and died at Barnstable, Massachu setts, June 26, 1857. SCURRY, RICHARDSON. Born in Tennessee, and was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from Texas, from 1851 to 1853. SEAMAN, HENRY J. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. 420 Biographical Sketches. SEARING, JOHN A. Born in Queen's County, New York, May 14, 1814. His father died when he was. young, and he was educated at the common schools of New York, by his grandparents. He was bred a farmer, held several public positions previously to his election as a member of the State Legislature in 1853, and was chosen a Representative to the Thirty- fifth Congress, serving on the Com mittees of Revolutionary Pensions and Accounts. SEAVER, EBENEZER. Born in 1763, graduated at Har vard University in 1784; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1803 to 1813. He died in Roxbury, Massachu setts, March 1, 1844. SEBASTIAN, W. K. Born in Vernon, Tennessee, and educated at Columbia Gollege, in that State. He settled as a lawyer in Arkansas, in 1835, and was soon after appointed Prosecuting Attor ney, and held the office until 1837 ; he was Circuit Judge from 1840 to 1842, and was appointed in the latter year Supreme Judge. He was a State Senator, and President of the body in 1846 ; and Presi dential Elector in 1848. He was a United States Senator, from 1848 to 1852, and re-elected for a term of six years ; he is Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs, and a member of the Committee on Territories. SEDDON, JAMES A. He was born in Virginia, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and again from 1849 to 1851. SEDGWICK, THEODORE. Was born at West Hartford, Connecticut, in May, 1746. He was educated at Yale College, but did not graduate. On leaving this in stitution, he commenced the study of theology, but soon relinquished it, and studied law, and was admit ted to the bar before reaching the age of twenty-one. He commenced to practice at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, then settled at Shef field, and afterwards at Stockbridge, in the same county. He was a zeal ous patriot in the revolutionary war. He was a member of the Provincial Congress, in 1785 and 1786; and a Representative in Congress, after the adoption of the Constitution, from 1789 to 1796. He was a Senator of the United States, from 1796 to 1798. In 1799 he was again a member of the House, and was chosen Speaker. From 1802 until his death, he was a Judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. . He died at Boston, January 24, 1813. He received the degree of LL.D. from Princeton and Cambridge; as a statesman and jurist, he was highly valued by his country. His life was in an uncommon degree varied and ac tive ; his industry was unwearied, Biographical Sketches. 421 and an ardent enthusiasm was the basis of his character. SELDEN, DUDLEY. Formerly a prominent member of the New York bar, and a Represen tative in Congress, from New York, from 1833' to 1835. He died in _ Paris, France, November 7, 1855. SEMMES, BENEDICT J. Was born in Charles County, Maryland, November 1, 1789. He was bred to the profession of medi cine, and graduated at the Medical School in Baltimore, about the year 1811. He settled in Piscataway, Maryland, where he acquired an ex tensive practice, but subsequently relinquished his profession. In the year 1821 he was eleeted to the State Legislature ; was again eleeted in 1825, 1827, and 1828, and during one session was chosen Speaker of the House of Delegates. In 1821 he introduced and carried through, a bill for removing religious tests, as applicable to office in Maryland. In 1829 he was elected to Congress, from the district composed of Prince George and Anne Arundel Counties, and the City of Annapolis. He was re-elected in 1831, but his health soon after failing, he found it necessary to retire, at a time when there was no opposition to him in his district. He again served in the State Legislature in 1842 and 1843, since which time he has lived in retirement on his estate, in the County of Prince George. SEMPLE, JAMES. He was a Senator in Congress, from Illinois, from 1843 to 1847. SENEY, JOSHUA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1789 to 1792. SENTER, WILLIAM T. Born in Granger County, Ten nessee, in 1802, and died there August 28, 1849. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. SERGEANT, JOHN. He was born in Philadelphia in 1779; graduated at Princeton Col lege in 17-95 ; he was for a short time a clerk in a store, but studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. His first appointment was that of Prosecutor for the Common wealth, which he held several years. He was for more than half a cen tury known and honored for his ex traordinary ability in his profession of the law, for his habitual cour tesy, his liberal fairness, and his in tegrity. Elected to Congress, he served there from 1815 to 1823, from 1827 to 1829, and from 1837 to 1842. He was especially famous for his part in the great Missouri Compromise of 1820. For the Pa nama Congress, Mr. Sergeant was selected by President Adams to re present the United States. The measures of international law which were proposed to be settled in that Congress were deemed so important, 422 Biographical Sketches. that Mr. Clay, the Secretary of State, had filled eighty pages of in structions to Mr. Sergeant on the subject. In 1832 , Mr. Sergeant was the Whig candidate for Vice- President, being upon the same ticket with Henry Clay. Forty- nine electoral votes were cast for these candidates. At the outset of Harrison's administration, Mr. Ser geant was tendered the mission to England, which he declined. In the cause of charity he was never appealed to in vain ; and for many years before his death, took an active interest in all the public affairs of his native city. He died in Phila delphia, November 23, 1852. SETTLE, THOMAS. He was born in Rockingham County, North Carolina. He was a Representative in the State Le gislature of that State in 1815, and in 1826, 1827, and 1828, at which last session he was Speaker of the House of Commons. He was a Representative in Congress from 1817 to 1821. In 1832 he was chosen Judge of the Superior Court of Law and Equity, and held the office for twenty years, when he resigned. He was highly esteemed far his many virtues. He died in Rockingham County, August 5, 1857, aged sixty-five. SEVERANCE, LUTHER. He was the founder and editor of the Kennebeck Journal, and a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1843 to 1847. He was frequently a . member of the Maine Legislature, and, by Presi dent Taylor, was appointed Com missioner to the Sandwich Islands. He died of a cancer, January 25, 1855, at Augusta, Maine. SEVIER, AMBROSE H. Born in Tennessee, in 1802. He had few early advantages of educa tion, but he relied on his own ener gies, and removed to the Territory of Arkansas, where, oefore the age of twenty-one, he was admitted to the bar as an attorney. He was first elected Clerk of the Legisla ture, and so soon as he was eligible, was elected a member of that body, first in 1823, and again in 1825. From 1827 to 1836 he was a Dele gate to Congress, from Arkansas, and when the Territory became a State, in 1836, he was elected a Senator in Congress. He was Chairman, for many years, of the Committee on Indian Affairs, and afterwards of the Committee on Foreign Relations. He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1848, to accept the appointment, from Presi dent Polk, of a special mission to Mexico, to negotiate a peace. He possessed the unbounded confidence of his constituents and party. He died at Little Rock, December 21, 1848. SEVIER, JOHN. A native of Tennessee ; was an officer in the revolutionary war, and distinguished himself in the bat tle at King's Mountain, in 1780. For his services, on that occasion, Biographical Sketches. 423 the Legislature of North Carolina, in 1813, voted him a sword. He commanded the forces which defeat ed the Creek and Cherokee Indians, in 1789. He was afterwards a general in the Provisional army, and in 1798 Governor of Tennessee ; he was a Representative in Congress, from 1811 to 1815, and was then appointed one of the Commissioners to ascertain the boundary line, and died whUe engaged in that service, at Fort Decatur, in October, 1815. SEWALL, SAMUEL. Born in Boston, December 11, 1757. He graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1776 ; was a lawyer by profession, and settled at Marble head ; in 1796 was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, serving till 1800, and was distinguished in that body by his knowledge of commer- ,-cial law. In 1800 he was placed upon the bench of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and in 1813 was appointed Chief Justice. He died at Wiscasset, June 8, 1814, when the gentlemen of the bar erected a monument to his memory. SEWARD, WILLIAM H. Born in Florida, Orange County, New York, in 1801. He graduated at Union College in 1820 ; was ad mitted to the bar in 1822, and en tered upon the practice of his pro fession at Auburn, in his native State, the following year. In 1830 he was elected to the New York Senate for four years. In 1834 he was nominated by the Whig party their candidate for Governor of the State, but failed of an election. In 1838, however, on a second nomina tion for the same office, he was elected, and entered upon the dis charge of his duties in January, 1839. During the four years that he held that office, he upheld the system of internal improvements, and devoted himself to reforming and improving the system of public education. His plan for taking the management of the public schools in New York out of the hands of the Public School Society, and sub jecting them to the control of the State, caused considerable feeling on the subject at the time, and gave rise to an animated contest between the Protestants, who maintained the ex isting system, and the Roman Catho lics, who favored the change. On th e expiration of his second term of office, Mr. Seward declined to be a candi date for re-election, and resumed the practice of his profession at Auburn, in 1843. He had an extensive prac tice, chiefly in the Federal courts. In March, 1849, he was chosen United States Senator for six years, and took his seat at the extra ses sion called to consider the nomina tions of President Taylor. He was re-elected in 1855, and still holds the position. SEYBERT, ADAM. He was a citizen of Philadelphia, and a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1809 to 1815, and again from 1817 to 1819. He died at Paris, May 2, 1825, be- 424 Biographical Sketches. queathing $1000 for educating the deaf and dumb, and $500 to the Or phan Asylum in Philadelphia. He was a man of science, and was par ticularly skillful as a chemist and mineralogist. He published Statis tical Annals of the United States, from 1789 to 1818. SEYMOUR, DAVID L. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1836, from Rens selaer County, and a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. SEYMOUR, DAVID L. Born in Connecticut, and was a Representative of that State, in Congress, from 1851 to 1853. SEYMOUR, HORATIO. Born in Litchfield, Connecticut, May 31, 1778; graduated at Yale College in 1797; studied law at the Litchfield school, and settled in Mid dlebury, Vermont. He was a Judge of Probate, member of the Council, and a Senator in Congress, from 1821 to 1833. He died at Middle bury, November 21, 1857. SEYMOUR, ORIGEN S. He was born in Litchfield, Con necticut, in 1804 ; was bred a law yer ; has been in the State Legisla ture, and served as Speaker in 1850 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1851 to 1855. SEYMOUR, THOMAS II. He was born in Hartford, Con necticut, in 1808 ; was educated at the Middletown Military Academy ; studied law and practiced the pro fession ; was a Judge of Probate ; a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1843 to 1845; in 1846 went to Mexico as a major of the New England Regiment,and was with General Scott at the City of Mexico ; he was elected to the State Senate in 1850, and re-elected three times ; and was appointed, by Pre sident Pierce, Minister to Russia, which position he continues to oc cupy. SEYMOUR, WILLIAM. He was born in Connecticut, served as a member of the New York Assembly, in 1832 and 1834, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1835 to 1837. SHADWICK, WILLIAM. He was a member of Congress, from North Carolina, during the years 1796 and 1797. SHANNON, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1826 to 1827. SHANNON, WILSON. He was born in Belmont County, Ohio, February 24, 1802; educated at Athens College, in Ohio, and Transylvania University, in Ken tucky; adopted the profession of law, and in 1835 was Prosecuting Attorney for the State of Ohio; was elected Governor of Ohio in 1837, and again in 1842; by Presi dent Tyler, was appointed Minister Biographical Sketches. 425 to Mexico ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Ohio, from 1853 to 1855. In 1855 he was ap pointed,, by President Pierce, Go vernor of the Territory of Kansas. ' SHARPE, PETER. He was a member of the Assem bly of New York, from 1814 to 1820, 'officiating a number of ses sions as Speaker ; he was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1821 ; a Representa tive in Congress, from 1823 to 1825; and a member of the Tariff Con vention held in 1827. SHARPE, SOLOMON P. He was born in Virginia, but re moved to Kentucky, when a child ; he received a limited education, but studied law, and was admitted to the bar when nineteen years of age, and was successful; he served a number of years in the State Legis lature ; was Attorney-General of the State; and a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1813 to 1817. He fell by the hand of an assassin, while, a member of the Le gislature, in November, 1835, aged thirty-five years ; and a legislative reward of $3000, for the arrest of the murderer, was offered, but in vain. SHAW, AARON. Born in Orange County, New York, in 1811 ; a lawyer by profes sion ; was States Attorney for eight years, in the Fourth Judicial Cir cuit of Illinois, and was a member of the State House of Representatives, in 1849-50. He was elected a Re presentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, from Illinois, serving as a member of the Committee on the MUitia. SHAW, HENRY. He was born in Windham Coun ty, Vermont ; studied law with Judge Foot, in Albany, >New York, and settled to practice in Lanesbo- rough, Berkshire County, Massa chusetts, at the age of twenty-two ; he was nominated for Congress be fore he was eligible, and was subse quently elected, in 1816, to the Six teenth Congress, and voted for the Missouri Compromise, which pre vented his re-election. He was an intimate friend of Henry Clay, and was a personal friend and acquaint ance of ten of the Presidents of the United States. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature for eighteen years, also a member of the Governor's Council, and was the pioneer in the manufacturing pros perity of Western Massachusetts. In 1848 he removed to New York, and resided at Fort Washington, on the Hudson ; was a member of the Board of Education in New York City, and two years in the Common Council, and in 1853 was a member of the Assembly. He removed to Newburg tin 1854, where he re sided until within a few months of his death, which occurred at Peeks- kiU, October 17, 1857, aged sixty- nine years. 426 Biographical Sketches. shaw, henry m. He was born at Newport, Rhode Island, November 20, 1819 ; studied medicine, and graduated at the Uni versity of Pennsylvania ; removed to North Carolina, and was a State Senator in 1852, and a Representa tive, from that State, in the Thirty- third and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committees on Manufactures and Revolutionary Pensions. SHAW, SAMUEL. He was born in Dighton, Massa chusetts, in December, 1768, and removed to Putney, Vermont, at the age of ten years; he received a limited education; commenced the study of medicine at the age of seventeen, and in two years entered upon the practice of his profession at Castleton, Vermont, and became eminent as a surgeon. He entered early into politics, and was one of the victims of the Sedition Law ; for his denunciation of the administra tion of John Adams, he was impri soned, and liberated by the people without the forms of law; and in 1799 was returned as a member of the State Legislature. He was for some time a member of the State Council, and was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1808 to 1813. He was a personal friend of Jefferson and Madison, and gave his earnest support to the measures for the prosecution of the war. On his retirement from Con gress, he was appointed surgeon in the army, and removed to the City of New York ; he was subsequently stationed at Greenbush, St. Louis, and at Norfolk, and held this office until 1816. As an instance of his physical endurance, it may be men tioned that he, on one occasion, rode on horseback from St. Louis, Mis souri, to Albany, New York, in twenty-nine consecutive days. He died at Clarendon, Vermont, Octo ber 22, 1827. SHAW, TRISTAM. Born in New Hampshire in 1787; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843; and died at Exeter, New Hamp shire, March 14, 1843. SHEFFER, DANIEL. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. SHEFFEY, DANIEL. He was born at Frederick, Ma ryland, in 1770 ; had a limited education, was bred to the trade of a shoemaker, and settled in Augusta, Virginia; he after wards studied law, engaged in a lucrative practice ; and frequently represented his county in the House of Delegates. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Vir ginia, from 1809 to 1817, and took a high rank. His speech in favor of the renewal of the first Bank of the United States was a masterly production. He was opposed to the war of 1812. He died at his home, December 3, 1830. Biographical Sketches. 427 SHEPARD, CHARLES B. Born in Newbern, North Caro Una, December 5, 1807 ; graduated at Chapel Hill, in 1827 ; was elected to Congress, in 1837, where he continued to serve until 1841 ; and died in October, 1843. SHEPARD, WILLIAM B. Born in Newbern, North Caro lina, in 1799 ; educated at Chapel HiU ; studied law, and became eminent in his profession ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1827 to 1837, when he decUned a re-election ; in 1838 he was elected to the State Senate, and served five terms. He died at Elizabeth City, June 20, 1852. SHEPHERD, WILLIAM. Born in Massachusetts, Decem ber 1, 1737 ; he served six years as a captain in the revolutionary army, and distinguished himself at WiUiam Henry and Crown Point ; in 1783 he was chosen a brigadier- general, having fought in twenty- two battles ; he was subsequently a major-general of mUitia ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1797 to 1803. Died at Westfield, Massachusetts, November 11, 1817. SHEPLEY, ETHER. A Senator in Congress, from Maine, from 1833 to 1836. He was born in Groton, Massachusetts, November 2, 1789 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1811 ; stu died law and commenced the prac tice in Saco, but subsequently settled in Portland ; , he was in the Massachusetts Legislature in 1819 ; a member of the'Convention that formed the first Constitution of Maine, in 1820 ; he was for thirteen years Attorney of the United States for Maine ; after leaving the Senate of the United States, he was chosen a Justice of the Su preme Court of Maine, and subse quently Chief Justice of the same, which latter position he held until 1855. While on the bench he fur nished the materials for twenty-six volumes of Reports, and as sole Commissioner, was appointed to re vise the statutes of Maine. He is Trustee of Bowdoin College, from which institution he received the degree of LL.D. SHEPLOR, MATTHIAS. Born in Pennsylvania ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1837 to 1839. SHEPPERD, AUGUSTUS H. He was born in Surry County, North Carolina ; educated a law yer ; served in the House of Com mons, from 1822 to 1826 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1829 to 1839, again from 1841 to 1843, and again from 1847 to 1851. SHERBURNE, J. S. He was born in New Hampshire ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1776 ; attended the law school at Harvard ; was a Judge of the Su perior Court of New Hampshire ; and was a Representative in Con- 428 Biographical Sketches. gress, from New Hampshire, from 1793 to 1797. He died in 1830, aged seventy-three years. SHEREDINE, UPTON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1791 to 1792. SHERMAN, JOHN. Born in Lancaster, Ohio, May 10, 1823 ; is a lawyer by profes sion ; and was elected a Represen tative to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs. SHERMAN, J. W. He was born in New York ; and elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Unfinished Business. SHERMAN, ROGER. Born at Newton, Massachusetts, April 19, 1721. He had no advan tages for education, yet he was eager in the pursuit of knowledge, and while apprenticed to a shoe maker, he often had a book open before him while at his work. In 1743 he removed to New Milford, Connecticut, carrying his tools upon his back. He afterwards studied law, and settled at New Haven, and was admitted to the bar in 1754. He was a Judge of the County and Superior Courts ; and a mem ber of the first Congress, in 1774, and continued a member for many years. He signed the Declaration | of Independence in 1 7 7 6. After the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, in regard to which he took a prominent part, he was elected a Representative to Con gress ; and chosen a Senator in 1791, continuing in that station till his death, July 23, 1793. He was a profound and sagacious states man, an able and upright judge, and an exemplary Christian. He was made Master of Arts by Yale College, and was for many years Treasurer of that institution. SHERRILL, ELIAKIM. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849, and was a member of the Commit tee on Manufactures. SHERWOOD, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress,, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. SHERWOOD, SAMUEL B. He was born in Connecticut; graduated at Yale College in 1786; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1819, and died in 1833. SHIELDS, BENJAMIN G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, from 1841 to 1843. SHIELDS, EBENEZER J. Born in Georgia, and was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1835 to 1839. Biographical Sketches. 429 SHIELDS, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1829 to 1831. SHIELDS, JAMES. Was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810, and emigrated to America about 1826. He pursued his mathematical and classical stu dies until the year 1832, when he went to Illinois, and commenced the practice of the law at Kaskaskia. In 1836 he was elected a member of the Illinois legislature, and Au ditor of the State in 1839. In 1843 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court ; and in 1845 Commissioner of the General Land- ¦ office. At the commencement of the Mexican war, he was appointed, by President Polk, a brigadier-ge neral in the United States army, and, for his distinguished services during the course of the war, was promoted to the rank of brevet ma jor-general. In 1848 he was ap pointed. Governor of Oregon Terri tory, which he resigned. In 1849 he was elected to a seat in the Uni ted States Senate, for the term of six years, from the State of Illinois. He subsequently took up his resi dence in the Territory of Minne sota, and in 1857 was elected to re present the same in the Senate of the United States, when she became a State, in which, position he con tinues. SHINN, WILLIAM N. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. SHIPPERD, ZEBULON R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. SHORTER, ELI S. Born in Monticello, Georgia, March 15, 1823 ; graduated at Yale 'College in 1843; is a lawyer by profession, but engaged in the plant ing business. He was elected a Representative, from Alabama, to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. SHOWERS, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1853 to 1855. SIBLEY, HENRY H. He was born in February, 1811, in Detroit, Michigan ; spent much of his early Ufe on the Northwestern frontiers ; was for many years an Indian trader in the employ of the American Fur Company, at Mackinaw and Fort Snelling ; was a Delegate to Congress, from Minnesota Territory, from 1849 to 1853 ; and, having witnessed the progress of Minnesota from a wil derness to an organized State, he was elected, in 1857, its first Gov ernor, which office he still occupies. SIBLEY, JONAS. He was a member of Congress, from Worcester County, Massachu- 430 Biographical Sketches. setts, from 1823 to 1825, and died at Sutton, in that State, February 10, 1834, aged seventy-two years. SIBLEY, MARK H. Born in Great Barrington, Mas sachusetts, in 1796, and removed to Canandaigua, New York, in 1814. He studied law, and was distin guished as an advocate. He was a member of the New York Assem bly in 1834 and 1835 ; a Represen tative in Congress, from 1837 to 1839 ; subsequently a State Sena tor ; and in 1846 a county judge. He died in Canandaigua, New York, September 8, 1852. SIBLEY, SOLOMON. He was born in Sutton, Massachu setts, October 7, 1769. He studied law, and removed to Ohio in 1795, establishing himself fitst at Mari etta and then at Cincinnati, in the practice of his profession. He re moved to Detroit in 1797, and in 1799 was' elected to the first Terri torial Legislature of the North western Territory. He was a De legate to Congress, from the Terri tory of Michigan, from 1820 to 1823; in 1824 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court, and held the office until 1836, when he resigned in consequence of increas ing deafness. He died at Detroit, April 4, 1846. He was universally respected for his talents and mani fold virtues. SICKLES, DANIEL E. He was born in New York, and was bred a lawyer ; for a short time, when Mr. Buchanan was the Ame rican Minister in England,he was the Secretary of that Legation ; and was elected a Representative, from New York, to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 1847 he was a member of the Assembly of New York, and in 1856-57 was a member of the State Senate. He has been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. SICKLES, NICHOLAS. He was born in Kinderhook, New York, was a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1837, and died at Kingston, New York, May 13, 1845. SILL, THOMAS H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Erie County, Pennsyl vania, from 1829 to 1831. SILSBEE, NATHANIEL. Born in Essex County, Massa chusetts, in 1773, and died at Sa lem, Massachusetts, July 1, 1850. He was a distinguished and success ful merchant, and frequently elected to the State Legislature, and was for three years President of the State Senate ; he served as a Re presentative in Congress, from 1816 to 1820 ; and was a Senator of the United States, from 1826 to 1835. He was the firm supporter of the Administration of J. Q. Adams, and when his term expired, Mr. Silsbee offered to vacate his seat in the Senate, in his favor, but the ex-President decUned the proposal Biographical Sketches. 431 SILVESTER, PETER. He was born in New York, was a member of the Albany Committee of Safety in 1774, and of the New York Provincial Congress; was a Judge of the Common Pleas in 1786, and elected a member of the first Congress under the Federal Constitution. He was subsequent ly a State Senator, and died at Kinderhook, January 30, 1845. SILVESTER, PETER H. He was born at Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York, Feb ruary 17, 1807 ; graduated at Union CoUege in 1827 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1830 ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1851. SIMMONS, GEORGE A. He was born in New York; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1816 ; served a number of years in the Assembly of that State ; and was elected a Representative in Congress to the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses, from that State. In 1852 he received from his Alma Mater the degree of LL. D., and died in 1857, aged sixty- six years. SIMMONS, JAMES F. Born in Little Compton, Rhode Island, September 10, 1795. His employments were farming and manufacturing; he was a member of the General Assembly, from 1828 to 1841 ; elected to the Uni ted States Senate in 1841, for six years, from March 4, 1847 ; and again chosen for another term, be ginning March 4, 1857 ; and is a member of the Committees on Claims, and on Patents and the Patent-office. SIMONS, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1843 to 1845, and died in Bridgeport, Connecticut, January 13, 1847, aged fifty-five years. SIMONTON, WILLIAM. He was a member of Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1839 to 1843, and died at South Hanover, Pennsylvania, May 18, 1846. SIMPKINS, ELDRED. He was born in Edgefield Coun ty, South Carolina, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1818 to 1821. SIMPSON, RICHARD F. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1843 to 1847. He graduated at the University of South Carolina in 1816; adopted the profession of law; and before entering Congress had been a mem ber of the Senate of his native State. SIMS, ALEXANDER D. He was born in Brunswick Coun ty, Virginia, June 12, 1803, and died at Kingstree, South Carolina, 432 Biographical Sketches. November 16, 1848. He went through a course of studies at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and finished his education at Union Col lege, New York. He read and practiced law in Virginia, and re moving to South Carolina, taught an academy at Darlington Court House. In 1829 he commenced the practice of law in South Ca rolina, and became a prominent member of the bar in that State. He had a taste for politics, and during the Nullification times was active and decided ; and he was a member of Congress, from 1845 to 1849. SIMS, LEONARD H. Born in North Carolina, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Missouri, from 1845 to 1847. SINGLETON, 0. R. Born in Jessamine County, Ken tucky ; graduated at St. Joseph College, Bardstown, Kentucky, and adopted the law as a profession ; he was two years in the. Lower House of the Mississippi Legisla ture ; six years in the State Senate ; a Presidential Elector in 1852 ; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-third Congress, and re-elect ed to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from the same State, and is a mem ber of the Joint Committee on Printing. SINGLETON, THOMAS D. He was elected to Congress, from South Carolina, in 1833, and while on his way to Washington to take his seat, he died at Raleigh, North Carolina. SINNICKSON, THOMAS. Born in Salem, New Jersey, De cember 13, 1786; received a com mon school education ; commenced active life as a merchant; was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for twenty years ; a member of the New Jersey Legislature; Judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals ; and a Representative in Congress, during the years 1828 and 1829. SINNICKSON, THOMAS. Born in Salem County, New Jer sey, received a classical education, and was bred a merchant. He served in the revolutionary war at the bat tles of Trenton and Princeton, in the capacity of captain ; was for many years, a member of the Coun cil and Assembly of New Jersey, and the Presiding Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; he was a correspondent of the Committee of Safety, during the Revolution, and a Representative in the first Congress, after the adoption of the Constitution, from 1789 to 1791, and again from 1797 to 1799- SITGREAVES, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1795 to 1798 ; and was then appointed, by President Adams, Commissioner to treat with Great Britain. Biographical Sketches. 433 SKELTON, CHARLES. Born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1851 to 1855. SKINNER, RICHARD. He was born at Litchfield, Con necticut, May 30, 1788, and re ceived his education at the cele brated law school of his native town ; he was admitted to the bar in 1800, and removed to Manches ter, Vermont. In 1801 he was appointed States Attorney for Ben nington County, and in 1809 Judge of Probate ; and was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1815; Judge of the Su preme Court in 1816 ; and Chief Justice in 1817. In 1818 he was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature, and was Speaker. He was Governor in 1820, 1821, and 1822 ; was re-appointed Chief Jus tice in 1824, and resigned in 1829. He died at Manchester, May 23, 1833, much respected for his pub lic services and private worth. He was President of the Northeastern Branch of the American Education Society ; was a member of the Board of Trustees of Middlebury College, from which institution he received the degree of LL. D. He was also interested in various local benevolent associations. SKINNER, THOMSON J., Je. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1796 to 1799, and again from 1803 to 1805; in 1804 he was appoint- 28 ed, by President Jefferson, Com missioner of Loans. SLADE, CHARLES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from IUinois, from 1833 to 1834, and died on his return from Washington, in Knox County,' In diana, after an illness of only twenty- four hours. SLADE, WILLIAM. He was born in Vermont ; gra duated at Middlebury College ; and was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1831 to 1843 ; and Governor of Vermont, from 1844 to 1846. SLAYMAKER, AMOS. He was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1814 to 1815. SLIDELL, JOHN. Born in New York about the year 1793, and on reaching the age of manhood removed to New Or leans, where he established himself as a lawyer, and practiced his profession with success. He was appointed, by President Jackson, United States District Attorney; was frequently elected to the Legislature of Louisiana ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845; while in Congress he was appointed, by President Polk, Minister to Mexico ; and in 1853 was elected to the United States. Senate for the unexpired term of Senator Soule, and was re- 434 Biographical Sketches. elected for six years, and was Chair man of the Committee on the Con dition of^the Banks, and is a member of the Committees on Naval Af fairs and Foreign Relations. SLINGERLAND, JOHN I. He was born in Albany County, New York, March 1, 1804; re ceived a good common school edu cation; and, as a business, has devoted nearly his whole life to agricultural pursuits. He was a member of the New York Legisla ture in 1843, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from New York, from 1847 to 1849. SLOAN, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1803 to 1809. SLOANE, JOHN. Born in York, Pennsylvania, but removed to Ohio, while yet a Ter ritory. He was elected a member of the General Assembly in 1804, and in 1805 and 1806 was Speaker. He was Receiver of Public Moneys at Canton, from 1808 to 1816, and afterwards at Wooster, until 1819, when he was elected to Congress as a Representative, continuing a mem ber until 1829. He was also Clerk of the Common Pleas for seven years, Secretary of State for three years, and Treasurer of the United States under President Fillmore. He was a colonel of miUtia during the war of 1812, and died in Woos ter, May 15, 1856, aged seventy- seven years. SLOCUM, JESSE. . Was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1817 to 1821, and died in Wash ington before the expiration of his term. SMART, EPHRAIM K. Born at Prospect, Maine, (now Searsport,)in 1813. Hewasthrown upon his own resources to obtain means for his education, which he received at the Maine Wesleyan Se minary. After the study of law for three years, he was admitted to the bar in Camden. He was ap pointed Postmaster in 1838, and in 1841 was elected State Senator. In 1842 he was aid to the Governor, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was re-elected to the Senate the same year. In 1843 he went to Missouri, and practiced law, as an attorney and counselor and so licitor in chancery ; but returned to Camden, and was again Postmaster in 1845. He was a Representative from Maine, in Congress, from 1847 to 1849, and from 1851 to 1853. From 1853 to 1858 he was Collec tor at Belfast. In 1854 he.estab- lished the Maine Free Press, and was its editor three years ; and in 1858 returned to the practice of law in Camden, and in September of that year was again elected to the Le gislature. SMELT, DENNIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1806 to 1811. Biographical Sketches. 435 SMILIE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1793 to 1795, and again from 1799 to 1813. SMITH, ALBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1839 to 1841, and was a member -of the Committee on PubUc Expenditures. SMITH, ALBERT. He was born in New York, and was a member of the New York Assembly, from Genesee County, in 1842, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. SMITH, ARTHUR. Born in the County of Isle of Wight, Virginia, November 15, 1785 ; was educated at the College of William and Mary ; served with credit at the head of a militia force at Norfolk, in 1812 ; was a member of the Privy Council of Virginia, and subsequently a member of the State Legislature ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1821 to 1825. He was a lawyer by pro fession, but never practiced. He died in Virginia, March 30, 1853. SMITH, BALLARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1815 to 1821. SMITH, BERNARD. He was born in Morristown, New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1819 to 1821, when he was appointed, by President Monroe, Register of the Land-office in Ar kansas. SMITH, CALEB B. He was born in Boston, Massachu setts, April 1 6, 1 8 0 8 ; emigrated with his parents to Ohio in 1814; and was educated at the Cincinnati College and Miami University; adopted the profession of law, and settled in Indiana ; in 18 32 he esta blished and edited a Whig journal called the Indiana" Sentinel; in 1833 he was elected a member of the Legislature ; re-elected in 1834, 1835, and 1836, during the latter year officiating as Speaker; in 1847 and 1848 he was a member of the Board of Fund Commissioners; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1843 to 1849. He was also a Presiden tial Elector in 1840 and 1856; and after leaving Congress, in 1849, he was appointed, by President Taylor, one of the members of the Board for investigating the claims of American citizens against Mex ico. He is at the present time practicing his profession in Cincin nati, Ohio. SMITH, DANIEL. He was a Senator in Congress, from Tennessee, during the years 436 Biographical Sketches. 1798 and 1799, and again from 1805 to 1809. He died in July, 1818. • SMITH, F. 0. I. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1833 to 1839. SMITH, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1809 to 1813. SMITH, GERRITT. Born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. SMITH, ISAAC. He was a graduate of Princeton College in 1755, and a tutor in that institution ; a Representative in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1795 to 1797; was appointed, by President Washington, in the latter year, a Commissioner to treat with the Seneca Indians ; and was a Judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey. He died in 1807. SMITH, ISAAC He was a native of Pennsylvania, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815. SMITH, ISRAEL. Born in Connecticut, April 4, 1759. He graduated at Yale Col lege in 1781, studied law, and set tled at Rupert, Vermont. He sub sequently settled at Rutland, and was sent to the State Legislature from that town. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1791 to 1797, again in 1800, and a Senator in Congress during the years 1801 and 1802. He was also appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1797, and was Governor of Ver mont in 1807. He died December 2, 1810. SMITH, JAMES S. He was born in Orange County, North Carolina, and was educated for the medical profession ; served in the Legislature of North Caro lina in 1821 ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. SMITH, JEDEDIAH K. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1807 to 1809. SMITH, JEREMIAH. Born in Peterborough, New Hampshire, and graduated at Rnt- ger's College, New Jersey, in 1780, and also received, from Harvard College, the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was a Representative in Congress, from New Hampshire, in 1791, and continued there till 1797, being one of the last survivors of the distinguished men who partici pated with Washington in the ad ministration of the government Biographical Sketches. 437 He was appointed, by John Adams, in 1801, a Judge of the United States Circuit Court, but did not serve, as the office was soon after wards abolished by Congress. He was chosen Governor of New Hamp shire in 1809, and was for several years Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the State. His extraordi nary mental endowments not only re mained unimpaired, but even shone forth brightest when he was near the close of his long Ufe. Few per sons have been more widely known as statesmen and jurists, or have left behind them a more enduring reputation. His acquaintance with books was extensive, and his lite rary taste remarkably correct and pure. He was highly esteemed, not only as a lawyer and judge, but for his eminent social qualifications, and for aU the attributes of a great and good man He was a patron and friend of Daniel Webster, and died at Dover, New Hampshire, September 21, 1843. SMITH, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1799 to 1804 ; from 1804 to 1813 he was a Senator in Congress; and was appointed, in the latter year, by President Madison, United States Marshal for New York. He died in 1816. SMITH, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1801 to 1815. SMITH, JOHN. He was born in 1735, was a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, from 1803 to 1808, and died in July, 1816. SMITH, JOHN. He was born at Barre, Massa chusetts, in August, 1789 ; received a limited education, and removed in early life to St. Albans, Vermont, where he was admitted to practice as a lawyer in 1810. He repre sented St. Albans in the Legisla ture for nine successive years, and was elected States Attorney of Franklin County in 1826, and served six years. In 1831, 1832, and 1833, he was Speaker in the General Assembly. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from Ver mont, from 1839 to 1841, after which he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1846 he became enlisted in important railroad pro jects, and was so engaged at the time of his sudden death, which occurred at St. Albans, November 20, 1858. He received the degree of A.M. from Middlebury Col lege and the University of Ver mont. SMITH, JOHN B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Louisiana, from 1853 to 1855. SMITH, JOHN COTTON. He was born in Sharon, Connec ticut, February 12, 1765, and gra duated at Yale College in 1783. 438 Biographical Sketches. He studied law, and was admitted to practice, in Litchfield County, in 1786. He was a member of the General Assembly in 1793, and from 1796 to 1800 was, a member of the Lower House, and in 1799 was elected Speaker. He was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1800 to 1806, and was again a member of the Le gislature until 1809, when he was chosen a member of the Council. He also held the several offices of Governor of Connecticut, from 1812 to 1817, Lieutenant-Governor, and Judge of the Superior Court. He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale College ; was a member of the Northern Society of Antiqua ries in Copenhagen ; also of the Connecticut Historical Society, and of various religious associations. He died at Sharon, Connecticut, November 7, 1845, and had devoted the latter years of his life to agri cultural and literary pursuits. SMITH, JOHN SPEED. He was repeatedly a member of the Kentucky Legislature, and from 1821 to 1823, a Representative in Congress. He died in Madison County, Kentucky, June 6, 1854. SMITH, JOHN T. He was bom in Pennsylvania, and elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845, and was a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department. SMITH, JOSIAH. He was born in Massachusetts; graduated at Harvard University in 1774 ; was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1801 to 1802, and died in 1828. SMITH, NATHAN. He was born at Roxbury, Con necticut, in 1770 ; received his pro fessional education at the Law School in Litchfield ; was a mem ber of the Convention that formed the State Constitution ; for many years States Attorney for the Coun ty of New Haven ; frequently in the State Legislature, and for seve ral years United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut. He represented his native State in the Senate of the United States, from 1833 to 1835. He was long known as an eminent lawyer, respected for his integrity and ability. He died at Washington, District of Colum bia, December 6, 1836. SMITH, NATHANIEL. He was born in Woodbury, Con necticut, January 6, 1762. His education was limited, but he ob tained distinction by the energy of his talents. He studied law, and settled to practice in his native town, in 1789. He was for many . years a member of the State Legis lature, having served in both Houses. He was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1795 to 1799. In 1806 he was elected Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and held the office until 1819. Biographical Sketches. 439 He died March 9, 1822 ; his legal knowledge was extensive, and he was greatly esteemed for his integ rity and piety. SMITH, OLIVER H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Indiana, from 1837 to 1843, and a Representative from 1827 to 1829. He is the author. of a work giving his " Recollections of Con gressional Life." SMITH, PERRY. Born in Washington, Connecti cut; attended the Litchfield Law School, and settled in New Milford in 1807. He was a State Repre sentative for four years, Judge of Probate for two years, and a Sena tor in Congress, from 1837 to 1843. He died in New MUford in 1852. SMITH, ROBERT. Born in Peterborough, New Hampshire, June 12, 1802, and re ceived a limited education. He was a farmer by occupation until he attained his twentieth year, but subsequently engaged in manufac turing and merchandising. Re moving to Illinois in 1832, he served in the IUinois Legislature from 1836 to 1840 ; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House of Representatives of Illinois, from 1840 to 1843, aud was then elected to Congress, and served till March 4, 1849, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, being Chair man of the Committee on Mileage. " Of late years he has taken an active part in organizing the railroads in his adopted State. SMITH, SAMUEL. He was born in Pennsylvania, July 27, 1752. He was a distin guished merchant of Baltimore, and contributed largely to the advance ment of that city, of which he was once mayor. He rose from the rank of captain to that of brigadier-gene ral in the revolutionary war. In 1776 he was a member of the Con vention for framing the Constitution of Maryland ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1793 to 1803, and again from 1816 to 1822; and a Senator in Congress from 1803 to 1815, and again from 1822 to 1823. He died suddenly, at Baltimore, April 25, 1839. SMITH, SAMUEL. Born in 1767, in Peterborough, New Hampshire ; held many public positions ; was for many years a manufacturer of paper ; and a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815. He died in 1842. SMITH, SAMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, fromPennsylvania, from 1805 to 1809. SMITH, SAMUEL A. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Backs County, Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1833, serving, during 440 Biographical Sketches. his second term, on the Committee on Agriculture. SMITH, SAMUEL A. He was born in Monroe County, 'Tennessee, June 26, 1822. He lost his father when quite young, and with limited opportunities for attending school, spent the most of his time on a farm, until he became of age. At that time he began to attend school in earnest, and at the end of three months became a teacher, and for two years alter nately attended and taught school in his native county. He also taught school, for awhile, during ten months that he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. During that year he was elected Attorney- General for the Third Ju dicial District of Tennessee, which office he held until 1848. He was a delegate to the National Conven tion of that year held at Baltimore, and was soon afterwards elected a Presidential Elector, and was again chosen an Elector in 1852. In 1850 he took a deep interest in the affairs of the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, and he was elect ed a Representative, from Tennes see, to the Thirty-third Congress, and re-elected to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is Chairman of the Joint Committee on Printing. SMITH, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1815 to 1817. SMITH, THOMAS. Born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1843 to 1847. SMITH, TRUMAN. He was born in Roxbury, Litch field County, Connecticut, Novem ber 27, 1791; graduated at Yale CoUege in 1815 ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1818 ; he was elected to the State Legislature in 1831, and re-elected in 1832 and 1834 ; in 1839 he was elected a Representative in Con gress, and re-elected in 1841, 1845, and 1847 ; in 1849 he took his seat in the United States Senate, for a full term of six years, resigning in 1854. Of late years he has been engaged in the practice of his pro fession in New York City. SMITH, WILLIAM. He was a Delegate to the Conti nental Congress, from Maryland, from 1777 to 1778, and a Repre sentative under the Constitution, from 1789 to 1791, when he was appointed, by President Washing ton, Auditor of the Treasury. SMITH, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1789 to 1797, and resigned on being appointed United States Minister to Portugal, by President John Adams. Biographical Sketches. 441 SMITH, WILLIAM. He was born in 1765, and was a native of South Carolina. He was elected a Representative in Con gress, from the Charleston District, South Carolina, from 1797 to 1799. He was a Senator of the United States, from 1816 to 1823, and again from 1826 to 1831. He was a distinguished supporter of the doctrine of State rights. He spent the later years of his life in Ala bama, and died at Huntsville, in July, 1840. SMITH, WILLIAM. Born in King George County, Virginia, September 6, 1797. After prosecuting his studies at Plain- field Academy, in Connecticut, and at private schools in Virginia, he studied law, and commenced the practice in 1818. Soon after he was the means of estabUshing a line of post-coaches through Virgina, the CaroUnas, and Georgia, by which he made a fortune ; and in 1836 he was elected to the State Legislature; and re-elected in 1840. He was a Representative in Con gress, during the term of 1842 and 1843; in 1845 he was elected Go vernor of Virginia for three years ; and in 1853 was re-elected a Re presentative in Congress, in which position he has continued to the present time. He was Chariman of the Committee on the Laws of Public Printing, and is a member of the Committee on Territories. SMITH, WILLIAM R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Alabama, his native State, from 1851 to 1855, where he acquired reputation by making a demonstration against Kossuth. He has chiefly devoted himself to litera ture and law, and has had a seat on the bench of Alabama. SMITH, WILLIAM S. He was for three years a member of the New York Assembly, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1816. SMYTH, ALEXANDER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1817 to 1825, and again from 1827 to 1830. SMYTHE, GEORGE W. Born in North Carolina,' and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Texas, from 1853 to 1855. SNEED, WILLIAM H. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. SNODGRASS, JOHN FRYALL. Born in Berkeley County, Virgi nia, March 2, 1804 ; was a lawyer by profession, and practiced in Parkersburg, Virginia. He was a member of the Virginia Constitu tional Convention assembled at Richmond, in 1850; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1853 442 Biographical Sketches. until his death, which occurred while trying a case in court, in Parkers burg, June 5, 1854. SNYDER, ADAM W. Born in 1801; frequently served in the State Legislature of Illinois, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. He was a candidate for Go vernor of the State at the time of his death, which occurred at Belle ville, Illinois, May 14, 1842. SNYDER, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, and was a member of the Committee on the Militia. SOLLERS, AUGUSTUS R. Born in Maryland, and was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1841 to 1843, and again from 1853 to 1855. SOULE, NATHAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833. He was also a member of the State Assembly, from Ononda ga, in 1837. SOULE, PIERRE. Born at Castillon, in the Pyre nees, during the First Consulate of Napoleon. He was destined for the church, and in 1816 was sent to the Jesuits' College at Toulouse. He was afterwards sent to complete his studies at Bordeaux. At the age of fifteen he took part in a conspi racy against the Bourbons, and the plot having been discovered, he was obliged to take refuge in a little vil lage of Navarre, where he remained for more than a year, following the occupation of a shepherd. He was permitted to return to Bordeaux; but he longed for a more exciting scene of action, and accordingly re paired to Paris. Here, in conjunc tion with Barthelemy and Mery, he established a paper advocating li beral republican sentiments. This soon brought him under the eye of the authorities, and he was put upon his trial. His advocate appealed to the clemency of the court in behalf of the prisoner on the score of his youth. This line of defence did not suit the prisoner, who rose from his seat and addressed the court, deny ing the criminality of his opinions, and conduct. His eloquence did not save him from St. Pelagie, whence he succeeded in making his escape to England. Disappointed in his expectations of obtaining a situation in Chile, which had been promised him, and finding himself alone in a strange country, wholly ignorant of the language, he returned to France. At Havre he met a friend, a captain in the French navy, who advised him to seek an asylum in the United States, and offered him a passage in his ship as far as St. Domingo. He accepted the proposition, and ar rived at Port-au-Prince, in Septem ber, 1825. From this place he took passage to Baltimore, and finally removed to New Orleans, in the fall Biographical Sketches. 443 of 1825. Having determined to make the law his profession, he first applied himself assiduously to the study of English, and passed his ex amination for the bar in that lan guage, and was admitted. In 1847 he was elected a Senator in Con gress, from Louisiana, to fill a va cancy, and was re-elected, in 1849, for the term of six years. In 1853 he was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to Spain. SOUTHGATE, WILLIAM W. Born in Kentucky, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. SOUTHARD, HENRY. Born on Long Island, October, 1749. When he was eight years of age his father removed to Basking- ridge, in the Colony of New Jersey. He received but an ordinary educa tion, and, as a day-laborer, earned the money to buy a farm. He took an active part in the revolutionary war, and after the adoption of the Constitution, served nine years in the State Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1801 to 1811, and from 1815 to 1821. A short time before retiring from Congress, he met his son in joint committee, and they voted to gether on the Missouri Compromise. He died June 2, 1842. He was a man of superior talents and remark able memory. SOUTHARD, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1831 to 1833. SOUTHARD, SAMUEL L. Was the son of Henry Southard ; born in Baskingridge, New Jersey, June 9, 1787. He graduated at Princeton in 1804, and soon after wards removed to Virginia, where he was admitted to the bar. In 1811 he returned to his native State, and rose to a high position as a lawyer. He was, for several years, Deputy Attorney, and in 1814 was admitted as counselor-at-law, and appointed Law Reporter, by the Legislature. In 1815 he was elected to the Le gislature, and, in a week after tak ing his seat, was placed on the bench of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. In 1820 was a Pre sidential Elector. In 1821 he was elected a Senator in Congress, re mained there until 1823, when he was appointed, by President Mon roe, Secretary of the Navy'; he was also Acting Secretary of the Trea sury, and for a short period, Act ing Secretary of War. In 1822 he was elected a Trustee of Nassau Hall, and also of the Theological Seminary of Princeton. In 1830 he was elected Attorney-General of the State ; and in 1832, was Gover nor of the State. In 1833 he was re-elected to the United. States Se nate, and served until 1842, and on the death of President Harrison, he became the President of the Senate. 444 Biographical Sketches. He is remembered in New Jersey, as the "favorite son" of that State. He died at Fredericksburg, Virgi nia, June 26, 1842. SPALDING, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1805 to 1806. SPAIGHT, RICHARD D. He commenced his academic stu dies in Ireland, and finished his education at the University of Glas gow. He joined the American army in 1778, as aid-de-camp to General Caswell, and was at the battle of Camden in 1780. In 1781 he entered the House of Commons of North Carolina ; from 1782 to 1784, was a member of the Con tinental Congress, and also dur ing the years 1785 and 1786 ; and he was one of the delegates to form the Constitution of the United States, to which his name is ap pended. In 1792, he was again elected to the local Legislature, and was the same year elected Gover nor of North Carolina. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1798 to 1801, after which he was elected to the State Senate. On Sunday, September 5, 1802, he fought a duel with the Honorable John Stanley, was wounded in the side, and died in about twenty hours. SPAIGHT, RICHARD D. He was the son of the above, and born in Newbern, North Carolina, in 1796. He graduated at the Uni versity of that State, in 1815 ; stu died law ; served four years in the State Legislature ; was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1823 to 1825 ; he subsequently served ten years in the State Senate, and was Governor of North Carolina, in 1835 and 1836. After retiring from that office, he declined all public positions, and devoted him self to agricultural pursuits. He died in 1850. SPANGLER, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1833 to 1837, and in 1844 was nominated by the Whig party, Governor of the State, but declined the nomi nation. He died in Coshocton, Ohio, October 18, 1856. SPANGLER, JACOB. Born in 1768, was a Represen tative in Congress, from Pennsyl vania, from 181 6 "to 1818, and sub sequently Surveyor-General of the State. Died at York, Pennsylvania, June 17, 1843. SPAULDING, ELBRIDGE G. He was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New York, Feb ruary 24, 1809; was educated at Auburn Academy ; taught school, studied law, and was admitted to practice in Genesee County. In 1834 he removed to Buffalo, and in 1836 was attorney of the Supreme Court of New York, and also soli citor in chancery, and in 1839, was counselor of the same. In 1836, Biographical Sketches. 445 he was appointed city clerk of Buffalo ; in 1841 he was alderman, and in 1847 was elected mayor. In 1848 he was a member of the As sembly of the State, and from 1849 to 1851 he was a Representative in Congress, serving on the Com mittee of Foreign Relations. In 1853 he was elected Treasurer of the State of New York, and was a member of the Canal Board for two years ; and is now President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Genesee, at Buffalo. SPEED, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1817 to 1819. SPEIGHT, JESSE. Born in Greene County, North CaroUna, September 22, 1795. His education was limited, but his natural abUities were of a high order. In 1822 he was a member of the House of Commons ; in 1823 of the Senate, where he con tinued until 1827, officiating several years as Speaker ; and he was a Re presentative in Congress, from North Carolina, from 1829 to 1837. He decUned a re-election ; removing to Mississippi, was elected to the Legis lature there and made Speaker ; and from 1845 to 1847, was a Senator in Congress, from his adopted State. He died at Columbus, Mississippi, May 5, 1847. SPENCE, JOHN S. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maryland, from 1837 to 1841, and a Representative, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1831 to 1833: SPENCE, THOMAS A. He graduated at Yale College in 1829 ; and was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from Mary land, from 1843 to 1845. SPENCER, AMBROSE. Born in Salisbury, Connecticut, December 13, 1765; in 1799 en tered Yale College, and remained three years, but graduated at Har vard University in 1783 ; studied law, and settled at Hudson, New York. He was a member of the Assembly in 1793 ; from 1795 to 1798, State Senator; in 1796 As sistant Attorney-General of the Counties of Columbia, and Rensse laer, and a member of the Council of Appointment ; in 1802 was At torney-General for the State ; in 1804 was chosen Judge, and in 1810 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State. In 1823 he retired from the bench, and was engaged at the bar ; and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from New Ybrk, from 1829 to 1831. He was also mayor of Al bany one term. He retired to the village of Lyons, in 1839, and en gaged in agricultural pursuits, and in 1844 was President of the Na tional Whig Convention, at Balti more. He died at Lyons, March 13, 1848. SPENCER, ELIJAH. He was a member of the New York Assembly in 1819; and a 546 Biographical Sketches. Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1823. SPENCER, J. B. He served as a captain in the war of 1812, and was in several en gagements ; he was in the Legisla ture of New York, in 1831 and 1832 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. He subsequently held the various positions of Elec tor, Magistrate, County Judge, Collector, and Indian Agent. He died at Fort Covington, Kentucky, in March, 1848. SPENCER, JOHN C He was born in Hudson, New York, January 8, 1783. He en tered Williams College, but soon went to Union College, where he graduatedin 1806. President Nott was then at the head of the Col lege, and one of the last profes sional acts of Mr. Spencer was to defend in Court the President's Ad ministration for many years of the affairs of the College. Mr. Spen cer was admitted to the bar in 1809, and opened an office in Canandai gua. He lived in Canadaigua until 1845, when he removed to Albany, where he resided until his death. He was private secretary to Gover nor Daniel D. Tompkins, and at the age of nineteen, became connected with public affairs, and from that time untU his last illness, no promi nent public event occurred in which he did not take an interest. In 1811 he was made Master in Chancery; in 1813 he was Brigade Judge-Advocate, in active service on the frontier ; in 1814 he was ap pointed Postmaster of Canandai gua; in 1815 was Assistant Attor ney-General for the western part of the State ; and in 1816 was elected to Congress, where he remained two years. While there he was one of the Committee who examined into the affairs of the United States Bank, and their report was drawn by his hand. In 1820 he was first elected to the Assembly, and was chosen Speaker. The next year he was returned, but was in the mino rity. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate, and served four years. He joined the Anti-Masonic party and was appointed, by Governor Van Buren, Special Attorney-Gene ral, under the law passed for that purpose, to prosecute those con nected with the alleged abduction of Morgan. In 1832 he was again elected to the Assembly. In 1839 he was appointed Secretary of State and Superintendent of Com mon Schools, and did much to re duce them to a system. He served for two years. He was appointed Regent of the University in 1840. In October, 1841, he was made Secretary of War, by President Tyler, and in March, 1843, was transferred to the Treasury Depart ment, but resigned in 1844, from his opposition to the annexation of Texas. Mr. Spencer was a suc cessful lawyer, but he achieved his highest fame from his connection with the revision of the statutes of Biographical Sketches. 447 New York. Not content with merely preparing the statutes, he - followed them up with a series of essays explaining their purposes. So great confidence was placed in him by the people, that he was se lected to revise the whole body of the law of the State ; but his ad vancing age compelled him to de cline the task. He was industrious, and a man of intellect and intense energy. He died at Albany, May 18, 1855. SPENCER, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1829 to 1831. SPINNEB, FRANCIS E. Born in the town of German Flats, Herkimer County, New York, (where the viUage of Mo hawk now stands,) January 21, 1802 ; and received most of his instruction from his father, who was a highly educated German clergy man. For twenty years he was the executive officer of the Mohawk Valley Bank ; he held all the com missions, from the Governors of New York, from a Ueutenant to a major-general of the State Artil lery ; was County Sheriff, and Com missioner for building the State Lunatic Asylum. From 1845 to 1849 he was Auditor in the Naval Office at New York ; and in 1854 was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, serving as a member of the Committee on Accounts. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. SPRAGUE, PELEG. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1797 to 1799, and is supposed to have been the father of the Repre sentative from Maine of the same name. SPRAGUE, WILLIAM. He was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, in 1800. When quite young he was elected to the General As sembly, and in 1832 was chosen Speaker of the House. In 1835 he was chosen Representative to Con gress, and declined a re-election. He was Governor of Rhode Island, in 1838 and 1839, and in 1842 was elected to the United States Senate. He was a member of the Assembly of his State at the time of his death, which occurred in Provi dence, October 19, 1851. SPRAGUE, WILLIAM. He was born in Rhode Island, and removing to Michigan, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. SPRIGG, JAMES C. Born in Maryland, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1841 to 1843. SPRIGG, MICHAEL C. He was frequently a member of the Maryland Legislature, at one time President of the Chesa- 448 Biographical Sketches. peake and Ohio Canal, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1827 to 1831. He died at Cumberland, Maryland, in December, 1845. SPRIGG, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1796 to 1799, and from 1801 to 1802. SPRIGG, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1793 to 1796. SPRUANCE, PRESLEY. He was a Senator in Congress, from Delaware, from 1847 to 1853. STALLWORTH, JAMES A. Born in Conecuh County, Ala bama, April 7, 1822. He received an academic education; studied law ; served in the Legislature dur ing the years 1845-6, and 1847-8; was twice elected Solicitor for his District ; and was elected a Repre sentative to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, serving as a member of the Committee on Commerce. STANBERRY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1827 to 1833. " STANDIFER, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1823 to 1825, and again from 1829 to 1837. He died near Kingston, Tennessee, August 24, 1836. STANFORD, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1797 to 1816. STANLEY, EDWARD. Born in North Carolina, and served three years in the House of Commons, most, of the time as Speaker ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1843, and again from 1847 to 1853. He subsequently left his native State, and emigrated to California. STANLEY, JOHN. He was born in North Caro lina; was a distinguished member of the Legislature of North Caro lina, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1801 to 1803, and again from 1809 to 1811. He was an able and eloquent deba ter, greatly respected for his talents and private character. While de livering a speech in the Legislature, in 1826, he was arrested by an at tack of hemiplegia, from the effects of which he suffered until his death, August 3, 1834, at Newbern, North Carolina. STANTON, BENJAMIN. Born at Mount Pleasant, Jeffer son County, Ohio, June 4, 1809. ¦ He lived on a farm until the age of seventeen, and then worked at the trade of a tailor untU he was twenty- one. He studied law, and settled in Bellefontaine, Ohio, in April, 1834, where he practiced his pro fession. He was elected to the State Senate in 1841/ resigned in Biographical Sketches. 449 1842, but was re-elected the same year. In 1850 he was a delegate to the Ohio Constitutional Conven tion, and in October of that year was elected to the House of Representa tives of the Thirty-second Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty- fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses ; and is one of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and a mem ber of the Committee on Military Affairs. He has also been re-elect ed to the Thirty-sixth Congress. STANTON, FREDERICK P. Born in the District of Columbia, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1845 to 1847, and again from 1847 to 1855. STANTON, JOSEPH. He was a Senator in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1790 to 1793, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1801 to 1807. STANTON, RICHARD H. Born in the District of Columbia, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1849 to 1855. STARKWEATHER, DAVID A. Born in Connecticut, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1839 to 1841, and again from 1845 to 1847. STARKWEATHER, GEORGE A. Born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from 9.9 New York, from 1847 to 1849, and was a member of the Committee on Accounts. STEARNS, ASAHEL. He was born at Lunenburg, Mas sachusetts, in 1774; graduated at Cambridge University in 1797 ; was educated as a lawyer ; practiced with reputation many years at Chelmsford; was several years County Attorney for Middlesex County ; was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1815 to 1817 ; was appointed Professor of Law at Cambridge in 1817, and continued in the office till 1829, when he resigned. In 1824 he published a volume on Real Actions — a learned work. He was afterwards appointed one of the Commissioners for revising the sta tutes of the Commonwealth. After this work was completed, his health declined, and he continued very feeble till his decease. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Febru ary 5, 1839. STEDMAN, WILLIAM. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1784 ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1803 to 1810 ; and died in 1831. STEELE, JOHN. A Representative in Congress, from North CaroUna, from 1790 to 1793. He was born in Salisbury, November 1, 1764, and died Au gust 14, 1815. He was brought up 450 Biographical Sketches. a merchant, but turned his attention to agricultural pursuits. He served a number of years in the State Le gislature, part of the time as Speak er ; was a member of the State Con vention to consider the Constitution of the Uuited States ; he was, in 1806, Commissioner to adjust the boundaries between the States of North and South Carolina ; was a general of the militia ; and held the office of First Comptroller of the Treasury, under Presidents Wash ington and Adams. On August 14, 1815, he was again elected to the Legislature, but on that day he died. STEELE, JOHN N. Born in Maryland, and elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1837. .STEENROD, lewis. Born in Virginia, and elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1845. STEPHENS, ALEXANDER II. Born in Taliaferro County, Geor gia, February 11, 1812. He was left an orphan at the age of four teen, when kind friends, unsolicited, furnished him with the means to ob tain an education, all of which he subsequently returned with interest. He prepared himself for college in nine months, and graduated at Franklin College in 1832. He studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1834. After paying his debts, his first earnings were de voted to redeeming from the hands of strangers, the home of his child hood, which had been sold after his father's death, and upon which he still resides. In 1836 he was elect ed to the Lower House of the State Legislature, where he served five years, devoting himself especially to the internal interest of his native State. In 1839 he was chosen a delegate to the Commercial Con vention at Charleston, where he is said to have made a deep impression by his peculiar eloquence. In 1842 he was elected to the Senate of his State ; and in 1843 he was elected a Representative in Congress, from Georgia, to which position he has been regularly re-elected to the pre sent time. He has served on many committees, delivered many speech es ; and it was while he officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Territories, that the Territory of Minnesota was admitted into the Union. He is still Chairman of the Committee on Territories. STEPHENS, PHILANDER, Was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1829 to 1833. He died at Springfield, Pennsylva nia, July 8, 1842, aged fifty-four years. STEPHENSON, BENJAMIN. He was a Delegate in Congress, from Illinois Territory, from 1815 to 1816, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys in Bd- wardsviUe, HUnois. Biographical Sketches. 451 STEPHENSON, JAMES. He was born in Gettysburg, Penn sylvania, March 20, 1764, and hav ing removed to Virginia at an early day, commanded a company in the campaign of General St. Clair ; was present at the quelling of the Whis ky Insurrection in Pennsylvania, and was promoted to the office of brigade-inspector ; he served for many years as a Delegate to the Virginia Assembly ; and was a Re presentative in Congress, from Vir ginia, from 1803 to 1805, from 1809 to 1811, and again from 1822 to 1825. He died in August, 1833. STEPHENSON, JAMES S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829 ; and died at Pittsburg, -October 17, 1831. STERIG, JOHN B. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Montgomery County, Penn sylvania, from 1827 to 1831, and a member, in 1829, of the Committee on Private Land Claims. STERLING, ANSEL. He was a native of Connecticut, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1825. STERLING, MICAH. Born at Lyme,. Connecticut, in 1781, and graduated at Yale Col lege in 1804. He removed to the State of New York, and was for some years a member of the Legis lature ; • and a Representative in Congress, from 1821 to 1823. He died at Watertown, New York, April 10, 1844. STERRETT, SAMUEL. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the United States, from Maryland, from 1791 to 1793; and died at Baltimore, July 12, 1833, aged seventy-seven years. STETSON, CHARLES. Born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1849 to 1851. STETSON, SAMUEL. He was born in New York ; served for three years in the As sembly of that State, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845. STEVENS, ABRAHAM P. Born in New York, and elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. STEVENS, HESTOR L. He was born in New York, and on taking up his residence in Michi gan, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. STEVENS, ISAAC I. He was born in North Andover, Massachusetts, in 1818 ; graduated at the West Point Military Aca demy in 1839, and entered the 452 Biographical Sketches. corps of engineers, in which service he continued until 1853, when he was appointed Governor and Su perintendent of Indian Affairs for the Territory of Washington. This office he resigned in 1857, having previously been elected a Delegate to Congress, from Washington Ter ritory, where he still continues. As an officer of the army, he was at the siege of Vera Cruz, under General Scott; fought in several subsequent battles; was severely wounded in the final assault upon the City of Mexico, and was twice breveted for gallant services. He also served for a time as an assist ant in the Coast Survey Office in Washington City. When Governor of Washington Territory, he tra veled throughout its whole extent, and as Commissioner made many treaties with the Indian tribes. STEVENS, JAMES. He was born in Fairfield, Con necticut ; served in Congress as a Representative, from that State, from 1819 to 1821; and in 1822 was appointed Postmaster at Stam ford; he died at that place, in April, 1835, aged sixty-seven years. STEVENS, THADDEUS. Born in Vermont, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1849 to 1853. STEVENSON, ANDREW. He was a native of Virginia, and entered public life in 1804, as a member of the State Legislature, where, after several sessions, he was elected Speaker of the House. He was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1821 to 1834, and for the Twentieth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-second Congresses,from 1828 to 1834, was Speaker. He was appointed Minister to Great Britain in 1836, and remained there till he was succeeded by Mr. Everett, in 1841. After his return to Ame rica, he devoted himself chiefly to agricultural pursuits, and to the interest of the University of Vir ginia, of which institution he was Rector at the time of his death. As a friend and neighbor he was much beloved. He died at Blenheim, Albemarle County, Virginia, Janu ary 25, 1857, aged seventy-three. STEVENSON, JOHN W. Born in Richmond, Virginia; graduated at the University of Vir ginia ; read law, and settled in Covington, Kentucky, in 1841, prac ticing his profession with success ; was elected to the Kentucky Legis lature in 1845, 1846, and 1847; in 1849 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, in which he took a leading part ; he was a member, of the Democratic National Conventions of 1848,1852 andl856; he was twice a Senatorial Elector ; was one of three Commissioners ap pointed to revise the civil and crimi nal code of Kentucky; and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from) that State, and is a member of the Committee on Elec tions. Biographical Sketches. 453 STEWART, ANDREW. . Born in Fayette County, Penn sylvania, in June 1792. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1815 ; was soon afterwards elected to the State Legislature, and served three years ; he was appointed, by President Monroe, District Attor ney for Western Pennsylvania ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1821 to 1829, from 1831 to 1835, and from 1843 to 1847. In Congress and out of it, he was ever a warm advocate of what is known as the "American protective sys tem," and of late years he has been devoted chiefly to the congenial pursuits of agriculture, though pay ing some attention to the business of manufacturing. STEWART, DAVID. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maryland, from 1849 to 1850. STEWART, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, during the years 1818 and 1819. STEWART, JAMES A. He was born in Dorchester Coun ty, Maryland, November 24, 1808 ; received a good education, and stu died law ; served in the State Le gislature ; was a Judge of the Cir cuit Court of Maryland ; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth, and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is Chair man of the Committee on Patents. STEWART, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1800 to 1805. STEWART, JOHN. Born in Chatham, Connecticut, in 1795; is by occupation a farmer; has served many years in the Con necticut Legislature ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. STEWART, WILLIAM. He was born in the town of Mercer, Mercer County, Pennsyl vania, September 16, 1811; was educated at Jefferson College, in that State ; studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1835. He was a member of the State Senate of Pennsylvania for three years, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fifth Con gress, and re-elected to the Thirty- sixth. He is a member of the Com mittee on Expenses in the War Department. STILES, WILLIAM H. He was born in Georgia, and elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845, and before leaving Washing ton was appointed Charge' d'Affaires to Austria. ST. JOHN, HENRY. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1843 to 1847. 454 Biographical Sketches. ST. MARTIN, LOUIS. He was born in Louisiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. STOCKTON, RICHARD. Born at Princeton, New Jersey, April 17, 1764, and graduated at Nassau Hall in 1779; on leaving college he studied law, and was ad mitted to practice at the age of twenty. In 1792 he was a Presi dential Elector. He was a Senator of the United States from 1796 to 1799, and a Representative in Con gress from 1813 to 1815. In 1827 he was a Commissioner for settling the boundary line between New York and New Jersey. He was emi nently distinguished for his talents, was an eloquent and profound law yer, and during more than a quarter of a century was at the head of the bar in New Jersey. He died March 7, 1828, at Princeton. STOCKTON, ROBERT FIELD. He was born at Princeton, New Jersey. Early in life he entered the United States navy, and was actively engaged in some of the most important naval battles during the war of 1812. He commanded the American squadron on the coast of Africa, and he was one of the founders of the Colony of Liberia. He was one of the first of our com manders to introduce and apply steam to naval purposes, the famous sloop-of-war Princeton having been built under his supervision. When war was declared with Mexico, he was placed in command of our fleet in the Pacific, and performed the duties of Commodore, General, and Governor, and the foundation of religion, education, and social pro gress were laid by his instrumentali ty in many of those outposts of our Western world. Soon after his return from the Pacific he resigned his commission in the navy, and devoted himself to the internal im provement of his native State. He was elected United States Senator, from 1851 to 1853, serving as a member of several important com mittees. He is now living in re tirement at Princeton. STODDART, EBENEZER. Born in West Woodstock, Con necticut, May 6, 1786, and gradu ated at Brown University in 1806 ; he was a lawyer by profession, and practiced extensively; had several years been a member of the State Legislature; and was Lieutenant- Governor of the State for one year. He was a Representative in Con gress, from 1821 to 1825, and died at Woodstock, August, 1848. STODDART, JOHN T. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1833 to 1835, and was a member of the Committees on Claims and on the District of Columbia. STOKELY, SAMUEL. He was born in Ohio, received a liberal education ; adopted the pro fession of law; served in the State Biographical Sketches. 455 Legislature ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1841 to 1843, serving on two pro minent committees. STOKES, MONTFORD. Born in North Carolina in 1760 ; was for several years Clerk of the Superior Court, and subsequently of the Senate, in which capacity he became so popular as to be elected to the United States Senate, which honor he declined. He was again elected in 1816 to the same posi tion, and served until 1823. In 1826 he went into the General As sembly as Senator, in 1829 into the Commons, also in 1830, when he was elected Governor of the State. In 1831 he was appointed, by Presi dent Jackson, Indian Agent in Arkansas, where he died, in 1842. STONE, ALFRED P. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1844 to 1845. STONE, DAVID. Born in Bertie County, North Carolina, February 17, 1770 ; gra duated at Princeton College in 1788; studied law, and rose to a high position at the bar; he was four years in the State Le gislature ; Judge of the Supreme Court from 1795 to 1798 ; a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1799 to 1801 ; a Senator in Congress, from 1801 to 1807 ; Governor of North Carolina in 1808; and served a second term as United States Se nator, from 1813 to 1814, which position he resigned, on account of disagreements with his constituents. Died October 7, 1818. STONE, JAMES. Born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. STONE, JAMES W. Born in Kentucky in 1813, and died October 13, 1854. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845, and again from 1851 to 1853. STONE, MICHAEL. He was born in Charles County, Maryland, about the year 1750, and died in 1812. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from his na tive State, from 1789 to 1791 ; and was subsequently, for many years, Judge of the Charles County Court. STONE, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from* Tennessee, from 1838 to 1839. STORER, BELLAMY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1835 to 1837, and was a member of the Committee on Revolutionary Pen sions. STORER, CLEMENT. He was born in 1760, and died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, November 22, 1830. He was a United States Senator, from New Hampshire, from 1817 to 1819. 456 Biographical Sketches. STORRS, HENRY R. Born in Middletown, Connecti cut, in 1787. He graduated at Yale College in 1804 ; practiced law some years at Utica, New York, and during his residence there, was a Representative in Con gress, from 1819 to 1821, and from 1823 to 1831. He afterwards es tablished himself in the City of New York, where he soon became a very eminent practitioner in his profession. He was possessed of extensive and various acquirements, uncommon powers of discrimina tion, great logical exactness, and a ready and powerful elocution ; and as a debater in Congress, he stood conspicuous in the first rank. He died July 29, 1837, at New Haven. STORRS, WILLIAM L. He was born in Connecticut graduated at Yale College in 1814 adopted the law as a profession was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1829 to 1833, and again from 1839 to 1840; and has, for many years past, been the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. STORY, JOSEPH. Born in Marblehead, Massachu setts, September 18, 1779. He graduated at Harvard College in 1798 ; studied law ; was a member of the State Legislature in 1805, and elected Speaker ; and during the years 1808 and 1809, he was a Representative in Congress. In 1811, he was appointed, by Presi dent Madison, a Judge of the Su preme Court of the United States, which office he held until his death. He acquired a large fortune from his practice as a lawyer, and it is said that his income from the sale of his legal writings, which are numerous and of the highest order, numbering twenty-seven volumes, with thirty-four volumes of deci sions, has amounted to ten thou sand dollars per annum. In 1830 he was appointed Dane Professor in the Law School of Harvard University, and subsequently pub lished his Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. In early life he was a writer of poetry, and in his later years, was considered, even in England, "the first of living writers on law." He received the degree of LL.D. from the Colleges of Harvard, Brown, and Dartmouth. He died in Cam bridge, September 10, 1845. His life was published by his son, W. W. Story, in 1851. STOW, SILAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1811 to 1813. STOWER, JOHN G. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829, and was a State Senator, from Madison County, in 1833 and 1834. STRANAHAN, J. S. T. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from- 1855 to 1857. Biographical Sketches. 457 STRANGE, ROBERT. Born in Virginia' September 20, 1796 ; educated at Hampden Sid ney CoUege ; studied law and re moved to North Carolina, where he took a high position in his pro fession ; he served a number of years in the State Legislature ; was elected in 1826 a Judge of the Superior Court; and held the of fice until he was elected a Senator of the United States, from 1837 to 1841, but resigned his seat in 1840, having received from his State in structions incompatible with his ideas of duty. He was subse quently appointed Solicitor for the Fifth Judicial District of the State, and toward the close of his life, was wholly devoted to his profes sion. He died in 1854. STRATTON, CHARLES C He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. STRATTON, JOHN. Hewas a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1801 to 1803. STRATTON, NATHAN T. Born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1855. STRAUB, CHRISTIAN M. Born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, -from 1853 to 1855. STREET, RANDALL S. He was born in New Haven, Con necticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821. STROHM, JOHN. He was born October 16, 1793, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in what is now Fulton Township ; received a common school educa tion, and taught a school for six years. In 1831 he was elected a Representative in the Legislature of his native State, serving three sessions in the House and eight in the Senate, and during one term as Speaker. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term ending in 1849. STRONG, CALEB. Born in January, 1745, and gra duated at Harvard College in 1764. In consequence of poor health he did not commence the practice of law for eight years afterwards. He spent his life at Northampton, where his paternal ancestors had lived from the year 1659. He held various public offices. In 1780 he was cho'sen one of the Council of Massachusetts. In 1779 he assisted in forming the Constitution of that State; and in 1787 he also assist ed in forming the Constitution of the United States. From 1789 to 1797 he was a Senator in Congress, and from 1800 to 1807 he was Go vernor of the State; also, from 1812 to 1815. Governor Strong / 458 Biographical Sketches. was a man of unimpeachable moral character, and he possessed a vigor ous and well cultivated mind. He died November 7, 1819. STRONG, JAMES. He was born in Windham, Con necticut, in 1783, and graduated at the University of Vermont in 1806 ; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1821 ; and again from 1823 to 1831. He died in Chester, New Jersey, August 8, 1847. STRONG, SELAH B. He was born in Brookhaven, Long Island, May 1, 1792; gradu ated at Yale College in 1811 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1814 ; was at one time Attorney for Suffolk County ; a Representative in Congress, from 1843 to 1845 ; and was appointed, in 1847, a Judge of the Supreme Court of New York. STRONG, SOLOMON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1815 to 1819. STRONG, STEPHEN. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. STRONG, THERON R. He was born in Connecticut ; served in the Assembly of New York, from Wayne County, in 1842 ; and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, \from 1839 to 1841. STRONG, WILLIAM. He was born in Windham Coun ty, Connecticut, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Ver mont, from 1811 to 1815, and again from 1819 to 1821. STRONG, WILLIAM. Born in Somers, Tolland County, Connecticut, May 6, 1808 ; attend ed Plainfield Academy, and gradu ated at Yale College in 1828; taught school in Connecticut and New Jersey ; studied law in New Haven, and was admitted to the bar, in Philadelphia, in 1832; and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1847 to 1851. STROTHER, GEORGE F. He was a native of Culpepper County, Virginia, a lawyer by pro fession, and a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1817 to 1820, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys at St. Louis, Missouri. STROTHER, JAMES F. He was born in Culpepper Coun ty, Virginia, September 4, 1811, received a collegiate education, and adopted the profession of law, which he still continues to practice. He served ten years in the Legislature of Virginia, having occupied the chair of Speaker during the sessions of 1847 and 1848. He was a mem- Biographical Sketches. 459 ber, in 1850, of the Convention which formed the present Constitu tion of the State ; and a Represen tative in Congress, from 1851 to 1853. STRUDWICK, WILLIAM E. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1796 to 1797. STUART, ALEXANDER H. H. He was born in Virginia ; studied law, and settled in the practice of his profession at Staunton, Vir ginia; served a number of years in the Legislature of Virginia; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843 ; and was appointed, by President Fillmore, Secretary of the Inte rior Department. His last public position, which he now occupies, is that of State Senator in the Le gislature of Virginia. STUART, ANDREW. Born in Pennsylvania ; and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1853 to 1855. STUART, ARCHIBALD. He was born in Virginia, and elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 18§9. STUART, CHARLES E. He was born in Columbia Coun ty, New York, November 25, 1810, and adopted the profession of law. He was a member of the Michigan Legislature in 1842 ; a Representa tive in the Thirtieth and Thirty-se cond Congresses, and was elected, in 1853, a Senator in Congress, where he still continues, serving as Chair man of the important Committee on Public Lands. STUART, DAVID. Born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from Michigan, from 1853 to 1855. STUART, JOHN T. Born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from IUinois, from 1839 to 1843. STUART, PHILIP. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1811 to 1819. STURGEON, DANIEL. He was a Senator in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1840 to 1851. STURGES, JONATHAN. Born at Fairfield, Connecticut, August 23, 1740; graduated at Yale College in 1759,andbecame alawyer. In 1775 he was chosen a Delegate to Congress ; he espoused and support ed the cause of Independence, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1789 to 1793, when he was ap pointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, and continued in the office until 1805. He died at Fairfield, October 4, 1819. STURGES, LEWIS BURR. Born in Fairfield, Connecticut, in 1762, and graduated at Yale Col- 460 Biographical Sketches. lege in 1782. He was a Represen tative in Congress, from Connecti cut, from 1805 to 1817 ; and subse quently emigrated to the State of Ohio. He died in Norwalk, Ohio, March 30, 1844. SULLIVAN, GEORGE. He was born in Durham, New Hampshire, in 1772; graduated at Harvard University in 1790, and commenced in early life the practice of law in Exeter, which he continued for more than forty years, and ac quired a high reputation. He was a Representative in the General Court, in 1805 and 1813; a Repre sentative in Congress, in 1811 and 1812; and a member of the State Senate, in 1814 and 1815. He was twenty-one years Attorney-General of the State, which office he resigned in 1836. He died at Exeter, June 14, 1838, highly esteemed for his talents and public usefulness. SUMMERS, GEORGE W. He was born in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, but has lived from infancy in Kanawha County, in the western part of the State. He was educated for the legal profession, and came to the bar in 1827. In 1830 he was elected a member of the House of Delegates, and continued to repre sent Kanawha County in the Le gislature for several years. He was elected to the House of Repre sentatives in the spring of 1841, and re-elected in 1843, serving throughout the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Congresses. In 1850 he was elected a member of the State Convention which framed the present Constitution of Virgi nia. In 1851 he was unanimously nominated as the Whig candidate for Governor, at the first election of the Governor by the people, that officer having been previously chosen by the Legislature, but was defeat ed. In May, 1852, he was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit in Virginia, and having served in that capacity for six years, he resigned his office, July 1, 1858, there being two years of the term for which he had been elected unexpired. He is now de voting himself to agriculture, and the practice of law. SUMNER, CHARLES. Born in Boston, January 6, 1811. After preparing himself at a Latin school in his native city, he entered Harvard College in 1826, and in 1831 commenced his studies at the Cambridge Law School. While yet a student, he wrote several ar ticles in the American Jurist, which attracted attention, and before his admission to the bar he became the editor of that periodical. He con tinued to occupy this position for three years. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, and commenced the practice of his profession in Boston, where he was appointed re porter to the Circuit Court, and published three volumes known as "Sumner's Reports." During the three winters succeeding his adnus- Biographical Sketches. 461 sion to the bar, and again in 1843, he lectured at the Cambridge Law School, by invitation of the faculty. In 1837 he visited Europe, where he remained until the spring of 1840. On the death of Judge Story, in 1845, he was offered the appointment to the chair he had occupied, but he declined the honor. He was eleeted to the Senate of the. United States in 1851, which position he continues to hold at the present time. Since the assault made upon him by Mr. Preston Brooks, on the floor of the Senate, he* has not taken any part in the proceedings of that body, and has again visited Europe for the benefit of his health. SUMTER, THOMAS. A distinguished soldier of the American Revolution ; was a citizen of South Carolina; and was pro moted, by Governor Rutledge, in 1780, from the office of colonel to that of brigadier-general. For his services he received the thanks of Congress, and the applause of his country. In 1809 he was appoint ed Minister to Brazil, and on his return, in 1811, he was chosen a Senator of the United States. He died suddenly, June 1, 1832, aged ninety-seven. SUMTER, THOMAS D. Born in Pennsylvania, and elect ed a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1840 to 1843. SUTHERLAND, JOEL B. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, from 1827 to 1837, and was Chairman of the Com mittee on Commerce during the Twenty-fourth Congress. SUTHERLAND, JOSIAH. He was born in New York, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-second Congress, from that State. SWAN, SAMUEL. Born in 1771, was a Represen tative in Congress, from New Jer sey, from 1821 to 1831, and died at Brunswick, New Jersey, August 24, 1844. SWANWICK, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1795 to 1798. SWART, PETER. He was a member of the New York Senate, from Schoharie Coun ty, from 1817 to 1820, and had been a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1807 to 1809. SWEARINGEN, HENRY. Born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1839 to 1841. SWEARINGEN, THOMAS V. He was born in Jefferson Coun ty, Virginia, and elected a Repre- 462 Biographical Sketches. sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1821. SWEENY, GEORGE. Born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1839 to 1843. SWEETSER, CHARLES. Born in Vermont, and was a Re presentative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1849 to 1853. SWIFT, BENJAMIN. He was born at Amenia, New York, April 5, 1781 ; he received an academic education ; studied law, and was admitted to practice at Bennington in 1806 ; hewas settled for a time in Manchester, and sub sequently in St. Albans, where he rose to eminence in his profession. In 1813 and 1814, 1825 and 1826, he was a Representative to the Ge neral Assembly, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Ver mont, from 1827 to 1831. He re ceived the degree of A.M. from Middlebury College in 1820, and was a member of the corporation of that institution, from 1830 to 1839. In 1833 he was elected to the Se nate of the United States for six years, after which he retired to pri vate Ufe. While in apparent good health he died suddenly, in an open field on his farm, November 11,1847. SWIFT, ZEPHANIAH. Born in Wareham, Massachu setts, in 1759; graduated at Yale College in 1778, and estabUshed himself as a lawyer at Windham, Connecticut, where his superior ta lents gained him a lucrative practice in his profession. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Con necticut, from 1793 to 1797, and in 1800 was secretary to Ellsworth, Davie, and Murray in their mission to France. Soon after his return he was placed on the bench of the Su perior Court of the State, where he continued eighteen years, during the last five of which he was Chief Jus tice. He was afterwards a member of the State Legislature, and was one of a committee to revise the Statute Laws of the State. He pub lished several works; among them was a Digest of the Laws of Con necticut, on the model of Black- stone. He died at Warren, Ohio, September 27, 1823. SWOOPE, JACOB. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1809 to 1811. SWOPE, SAMUEL F. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative, in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. SYKES, GEORGE. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. TAGGART, SAMUEL. Born in Londonderry, Massachu setts, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1774; he studied for the minis- Biographical Sketches. 463 try, and settled in Coleraine in 1777. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, serv ing from 1803 to 1817, and died in 1825, aged seventy-one years. TAIT, CHARLES. He was born in Louisa County, Virginia, but removed at an early age to Georgia. He was for several years a Judge of the Superior Court of Georgia, and a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1809 to 1819. He distinguished himself as a supporter of the ad ministrations of Madison and Mon roe. In 1819 he removed to Ala bama, and was appointed a Judge of the District Court, when first estabUshed in that State, which of fice he resigned in 1826. He died in Wilcox County, Alabama, Octo ber 7, 1835, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. TALBOT, ALBERT G. He was born in Kentucky, and was elected a Representative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the War Depart ment, and a member of that on Roads and Canals. TALBOT, ISHAM. He was born in Bedford County, Virginia, in 1773; received a good education; studied law, and prac ticed with success ; he was a mem ber of the Kentucky Senate, from 1812 to 1815 ; from 1 815 to 1819 a member of the United States Se nate, and for a second term, from 1820 to 1825. He died near Frank fort, September 27, 1837. TALBOT, SILAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1793 to 1794, when he was appointed, by President Washington, captain in the navy, having previously served a number of years in the State As sembly, from Montgomery County. TALIAFERRO, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1799 to 1802. TALIAFERRO, JOHN. He was born in Virginia in 1768 ; was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1801 to 1803, from 1811 to 1813, from 1824 to 1831, and from 1835 to 1843. For three years before his death he was Librarian of the Treasury De partment in Washington. He died at his residence in Virginia, August 18, 1853. TALLMADGE, BENJAMIN. He was born in Litchfield, Con necticut, about the year 1754 His military services were very valuable ; he acted a prominent part in the capture of Andre; planned and conducted the expedition in 1780, which resulted in the capture of Fort George and the destruction of the British stores on Long Island ; and was a member of Washington's 564 Biographical Sketches. mUitary family. After the war, having attained the rank of gene ral, he engaged in mercantile pur suits, and acquired a large property. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1801 to 1817. He was highly respected for his public services and private character, and died at Litchfield, Connecticut, March 6, 1835. TALLMADGE, JAMES. He was born in Stanford, Dutchess County, New York, January 28, 1788; graduated at Brown Uni versity in 1798, and was by profes sion a lawyer. He was early in his public life private secretary to Go vernor Clinton, and during the war of 1812 commanded a portion of the force detailed for the defence of New York City. From 1817 to 1819 he was a Representative in Congress, from New York, and de clined a re-election ; he was a mem ber of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the State, and in 1823 was elected to the Assembly from Dutchess County. From 1825 to 1828 he was Lieutenant-Govenor, under Clinton, aud in 1846 a mem ber of the Constitutional Conven tion of New York. For the last twenty years of his life he was Pre sident of the American Institute in New York. He visited Europe, and benefited the United States by his introduction of a knowledge of American machinery into Russia, and induced that government to adopt it in their manufacture of cotton goods. He was one of the founders of the University of New York, and was President of the Council. He was honored with the degree of LL.D. from that in stitution. He died, suddenly, in New York City, September 29, 1853. TALLMADGE, NATHANIEL P. He was born in Chatham, Co lumbia County, New York, Feb ruary 8, 1795 ; graduated at Union College ; studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1818; was a member of the Assembly of New York in 1828; of the State Senate, from 1830 to 1833 ; a Senator in Congress, from New York, from 1833 to 1844; and was subsequently appointed, by President Tyler, Ter ritorial Governor of Wisconsin, where he now resides, deyoted to his profession. TALLMAN, PELEG. He was born at Tiverton, Rhode Island, in 1764 ; in 1778, at the age of fourteen, he entered into the pri vateering service for employment; in 1780 he had his left arm shot off; and in 1781 he was taken pri soner, and was confined in Ireland and England till the peace in 1783. He soon afterwards became com mander of a merchant vessel, and, after following a seafaring life for many years, he devoted himself to the business of a merchant, and ac quired a large fortune. He was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1811 to 1813, and died at Bath, Maine, March 8, 1841. Biographical Sketches. 465 TALMADGE, FREDERICK A. He was born in Litchfield, Con necticut, August 29, 1792; gra duated at Yale College in 1811, and having studied law, settled in New York, to practice, in 1814 ; in 1836 he was elected an alderman of the city, and also a State Senator ; was, subsequently, five years Re corder of the city ; a Representa tive, from New York, of the Thir tieth Congress ; was again Recorder for three years, and in 1857 was appointed General Superintendent of the MetropoUtan Police, in which position he is now acting. TANNEHILL, ADAMSON. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1815. TAPPAN, BENJAMIN. Born at Northampton, Massa chusetts, May 25, 1773; was taught the business of copper-plate en graving and printing ; devoted some attention to portrait painting ; and subsequently studied and adopted the profession of law. In 1799 he emigrated to Ohio, and was one of the earliest settlers there ; in 1803 was elected to the Legislature of the new State ; he served in the war of 1812 as aid-de-camp to General Wadsworth; was for seven years President Judge of the Fifth Ohio Circuit ; in 1833 he was appointed, by President Jackson, United States Judge for the Ohio District ; and he was a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, from 1839 to 1845, serving 30 as Chairman of the Committee on the Library. He died at Steuben- ville, Ohio, April 12, 1857. TAPPAN, MASON W. Born in Newport, Sullivan Coun ty, New' Hampshire ; fitted for col lege, and studied law as a profes sion ; he was a member of the State Legislature in 1853, 1854, and 1855 ; and a Representative, from New Hampshire, in the Thirty-fourth Congress, and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, and is a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. TAR'R, CHRISTIAN. He was born in Baltimore, Mary land, and was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1817 to 1819, and again from 1820 to 1821. TATE, MAGNUS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1815 to 1817. TATNALL, EDWARD F. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1821 to 1827. TATTNALL, JOSIAH. He was born at Bonaventure,. near Savannah, and died in the West Indies, in 1804. His boy hood was full of adventure, and at the age of eighteen he joined the army of General Wayne, at Ebene zer. In 1793 he was appointed colonel of a Georgia regiment, and in 1800 a brigadier-general, partici- 466 Biographical Sketches. pating extensively in the military affairs of the State, and serving oc casionally in the Legislature. He also served in 1796 at Louisville, in the General Assembly that rescinded the Yazoo Act of 1795 ; and was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, from 1796 to 1799. TATUM, ABSALOM. A Representative in Congress, from North Carolina, during the years 1795 and 1796. TAUL, MICAH, He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1815 to 1817. TAYLOR, GEORGE. He was born in Wheeling, Vir ginia, October 19, 1820, and after receiving a liberal education, turned his attention to the study of medi cine, but subsequently adopted the profession of law ; he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and removed to Indiana, where he was successful as a special pleader. In 1844 he re moved to Alabama, and there prac ticed his profession for four years, after which he removed to New York, where he now resides. In 1856 he was elected a Representa tive to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committees on Revolutionary Claims, and on the Cost of Public Buildings. As an author, writing upon topics connected with the natural sci ences, he has been successful. A work published in 1851, and en titled " Indications of the Creator," has passed through four editions, and been highly applauded by the critics of England and France. He has also written much in behalf of popular education, and his col lected addresses and lectures make quite a large and interesting vo lume. TAYLOR, JOHN. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1790 ; was distinguished for his attention to agriculture, and published a work entitled "Con structor Construed : an Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States, 1814 ; " and was a Senator of the United States, from Vir ginia, from 1792 to 1794, in 1803, and from 1822 to 1824. He died in Caroline County, Virginia, Au gust 20, 1824, at an advanced age. TAYLOR, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1807 to 1810, and for a second term, from 1815 to 1817, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys in Mississippi Territory. TAYLOR, JOHN J. He was born in Massachusetts, and having settled in New York, was elected a Representative, in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. TAYLOR, JOHN L. Born in Stafford County, Vir ginia, March 7, 1805 ; was educated Biographical Sketches. 467 in the common schools and semi naries of the neighborhood ; studied law in Washington City, and was admitted to the bar in 1828 ; set tled in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1829 ; he was for six years major-general of the Ohio militia ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1847 to 1855, serving from time to time on important committees. TAYLOR, JOHN W. • Born in Saratoga County, New York, in 1784, and graduated at Union College in 1803. He studied law in Albany ; was elected to the State Legislature in 1811, and while in that body twas elected to Congress, where he served from 1813 to 1833. He was Speaker of the House, during the second ses sion of the Sixteenth Congress, during the passage of the Missouri Compromise. He removed to • Cleveland, Ohio, in 1843, where he died in September, 1854. He was for many years a leading and prominent stateman of New York, and was esteemed for his personal virtues and liberal hospitality. TAYLOR, JONATHAN. He was a native of Connecticut, and having removed to Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. TAYLOR, MILES. He was born in New York, and having taken up his residence in Louisiana, was elected a Repre sentative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Con gresses, and he is a member of the Committees on Claims, and on the Judiciary. TAYLOR, NATHANIEL G. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1854 to 1855. TAYLOR, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, his native State, from 1825 to 1827. TAYLOR, WALLER. He was a Senator in Congress, from Indiana, from 1816 to 1825, and died August 26, 1826. TAYLOR, WILLIAM. He was born in Connecticut ; was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1833 to 1839, and served two years in the Assembly of that State, from New York City, and two years from Onondaga County. TAYLOR, WILLIAM. Born in Alexandria, District of Columbia; was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from Vir ginia, from 1843 to 1847, but died in Washington City, January 17, 1846. TAYLOR, WILLIAM. He was 'born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. 468 Biographical Sketches. TAZEWELL, HENRY. He was a Senator in Congress, from Virginia, from 1794 to 1799. He died January 24, 1799. TAZEWELL, LITTLETON W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, during the years 1800 and 1801 ; a Senator of the United States, from 1824 to 1833 ; and Governor of Virginia, from 1834 to 1837. TELFAIR, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Georgia, from 1813 to 1817. TEN EYCK, E. He was born in Rensselaer Coun ty, New York, April 18, 1779; graduated at Williams College; studied law in Albany ; was a mem ber of the Assembly in 1812 and 1813, and Speaker ; member also of the Constitutional Convention of 1822 ; and a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1823 to 1825. He also held the offices of Judge of the Jefferson County Court, and president of a county agricultural society. He died at Watertown, New York, April 11, 1844. TENNEY, SAMUEL. Was born at Byfield, Massa chusetts ; and having received a collegiate education at Harvard University, commenced the study of medicine. When the revolution ary war began, he was found among the assertors of his country's rights ; and was present at the battle of Bunker's Hill, where he was em ploy ed in attending upon the wounded. He served during the whole war, and was attached to the Rhode Island line of the Provincial army. At the close of the war he retired from his profession, and set tled at Exeter, New Hampshire. For many years he was Judge of Probate ; and in 1800 was elected a Representative in the Congress of the United States, serving until 1807. His death, which occurred in 1816, was universally regretted, An ardent lover of his country, a faithful expounder of her laws and institutions, and an elegant scholar, his memory is still fondly cherished by many who knew him. TERRILL, WILLIAM. He was frequently a member o' the Georgia Legislature, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1821. Be coming tired of politics, he took great interest in "the promotion of agricultural science, and in 1853 he made a donation of $20,000 for the establishment of an agricultural pro fessorship in the University of Geor gia, which professorship bears his name. He was one of the most accomplished and useful citizens of his State, and died at Sparta, Georgia, July 4, 1855. TERRY, NATHANIEL. Born in Enfield, Connecticut, in 1768, and graduated at Yale College in 1786. He resided in Hartford, Biographical Sketches. 469 Connecticut, and held various offices in his native State; from 1817 to 1819 was a Representative in Con gress ; and died in New Haven, June 14, 1844. TEST, JOHN. He was a native of New Jersey, and emigrated to Indiana ; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1827, and from 1829 to 1831. He was Pre siding Judge of one of the Circuit Courts of Indiana.; and afterwards removed to Mobile, Alabama, where he gained a high reputation for his learning and talents as a lawyer. He died near Cambridge City, In diana, October 9, 1849. THACHER, GEORGE. Born in Yarmouth, Massachu setts, April 12, 1754 ; graduated at Harvard College in 1776 ; studied law, and established himself to prac tice in Biddeford, Maine; he was a Delegate to the old Congress, and on the adoption of the Constitution, served as a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1789 to 1801 ; in 1792 he was elected a District Judge, in Maine, serving untU 1800, when he was chosen a Judge of the Supreme Court in Massachusetts ; and he held the lat ter office until January, 1824, when he resigned, and died on the sixth of April foUowing. He was also a member of the Convention which formed the Constitution of Maine, in 1819. He was a man of superior abilities, and performed aUhis duties to the entire satisfaction of the pub lic. He was famous for his wit, and when a bill was reported in Congress respecting the use of the eagle on American coin, he playfully recom mended a goose, for which he was challenged by the reporter of the bUl, and the challenge he ridiculed. THACHER, SAMUEL. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Harvard University in 1793 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1802 to 1805. THAYER, ELI. Born in Mendon, Worcester County, Massachusetts, June 11, 1819; graduated at Brown Univer sity ; is a farmer by occupation ; and served as alderman of the City of Worcester in 1853; he was a Representative in the Massachu- chusetts Legislature during the years 1853 and 1854, and elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, serving as amember of the Committee on the Militia. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. THIBODEAUX, B. G. He was born in Louisiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847, and for a second term ending in 1849. THOMAS, DAVID. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1801 to 1808; served four years in the 470 Biographical Sketches. Assembly of that State ; and also held the position of State Trea surer. THOMAS, FRANCIS. He was born in Frederick Coun ty, Maryland, February 3, 1799; educated at St. John College, in that State ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820; was a member of the House of Delegates in 1822, 1827, and 1829; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1831 to 1841. When in Congress he was Chair man of the Judiciary Committee, and a report made by him led to the settlement of the boundary diffi culties between Ohio and Michigan. After leaving Congress, he was the Democratic candidate for Governor of Maryland. THOMAS, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1815 to 1817. THOMAS, JAMES H. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1847 to 1851. THOMAS, JESSE B. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Indiana, from 1808 to 1809, and was then ap pointed United States Judge of Illi nois Territory. THOMAS, JESSE B. He was one of the first Senators in Congress, from Illinois, having held the position from 1818 to 1829, and serving on important Commit tees. He died in February, 1850. THOMAS, JOHN C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1799 to 1801. THOMAS, PHILEMON. A native of North Carolina, where, during the revolutionary war, he was engaged in many skirmishes with the British. He resided some years . in Kentucky, and was a member of the Legisla ture of that State ; he afterwards removed to Louisiana, and, in 1810 and 1811, headed the insurrection at Baton Rouge, which threw off the yoke of Spain from West Flo rida. He was a Representative in Congress, from Louisiana, from 1831 to 1835, and died at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, November 18, 1847, aged eighty-three years. THOMAS, PHILIP FRANCIS. He was born in Talbot County, Maryland, September 12, 1810 ; was educated at Dickinson College; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1831 ; in 1836 was a member of the State Constitutional Convention ; in 1838 was elected to the State Legislature ; was a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1841 ; was, subsequently, Judge of the Land-office Court of the Eastern Shore of Maryland; in 1843 and 1845 was elected to the House of Delegates ; and in 1847 was elected Governor of Maryland. Biographical Sketches. 471 THOMAS, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1795 to 1805. THOMASSON, WILLIAM P. Born in Henry County, Ken tucky ; commenced the study of law at an early age ; and when eighteen, was licensed to practice at Corydon, Indiana, from which place he was elected to the Legislature. He re moved to LouisviUe about the year 1841, and was chosen a Represen tative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1843 to 1847. He afterwards went to Chicago, where he is now engaged in the practice of his pro fession. THOMPSON, ALEXANDER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1824 to 1826 ; died at his residence, in Chambersburgj Pennsylvania, Au gust 2, 1848, aged sixty-three years. THOMPSON, BENJAMIN. Born in Massachusetts, in 1798. He held many responsible offices in the town of Charlestown, and was several times a Representative in the State Legislature. He was twice elected to Congress as a member from the Fourth District of Massa chusetts, serving from 1845 to 1847 ; and again from March 1851, tiU his death. He united mental cultiva tion and sound judgment with great business talent. His services upon the Committee on Military Affairs, during the Mexican war, were espe cially valuable. He died in Charles town, September 24, 1852. THOMPSON, GEORGE W. He was born in Ohio, and, re moving to Virginia, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1852. THOMPSON, HEDGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, during the years 1827 and 1828. THOMPSON, JACOB. He was born in Caswell County, North Carolina, May 15, 1810, and received his education at the Uni versity of Chapel Hill. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834, and during the following year removed to the State of Mississippi. Locating himself in what was known as the Chickasaw Country, he ap plied himself to the task of making the wUderness blossom like the rose, and through his influence the In dian lands were divided into coun ties, and became politically identi fied with the State. The conse quence was that a grateful constitu ency called upon him to represent them in Congress, and, having been elected in 1839, he continued to serve in that capacity, with ability and fidelity, until 1851. On first taking his seat in Congress, he was placed on the Committee on Public Lands, and was for some years Chairman of the Committee on In dian Affairs. He was one of the most devoted defenders of Missis- 472 Biographical Sketches. sippi, and of the Democratic party, at the time when the cry of repu diation was ringing throughout the land; and as he had, in 1845, de clined going into the United States Senate, by appointment of the Go vernor of Mississippi, so did he, in 1851, decline a re-election to the House of Representatives, prefer ring to lead the more peaceful life of a man of fortune, in the midst of troops of friends. But this retire ment did not happen to coincide with the views of President Bu chanan when he came into power, and as he was familiar with Mr. Thompson's career in Congress and the National Nominating Conven tions, the natural result was his ap pointment as Secretary of the Inte rior Department. THOMPSON, J. B. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843, and again from 1847 to 1851 ; and in 1853 he was elected a Senator in Congress for a long term. He is a member of the Committee on Private Land Claims and of that on Pensions. THOMPSON, JAMES. Born in Middlesex,Butler County, Pennsylvania, October 1, 1806. He received a good education, and com menced Ufe as a printer ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1828 ; he was elected to the As sembly of his native State, in 1832, 1833, and 1834, presiding during the last session as Speaker; in 1836 he was a Presidential Elector ; he was Presiding Judge of the Dis trict Court for six years, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1845 to 1851. Of late years he has been chiefly devoted to the practice of his profession, and in 1847 was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, for fifteen years. THOMPSON, JOEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815, having previously served one year in the State Assembly, from Albany, and two years from Chenango County. THOMPSON, JOHN. He was a member of the New York Assembly, from Albany, in 1788 and 1789, in 1827 from Dela ware County, in 18,02 and 1841 from Dutchess County ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1799 to 1801, and again from 1807 to 1811. THOMPSON, JOHN. He was born in 1777, and was a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1825 to 1827, and again from 1829 to 1837. He died at New Lisbon, Ohio, December 2, 1852. THOMPSON, JOHN. He was born in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York, July 4, 1809. He was educated at Yale Biographical Sketches. 473 and Union Colleges; lived on a farm until sixteen years of age, since which time he has devoted himself to the law; and against his own wishes and consent was elected a Representative in Con gress, from New York, to the Thir ty-fifth Congress ; serving on the Committee on Roads and Canals. THOMPSON, MARK. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1795 to 1799. THOMPSON, PHILIP. He was a native of Kentucky, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1825. THOMPSON, PHILIP R. Born in 1766, and died in Ka nawha County, Virginia, July 22, 1837. He was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1801 to 1807. THOMPSON, RICHARD W. He was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, June 9, 1809; received a good English and clas sical education; and his love of adventure led him into the wilds of Kentucky before he became of age. In 1831 he settled in LouisvUle, and became a clerk in an extensive mercantile house; tiring of this, he removed to Lawrence County, Indiana, taught school for a few months, but again turned his atten tion to merchandising, selling goods and studying law at the same time. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, and was almost immediately elected to the Indiana Legislature; was re-elected in 1835 ; in 1836 he was elected to the State Senate, served two years, and was for a time Pre sident pro tern, of the Senate, and Acting Lieutenant-Governor ; he was a Presidental Elector in 1840, and voted for General Harrison, whose election he zealously advo cated with his pen and on the stump ; and in 1841 he was elected a Representative in Congress, for the term ending in 1843. In 1844 he was again chosen a Presidential Elector; was again a Representa tive in Congress, from Indiana, from 1847 to 1849, when he de clined a re-election. Since that time he has held no public office, but has been devoted to the prac tice of his profession at Terre Haute. President Taylor offered him the appointment of Charge d'Affaires to Austria, and President Fillmore, the office of Recorder of the General Land-office, both of which honors he declined. THOMPSON, ROBERT A. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. Now Land Commissioner in Cali fornia. THOMPSON, THOMAS W. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1786 ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from New Hamp shire, from 1805 to 1807, and a Uni ted States Senator from 1814 to 1817 ; and died in 1821. He was a 474 Biographical Sketches. neighbor, and one of the earliest friends of Daniel Webster. THOMPSON, WADDY. He was born at Pickensville, South Carolina, September 8, 1798, graduated at the South Carolina College in 1814, and having studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1819. He has served in the Legis lature of his native State, was at one time Solicitor for the Western Circuit of South Carolina, was chosen a Presidential Elector, at tained the military title of brigadier- general, and was appointed, in 1842, Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, about which he published an interesting work. He was a Re presentative in Congress, from 1835 to 1841, serving in 1840 as Chair man of the Committee on Military Affairs. THOMPSON, WILEY. He was a native of Georgia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1833. THOMPSON, WILLIAM. He was born in Pennsylvania, and having settled in Iowa, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. THOMPSON, JOHN R. Born in Philadelphia, September 5, 1800 ; entered Princeton Col lege, but left in the junior year, and devoted himself to mercantile pur suits, making a voyage to China in 1817, and in 1820 established him self as a merchant in Canton, and was appointed Consul of the Uni ted States at that port in 1823, and remained there until 1825. Since the year 1830 he has been engaged in the management of several rail ways, and of the New Jersey Canal. In 1844 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention of New Jersey, and was United States Se nator from 1853 to 1857, and was re-elected for the term ending in 1863. He was offered a seat in the cabinet by President Buchan an, which he declined. He is at present a member of the Commit tees on Naval Affairs and on Post- offices and Post-roads. THORINGTON, JAMES. He was born in North Carolina, and removing to Iowa, was elected a Representative from that State to the Thirty-fourth Congress. THROOP, ENOS T. He was born in Johnstown, Montgomery County, New York, August 21, 1784; while perform ing the duties of an attorney's clerk, he acquired a classical educa tion; studied law, and settled in Auburn ; was a Representative hi Congress during the years 1815 and 1816 ; in 1823 was elected Cir cuit Judge; in -1829 Lieutenant- Governor of New York; and in 1831 was Governor of that State. In 1838 he was appointed Charge d'Affaires to the two SicUies. Biographical Sketches. 475 THRUSTON, BUCKNEB. Born in Virginia, about the year 1763. He emigrated in early life to Kentucky, and being possessed of superior talents, he was soon called into the pubUc service. He was appointed Federal Judge in the Territory of Orleans, in 1805, and was the same year elected a mem ber of the United States Senate, for six years, but he resigned in 1809, on being appointed, by Presi dent Madison, Judge of the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, which office he held until his death, which occurred at Washington, August 30, 1845. THURMAN, ALLEN G. He was born in Virginia, and having taken up his residence in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. THURMAN, JOHN R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1849 to 1851, and died in New York, July 25, 1854. THURSTON, BENJAMIN B. He Was born in Hopkinton, Rhode Island, June "29, 1804 ; he received a common school education ; was bred a merchant ; was elected four teen years in succession to the As sembly of his native State ; and in 1838 was Lieutenant-Governor; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Rhode Island, from 1847 to 1849, and again from 1851' to 1857. He is at the present time a member of the Senate of Rhode Island. THURSTON, JOHN B. He was born in Virginia, in 1757 ; studied law, and emigrated to Ken tucky, whence he was sent to the United States Senate, in 1805, for a long term. He was subsequently elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Kentucky, in which posi tion he continued until his death, which occurred at Washington, August 30, 1845. THURSTON, THOMAS R. He was born in Maine; gra duated at Bowdoin College in 1843, and was a Delegate in Congress, from the Territory of Oregon, from 1849 to 1851. He died on board the steamer California, on her pas sage from Panama to San Fran cisco, April 9, 1851. TIBBATTS, JOHN W. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. TIBBETS, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1803 to 1805, and a member of the State Assembly, from Rensselaer County, in 1802 and 1820, and of the State Senate, from 1815 to 1818. TICHENOR, ISAAC. He was born in 1754; graduated at Princeton College in 17-75 ; and 476 Biographical Sketches. died at Bennington, Vermont, in December, 1838. He was an officer of the Revolution ; a Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont ; a Re presentative in the State Legisla ture ; and a Senator in Congress, during the sessions of 1796 and 1797 ; Governor of Vermont from 1797 to 1808, and again in the United States Senate, from 1815 to 1821. TIFFIN, EDWARD. He was born in 1765; was Go vernor of Ohio from 1803 to 1807 ; and a Senator in Congress, from that State, from 1807 to 1809. He died in July, 1829. TILDEN, DANIEL R. He was born in Connecticut, and having settled in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. TILLINGHAST, JOSEPH L. Born in Taunton, Massachusetts, in 1791, and removed to Rhode Island in his boyhood. He gra duated at Brown University in 1819, and in 1833 was elected a member of the Board of Trustees of that in stitution. He studied law, and de voted himself to its practice in Pro vidence, with marked success, fpr thirty years ; and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Rhode Isl and, from 1837 to 1843. He was also for many years a member of the State Legislature, and was elected Speaker on several occa sions ; and to him was awarded the authorship of the free schools and improved judiciary systems of his native State. TILLINGHAST, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Rhode Island, from 1797 to 1799, and again from 1801 to 1803. TIPTON, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Indiana, from 18^2 to 1839; and died at Logansport, of apo plexy, in 1839. TITUS, OBADIAH. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1837 to 1839. TOD, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1821 to 1824. TODD, LEMUEL. Born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 29, 1817; educated at Dickin son College ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1841, and practiced in his native town. In 1854 he was elected a Representa tive to the Thirty-fourth Congress. TOLAND, GEORGE W. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1843. Biographical Sketches. 477 TOMLINSON, GIDEON. He was born at Stratford, Con necticut, December 31, 1780, and graduated at Yale College in 1802. He studied law and practiced the profession in Fairfield. He was then called to public Ufe, and in 1818 was chosen a Representative in Congress, in which office he was continued tUl 1827. That year he was chosen Governor of Connecti cut, and remained in that station until March, 1831, when, on being appointed a Senator of the United States, he resigned his office as Go vernor. After six years service he returned to private life. Died Oc tober 8, 1854, at Fairfield, Connec ticut. TOMLINSON, THOMAS A. He was born in New York ; served in the State Assembly, from Essex County, in 1835 and 1836, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1841 to 1843. TOMPKINS, CALEB. He was born in Westchester County, New York, and was a member of the New York Assem bly, from that County, from 1804 to 1806 ; and was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1817 to 1821. TOMPKINS, C. B. Born in Belmont County, Ohio, November 8, 1810, and was edu cated at the Ohio University, at Athens ; was bred a farmer, and afterwards studied law, having prac ticed for twenty-two years; and was elected a Representative from Ohio to the Thirty- fifth Congress, serving as a member of the Com mittee on the Militia. TOMPKINS, CHRISTOPHER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1831 to 1835, and died at Glasgow, Ken tucky, in 1845. TOMPKINS, DANIEL D. He was born in Westchester County, New York, June 21, 1774. His father was a farmer, and he was his seventh son. He graduated at Columbia College in 1795, then studied law, and was admitted to practice in the City of New York, in 1797. In 1831 he was a mem ber of the Constitutional Conven tion of the State, and also served in the State Legislature. He was elected a Representative iu Con gress, from 1805 to 1807, but re signed, to accept an appointment as Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of the State. In 1807 he was elected Governor of the State, and held that office ten years. His aid in support of the National Go vernment, during the war of 1812, gave him prominence as a states man. He prorogued the State Legislature, in 1812, for the space of ten months, to prevent the es tablishment of the Bank of Ame rica, in the City of New York; his opposition postponed, but did not defeat the measure, and a char ter was granted in 1813. In 1817 478 Biographical Sketches. he resigned the office of Governor, and was elected Vice-President of the United States, and served two terms ; by virtue of which office he was also President of the Senate. He died in New York, June 11, 1825. TOMPKINS, PATRICK W. He was born in Kentucky, and settling in Mississippi, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. TOOMBS, ROBERT. He was born in Wilkes County, Georgia, July 2, 1810. The first three years of his collegiate life were spent at the Unive.rsity of Georgia, but he left it during the senior year, and went to Schenecta dy, New York, and graduated at Union College. He read law at the University of Virginia, under Judge Lomas, and practiced it regu larly until his election to Congress, in 1845. His first public service was as captain of volunteers, in the Creek war in 1836, under General Winfield Scott. In 1837 he was elected to the Legislature, from his native county, where he now re sides, and with the exception of 1841, continued a member of the lower branch, untU his election to the Federal House of Representa tives, where he served during the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty- first and Thirty-second Congresses. He entered the Senate during the Thirty-third Congress, for six years, and was re-elected for a second term, ending March 4, 1865. In the House, and also in the Senate, he has always served on important committees. TOUCEY, ISAAC. He was born in Connecticut, in 1798. He received a common school education ; adopted the pro fession of law, and early in life was States Attorney for his native county. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1839; in 1846 was elected Governor of Con necticut; in 1848 went into Presi dent Polk's cabinet as Attorney- General; in 1850 hewas elected to the State Senate of Connecticut; he was a Senator in Congress from 1852 to 1857 ; and in March of the latter year went into President Bu chanan's cabinet as Secretary of the Navy, which position he continues to occupy at the present time. TOWNS, GEORGE W. B. Born in Wilkes County, Georgia, May 4, 1802. He was prevented, by ill health, from receiving a colle giate education, and commenced life as a merchant, afterwards studied law, was admitted to the bar of Ala bama in 1824, and for a time per formed the duties of editor of a po litical paper. In 1826 he retnrned to Georgia, and settled in Talbot County. He served for several years in both branches of the Le gislature of that State, and was a Representative in Congress from 1835 to 1839, and was re-elected in 1846 ; his last public position was Biographical Sketches. 479 that of Governor of Georgia, to whiGh office he was elected in 1847, and was re-elected in 1 849. He died at Macon, July 15, 1854. TOWNSEND, GEORGE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1815 to 1819. TOWNSEND, N. S. He was born in England, and having settled in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. TRACY, ALBERT H. He was born in Norwich, Con necticut, June 17, 1793 ; received a good classical education ; studied medicine with his father, but when eighteen years of age he removed to New York State, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1815 ; and he served three terms in Con gress as a Representative from a district comprehending almost the whole of that part of New York west of Seneca Lake, from 1819 to 1825 ; and in 1829 he was elected to the Senate of New York for four years, and was re-elected for a se cond term of four years. TRACY, ANDREW. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. TRACY, PHINEAS L. He graduated. at Yale CoUege in 1806 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Genesee County, New York, from 1827 to 1833, and was a member of the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings. TRACY, URL He graduated at Yale College in 1789 ; was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1805 to 1807, and again from 1809 to 1813, and died in 1813. TRACY, URIAH. Born in Franklin, Connecticut, February 2, 1755 ; graduated at Yale College in 1778; read law in Litchfield, and settled in that town. He was often chosen a State Re presentative, and in 1793 was Speaker of the House. He was a Representative in Congress from 1793 to 1796, and from 1796 to 1797 a Senator of the United States. He was also a major-general of mi litia, commanded the respect and enjoyed the friendship of the leading men of his time ; and died at Wash ington City, July 19, 1807, and was the first person buried in the Con gressional Burying-ground. TRAFTON, MARK. He was born in Maine, and elect ed a Representative, from Massa chusetts, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. TREADWAY, WILLIAM M. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. 480 Biographical Sketches. TREDWELL, THOMAS. He was for seven years a member of the New York Assembly, from 1776 to 1783, from Suffolk County, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1791 to 1795. TREZVANT, JAMES. He was born in Sussex County, Virginia ; was a lawyer by profes sion ; was Attorney for the State ; member of the State Legislature, and of the Constitutional Conven tion of 1830 ; a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1826 to 1831, serving during his last term as Chairman of the Committee on Military Pensions. He died in 1838. TRIGG, ABRAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1797 to 1809. TRIGG, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from IT 97 to 1804. TRIMBLE, DAVID. He was born in Frederick County, Virginia, about the year 1782; edu cated at William and Mary Col lege ; studied law, and, when he came of age, removed to Kentucky. He was engaged in the war of 1812, serving two campaigns under Gene ral Harrison. In 1817 he was chosen a member of Congress, from Kentucky, and served without in terruption till 1827, being highly esteemed for the integrity of his principles and his devotion to his public duties. After his retirement from Congress, he became engaged in agriculture and the iron manu facture, and in the latter interest he did much to develop the resources of the State. He died at Trimble's Furnace, Kentucky, October 26, 1842. TRIMBLE, WILLIAM A. He was born in 1786 ; he served with credit in the army of the United States during the war of 1812 ; occupied, as commander, several frontier posts ; was a Sena tor in Congress, from Ohio, from 1819 to 1821, having died Decem ber 13, of the latter year. TRIPLETT, PHILIP. He was born in Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1839- to 1843. TRIPPE, ROBERT P. He was born in Georgia, and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, to the Thirty- fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses. TROTTER, JAMES. He was a Senator in Congress, from Mississippi, during the years 1828 and 1829. TROUP, GEORGE M. Born on the Tombigbee River, September, 1780; graduated at Princeton College; studied law; Biographical Sketches. 481 and in i800 was elected to the Le gislature of Georgia, and re-elected for four terms ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from Georgia, from 1807 to 1815, and a Senator from 1816 to 1818, and from 1829 to 1834. From 1823 to 1827 he was Governor of that State. He died in Laurens County, Georgia, May 3, 1856. He was an advocate of State rights, and the champion of State sovereignty. TROUT, MICHAEL C He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative, in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. TRUMBO, ANDREW. A native of Kentucky; was born in Montgomery County, now Bath, September 13, 1799; he had a Umited EngUsh education, and at the age of fifteen went into the County Clerk's office, and afterwards became clerk ; studied law, and com menced to practice in 1824. He was a Representative in the Twenty- ninth Congress, and one of the Pre sidential Electors of Kentucky, in 1848. TRUMBULL, JONATHAN. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut, March 26, 1740, and graduated at Harvard College in 1759. In 1775 he was appointed, by Congress, Paymaster in the Northern depart ment of the army, and not long after was attached to the family of 31 Washington as secretary and first aid, with whom he continued until the close of the war. He was for several years a Representative in the State Legislature of Connecticut, and Speaker of the House ; was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1789 to 1795; elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1791, and con tinued in. that station till he was transferred to the United States Senate, in 1795, where he served only one year, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor of Connecti cut, and in 1798 Governor, in which position he remained until his death, which occurred August 7, 1809. TRUMBULL, JOSEPH. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1783; graduated at Yale College in 1801 ; studied law, and practiced it with success, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Con necticut, from 1839 to 1843. TRUMBULL, LYMAN. Born in Colchester, Connecticut, in 1813; is a lawyer by profession ; was a member of the Illinois Le gislature in 1840, Secretary of State in 1841-42 ; Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, from 1848 to 1853; elected to the House of Represen tatives of the United States, in 1854, and chosen United States Senator, by the Illinois Legisla ture, in 1855, and is a member of the Committees on the Judiciary and on the Patent-office. 482 Biographical Sketches. TUCK, AMOS. He was born in Maine; gra duated at Dartmouth College in 1835 ; was for some time a tutor in that institution ; and removing to New Hampshire, was elected a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1853. TUCKER, EBENEZER. He was born in New York, in 1758, but when a young man re moved to New Jersey ; he was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and served at the battle of Long Island; he filled many offices of distinction and trust, among them those of Collector and Postmaster in New Jersey, and he was a mem ber of Congress, from New Jersey, from 1825 to 1829. He also held the offices of Judge of the Com mon Pleas, Justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and Judge of the Orphans' Court. He died at Tuck- erton, New Jersey, September 5, 1845. TUCKER, GEORGE. He was a native of Virginia, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1825. TUCKER, HENRY ST. GEORGE. Born in Virginia in 1779 ; re ceived a liberal education, and be came a prominent lawyer. He was at one time President of the Court of Appeals ; also Professor of Law in the University of Virginia ; the author of several valuable works on law ; and a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1815 to 1819. He died at Winchester, Virginia, August 28, 1848. TUCKER, STARLING. He was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from the Laurens District of South Caro lina, from 1817 to 1831. He died February 4, 1834. TUCKER, THOMAS T. He was a Delegate to the Con tinental Congress, from 1787 to 1788; and was a Representative in Congress, from South Carolina, from 1789 to 1793. TUCKER, TILGHMAN W. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Mississippi, from 1843 to 1845. TURNER, CHARLES. Graduated at Harvard University in 1752, studied for the ministry, and settled in Duxbury, Massachu setts ; was elected a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, serving from 1809 to 1813, and died in 1816, aged about sixty-six years. TURNER, DANIEL. Born in Warren County, North Carolina, September 26, 1796. He commenced his 'education at War renton Academy ; completed it at West Point; in 1814 was appoint ed lieutenant of artillery, as such, Biographical Sketches. 483 served at Brooklyn Heights, and at Plattsburg, and resigned in 1815; after leaving the army, he spent two years at William and Mary College; from 1819 to 1823 he served in the/Legislature of North Carolina; and was a member of Congress, from 1827 to 1829. ' He subsequently had charge of the Warrenton Female Seminary. TURNER, JAMES. Born in Virginia, in the year 1766. His education was such as could be afforded by the common schools of the country ; he served in the Revolution as a private sol dier ; entered public life in 1800, as a member of the Legislature of North Carolina; in 1802 was elect ed Governor of the State ; and was a Senator in Congress, from 1805 to 1816. He died at Bloomsbury, January 15, 1824, much respected for (his talents and personal worth. TURNER, JAMES. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1837. TURNER, THOMAS J. Born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815, where he resided until ten years of age, receiving all his school education within that time. In 1825 he removed with his father's family to Butler County, Pennsylvania, where he worked on a farm until fourteen years old, when the destitute circumstances of his father compelled him to make unusual exertions to assist in the support of the family, which he did by working as a laborer on the Pennsylvania Canal, and contribut ed his earnings to his father until the age 'of eighteen. Leaving his father comfortable, he went to the "far West," and spent three years in St. Paul's County, Indiana, and finally settled in Freeport, Steven son County, IUinois. He was made justice of the peace, which office he held for several years; in 1838 he studied law as a profession, and obtained a lucrative practice. In 1842 he was elected Probate Jus tice of the Peace, and in 1844 was appointed Postmaster. In 1845 he was chosen States Attorney for the Sixth Judicial District, and in 1846 he was elected a Representa tive in the Thirtieth Congress. In 1854 he was a member of the Lower House of the Legislature, and chosen Speaker. Since that time he has devoted himself to the practice of law. TURNEY, HOPKINS L. Born in Smith County, Tennessee, October 3, 1797. He was in his boyhood bound to a tailor, and served at that business several years ; in 1818 he entered upon the campaign against the Seminole Indians ; he did not learn to write until twenty-two years of age, and yet soon after studied law, and was very successful at the bar ; he served about ten years in the Le gislature, from 1828 to 1838, and he was a Representative in Con- 484 Biographical Sketches. gress, from Tennessee, from 1837 to 1843, and in the Senate of the United States, from 1845 to 1851. He died in Winchester, Tennessee, August 1, 1857, leaving behind him a high reputation for his abilities and virtues. TURRELL, JOEL. He was born in Vermont, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1833 to 1837, having been a member of the State Assembly, from Oswego County, in 1831. TWEED, WILLIAM M. Born in the City of New York, April 3, 1823 ; received a common school education ; is by occupation a chair manufacturer ; was a city alderman in New York in 1852 ; a member of the Thirty-third Con gress; a member of the. State Board of Education in 1857 ; and a Supervisor of New York County in 1858. TWEEDY, SAMUEL. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. TYLER, ASHER. He was bom in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. TYLER, JOHN. Born in Charles City County, Virginia, in 1790. He commenced his poUtical life at an early age, having been elected to the Virginia Legislature at the age of twenty- one years, and five years later to Congress. In 1826 he was elevated to the station of Governor of his native State. He discharged the duties of his office but one year and a half, when the Legislature select ed him to fill a vacancy in the Se nate of the United States. He served in this capacity until a dif ference of opinion having arisen between General Jackson and him self, he resigned his seat, and went into voluntary retirement. Mr. Tyler did not again make his ap pearance in public life until 1840, when he was selected by the Whig party as their candidate for Vice- President. He was elected to that office by a large majority, and en tered upon the discharge of his du ties in March, 1841, when the death of the President, General Harrison, shortly after, raised him to the chief magistracy of the Re public. His term of office expired in 1845, since which time he has been living in retirement in Vir ginia. TYSON, JACOB. He was a member of the New York Senate, from Richmond Coun ty, in 1828, and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1823 to 1825. TYSON, JOB R. He was born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in 1804, and died near Philadelphia, in 1858. Biographical Sketches. 485 He was educated a lawyer, fre quently served in the City Councils of Philadelphia, and was a member of the Twenty-fourth Congress. He commanded uncommon influ ence in Congress, and was a man of refined tastes in literature and the fine arts. He also served in the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and through his exertions tfhe archives of that State were first published. UDREE, DANIEL. He was born in Philadelphia, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1815, from 1819 to 1821, and from 1823 to 1825. UNDERBILL, WALTER. He was born in New York, and was a Representative, in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. UNDERWOOD, JOSEPH R. Born in Goochland County, Vir ginia, October 24, 1791. He was adopted by his maternal uncle in 1803, who resided in Barren County, Kentucky. He received his educa tion at various schools in that State, and ended his scholastic course at the University of Lexington, in 1811 ; and then read law with Ro bert Wickliffe. In 1813 he entered the service of the United States, as lieutenant of a volunteer company, and was badly wounded and taken by the enemy at Dudley's defeat, commanding his company after the captain was mortally wounded. He was released from captivity, and landed from the prison-ships on Lake Erie, near Cleveland, where he was lodged in a hospitable cabin until sufficiently recovered to return home. In the fall of 1813 he lo-* eated at Glasgow, Kentucky, and practiced law for ten years, during which time he was Trustee of the town, and County Attorney ; and was a member of the Legislature from 1816 to 1819. In 1823 he re moved, with his family, to Bowling Green, and was elected a member of the General Assembly in 1825 and 1826. From 1828 to 1835 he was Judge of the Court of Ap peals, and resigned on being elec ted a Representative in Congress, in which position he served for ten session's. In 1846 he was again elected to the Legislature of Ken tucky, and was Speaker of the House. In 1847 he was elected a member of the United States Se nate, for six years, aud at the expi ration of the term returned to the practice of law. In 1824 and in 1844 he was a Presidential Elector. UNDERWOOD, WARNER L. Born in Goochland County, Vir ginia, August 7, 1808 ; graduated at the University of Virginia, where he received the first honors in the studies of law, mathematics, and the modern languages, in 1830. He removed to Bowling Green County, Kentucky, at the age of seventeen ; is a lawyer by profession, with an extensive practice. In 1833 he visited Texas, and spent most of the time, until 1840, in that Repub- 486 Biographical Sketches. lie. He was appointed, by Presi dent Lamar, Attorney-General for the Eastern District of that Republic, but held the office only a short time, and also declined the offer of a place in General Houston's cabinet, being unwilling to relinquish his citizenship of the United States. In 1848 he was a Representative in the Kentucky Legislature, and in 1849 a member of the State Senate ; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Con gresses, serving as a member of the Committee on Engraving. UPMAN, CHARLES W. Born in St. John, New Bruns wick, May 4, 1802. He commenced life by becoming a merchant's clerk ; graduated at Harvard College in 1821 ; in 1824 he was settled over the first church in Salem, Massa chusetts; and in 1844 he relin quished the ministry on account of loss of voice. He has also, at dif ferent times, edited the Christian Review, (Unitarian ; ) was Mayor of Salem ; in 1840 and 1850 was in the State Legislature ; in 1851 President of the Senate ; and he was a member of the Thirty-third Congress, serving upon the Com mittee on Post-roads and the Post- office, and was Chairman of a Spe cial ^Committee on the Smithsonian Institution. As an author he has been industrious, and among his publications are the following : " Letters on the Logos," " Lectures on Witchcraft," " Life of Sir Henry Vane," and " Life of John C. Fre mont." UPHAM, GEORGE B. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1789 ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1801 to 1803. He died in 1848. i UPHAM, JABEZ. He was born in Massachusetts ; graduated at Harvard University in 1785 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1807 to 1810. He died in 1811. UPHAM, NATHANIEL, Born in Deerfield, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, June 9, 1774. He was educated at the schools of his native town, and at Phillips's Exeter Academy. At an early age he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was a member of the Legislature of New Hampshire, and of the Governor's Council ; and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1823. UPHAM, WILLIAM. He was born at Leicester, Mas sachusetts, in 1792 ; in 1802 re moved with his father to Vermont; spent some time in the University of Vermont ; and was a lawyer by profession. He was a member of the Vermont Assembly in 1827, 1828, and 1830; and was States Attorney, for Washington County, in 1 8 2 9. He was a Senator in Con gress, from 1843 to the time of his death, which occurred in Washing ton City, January 14, 1853. Biographical Sketches. » VAIL, GEORGE. 487 He was born in New Jersey, and was elected a Representative in Congress, for the terms between 1853 and 1857. VAIL, HENRY. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. VALK, WILLIAM W. He was born in South Carolina, and, on removing to New York, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. VALLANDIGHAM, CLEMENT L. He came of a Huguenot family, and was born in New Lisbon, Co lumbia County, Ohio, in 1822. He received a good education; spent one year in Jefferson College, in Ohio ; spent two years as principal of an academy at Snow Hill, Mary land; returned to Ohio in 1840; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842 ; was elected to the State Legislature in 1845 and 1846 ; was editor of the Dayton Empire from 1847 to 1849 ; for some years subsequent to that date he devoted himself wholly to his profession and poUtics ; was a member of the Na tional Democratic Convention held at Cincinnati in 1856 ; ran for the Thirty-fifth Congress against Hon. L. C. Campbell, whose seat he suc cessfully contested; and he has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. At the commencement of the second session of the Thirty- fifth Congress, he was placed on the Committee on Territories. VAN ALLEN, JAMES I. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1807 to 1809, having been a member of the State Assembly, in 1804, from Columbia County* VAN ALLEN, JOHN E. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1793 to 1799, and was a member of the State Assembly in 1800 and 1801, from Rensselaer County. VAN BUREN, JOHN. He was one of the ablest lawyers of the Ulster County bar, in New York, and a Representative in Con gress, from 1841 to 1843. He died at Kingston, January 16, 1855. VAN BUREN, MARTIN. Was born at Kinderhook, New York, December 5, 1782. His father's circumstances were hum ble, and the son was only able to obtain an ordinary education at the common school and academy of his native village. In 1796 he left the academy, and commenced the study of law. In 1800 he represented the Republicans of his native town in the Congressional Convention for that district. A part of the years 1802 and 1803 he spent in New York, still engaged in the study of his profession, and in November of the latter year he was admitted to the bar. He still continued to take 488 Biographical Sketches. an active part in politics. The first official distinction which he received was conferred upon him by Go vernor Tompkins, who appointed him Surrogate of Columbia Coun ty, in 1808. He took his next step in public life in 1812. In the spring of that year he was elected to the State Senate. He continued a mem ber of that body until 1820, having been, during that period, a sup porter of the war and the canal pro ject. A portion of this time he also held the office of Attorney- General. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of the State of New York, in 1821, and in February of the same year he was elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1827. The following year the guberna torial chair of the State of New York became vacant, by the death of Governor Clinton, and Mr. Van Buren was selected as the candi date for that office, by the Demo cratic party of the State. He was elected, but his career as Governor was brief. Scarcely was his ad ministration commenced, when Pre sident Jackson offered him the ap pointment of Secretary of State, and Mr. Van Buren at once ac cepted it. The President appointed him Ambassador to England, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomi nation. He received a large ma jority of the electoral votes for Vice- President in 1832, which office he continued to fill during President Jackson's term. In 1836 he was nominated for the office of Presi dent, and elected. The principal measure of his administration was the establishment of the Independ ent Treasury. In 1840 he was again nominated for the same office, but defeated by the Whig candi date, General Harrison. Since the close of his Presidential term, in 1841, he has' been living in retire ment at Kinderhook, his place of birth, on an estate to which he has given the name of Lindenwald. In 1848 he was the Presidential candi date of the section of the Demo cratic party styling themselves "Barnburners," or, on that occa sion, " Free-Soilers," but was un successful. VANCE, JOSEPH. He was one of the earliest resi dents of the State of Ohio ; served frequently in the Legislature1 of that State; was a Representative in Congress, from 1821 to 1835 ; Go vernor of the State in 1836; and again in Congress, from 1843 to 1847, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Claims. In every public position he acquitted himself with ability, and died near the town of Alabama, Ohio, August 24, 1851. VANCE, ROBERT B. He was born in North Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, fr6m that State, from 1823 to 1825. VANCE, Z. B. He was born in Buncombe Coun ty, North Carolina, May 13, 1830; Biographical Sketches. 489 received a limited education, and spent one year at the State Univer sity, through the friendship of its . distinguished President ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853; in 1854 he was elected to the Legislature, from Buncombe County ; and, on the resignation of Hon. T. L. Clingman, in 1858, he was elected to succeed him in the Federal House of Representatives. VAN CORTLANDT, PHILIP. He was a member of the New York Assembly, from Westchester County, in 1788, 1789, and 1790 ; of the State Senate, from 1791 to 1794; and a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1793 to 1809. VAN CORTLANDT, PIERRE. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1811 to 1813, having been a member of the State Assembly in 1777. VANDERPOOL, AARON. Hewas born at Kinderhook, New York, February 5, 1799 ; received a classical education ; he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820; he served in 1825, 1829, and 1830, in the State Legislature ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from 1833 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1841. On his retirement from Congress he settled in New York City, and was ap pointed one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, which office he held until 1850. From the cha racter of his oratory, he was known among his constituents as the "Kin derhook Roarer." VANDERVEER, ABRAHAM. He was born in New York ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839. VAN DYKE, JOHN. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1851. VAN DYKE, NICHOLAS. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1788 ; was a Representa tive in Congress, from 1807 to 1811; a Senator in Congress, from 1817 to 1826 ; and died in May, 1826. VAN GAASBECK, PETER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1793 to 1795. VAN HORNE, ARCHIBALD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Maryland, from 1807 to 1811. VAN HORNE, ESPY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1825 to 1829. VAN HORNE, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1801 to 1805, and was then appointed Receiver of Public Moneys in Zanesville, Ohio. 490 Biographical Sketches. VAN HOUTON, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1835. VAN METRE, JOHN J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1843 to 1845, and was a member of the Commit tee on Expenses in the Navy De partment. VAN NESS, JOHN P. He was born in Ghent, Columbia County, New York, in 1770. He was educated at Columbia College, and studied law, but gave up' the practice on account of ill health. He was a Representative in Con gress from 1801 to 1803 ; and, hav ing taken up his residence in Wash ington City, became the first Presi dent of the Bank of the Metropolis, in 1814 ; he was also elected Mayor of Washington, and both as a pub lic and private citizen did much to promote the prosperity of the seat of Government. While a member of Congress he received, from President Jefferson, a commission as major of militia for the District of Columbia, which, with the fact that he married a Washington lady, was the cause of his change of resi dence. He died in Washington, March 7, 1846. VAN RENSSELAER, HENRY. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. VAN RENSSELAER, JEREMIAH. He was born in 1741 ; was a pa triot of the Revolution; Lieute nant-Governor of New York; a member of Congress, from that State, from 1789 to 1791. He died in Albany, February 22, 1810. VAN RENSSELAER, SOLOMON. He was born in Rensselaer County, New York, in 1774; he served as an officer under General Wayne, in 1794, and was wounded through the lungs, and received four wounds at the battle of Queens- town Heights. In 1799 he was promoted to the rank of major. He was Adjutant- Gen eral of New York from 1801 to 1810, and in 1813. He was a' Representative in Congress, from 'that State, from 1819 to 1822, when he was ap pointed Postmaster at Albany. He died near Albany, April 23, 1852. VAN RENSSELAER, STEPHEN. He was born in the City of New York, in November, 1764, and gra duated at the University in Cam bridge, Massachusetts, in 1782; was elected a member of the New York Senate in 1795 ; was six years Lieutenant-Governor of New York ; a member of Congress from 1822 to 1829 ; was appointed, in 1810, one of the Canal Commissioners, and, for the last fourteen years of his life, was President of the Board; and, during the last war with Eng land, he commanded, with reputa tion, as major-general on the Nia gara frontier. He was distinguished Biographical Sketches. 491 for his wealth and munificent chari ties, and enjoyed the inherited title of Patroon. He died at Albany, January 26, 1839. VAN RENSSELAER, WILLIAM. He was born in 1763; was a member of Congress, from New York, from 1801 to 1811, after which he retired to private life, and died in New York City, June 18, 1845. VAN WYCK, WILLIAM. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1821 to 1825. VANZANT, JOSHUA. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855 ; was also for many years President of the Maryland Institute. VARNUM, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1825 to 1831. He was a native of Massachusetts; educated at Har- vard University ; practiced law for some years at Haverhill, Massachu setts, was frequently a member of the State Legislature. He removed to Niles, in the State of Michigan, where he died, July 23, 1836, aged sixty-three years. VARNUM, JOSEPH BRADLEY. Born in 1759, in Dracut, Massa chusetts; he was a general in the revolutionary war, and a Represen tative in Congress, from 1795 to 1811, being four years Speaker, during the Tenth and Eleventh Congresses. He was chosen Sena tor in 1811, and served till 1817. Of three conventions of Massachu setts he was a useful member ; he died suddenly, September 11, 1821, being then major-general of a divi sion of the mUitia. VENABLE, ABRAHAM B. He was a graduate of Princeton CoUege in 1780 ; a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1791 to 1799, and a Senator of the United States, from 1803 to 1804. He perished in the conflagration of the theatre at Richmond, Virginia, December 26, 1811. t VENABLE, ABRAHAM W. Born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, October 17, 1799; gra duated at Hampden Sidney College in 1816; studied medicine for two years, and then went to Princeton College, where he graduated in 1819; he then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in North Carolina, in 1821. He was a Pre sidential Elector in 1832, and also in 1836 ; and a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1847 to 1853. His father and six* uncles were in the revolutionary war, serving their country faithfully. VERPLANCK, DANIEL C He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1803 to 1809. 492 Biographical Sketches. VERPLANCK, JULIAN C An American author, and born in the City of New York. He gradu ated at Columbia College, pursued the study of the law, and, after his admission to the bar, he passed se veral years abroad, in Great Britain and on the continent. On his re turn home, he became interested in politics, and, in 1814, was a candi date of the "malcontents" in New York for the Assembly. In 1819 he wrote the "State Triumvirate, a Political Tale," being a satire on the political parties of the day, and other works of a similar descrip tion. In 1820 he was a prominent member of the New York Legisla ture, in which he was Chairman of the Committee on Education. He soon after became Professor of the Evidences of Christianity, in the Theological Seminary of the Pro testant Episcopal Church in New York, and, in 1824, he published his "Essays on the Nature and Uses of the various Evidences of Re vealed Religion," a work 'written with simplicity and elegance. The following year appeared his "Es say on the Doctrine of Contracts, being an Inquiry how Contracts are affected, in Law and Morals, by Concealment, Error, or Inadequate Price." Besides these works, he contributed much to various maga zines, and in conjunction with Mr. Bryant and Mr. Sands, he published the Talisman, a sort of annual, three volumes of which appeared. From 1825 he was for eight years a member of Congress, from the City of New York, and he was after wards, for several years a member of the New York Senate. He also published, in 1833, a collection of his discourses and addresses on vari ous subjects, and in 1844-46, a handsome edition of Shakspeare. VINING, JOHN He was a Representative in Con gress, from Delaware, from 1789 to 1792, and a Senator in Congress, from 1793 to 1798. He had previ ously been elected a Delegate to the Continental Congress, from 1784 to 1786. VINTON, SAMUEL F. Born at South Hadley, Massa chusetts, September 25, 1792. He graduated at Williams College, Massachusetts, in 1814 ; studied law in Middletown, Connecticut, and was admitted to the bar in 1816, when he removed to Ohio, and practiced his profession with eminent success. He was first elected a Representative in Con gress, in 1823, and served fourteen years, when he declined a re-elec tion; he was re-elected in 1843, and served eight years in succes sion, when he again declined a re election, and retired to private life, where his tastes and wishes incline him to remain. While in Congress, Mr. Vinton served as chairman of several of the most important com mittees. VOSE, ROGER. He graduated at Harvard Uni versity in 1790 ; was a Represents- Biographical Sketches. 493 tive in Congress, from New Hamp shire, from 1813 to 1817 ; and died in 1841. VROOM, PETER D. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. He was also Governor of New Jer sey, from 1829 to 1832, and for a second term.from 1833 to 1836. In 1853 he was appointed Minister to Prussia. WADE, BENJAMIN F. He was born in Feeding Hills parish, Massachusetts, October 27, 1800 ; received a limited education, and commenced active life by teach ing school and attending to agricul tural pursuits, in Ohio, to which he removed when twenty-one years of age; he studied law, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1828 ; and he was elected a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, in 1851, for the term ending in 1857, and re-elected for a second term, ending in 1863. The other public positions held by him are, Justice of the Peace, Prosecut ing Attorney for Ashtabula Coun ty, State Senator, and President of a -Judicial Circuit. He is at pre sent a member of the Committee on Territories, in the Senate. WADE, EDWARD. He was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, November 22, 1803, and received a common school edu cation ; he removed with his father to Andover, Ashtabula County, Ohio, in 1821, where he remained until 1824, and engaged in clearing the land. He studied law in Alba ny and Troy, New York, and was admitted to the bar in Jefferson, Ohio, in 1827, and was elected jus tice of the peace in that county ; in 1832 he removed to Unionville, and remained until 1837, and finally set tled in Cleveland. He was elected a Representative, from Ohio, in the Thirty-third Congress, to which po sition he has been re-elected to the present time, and has -also been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. He is a member of the Com mittee on Commerce. WADSWORTH, JEREMIAH. He was a Delegate, from Con necticut, to the Continental Con gress, from 1786 to 1788, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1789 to 1795. WADSWORTH, PELEG. Was born in Duxbury, Massachu setts, May 6, 1748; graduated at Harvard College in 1769, and after wards engaged in commercial pur suits. He joined the army as cap tain of a company of minute men, at Roxbury, in the beginning of the war, and by his skill and courage', rose rapidly in the service. He was second in command of the forces sent to Penobscot by Massachusetts, in 1779, on which occasion he dis played great courage, and was- taken prisoner. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general. After the war, in 1784, he established 494 Biographical Sketches. himself in Portland, Maine, in mer cantile business ; and was employed much in surveying, in which he was quite skillful. In 1792 he was elect ed a Senator to the Legislature of Massachusetts, and the same year was chosen to Congress the first Representative from his district. He was successively re-elected until 1806, when he declined a further nomination. In 1798, the, citizens of Portland gave him a public din ner in approbation of his conduct as their Representative. In 1807 he removed to the County of Oxford, Maine, to improve a large tract of laud granted to him by government, for his services. Here he passed the remainder of his days in retire ment, enjoying the respect of a large circle of his friends and fellow- citizens. He died in 1829. WAGENER, D. D. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1841. WAGGAMANN, GEORGE A. He was Secretary of State of Louisiana, under three administra tions ; held various other public posi tions, and was a Senator in Congress, from 1831 to 1835 He died at New Orleans, March 23, 1843, from the effects of a wound received in a duel, aged fifty-three years. WAGNER, PETER J. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1841. WAKEMAN, ABRAM. Born in Fairfield, Connecticut, May 31, 1824. He received a dis trict school education; when six teen years of age he removed to New Rochelle, New York, and taught school; he subsequently attended an academy in Herkimer County, as pupil, working a part of the time on a farm to pay his expenses; he then went into the wilderness and took charge of a saw-mill; after that he went into the business of selling books by subscription, tra veling through much of the Union ; in 1844 he commenced the study of the law in Herkimer County, New York ; went to New York City in 1846, and was admitted to the bar in 1847 ; in 1850 he was elected to the Legislature ; re-elected in 1851 ; in 1854 was elected an alderman in New York, serving two years ; and in 1856 was elected a Representa tive to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He has also frequently served as a member of State conventions. WALBRIDGE, DAVID S. Born in Bennington, Vermont, July 30, 1802; received his educa tion from the common schools of the vicinity ; has devoted himself to the various employments of the farmer, the merchant, and the miller ; he re moved to Michigan in 1842; and was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, in 1854, in which capacity he is still serving his adopted State, and is a member of the Committee on Public Lands. Biographical Sketches. 495 WALBRIDGE, HENRY S. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1851 to 1853. WALBRIDGE, HIRAM. Born at Ithica, Tompkins Coun ty, New York, February 2, 1821 ; commenced life by learning the trade of a mechanic ; subsequently received a good education at the Ohio University; when twenty- three years of age was elected briga dier-general of the Ohio militia; and removing to New York City, was elected a Representative in Congress, from New York, serving from 1853 to 1855. WALDEN, HIRAM. He was born in Rutland County, Vermont, August 29, 1800 ; re ceived a Umited education, and hav ing removed with his father to New York, devoted himself to the busi ness of cloth dressing and wool carding; he took an interest in military affairs, and attained the office of major-general of militia ; in 1836 he was elected to the State Legislature ; in 1842 he was elect ed a supervisor in the County of Schoharie ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from New York, from 1849 to 1851. WALDO, LORIN P. Was born in Canterbury, Wind ham County, Connecticut, February 2, 1802; received a thorough English education in the common schools, and pursued the study of the classics to some extent under private instructors; read law, and was admitted to practice in the courts of the State of Connecticut, in September, 1825; located in Tolland County, Connecticut, where he was States Attorney from 1837 to 1849 ; was two years Judge of the Court of Probate in his district, and six years a member of the Le gislature of his State. In April, 1849, he was elected to the Thirty- first Congress, and served the term. In 1852 he was elected Commis sioner of the School Fund of Con necticut ; was in March, 1853, ap pointed, by President Pierce, Com missioner of Pensions, and in June, 1855, was elected, by the Legisla ture of Connecticut, to the office of Judge of the Supreme Court, which office he now holds. WALDRON, HENRY. He was born in Albany, New York, October 11, 1819;, graduated at Rutgers's College, New Bruns wick, New Jersey, in July, 1836 ; be came a civil engineer by profession ; was elected to the Legislature of Michigan in 1843; and served as a Representative in Congress, dur ing the years 1855, 1856, 1857, and 1858 ; and is a member of the Committee on Mileage. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. WALES, GEORGE E. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1825 to 1829. 496 Biographical Sketches. wales, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Delaware, from 1849 to 1851. WALKER, BENJAMIN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1801 to 1803. WALKER, DAVID. He was a Representative, in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1817 to 1820. WALKER, FELIX. He was born in Hampshire Coun ty, Virginia, July 19, 1753, and was a Representative iu Congress, from North Carolina, from 1817 to 1823 ; Was the friend and com panion of Daniel Boone, when he explored Kentucky and founded Boonesborough ; he served as a sol dier in the Indian wars in the Ca- rolinas; settled in Tryon County, North Carolina ; and was for many years in the State Legislature ; and subsequently removing to the State of Mississippi, he died there in 1830. WALKER, FRANCIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from North Carolina, from 1793 to 1795. WALKER, FREEMAN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, from 1819 to 1821. WALKER, GEORGE. He was a Senator in Congress, from Kentucky, from 1814 to 1815. WALKER, ISAAC P, He was a Senator in Congress, from Wisconsin, from 1848 to 1855, and Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. WALKER, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from "V/irginia, during the year 1790. WALKER, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, from 1790 ,to 1791. WALKER, JOHN W. He was a Senator in Congress, from Alabama, from 1819 to 1822, and died in April, 1823. WALKER, PERCY. Born near Huntsville, Alabama; received an academic education, and in 1835 graduated in the medi cal department of the University of Pennsylvania, and removed to Mo bile. He served as an officer in a volunteer company during the Creek war. He afterwards studied law as a profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1842; he was elected by the Legislature to the office of States Attorney for the Sixth Ju dicial Circuit, which he held four years. In 1839, 1847, and 1853, he represented MobUe County in the General Assembly, and in 1855 was elected a Representative from Alabama, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress. At the next election he declined being a candidate, and re sumed the practice of law. Biographical Sketches. 497 WALKER, ROBERT J. Was born at Northumberland, in the State of Pennsylvania, in 1801. He entered the University of Penn sylvania, in Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1819. On leaving College, he settled in Pittsburg, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1821. He interested himself in politics at a very early period, and became chairman of a Democratic committee during a State election, when only twenty- two years of age. A year or two later he took part in the movement in favor of nominating General Jackson to the Presidency, and was instrumental in bringing about the action of the Harrisburg Con vention, which nominated Jackson for that office in 1824. In the spring of 1826 he moved to the State of Mississippi. He uniformly refused every political office which was offered him, until 1834, when he consented to become a candidate for the office of United States Se nator ; but the Whigs having a ma jority in the State Senate, he was not elected. In 1836, however, he was more successful, and took his seat in the Senate shortly after. In that body he was one of the leaders of his party, and participated fully in the debates, uniformly support ing the men and measures of the Democratic party. In March, 1845, on President Polk's accession to office, Mr. Walker was called upon to take charge of the Treasury De partment, which he administered for four years. He subsequently 32 » visited England, where he met with flattering attentions. After ha vin g been for some years out of the pale of politics, he was appointed, by President Buchanan, in 1857, Go vernor of the Territory of Kansas, which office he resigned, and has since occupied no public position. WALKER, WILLIAM A. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con- from New York, from 1853 to 1855. WALL, GARRET D. Bornin Monmouth County, New Jersey, March 10, 1783 ; received an academical education, and in 1798 commenced the study of law at Trenton ; in 1804 was licensed as an attorney, and in 1807 as counselor-at-law. Was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court in 1812, which office he held for five years. He commanded a volunteer company at the defence of Sandy Hook, in the last war ; and was Quartermaster-general of the State from 1815 to 1837. In 1827 he was elected to the General Assem bly. In 1829 was appointed United States District Attorney for New Jersey, and the same year elected Governor of the State, by the Le gislature, but declined the appoint ment. He was a member of the United States Senate, from 1835 to 1841. In 1843 his health was greatly impaired by a stroke of paralysis, but in 1848 he was ap pointed Judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals, which office he occu- 498 Biographical Sketches. pied until his death, which occurred in Burlington, New Jersey, Novem ber 22, 1850. His disease was dropsy on the chest. WALLACE, DANIEL. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from 1847 to 1853. WALLACE, DAVID. He was born in Indiana, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. WALLACE, JAMES M. He was born in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from that State, from 1815 to 1821. WALLEY, SAMUEL H. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, August 31, 1805 ; fitted for College at Andover Academy; graduated at Harvard College in 1826 ; stu died law; officiated for twenty years as treasurer of a savings bank in Boston, for the benefit of seamen ; was also treasurer for a long time of a railroad in Vermont, and one in New York ; he was also a member of the State Legislature for eight sessions, and Speaker of the House for two years ; and a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to' 1855. On his return from Washington, he was the Whig can didate for Governor of Massachu setts, but was defeated, since which time he has lived in retirement. WALN, ROBERT. He was a prominent merchant in Philadelphia, and a member of Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1798 to 1801, and died January 24, 1836, aged seventy-one years, WALSH, MIKE. He was born in New York ; was for some years the editor of a news paper in New York City; and a Representative in Congress, from 1853 to 1855. WALSH, THOMAS Y. He was a native of Maryland, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. WALTON, E. P. Born at Montpelier, Vermont, February 17, 1812 ; studied law, but was a practical printer and edi tor, having for several years edited the Vermont Watchman; he served in the State Legislature, as Repre sentative, one term ; and was then elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a mem ber of the Committee on Public Expenditures. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. WALTON, GEORGE. He was a native of Virginia, born in 1740 ; he served an apprentice ship to the carpenter's trade, after the expiration of which he removed to Georgia, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1774. He was one of the signers of the Decla- Biographical Sketches. 499 ration of Independence, and one of the four individuals who called a pubUc meeting, at Savannah, to concert measures for the defence of the country, in 1774; was one of the committee who prepared a peti tion to the King, and drew up the patriotic resolutions adopted on that occasion. He was active in promoting the Revolution at home, and in 1776 was a Delegate to Con gress, from Georgia. When the enemy attacked Savannah he was dangerously wounded and taken prisoner, but was released in 1779, and the same year was chosen Go vernor of the State; in 1780 was again sent to Congress, and in 1783 was appointed Chief Justice of the State ; in 1787 was a delegate to the Convention for framing the Constitution of the United States, but declined taking his seat ; in 1793 was again Judge of the Su preme Court, and in 1795 was- elected to succeed General Jackson as a Senator in Congress, serving one year. He died February 2, 1804. WALTON, MATTHEW. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1803 to 1807. WALWORTH, REUBEN HYDE. He was born at Bozrah, Con necticut, in October, 1789. He spent his earlier years on a farm, and had few advantages of educa tion. He commenced the study of law at the age of seventeen, and when twenty was admitted to prac tice, and when twenty- two was li censed as an attorney of the Su preme Court Of New York. He settled at Plattsburg in 1811, and held successively the offices of Mas ter in Chancery, officer of militia during the siege of Plattsburg in 1814, and adjutant-general of the combined forces, having, as such, participated in the battles of Beek- manstown and Pike's Cantonment. He was a member of the House during the Seventeenth Congress, declined a re-election, and was ap pointed a Circuit Judge in 1823 ; and in 1828 he was made Chancel lor of the State of New York, which he held for twenty years, when the office was abolished. His opinions as Chancellor were published in fourteen volumes, while his other opinions occupy as many more. WARD, AARON. He was born at Sing Sing, New York; was educated at Mount Pleasant Academy, and adopted the profession of law. He served, in 1813, in the regular army, as a captain ; was, for a time, after the war, District Attorney for the Coun ty of Westchester, and subsequently attained the position of major-gene ral of the New York militia. His terms of service as a Representative in Congress, were from 1825 to 1829, from 1831 to 1837, and from 1841 to 1843. WARD, ARTEMAS. Graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1748. He was a Representative in 500 Biographical Sketches. the Massachusetts Legislature; a member of the Common Council of Boston ; and a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the County of Worcester. June 17, 1775, he was appointed Major-General of the American army, and was intrusted with the command of the right wing of the troops stationed at Roxbury, for the siege of Boston. He was a Delegate to the Provincial Con gress, and a. Representative in the United States Congress, from Mas sachusetts, from 1791 to 1795. He was much esteemed by Washington, and although he resigned his com mission in April, 1776, yet at the request of the Commander-in-chief he continued some time longer in the service. He was a man of ex emplary piety and incorruptible in tegrity. After a long and patient endurance of many sufferings, he died, October 28, 1800, aged seven ty-three years. WARD, ARTEMAS. He was a native of Massachu setts, and born in 1763 ; graduated at Harvard University in 1 7 83. He studied law and was admitted to practice, and soon became eminent in his profession. He was elected a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1817. In 1821 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, which office he held for nine teen years. He died in Boston, October 7, 1847. He was honored with the degree of LL.D. from Harvard University. WARD, ELIJAH. He was born in Sing Sing, New York, September 16, 1816; received an academical education, and was bred a merchant, chiefly in the City of New York, where he was Presi dent of the Mercantile Library As sociation in 1839 ; he studied law at the University of New York, and was admitted to the bar in 1843; and was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, serv ing on the Committee for the Dis trict of Columbia. WARD, JONATHAN. He was a native of New York; and a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1817, having been a State Senator, from Westchester County, from 1807 to 1810. WARD, MATT. He was born in Elbert County, Georgia, but grew up to manhood in Madison County, Alabama. He received an academical education; was a school teacher for two years ; studied law ; and became a citizen of the Republic of Texas in 1836. He served a number of years in the Congress of that Republic, and when it became a State, was elected to the Legislature as a Senator. He was a member of the two Conventions wliich nominated Mr. Pierce and Mr. Buchanan for the office of President; in 1856 hewas chosen President of the State Demo cratic Convention held at Austin ; and in 1858 was elected a Senator in Congress, from Texas, for the term ending in 1863. Biographical Sketches. 501 WARD, THOMAS. Was a Representative in Con gress, from New Jersey, from 1813 to 1817. He died at Newark, New Jersey, February 4, 1842, aged eighty-three. WARD, WILLIAM T. He was born in Kentucky ; and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. WARDWELL, DANIEL. He was born in Rhode Island, and having taken up his residence in New York, was elected a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1837, and was Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. He was also a member of the New York Assembly for four years, from Jef ferson County. WARE, NICHOLAS. He was a Senator in Congress, from Georgia, from 1821 to the time of his death, which occurred in New York City, September 7, 1824. WARFIELD, HENRY .R. Was born in Anne Arundel Coun ty, Maryland; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, from 1819 to 1825. On the morning of March 18, 1839, he was found dead in his bed, at Fre derick, Maryland. AVARNER, HIRAM. Born in Hampshire County, Mas sachusetts, October 29, 1802 ; he received a good common school education, with some knowledge of the classics, and emigrated to Georgia at the age of seventeen, and there taught school for three years ; with his earnings he was enabled to study the profession of law, and was admitted to practice in 1825, and opened an office at Knoxville, in Crawford County. From 1828 to 1831 he was a Re presentative in the General Assem bly, and declined a re-election. In 1833 he was elected by the Legis lature one of the Judges of the Su perior Courts of the State, and was reappointed in 1836, holding the office until 1840. From that time till 1845 he was engaged in a lucra tive practice, and was that year appointed one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, serving for eight years, and then resigned. In 1855 he was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fourth Congress, and de clined a re-election in 1857. WARREN, CORNELIUS. Born in Putnam County, New York, in 1790, and died at Cold Spring, July 28, 1849. He was a member of Congress, from New York, from 1847 until his death. WARREN, EDWARD A. Bom in Green County, Alabama, May 2, 1818; received a liberal education, and studied the profes sion of law. He served in the Mis- 502 Biographical Sketches. sissippi Legislature in 1845 and 1846, and in the Legislature of Ar kansas in 1848 and 1849, as Speaker of the House. In 1850 he was elected States Attorney for the Sixth Judicial District of Arkan sas, and was a Representative, from that State, in the Thirty-third Con gress, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth. He is a member of the Committees on the Militia, and Railroads and Canals. warren, lott. Born in Burke County, Georgia, October 30, 1797; commenced life as a clerk in a store ; served in the Seminole war as a second lieutenant of militia, in 1818; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1821; in 1823 he was elected a major of battalion ; in 1824 went to the State Legislature ; in 1825 was appointed Solicitor-General to fill a vacancy ; in 1830 he was sent to the State Senate ; in 1831 again elected to the Lower House; and he was a Representative in Con gress from 1839 to 1843. He is still devoted to the profession of law. WASHBURN, ISRAEL. Born June 6, 1813, at Livermore, County of Oxford, (now Androscog gin,) Maine. He received a classi cal education ; studied law, and in October, 1834, was admitted to the bar ; he commenced the practice of the law in Orono, Penobscot Coun ty, December, 1834, where he has since resided. He was a member of the Legislature in 1842, and elected to the Federal House of Re presentatives, from Maine, for the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty- fourth, and Thirty-fifth Congresses, and is a member of the Committee on Elections. He has been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. WASHBURNE, C C. Born in the town of Livermore, Maine, April 22, 1818. He is a lawyer by profession; removed to Wisconsin, and was elected a Re presentative, from that State, to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses. He is a member of the Committees on Private Land Claims and Expenditures on the Public Buildings. He has been re elected to the Thirty-sixth Con gress. WASHBURNE, ELIHU B. Born in Livermore, Oxford Coun ty, Maine, September 23, 1816; studied law at Harvard University, and practiced at Galena. Illinois. He was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, and is a member of the Com mittee on Commerce. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. WASHINGTON, GEORGE C. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, August 20, 1789, and died in Georgetown, District of Columbia, July 17, 1854. He was educated at Cambridge, and became Biographical Sketches. 503 a lawyer by profession, though par tial to the pursuit of agriculture. At the time of his death he was the oldest and nearest surviving male relative of his granduncle, General Washington. He represented Mary land in Congress, from 1827 to 1833, and from 1835 to 1837. He was also President of the Chesa peake and Ohio Canal, and a Com missioner for the settlement of Indian claims. When General Scott was nominated for the Presidency, Mr. Washington was spoken of as the candidate for Vice-President. WASHINGTON, WILLIAM H. Born in North Carolina ; gradu ated at Yale College in 1834, and is a lawyer by profession. He was in Congress from 1841 to 1843, and subsequently five or six years in the State Legislature. WATKINS, ALBERT G. He was born in Jefferson County, Tennessee, May 5, 1818 ; was edu cated at Holston College, Tennes see ; adopted the profession of law ; was elected to the Legislature, from his native county, in 1845 ; was a Presidential Elector in 1848 ; and was first elected a Representative in Congress in 1849, and has been re-elected to each succeeding Con gress, excepting the Thirty-third, when he declined the nomination. He is at the present time a member of the Committees on Manufactures and on the Militia. WATMOUGH, JOHN G. He was born on the banks of the Brandywine, Delaware, December 6, 1793, and educated at the Uni versity of Pennsylvania and Prince ton. He served in the war of 1812, as a lieutenant in the Second Artillery, and while doing service on the fron tiers, in 1813 and 1814, was wound ed by receiving in his body three musket balls, the last of which was extracted in 1835 ; he resigned his commission in 1816, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, in 1831, where he re mained four years, during the whole. of which period his wounds were open andconstantly giving him pain. His other public positions were those of aid-de-camp to General Gaines at New Orleans, and in the Creek Nation in 1814 and 1815; High Sheriff of Philadelphia City and County, in 1835 ; and Surveyor of that port in 1841. Of late years he has lived in retirement. WATSON, COOPER K. He was born in Ohio, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1855 to 1857. WATSON, J. He was a Senator in Congress, from New York, from 1798 to 1800; has previously been a member of the Assembly of New York, during the years 1791, 1794, 1795, and 1796 ; was a State Senator in 1797. 504 Biographical Sketches. WATTERSON, HARVEY M. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1843. WATTS, JOHN. He was born in New York in 1749, and died in New York City, September 3, 1836. He was a member of Congress, from 1793 to 1795. WAYNE, ANTHONY. Born in Easttown, Chester Coun ty, Pennsylvania, in 1746. In 1773 ¦ he was elected a Representative in the General Assembly, where he took an active part against the claims of Great Britain. In 1775 he entered the array as colonel, and in the battle at the Three Rivers, in June, 1776, received a wound in the leg, and at the close of the campaign he was made a brigadier- general. In the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and especially at Stony Point, he greatly distinguished himself, in the latter assault receiving a severe wound in the head. In 1781 he led the Pennsylvania line, to form a junction with La Fayette in Virgi nia, and engaged in the capture of Cornwallis; after which he con ducted the war in Georgia with equal success, receiving from the Legislature of that State a valu able farm as a reward for his ser vices, upon which he retired after the war. In 1787 he was a mem ber of the Convention for framing the Constitution, and served as a Representative in Congress in 1791. In 1792 he was again called into military service, and succeeded St Clair in the command of the army against the Indians, gaining a complete victory over them in 1794, at the battle of the Miami; he concluded a treaty, August 3, 1795, with the hostile tribes north west of the Ohio. While in the service of his country, having at tained the rank of major-general, he died in a hut at Presque Isle, and was buried on the shore of Lake Erie, in December, 1796. WAYNE, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1823 to 1825. WAYNE, JAMES M. He was born in Savannah, Geor gia. Having obtained an excellent preliminary education, under the in struction of a private tutor, he en tered Nassau Hall, (now Princeton College,) where he counted among his fellow-students some of the lead ing men of the present day. On his return home, at the end of his colle giate course, he commenced the study of law with one of the most dis tinguished lawyers of Savannah; but his father having died a few months afterwards, he left, by the advice of his friends, to prosecute his studies at the North. On his return home he commenced the practice of his profession, and also took much interest in politics. Af- Biographical Sketches. 505 ter three or four years, he was elected a member of the General Assembly, as an opponent of the "reUef law," which had created much feeUng throughout the State. He was re-elected the following year, but declined being a candi date the third time. He was next mayor of the city. On his resig nation of that office, he was chosen Judge of the Superior Court, and served for five years and a half. He was then elected a member of Con gress in the session of 1829-30. He took a prominent position in the House as a debater, and also proved himself a good business member on various committees. He was a sup porter of President Jackson, by whom he was appointed to a seat on the bench of the United States Supreme Court in 1835. He has proved himself a sound and ac complished jurist. He has espe cially devoted his attention to the subject of admiralty jurisprudence, and his opinion on points con nected with that subject are every where cited as high authority. WEAKLEY, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1809 to 1811, and in 1819 was appointed United States Commissioner to treat with the Chickasaws. WEBSTER, DANIEL. Born in the town of Salisbury, New Hampshire, January 18, 1782. His opportunities for education were very deficient, and he was in debted for his earliest instruction to his mother. For a few months only, in 1796, he enjoyed the ad vantages of Phillips's Exeter Aca demy ; here his education for col lege commenced, and it was com pleted at Boscawen. He entered Dartmouth College in 1797, and graduated in 1801. Soon after he engaged in professional studies, first in his native village, and after wards at Fryeburg, in Maine, where, at the same time, he had the charge of an academy, and was also a co pyist in the office of Register of Deeds. Having completed his stu dies in the office of Governor Gore, of Boston, he was admitted to the bar of Suffolk, Massachusetts, in the year 1805. He commenced the practice of law in his native State, and county; in 1807 he removed to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and soon became engaged in a respecta ble but not lucrative practice. In 1812 he was chosen a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu- setts,and was re-elected. He removed to Boston in 1816, and was placed at once beside the leaders of the Massachusetts bar, having already appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States, at Washing ton. By his argument in the Dart mouth College case, carried by ap peal to Washington, in 1817, he took rank among the most distin guished jurists in the country. In 1820 he was chosen a member of the Convention for revising the Constitution of Massachusetts. He 506 Biographical Sketches. was offered, about this time, a no mination as a Senator of the United States, but declined. In 1822 he was elected a Represenntative in Congress, from the City of Boston ; he took his seat in December, 1823, and early in the session made his celebrated speech on the Greek Revolution, which at once esta blished his reputation as one of the first statesmen of the age. In the autumn of the same year he was re elected. In 1826 he was again elected, and under the presidency of Mr. Adams he was the leader of the friends of the administration, first in the House of Representa tives, and afterwards in the Senate, to which he was elected in 1827. His speech on the Panama Mission was made in the first session of the Nineteenth Congress. When the tariff law of 1824 was brought for ward he spoke against it, on the ground of expediency. He remained in the Senate a period of twelve years. In 1830 he made what is generally regarded the ablest of his parliamentary efforts, his second speech in reply to Colonel Hayne, of South Carolina. Mr. Webster, although opposed to the admin istration of General Jackson, gave it a cordial support in its measures for the defence of the Union, in 1832 and 1833, but op posed its financial system. In 1839 he made a short visit to Europe. His fame had preceded him, and he was received, in the Old World, with the attention due to his character and talents, at the French and Eng lish courts. On the accession of President Harrison, he was ap pointed Secretary of State, and was continued in this office by Pre sident Tyler. President Tyler's cabinet was broken up in 1842, but Mr. Webster remained in office till the spring of 1843, being desirous of putting some other masters, con nected with our foreign relations, in a prosperous train. Mr. Web ster returned to the Senate of the United States in 1845, and he re mained in that body until 1850, when he was appointed Secretary, of State, by President Fillmore. In December, 1850, the famous Hiilse- mann letter was written. In 1851, by his judicious management of the Cuba question, he obtained of the Spanish Government the pardon of the followers of Lopez, who had been deported to Spain. About the same time he received from the English Government an apology for the interference of a British cruiser with an American steamer, in the waters of Nicaragua. This was the second time that the British Government had made a similar concession at the instance of Mr. Webster. The first was in reference to the destruction of the " Caroline," at Schlosser. He paid much atten tion to agriculture, and his resi dence, when not engaged in public business at Washington, was either at Marshfield, in Massachusetts, or at the place of his birth, in New Hampshire. The works of Mr. Webster were published in six vo lumes, with a biographical memoir Biographical Sketches. 507 by Edward Everett. He died Oc tober 23, 1852, at Marshfield; and in 1857, two volumes of Mr. Webster's private correspondence were pub lished by his son, Fletcher Web ster, Esq. WEBSTER, TAYLOR. He was born in Pennsylvania, and having settled in Ohio, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1 833 to 1839. WEEKS, JOHN W. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1829 to 1833. WEEKS, JOSEPH. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from New Hampshire, from 1835 to 1839. WEEMS, JOHN C. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1826to 1829. WEIGHTMAN, R. C. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of New Mexico, from 1851 to 1853. WELCH, JOHN. He was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, October 28, 1805 ; was edu cated at Franklin College, Ohio; ', studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1833 ; he was a member * ' ' of the State Senate of Ohio, in 1846 and 1847 ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from 1851 to 1853. He is, at the present time, one of the Trustees of the Ohio Univer sity. WELCH, WILLIAM W. He was born. in Norfolk, Connec ticut, December 10, 1818 ; received the rudiments of his education at the common schools ana from pri vate instructors, and having turned his attention to the science of me dicine, received the degree of M.D. from the medical institution of Yale College, in 1838; and, excepting when interrupted by his public du ties, has ever been a practicing physician. He has twice been elect ed to the House of Representatives, and twice to the Senate of Con necticut ; and he was a Representa tive, from that State, during the Thirty-fourth Congress. WELLBORN, M. J. He was born in Georgia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. WELLER, JOHN B. He was born in Ohio ; was a Re presentative in Congress, from that State, from 1839 to 1845 ; was the first United States Commissioner to Mexico, under the treaty of Gua- dulupe Hidalgo ; and having taken up his residence in California, was elected to the United States Se nate-, in 1851, for a long term ; and was subsequently elected Governor of California, which position he continues to hold. , 508 Biographical Sketches. WELLES, WILLIAM H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Delaware, from 1799 to 1804, and again from 1813 to 1817; he died March 11, 1829. WELLS, DANIEL, Jr. • Hewas born in Maine, and adopt ed the profession of law. In 1836 he removed' to Wisconsin, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. He subsequently held the offices of Judge of Probate and County Judge, and died in 1858. WELLS, JOHN. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. WENDOVER, PETER H. He was born in New York City ; was a member of the State Assembly, from the City of New York, in 1804 ; and a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1815 to 1821. WENTWORTH, JOHN. He was born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, March 5, 1815. He received an academic education; taught school for awhile, and hav ing entered Dartmouth College, graduated in 1836. Removing, soon afterwards, to Illinois, he stu died law and settled in Chicago, where he has ever since been con nected with the press, and practiced his profession, excepting when in Congress, his service, as a Repre sentative, having extended from 1843 to 1855. WENTWORTH, TAPPAN. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1853 to 1855. WESTBROOK, JOHN. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1841 to 1843. WESTBROOK, THEODORIC R. He was a native of New York, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. WESTCOTT, JAMES D. He was born at Alexandria, Vir ginia, in May, 1802. He removed with his father to New Jersey, and was at an early age admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of that State, where he practiced his pro fession until 1829 ; and he after wards held, for a short time, a posi tion in the Consular Bureau of the State Department at Washington. He was appointed, by President Jackson, Secretary of the Territory of Florida, and held the office four years, performing the duties of the Governor during his temporary ab sence. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature in 1832. He was appointed United States District Attorney for the Middle District of the Territory, which of- Biographical Sketches. 509 fice he held until 1836. He was again a member of the Legislature, and a member of the Convention for framing a State Constitution, in 1838 and 1839. On the admission of Florida into the Union as a State, in 1845, he was elected a Senator in Congress, and served until 1849. WESTERLO, RENSSELAER. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1817 to 1819. WETHERED, JOHN. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. WHALLON, REUBEN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1833 to 1835, and died in Essex County, New York, April 15, 1843, aged sixty-six years. WHARTON, JESSE. He represented the State of Ten nessee, in Congress, from 1807 to 1809, and was a United States Se nator in 1814 and 1815. He died atNashvffie, July 22, 1833. WHEATON, HORACE. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. WHEATON, LABAN. Born at Marshfield, Massachu setts, and graduated at Harvard University in 1774. He studied both theology and law. He was a county judge, and a Representa tive in Congress, from 1809 to 1817. He died at Norton, Massachusetts, Mareh 23, 1846, aged ninety-two years. WHEELER, GRATTAN H. He was a native of New York, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833. He was also a member of the State Assembly, from Steuben County, for four years, and one year a mem ber of the State Senate. WHEELER, JOHN. Born in 1823, at Darby, Con necticut ; received a good commer cial education, and at the age of twenty entered the mercantile busi ness in New York City ; he subse quently engaged in hotel keeping, which he followed at the time of his election, and during his service as a member of Congress, having been a Representative from 1853 to 1855. WHIPPLE, THOMAS. He was bred a physician, and served the State of New Hamp shire, as a Representative in Con gress, from 1821 to 1829. He died at Wentworth, New Hampshire, January 23, 1835, aged fifty years. WHITECOMB, JAMES. Was born in 1795. He removed with his father to Ohio, in 1806; had a country school education, and prepared himself for college by 510 Biographical Sketches. teaching school, and graduated at Transylvania University with the highest honors. He studied law, and settled to practice in Bloom ington, Indiana, in 1824. In 1826 he was appointed Prosecuting At torney, and in 1830 was chosen a member of the State Senate, and served five years. He was ap pointed Commissioner of the Ge neral Land-office in 1836 ; and in 1841 returned to the practice of his profession at Terre Haute, Indiana. In 1843 he was chosen Governor of the State, and was re-elected in 1846. He was elected a Senator of the United States in 1849, which position he held until his death, which occurred in New York, Oc tober 4, 1852. He was much in terested in the American Bible So ciety, of which association he was vice-president. WHITE, ADDISON. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. WHITE, ALBERT S. Is a native of one of the North River Counties of New York, was well educated, and is a lawyer by pro fession, practicing in Lafayette, In diana. He was a Representative in Congress, from Indiana, from 1837 to 1839, and a Senator of the United States, from 1839 to 1845. He has since devoted most of his time to the railroad business, being president of a company. WHITE, ALEXANDER. He was a Delegate to the Conti nental Congress, from North Caro lina, from 1786 to 1788, and a Re presentative in Congress, from 1789 to IT1 93, and distinguished for his eloquence and patriotism. He died at Woodville, Virginia, in 1804, aged sixty-six years. WHITE, ALEXANDER. He was born in Tennessee, and having settled in Alabama, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. WHITE, ALLISON. He was born in Pennsylvania, December 21, 1816; received a common school education ; studied law, and practiced his profession for twelve years. He was elected a Representative from Pennsylva nia to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from the Fifteenth Congressional District of that State, and is Chair man of the Committee on Expendi tures on the Public BuildiDgs. WHITE, BARTOW. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827. WHITE, BENJAMIN. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845. Biographical Sketches. 511 WHITE, CAMPBELL P. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1835. WHITE, DAVID. He was one of the Judges of the Circuit Court of Kentucky, and represented that State in Con gress, from 1823 to 1825. He died in Franklin County, Ken tucky, February 17, 1835, aged fifty years. WHITE, EDWARD D. Governor of Louisiana, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1829 to 1834, and again from 1839 to 1843. His popularity was great, and well de served. He died in New Orleans, April 18, 1847. WHITE, FRANCIS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, his native State, from 1813 to 1815. WHITE, HUGH. He was born in New York, fol lowed the plough until he was nineteen years of age, and was a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1845 to 1851. WHITE, HUGH LAWSON. He was born -in Iredell County, North Carolina, October 30, 1773 ; removed with his father to Knox County, Tennessee, in 1786; volun teered as a private soldier during the Indian hostiUties in 1792. In 1794 he went to Philadelphia, and pursued a course of mathematical studies, and then went to Lancas ter, Pennsylvania, and studied law. He commenced the practice of his profession at Knoxville, in 1796. In 1801 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and served until 1807. In 1808 he was appointed District Attorney, and in 1809 was elected to the State Senate ; he again served six years in the Supreme Court as Judge, and in 1815 was chosen President of the State Bank of Tennessee. In 1820 he was again a member of the State Senate, and about that time was appointed, by President Monroe, a Commissioner to adjust the claims of our citizens against Spain. He was elected a Senator in Congress, from 1825 to 1835, and from 1836 to 1840. At the election for Vice-Presi dent of the United States, in 1836, he received all the votes (twenty-six) of Georgia and Ten nessee. He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1839, having received instructions to vote against his own judgment. Soon after reaching his home, in Knoxville, he died, April 10, 1840. WHITE, JAMES. - He was a Representative in Con gress, from Tennessee, from 1792 to 1794. WHITE, JOHN. He was born in 1805 ; served from 1835 to 1845, as a Represen tative in Congress, and was Speak er of the House during the Twenty- 512 Biographical Sketches. seventh Congress. He was Judge of the Nineteenth Judicial District at the time of his death, which oc curred at Richmond, Kentucky, September 22, 1845. WHITE, JOSEPH L. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Indiana, from 1841 to 1843. WHITE, JOSEPH M. He was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Florida, from 1823 to 1837, and died at St. Louis, Missouri, October 18, 1839, while on a visit to his brother. He was an eminent lawyer, and noted for his eloquence and acquirements. WHITE, LEONARD. Born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1767. He was a fellow-student of John Quincy Adams, under the tuition of the Rev. Mr. Shaw, of Haverhill, and at Harvard they were of the class of 1787. He was for many years town clerk and trea surer, and represented his town in the Legislature, and his district in Congress, from 1811 to 1813, and then he was appointed cashier of the Merrimack Bank, which office he held until the infirmities of age obliged him to retire. He died in Haverhill, October 10, 1849. WHITE, PHINEAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, from 1821 to 1823. ¦ WHITE, SAMUEL. Was a United States Senator, from Delaware, from 1801 until his death, which occurred at WUming- ton, Delaware, November 4, 1809, aged thirty-nine years. WHITEHILL, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1814. WHITEHILL, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1807. WHITEHILL, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1805 to 1813. WHITELEY, WILLIAM G. Born in Newark, New Castle County, Delaware ; graduated at Nassau Hall, Princeton, in 1838. He is a lawyer by profession, and was elected a member of the Thirty- fifth Congress, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture. He has been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. WHITESIDE, JENKINS. He was a Senator in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1809 to 1811, and died September 24, 1822. WHITESIDE, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1815 to 1819. Biographical Sketches. 513 whitman, ezekiel. Born in East Bridgewater, Mas sachusetts, March 11, 1776 ; gra duated at Brown University in 1795 ; settled as a lawyer in the District of Maine, in 1798 ; he was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and also of the Supreme Court of Maine, presiding as such for twenty- five years ; and was a Representa tive in Congress, from Massachu setts, from 1809 to 1811, and from 1817 to 1821 ; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from Maine, from 1821 to 1823. He is still living in the enjoyment of a happy old age. WHITMAN, LEMUEL. He was a graduate of Yale Col lege in 1 800 ; was a Representative in Congress, from Connecticut, from 1823 to 1824 ; and died at Farm- ington, November 18, 1841. WHITNEY, THOMAS R. He was born in New York City, in 1804 ; served two years in the Assembly of that State ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1855 to 1857. He devoted much of his life to literary pursuits, having been at one time editor of the New York Sunday News, and was the author of a poem caUed the "Ambuscade," and a po litical work entitled "The Ame rican PoUcy Vindicated." He died April 12, 1858. 33 WHITTEMORE, ELISHA. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1825 to 1827. WHITTLESEY, ELISHA. He was born in Washington, Connecticut, October 19, 1783; he spent a part of his boyhood on a farm ; received an academical edu cation ; studied law ; and in 1806 removed to the Western Reserve of Ohio, from which district he was a Representative in Congress, from 1823 to 1839. He served in the war of 1812, as aid-de-camp to General E. Wadsworth ; was for sixteen years a Prosecuting Attor ney, and was elected to the State Legislature in 1820 and 1821. He was appointed, by President Harri son, Auditor for the Post-office De partment, and, by President Taylor, was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury, which office he con tinued to hold until the accession of President Buchanan. WHITTLESEY, FREDERICK. He was born in Washington, Con necticut, in June, 1799 ; graduated at Yale College in 1818 ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Utica, New York, in 1821 ; settled in Rochester in 1822; was a Re presentative in Congress from 1831 to 1835 ; in 1839 he was chosen Vice-Chancellor of the Eighth Ju dicial District of New York, and retained the office eight years ; he 514 Biographical Sketches. was also a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and in 1850 he was elected Professor of Law in Genesee College. He died in Ro chester, New York, September 19, 1851. WHITTLESEY, THOMAS T. He was born in Connecticut ; graduated at Yale College in 1817, and was a Representative in Con gress, from his native State, from 1836 to 1839. WHITTLESEY, W. A. He was born in Connecticut; graduated at Yale College ; studied law, and settled to practice in Ohio, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1849 to 1851. WICK, WILLIAM W. Born in Canonsburg, Washington County, Pennsylvania, February 23, 1796. He received a classical education, and was pursuing a col legiate course when the death of his father threw him upon his own re sources ; he then followed the occu pation of a teacher, and devoted his leisure hours to the study of medi cine until 1818, when he was induced to adopt the law as his profession, and prosecuted his studies with the Hon. Thomas Corwin, and located, for practice, in Fayette County, In diana, in 1820. He was that year Assistant Clerk of the House of Representatives, and in 1821 Assis tant Secretary of the State Senate ; in 1822 he was chosen President Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and in 1825 became Secretary of State ; in 1829 he was Attorney for the State, in the same circuit, from which office he retired in 1831, and was again President Judge for three years; in 1839 he was elected a Representative in Congress, and again in 1845 and 1847; in 1850 he was again chosen President Judge, and from 1853 to 1857, Postmaster at Indianapolis. He had served in the militia of the State as brigadier-general, quarter master, and adjutant-general. In 1857 he resumed the practice of the legal profession. WICKES, ELIPHALET. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1805 to 1807. WICKLIFFE, CHARLES A. He was born in Kentucky; was educated at the Bardstown gram mar school ; studied law, and at tained a high position at the bar. In 1812 he was appointed aid-de camp to General Winlock, and dur ing the same year was elected to the State Legislature, and re-elected in 1813. He was at the battle of the Thames, as aid to General Cald well, after which he was again elected to the Legislature, where he continued untU elected to Congress, from Kentucky, in 1823, and to which he was four times re-electtd. He was for several sessions Chair- Biographical Sketches. 515 man of the Committee on Public Lands. On his retirement from Congress, in 1833, he was again elected to the Legislature, and was Speaker in 1834; in 1836 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Kentucky; on the death of Gover nor Clark, in 1839, he became act ing Governor, and in 1841 was appointed Postmaster-General, by President Tyler. WIDGERY, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1811 to 1813. WILBUR, ISAAC. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Rhode Island, from 1807 to 1809. WILCOX, JEDUTHUN. Born in New Hampshire, in 1769, and died at Orford, New Hampshire, in July, 1838. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1813 to 1817. WILCOX, JOHN A. He was born in North Carolina, and on removing to Mississippi, was elected a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1851 to 1853. WILCOX, LEONARD. He was a native of New Hamp shire ; graduated at Dartmouth CoUege, in 1817 ; was a member of the State Legislature ; was a Judge of the Superior Court ; and was a Senator in Congress, from New Hampshire, during the years 1842 and 1843. He died in 1850, aged fifty years. WILDE, RICHARD HENRY. He was born in the City of Dub lin, September 24, 1789. His childhood was passed in Baltimore. His father having died, he obtained the rudiments of learning from his mother and a private tutor, and in his eleventh year was placed as a clerk in a store ; in 1802 he went with his mother to Augusta, Geor gia, and the twain obtained a living by merchandizing, in a small way, the boy devoting all his leisure to books. Under many difficulties he studied law, and practiced with success ; also devoted himself to polite literature ; as an advocate he rose to 'eminence ; was made Attorney-General of Georgia ; and, in 1815, was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, was re-elected in 1823, and again in 1827, serving with marked ability until 1835. Aiter leaving Con gress he visited Europe, and on his return devoted himself to litera ture, politics, and law. In 1843 he removed to New Orleans, where he added to his reputation as a lawyer, and was elected Professor of Con stitutional Law in the University of Louisiana. He died in New Or leans, September 10, 1847, leaving a reputation composed of the ele- 516 Biographical Sketches. ments of the statesman, the orator, and the poet. One of his lyrics, en titled " My Life is Like a Summer Rose," attracted the praise of Lord Byron. His literary productions were quite numerous, and they all bear the impress of a gifted and highly educated mind. His princi pal work was a "Life of Tasso," which evinced his familiarity with Italian literature, and gave him a rank among the best scholars. wildman, zalmon. He was from Danbury, Connecti cut, and was elected a Representa tive in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1836. He died at Washington, District of Columbia, December 10, 1835, before the ex piration of his term. WILDRICK, ISAAC. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1849 to 1853. WILEY, JAMES S. He was born in Maine, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. WILKIN, JAMES W. Born in 1762 ; was a member of the Legislature of New York, in 1800, and held many other places in the gift of his fellow-citizens, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1815 to 1819. He died at Goshen, New York, February 23, 1845. WILKIN, SAMUEL J. He was born in New York ; gra duated at Princeton College in 1812, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1831 to 1833; having been in the State Assembly, from Orange County, in 1824 and 1825. WILKINS, WILLIAM. He was a Senator in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1831 to 1834, and was subsequently ap pointed American Minister Pleni potentiary to Russia. WILLEY, CALVIN. Born at East Haddam, Connec ticut, September 15, 1776 ; he read, law and was admitted to the bar in 1798; he served in the State Legis lature and Senate a number of years, and was Postmaster at Staf ford Springs eight years; Judge of Probate for seven years ; in 1824 he was a Presidential Elector ; and a Senator in Congress, from 1825 to 1831. He died at Stafford, Connecticut, August 23, 1858. WILLIAM, BENJAMIN. He was a native 6f North Caro lina, a patriot of the Revolution, and a member of Congress, from 1793 to 1795. He also served many years in the State Legida- Biographical Sketches. 517 ture, and was twice elected Gover nor of North Carolina, in 1799 and 1807. He died in Moore County, of that State. WILLIAMS, CHRISTOPHER H. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1843, and again from 1849 to 1853. WILLIAMS, DAVID R. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1805 to 1809, and again from 1811 to 1813, in which year, he was ap pointed, by President Madison, bri gadier-general. WILLIAMS, HENRY. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1839 to 1845. WILLIAMS, HEZEKIAH. He was born in Vermont, gra duated at Dartmouth College in 1820 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Maine, from 1845 to 1849. He died in 1856, aged fifty-eight years. WILLIAMS, ISAAC. He was a native of New York, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1814 to 1815, and from 1817 to 1819, and again from 1823 to 1825. WILLIAMS, JAMES W. While on his way to Washing ton, December 2, 1843, he was stricken with paralysis, while in his carriage, and survived the attack but a short time. His age was about fifty-five years. He was a native of Maryland, and was for many years a prominent member of the Legislature of that State, being for a time Speaker of the House of Delegates. In May, 1841, he was elected to Congress, and con tinued a member of that body un til the time of his death. As a faithful public -servant, a sagacious statesman, and an upright man, he commanded the confidence of his neighbors, and the esteem and re spect of all who knew him. WILLIAMS, JARED. He was born in Montgomery County, Maryland, March 4, 1766, and died in Frederick County, Vir ginia, January 2, 1831. In 1811 he was elected to the House of Delegates of Virginia, and served a number of years ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Virginia, from 1819 to 1825. In 1829 he was a Presidential Elector, voting for General Jackson, and was appointed, by the Electoral College, to transmit the vote to Washington. When not in public Ufe, he was devoted to the pursuits of agriculture. WILLIAMS, JARED W. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con- 518 Biographical Sketches. gress, from that State, from 1837 to 1841 ; and a Senator from 1847 to 1849. WILLIAMS, JOHN. He was a member of the New York Senate, from 1777 to 1779, and from 1783 to 1795, from Wash ington County; of the Assembly, from 1781 to 1782; and a Repre sentative in Congress, from New York, from 1795 to 1799. WILLIAMS, JOHN. He was a Senator in Congress, from Tennessee, from 1815 to 1823, and was highly respected for his talents and character. He died at Knoxville, August 7, 1837. WILLIAMS, JOSEPH L. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1843. WILLIAMS, LEMUEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Massachusetts, from 1799 to 1805. WILLIAMS, LEWIS. Born in Surry County, North Carolina; graduated at the Uni versity of North Carolina, in 1808 ; entered the House of Commons, of his native State, in 1813, was re elected in 1814; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from 1815 to 1842, where, for his many good qualities and his long service, he was known as the " Father of the House." He died in Washington, while representing his State in Con gress, February 23, 1842, aged nearly sixty years. WILLIAMS, MARMADUKE. Born April 6, 1772, in Caswell County, North Carolina ; he was a lawyer by profession, and served as a Representative in Congress, from his native State, from 1803 to 1809. In 1810 he removed, with his family, to Madison County, Alabama, and thence to Tuscaloosa, in 1818. He was repeatedly elected to the Legis lature, and was a delegate, from Tus caloosa County, to the Convention which formed the State Constitu tion. Was a candidate for Gover nor, but defeated by William W. Bibb. In 1826 was appointed a Commissioner to adjust the unset tled accounts between Alabama and Mississippi, growing out of their territorial relationship. In 1832 was elected Judge of the County Court, which office he held until April, 1842, when he resigned, having attained the age of seventy, which the Constitution declares a disqualification for the bench. He died in Tuscaloosa, October 29, 1850. •« WILLIAMS, NATHAN. He was born in New York; served in the State Assembly, from Onondaga, in 1816, 1817, and 1818, and was a Representative in Con- Biographical Sketches. 519 gress, from New York, from 1805 to 1807. WILLIAMS, REUEL. Born in Hallowell, (now Augus ta,) Maine, June 2, 1783 ; had an academic education, and is a lawyer by profession. He was a Repre sentative and Senator in the Legis lature, and a Senator in Congress, from 1837 to 1843. He received from Bowdoin College the degree of LL.D., and is a Trustee of that institution. WILLIAMS, ROBERT. He was distinguished for his at tainments ; was Adjutant-General of North Carolina during the revo lutionary war; and a Represen tative in Congress, from 1797 to 1803, and was appointed Commis sioner of Land Titles in Missouri Territory. He emigrated to Ten nessee toward the plose of his life, and there died. WILLIAMS, SHERROD. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1835 to 1841. WILLIAMS, THOMAS H. He was a Senator in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1817 to 1831, and again during the years 1838 and 1839. WILLIAMS, THOMAS SCOTT. Born at Wethersfield, Connecti cut, June 26, 1777 ; graduated at Yale College in 1794; studied law at Litchfield ; was admitted to the bar in Windham County, in 1799, and commenced to practice at Mans field, whence he removed to Hart ford in 1803. In 1809 he was ap pointed attorney of the Board of Managers of the School Fund. He represented the town of Hartford in the General Assembly for seven terms, from 1813 to 1829 ; and was elected a Representative in Con gress, from Connecticut, from 1817 to 1819. In 1829 he was appointed an Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of Errors, and in 1834 was appointed Chief Justice ; and in the same year he received the de gree of LL.D. from Yale College. He was Mayor of the City of Hart ford, from 1831 to 1835. In 1847 he resigned his position as Chief Justice, his term having expired by constitutional limitation. He is now Uving in retirement at Hartford. WILLIAMS, THOMAS W. Born in Stonington, Connecticut, September 28, 1790; was educated at Plainfield and Stonington Acade mies ; received a commercial educa tion in New York City, and has been engaged in mercantile business at New London, Connecticut, since 1809. He was a Representative in Congress, from 1839 to 1843; a member of the Legislature in 1846, and chosen Presidential Elector in 1848. WILLIAMSON, HUGH. Born in Pennsylvania, December 5, 1735, and died suddenly, May 520 Biographical Sketches. 22, 1819. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1757 ; studied divinity, and preached two years ; in 1760 was appointed Pro fessor of Mathematics in the Uni versity of Pennsylvania ; resigned in 1764, and went to Edinburgh to study medicine ; on his return, in 1772, settled to practice his profes sion in Philadelphia; he again vi sited Europe, and had much to do with matters connected with the Revolution; he subsequently en gaged in commercial pursuits, and an accident took him to Edenton, North Carolina. With that State he was long and honorably identi fied. He served a number of years in the House of Commons ; also for three years in the Continental Con gress ; was a Delegate to the Con vention which formed the Constitu tion of the United States ; and was a Representative in Congress, from 1790 to 1793. In 1811 he publish ed a work on the climate of Ame rica, in 1812 a History of North Carolina ; and he was associated with De Witt Clinton, in 1814, in forming the Literary and Philoso phical Society of New York. He enjoyed the respect of all who knew him, and died universally lamented. WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM D. Born in 1780 ; studied and adopt ed the law as a profession, com mencing practice, in 1807, at Ban gor ; he was for several years in the Senate of Massachusetts, before the separation of Maine ; also a Sena tor in the Maine Legislature; a member of Congress from 1821 to 1823 ; and a Judge of Probate for several years. He was the author, also, of a History of Maine. Died at Bangor, May 27, 1846. WILLIS, FRANCIS. He was born in Frederick Coun ty, Virginia, January 5, 1825; re ceived a good education ; and, re moving to Georgia in 1784, he was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1791 to 1793. In 1811 he took up his residence in Tennessee, and led the life of a re tired gentleman. He died in Maury County, Tennessee, January 25, 1829. WILLOUGHBY, WESTEL. • He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1816 to 1817. WILMOT, DAVID. Born at Bethany, Wayne Coun ty, Pennsylvania, January 20, 1814. He was educated at Bethany Aca demy, and at Aurora, Cayuga County, New York ; read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834; he was a member of Congress, from 1845 to 1851; and subsequently President Judge of the Thirteenth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, which position he resigned, but to which he was re-elected. Here- sides at Towanda, Pennsylvania. He was the author of a slavery proviso which caused some excite- Biographical Sketches. 521 ment in Congress when he was a member. WILSON, ALEXANDER. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1804 to 1809. WILSON, E. C He was a native of Virginia, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1833 to 1835. WILSON, E. K. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1789, and was a Represen tative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1827 to 1831. WILSON, HENRY. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in . Con gress, from that State, from 1823 to 1826. WILSON, HENRY. Born in Farmington, New Hamp shire, February 16, 1812; was brought up a farmer ; went to Bos ton when twenty-two years of age, and learned to make shoes ; at the age of twenty-four years attended several leading academies in New Hampshire; commenced business at Natick, as a shoe manufacturer, in 1838 ; served eight years in the two branches of the Massachusetts Le gislature, twice President of the Senate ; in 1853 was a member of the Constitutional Convention, and part of the time President of that body ; and was elected to the Uni ted States Senate in 1855, where he still remains. From 1842 to 1853 he took a great interest in the mili tary affairs of the State, and from a major was promoted to a brigadier- general ; and he was also a delegate to the Whig Convention of 1848, and to the Free-Soil National Con vention at Pittsburg, in 1852. He has recently been re-elected to the United States Senate. WILSON, ISAAC. During the war of 1812 he com manded a company of cavalry, and was in some of the severest actions on the Northern frontier. He was subsequently elected a member of the Assembly of New York, and also of the Senate. He was elect ed a Representative in Congress, in 1823, and at the end of his term was appointed first Judge of Gene see County, and held it until his removal to Batavia, Illinois, where he died October 25, 1848. WILSON, JAMES. Born in 1757; graduated at Har vard University in 1789 ; was a lawyer by profession ; and a Repre sentative in Congress, from New Hampshire, from 1809 to 1811. He died at Keene, New Hampshire, January 4, 1839. WILSON, JAMES. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1823 to 1828. 522 Biographical Sketches. WILSON, JAMES. He was born in New Hampshire, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1847 to 1849. WILSON, JAMES. He was born in Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana, April 9, 1852; graduated at Wa bash College in 1842; was admitted to the bar in 1845; went to Mexico in 1846 as a private in the Indiana Regiment, and before his return home was promoted to the office of quartermaster; and was elected a Representative from Indiana to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committee on Elec tions. He has also been re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress. WILSON, JAMES J. He was a Senator in Congress, from New Jersey, from 1815 to 1821, when he was appointed Post master at Trenton, New Jersey. He died July 28, 1824. WILSON, JOHN. He was born in 1777 ; graduated at Harvard University in 1799 ; studied law, and attained a high po sition in his profession ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1815, and from 1817 to 1819. He died at Belfast, Maine, July 9, 1848. WILSON, JOHN. He was a native of South Caro lina, and a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1821 to 1827. WILSON, NATHAN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1808 to 1809. WILSON, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Virginia, from 1811 to 1813. WILSON, THOMAS. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1813 to 1817. WILSON, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1814 to 1819. WILSON, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1827. WING, AUSTIN E. He was born in New York; was a Delgate to Congress, from the Territory of Michigan, in 1832; resided at Monroe, and was for many years a leading man in all its local affairs. He died at Cleve land, Ohio, August 25, 1849. Biographical Sketches. 523 WINGATE, J. F. He was born in Massachusetts, and was a Representative in Con gress, from Maine, from 1827 to 1831. WINGATE, PAINE. He was born at Amesbury, Mas sachusetts, May 14, 1739; gra duated at Harvard University in 1759; ordained as a Congrega tional minister at Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, in 1763; and afterwards removed to Stratham, and engaged in agricultural pur suits. He was appointed a mem ber of Congress under the Con federation in 1787 ; after the adop tion of the Constitution, he was elected a member of the United States Senate, in 1789, and served till 1793, when he was elected a Representative in Congress, in 17 93, serving until 1795. In 1798 he was appointed a Judge of the Su perior Court of New Hampshire, and continued in office till May, 1809, when he attained the age of seventy. He survived all others who were members of the United States Senate at the time of his taking his seat in that body upon its first organization; and he was for some years the oldest graduate of his coUege. He was a man of talents and extensive information; highly esteemed and respected for his character, and his honorable and useful life: He died at Stratham, New Hampshire, March 7, 1838. WINSLOW, WARREN. He was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, January 1, 1810; entered Chapel Hill University, and graduated in 1827 ; having studied law, was soon afterwards admitted to the bar. In 1854 he was ap pointed, by President Pierce, a con fidential agent to Madrid, on busi ness connected with the Black Warrior affair ; during his absence abroad he was nominated for the Senate of North Carolina, was elected a member thereof, and placed in the chair of Speaker; while in that position, Governor Reid was elected to the United States Senate, and the duties of Governor devolved upon and were performed by Mr. Winslow. He was elected, in 1855, to the Thirty-fourth Congress, serv- on the Committee on Naval Affairs ; and was re-elected to the Thirty- fifth Congress, and is a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and on the Library. He was of fered, by President Buchanan, the mission to Sardinia, but declined. WINSTON, JOSEPH. Born in Virginia, in 1746. In 1760 joined a company of rangers, and marched to the frontier of the State ; in a battle on the Green brier, was twice wounded, and had a horse kUled under him ; had a pension granted to him by the Le gislature, for his gallantry in battle ; in 1766 removed to North Caro lina ; took an active part in the 524 Biographical Sketches. Revolution ; raised a regiment, and marched against the Cherokee In dians ; was appointed a major in 1776, and had various actions with the forces of the Tories; commanded the right wing of the American troops in the battle of King's Moun tain, and for his bravery had a sword voted to him by the Legislature ; was elected to Congress in 1793, and again in 1803, and served till 1807. WINTER, ELISHA J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1813 to 1815. WINTHROP, ROBERT C Born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 12, 1809; graduated at Har vard College in 1828 ; and studied law with Daniel Webster. He entered the Legislature of Massa chusetts in 1835, and was Speaker of the House from 1838 to 1840 ; was a member of the United States House of Representatives, from 1840 to 1842, when he resigned on account of domestic circumstances, but was re-elected the same year, and continued in that body until 1850, having been Speaker during the session commencing in 1847. He was appointed to the Senate of the United States to fill the va cancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Webster, and served from 1850 to 1851. He was President of the Electoral College of Massa chusetts which voted for General Scott ; and is President of the His torical Society of Massachusetts, and other literary and charitable associations ; also President of the Commissioners chosen by the City of Boston for building a Public Library. He delivered the Inaugu ral of the Franklin Statue in 1856, and also that of the Washington Monument in 1848. WISE1, HENRY A. Born December 3, 1806, in Drummond Town, Accomac Coun ty, Virginia ; graduated at Wash ington College, Pennsylvania, at the age of nineteen ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Winchester, Virginia, in 1828 ; the same year removed to Nashville, Tennessee, and practiced his pro fession for two years, when, from local attachment, he returned to Accomac, and became a Represen tative in Congress, serving from 1833 to 1843, when he resigned his seat for the mission to Brazil, which post he occupied until, the fall of 1847. In 1848 he was one of the Presidential Electors for Virginia. In 1850 he was a member of the Reform Convention of Virginia, which adopted the present Consti tution of the State. In 1852 he was again Presidential Elector; and in 1855 was elected Governor of Virginia, which office he now holds. WITHERELL, JAMES. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Vermont, during the Biographical Sketches. 525 years 1807 and 1808, and was in the latter year appointed Federal Judge in Michigan Territory. WITHERSPOON, ROBERT. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1809 to 1811. WITTE, WILLIAM H. He was born in New Jersey, and having settled in Pennsylvania, was elected a Representative in Con gress, from 1853 to 1855. WOLF, GEORGE. He was born in AUen Township, Northampton County, Pennsylva nia, August 12, 1777. After pur suing a course of classical education in his own county, he studied law, became eminent, and engaged in a lucrative practice. In 1814 he was elected a member of the Legislature of his native State ; and he was a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1824 to 1829; Governor of that State from 1829 to 1835 ; in 1836 was appointed First Comptroller of the United States Treasury; and, subsequently, Collector of Customs for Philadel phia, in which city he died of an affection of the heart, March 14, 1840. WOOD, ABIEL. He was a distinguished merchant of Wiscasset, Massachusetts, and a member of Congress, from that State, from 1813 to 1815. He died at Belfast, Maine, November, 1834, aged sixty-two years. WOOD, AMOS E. Born in Jefferson County, New York, in 1800; he removed with his father, in 1812, to Portage County, Ohio. In 1833 he settled permanently in Woodville, Sandus ky County; he twice represented his district in the lower branch of the Legislature, and once for a term of two years, in the State Senate ; and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Ohio, from 1850 to 1852. He died in Fort Wayne, Indiana, November 19, 1850. WOOD, BRADFORD R. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. WOOD, FERNANDO. Born in Philadelphia in 1812, and from the humble employment of a cigar-maker, he rose to the po sition of clerk in a counting-house, and was for many years a ship owner and successful merchant in New York. He was a Represen tative in Congress, from 1841 to 1843, and in 1854 was elected Mayor of the City of New York, and re-elected. WOOD, JOHN J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1827 to 1829. 526 Biographical Sketches. WOOD, JOHN M. He was born in Minnisink, Orange County, New York, No vember 17, 1813 ; received a good common school education; was a member of the Legislature of Maine ; and has for years been occupied as a constructor of raUroads and other public works. He was elected, in 1854, a Representative, from Maine, in the Thirty-fourth Congress ; was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth Con gress ; and is a member of the Com mittee on Post-offices and Post- roads. WOOD, SILAS. He was born in Suffolk County, New York ; graduated at Princeton College in 1789 ; was the author of a History of Long Island ; and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1819 to 1829. He., died at Huntington, Suffolk County, Long Island, March 2, 1847, aged seventy-eight years. WOODBRIDGE, WILLIAM. Born in Norwich, Connecticut, August 20, 1780; and his father becoming one of the earliest emi grants to the Northwest Territory, he removed to Marietta in 1791. He received his earliest education in Connecticut; studied law at Litchfield, Connecticut, and was admitted to the bar, in Ohio, in 1806. In 1807 he was elected to the Assembly of Ohio ; in 1808 was Prosecuting Attorney for his coun ty, which office he held until 1814, and during the same period he was also a member of the State Senate. In 1814 he received, from President Madison, unexpectedly, the ap pointment of Secretary of the Ter ritory of Michigan, and removed to Detroit ; and in 1819 he was elect ed the first Delegate, from Michi gan, to Congress, where he was very active in promoting the inter ests of his constituents. In 1828 he was appointed Judge of the Su preme Court of Michigan Territory, and held the office four years; in 1835 he was a member of the Con vention called to form a State Con stitution ; in 1837 he was elected to the State Senate of Michigan; in 1839 he was chosen Governor of the State; and he was a Senator in Congress, from 1841 to 1847. He was a working member on many important committees, and his re ports and speeches were numerous ; and Daniel Webster, in a note to his speech in defence of the Ash- burton Treaty, attributed to Mr. Woodbridge the first suggestion that was ever made to him for in serting in that treaty a provision for the surrender of fugitives, under certain circumstances, upon the de mand of foreign governments. Of late years he has lived in retire ment at Detroit. WOODBURY, LEVI. Born in Francestown,New Hamp shire, December 22, 1789. Hegra- duated at Dartmouth College iu 1809 ; attended the Law School at Biographical Sketches. 527 Litchfield ; continued to study law in Boston, Exeter, and Frances- town, and entered upon the practice in 1812, in which he was successful. In 1816 he was appointed Judge of the Superior Court of New Hampshire, and in 1819 settled in Portsmouth. In 1823 he was elect ed Governor of New Hampshire ; was Speaker of the State House of Representatives, in 1825 ; was a Senator in Congress, from 1825 to 1831 ; was appointed Secretary of the Navy, by President Jackson, in 1831 ; was transferred to the Trea sury Department, as Secretary, in 1834, by President Van Buren, and served until 1841 ; he was again a Senator in Congress, from 1841 to 1845, when he was appointed, by President Polk, a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was also tendered the appointment of Minister to Eng land, but declined it. He died at • Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Sep tember 7, 1851. He received the degree of LL.D. from Dartmouth College and the Wesleyan Univer sity of Connecticut, and was a mem ber of various Uterary societies WOODCOCK, DAVID. He was a member of the New York Assembly, from Seneca Coun ty, in 1814 and 1815, and from Tompkins County, in 1826 ; and a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1821 to 1823, and again from 1827 to 1829. WOODRUFF, JOHN. He was born in Hartford, Con necticut, in 1826 ; is a clock-maker by occupation ; has been in the Con necticut Legislature, and was a member of the Thirty-fourth Con- WOODRUFF, THOMAS M. He was a resident of New York City, a furniture dealer by occupa tion, a member of Congress, from 1845 to 1847, and died some time ago. WOODS, HENRY. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1790 to 1803. WOODS, JOHN. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1815 to 1817. WOODS, JOHN. He was a native of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, in 1794, and removed with his father to Ohio in his infancy. He was admitted to the bar in 1819, settled in Hamilton County, and at once took a high stand in his profession. In 1824 he was elected to Congress, and served two terms. In 1829 he be came the editor and publisher of the Hamilton Intelligencer, and so con tinued until 1832, when he returned to his profession, which he success fully practiced until 1845, when he was elected Auditor of the State, 528 Biographical Sketches. which office he held for two terms. While Auditor, he did much to preserve the credit of the State. He died in Hamilton, Ohio, July 30, 1855. WOODS, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from New York, from 1823 to 1825, and a member of the State Assembly, from Steuben County, in 1828. WOODSON, SAMUEL B. Born in Jessamine County, Ken tucky, October 24, 1815; gradu ated at Centre College, and became a lawyer by profession. He was a member of the Constitutional Con vention of Missouri, in 1855 ; and a member of the Missouri General Assembly, in 1853 and 1854 ; and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress, from that State, serving as a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs. He has been re-elected to the Thirty- sixth Congress. WOODSON, SAMUEL H. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1820 to 1823. WOODWARD, JOSEPH A. He was born in South Carolina, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. WOODWARD, WILLIAM. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1815 to 1817. WOODWORTH, JAMES H. He was born December 4, 1804, in Greenwich, Washington County, New York. He lived on a farm until twenty-one years of age ; re ceived a limited education at the schools in the vicinity, and removed to Fabius, Onondaga County, New York ; taught a village school for a few months, and then engaged in mercantile business. In 1827 he went to Erie County, Pennsylvania, residing there four years, and re moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1833. In 1839 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1842 was a member of the Lower House. From 1845 to 1850 he was connected with the city government of Chicago, being two years mayor. He was a Re presentative, from Illinois, to the Thirty-fourth Congress. WOODWORTH, WILLIAM W. He was born in Connecticut, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1845 to 1847. WORD, THOMAS J. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Mississippi, from 1838 to 1839. Biographical Sketches. 529 WORMON, LUDWIG. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Pennsylvania, from 1820 to 1822. WORTENDYKE, J. R. Born at Chesnut Ridge, in the Township of Harrington, Bergen County, New Jersey, November 27, 1818 ; graduated at Rutgers's Col lege, in 1839 ; and was for several years teacher of the classics and mathematics. He commenced the study of law in 1849, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1852 ; was Al derman of Jersey City, where he practiced law; and was elected a Representative in the Thirty-fifth Congress, from New Jersey, serving on the Committee of Public Ex penditures. WORTHINGTON, J. T. H. He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1831 to 1833, and again from 1837 to 1841. WORTHINGTON, THOMAS. He was born in Jefferson County, Virginia, about 1769; emigrated to Ohio, and settled in Ross County, in 1798. In 1803 he was a mem ber of the State Constitutional Convention. He was a Senator in Congress, from Ohio, from 1803 to 1807, and again from 1810 to 1814 ; and from 1814 to 1818, he was Go vernor of Ohio. After his retire- 34 ment from that office, he was appointed a member of the first Board of Canal Commissioners, in which capacity he served until his death, which occurred in 1827. WORTHINGTON, THOMAS C He was born in Maryland, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1825 to 1827. WRIGHT, AUGUSTUS R. Born at Wrightsborough, Co lumbia County, Georgia, June 16, 1813 ; commenced his education at a grammar school; afterwards en tered Franklin College, but left in the latter part of the junior year, without graduating. He is a lawyer by profession; and at the age of twenty-nine was elected Cir cuit Judge ; he resigned before the expiration of the second term, and was elected a Representative, from Georgia, to the Thirty-fourth Con gress, and re-elected to the Thirty- fifth, serving as a member of the Committee on the District of Co lumbia. WRIGHT, DANIEL B. He was born in Tennessee, and was a Representative in Congress, from Mississippi, from 1853 to 1857. WRIGHT, GEORGE H. He was born in Concord, Massa chusetts, June 4, 1817; spent seven 530 Biographical Sketches. years on a farm ; settled in Boston, as a merchant, in 1822 ; was con nected with the Boston Courier for two years, from 1837, after which he settled in Nantucket, in the whaling business ; went to Cali fornia in 1849; and was a Repre sentative in Congress, from that State, during the years 1850 and 1851. WRIGHT, HENDRICK B. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1853 to 1855. WRIGHT, JOHN C. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Ohio, from 1823 to 1829. WRIGHT, JOHN W. Born in McNairy County, Ten nessee, June 28, 1828; is a lawyer by profession ; was elected a Repre sentative to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses, from his na tive State ; and is a member of the Committees on Revolutionary Pen sions and Expenditures in the War Department WRIGHT, JOSEPH A. He was born in Pennsylvania, and, having settled in Indiana, was elect ed a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1845 ; and in 1857 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Minister to Prussia. WRIGHT, ROBERT. He was a Senator in Congress, from Maryland, from 1801 to 1806; at one time member of the State Executive Council ; was Governor of Maryland, from 1806 to 1809; a Representative in Congress, from Maryland, from 1810 to 1817; re elected for the term from 1821 to 1823 ; and died September 7, 1826. WRIGHT, SAMUEL G. Born in 1787, and at the time of his death, was a member elect of Congress, from New Jersey. Died near AUentown, New Jersey, July 30, 1845. WRIGHT, SILAS. Was born at Amherst, Massa chusetts, May 24, 1795. He work ed upon his father's farm, in Vermont, in the summer, and at tended school in the winter. He prepared for and entered college in August, 1811, and graduated at Middlebury College in 1815. He read law in Washington County, New York, teaching school one or two winters to aid in defraying.his own expenses. In 1819 he settled, in the practice of the law, at Canton, St. Lawrence County, New York, where he continued his residence until his death. He was soon made a magistrate and postmaster of his town, and surrogate of his county. He early raised a uniformed mil'tia rifle company, of which he was unanimously chosen captain, from which position he rose to be colonel Biographical Sketches. 531 of a rifle regiment, and became a brigadier-general of infantry, in 1827. He was elected to the State Senate in November, 1823, and served until March 4, 1827, when he resigned that office, having been elected to Congress in November, 1826. He took his seat in Congress in ¦ December, 1827. He was re elected in November, 1828. Having been elected State Comptroller, January 27, 1829, he resigned his seat in Congress, before serving out this term. While in Congress, he served as a member of the Commit tee on Manufactures, and took an active part in the tariff investiga tions and discussions of 1828. He served as Comptroller from the time of his election until he was chosen United States Senator, in the early part of January, 1833, when he immediately took his seat in that body. He was re-elected in February, 1837, and again in February, 1843, and continued to serve until December, 1844, when he resigned. In November, 1844, he was elected Governor of New York, and entered upon his duties January 1, 1845. In 1846 he re tired to private Ufe, devoting him self to the cultivation of his farm, and enjoying the society of his early friends and neighbors. On August 27, 1847, he died suddenly, at his residence in Canton. While in the United States Senate, he served most of his time on the Committee of Finance, and introduced the first Sub-Treasury bill, which became a law. President Tyler offered him a seat upon the bench of the Su preme Court, which he declined. By other Presidents he was offered seats in their cabinets and missions abroad, all of which he refused. His last labor for the public was the preparation of an address for the State Agricultural Society, which having been finished, was read to that body, a short time after his death, by his friend General Dix. He appeared twice in the Supreme; Court of the United States to argue cases of high importance, and established in that tribunal a high reputation as a lawyer. WRIGHT, WILLIAM. He was born in New York, and having removed to New Jersey, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847 ; and in 1853 was elected a Senator in Congress for the term ending in 1859. He is Chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills, and of that on the Contingent Expenses of the Senate. WURTZ, JOHN. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1813, and was a Represenr tative in Congress, from Pennsyl vania, from 1825 to 1827. WYNKOOP, HENRY. He was a Delegate to the Conti nental Congress, from 1779 to 1783, and a Representative in Congress, from Pennsylvania, from 1789 to 1791. 532 Biographical Sketches. WYNN, RICHARD. He was a Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina, from 1793 to 1797, and again from 1802 to 1813. WYNN, THOMAS. He was born, lived, and died, in Hertford County, North Carolina. He was a general of militia ; a planter by occupation; served a number of years in the House of Commons and Senate, and was a member of Congress, from 1802 to 1807. YANCY, BARTLETT. He was born in North Carolina, and educated at the University of that State, where he was, for a time, a tutor. His first appearance in public life was as a member of Con gress, in 1813, where he served four years ; he served for many years in the State Legislature, and frequently as Speaker of the House ; and his position as a lawyer was unsurpass ed. He died in 1828. YANCY, JOEL. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1827 to 1831. YANCY, WILLIAM L. He was born in South Carolina, and, removing to Alabama, was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1844 to 1847. YATES, JOHN B. He was born in New York, and was a Representative in Congress, from New York, from 1815 to 1817, and was a member of the Assembly of that State in 1836, from Madison County. YATES, RICHARD. He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1851 to 1855. YELL, ARCHIBALD. He was born in Tennessee, and re moving to Arkansas, was elected a Representative in Congress, from 1837 to 1839, and was re-elected in 1845, serving only until 1846. YORKE, THOMAS J. He was born in New Jersey, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1843. YOST, JACOB S. He was born in Pennsylvania, and was a Representative in Con gress, from that State, from 1843 to 1847. YOUNG, AUGUSTUS. He was born in Arlington, Ver mont, March 20, 1785, and was ad mitted to the bar in St. Albans in 1810; he commenced to practice at Stowe, and in about eighteen months removed to Craftsbury, which town he represented in the General Assembly during eight ses- Biographical Sketches. 533 sions. He was four years States Attorney for Orleans County, and Judge of Probate in 1830. In 1836 he was chosen State Senator, and was twice re-elected. He was a Representative in Congress, from Vermont, from 1841 to 1843, and dechned a re-election. In 1847 he removed to St. Albans, and was for several years Judge of Franklin County Court. He subsequently devoted himself to literary and scientific pursuits, and being a learned geologist and mineralogist, was appointed, in 1856, State Na turalist. He died at St. Albans, June 17, 1857. He was highly popular, possessed great talents, and his scientific books and tracts indicate that he was a great mathe matician and a profound reasoner. YOUNG, BRYAN R. - He was born in Kentucky, and was a Representative in Congress, from that State, from 1845 to 1847. YOUNG, EBENEZER. Born in KUUngly, Connecticut, in 1784, and graduated at Yale College in 1806. In 1823 he was elected to the State Senate, and twice re-elected ; he was also two years Speaker of the House, and was a Representative in Congress, from 1829 to 1835. He died at West KiUingly, August 18, 1851. YOUNG, JOHN. He was born in Vermont in 1802; when quite a boy he re moved with his father to Living ston County, New York, and re ceived a common school education at Conesus; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829 ; was in the State Legislature in 1831, 1844, and 1845; was a Represen tative in Congress, from New York, from 1841 to 1843; Governor of the State, from 1847 to 1849; and Assistant Treasurer of the United States, in New York City, at the time of his death, which occurred April 23, 1852. YOUNG, RICHARD M. He was a Senator in Congress, from Illinois, from 1837 to 1843. YOUNG, TIMOTHY R. He was born in New Hampshire ; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1835 ; and was a Representative in Congress, from Illinois, from 1849 to 1851. YOUNG, WILLIAM F. He was a Representative in Con gress, from Kentucky, from 1825 to 1827. YULEE, DAVID L. He was born in the West Indies, in 1811, but when quite young was removed to Virginia, where he re ceived the rudiments of a classical education. He emigrated to Flo rida in 1824, and though he studied law, he divided his time between the practice of his profession and the pursuits of agriculture. He 534 Biographical Sketches. was a Delegate to Congress, from the Territory of Florida, from 1841 to 1845, a delegate to the Conven tion which formed the State Con stitution, and was elected a Senator in Congress, in 1845, where he still continues, officiating as Chairman of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads. He is also Presi dent of the Atlantic and Gulf Rail road in Florida. ZOLLICOFFER, FELIX K. Born in Mowry County, Tennes see, May 19, 1812, and received an academical education. He served for a few months in a printing- office, and in 1829 took upon himself the management of a newspaper at Paris, Tennessee. In 1834 he was editor and publisher of the Colum bian Observer, in the same State ; in 1835 he was elected State prin ter, and re-elected in 1837 ; in 1842 he removed to Nashville, and edited the Banner; in 1843 he was elect ed Comptroller of the State Trea sury, and was re-elected in 1845 and 1847 ; in 1849 was elected to the State Senate ; in 1850 was a contractor for building the Suspen sion Bridge, at Nashville; in 1851 and 1852, again edited the Nash ville Banner, and was elected a Representative in Congress, from Tennessee, in 1853, where he has continued to the present time ; and is a member of the Committee on Territories. SPECIAL NOTICE. The Authob embraces the present opportunity of acknowledging his obliga tions to the following gentlemen, who have favored him with much valuable assistance in this undertaking, viz. -. William Willis, Esq., of Maine ; Ben Perley Poore, Esq., of Massachusetts ; George F. Houghton, Esq., of Vermont ; Gideon J. Tucker, Esq., of New York ; Hon. James Parker, of New Jersey ; A. L. Ashley, Esq., of Kentucky; and Col. Peter Force, George J. Abbot, Esq., Yel- verton P. Page, Esq., Daniel Buck, Esq., William Hickey, Esq., and John H. Wheeler, Esq., of Washington City ; and while thanking them for their kindness, he takes the liberty of adding, that he would be glad to receive from ex-members of Congress, and from the friends of deceased members, any information they may he pleased to communicate, calculated to make his work more correct and complete, in the subsequent editions that may be published. Address, CHARLES LANMAN, Geobgetown, District of Columbia. APPENDIX. APPENDIX. SUCCESSIVE SESSIONS OE CONGRESS. STATEMENT Showing the Commencement and Termination of each Session of Congress, held under the Present Constitution, with the Number of Days in each. Elgl 1* m . 1 ¦ i o Prom To £8 Where held. o O to i* 1 a-9-i & 1 March 4, 1789 Sept. 29, 1789 13 210 New York. 1 J 2 January 4, 1790 August 12, 1790 14 221 do. 3 Dec. 6, 1790 March 3, 1791 15 88 Philadelphia. 2 { 1 Oct. 24, 1791 May 8, 1792 16 197 do. 2 Nov. 5, 1792 March 2, 1793 17 119 do. 3 { 1 Dec. 2, 1793 June 9, 1794 18 190 do. 2 Nov. 3, 1794 March 3, 1795 19 121 do. 4 { 1 Dec. 7, 1795 June 1, 1796 20 177 do. 2 Dec. 5, 1796 March 3, 1797 21 89 do. 1 May 15, 1797 July 10, 1797 21 57 do. 5 J 2 Nov. 13, 1797 July 16, 1798 22 246 do. 3 Dec. 3, 1798 March 3, 1799 23 91 do. 6 { 1 Dec. 2, 1799 May 14, 1800 24 164 do. 2 Nov. 17, 1800 March 3, 1801 25 107 Washington. 7 | 1 Dec. 7, 1801 May 3, 1802 26 148 do. 2 Dec. 6, 1802 March 8, 1803 27 88 do. 8 | 1 Oct. 17, 1803 March 27, 1804 28 163 do. 2 Nov. 5, 1804 March 3, 1805 29 119 do. 9 ( 1 Dec. 2, 1805 April 21, 1806 30 141 do. 2 Dec. 1, 1806 March 3, 1807 31 93 do. 10 / 1 Oct. 26, 1807 April 25, 1808 32 182 do. 2 Nov. 7, 1808 March 3, 1809 33 117 do. 1 May 22, 1809 June 28, 1809 33 38 do. 11 J 2 Nov. 27, 1809 May 1, 1810 34 156 do. 3 Dec. 3, 1810 March 3, 1811 35 91 do. 12 / 1 Nov. 4, 1811 July 6, 1812 36 245 do. 2 Nov. 2, 1812 March 3, 1813 37 122 ¦ do. Appendix. Statement of the Successive Sessions of Congress — (Continued.) 13 14 15 1617 1819 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 2829 30 31 32 34 35 From 1 2 May Dec. 24, 1813 6, 1813 31 Sept. Dec. 19, 1814 4, 1815 2 Dec. 2, 1816 1 Dec. 1, 1817 o Nov. 16, 1818 1 Dec. 6, 1819 2 Nov. 13, 1820 1 Dec. 3, 1821 2 Dec. 2, 1822 1 Dec. 1, 1823 2 Dec. 6, 1824 1 Dec. 5, 1825 2 Dec. 4, 1826 1 Dec. 3, 1827 2 Deo. 1, 1828 1 Dec. 7, 1829 2 Dec. 6, 1830 1 Dec. 5, 1831 2 Dec. 3, 1832 1 Dec. 2, 1833 2 Dec. 1, 1834 1 Dec. 7, 1835 2 Dec. 5, 1836 1 2 Sept. Dec. 4, 1837 4, 1837 3 Dec. 3, 1838 1 Dec. 2, 1839 2 Dec. 7, 1840 1 2 May Dec. 31, 1841 6, 1841 3 Dec. 5, 1842 1 Dec. 4, 1843 2 Dec. 2, 1844 1 Dec. 1, 1845 2 Dec. 7, 1846 1 Dec. 6, 1847 2 Dec. 4, 1848 1 Dec. 3, 1849 2 Dec. 2, 1850 1 Dec. 1, 1851 2 Dec. 6, 1852 1 Dec. 5, 1853 2 Dec. 4, 1854 1 Dec. 3, 1855 2 3 AugustDec. 21, 1856 1, 1856 1 Dec. 7, 1857 2 Dec. 6, 1858 Augusi 2, 1813 April 18, 1814 March 3, 1815 April 30, 1816 March 3, 1817 April 30, 1818 March 3, 1819 May 15, 1820 March 3, 1821 May 8, 1822 March 3, 1823 May 27, 1824 March 3, 1825 May 22, 1826 March 3, 1827 May 26, 1828 March 3, 1829 May 31, 1830 March 3, 1831 July 16, 1832 March 3, 1833 June 30, 1834 March 3, 1835 July 4, 1836 March 3, 1837 Oct. 16, 1837 July 9, 1838 March 3, 1839 July 21, 1840 March 3, 1841 Sept. 13, 1841 August 31, 1842 March 3, 1843 June 17, 1844 March 3, 1845 August 10, 1846 March 3, 1847 August 14, 1848 March 3, 1849 Sept. 30, 1850 March 3, 1851 August 31, 1852 March 3, 1853 August 7, 1854 March 3, 1855 August 18, 1856 August 30, 1856 March 3, 1857 June 1, 1858 March 3, 1859 u* h 37 38 394041 4243 44 45 4647 4849505152 53 54 55 56 5758 59 60 61 6262 6364 65 65666768 69 70 71727374 7576 7778798081 818283 71 134 166148 92 141108162 111 157 92 178 88 169 90 175 93 176 88 225 91 211 93 211 89 43 218 91 233 87 106 269 89 196 92 253 87 254 90 302 92 275 88 246 90 260 10 93 177 88 Whore held. Washington. do.do. do. do. do.do.do. do.do.do. do.do.do. do. do.do.do. do.do.do. do.do.do. do.do.do. do.do.do.do.do. do.do.do.do. do.do.do.do.do. do.do.do. do.do.do.do.do.do. Appendix. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRE SENTATIVES. 1st Congress. F. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania. 2d ' Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut. 3d ' F. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania. 4th ' Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey. 5th ( j Jonathan Dayton, \ George Dent, u a Maryland. 6th ' Theodore Sedgwick, Massachusetts. 7th ' Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina. 8th ' Nathaniel Macon, a a 9th ' Nathaniel Macon, a a .Oth ' Joseph B. Vamum, Massachusetts. 1th ' Joseph B. Vamum, u 12th ' Henry Clay, Kentucky. 3fh ' , f Henry Clay, 1st session, \ Langdon Cheves, 2d " u .om South Carolina. L4th ' Henry Clay, Kentucky. L5th < ' Henry Clay, u fifh ' j ( Henry Clay, 1st session, 1 John W. Taylor, 2d " u .Dill New York. 17th ' P. P. Barbour, Virginia. L8th ' Henry Clay, Kentucky. L9th John W. Taylor, New York. !0th ' Andrew Stevenson, Virginia. !lst ' Andrew Stevenson, ic 12d ' Andrew Stevenson, U )Q<1 t 4 ( Andrew Stevenson, | Henry Hubbard, a lou New Hampshire 24th ' John Bell, Tennessee. 25th ' James K. Polk, a 26th ' James K. Polk, « 27th R. M. T. Hunter, Virginia. ( John White, Kentucky. 28th ' 1 John W. Jones, Virginia. ( George W. Hopkins, u 29th ' John W. Davis, Indiana. ifltli < , J Robert C. Winthrop, 1 Armested Burt, < Howell Cobb, Massachusetts. >vin. South Carolina. 51st Georgia. !2d ' ' Linn Boyd, Kentucky. 13d ' Linn Boyd, tt 14th ' Nathaniel P. Banks, Massachusetts. 15th < ' James L. Orr, South Carolina. Appendix. PRESIDENTS OF THE SENATE, VICE-PRESIDENTS OE THE UNITED STATES. Congresses. lto 4. John Adams, Massachusetts. 5 and 6. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 7 and 8. Aaron Burr, New York. 9 to 12. George Clinton,* « (i 13 and 14. Elbridge Gerry,* Massachusetts. 15 to 18. Daniel D. Tompkins, New York. 19 to 22. John C. Calhoun, f South Carolina 23 and 24. Martin Van Buren, New York. 25 and 26. Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky. 27 John Tyler,J Virginia. 29 and 30. George M. Dallas, Pennsylvania. 31. Millard Fillmore, § New York. 32. William R. King, Alabama. 33. (Vacant.) (Vacant.) 34. 35. John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky. PRESIDENTS OF THE SENATE— Pro tern. 1st Congress. 2d " 3d 4th 5th 6th John Langdon, ( Richard Henry Lee, John Langdon, ' Ralph Izard, Henry Tazewell, ' Samuel Livermore, William Bingham, 'William Bradford, Jacob Read, < Theodore Sedgwick, John Lawrence, {James Ross, Samuel Livermore, Uriah Tracy, John E. Howard, James Hilhouse, New Hampshire. Virginia. New Hampshire. South Carolina. Virginia. New Hampshire. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina. Massachusetts. New York. Pennsylvania. New Hampshire. Connecticut. Maryland.Connecticut. * Died in office. f Resigned December 28, 1832. % Became President by death of Harrison. 2 Became President by death of Taylor. Appendix. 7th Congress " 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th19th 20th21st 22d23d 24th 25th26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32d 33d34th35th aa a ua f Abraham Baldwin, \ Stephen R. Bradley, ( John Brown, < Jesse Franklin, ( Joseph Anderson, ( Samuel Smith, \ Samuel Smith, ( Samuel Smith, < Stephen R. Bradley, ( John Milledge, C Andrew Gregg, < John Gaillard, (^ John Pope, ( William H. Crawford, \ Joseph B. Vamum, John Gaillard, John Gaillard, John Gaillard, James Barbour, James Barbour, John Gaillard, John Gaillard, John Gaillard, Nathaniel Macon, f Nathaniel Macon, \ Samuel Smith, Samuel Smith, / Littleton W. Tazewell, \ Hugh L. White, f George Poindexter, \ John Tyler, William R. King, WilUam R. King, William R. King, Samuel L. Southard, Willie P. Mangum, David R. Atchison, David R. Atchison, William R. King, William R. King, David R. Atchison, Jesse D. Bright, Georgia. Vermont. Kentucky. North Carolina. Tennessee. Maryland. Vermont. Georgia. Pennsylvania. South Carolina. Kentucky. Georgia. Massachusetts. South Carolina. a a a a Virginia. a South Carolina. U ii ii ii North. Carolina. a a Maryland. Virginia.Tennessee. Mississippi.Virginia.Alabama. New Jersey. North Carolina. Missouri. a Alabama. a Missouri. Indiana. Appendix. SECRETARIES OF THE SENATE. Names. States. Time of appoint ment. Expiration of ser vice. Massachusetts . . N. Hampshire... Pennsylvania ... North Carolina.. 8 April, 1789 11 Oct. 1814 12 Dec. 1825 12 Dec. 1836 18 April, 1814 12 Deo. 1825 6 Dec. 1836 Present incum bent. CLERKS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. States. Time of appoint ment. Expiration of ser vice. John Beckley Jonathan Williams Condy. ... John Holt Oswald John Beckley Patrick Magruder Thomas Dougherty Matthew St. Clair Clarke Walter S. Franklin Hugh A. Garland Matthew St. Clair Clarke Caleb J. McNulty Benjamin B. French Thomas Jefferson Campbell... Richard M. Young JohnW. Forney William Cullom James C. Allen Virginia Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Virginia Maryland Kentucky PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Virginia Pennsylvania Ohio N. Hampshire Tennessee Illinois Pennsylvania Tennessee Illinois 1 April, 1789 15 May, 1797 9 Dec. 1800 7 Dec. 1801 26 Oct. 1807 30 Jan. 1815 3 Dec. 1822 2 Dec. 1833 3 Dec. 1838 31 May, 1841 6 Dec. 1843 18 Jan. 1845 7 Dec. 1847 17 April, 1850 1 Dec. 1851 4 Feb. 1856 6 Deo. 1858 15 May, 1797 9 Dec. 1800 7 Dec. 1801 26 Oct. 1807 28 Jan. 1815 8 Dec. 1822 2 Dec. 1833 20 Sept. 1838 31 May, 1841 6 Dec. 1843 18 Jan. 1845 7 Deo. 1847 13 April, 1850 1 Dec. 1851 4 Feb. 1856 6 Dec. 1858 Present incum bent. Appendix. 9 SUCCESSIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. FIEST ADMINISTRATION— 1789 to 1797.— Emm Years. President — George Washington, Virginia. Vice-President — John Adams, Massachusetts. Secretaries of State* — Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, September 26, 1789; Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, January 2, 1794 ; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, December 10, 1795. Secretaries of the Treasury — Alexander Hamilton, of New York, September 11, 1789 ; Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, February 3, 1795. Secretaries of War and of the Navy\ — Henry Knox, of Massa chusetts, September 12, 1789 ; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, January 2, 1794 ; James McHenry, of Maryland, January 27, 1796. Postmasters- General — Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, Septem ber 26, 1789 ; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, November 7, 1791 ; Joseph Habersham, of Georgia, February 25, 1795. SECOND ADMINISTRATION— 1797 to 1801.— Fouk Years. President — John Adams, Massachusetts. Vice-President — Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. Secretaries of State — Timothy Pickering, continued in office; John Marshall, of Virginia, May 13, 1800. Secretaries of the Treasury — Oliver Wolcott, continued in office ; S. Dexter, of Massachusetts, December 31, 1800. Secretaries of War — James McHenry, continued in office; S. Dexter, of Massachusetts, May 13, 1800 ; Roger Griswold, of Con necticut, February 3, 1801. Secretaries of the Navy — George Cabot, of Massachusetts, May 3, 1798, declined; Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland, May 21, 1798. Postmaster-Q-eneral — Joseph Habersham, continued. * The Department of State was created by the Act of September 15, 1759, previously to which, by Act of July 27, 1789, it was denominated the Depart ment of Foreign Affairs. t The War Department, as created by Act of Congress of August 7, 1759, had also the superintendence of Naval Affairs. A separation took place in April, 1789, when a Navy Department was established. 10 Appendix. THIRD ADMINISTRATION— 1801 to 1809.— Eight Years. President — Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. Vice-Presidents — Aaron Burr, New York ; George Clinton, New York. Secretary of State — James Madison, of Virginia, March 5, 1801. Secretaries of the Treasury — S. Dexter, continued in office ; Al bert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, January 26, 1802. Secretary of War — Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, March 4, 1801. Secretaries of the Navy — Benjamin Stoddert, continued in office; Robert Smith, of Maryland, January 26, 1802; Jacob Crownin shield, of Massachusetts, March 2, 1805. Postmasters-General — Joseph Habersham, continued in office; Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, January 26, 1802. FOURTH ADMINISTRATION— 1809 to 1817.— Eight Years. President — James Madison, Virginia. Vice-Presidents — George Clinton, New York ; Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts. Secretaries of State — Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 6, 1809 ; James Monroe, of Virginia, November 25, 1811. Secretaries of the Treasury — Albert Gallatin, continued in office ; George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, February 9, 1814 ; Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, October 6, 1814. Secretaries of War — William Eustis, of Massachusetts, March 7, 1809; John Armstrong, of New York, January 19, 1813; James Monroe, of Virginia, September 26, 1814 ; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 2, 1815. Secretaries of the Navy — Paul Hamilton, of South Carolina, March 7, 1809; William Jones, of Pennsylvania, January 12, 1813; Benja min W. Crowninshield, of Massachusetts, December 17, 1814. Postmasters-General — Gideon Granger, continued in office; R. J- Meigs, of Ohio, March 17, 1814. Appendix. H FIFTH ADMINISTRATION— 1817 to 1825.— Eight Years. President — James Monroe, Virginia. Vice-President — Daniel D. Tompkins, New York. Secretary of State — John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, March 3, 1817. Secretary of the Treasury — William H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 5, 1817. Secretaries of War — Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, March 5, 1817, declined the appointment ; John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, De cember 16, 1817. Secretaries of the Navy — Benjamin W. Crowninshield, continued in office ; Smith Thompson, of New York, November 30, 1818 ; Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, December 9, 1823. Postmasters-General — Return J. Meigs, continued in office; John McLean, of Ohio, December 9, 1823. SIXTH ADMINISTRATION— 1824 to 1829.— Four Years. President — John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts. Vice-President — John C. Calhoun, South Carolina. Secretary of State — Henry Clay, of Kentucky, March 8, 1825. Secretary of the Treasury — Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, March 7, 1825. Secretaries of War — James Barbour, of Virginia, March 7, 1825 ; Peter B. Porter, of New York, May 26, 1828. Secretary of the Navy — Samuel L. Southard, continued in office. Postmaster- General — John McLean, continued in office. SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION— 1829 to 1837.— Eight Years. President — Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. Vice-Presidents — John C. Calhoun, South Carolina; Martin Van Buren, New York. Secretaries of State — Martin Van Buren, of New York, March 6, 1829 ; Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, 1831 ; Louis McLane, of Delaware, 1833; John Forsyth, of Georgia, 1834. Secretaries of the Treasury — Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsyl- 12 Appendix. vania, March 6, 1829 ; Louis McLane, of Delaware, 1831 ; William J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, 1833; Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, 1833, (not confirmed by the Senate;) Levi Woodbury, of NewHamp shire, 1834. Secretaries of War — John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, March 9, 1829 Lewis Cass, of Ohio, 1831. Secretaries of the Navy — John Branch, of North Carolina, March 9, 1829 ; Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, 1831 ; Mahlon Dickerson of New Jersey, 1834. Postmasters-General — William T. Barry, of Kentucky, March 9, 1829; Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, 1835.* EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION— 1837 to 1841.— Four Years. President — Martin Van Buren, New York. Vice-President — Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky. Secretary of State — John Forsyth, appointed June 27, 1834, re signed March 3, 1841. Secretary of the Treasury — Levi Woodbury, appointed June 27, 1834, resigned March 2, 1841. Secretary of War — Joel R. Poinsett, appointed March 7, 1837, resigned March 2, 1841. Secretaries of the Navy — Mahlon Dickerson, appointed June 30, 1834, resigned June, 1838; James K. Paulding, appointed from June 30, 1838 ; resigned March 2, 1841. Postmasters-General — Amos Kendall, appointed May 1, 1835, resigned ; John M. Niles, appointed from May 25, 1840, resigned March 1, 1841. NINTH ADMINISTRATION— 1841 to 1845.— Four Years. President — General William Henry Harrison, Ohio. Died April 4, 1841. Vice-President — John Tyler, Virginia. President — John Tyler, Virginia, (from April 4, 1841.) * Before the accession of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency, the Postmaster- General was looked upon as the head of a bureau, but President Jackson invited Mr. Barry to a seat in his cabinet meetings, since which time the head of the Post-office Department has been considered a regular member of the cabinet Appendix. J3 Secretaries of State — Daniel Webster, appointed March 5, 1841 resigned May 8, 1843 ; Hugh S. Legare", appointed May 9, 1843, died June 20, 1843 ; Abel P. Upshur, appointed June 24, 1843, died February 28, 1844 ; John Nelson, acting, February 29, 1844 ; John 0. Calhoun, appointed March 6, 1844, resigned March 1, 1845. Secretaries of the Treasury — Thomas Ewing, appointed March 5, 1841, resigned; Walter Forward, appointed September 13, 1841, resigned; George M. Bibb, appointed June 15, 1844, resigned March 3, 1845. ., Secretaries of War — John Bell, appointed March 5, 1841, re signed; John C. Spencer, appointed October 12, 1841, transferred to Treasury Department ; James M. Porter, appointed March 8, 1843, rejected by the Senate ; William Wilkins, appointed February 15, 1844, resigned March 3, 1845. Secretaries of the Navy — George E. Badger, appointed March 5, 1841, resigned; Abel P. Upshur, appointed September 13, 1841, transferred to Department of State ; David Henshaw, appointed July 24, 1843, rejected by the Senate; Thomas W. Gilmer, appointed February 15, 1844, died February 28, 1844; John Y. Mason, ap pointed March 14, 1844, resigned March 3, 1845. Postmasters- General — Francis Granger, appointed March 6, 1841, resigned ; Charles A. Wickliffe, appointed September 13, 1841, re signed March 3, 1845. TENTH ADMINISTRATION— 1845 to 1849.— Four Years. President — James Knox Polk, Tennessee. Vice-President — George M. Dallas, Pennsylvania. Secretary of State — James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, appointed March 5, 1845. Secretary of the Treasury — Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, ap pointed March 5, 1845. Secretary of War — William L. Marcy, of New York, appointed March 5, 1843. Secretary of the Navy — George Bancroft, of Massachusetts, ap pointed March, 1845 ; John Y. Mason, of Virginia, appointed 1846. Postmaster-General — Cave Johnson, of Tennessee, appointed March 5, 1845. 14 Appendix. ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION— 1849 to 1853.— Four Years. President — Zachary Taylor, Louisiana. Died July 9, 1850. Vice-President — Millard Fillmore, New York. President — Millard Fillmore, New York. Succeeded Zachary Taylor, on his death, July 9, 1850. Secretaries of State — John M. Clayton, of Delaware, appointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850 ; Daniel Webster, of Massa chusetts, appointed July 20, 1850, died October 24, 1852; Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, appointed November, 1852. Secretaries of the Treasury — William M. Meredith, of Pennsyl vania, appointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850 ; Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, appointed July 20, 1850. Secretaries of War — George W. Crawford, of Georgia, appointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850; Charles M. Conrad, of Louisiana, appointed August 15, 1850. Secretaries of the Navy — William B. Preston, of Virginia, ap pointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850 ; William A. Gra ham, of North Carolina, appointed July 20, 1850, resigned 1852; John P. Kennedy, of Maryland, appointed 1852. Secretaries of the Interior — Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, appointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850 ; Alexander H. H. Stuart, of Virginia, appointed September 12, 1850. Postmasters-General — JaGob Collamer, of Vermont, appointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850 ; Nathan K. Hall, of New York, appointed July 20, 1850, resigned 1852; Samuel D. Hubbard, of Connecticut, appointed 1852. Attorneys-General — Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, appointed March 7, 1849, resigned July 10, 1850 ; John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, appointed July 20, 1850. TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION— 1853 to 1857.— Four Years. President — Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire. Vice-President — William R. King, Alabama. Died April 18, 1853. Secretary of State — William L. Marcy, of New York, appointed March 7, 1853. Appendix. 15 Secretary of the Treasury — James Guthrie, of Kentucky, ap pointed March 7, 1853. Secretary of War — Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, appointed March 7, 1853. Secretary of the Navy — James C. Dobbin, of North Carolina, ap pointed March 7, 1853. Secretary of the Interior — Robert McClelland, of Michigan, ap pointed March 7, 1853. Postmaster-General — James Campbell, of Pennsylvania, appointed March 7, 1853. Attorney-General — Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, appointed March 7, 1853. THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION— 1857 to 1861.— Four Years. President — James Buchanan, Pennsylvania. Vice-President — John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky. Secretary of State — Lewis Cass, of Michigan, appointed March, 1857. Secretary of the Treasury — Howell Cobb, of Georgia, appointed March, 1857. Secretary of War — John B. Floyd, of Virginia, appointed March, 1857. Secretary of the Navy — Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, appointed March, 1857. Secretary of the Interior — Jacob Thompson, of Mississippi, ap pointed March, 1857. Postmaster-General — Aaron V. Brown, of Tennessee, appointed March, 1857. Attorney-General — Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, appointed March, 1857. 16 Appendix. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. The election of the President and of the Vice-President, by Colleges of Electors, chosen in each State, was first proposed in the Convention for the formation of the Constitution, by James Wilson, a delegate from Pennsyl vania. It was adopted after a prolonged discussion, and was regulated by an Act of Congress, of March 1, 1792. The Electors must be chosen within thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday of December of the year in which an election of President and Vice-President takes place. They must be equal in number to all the Senators and Representatives in Congress, but no Senator or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States can be appointed an Elector. The Electors were at first chosen in four different modes, viz. :• — by joint ballot of the State Legislature, by a concurrent vote of the two branches of the State Legislature, by the people of the State, voting by general ticket, and by the people, voting in districts. This latter mode was evidently that which gave the fairest expression to public opinion, by approach ing nearest to a direct vote. But those States which adopted it were placed at the disadvantage of being exposed to a division of their strength, and neutrali zation of their vote ; while the Electors chosen by either of the other methods voted in a body on one side or the other, thus making the voice of the State decisively felt. This consideration induced the leading States of Massachusetts and of Virginia, which originally adopted the district system, to abandon it in 1800. The Electors meet at the capitals of their respective States, on the first Wed nesday of December, and vote by distinct ballots for President and Vice-Presi dent, one of whom shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They make lists of the number of votes given, and of the persons voted for, which they transmit sealed, by a special messenger, to the President of the Se nate, at Washington. The Senate and the House of Representatives having met in convention, on a day fixed, the President of the Senate opens all the certificates, and the votes are counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President is duly elected, if such a number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed. If no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three, in the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose, immediately and by ballot, the Pre sident. If the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, when ever the right of choice devolves upon them, before the fourth of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. Should the offices of President and Vice-President both become vacant, it then becomes the duty of the Secretary of State to communicate information thereof to the Executive of each State, and to cause the same to be published Appendix. 17 in at least one newspaper in every State, giving two months' previous notice that Electors of President shall be chosen or appointed in the several States, within thirty-four days next preceding the first Wednesday in December ensuing, when the choice of President must proceed as usual. FIRST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. George Washington was unanimously elected President, receiving 69 votes. John Adams was elected Vice-President, receiving 34 votes ; while John Jay had 9 votes, Robert H. Harrison 6, John Rutledge 6, John Hancock 4, George Clin ton 3, Samuel Huntington 2, James Armstrong 1, Edward Telfair 1, and Benja min Lincoln 1. The Electors were : — New Hampshire. Benjamin Bellows, 1. John Pickering, 2. John Parker, Caleb Davis, 1. Samuel Phillips, Jr., 2. Walter Spooner, 3. Francis Dana, Massachusetts. 4. Moses Gill, 5. Samuel Henshaw, 6. William Cushing, Connecticut. Samuel Huntington, 1. Oliver Wolcott, 3. Eichard Law, 2. Thaddeus Burr, Ebenezer Thompson. 3. John Sullivan. David Sewall. 7. William Sever, 8. William Shepard. Erastus Wolcott. 5. Matthew Griswold. David Breasley, 1. James Kinsey, 2. John Rutherford, Edward Hand, 1. George Gibson, 2. James O'Harra, 3. John Arndt, Gunning Bedford, 1. John Baning. John Rogers, 1. George Plater, 2. Robert Smith, 4. Jedediah Huntington, New Jersey. 3. John Neilson, Pennsylvania, 4. David Grier, 5. Collinson Bead, 6. Samuel Potts, David Moore. 4. Matthias Ogden. James Wilson. 7. Lawrence Keene, 8. Alexander Graydon. Delaware. Maryland. Patrick Henry, 1. John Pride, 2. Edward Stevens, 3. Zachariah Johnston, 3. William Tilghman, 4. William Richardson, Virginia. 4. Anthony Walke, 5. James Wood, 6. David Stuart, 2* George Mitchell. Philip Thomas. 5. Alexander C. Hanson, 6. William Mathews. W. Tikhugh. 7. John Harvie, 8. John Boane. 18 Appendix. South Carolina. Christopher Gadsden, Edward Rutledge. 1. Henry Lawrens, 3. Charles C. Pinckney, 5. John F. Grimke. 2. Arthur Simkins, 4. Thomas Heyward, Jr., Georgia. George Handley, John Wilson. 1. George Walton, 2. H. Osborne, 3. John King. SECOND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1793. George Washington was again unanimously elected President, receiving 132 votes. John Adams was elected Vice-President, receiving 77 votes; while George Clinton had 50 votes, Thomas Jefferson 4, and Aaron Burr 1. The Electors were : — New Hampshire. Josiah Bartlett, 1. John T. Gilman, 3. Jonathan Freeman, 2. John Pickering, Massachusetts. Azor Orne, 1. Samuel Holten, 6. Walter Spooner, 2. Ebenezer Mattson, Jr., 7. Moses Gill, 8. Thomas Dawes, 8. Solomon Freeman, 4. William Sever, 9. William Shepard, 5. Increase Sumner, 10. Nathaniel Wells, Rhode Island. Arthur Fenner, 1. George Champlin, 2. WiUiam Greene. Benjamin Bellows. 4. Ebenezer Thompson. Francis Dana. 11. Thompson J. Shinner, 12. Daniel Cony, 13. Dwight Foster, 14. Peleg Wadsworth. Samuel J. Potter. Connecticut. Samuel Huntington, 1. Oliver Wolcott, 4. Elijah Hubbard, 2. Thomas Grosvenor, 5. Thomas Seymour, 3. David Austin, Vermont. Samuel Hitchcock, 1. Lot Hall, 2. Paul Brigham. John Davenport, Jr. 6. Sylvester Gilbert, 7. Marvin Wait. Lemuel Chipman. New Tore. Jesse Woodhull, 1. Edward Savage, 5. William Floyd, 2. Samuel Clark, 6. Volkert Veeder, 3. Johannes Bruyn, 7. Abraham Ten Eyck, 4. Abraham Yates, Jr., David Van Ness. 8. Stephen Ward, 9. John Bay, 10. Samuel Osgood. Appendix. 19 New Jersey. Thomas H. Sanderson, Eichard Stockton, 3. Joseph Bloomfield, 1.2. John W. Vancleve, 4. Samuel Dick, Pennsylvania. 6. Robert Johnston, 7. John Wilkins, Jr., 8. John Boyd, 9. David Stewart, Delaware. Maryland. Alexander C. Hanson, John E. Howard, 4. William Smith,* William Henry, 1. Joseph Huster, 2. Thomas Bull, 3. Thomas McKean, 4. Cornelius Coxe, 5. Henry Miller, James Sykes, 1. William Hill Wells. Levin Winder, Thomas Lee, John Wise, Nathaniel Wilkinson, John Early, WilUam 0. Callis, Catesby Jones, Elias Langham, Daniel C. Brent, John Dawson, 5. Richard Potts, 6. Samuel Hughes,* Virginia. 8. Stephen T. Mason, 9. John Eoane, Jr., 10. Moses Hunter, 11. James Murdough, 12. Archibald Stuart, 13. Michael Bailey, North Carolina. Stephen Cahames, 1. Alfred Moore, 5. Benjamin Smith, 2. John Mocon, 6. John M. Binford, 3. Joel Sane, 7. Matthew Lock, 4. E. D. Spaight, South Carolina. Charles C. Pinckney, 1. Andrew Pickens, 3. John BarnweU, 2. John Hunter, 4. Edward Eutledge, Georgia. Benjamin Taliaferro, 1. John King, 2. Seaborn Jones. Kentucky. E. C. Anderson, 1. Benjamin Logan, 2. Notley Conn. Aaron D. Woodruff. 6. Franklin Davenport. Robert Coleman. 10. James Morris, 11. George Latimer, 12. Robert Hare, 13. Hugh Lloyd. Gunning Bedford. John Seney. 7. William Richardson, 8. Donaldson Yates. George Carrington. 14. John Bowyer, 15. Thomas Claiborne, 16. Maxwell Armstrong, 17. John Pride, 18. Claiborne Watkins, 19. Tarlton Woodson. John L. Taylor. 8. Peter Dange, 9. James Taylor, 10. William Porter. John Chestnut. 5. Robert Anderson, 6. John Julius Pringle. William Gibbons. Charles Scott. * Not present 20 Appendix. THIRD PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1797. John Adams was elected President, receiving the entire vote of New Hamp shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey and Delaware, with 10 scattering votes from other States, making 71 of the 140 votes cast. Thomas Jefferson was elected Vice-President, having the next highest number of votes, 68 ; while Thomas Pinkney had 58, Aaron Burr 30, Samuel Adams 15, Oliver Ellsworth 11, George Clinton 7, John Jay 5, James Iredell 3, Samuel Johnston 2, George Washington 2, John Henry 2, Charles C. Pinckney 1. The Electors were : — New Hampshire. John T. Gilman, Timothy Farrar. 1. Oliver Peabody, 3. Benjamin Bellows, 4. Timothy Walker. 2. Ebenezer Thompson, Elijah Dewey, 1. Elisha Sheldon, Vermont. 2. Oliver Gallup. John Bridgman. William Sever, 1. Samuel Holton, 2. Edward H. Robbins, 3. Elbridge Gerry, 4. Ebenezer Mattoon, 5. Samuel Phillips, Massachusetts. 6. Increase Sumner, 7. Thomas Dawes, 8. David Rosseter, 9. Nathaniel Wells, 10. Ebenezer Hunt, Stephen Longfellow. 11. Elisha May, 12. Joseph Allen, 18. Thomas Rice, 14. Ebenezer Bacon. Ehode Island. Arthur Fenner, Samuel J. Potter. 1. George Champlin, 2. William Greene. Oliver Wolcott, 1. Jeremiah Wadsworth, 2. Heman Swift, 3. Elizur Goodrich, Lewis Morris, 1. Eichard Thorne, 2. Peter Cantine, Jr., 3. A. Ten Broeck, 4. Obijah Hammond, John Neilson, 1. Aaron Ogden, 2. John Blackwood, Connecticut. 4. William Hart, 6. Elias Perkins, New York. 5. A. Van Vechten, 6. William Boot, 7. Peter Smith, New Jersey. 3. Jonathan Ehea, 4. William Colefax, Jonathan Trumbull. 6. Jesse Boot, 7. Jonathan Sturges. E. Van Eensselaer. 8. St. John Honeywood, 9. Charles Newkirk, 10. Johannes Miller. Caleb Newbold. 5. Elisha Lawrence. Appendix. Pennsylvania. Thomas McKean 9 John Smilie. 1. James Boyd, 6. William Irvine, 10. Samuel Miles, 2. Joseph Heister, 7. Peter Muhlenberg, 11. Jacob Morgan, 3. William Brown, 8. Robert Coleman, 12. William Maclay, .4. John Piper, 9. Abraham Smith, 13. James Hanna. 5. John Whitehill, Delaware. Thomas Eobinson, Isaac Cooper. 1. Eichard Bassett. Maryland. John E. Plater, John Archer. 1. Francis Deakins, 4. John Roberts, 7. Gabriel Duvall, 2. John Gilpin, ' • 5. John Lynn, 8. John Done. 3. George Murdock, 6. John Eccleston, Virginia. William Nimmo, William Terry. 1. Nathaniel Wilkinson, 8. Levin Powell, 14. John Bowyer, 2. David Saunders, 9. Benjamin Temple, 15. Robert Walker, 3. John Taylor, 10. Moses Hunter, 16. John Brown, i. Catesby Jones, 11. Josiah Riddick, 17. George Markham, 5. Wilson C. Nicolas, 12. Archibald Stuart, 18. Robert Crockett, 6. D. Carroll Brent, 13. John Mason, 19. Peter Johnson. 7. William Madison, North Carolina. James Martin, Richard D. Spaight. 1. Gabriel Eaysdale, 5. James Bradley, 8. Evan Alexander, 2. John Gray Blout, 6. John Hamilton, 9. Anthony Brown, 3. John Hamilton, 7. William Martin, 10. Sterling Harwell. 4. William Edmunds, South Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Arthur Simkins. 1. Andrew Pickens, 3. John Chesnut, 5. Thomas Taylor, 2. William Thomas, 4. John Mathews, 6. John Rutledge, Jr. 21 Georgia. James Jackson, Charles Abercrombie. 1. Edward Telfair, 2. William Barnett. Kentucky. Stephen Ormsby, Caleb Wallace. 1. Isaac Shelby, 2. John Coburn. Daniel Smith, 1. Joseph Greer. Tennessee. Hugh Neilson. 22 Appendix. FOURTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1801. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr having each received 73 of the 128 electoral votes cast, the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. The 73 votes comprised all from the States of New York, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, South Carolina and Georgia, with 8 from Pennsylvania, 5 from Mary. land, and 8 from North Carolina. John Adams had 65 votes, Charles C. Pinck ney 64, and John Jay 1. The Electors were : — New Hampshire. Oliver Peabody, Benjamin Bellows. 1 . John Prentice, 3. Ebenezer Thompson, 4. Arthur Livermore. 2. Timothy Farrar, Elijah Dewey, 1. Jonathan Hunt, Vermont. 2. William Chamberlain. Roswell Hopkins. Massachusetts. Samuel Phillips, 1. E. H. Robbins, 6. John Hooker, 2. Samuel Sewall, 7. Walter Spooner, 3. David Rosseter, 8. Joseph Allen, 4. Theophilus Bradbury, 9. William Sever, 5. Ebenezer Hunt, 10. S. S. Wilde, Francis Dana. 11. William Baylies, 12. Lemuel Weeks, 18. Thomas Dawes, 14. Andrew P. Fernald. Rhode Island. George Champlin, Oliver Davis. 1. Edward Manton, 2. William Greene. Connecticut. Jonathan Trumbull, 1. John Treadwell, 4. Matthew Griswold, 2. Tapping Reeve, 5. Jonathan Sturges, 3. Jesse Root, Isaac Ledyard, 1. Anthony Lispenard, 2. Robert Ellis, 3. P. Van Cortlandt, Jr., 4. John Woodworth, Isaac Smith, 1. Thomas Sinnickson, 2. M. Williamson, Jr., New York. 5. James Burt, 6. J. Van Rensselaer, 7. Gilbert Livingston, New Jersey. 3. Richard Stockton, 4. William Griffith, Jonathan Ingersoll. 6. J. 0. Moseley, 7. Stephen M. Mitchell. Peter Van Ness. 8. Jacob Eaker, 9. Thomas Jenkins, 10. William Floyd. Samuel S. Smith. 5. Joshua L. Howell. Appendix. 23 Pennsylvania. Frederick Kuhn, 1. James Armstrong, 6. Gabriel Heister, 2. John Kean, 7. William Hall, 3. George Ege, 8. Presly Carr Lane, 4. Jonas Hartzell, 9. Samuel W. Fisher, 5. John Hubley, Kensey Johns, 1. Samuel White. Delaware. Samuel Wetherill. 10. N. B. Borheau, 11. James Crawford, Sr., 12. Isaac Van Horn, 13. Robert Whitehill. Nathaniel Mitchell. Maryland. Edmund Plowden, Francis Deakins. 1. George Murdock, 4. Perry Spencer, 7. Nicholas B. Moore, 2. John Gilpin, 5. Gabriel Duvall, 8. Littleton Dennis. 3. Martin Kershner, 6. William M. Robertson, George Wythe, 1. William Newsum, 2. Eichard Brent, 3. William H. Cabell, 4. WilUam Ellzey, 5. James Madison, Jr., 6. John Brown, 7. John Page, William Tate, 1. Joseph Winston, 2. William Martin, 3. Absalom Tatom, 4. Bryan Whitfield, John Hunter, 1. Paul Hamilton, 2. Andrew Love, Virginia. 8. John Preston, 9. Thomas Newton, 10. Hugh Holmes, 11. Joseph Jones, 12. Archibald Stuart, 13. William B. Giles, North Carolina. 5. Spruce Macay, 6. Nathan Mayo, 7. Joseph Taylor, South Carolina. 3. Bobert Anderson, 4. Joseph Blyth, Walter Jones. 14. John Shore, 15. Creed Taylor, 16. John Bowyer, 17. Thomas Reade, Sr., 18. Daniel Coleman, 19. George Penn. Thomas Brown. 8. Thomas Wynns, 9. Gideon Alston, 10. John Hamilton. Arthur Simkins. 5. Theodore Gaillard, 6. Wade Hampton. Georgia. John Morrison, Henry GraybiD. 1. Dennis Smelt, 2. David Blackshear. Kentucky. John Coburn, Charles Scott. 1. John Pope, 2 Isaac Shelby Daniel Smith, 1. John Locke. Tennessee. Eobert Love. 24 Appendix. The House of Representatives, on which devolved the choice between Jeffer son and Burr, voted to commence balloting on Wednesday, the eleventh day of February, to attend to no other business while the election was pending, and not to adjourn until a choice was effected. Seats were provided upon the floor for the President and the Senators, but during the act of balloting the galleries were cleared of spectators, and the doors were closed. Upon the first ballot, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee, (8,) voted for Thomas Jefferson ; New Hampshire, Massachu setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware and South Carolina, (6,) voted for Aaron Burr; and the votes of Vermont and Maryland, (the representatives of which were divided,) were given blank. The balloting was continued, and the House remained in session, nominally without adjournment, for seven days. during which one hundred and four members were present. Some of them were so infirm or indisposed that it was necessary to provide beds for them, and one member, who was quite ill, was attended by his wife. On the thirty-sixth ballot, which was taken on the afternoon of the seventeenth, the votes of Delaware and South Carolina were given blank, while those of Vermont and Maryland were given to Mr. Jefferson, and elected him. The Vice-Presidency, of course, de volved upon Mr. Burr. FIFTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1805. Thomas Jefferson was re-elected President, receiving 162 of the 176 votes cast. This comprised the entire electoral vote of all the States, except Con necticut, Delaware and Maryland ; the two first of which threw their full vote for Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the last gave nine votes for Mr. Jefferson and two for Mr. Pinckney. George Clinton was elected Vice-President by the same majority and vote, Rufus King receiving fourteen votes. The Electors were : — John Goddard, 1. Levi Bartlet, 2. George Aldrich, New Hampshire. 3. Timothy Walker. 4. Jonathan Steele, Eobert Alcock. 5. William Tarlton. Josiah Wright, 1. Samuel Shaw, 2. William Hunter, James Sullivan, 1. Elbridge Gerry, 2. John Whiting, 3. James Bowdoin, 4. John Bacon, 5. John Huthorne, 6. William Heath, Vermont. 3. Ezra Butler, Massachusetts. 7. Thomas Kitteridge, 8. John Woodman, 9. James Winthrop, 10. Charles Turner, 11. Edward Hpham, 12. Thomas Fillebrown, Nathaniel Niles. 4. John Noyes. Timothy Newell. 13. James Warren, 14. John Farley, 15. John Davis, 16. Jonathan Smith, 17. Josiah Deane. Appendix. 25 Ehode Island. Constant Taber, James Helme. 1. James Aldrich, 2. Benjamin Eemington. Jonathan Trumbull, 1. John TreadweU, 4. 2. David Smith, 5. 3. Oliver Ellsworth, Sylvester Dening, 1. James Fairlie, 7. 2. Thomas Brooks, 8. 3. Cornelius Bergen, 9. 4. Matthias B. Hildreth, 10. 5. John Herring, 11. 6. WilUam Floyd, 12. Connecticut. Asher Miller, David Daggett, New York. Ezra Thompson, Jonas Earl, John Wood, Joseph Ellicott, Conrad I. Elmendorff, Henry Quackinboss, Lewis B. Sturges. 6. Sylvester Gilbert, 7. Joshua Huntington. John Cramer. 13. Stephen Miller, 14. Adam Comstock, 15. Albert Pawling, 16. Abraham Bancker, 17. Isaac Sargent. New Jersey. Solomon Freligh, 1. Alexander Carmichael, 3. Phineas Manning, 2. Moore Furman, 4. Jacob Hufty, Thomas Newbold. 5. William Rassell, 6. Abijah Smith. Charles Thompson, 1. William Montgomery, 7. 2. John Bowman, 8. 3. Matthew Lawler, 9. 4. William Brown, 10. 5. Eobert McMuUen, 11. 6. George Smith, 12. Pennsylvania. William Brooke, Jacob Hostetter, Thomas Long, Jacob Bonnett, Francis Swaine, James Montgomery, Casper Shaffner, Jr. 13. Henry Spering, 14. John Minor, 15. James Boyd, 16. John Hamilton, 17. Peter Frailey, 18. Nathaniel Irish. Maxwell Bines, 1. George Kennard. John Parnham, 1. Joseph Wilkinson, 2. John Gilpin, 3. John Johnson, Eichard Evers Lee, 1. John Goodrich, 9. 2. Thomas Bead, 10. 3. Edward Pegram, 11. 4. Creed Taylor, 12. 5. WilUam H. CabeU, 13. 6. John Taliaferro, Jr., 14. 7. George Penn, 15. 8. Eichard Brent, Delaware. Maryland. WilUam Gleaves, Edward Johnson, Perry Spencer, Virginia. George Wythe, Hugh Holmes, John Taylor, James Dailey, Larkin Smith, James Allen, John Minor, Thomas Fisher. Tobias E. Stansbury. 7. John Tyler, 8. Ephraim K. Wilson, 9. Frisby Tilghman. Eichard Field. 16. Archibald Stuart, 17.r iiam Ellzey, 18. James McFarlane, 19. WilUam Dudley, 20. John Preston, 21. Mann Page, 22. William McKinley. It 1 Appendix. 1. 2.3.4. FeUx Walker, Peter Forney, Lemuel Sawyer, Joseph Williams, James Jones, 5. 6. 7. 8. North Carolina. Montford Stokes, Reading Blount, Solomon Graves, Bryan Whitfield, Robert Cochran. 9. Joseph Taylor, 10. Samuel Ashe, Sr., 11. Joseph John Alston, 12. Gideon Alston. 1. 2. 3. John Blake, John Gaillard, Arthur Simkins, Thomas Taylor, 4. 5. 6. South Carolina. William Hill, Joseph Blythe, James Miles, Samuel Warren. 7. Joseph Calhoun, 8. John Taylor. 1. 2. Edward Telfair, David Emanuel, John Rutherford, 3. Georgia. Henry Graybill, James B. Maxwell. 4. David Cresswell. 1.2. Charles Scott, John Coburn, Ninian Edwards, 3. 4. Kentucky. Hubbard Taylor, Joseph Lewis, Isaac Shelby. 5. William Irvine, 6. William Eoberts. 1. David Deaderich Richard Mitchell, I 2. Tennessee. George Ridley, William Martin. 3. Eobert Houston. 1. William Goforth, Nathaniel Massie. Ohio. James Pritchard. SIXTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1809. James Madison was elected President, having received the entire electoral vote of Vermont, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio, and 13 of the 19 votes of New York, 9 of the 11 of Maryland, and 11 of the 14 of North Carolina— in all 122 of the 175 votes cast; George Clinton received 6 votes of New York, and the balance (47) were given to Charles Cotes worth Pinckney. George Clinton was elected Vice-President, receiving 113 votes, while Rufus King had 47, James Madison 3, and James Monroe, 3. The Electors were : — Jeremiah Smith, 1. OUver Peabody, 3. 2. Benjamin West, 4. New Hampshire. Samuel Hale, Jonathan Franklin, Timothy Farrar. 5. Eobert Wallace. Israel Smith, 1. Jonas Galusha, 2. James Tarbox, Vermont. 3. John White, Samuel Shepardson. 4. William Cahoon. Appendix. 27 Caleb Strong, 1. Francis Dana, 2. Ebenezer Warren, 3. John Brooks, 4. Samuel Tobey, 5. Moses Brown, 6. Joshua Thomas, Massachusetts. 7. William Bartlett, 8. Lemuel WiUiams, 9. Ebenezer Bridge, 10. Andrew Fernald, 11. Benjamin Heywood, 12. Samuel Freeman, Daniel Dewey. 13. Josiah Stearns, 14. Samuel S. Wilde, 15. John Hooker, 16. Jeremiah Bailey, 17. John Barrett. Ehode Island. Thomas P. Ives, 1. C. Fowler, 2. Thomas Noyes. James Ehodes. Connecticut. Jonathan Trumbull, 1. John Treadwell, 4. Jesse Boot, 2. Stephen T. Hosmer, 5. Eoger Griswold, 3. David Daggett, Ambrose Spencer, 1. Henry Huntington, 7. 2. Benjamin Mooers, 8. 3. John W. Seaman, 9. 4. Adam B. Vroman, 10. 5. Henry Eutgers, 11. 6. Thomas Shankland, 12. New York. John Garretson, William Hallock, Ebenezer White, Eussel Atwater, Thomas Lawrence, Joseph Simonds, John Cotton Smith. 6. Frederick Wolcott, 7. Samuel W. Johnson. Henry Yates, Jr. 13. James Tallmage, 14. Hugh Jamison, 15. Jonathan Bouse, 16. Matthew Carpenter, 17. Micajah Petit. James Mott, 1. James Morgan, 2. Thomas Hendry, New Jersey. < 3. Amos Harrison, 4. George Burgin, Benjamin Egbert. 5. David Welsh, 6. Abijah Smith. Charles Thomson, Pennsylvania. 1. Thomas Leiper, 2. James Cowden, 3. Michael Leib, 4. William WUson, 5. Joseph Engle, 6. Eobert Griffen, 7. WiUiam Eodman, 8. Jacob Hostetter, 9. Archibald Darrah, 10. David FuUerton, 11. Jacob Weygandt, 12. Peter Kenimell, Adamson Tannehill, 13. Joseph Lefevre, 14. Joseph Huston, 15. Gabriel Heister, Jr. 16. WiUiam Montgomery, 17. George Hartman, 18. John McDoweU. James Booth, 1. Nicolas Kidgely. John E. Plater, 1. Eobert Bowie, 2. Thomas W. Veazey, 3. Edward Johnson, Delaware. Daniel Eodney. Maryland. Tobias E. Stansbury. 4. Richard Tilghman, 7. John Tyler, 5. John Johnson, 8. Henry James CarroU, 6. Earle Perry Spencer, 9. Nathaniel Rochester. 28 Appendix. Virginia. Joseph Goodwin, Sr. 1. Edward Pegram, Sr. 9. Hugh Nelson, 2. Robert Nelson, 3. Richard Field, 4. Mann Page, 5. Thomas Read, 6. Richard Barnes, 7. Joseph Eggleston, 8. John T. Brooke, Francis Locke, 1. Thomas Wynns, 2. Kemp Plummer, 3. Samuel Ashe, Sr. 4. Joseph Taylor, 10. Hugh Holmes, 11. George Penn, 12. Osborne Sprigg, 13. PhiUp N. Nicholas, 14. James Allen, 15. Spencer Roane, Benjamin Harrison. 16. Archibald Stuart, 17. John Roane, 18. Andrew Russell, 19. Robert Taylor, 20. John Preston, 21. Gustavus B. Horner, 22. WilUam McKinley. North Carolina. Robert Cleveland. 5. Murdoch McKenzie, 9. John Winslow, 6. Peter Forney, 10. Joseph Riddick, 7. Robert Love, 11. WiUiam Gaston, 8. James Rainey, 12. Henry I. Toole. Joseph Gist, 1. John Wilson, 2. Langdon Cheves, 3. John McMonies, South Carolina. Paul Hamilton, William Strother, Samuel Mays, Joseph Bellinger. 7. William Zimmerman, 8. William Rouse. John Rutherford, 1 . John Twiggs, 2. Christopher Clark, Samuel Hopkins, 1. WilUam Logan, 3. 2. Robert Trimble, 4. James Robertson, 1. WilUam Martin, 2. Georgia. Henry Graybill, Kentucky. Matthew Walton, Hubbard Taylor, Tennessee. James Sevier, David Meriwether. 4. James E. Houston. Charles Scott. 5. Robert Ewing, 6. Christopher Greenup. Joseph Greer. 3. Baldwin Hale. Nathaniel Massie, 1. Stephen Wood. Ohio. Thomas McCune. Appendix. 29 SEVENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1813. James Madison was re-elected President, having received the entire electoral vote of Vermont, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Louisiana, and 6 of the 11 votes of Maryland — in all 128 of the 217 votes cast; the balance (89) were given for De Witt Clinton, of New York. Elbridge Gerry was elected Vice-President, receiving 131 votes ; while Jared Ingersoll had 86. The Electors were : — John Goddard, 1. OUver Peabody, 2. Benjamin West, New Hampshire. 3. Samuel Hale, 4. Caleb EUis, Timothy Farrar. 5. Nathan Taylor, 6. Jonathan FrankUn. Nathaniel Niles, 1. Noah Chittenden, 2. WiUiam A. Griswold, Vermont. 3. William Slade, 4. Elihu Luce, Josiah Wright. 5. John H. Andrus, 6. Mark Richards. WiUiam Heath, 1. Harrison G. Otis, 2. Joshua Thomas, 3. Nathan Dane, 4. David Scudder, 5. Jeremiah Nelson, 6. Lathrop Lewis, 7. Abraham Bigloe, Massachusetts. 8. Nathaniel Goodwin, 9. John Walker, 10. Samuel Parris, 11. George BUss, 12. Abiel Wood, 13. Benjamin Heywood, 14. Lemuel Paine, John W. Hurlbert. 15. Eleazer James, 16. James McLellan, 17. E. Williams, 18. William Crosby, 19. Isaac Maltby, 20. Israel Thorndike. Bhode Island. Christopher Fowler, WilUam Ehodes. 1. Samuel G. Arnold, 2. Ephraim Bowen. Connecticut. Nathaniel Terry, 1. Theodore Dwight, 4. Stephen T. Hosmer, 2. James Gould, 5. Calvin Goddard, 3. David Daggett, Joseph C. Yates, 1. Simeon De Witt, 10. 2. Robert Jenkins, 11. 3. Archibald Mclntyre, 12. 4. M. S. Van Dercook, 13. 5. John C. Hodgeboom, 14. 6. George Palmer, Jr. 15. 7. G. S. Mumford, 16. 8. James Hill, 17. 9. J. Delamontagnie, 18. New York. William Kirby, P. Van Cortlandt, Henry Frey, John Chandler, Tho. H. Hubbard, Henry Huntington, John Bussell, John Woodworth, James S. Kipp, Daniel Putnam. 6. Jonathan Barnes, 7. S. B. Sherwood. David Van Ness. 19. David Boyd, 20. Jotham Jayne, 21. Cornelius Bergen, 22. Jonathan Stanley, Jr. 23. Joseph Perine, 24.. William Burnet, 25. Chauncey Belknap, 26. George Eosecrantz, 27. John Dill. 30 Appendix. New Jersey. Matthew Whillden, William Griffith. 1. WilUam B. Ewing, 3. FrankUn Davenport, 5. Jacob Losey, 2. EUas Conoyer, 4. Andrew HoweU, 6. William McGill. Walter FrankUn, 1. David MitcheU, 9. 2. David Fullerton, 10. 3. Paul Cox, 11. 4. Samuel Smyth, 12. 5. Isaac WorreU, 13. 6. Eobert Smith, 14. 7. Michael Baker, 15. 8. Nathaniel Mickler, 16. Pennsylvania. Joseph Engle, Chas. Shoemaker, James Fulton, James MitcheU, Isaiah Davis, John Murray, John Whitehill, Clement Paine, Hugh Glasgow. 17. Edward Crouch, Jr. 18. Joseph Eeed, 19. Henry Allshouse, 20. Alexander Dysart, 21. James Stephenson, 22. David Mead, 23. Abia Minor. Jas. L. Clayton, 1. Benjamin Blackiston, Delaware. 2. Thomas Fisher. James Sykes. Maryland. Henry H. Chapman, 1. Edward H. Calvert, 4. Thomas Worrell, 2. Thomas W. Veazey, 5. John Stephen, 3. Edward Johnson, 6. Edward Lloyd, Tobias E. Stansbury. 7. Henry Williams, 8. Littleton Dennis, 9. Daniel Kentch. Virginia. Eichard Henry Lee, Gustavus B. Horner. 1. Benjamin Harrison, 9. Matthew Cheatham, 17. W. G. Poindexter, 2. Eobert Nelson, 10. Hugh Holmes, 18. Andrew Russell, 3. Edward Pegram, 11. WilUam Armistead, 19. Spencer Roane, 4. Mann Page, 12. Daniel Morgan, 20. Charles Taylor, 5. Eichard Field, 13. Charles Yancey, 21. Sthreshly Eennolds, 6. Walter Jones, 14. Archibald Rutherford , 22. W. McKinley, 7. Thomas Bead, 15. George Penn, 23. Eobert Taylor. 8. John T. Brooke, 16. Archibald Stuart, North Carolina. William H. Murfree, 1. Eedar Ballard, 6. Montfort Stokes, 2. James Eainey, 7. James W. Clarke, 3. James Bright, 8. Joseph Uniston, 4. Francis Locke, 9. H. G. Burton, 5. Thomas D. King, South Carolina. James Campbell, 1. John Johnson, 4. WilUam Smith, 2. John McCreary, 5. William Caldwell, 3. Andrew Pickens, 6. William Alston, James Mebane. 10. Jonathan Hampton, 11. Thomas Davis, 12. Henry Massey, 13. Kemp Plummer. Reuben Starke. 7. Samuel Johnson, 8. Richard Singleton, 9. Sampson Butler. Appendix. 31 Daniel Stewart, 1. Henry Gray bill, 2. OUver Porter, Eobert Ewing, 1. WilUam Casey, 2. Eobert Mosby, 3. Samuel MurreU, 4. Hubbard Taylor, E. K. Dulany, 1. Henry Bradford, 2. Thomas Washington, Georgia. 3. Charles Harris, 4. Henry MitcheU, Kentucky. 5. Samuel CaldweU, 6. Duval Payne, 7. Eichard Taylor, Tennessee. 3. James Trimble, 4. David McEwen, John Twiggs. 5. John Eutherford, 6. John Howard. WilUam Irvine. 8. Walker Baylor, 9. William Logan, 10. T. D. Owings. WiUiam Trigg. 5. James McCampbeU, 6. Thomas Johnson. John Jones, 1. Matthias Corwin, 2. D. Abbott, (not present) Ohio. 3. David Purviance, 4. Thomas Ijams, James Pritchard. 5. James Dunlap, 6. John Hamm. Julien Poydras, 1. PhUemon Thomas. Louisiana. Stephen A. Hopkins. EIGHTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1817. James Monroe was elected President, having received the entire electoral vote of every State except Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware — in all 183 of the 217 votes cast; the remaining 34 being given for Rufus King. Daniel D. Tompkins was elected Vice-President, receiving 183 votes ; while John E. Howard had 22 votes, James Ross 5, John Marshall 4, and Robert G. Harper 3. The Electors were : — Thomas Manning, 1. Benjamin Butler, 3. 2. Jacob Tuttle, 4. New Hampshire. William Badger, Thomas C. Drew, Eichard H. Ayer. 5. Amos CogsweU, 6. Dan Young. J. Bobinson, 1. Apollas Austin, 2. Asaph Fletcher, Vermont. 3. Eobert Holly, 4. John H. Cotton, James Eoberts. 5. William Brayton, 6. Isaiah Fisk. 32 Appendix. Christopher Gore, 1. Prentiss Mellan, 8. 2. Jonas Kendall, 9. 3. Israel Thorndike, 10. 4. E. H. Bobbins, 11. 5. Benj. Pickman, Jr. 12. 6. John Low, 13. 7. David A. White, 14. Massachusetts. S. Longfellow, Jr. Joseph Locke, William Abbot, Thomas Dwight, Timothy Eoutelle, Peter Bryant, Luther Carey, Bezabeel Taft. 15. Daniel Howard, 16. WiUiam PhiUips, 17. Wendell Davis, 18. Josiah Stebbins, 19. Seth Washburn, 20. Thomas H. Perkins. Ehode Island. James Fenner, 1. Thomas Pitman, 2. Dutee Arnold. Edward Wilcox. Connecticut. Jonathan Ingei ¦soil, William Perkins. 1. Nathaniel Terry, 4. Elijah Hubbard, 6. Asa Willey, 2. Elisha Sterling, 5. Jirah Isham, 7. S. W. Johnson. 3. Seth P. Staples, Henry Eutgers i New York. Alexander McNish. 1. Lemuel Chipman, 10. Daniel Boot, 19. Jacob Wertz, 2. Artemus Aldrich, 11. P. S. Van Orden, 20. Richard Townley, 3. John W. Seaman, 12. Montgomery Hunt, 21. Gabriel North, 4. Henry Becker, 13. J. W. Van Wyck, 22. Samuel Lawrence, 5. Jacob Drake, 14. Nicholl Fosdick, 23. Charles E. Dudley, 6. Aaron Searing, 15. J. D. Monell, 24. Nathaniel Rochester, 7. James Farlie, 16. E. Edmonds, 25. Benjamin Smith, 8. Israel W. Clark, 17. John Blake, Jr. 26. Worthy L Churchel, 9. Augustus Wright, Lewis Moore, 18. George Petit. New Jersey. 27. Samuel Lewis. Charles Ogden. 1. Aaron Kitchell, 3. David Welsh, 5. John CroweU, 2. Daniel Garrison, Paul Cox, 4. William Eossell, Pennsylvania. 6. Eobert McNeely. M. Fackenthal. 1. David Mitchell, 9. William Brooke, 17. John Harrison, 2. James Wilson, 10. Robert Clark, 18. Joseph Huston, 3. John Geyer, 11. Isaac Anderson, 19. Jacob Hostetter, 4. Gabriel Heister, 12. Abiel Fellows, 20. Samuel Scott, 5. Daniel Bussier, 13. Matthew Roberts, 21. John Eea, 6. James Meloy, 14. David Marchand, 22. James Alexander, 7. John Conrad, 15. John Mohler, 23. William Gilliland. 8. James Banks, 16. Thomas Patterson, Delaware. Thomas Robinson, Andrew Barratt. 1. Isaac TunneU, 2. Nicholas Ridgely. Appendix. 33 WilUam D. 1. Joseph Kent, 2. WiUiam C. MiUer, 3. Edward Johnson, Beall, Maryland. 4. Benjamin Massy, 5. John Stephen, 6. Thomas EnnaUs, George Warner. 7. John Buchanan, 8. Littleton Dennis, 9. Lawrence Brengle. George Newton, 1. Charles H. Graves, 2. Hugh Holmes, 3. John Pegram, 4. Archibald Eutherford, 5. John PurnaU, 6. Archibald Stuart, 7. Joseph C. Cabell, 8. Andrew RusseU, Virginia. 9. Charles Yancey, 10. Charles Taylor, 11. Spencer Roane, 12. Robert B. Starke, 13. Sthreshly Reynolds, 14. William Archer, 15. Robert Taylor, 16. Benjamin Cook, John T. Brooke. 17. Isaac Foster, 18. Wm. Brockenbrough, 19. Brazure W. Pryor, 20. Daniel Morgan, 21. William Jones, 22. John Edie, 23. William Lee BaU. Robert Love, 1. Jesse FrankUn, 2. John HaU, 3. Peter Forney, 4. Thomas Wynns, 5. Francis Locke, North Carolina. 6. Joseph Riddick, 7. Abraham PhUlips, 8. James Hoskins, 9. Alexander Gray, Nathaniel Jones. 10. Vine Allen, 11. Joseph Pukett, 12. Thomas D. King, 13. Thomas Ruffin. WilUam Garrett, 1. PMlemon Bradford, 2. Thomas Evans, 3. WilUam McKeralls, South Carolina. 4. Thomas Lee, 5. Frederick Nance, 6. John L. Wilson, James Duff. 7. John Thomas, 8. Joseph Eeid, 9. Eichard B. Screven. David Adams, 1. John Mcintosh, 2. John Clark, Georgia. 3. Jared Irwin, 4. John Rutherford, Charles Harris. 5. Henry MitcheU, 6. David Meriwether. DuvaU Payne, 1. Hubbard Taylor, 2. WiUiam Logan, 3. Eobert Trimble, 4. Alexander Adair, Kentucky. 5. Thomas Bodley, 6. Samuel Caldwell, 7. WiUis A. Lee, Eichard Taylor. 8. Samuel MurreU, 9. WiUiam Irvine, 10. Eobert Ewing. Tennessee. Alfred M. Carter, 1. Joseph Hamilton, 3. David Campbell, 2. M. McClanohan, 4. Samuel Buchanan, 3* Eobert AUen. 6. Adam Huntsman 6. James Baxter. 34 Appendix. Ohio. John G. Young, 1. Aaron Wheeler, 3. John Patterson, 2. Othniel Looker, 4. Benjamin Haugh, Abraham Shepherd. 5. WilUam Skinner, 6. James Curry. Jesse L. Holman, 1. Joseph Bartholomew. Garrigues Flanjac, 1. John E. Grimes. Indiana. Louisiana. Thomas H. Blake. Squire Lea. NINTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1821. James Monroe was re-elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of every State (228) except New Hampshire, of which one vote was thrown for John Quincy Adams. Daniel D. Tompkins was elected Vice-President, receiv ing 215 votes ; while Richard Stockton had 8 votes, Daniel Rodney 4, Robert G. Harper 1, and Richard Rush 1. The Electors were :— New Hampshire. William Plumer, 1. David Barker, 3. William FiRk, 2. Nathaniel Shannon, 4. Ezra Bartlett, John Pendexter. 5. Samuel Dinsmoor, 6. James Smith. James Galusha, 1. Gilbert Denison, 2. Daniel A. A. Buck, Vermont. 8. Pliny Smith, 4. Ezra Butler, William Slade, Jr. 5. Aaron Leland, 6. Timothy Stanley. John Adams, 1. William Phillips, 2. Thomas H. Blood, 3. WiUiam Gray, 4. Jonas Sibley, 5. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. 6. Ezra Starkweather, 7. B. W. Crowninshield, 8. Wendell Davis, 9. John Heard, Seth Sprague. 10. John Davis, 11. Samuel Dana, 12. Joseph Woodbridge, 13. Ebenezer Mattoon. Rhode Island. James Fenner, Robert F. Noyes. 1. Dutee J. Pearce, 2. Dutee Arnold. Connecticut. Henry Seymour, Isaiah Loomis. 1. Samuel Welles, 4. John Alsop, 6. S. W. Crawford, 2. WilUam Cogswell, 5. Ebenezer Brockway, 7. Samuel H. PhiUips. 3. Wtiliam Moseley, Appendix. New York. WilUam Floyd, John Baker. 1. Henry Butgers, 10. Ferrand Stranahan, 19. David Hammond, 2. John Walworth, 11. Jacob Odell, 20. Wm. B. Kochester, 3. Abel Huntington, 12. Henry Wager, 21. Mark Spencer, 4. Daniel McDougaU, 13. Peter Waring, 22. Charles Thompson, 5. Edward Severich, 14. Elisha Harnham, 23. Benjamin Knower, 6. Seth Wetmore, 15. Edward P. Livingston, 24. Philetus Swift, 7. Isaac Lawrence, 16. Jonathan Collins, 25. Gilbert Eddy, 8. Latham A. Burrows, 17. Peter Millikin, 26. James Brisban, 9. John Targee, 18. Samuel Nelson, New Jersey. 27. Howell Gardner. David Mills, Samuel L. Southard. 1. John Wilson, 3. John Crowell, 5. Aaron Vansychel, 2. Joseph Budd, 4. Isaiah Shinn, Pennsylvania. 6. John L. Smith. Thomas Leiper, James P. Sanderson. 1. Paul Cox, 9. Andrew Gilkerson, 17. D. W. Dingman, 2. William CUnghan, 10. George Plumer, 18. Hugh Davis, 3. Daniel Groves, 11. John HamUton, 19. Gabriel Heister, 4. George Barnitz, 12. George Hebb, 20. Patrick Farrelly, 5. Chandler Price, 13. James Kerr, 21. John Todd, 6. James Griffen, 14. Andrew Sutton, 22. Melchior Bahm, (de 7. Pierce Crosby, 15. WiUiam MitcheU, ceased,) 8. John MUey, 16. Joseph Huston, 23. Philip Benner. 35 Delaware. Peter Eobinson, Nicholas Eidgely. 1. John Clark, 2. Andrew Barratt. James Forrest, 1. Eobert W. Bowie, 2. John Forward, 3. John Stephen, Maryland. 4. William E. Stuart, 5. A. McKim, 6. John Boon, Elias Brown. 7. William Gabby, 8. Joshua Prideaux, 9. Michael C. Sprigg. William C. Holt, 1. Charles H. Graves, 9. 2. Eobert Shields, 10. 3. John Pegram, 11. 4. WiUiam Jones, 12. 5. R. B. Stark, 13. 6. John Taliaferro, 14. 7. John Purnall, 15. 8. John T. Brook, 16. Virginia. B. T. Arthur, Hugh Holmes, William C. Bives, W. Armstrong, Jr. Charles Yancey, Archibald Eutherford Joseph Martin, Archibald Stuart, Thomas Brown. 17. W. Breckenbrough, 18. Andrew Bussell, 19. Armistead Hoomes, 20. Samuel Blackburn, 21. James Hunter, 22. John Edie, 23. Eobert Taylor. 36 Appendix. Robert Love, 1 . Jesse FrankUn, 2. John Hall, 3. Michael McLeary, 4. George Outlaw, 5. Francis Locke, Benjamin James, 1. L. M. Ayer, 2. Isaac Smith, 3. John S. Glascock, North Carolina. 6. C. E. Johnson, 7. Abraham Phillips, 8. Lewis D. Wilson, 9. Alexander Gray, South Carolina. 4. John Dunovant, 5. Matthew J. Kirth, 6. Basha Cannon, Kinborough Jones. 10. H. J. G. Ruffin, 11. B. H. Covington, 12. Thomas Kenan, 13. James Mebane. Benjamin Rynalds. 7. Benjamin Dickson, 8. William A. Ball, 9. Charles Miller. Oliver Porter, 1. Henry Mitchell, 2. John Rutherford, Georgia. 3. John Molntosh, 4. John Foster, John Graves. 5. David Meriwether, 6. Benjamin Whitaker. Kentucky. Samuel Murrel, 1. E. M. Ewing, 5. John E. King, 2. Willis A. Lee, 6. Jesse Bledsoe, 3. S. Caldwell, 7. John Pope, 4. James Johnson, Tennessee. A. M. Carter, 1. J. Hamilton, Sr. 2. German Lester, 3. David Campbell, 4. Henry SmaU, Martin D. Hardin. 8. Thomas Bodley, 9. Eichard Taylor, 10. Hubbard Taylor. Joseph Dickson. 5. John J. White. Missouri. WilUam Shannon, 1. William Christy. Maine. WiUiam Moody, 1. Joshua Unigate, Jr. 4. Josiah Prescott, 2. Joshua Gage, 5. William Chadwick, 3. Elisha Allen, Ohio. Jeremiah Morrow, James CaldweU. 1 . WilUam H. Harrison, 3. Alexander Campbell, 5. Eobert Lucas, 2. James Kilbourne, 4. John McLaughlin, 6. Lewis Dille. John S. Brickey. Lemuel Trescott. 6. Levi Hubbard, 7. Samuel Tucker. Nathaniel Ewing, 1. Daniel J. Caswell. James B. Moore, 1. Michael Jones. Indiana. Illinois John H. Thompson. A. F. Hubbard. Appendix. 37 John Scott, 1. Henry Minor. Duncan Stewart, 1. Theodore Stark. Philemon Thomas, 1. Daniel L. Todd. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. George Phillips. Daniel Burnet. John E. Grymes. TENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1825. John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay were candidates, and the Electoral College not giving either of them the requisite majority, (132 votes,) the choice again devolved upon the House of Representatives, when Mr. Adams was elected. Andrew Jackson received the entire electoral vote of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Caro lina, Tennessee, Indiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, 1 of the 36 votes of New York, 7 of the 11 votes of Maryland, 3 of the 5 votes of Louisiana, and 1 of the 3 votes of Illinois. John Quincy Adams received the entire vote of Maine, New Hamp shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and 26 of the 36 votes of New York, 1 of the 3 votes of Delaware, 3 of the 11 votes of Mary land, 2 of the 5 votes of Louisiana, and 1 of the 3 votes of Illinois. William H. Crawford received the entire vote of Virginia and of Georgia, and 5 of the 36 votes of New York, 2 of the 3 votes of Delaware, and 1 of the 11 votes of Mary land. Henry Clay received the entire vote of Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri, and.4 of the 36 votes of New York. John C. Calhoun was elected Vice-Presi dent, receiving 182 votes ; while Nathan Sanford had 30 votes, Nathaniel Macon 24, Andrew Jackson 13, Martin Van Buren 9, and Henry Clay 2. The Electors Josiah Bartlett, 1. William Badger, 2. Caleb Eeith, New Hampshire. 3. Samuel Quarles, 4. Moses White, Abel Parker. 5. William Fisk, 6. Hall Burgin. William Gray, 1. Levi Lincoln, 2. Enos Foot, 3. T. L. Winthrop, i. William Walker, 5. N. Silsbee, Caleb Earle, 1. Stephen B. Cornell, Massachusetts. 6. John Endicot, 7. Joseph Kettredge, 8. Thomas Weston, 9. Augustus Tower, Rhode Island. 2. Charles Eldridge. Oliver Smith. 10. Cornelius Grinnell, 11. Jonathan Davis, 12. Hezekiah Barnard, 13. Edmund Cushing. Elisha Watson. 38 Appendix. Calvin WUley, 1. Oliver Wolcott, 2. John Swathel, Connecticut. 3. Rufus Hitchcock, 4. Lemuel White, David Keys. 5. David HiU, 6. Moses Warren. Jonas Galusha, 1. Titus Hutchinson, 2. Dan Carpenter, Vermont. 3. Joseph Burr, 4. Asa Aldis, John Mason. 5. Jabez Proctor. Nathan Thompson, 1. Darius Bentley, 2. Thomas Lawyer, 3. Micah Brooks, 4. E. B. Crandale, 5. Pierre A. Barker, 6. Samuel Hicks, 7. Joseph Sibley, 8. Edward Savage, 9. Timothy II. Porter, 10. Benjamin Mooers, 11. Samuel Bussell, 12. Chester Patterson, Peter Wilson, 1. Daniel VUet, 2. James Cook, New York. Marinus Willett, Phineas Coon, Ebenezer Sage, Azariah Smith, Eichard Blanvelt, Eleazer Burnham, Abraham Stagg, Solomon St. John, John Drake, Elisha B. Strong, James Drake, New Jersey. 3. Jacob Kline, 4. James Parker, 13. 14.15. 16. 17. 18.19. 20. 21. 22. 23. WilUam Townsend. 24. Clark Crandall, 25. Isnao Sutherland, 26. I. Sutherland, 27. William Walsh, 28. J. Lansing, Jr. 29. Alexander J. Coffin, 30. Benjamin Bailey, 31. Benjamin Smith, 32. Samuel Smith, 33. Elisha Dorr, 34. Heman Cady. John Buck. 5. Joseph Kille, 6. J. W. Scott. Thomas Leiper, 1. Cromwell Pearce, 2. Valentine Giesey, 3. PhiUp Peltz, 4. John Eeed, 5. A. McCaraher, 6. James Duncan, 7. Daniel Sheffer, 8. John Boyd, 9. Daniel Raul, Pennsylvania. 10. Abraham Addams, 11. Joseph Engle, 12. Isaac Smith, 13. John Pugh, 14. William Thomson, 15. Adam Ritscher, 16. Asa Mann, 17. Charles Kenny, 18. John Fogel, William Beatty. 19. Adam King, 20. Philip Benner, 21. John Bush, 22. Henry Scheetz, 23. Peter Addams, 24. Adam Light, 25. James Ankrim, 26. James Murray. John Caldwell, 1. Joseph G. Eowland. Henry Brawner, 1. John C. Herbert, 2. Thomas Hope, 3. George Winchester, Delaware. Maryland. 4 Samuel G. Osborn, 5. Dennis Claude, 6. James Sangston, Isaac Tunnell. WUUam Brown. 7. William Tyler, 8. Littleton Dennis, 9. Thomas Post. Appendix. 39 Virginia. WUliam C. Holt » : Robert Shield. 1. Charles H. Graves, 9. James Jones, 16. James Hoge, 2. ElUson Currie, 10. William Armstrong, 17. W. Brockenbrough, 3. John Cargill, 11. Charles Yancey, 18. Andrew Bussell, 4. Eobert Taylor, 12. Archibald Eutherford, 19. John T. Somax, 6. W. H. Brodnax, 13. Joseph Martin, 20. Joseph H. Samuels, 6. Isaac Foster, 14. John Bowyer, 21. WUliam Jones, 7. Joseph Wyatt, 15. Thomas M. Eandolph, 22. WiUiam Marteney. 8. Daniel Morgan, North Carolina. Montfort Stokes i, WiUiam Martin. 1. Eobert Love, 6. Edward B. Dudley, 10. Walter J. Leake, 2. WiUiam A. Blount, 7. James Mebane, 11. WiUiam Drew, 3. Peter Forney, 8. A. H. Shepperd, 12. John M. Morehead, 4. WiUiam B. Lockhart, 9. John Giles, 13. Josiah Crudup. 5. Vine AUen, South Carolina. Eobert Clendinen, Evan Benbow. 1. John K. Griffen, 4. Eldred Simkins, 7. M. J. Keith, 2. WilUam Garrett, 5. Joseph W. Alston, 8. Thomas Benson, 3. Angus Patterson, 6. WiUiam C. Pinckney, 9. William Laval. EUas BeaU, 1. Thomas Cumming, 2. John Mcintosh, 3. John Floyd, J. E. Underwood, 1. John E. King, 2. Joseph Allen, 3. Alney McLean, 4. W. Moore, Georgia. 4. John Eutherford, 5. John Harden, Kentucky. 5. Young Ewing, 6. Thomas Bodley, 7. Benjamin Lecher, 8. D. Payne, WiUiam Matthews. 6. WiUiam Terrell, 7. Warren Jordan. Eichard Taylor. 9. James Smiley, 10. J. J. Crittenden, 11. Joshua Fry, 12. H. Taylor. , John Rhea, 1. T. A. Howard, 2. Joseph Brown, 3. W. E. Anderson, Tennessee. 4. Joel Pinson, 5. B. C. Stout, 6. WiUie Blout, William A. Sublett. 7. William Mitchell, 8. Eobert H. Dyer, 9. Samuel Hogg. W. H. Harrison, 1. W. McFarland, 2. David Sloane, 3. Thomas Kirker, 4. Samuel Coulter, 5. James Heaton, Ohio. 6. S. Kingsbury, 7. Henry Brown, 8. Ebenezer Merry, 9. E. Buckingham, 10. James Cooley, James Caldwell. 11. William Kendall, 12. James Steele, 13. William Skinner, 14. John Bigger. 40 Appendix. Louisiana. WiUiam Nott, 1. James H. Shepherd, 2. S. Heiriart, John B. Planche. 3. Pierre Lacoste. David Todd, 1. David Musick. Missouri. Indiana. EUas McNamee, 1. David Eobb, 2. Jonathan McCarty, James Logan. John Carr. 3. Samuel Milroy. Illinois. Mississippi. Thomas Hinds, 1 . James Patton. William Harrison, 1. Henry Eddy. Alabama. Eeuben Safford, 1. Henry Chambers, 2. John Murphy, Bartlett C. Barry. Alexander P. Field. James Hill. 3. William Fleming. Maine. James Campbell, 1. Thomas Fillebrown, 4. Benjamin Chandler, 2. James Parker, 5. Eev. Joshua Taylor, 3. Nathaniel Hobbs, Lemuel Trescott. 6. Benjamin Nourse, 7. Stephen Parsons. The choice between Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford, the three highest on the list of those voted for by the Electoral Col lege for President, devolved on the House of Representatives. Twenty-four members, one from each State, were appointed Tellers, and they announced as the result of the first ballot : — For John Quincy Adams : Maine, New Hamp shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, Mary land, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Louisiana — 13 States. For Andrew Jackson : New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mis sissippi, and Indiana — 7 States. For William H. Crawford : Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia — 4 States. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy Adams, having received a majority of the votes of all the States, was duly elected President. Appendix. 41 ELEVENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1829. Andrew Jackson was elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote ¦ of Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, and Mis souri, 1 of the 9 votes of Maine, 20 'of the 36 votes of New York, and 5 of the 11 votes of Maryland — 178 in all; John Quincy Adams receiving the other 83 electoral votes. John 0. Calhoun was re-elected Vice-President, receiving 171 votes ; while Richard Rush had 83 votes, and William Smith 7. The Elec tors were : — Thomas FiUebrown, Maine. 1. Simon No well, 2. Joseph Southwick, 3. Joseph Prime, Jonas Galusha, 1. Ezra Butler, 2. Josiah Dana, 4. Levi Hubbard, 5. James C. Churchill, Vermont. 3. John Phelps, 4. William Jarvis, John S. Kimball. 6. John Moore, 7. Ebenezer Farley. Asa Aldis. 5. Apollos Austin. New Hampshire. George SulUvan, WiUiam Bixby. 1. Samuel Quarles, 3. Nahum Parker, 5. Samuel Sparhawk, 2. Thomas Woolson, 4. Ezra Bartlett, 6. WilUam Lovejoy. Thomas C. Winthrop, Massachusetts. 1. Samuel Lathrop, 2. Eliel Frost, 3. Jesse Putnam, 4. John Gilbert, 5. Stephen White, Caleb Earle, 1. Stephen B. Cornell, 6. Samuel Jones, 7. Baily Bartlett, 8. E. H. Bobbins, 9. Nathan Chandler, Ehode Island. 2. Charles Elbridge. Edmund Cushing. 10. Oliver Starkweather, 11. Jonathan Davis, 12. Bradford Dimmick, 13. Seth Sprague. Elisha Watson. Connecticut. Sylvester Norton, 1. Kufus Hitchcock, 3. Moses Warren, 2. Homer Boardman, 4. George Pratt, Eoger Taintor. 5. Charles Hawley, 6. W. E. Kibbee. Moses Rolph, 1. John Garrison, 2. A. D. W. Bruyn, 3. Benjamin BaUey, 4 John Lloyd, 5. John Targee, New York. 6. Alexander Coffin, 7. Gilbert Coutant, 8. GUbert Eddy, 9. Jacob Odell, 10. A. Van Vechten, Asaph Stow. 11. Morgan Lewis, 12. E. B. Shearman, 13. Egbert Jansen, 14. A. Mclntyre, 15. John E. Russell, 42 Appendix. 16. Salmon ChUds, 23. Eufus Crane, 29. WiUiam Hildreth, 17. Peter Pine, 24. Augustus Chapman, 30. John Taylor, 18. Peter H. Myers, 25. Thomas Blakeslee, 31. James H. Guernsey, 19. J. C. Yates, 26. Benjamin Cotton, 32. Charles Dayan, 20. James Campbell, 27. Freeborn G. Jewett, 33. Shubal Dunham, 21. Elkanah Brush, 28. John BeaU, 34. Ebenezer Walden. 22. Jesse Smith, New Jersey. Theodore Frelinghuysen, J. J. Ely. 1. A. Learning, 3. A. White, 5. Gabriel Hoff, 2. Abraham Brown, 4. T. Elmer, Pennsylvania. 6. C. Zabriskie. John B. Gibson » William Thompson. 1. William Findlay, 10. John Harper, 19. David Hottenstcin, 2. Leonard Eupert, 11. John W. Cunningham, 20. John M. Snowden, 3. Edward King, 12. John Scott, 21. Peter Frailey, 4. Jacob Gearhart, 13. George G. Leiper, 22. Eobert Scott, 5. John Lisle, 14. William Piper, 23. Francis Baird, 6. George Barnitz, 15. Henry Scheetz, 24. Henry Allshouse, 7. Jacob Holgate, 16. Valentine Giesey, 25. Henry Winters, 8. Jacob Heyser, 17. Adam Eitscher, 26. James Duncan. 9. Samuel Humes, Sr., 18. James Gordon, Delaware. James Canby, David Hazard. 1. John Adams. Maryland. William Fitzhugh, Jr., Benjamin F. Forest. 1. William Tyler, 4. Thomas Emory, 7. Elias Brown, 2. James SeweU, 5. Benjamin C. Howard, 8. Littleton Dennis, 3. John S. Sellman, 6. T. R. Lockerman, 9. Henry Brawner. William C. Holt, 1. Wm. H. McFarland, 9. 2. Ellyson Currie, 10. 3. John Cargill, 11. 4. John W. Green, 12. 5. Thomas M. Nelson, 13. 6. John Gibson, 14. 7. Richard Logan, 15. 8. George Rust, Virginia. James Jones, Jared Williams, William Daniel, Jacob D. Williamson, Joseph Martin, John Bowyer, WiUiam F. Gordon, North Carolina. Eobert McCandUsh. 16. John E. George, i7. Wm. Brockenbrough, 18 Andrew EusseU, 19. Garret Minor, 20. Joel Shrewsbury, 21. William Jones, 22. John McMiUan. Eobert Love, 1. Montfort Stokes, 2. John Hall, 3. Peter Forney, 4. Joseph J. WUUams, 5. John Giles, Josiah Crudup. 10. B. D. Spaight, 11. Walter F. Leake, 12. E. B. Dudley, 6. Kedar Ballard, 7. Abraham PhiUips, 8. Louis D. Wilson, 9. John M. Morehead, .13. Willie P. Mangum. Appendix. 43 South Carolina. Sanders Glover, WilUam Pope. 1. David E. Evans, 4. Arthur P. Hayne, 7. William Johnston, 2. John McComb, 5. David Sloan, 8. Henry L. Pinckney, 3. John Stewart, 6. Green B. Colmi, 9. Wade Hampton, Jr. Georgia. John Eutherford, William Terrell. 1. Eobert E. Reed, 4. Augustus S. Clayton, 6. John G. Maxwell, 7. OUver Porter. 2. John Moore,* 3. David Blackshear, Thomas Miller, 1. Enoch Parsons, 5. Solomon Graves, Alabama. 2. Thomas D. Crabb, Mississippi. Joseph Dunbar, 1. WUey P. Harris. Louisiana. John B. Planche, 1. Thomas W. Scott, 2. Placide Bossier, John Rhea, 1. Samuel Bunch, 2. Alfred Flournoy, 3. Thomas McCorry, Tennessee. 4. Joseph Brown, 5. Benjamin C. Stout, 6. Willie Blount, Kentucky. Thomas S. Slaughter, 1. Matthew Lyon, 5. Nathan Gaither, 2. Benjamin Chapeze, 6. John Sterrett, 3. Edmund Watkins, 7. Tunstall Quarles, 4. John Younger, 8. Benjamin Taylor, Ohio. Ethan AUen Brown, 1. George McCook, 6. George Sharp, 2. John McElvain, 7. Henry Barrington, 3. WilUam Piatt, 8. Walter M. Blake, 4. Samuel Herrick, 9. Thomas Gillespie, 5. James Shields, 10. Benjamin Jones, Indiana. Benjamin V. Beckes, 1. Jesse B. Durham, 2. WUUam Lowe, John A. Elmore. 3. WiUiam Y. Higgins. WilUam Downing. Alexander Mouton. 3. Trasimon Landry. WilUam A. Sublett. 7. Andrew J. Marchbanks, 8. Adam R. Alexander, 9. George EUiott. Reuben Munday. 9. Robert J. Ward, 10. Richard French, 11. Tandy Allen, 12. Thompson Ward. Robert Lucas. 11. Thomas L. Hamer, 12. WiUiam Hayne, 13. Valentine Keffer, 14. Hugh McFaU. Ratliff Boon. 3. Ross Smiley. Illinois. Missouri. Richard M. Young. Augustus Jones. ? John Moore having declined to serve, Seaton Orantland was elected in his place by the Legislature. John Taylor, 1. Alexander M. Houston. John Bull, 1. Benjamin O'Fallon. 44 Appendix. TWELFTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1833. Andrew Jackson was re-elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illi nois, Alabama, and Missouri, with three of the eight votes of Maryland — 219. Henry Clay of Kentucky, received the entire vote of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware and Kentucky, with five of the eight votes of Maryland — 49; John Floyd received the entire vote of South Carolina — 11; and William Wirt the entire vote of Vermont — 7. Martin Van Buren was elected Vice-President, receiving 189 votes ; while John Sergeant had 49 votes, William Wilkins had 30, Henry Lee had 11, and Amos Ellmaker had 7. The Electors were : — Nathan Cutler, 1 . Isaac Lane, 2. Silas Barnard, 3. J. C. Churchill, Maine. 4. Ellis Burgess, 5. Joseph Sewall, 6. Joseph Kelsey, Samuel Moore. 7. Rowland II. Bridgham, 8. E. Fletcher. New Hampshire. Benjamin Peirce, 1. Phineas Parkhurst, 3. Samuel Collins, 2. Joseph Weeks, 4. Moses White, John Holbrook. 5. John Taylor. James Tarbox, 1. Nathan Leavenworth, 2. John S. Pettibone, Vermont. 3. Ezra Butler, 4. Augustus Clarke, Amos Thompson. 5. William Strong. Charles Jackson, 1. Thomas H. Perkins, 2. James Byers. 3. Gideon Barstow, 4. Henry Shaw, Massachusetts. 5. Ebenezer Moseley, 6. James Eichardson, 7. Nathan Brooks, 8. Jotham Lincoln, E. Mattoon. 9. Aaron Tufts, 10. Cornelius Grinnell, 11. Samuel Lee, 12. Nymphas Marston. Ehode Island. Samuel Ward King, 1. WilUam Peckham, 2. Peleg Wilbur. Nathaniel S. Ruggles. 1. John Baldwin, 2. Chester Smith, Morris Woodruff, Connecticut. 3. Eli Todd, 4. OUver H. King, John D. Eeynolds. 5. Erastus Sturges, 6. E. Jackson, Jr. Appendix. u New York. Edward P. Livingston, Amos Buck. 1. Nathaniel Garron, 15. Abraham Miller, 28. Truman Spencer, 2. Theophilus S. Morgan, 16. Darius Bentley, 29. John N. Quackenbush, 3. Moses Ealph, 17. WUliam Taber, 30. Abel Baldwin, 4. David Moulton, 18. Samuel Payne, 31. Daniel D. Campbell, 5. Henry Waring, 19. Samuel Hunter, 32. James Sutherland, 6. Ebenezer Wood, 20. G. Curtis, 33. John Gale, 7. Gideon Lee, 21. Peter CrispeU, Jr., 34. Calvin T. Chamberlain, 8. Peter CoUier, 22. Seth Thomas, 35. Dudley Farlin, 9. John Targee, 23. WilUam Deitz, 36. Orris Crosby, 10. John Hyde, 24. Jonas Seely, 37. James B. Spencer, 11. Preserved Fish, 25. Samuel Anable, 38. M. A. Andrews, 12. Thomas Humphrey, 26. OUver Phelps, 39. John S. Veeder, 13. J. W. Hardenbrook, 27. James Woods, 40. Asa Clark, Jr. 14 Joseph Eeynolds, New Jersey. Daniel VUet, Aaron Vansychel. 1. Peter J. Terhune, 3. Joseph Rogers, 5. William Munroe, 2. John M. Perrine, 4. James NeweU, Pennsylvania. 6. WiUiam L. Slites. Samuel McKean, David D. Wagener. 1. C. Garber, 11. George W. Smick, 20. David Frazier, 2. Wffiiam SwiUand, 12. Frederick Orwan, 21. Adam Eitscher, 3. John T. Knight, 13. John Slaymaker, 22. P. Mulvany, 4 W. Brindle, 14. George McCuUock, 23. WiUiam Addams, 5. WiUiam Thomson, 15. OUver Alison, 24. J. Patten, 6. Adam Light, 16. John Murray, 25. John SchaU, 7. Edward King, 17. George G. Leiper, 26. J. Y. Bauley, 8. George Barnit z, 18. David Gilman, 27. J. Booker, 9. B. W. Eichards, 19. Henry Scheetz, 28. Wilson Smith. 10. D. Sheffer, Delaware. George Truitt, C. P. Comegys. 1. H. F. HaU. Maryland. E. H. Goldsborough, WiUiam Price. 1. J. S. Smith, 3. WiUiam Frick, 5. V. S. Heath, 2. WiUiam B. Tyler, 4. Albert Constable, Virginia. 6. John L. Steele. George LoyaU, Samuel Blackwell. 1. John CargiB, 8. James M. Mason, 15. W. H. Eoane. 2. John Gibson, 9. Richard Logan, 16. Thomas Bland, 3. James Jones, 10. John McMUlan, 17. Samuel Carr, 4 J. Horner, 11. Joseph Martin, 18. A. Bussell, 5. Thomas M. Nelson, 12. J. D. WUliamson, 19. L. T. Dade, 6. H. L. Opie, 13. WiUiam Jones, 20. PhiUp N. Nicholas, 7. Archibald Austin, 14. Charles Beale, 21. A. E. Harwood. 16 Appendix. North Carolina, A. W. Venable, J. 0. Watson. i. Eobert Love, 6. F. Ward, 10. Owen Holmes, 2. I. I. Daniel, 7. Thomas G. Polk, 11. J. M. Morehead, 3. George L. Davidson, 8. R. D. Spaight, 12. Henry Skinner, 4. W. B. Lockhart, 9. Thomas Settle, 13. William H. Leak. 6. Peregrine Boberts, South Carolina. Robert J. Turnbull, Elijah Watson. 1, W. Thompson, Jr., 4. Thomas Lyles, 7. Benjamin Hart, 2. Samuel Cherry, 5. W. B. Seabrook, 8. Joseph S. Shelton, 3. WUUam Dubose, Beverly AUen, G. Thomas Dugan, Georgia. 9. Thomas Evans. Henry Holt. 1. Elias Beall, 4. William Terrell, 7. John Floyd, 0 Henry Jackson, 5. W. B. Bullock, 8. Wilson Williams, 3. David Blackshear, M. Aikin, 0. John Whitehead, Tennessee. 9. Seaton Grantland. Daniel Bowman. 1. William Snodgrass, 6. William Pillow, 10. David Feutress, 2. J. G. Bostick, 7. Joseph McMillon, 11. John Heam, 3. Jesse Wallace, 8. Willie Blount, 12. B. Coleman, 4. EUiott Hickman, 9. William Stroud, Sr., 13. George Elliott. 5. W. B. A. Eamsey, Joseph Eve, Kentucky. Alney McLeon. 1. Benjamin Hardin, 6. William Ousley, 10. D. S. Patton, 2. W. K. Wall, 7. Burr Harrison, 11. E. M. Ewing, 3. M. P. Marshall, 8. Thomas Chilton, 12. M. Beatty, 4. J. L. Hickman, 9. John I. Marshall, 13. Thompson M. Ewii 5. M. V. Thompson, Ohio. Benjamin Tappan, Joseph J. McDowell. 1. John M. Goodenow, 8. John Chancy, 14. William S. Tracy, 2. Valentine Keffer, 9. Alexander McConnell, 15. George Marshall, 3. I. D. Morris, 10. George Sharpe, 16. Jeremiah McLane, 4. Isaac Humphreys, 11. Michael Moore, 17. Eli Baldwin, 5. Mark T. Wills, 12. Fisher A. Blocksom, 18. H. J. Harman, 6. Alexander Elliott, 13. John Lamill, 19. Jonathan CiUey. 7. K. D. Forsman, J. B. Planche", Louisiana. Alexander Mouton. 1. Thomas W. Scott, George Boone, 2. W. H. Overton, Indiana. 3. T. Landry. M. Crume. 1. W. Armstrong, 4. John Ketchum, 6. Thomas Givens, 2. Alexander J. Burnett, 5. Arthur Patterson, 7. N. B. Palmer. 3. James Blake, Appendix. 47 Mississippi. William Dowsing, Samuel Hunter. 1. Wiley P. Harris, 2. W. W. Cherry. Illinois. James Evans, 1. John C. Alexander, 2. Thomas Bay, Adams Dunlap. 3. Abner Flack. Alabama. Henry King, William Edmondson. 1. John J. Winston, 3. William E. Pickett, 5. Theophilus Toulmin. 2. WUUam P. Gould, 4. George PhilUps, Missouri. Joel H. Haden, John Hume. 1. WiUiam Blackey, 2. Henry Shurlds. THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1837. Martin Van Buren was elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylva nia, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Mis souri, Arkansas, Michigan — 170. "William H. Harrison received the entire vote of Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana — 73; Hugh L. White, the vote of Georgia and of Tennessee — 26 ; Daniel Web ster, the vote of Massachusetts — 14 ; and W. P. Mangum, the vote of South Carolina — 11. Richard M. Johnson was chosen Vice-President by the Senate, no one having received a majority of the electoral votes, which stood : Richard M. Johnson 147, Francis Granger 77, John Tyler 47, William Smith 23. The Electors were : — Maine. Eenel WilUams, 1. Sheldon Hobbs, 4. John Hamblet, 2. Joseph Tobin, 5. Benjamin Burgess, 3. Jonathan Smith, 6. William Thompson, Shepherd Carey. 7. John H. Jarvis, 8. S. S. Heagan. New Hampshire. Jonathan Harvey, 1. Isaac Waldron, 3. Tristam Shaw, 2. G. Gilmore, 4. Ebenezer Carlton, Josiah Russell. 5 Stephen Gale. Vermont. Jabez Proctor, 1. S. Swift, 3. David Crawford, 2. Titus Hutchinson, 4. W. A. Griswold, T. Howe. 5. Edward Lamb. 48 Appendix. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Silsbee, 1. E. A. Newton, 5. Loammi Baldwin, 2. Leverett SaltonstaU, 6. Thomas Longlay, 3. Benjamin Walker, 7. Samuel Lee, 4. Isaac C. Bates, 8. Bezabeel Taft, Jr., Samuel Appleton. 9. J. G. Kendall, 10. Howard Lothrop, 11. Charles W. Morgan, 12. Charles J. Holmes. Rhode Island. James Fenner, Henry Bull. 1. John D'Wolf, 2. B. H. Thurston. Connecticut. Lorain T. Pease Luther Warren. 1. Alfred Bassett, 3. Julius Clark, 5. Moses Gregory, 2. Seth P. Beers, 4. R. P. WilUams, New York. 6. Carlos Chapman. Cornelius W. Lawrence, John Cox. 1. Jacob Sutherland, 15. Lucas Hoes, 28. Elisha Doubleday, 2. Gideon Ostrander, 16. Whitcombe Phelps, 29. Frederick Lammons, 3. Moses Rolph, 17. Henry Koon, 30. Joseph Sibley, 4. John Targee, 18. David Munro, 81. Henry Ellison, 5. Jacob Crocheron, 19. Peter Wendell, 32. Samuel Benedict, Jr., 6. Jeremiah Anderson, 20. Daniel Dickey, 33. Parker Halleck, 7. Stephen Allen, 21. Herman Gansevroot, 34. Daniel H. Bissell, 8 . James Hooker, 22. Peleg Slade, 35. George F. Falley, 9 Nathaniel P. Hill, 23. John Gale, 36. Thomas J. Wheeler, 10. Ichabod Bartlett, 24. Alanson M. Knapp, 37. Orville Hungerford, 11. Jeremiah Bussell, 25. Walcott Tyrrell, 38. Guy H. Goodrich, 12. Augustus C. Welch, 26. Jared Willson, 39. Joshua Babcock, 13. Zadock Pratt, 27. David C. Judson, 40. Hiram Gardner. 14. Lyman Strabridge, New Jersey. WiUiam Stevens, Allison Ely. 1. John H. Hall, 3. William Brittan, 5. Josiah S. Worth, 2. Joshua Burr, 4. David Beevis, 6. J. Learning. Pennsylvania. James Thompson, Henry Welsh. 1. Bobert Patterson, 11. Gardner Furness, 20. Wallace M. WiUiams, 2. Thomas C. Miller, 12. Asa Mann, 21. Jacob Kern, 3. Thomas D. Grover, 13. Oliver Allison, 22. James Power, 4. WUUam Clark, 14. WUUam E. Smith, 23. Jacob Dillinger, 5. Joseph Burden, 15. Henry Myers, 24. Eobert Orr, 6. John MitcheU, 16. S. L. Carpenter, 25. Paul Geiger, 7. John Naglee, 17. John B. Sterigere, 26. John Carothers, 8. Leonard Eupert, 18. Bobert Patterson, 27. Calvin Blythe, 9. 10. Samuel Badger, George Kriner, 19. Henry Chapman, 28. John P. Davis. Appendix. 49 WilUam W. Morris, 1. H. F. HaU. EUas Brown, 1. J. B. Eicaud, 2. George Howard, 3. WilUam Price, A. Smith, 1. John CargiU, 2. W. HoUaday, 3. James Jones, 4. 1. Horner, Delaware. Maryland. 4. J. M. Coale, 5. Anthony Kimmel, 6. Eobert W. Bowie, Virginia. 8. A. S. Baldwin, 9. Richard Logan, 10. J. D. WiUiamson, 11. A. Stuart, 5. WilUam R. BaskervxUe, 12. D. B. Layne, 6. H. L. Opie, 13. H. Hudgins, 7. Archibald Austin, 14. A. Bierne, WilUam Dunning. David Hoffman. 7. T. Burchenal, 8. Thomas G. Pratt. Samuel Carr. 15. A. R. Harwood, 16. James Hoge, 17. John Moncure, 18. John Gibson, 19. W. H. Roane, 20. Samuel L. Hays, 21. John Hindman. North Carolina. Robert Love, 1. George Bower, 6. G. C Marchant, 2. Nathaniel Macon, 7. John Hill, 3. JohnWUson, 8. L. D. Wilson, 4. W. B. Lockhart, 9. John Parker, 5. A Henderson, South Carolina. John Littlejohn, 1. Patrick Noble, 4. B. T. Elmore, 2. Thomas Dugan, 5. Thomas F. Jones, 3. D. J. McCord, 6. R. H. Goodwin, Josiah 0. Watson. 10. W. P. Ferrand, 11. W. A. Morris, 12. Owen Holmes, 13. A. W. Venable. Thomas L. Gourdin. 7. John Frampton, 8. B. K. Hanegan, 9. John MaxweU. Georgia. George R. Gilmer, 1. John W. Campbell 4. WiUiam H. Holt, 2. HoweU Cobb, 5. E. Wimberly, 8. Gibson Clark, 6. Ambrose Baber, Thomas Stocks. 7. Thomas HamUton, 8. David Meriwether, 9. C. Hines. WiUiam Smith, 1. John McKinley, 2. John S. Hunter, Alabama. 3. Thomas D. King, 4. WiUiam R. HaUett, Robert H. Watkins. 5. WiUiam R. Pickett. Robert J. McKinney, Tennessee. 1. John Netherland, 2. W. E. Anderson, 3. Alexander E. Smith, 4. Andrew J. Hoover, 5. James Park, 6. T. F. Bradford, 7. James A. Whiteside, 8. NeU S. Brown, 9. Asa Falkner, 4* John Gordon. 10. S. D. Frierson, 11. Richard Cheatham, 12. L. P. WiUiamson, 13. WUUam W. Lea. 50 Appendix. Kentucky. Burr Harrison, 1. Henry Daniel, 6. Thomas Metcalf, 2. William K. WaU, 7. E. Rumsey, 3. Philip Triplett, 8. M. P. Marshall, 4. Robert Wickliff, 9. Richard A. Buckner, 5. D. S. Patton, Ohio. John Codding, Isaiah Morris, Jared P. Kirtland, Alexander CampbeU, D. Hasbough, William KendaU, Benjamin Ruggles, 1. Joshua CoUett, 8. 2. Ira Belknap, 9. 3. George P. Torrence, 10. 4. Samuel ElUott, 11. 5. Andrew McClany, 12. 6. Mordecai Bartley, 13. 7. EUjah Huntington, Mississippi. Thomas Hinds, 1. B. W. Edwards, 2. H. G. Runnels. Thomas P. Wilson. 10. J. F. BalUnger, 11. C. Tompkins, 12. Robert P. Letcher, 13. M. Beaty. W. C. Kicker. 14. John P. Coulter, 15. AbeU Remick, 16. John L. Laoy, 17. Christian King, 18. Andrew DonneUy, 19. Samuel NeweU. R. H. Grant. Louisiana. J. B. Planche", 1. T. U. Scott, 2. P. E. Bossier, Alexander Mouton. 3. T. Landry. Indiana. John C. Clendenin, 1. Hiram Decker, 4. A. L. White, 2. A. W. Morris, 5. Enoch McCarty, 3. Milton Stapp, Missouri. George F. BoUinger, 1. John Sappington, 2. A. Bird. AchiUes Williams. 6. M. G. Clark, 7. A. P. Andrews. William Monroe. John MiUer, 1. Joshua Morrison. Daniel Le Eoy, 1. David C. McKinstry. John Wyatt, 1. Samuel Leach, Arkansas. Michigan. Illinois. 2. John Pearson, A. B. Anthony. WiUiam H. Hoeg. Samuel Hachleton. 3. John D. Whitesides. Appendix. 51 FOURTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1841. William Henry Harrison was elected President, receiving the entire elec toral vote of Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, and Michigan — 234. Martin Van Buren received the entire vote of New Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, and Arkansas — 60. John Tyler was elected Vice-President, receiving 234 votes ; while R. M. Johnson had 48, L. W. Tazewell 11, and James K. Polk 1. The Electors were : — Isaac Hsley, Maine. Thomas FUlebrown. 1. Isaac Hodson, 4. Benjamin P. Gilman , 7. Charles Trafton, 2. E. Robinson, 5. Eufus K. Goodenow, 8. Thomas Bobinson. 3. Samuel SmaU, 6. J. Huse, Samuel Burns, New Hampshire. S. Perley. 1. John Scott, 3. Samuel Hatch, 5. Andrew Paine, Jr. 2. J. W. Weeks, 4. F. Holbrook, Vermont. Samuel C. Crafts, John Conaut. 1. Ezra Meech, 3. WilUam Henry, 5. Joseph Eeed. 2. A B. W. Tenney, 4. WUUam P. Briggs, Isaac C. Bates, Massachusetts. Eufus Longley. 1. Peleg Sprague, 5. S. C. PhiUips, 9. Thomas French, 2. Sidney WiUard, 6. George Grinnel, Jr. 10. John B. Thomas, 3. Eichard Houghton, 7. Samuel Mixter, 11. W. Wood, 4. Ira M. Barton, 8. Joseph Tripp, 12. J. Z. Goodrich. Nicolas Brown, Ehode Island. W. Weeden. 1. George Engs, 2. WiUiam Ehodes. H. Spencer, Connecticut. Eeuben Booth. 1. James Brewster, 3. A. Larrabee, 6. J. Green, 2. P. Pearl, 4. P. Bierce, 6. J. S. Peters. James Burt, New York. Elisha Je nkins. 1. Abraham Eose, 5. John L. Lawrence, 9. J. P. Phoenix, 2. H. Watson, 6. A. Mclntyre, 10. Josiah Hand, 3. John T. Harrison, 7. Joseph Tucker, 11. Richard S. WiUiams. 4. G. P. Griffith, 8. E. Stimson, 12. K. P. Cool, 52 Appendix. 13. P. Van Cortlandt, 14. Jonathan WaUace, 15. B. White, 16. H. P. Voorhies, 17. N. Dubois, 18. Thomas Burch, 19. Peter G. Sharp, 20. P. B. Porter, 21. John -I. Knox, 22. Albert Crane, 23. Peter Pratt, 24. Charles Bradish, 25. E. Merrick, 26. Gideon Lee, 27. J. Livingston, 28. Grattan H. Wheeler, 29. Isaac Ogden, 30. WilUam Garbutt, 31. Samuel Balcom, 32. P. L. Tracey, 83. I. I. Speed, Jr. 34. John Wheeler, 85. D. Hibbard, 36. Philo Orton, 37. John WUliams, 38. H. R. Seymour, 39. B. D. Noxen, 40. Davis Hurd. Lewis Condict, 1. C. Stepton, 2. Samuel G. Wright, New Jersey. 3. James SUff, 4. Thomas Newbold, John Runk. 6. J. M. Ryerson, 6. Joshua Townsend. J. A. Shulze, 1. J. Ritner, 2. J. K. Zeilin, 3. L. Passmore, 4. B.obert Stimson, 5. J. P. WethereU, 6. W. S. Hendrie, 7. Thomas P. Cope, 8. I. J. Ross, 9. F. GiUingham, 10. Peter Filbert, Pennsylvania. 11. A. Ellmaker, 12. William Addams, 13. John Harper, 14. B. Connelly, Jr. 15. WilUam Mcllvain, 16. Joseph Markle, 17. J. Dickson, 18. J. G. Fordyce, 19. J. McKeehan, A. R. McHvain. 20. T. M. T. McKennan, 21. John Reed, 22. H. Denny, 23. A. B. Wilson, 24. Joseph Buffington, 25. N. Middleswaith, 26. Henry Black, 27. George Walker, 28. John Dick. Benjamin Caulk, 1. Peter J. Causey. Delaware. H. F. Hall. Maryland. David Hoffman, 1. J. L. Kerr, 4. Eichard J. Bowie, 2. George Howard, 5. Jacob A. Preston, 3. Theodore E. Lockerman, 6. James M. Coale, J. P. Kennedy. 7. W. T. Woolton, 8. Thomas A. Spence. A. Smith, 1. J. Cargill, 2. Archibald Stuart, 3. James Jones, 4. WiUiam Tod, 5. WUUam E. BaskeviUe, 6. A. Brockenbrough, 7. Charles Yancey, Virginia. 8. John Gibson, 9. J. B. Halybirton, 10. J. D. Williamson, 11. J. T. Eandolph, 12. WilUam Taylor, 13. W. Holladay, 14. A. C. Chapman, Eichard Logan. 15. J. Horner, 16. James Hoge, 17. Eichard E. Byrd, 18. William Byers, 19. WiUiam A. Harris, 20. Benjamin Brown, 21. John Hurdman. Appendix. 53 James Welborn, 1. Charles McDoweU, 2. J. B. Kelly, 3. D. Bamsour, 4. James Mebane, 5. A. Eencher, John Crawford, 1. J. J. CaldweU, 2. W. H. Cannon, 3. A. Mazyck, North Carolina. 6. WiUiam W. Cherry, 7. James S. Smith, 8. Thomas F. Jones, 9. Charles Manly, South Carolina. 4. J. Buchanan, 5. H. J. Johnson, 6. F. J. Goodwyn, Georgia. George E. Gilmer, 1. D. L. Clinch, 4. C. B. Strong, 2. W. W. Ezzard, 5. Joel Crawford, 3. J. W. CampbeU, 6. E. Wimberly, D. F. Caldwell. 10. Josiah CoUins, 11. WilUam L. Long, 12. James W. Bryan, 13. Daniel B. Baker. L. Jeter. 7. W. McWUlie, 8. J. Jenkins, 9. John L. Ashe. A. Miller. 7. Charles Dougherty, 8. J. Whitehead, 9. S. Grantland. Alabama. WiUiam K. HaUett, Joseph P. Frazier. 1. B. M. Lowe, . 3. M. F. Eainey, 5. J. Murphy. 2. Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 4. Benjamin Eeynolds, Mississippi. S. S. Prentiss, Thomas J. Word. 1. J. J. Stewart, 2. Henry Dickenson. Tennessee. 5. WUliam P. Senter, 6. James 0. Janes, 7. A. A. Anderson, 4. Thomas L. Bransford, 8. D. W. Dickenson, E. H. Foster, 1. S. Jarnagin, 2. J. F. Morford, 3. Thomas D. Arnold, Thomas I. Campbell. 9. J. H. Cahal, 10. G. A. Henry, 11. E. J. Shields, 12. George W. Gibbs. Kentucky. Eichard A. Buckner, 1. James F. Morehead, 6. Daniel Breck, 2. Thomas W. EUey, 3. Eobert Patterson, 4. WiUiam H. Field, 5. IredeU Hart, 7. James W. Irwin, 8. R. H. Menefee, 9. B. Y. Ousley, Ohio. WiUiam R. Putnam, 1. Alexander Mayhew, 8. Aquila Toland, 2. Henry Harter, 3. A. Spafford, 4. Joshua Collett, 5. Abram MUey, 6. Samuel F. Vinton, 7. John I. Vanmeter, 9. Perley B. Johnson, 10. John Dukes, 11. Otho Brashear, 12. James Eaquel, 13. C. S. Miller, Charles G. Wintersmith. 10. M. P. MarshaU, 11. James Harlan, 12. A. Beatty, 13. W. W. Southgate. Eeasin Beall. 14. John Carey, 15. David King, 16. Storm Bosa, 17. John Beatty, 18. John Augustine, 19. John Jameson. 54 Appendix. Indiana. J. McCarty, Joseph G. Marshall. 1. J. W. Payne, 4. James H. Cravens, 6. WiUiam Herod, 2. Joseph L. White, 5. Caleb B. Smith, 7. Samuel C. Sample 3. Eichard W. Thompson, Illinois. A. W. Snyder, J- A. McClernand. 1. Isaac P. Walker, 2. James H. Ealston, 3. I. W. Eldridge. Michigan. Thomas J. Drake, H. G. Wells. 1. J. Van Fassen. Louisiana. WilUam De Buys, Jacques Dupre". 1. J. Birnard, 2. S. Lewis, 3. L. Barras. Missouri. A. Byrd, James Holman. 1. E. Dobyns, 2. W. G. Meriwether. Arkansas. John McClellen, Samuel M. Eutherford. 1. John Miller. FIFTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1845. James K. Polk was elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, and Michigan — 170. Henry Clay received the vote of Rhode Island, Massa chusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, North Caro lina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio — 1D5. George M. Dallas was elected Vice-President, receiving 170 votes; while T. Frelinghuysen had 105. The Electors were : — Maine. James W. Bradbury, John Foster. 1. John Stickney, 4. Levi MorriU, 6. Thomas Bartlett, 2. Ichabod Jordan, 5. J. A. Lowell, 7. Nathaniel Eobinson. 3. Alfred Pierce, New Hampshire. WiUiam Badger, Isaac Hale. 1. John McNeil, 3. E. E. Currier, 4. J. L. Putnam. 2. E. Sawyer, Appendix.. 55 Massachusetts. Abbott Lawrence, 1. Lewis Strong, 5. J. P. Allen, 2. Charles Allen, 6. C. B. Eising, 3. N. Appleton, 7. Homer Bartlett, 4. W. B. Calhoun, A. E. Thompson. 8. EUjah Vose, 9. W. Baylies, 10. Seth CroweU. Ehode Island. Benjamin Weaver, John Greene. 1. Stephen Steere, 2. N. F. Dixon. Connecticut. Clark BisseU, N. 0. KeUogg. 1. Charles W. EockweU, 3. S. A. Foote, 4. Truman Smith. 2. Joseph L. Gladding, Vermont. J. H. Harris, C. CooUdge. 1. John Pick, 3 C. Townsley, 4. E. Fairbanks. 2. Benjamin Swift, New York. Benjamin F. Butler, John NeUis. 1. Daniel S. Dickenson, 13. J. J. Coddington, 24. John Lapham, 2. Clemence Whitaker, 14. Daniel Dana, 25. N. M. Martin, 3. Hugh Halsey, 15. Daniel Johnson, 26. J. D. Higgins, 4. A. Doane, 16. John GiUett, 27. J. K. Paige, 5. H. Thompson, 17. J. Crawford, 28. R. H. Shankland, 6. Thomas H. Hubbard, 18. J. E. Bogardus, 29. John Savage, 7. George Douglas, 19. William Murrey, 30. J. HascaU, Jr. 8. L. PettengUl, 20. J. Boynton, 31. WiUiam Hedding, 9. NeUCray, 21. Jacobus Hoerolnburgh, 32. Eufus H. Smith, 10. WilUam Mason, 22. E. Johnson, 33. John Fay, 11. W. S. Havemayer, 23. J. L. Hogeboom, 34. A. Hogeboom. 12. H. Potts, New Jersey. J. B. Ayerigg, John Emly. 1. Charles Beeves, 3. E. Q. Keasbeg, 5. A. Godwin. 2. E. Y. Sogers, 4. James Stewart, Pennsylvania. Wilson McCandless, Jesse Sharp. 1. Asa Dimock, 9. John HiU, 17. James Woodburn, 2. N. W. Sample, 10. I. Brewster, 18. William Patterson, 3. G. F. Lehman, 11. Samuel E. Leech, 19. Hugh Montgomery, 4. WilUam Heidenrich, 12. George Schnable, 20. A. Burke, 5. Christian Kneass, 13. Samuel Camp, 21. Isaac Ankeny, 6. Conrad Shimer, 14. N. B. Eldred, 22. John M. Gill, 7. WUUam H. Smith, 15. William N. Irvine, 23. C. Meyers, 8. Stephen Baldy, 16. John Matthews, 24. Robert Orr. 56 Appendix. Alfred Du Pont, 1. Enoch Spruance. Delaware. Maryland. Thomas Davis. WUUam M. Gaither, WilUam Price. 1. James B. Eicaud, t 3. Thomas S. Alexander, 5. H. E. Wright, 2. C. K. Stewart, 4. A. W. Bradford, 6. Samuel Hambleton. John S. Millson, 1. Thomas WaUace, 2. Eichard Coke, Jr. 3. B. H. Baptiste, 4. H. Bedinger, 5. WiUiam Daniel, Virginia. 6. G. B. Samuels, 7. A. Stuart, 8. James Hoge, 9. Thomas J. Eandolph, 10. H. S. Kane, W. H. Eoane. 11. William Smith, 12. E. A. Thompson, 18. WUliam P. Taylor, 14. Joseph Johnson, 15. WiUiam S. Morgan. North Carolina. WilUam W. Cheny, 1. R. B. GilUam, 4. M. Q. Waddell, 2. W. H. Washington, 6. John Kern, 3. D. B. Baker, 6. A. H. Shepard, Josiah Collins. 7. James W. Osborne, 8. J. Horton, 9. John Baxter. F. H. Elmore, 1. J. D. Wetherspoon, 2. H. C. Young, 3. F. W. Huey, South Carolina. 4. T. B. Skipper, 5. L. Boozer, Georgia. Charles J. McDonald, 1. B. Graves, 4. Charles Murphy, 2. H. V. Johnson, 5. WiUiam F. Sanford, 3. R. M. Charlton, 6. George W. Towers, F. W. Pickens. 6. WiUiam Cairn, 7. R. De TrevUle. Alfred Iverson. 7. William B. Wofford, 8. Eli H. Baxter. P. Triplett, 1. B. M. Crenshaw, 2. W. W. Southgate, 3. Benjamin Hardin, 4. W. R. Grigsby. Thomas Corwin, 1. BeUamy Stover, 2. Samson Mason, 3. W. Bebb, 4. D. J. Cory, 5. A. Harlan, 6. J. Scott, 7. R. W. Clark, Kentucky. 5. I. K. Underwood, 6. W. J. Gram, 7. R. A. Patterson, Ohio. 8. David Adams, 9. Jos. Olds, 10. D. S. Norton, 11. W. W. Conklin, 12. James K Holcombe, 13. H. Chapin, 14. J. Crooks, Greene Adams. 8. Leslie Coombs, 9. John Kincard, 10. L. W. Andrews. Peter Hitchcock. 15. T. W. Bostwick, 16. W. R. Sapp, 17. J. W. GiU, 18. Cyrus Spunk, 19. J. H. Baldwin, 20. W. S. Perkins, 21. John FuUer. Appendix. 57 John Bell, 1. G. A. Henry, 2. J. H. Crozier, 3. J. A. R. Nelson, 4. D. L. Barringer, Tennessee. Robert L. Caruthers. 5. R. H. Hynds, 9. H. L. Bransford, 6. N. S. Brown, 10. William T. HaskeU, 7. Thomas R. Jennings, 11. Robertson Topp. 8. J. D. Tyler, G. Leonard, 1. T. Landry, 2. T. W. Scott, A. Fox, 1. J. W. Matthews, 2. Jos. Bell, James G. Reed, 1. WilUam A. Bowles, 2. EUjah Newland, 3. J. M. Johnston, 4 Samuel E. Perkins, A. W. Cavarly, 1. J. D. Wood, 2. John Dement, 3. Willis AUen, Lewis Beaufait, 1. P. S. Faulding, R. B. WathaU, 1. W. R. HaUett, 2. Dixon HaU, 3. Thomas S. Mays, W. W. Izard, 1. W. S. Oldham. James S. Green, 1. W. P. Hall, 2. William Shields, Louisiana. 3. A. E. Mouton, Mississippi. 3. H. S. Foote, Indiana. 5. WUUam W. Wick, 6. P. C. Dunning, 7. Austin M. Puett, Illinois. 4. Isaac N. Arhold, 5. A. C. French, Michigan. 2. Charles P. Burch, Alabama. 4. J. J. Winston, 6. J. A. Nooe, Arkansas. Missouri. 3. W. C. Jones, 4. Franklin Cannon, J. B. Planch^. 4. S. W. Downes. R. H. Boone. 4. Jefferson Davis. G. N. Fitch. 8. H. W. Ellsworth, 9. Charles W. Cathcart, 10. John GUbert. WiUiam A. Richardson. 6. John Calhoun, 7. Norman H. Purple. George Redfleld. 3. Samuel Arford. Daniel Hubbard. 6. Jeremiah Clemens, 7. William B. Martin. Solon Borland. WUUam A. Hall. 5. WUUam L. Sublette. 58 Appendix. SIXTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1849. Zachary Taylor was elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Ten nessee, Louisiana, and Florida — 163 votes. Lewis Cass received the entire vote of Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana, Dlinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin— 127 votes. Millard Fillmore was elected Vice-President, receiving 163 votes ; while William 0. Butler received 127. The Electors were : — Maine. Eufus Mclntire » Thomas D. Eobinson. 1. H. J. Anderson, 4. A. Masters, 6. Asa Clark, 2. A. WisweU, 5. E. L. Osgood, 7. D. R. Stran. 3. 0. L. Sanborn, New Hampshire. Samuel TUton, Jesse Bowers. 1. Joseph H. Smith, 3. E. H. Ayer, 4. Simeon Warner. 2. J. Eastman, Massachusetts. Levi Lincoln, David Pungrfee. 1. E. Dwight, 5. B. F. Thomas, 8. H. A. S. Dearborn, 2. D. Adams, 6. M. Lawrence, 9. William Baylies, 3. Albert Fearing, 7. A. Howland, 10. William K. Easton. 4. Isaac Livermore, Ehode Island. WUliam Sprague, George C. King. 1. I. T. Ehodes, 2. E. Babcock. Connecticut. T. W. Williams, Solomon Olmsted. 1. E. Jackson, 2. J. McClellan, Vermont. 3. J. B. Ferris. Erastus Fairbanks, Timothy FoUett. 1. George T. Hodges, 3. A. L. CatUn, 4. E. Cleveland. 2. A Tracy, New York. H. H. Ross, George Griswold. 1. A. T. Rose, 7. Jo. Hoxie, 13. J. McKie, 2. George Benson, 8. J. S. Smith, 14. B. J. Clark, 3. J. M. Cross, 9. J. Whittemore, 15. S. Freeman, 4. J. C. Cruger, 10. Eobert Dorian, 16. J. A. ColUer, 5. D. Lord, 11. J. Seymour, 17. I. C. Duff, 6. T. D. Bull, 12. C. F. Crosby, 18. J. Bradley, Appendix. 59 19. WiUiam B. WeUes, 20. Daniel Larkin, 21. Charles E. Barstow, 22. 0. Poole, 23. D. Kellogg, 24. B. F. Harwood, John Bunk, 1. J. Brick, 2. Eobert V. Armstrong, 25. S. Francher, 26. J. Davenport, 27. E. Sheldon, 28. D. E. SU1, 29. M. Butterfield, New Jersey. 3. Charles Burroughs, 4. C. HoweU, 30. WiUiam Kelchum, 81. E. D. Smith, 32. 0. P. Haskall, 33. Asa Chatfield, 34. Solomon Parmalee. Isaac V. Brown. 5. Peter I. Ackerman. Thomas M. T. 1. John P. Sanderson, 2. W. G. Hurly, 3. J. G. Clarkson, 4. Francis Tyler, 5. J. P. WetheriU, 6. H. Johnson, 7. J. M. Davis, 8. WilUam Calder, Pennsylvania. McKennan, 9. Thomas W. Duffield, 10. WiUiam McHvaine, 11. J. Dungan, 12. Charles W. Fisher, 13. Daniel E. Hitner, 14. A. G. Curtin, 15. J. D. Steele, Charles Snyder. 17. I. Landes, 18. Joseph Markle, 19. Joseph Shomacher, 20. Daniel Agnew, 21. A. M. Loomis, 22. Thomas H. SU1, 23. Eichard Irwin, 16. Thomas R. Davidson, 24. Samuel A. Purviance. P. Reybold, 1. G. H. Wright. W. L. Gaither, 1. Joseph S. Cottman, 2. J. P. Roman, Delaware. Maryland. 3. J. M. S. Causin, 4. J. M. Starris, Samuel Cotts. A. G. Ege. 5. B. C. Wicker, 6. J. C. Derickson. J. S. MUlson, 1. F. E. Eives, 2. Henry A. Wise, 3. H. L. Hopkins, i. Thomas Sloane, 5. W. P. Bocock, Virginia. 6. G. B. Samuels, 7. W. M. Tredway, 8. John Letcher, 9. S. F. Leake, 10. John B. Floyd, E. G. Scott. 11. J. S. Barbour, Sr. 12. A. G. Pendleton, 13. H. A. Washington, 14. Samuel L. Haynes, 15. 0. W. Largefit. North Carolina. Kenneth Eayner, H. W. MUler. 1. Edward Stanley, 4. J. Winslow, 7. Jas. W. Osborne, 2. W. H. Washington, 5. John Kerr, 8. Tod E. CaldweU, 3. George Davis, 6. Eawley GaUoway, 9. John Baxton. South Carolina. Benjamin F. Perry, Alexander Ervins. 1. Thomas Lehre, 4. W. J. Hanna, 6. J. B. Campbell, 2. J. L. Manning, 5. N. E. Eaves, 7. Benjamin G. AUston. 3. P. C CaldweU, 60 Appendix. Georgia. WUUam TerreU, 1. H. W. Sharpe, 4. Asbury Hull, 2. W. Aiken, 5. A. W. Bedding, 3. WUUam H. Crawford, 6. Y. P. King, Seaton Grantland. 7. WUUam Moseley, 8. George Stapleton. Kentucky. A. Dixon, M. V. Thomson. 1. L. Lindsay, 6. T. W. Lisle, 8. Leslie Coombs, 2. J. L. Johnson, 6. M. D. McHenry, 9. A. Trumbo, 3 F. E. McLean, 7. B. E. Young, 10. W. C. MarshaU. 4. WilUam Chenault, Tennessee. James C. Jones, John Netherland. 1. T. A. E. Nelson, 5. WiUiam Kercheval, 9. A. Goodrich, 2. A. G. Watkins, 6. S. E. Rose, 10. G. D. Searcy, 3. E. B. Brabson, 7. J. S. Brien, 11. C. H. WilUams. 4. John L. GoodaU, 8. WilUam Cullom, Ohio. L. Byington, Samuel Starkweather. 1. J. Sniden, 8. D. T. Swinney, 15. D. A. Starkweather, 2. George Kesling, 9. Lewis Anderson, 16. J. B. Butler, 3. J. Kinney, 10. John Lidey, 17. H. B. Payne, 4. G. Volney Dorsey, 11. WilUam Lawrence, 18. A. Ives, 5. C. M. Godfrey, 12. WilUam J. Fry, 19. John Caldwell, 6. S. Diffenderfer, 13. Joseph Burnis, 20. John Glover, 7. S. M. LitteU, 14. W. MoDonald, Louisiana. 21. Van. S. Murphy. Jacques Joutant, J. P. Benjamin. 1. M. J. Carcia, 3. John Moore, 4. J. G. CampbeU. 2. C. Adams, Jr. Mississippi. J. A. Quitman, J. W. Chalmers. 1. D. B. Wright, 3. WiUiam McWilUe, 4. G. W. L. Smith. 2. J. A. Ventress, Indiana. Eobert Dale Owen, E. M. Chamberlain. 1. N. Albertson, 5. James Ritchey, 8. Daniel Mace, 2. C. L. Dunham, 6. George W. Carr, 9. G. N. Fitch, 3. WUUam M. McCarty, 7. I. M. Hanna, 10. A. J. Harlan. 4. Charles H. Test, ^ Illinois. I. Manning, Ferris Foreman. 1. M. Sweny, 4. H. W. Vandervier, 6. M. E. HoUister, 2. C. Lansing, 5. S. S. Hayes, 7. W. L. Furgerson. 3. WiUiam Martin, Appendix. 61 John A. Winston, 1. J. E. Saunders, 4. 2. Lewis M. Stone, 5. 3. Francis S. Lyon, » J. C. Welborn, 1. Abraham McKinney, 3. 2, B. T. Massey, 4. John Martin, 1. James YeU. John S. Barry, 1. Eix Robinson, 2. Jackson Morton, 1. J. H. Mcintosh. James B. MiUer, 1. William C. Young, 2. A. C. Dodge, 1. Joseph WiUiams, 2. F. Huebschmann, 1. WiUiam Dinwiddie, 2. Alabama. James Armstrong, J. J. Seibels, Missouri. E. B. Ewing, James H. Rolfe, Arkansas. Michigan. H. C. Turbur, Florida. Texas. M. A. Dooley. Iowa. Lincoln Clark. Wisconsin. D. P. Mapes. Columbus W. Lee. 6. C. C. Clay, Jr. 7. James F. Dowdell. G. D. HaU. 5. Tristam Polk. John S. Krane. L. M. Mason. 3. WilUam T. HoweU. Samuel Spencer. T. G. Brooks. J. J. Selman. Samuel F. Nichols. SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1853. Franklin Pierce was elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and California — 296. Winfield Scott received the vote of Vermont, Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Kentucky— 42. William R. King was elected Vice-President, receiving 254 votes ; while William A. Graham had 42. The Electors were :— R. Mclntire, 1- G. F. Shepley, 2( R. LoweU, Maine. 3. I. H. FuUer, 4. 0. Mores, J. C. Talbot. 5. D. Richardson, 6. J. W. Tabor. 62 Appendix. New Hampshire. H. Hubbard, 1. J. A. Douglas, 2. S. Webster, L. Jones 3. N. B. Baker. Vermont. Porters Baxter, A. P. Lyman. 1. E. P. Walton, 2. E. Kirkland, 3. L. Adams. Massachusetts. E. C. Winthrop, J. H. W. Page. 1. George BUss, 6. E. Torrey, 9. J. Coggin, 2. J. Gardner, 6. George A. Crocker, 10. E. Bullock, 3. E. G. Shaw, 7. Amos Lawrence, 11. E. R. Colt. 4. George CoggsweU, 8. Daniel C. Baker, Rhode Island. George Turner, 1. A. Eddy. 2. J. Spink. A. BaUou. Connecticut. Thomas H. Sey monr, N. Belcher. 1. A. P. Hyde, 3. S. Bingham, 4. William F. Taylor. 2. Charles Parker, New York. S. B. Piper, Charles O'Conor. 1. P. S. Crooke, 12. L. Van Buren, 23. T. H. Hubbard, 2. E. B. Litchfield, 13. J. Pierson, 24. T. G. McDowell, 3. E. T. Compton, 14. J. W. Bishop, 25. S. G. Hathaway, 4. J. M. Marsh, 15. C. Vosburgh, 26. F. C. Divinny, 5. I. Murphy, 16. Thomas Crook, 27. D. De Wolf, 6. WiUiam H. Cornell, 17. W. C. Crain, 28. D. Warners, 7. G. F. Conover, 18. WilUam Taylor, 29. J. C. ColUns, 8. A. F. Vache, 19. C. S. Grinnell, 30. T. B. Skinner, 9. E. Suffern, 20. W. C. Beardsley, 31. William Vandervoort, 10. Alexander Thompson, 21. L. J. Walworth, 32. W. L. G. Smith, 11. Zadock Pratt, 22. D. A. Ogden, New Jersey. 33. Benjamin Chamberlain. V. D. Vroom, William Wright. 1. WiUiam S. Bowen, 3. P. B. Kennedy, 5. E. A. Stevens. 2. G. Black, 4. J. N. Taylor, Pennsylvania. H. McCandless, Eobert. Patterson. 1. N. B. Eldred, 6. E. McCoy, Jr. 11. E. E. James, 2. Peter Logan, 7. A. Apple, 12. J. McEeynolds, 3. George H. Martin, 8. N. Strickland, 13. Pardon Damon, 4. I. MiUer, 9. A. Peters, 14. H. C. Eyer, 5. F. W. Bockius, 10. D. Fister, 15. J. Clayton, Appendix. 63 16. Isaac Robinson, 17. H. Fetten, 18. J. Burnside, 19. M.McCaslin, J. Merritt, 1. Henry Bacon. 20. J. McDonald, 21. W. S. CaUahan, 22. A. Burke, Delaware. Maryland. R. M. McLane, 1. J. Parren, 3. CarroU Spence, 2. E. H. Alvey, 4. C. J. M. Gwinne, 23. WUliam Dunn, 24. J. S. McCalmont, 25. George K. Barrett. WiUiam I. Clark. C. Humphries. 5. J. A. Wickes, 6. E. K. WUson. M. Cooke, 1. T. Eives, 2. W. E. Flournoy, 3. J. Goode, Jr. 4. E. G. Scott, 5. H. A. Wise, Virginia. 6. E. L. Montague, 7. James Barbour, 8. R. Tucker, A. H. DiUard. 10. James McDowell, 11. J. B. Floyd, 12. M. H. Johnson, 9. George E. Deneale, 13. Z. KidweU. North Carolina. James C. Dobbin, , William H. Thomas. 1. Burton Craige, 4. A. Bencher, 7. D. G. W. Ward, 2. W. F. Leak, 5. L. 0. B. Branch, 8. Thomas Bragg. 3. Eobert P. Dick, 6. Samuel J. Person, G. Cannon, 1. J. H. Adams, 2. R. F. W. AUston, South Carolina. 3. I. F. MarshaU, 4. M. E. Carn, Thomas P. Brockman. 5. W. D. Porter, 6. C. G. Memminger. Georgia. WUson Lumpkin, H. V. Johnson. 1. T. M. Forrman, 4. H. A. Haralson, 7. R. W. Flournoy, 2. R. H. Clarke, 5. I. E. Brown, 8. WUUam Schley. 3. H. G. Lamar, 6. WiUiam L. MitcheU, Jesse Coe, 1. J. C. Smith. Florida. Alabama. J. A. Winston, 1. F. S. Lyon, 4. L. M. Stone, 2. J. S. Seibels, 5. Jas. Armstrong, 3. C. W. Lee, Mississippi. E. C. Wilkinson, 1. W. H. Johnson, 3. J. H. R. Taylor, 2. 0. K. Singleton, 4. U. S. Featherston, McQueen McLitosh. E. Saunders. 6. C. C. Clay, Jr. 7. J. S. DowdeU. A. M. Jackson. 5. Hiram Casseday, 64 Appendix. Louisiana. E. Warren Moise, 1. J. B. Planche", 3. T. Landry, 2. Thomas 0. Moore. Texas. George W. Smyth, 1. L. D. Evans. Arkansas. H. M. Rector, 1. T. B. Flournoy, 2. B. T. Duval. G. A. Henry, 1. N. G. Taylor, 2. H. Maynard, 8. George Brown, 4. S. M. Fite, J. F. Bell, 1. L. Anderson, 2. J. S. McFarland, 3. J. G. Rogers, 4. Thomas E. Bramlette, W. McLean, 1. B. Burns, 2. J. B. Damble, 3. Charles Eule, 4. WiUiam Golden, 5. G. W. Stokes, 6. 0. Keyser, 7. E. C. Cunningham, T. G. Davidson. 4. E. W. Eichardson. R. S. Neighbors. J. A. Carter. Tennessee. 5. J. Stokes, 6. J. M. Davidson, 7. E. R. Osborne, Kentucky. 5. J. L. Helm, 6. C. F. Burnan, 7. Thomas F. Marshall, Ohio. 8. H. J. Jewett, 9. E. G. Dial, 10. W. 0. Key, 11. L. II. Steedman, 12. C. H. Mitchener, 13. C. J. Orton, 14. E. T. McArtor, WilUam T. HaskeU. 8. J. A. McEwen, 9. A. G. Shrewsbury, 10. J. R. Moseby. Charles S. Morehead. 8. J. Rodman, 9. L. M. Cox, 10. Thomas B. Stevenson. William Palmer. 15. Joseph Kyle, 16. J. Finley, 17. F. Cleveland, 18. S. D. Harris. 19. E. T. Wilder, 20. E. H. Haines, 21. B. T. Johnson. J. S. Barry, 1. A. Edwards, 2. WilUam McCauley, John Pettit, 1. J. H. Lane, 2. A. F. Morrison, 3. J. F. Read, 4. W. C. Larabee, Michigan. 3. Salmer Sharpe, Indiana. 5. Jas. S. Athon, 6. George B. BueU, 7. Jas. S. Hester, 8. Samuel A. HalL D. J. Campau. 4. John Stockton. Nathaniel Balton. 9. E. Dumont, 10. A. H. Brown, 11. J. M. Talbott. J. A. McClelland, 1. John Calhoun, 2. E. G. Sanger, 3. E. P. Ferry, Illinois. 4. Vierby Benedict, 5. D. L. Gregg, 6. E. O'Melveny, Richard J. Hamilton. 7. Jas. Mahon, 8. Joseph Knox, 9. C. A. Warren. Appendix. §5 Missouri. E. D. Bevritt, Alexander Kayser. 1. H. F. Gary, 4. J. D. Stevenson, 6. J. M. Gatewood, 2. William D. McCracken, 5. C. F. Holly, 7. Robert E. Acock. 3. C. F. Jackson, IOWA. J. E. Fletcher, George H. Williams. 1. A. Hall, 2. W. E. Leffingwell. Wisconsin. M. M. Cothren, Charles BUlinghurst. 1. B. Brown, 2. Philo White, 3. S. Clark. California. W. S. Sherwood, Thomas J. Henley. 1. J. W Gregory, . 2. Andrew Pico. EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION— 1857. James Buchanan was elected President, receiving the entire electoral vote of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Ala bama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, Texas, and California — 173. J. C. Fremont received the entire vote of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin — 114. Millard Fillmore received the vote of Maryland — 8. John C. Breckinridge was elected Vice-President, receiving 173 votes; while W. L. Dayton had 114, and A. J. Donelson 8. The Electors were : — Maine. Noah Smith, Jr. S. Perham. 1. James Morton, 3. K. Crockett, 5. A. P. Emerson, 2. Isaac Gross, 4. E. Swan, 6. M. H. Pike. New Hampshire. W. H. H. Bailey, Thomas L. Whitton. 1. Daniel Clarke, 2. Thomas M. Edwards, 3. J. H. White. Vermont. W. C. Bradley, George W. Strong. 1. L. Brainard, 2. John Porter, 3. Porter Baxter. 5* 66 Appendix. Thomas Colt, 1. J. Vinson, 2. A. B. Wheeler, 3. G. B. Russell, 4. George Odiorne, Massachusetts. Julius Rockwell. 5. L. B. Marsh, 9. J. S. C. Knowlton, 6. George II. Devereux, 10. Charles E. Forbes, 7. James M. Usher, 11. Franklin Ripley. 8. J. Nesmith, E. W. Lawton, 1. William P. Bullock, Rhode Island. Isaac Saunders. 2. William D. Brayton. Connecticut. H. Dutton, J. Catlin. 1. Thomas Clark, 3. Wm. A. Buckingham 4. S. W. Gold. 2. E. Spencer, New York. M. H. Grinnell Thomas Carnley. 1. J. S. Wadsworth, 12. H. II. Van Dyck, 23. A. Davenport, 2. E. Field, 13. J. S. Belcher, 24. Le Boy Morgan, 3. M. Tompkins, 14. J. C. Hulbert, 25. E. Burnham, 4. J. P. Jones, 15. D. D. Conover, 26. M. II. Lawrence, 5. A. P. Stanton, 16. J. D. Kingsland, 27. J. B. Williams, 6. E. Cooke, 17. S. Stilwell, 28. Isaac L. Endress, 7. James Kennedy, 18. D. Cady, 29. F. Clarke, 8. R. A. Barnard, 19. E. S. Hughston, 30. W. S. Mallory, 9. H. Easter, 20. W. S. Sayre, 31. W. Keep, 10. J. G. McMurray, 21. J. S. Lynch, 32. E. Wheeler, 11. 'J. Kelly, 22. D. H. Marsh, New Jersey. 33. Delos E. Sill. E. A. Stevens, G. F. Fort. 1. Benjamin F. Lee, 3. D. Von Fleet, 5. George W. Savage. 2. H. L. Little, 4. H. A. Ford, Pennsylvania. Charles K. Buckalew, W. McCandless. 1. G. W. Nebinger, 10. Isaac Stenker, 18. J. D. Eoddy, 2. P. Butler, 11. F. W. Hughes, 19. J. Turney, 3. E. Wartman, 12. T. Osterhout, 20. James A. T. Buchanan, 4. William H. Witte, 13. A. Edninger, 21. William Wilkins, 5. J. McNair, 14. E^ Wilbur, 22. J. C. Campbell, 6. J. H. Brinton, 15. George A. Crawford, 23. Thomas Cunningham, 7. D. Laury, 16. James Black, 24. J. Keatfey, 8. Charles Kessler, 17. H. J. Stahle, 25. V. Phelps. 9. James Patterson, Delaware. George C. Gordon, 1. Charles Wright. H. Kidgeley. Appendix. 67 J. D. Eoman, 1. B. Goldsborough, 2. E. H. Webster, Maryland. 3. C. C. L. Leary, 4. Thomas Swann, James Wallace. 5. F. A. Schley, 6. A. E. Sollers. Virginia. E. W. Massenburg, 1. T. H. Campbell, 6. R. L. Montague, 2. James Garland, 7. James Barbour, 3. J. Goode, Jr. 8. J. R. Tucker, 4. Alexander Jones, 9. J. J. Harris, 5. WiUiam B. Taliaferro, H. M. Shaw, 1. W. F. Martin, 2. WUliam P. Blow, 3. M. B. Smith, North Carolina. 4. G. H. Wilder, 5. S. E. Williams, 6. Thomas Settle, Jr. A. H. Dillard. 10. A. G. Pendleton, 11. J. B. Floyd, 12. S. L. Hayes, 13. Sherrard Clemens. S. P. Hill. 7. B. P. Waring, 8. W. W. Avery. J. A. Inglis, 1. W. A. Owens, 2. B. T. Watts, South Carolina. 3. J. J. Pickens, 4. J. Chesnut, Jr. J. L. Nowell. 5. F. W. Pickens, 6. J. L. Manning. W. H. Stiles, 1. J. L. Harris, 2. L. J. GartreU, 3. Thomas M. Fournan, Georgia. 4. J. W. Lewis, 5. S. Hall, 6. J. P. Simmons, J. N. Eamsay. 7. J. P. Saffold, 8. T. W. Thomas. M. A. Long, 1. George W. CaU. W. L. Yancey, 1. L. P. Walker, 2. J. G. Barr, 3. A. B. Meek, C. S. Tarpley, 1. J. F. Cushman, 2. J. A. Orr, Florida. Alabama. 4. J. D. Bathers, 5. J. L. Pugh, Mississippi. 3. B. Matthews, 4. William M. Estelle, W. D. Barnes. J. W. A. Sanford. 6. W. 0. Winston, 7. J. L. M. Curry. J. W. Matthews. 5. H. T. Ellett. C. J. ViUerre, ' 1. T. Landry, 2. J. McVea, Louisiana. 3. T. 0. Moore, W. A. Elmore. 4. H. Gray. 68 Appendix. Texas. WilUam R. Scurry, . M. D. Ector. 1. A. J. Hood, 2. A. J. Hamilton. Arkansas. L. H. Hempstead, N. B. Burrow. 1. J. J. Green, 2. J. McCoy. Tennessee. W. H. Polk, D. M. Key. 1. J. G. Harris, 6. J. M. McHenry, 8. G. G. Poindexter, 2. E. L. Gardenhire, 6. J. H. Thomas, 9. J. D. C. Atkins, 3. S. Pawel, 7. J. J. Brown, 10. D. M. Currin. 4. E. A. Keeble, Kentucky. E. Hise, J. A. Finn. 1. J. W. Stevenson, 5. George W. Williams, 8. R. W. Woolley, 2. S. Cravens, 6. Benjamin F. Rice, 9. R. H- Stanton, 3. I. T. Hawkins, 7. William D. Reed, 10. Hiram Kelsey. 4. B. Magoffin, Ohio. C. B. Smith, J. B. Stallo. 1. J. Perkins, 8. J. R. Hubbell, 15. J. M. Hodge, 2. R. M. Corwine, 9. R. G. Pennington, 16. Davis Green, 3. P. Odlin, 10. F. Cleaveland, 17. M. Pennington, 4. J. S. Conklin, 11. J. Welch, 18. J. S. Herrick, 5. WiUiam Taylor, 12. D. Humphrey, 19. A. Wilcox, 6. E. P. Evans, 13. H. D. Cooke, 20. J. Dumas, 7. W. H. P. Dennys, 14. E. Pardee, Michigan. 21. A. E. Burs. F. C. Beaman, O. Johnson. 1. H. Chamberlain, 3. C. H. Millen, 4. Thomas J. Drake. 2. W. H. Withey, Indiana. G. N. Fitch, M. M. Bay. 1. S. H. Buskirk, 5. S. K. Wolfe, 9. D. D. Jones, 2. J. M. Hanna, 6. 0. Evarts, 10. S. Mickle, 3. W. T. Parrett, 7. S. W. Short, 11. E. Johnson. 4. I. S. McClelland, 8. F. P. RandaU,Illinois. A. M. Herringt 'on, C. H. Constable. 1. M. L. Joslyn, 4. I. P. Richmond, 7. W. A. J. Sparks, 2. Hugh Maher, 5. S. W. Moulton, 8. J. A. Logan. Appendix. 69 IOWA. D. F. MUler, 1. W. M. Stone, 2. H. 0. Connor. H. T. Downey. CALIFORNIA* A. Olvera, 1. P. DeUa Torre, 2. A. C. Bradford. George Freaner. MISSOURI' J. B. Henderson, 1. W. Y. Slack, 4. J. T. Coffee, 2. J. N. Burns, 5. F. Kenneth, 3. J. W. Torbert, J. B. Benjamin. 6. W. D. McCracken, 7. L. Cooke. Wisconsin. E. D. Holton, W. D. Mclndoe. 1. I. H. Knowlton, 2. BiUie WilUams, 3. G. Menzel. 70 Appendix. THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. CHIEF JUSTICES. John Jay, of New York, appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, September 26, 1789. Nominated April 16, and confirmed April 19, 1794, Envoy Extraordinary to England. Resigned as Chief Justice. Successor appointed July 1, 1795. John Rutledge, of South Carolina, appointed July 1, 1795, in recess of Senate, in place of John Jay resigned, and presided on the bench at August term, 1795. Nominated December 10, and rejected by the Senate December 15, 1795. William Cushing, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed, etc. January 27, 1796, in place of John Jay, resigned. Declined the appoint ment. He was then an Associate Justice. Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and appointed, etc. March 4, 1796, in place of W. Cushing, declined. Appointed Envoy Extra ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France, February 27, 1799. He pre sided on the Bench at the August term, 1799. Proceeded on his mission to France, November 3, 1799. Resigned as Chief Justice. Successor appointed December 19, 1800. John Jay, Governor of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed, etc. December 19, 1800, in place of Oliver Ellsworth, resigned. Declined the appointment. John Marshall, Secretary of State.* Nomination confirmed January 27, and appointed, etc. January 31, 1801, in place of John Jay, declined. Died in 1835. Roger B. Taney, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed, etc- . March 15, 1836, in the place of John Marshall, deceased. * John MarshaU, Secretary of State, was nominated to the Senate as Chief Justice, January 20, 1801, was confirmed on the 27th, commissioned on the 31st, and pre sided on the bench of the Supreme Court from the 4th to the 9th of February, or during February term, 1801. From a message of the President to Congress, accompanied by a report from John MarshaU, Secretary of State, dated February 27, 1801, it appears that he also continued to act in the latter capacity until that day, and from other circumstances, that he continued to act as such until March 3, 1801, on which day the then administration terminated. Appendix. *j\ ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE STJPBEME COUET OP THE UNITED STATES. John Rutledge, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed September 26, 1789. Resigned, and Thomas Johnson appointed. William Cushing, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed September 26, and appointed September 27, 1789. Died, and Levi Lincoln appointed. James Wilson, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed September 26, and appointed September 29, 1789. Died, and Bushrod Washington appointed. John Blair, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed September 26, and appointed September 30, 1789. Resigned, and Samuel Chase appointed. Rorert H. Harrison, of Maryland. Nomination-confirmed September 26, 1789. Resigned, and James Iredell appointed. James Iredell, of North Carolina. Appointed in recess of Senate, in place of Robert H. Harrison, resigned. Nomination confirmed and appointed February 10, 1790. Died, and Alfred Moore appointed. Thomas Johnson, of Maryland. Appointed August 5, 1791, in recess of Senate, in place of John Rutledge, resigned. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed November 7, 1791. Resigned, and William Paterson appointed. William Paterson, Governor of New Jersey. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 4, 1793, in place of Thomas Johnson, resigned. Died, and Brockholst Livingston appointed. Samuel Chase, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed January 27, 1796, in place of John Blair, resigned. Died, and Gabriel Duval appointed. Bushrod Washington, of Virginia. Appointed September 29, 1798, in recess of Senate, in place of James Wilson, deceased. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed December 30, 1798. Died, and Henry Baldwin appointed. Alfred Moore, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed December 10, 1799, in place of James Iredell, deceased. Resigned, and William Johnson appointed. William Johnson, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 26, 1804, in place of Alfred Moore, resigned. (Confirmed and appointed Collector of the Customs, February 22, 1819, and declined the appointment.) Died in 1834, and James M. Wayne appointed. Thomas Todd, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed March 2, and appointed March 3, 1807. Brockholst Livingston, of New York. Appointed November 10, 1806, in recess of Senate, in place of William Paterson, deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed December 17, 1806. Died, and Smith Thompson appointed. Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed Janu ary 3, 1811, in place of William Cushing, deceased. Declined the appointment, and John Quincy Adams appointed. 72 Appendix. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed February 22, 1811, in place of Levi Lincoln, declined. Declined the appoint ment, and Joseph Story appointed. Joseph Story, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed No vember 18, 1811, in place of John Quincy Adams, declined. Died, and Levi Woodbury appointed. Gabriel Duval, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed Novem ber 18, 1811, in the place of Samuel Chase, deceased. Resigned, and Philip P. Barbour appointed. Smith Thompson, of New York. Appointed September 1, 1823, in recess of the Senate, in place of Brockholst Livingston, deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed December 9, 1823. Died, and Samuel Nelson appointed. Robert Trimble, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed May 9, 1826, in the place of Thomas Todd, deceased. Died, and John McLean ap pointed. John McLean, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 7, 1829, in the place of Robert Trimble, deceasTd. Henry Baldwin, of !^nnsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed January 6, 1830, in place of Bushrod Washington, deceased. Died, and R. C. Grier appointed. James M. Wayne, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and appointed Janu ary 9, 1835, in place of William Johnson, deceased. , Philip P. Barbour, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 15, 1836, in place of Gabriel Duval, resigned. Died, and P. V. Daniel appointed. John Catron, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 8, 1837. William Smith, of Alabama. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 8, 1837. Declined the appointment, and John McKinley appointed. John McKinley, of Alabama. Appointed April 22, 1837, in recess of the Senate, in place of William Smith, declined. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed September 25, 1837. Peter V. Daniel, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed March 3i 1841, in place of Philip P. Barbour, deceased. Samuel Nelson, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed Febru ary 14, 1845, in place of Smith Thompson, deceased. Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire. Appointed September 20, 1845, in re cess of the Senate, in place of Joseph Story, deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed January 3, 1846. Robert C. Grier, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed August 4, 1846, in place of Henry Baldwin, deceased. Benjamin Robbins Curtis, of Massachusetts. Appointed during the recess of the Senate, in place of Levi Woodbury, deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed December 20, 1851. Resigned. James A. Campbell, of Alabama. Appointed in 1853. Nathan Clifford, of Maine. Appointed in 1858. Appendix. 73 CLERKS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. John Tucker, of Massachusetts, appointed February 3, 1790. Resigned. Samuel Bayard, of Delaware, appointed August 1, 1791. Resigned. Elias B. Caldwell, of New Jersey, appointed August 15, 1800. Died. William Griffith, x>f New Jersey, appointed February 9, 1826. Died. William T. Carroll, District of Columbia, appointed January 20, 1827. Pre sent incumbent. REPORTERS OF DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT. Alexander J. Dallas, reported from 1789 to 1800, inclusive. William Cranch, " " 1801 to 1815, " Henry Wheaton, " " 1816 to 1827, " Richard Peters, Jr. " " 1828 to 1842, " Benjamin C. Howard, " " 1843. Present incumbent. MARSHALS OF THE UNITED STATES ATTENDANT ON THE SUPREME COURT. Under the construction of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Marshals of all the Districts were required to attend the sessions of the Supreme Court, until, by the act of June 9, 1794, the Marshal of the district alone in which the Court shall sit was required to attend its sessions. David Lenox, Marshal of the District of Pennsylvania, attended from January 28, 1794, to February, 1801. Daniel Carroll Brent, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from August 3, 1801, to August. 1808. Washington Boyd, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from Febru ary 1, 1808, to August, 1818. Tench Ringgold, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from Novem ber 30, 1818, to August, 1831. Henry Ashton, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from Febru ary "4, 1831, to February, 1834. Alexander Hunter, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from March 6, 1834, to December, 1848. Robert Wallace, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from De cember 5, 1848, to December, 1849. Richard Wallach, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from De cember 4, 1849, to May, 1853. Jonah D. Hoover, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from May 31, 1853, to April, 1858. William Selden, Marshal of the District of Columbia, attended from April 1, 1858, to present time. MINISTEES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. A LIST OF DIPLOMATIC APPOINTMENTS BETWEEN 1789 AND 1858, BOTH INCLUSIVE. An asterisk affixed to a name indicates that the individual has been a mem ber of Congress, and that further information concerning him may be found, under the proper head, in the body of the work. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. sig nifies Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. (74) Name. Office. Place. When ap pointed. Remarks. Minister Resident. Netherlands. 1794 Authorized in 1795 to exchange the rati fications of Jay's Treaty of 1794 with Cf t( Minister Plenipotentiary; Portugal. 1796 Great Britain; in 1797, to negotiate concerning the renewal of the treaty it (t c. (* Prussia. 1797 between the United States and Swe den; in 1813, jointly with Albert Gal t. a (C *( Russia. 1809 latin and James A. Bayard, to meet, under the mediation of Russia, a Min it (t En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Great Britain. 1815 ister from Great Britain, and nego tiate a treaty of peace ; in 1814, jointly with James A. Bayard, Albert Galla tin, Henry Clay, and Jonathan Rus- sel, to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain at Ghent. * Anderson, Richard C Minister Plenipotentiary. Colombia. 1823 Appointed in 1826, jointly with John Sergeant, En. Ex. and Min. Plen. to the Assembly of American Nations proposed to be held at Panama. Secretary of Legation. Prance. 1836 Minister Plenipotentiary. Chile. 1823 Minister Resident. Sweden. 1857 Charge d'Affaires. Bolivia. 1848 ii it Secretary of Legation. Great Britain. 1853 t( a Charge dAffaires. Great Britain. 1855 Secretary of Legation. Portugal. 1819 it (. n it Spain. 1822 (( t( Charge d'Affaires. tt a Minister Plenipotentiary. Two Sicilies. Sweden. Prance. 182518261804 Appointed, jointly with James Bowdoin, Com. Pien. and Ex. to negotiate a C< (C treaty with Spain. Captain U. S. Navy. Japan. 1851 Authorized to negotiate a treaty with Japan. Name. Office. Place. Wlien ap pointed. Eomarks. Banks, W. W Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Envoy and Min. Plen. Captain U. S. Navy. Special Agent. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Minister Plenipotentiary. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. a a it . : 1 Minister Resident. Sardinia.Russia.Russia.Algiers. Great Britain. Brazil. Great Britain. Spain.France. Russia.Portugal. Spain.Chile.France.France. Russia.Belgium.Buenos Ayres. Denmark.Denmark. 184118581848 18151849 1846 185718281849 18111850 1841 18351847 183318011815 1850183218531854 Appointed, jointly with W. Shaler and S. Decatur, to negotiate a treaty with Algiers. Authorized to negotiate treaties with Siam, Anam, and Bruni. In 1849 authorized, jointly with Rich ard Rush, to negotiate a postal treaty with Great Britain and France. Appointed in 1813, jointly with John Q. Adams and Albert Gallatin, to nego tiate with Great Britain, under the mediation of Russia; and in 1814, with Jonathan Russell, John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin, to negotiate treaties with Great Britain, at Ghent. Appointed as Envoy to Russia; declined. *Barry, William T t. . . Beelen, Frederic A a tt Belmont, Augustus *Bidlack, Benjamin A. .. Bigler, John *Bissell, William H Blackford, William M.. *Bleecker, Hermanus.... Blunt, Joseph Borden, James W ?Borland, Solon Bowdoin, James ?Bowlin, James B Boulware, William Boyd, James McHenry. ?Breckinridge, John C .. Brent, Thomas L. L a <( Brent, William, Jr Brodhead, John R Brown, Ethan A Brown, George a tt *Brown, James Brown, John P (( ii Brown, Neil S Bryan, John A ?Buchanan, James Secretary of Legation. tt a Charge d'Affaires. tt tt En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. (i (( (C 11 Commissioner. «t En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Com. Plen. and Ex. Minister Resident. Commissioner.Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Minister. Secretary of Legation. (( ct Charge d'Affaires. a it Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Commissioner. a En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Dragoman. a Secretary and Dragoman. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Central Amerioa. Chile. Netherlands.New Granada. Chile.Buenos Ayres. New Granada. Netherlands. China.Hawaii.Central America, Spain. New Granada. Paraguay. Two Sicilies. Great Britain. Spain.Spain. Portugal. Portugal.Buenos Ayres. Great Britain. Brazil. Sandwich Isl'ds. Hawaii.France.Turkey. Russia. Peru.Russia. Great Britain. 185318541853184518571853184218391851 1858185318041854 185818411846 185518141822 1825 1844184618301843184518231836184218581850 184418321853 Appointment declined. Authorized to negotiate treaties with Ni caragua and Honduras. Appointed, j ointly with John Armstrong, to negotiate a treaty with Spain. Appointment declined. Appointed in 1819 to exchange ratifica tions of a treaty with Spain. !zifcfM Authorized in 1853 to negotiate a treaty with Bavaria ; in 1854, to negotiate a treaty with Hanover. Name. Office. Buckalew, Charles R it .. Butler, Edward G. W Calhoun, William R Secretary of Legation. tt n ?Cambreling, Churchill 0 ?Campbell, G. W a t. tt tt Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. (t .t Consul. a it Caverley, Z. B Chew, William W it tt Secretary of Legation. Commissioner. ^Minister Resident. Captain U. S. Navy. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Minister Resident. i. a Min. Plen. and Ex. Charge d'Affaires. Denmark. Ecuador. Russia.Prussia.France. Russia.Russia. Spain. Turkey.France.Papal States. Pontifical States. Tripoli. Algiers. Tunis. Peru. Dominican Rep. Two Sicilies. Algiers.Russia.Two Sicilies. Brazil. Guatemala.Honduras. Ghent. Portugal. "When ap pointed. 18081858 18561856 1857 1840 1818 1790 18431836 1849185417971802180318551854 1858 18161837 1849185118581858 1814 1849 Remarks. CO Authorized, jointly with William Short, to negotiate with Spain concerning the navigation of the River Mississippi, etc. In 1797, authorized, jointly with S. O'Brien and W. Eaton, to negotiate a treaty with Tripoli. Authorized, jointly with William Shaler, to conclude a treaty with Algiers. Authorized, jointly with John Q. Adams, Jonathan Russell, James A. Bayard, and Albert Gallatin, to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain. Clay, John R tt .. CC CC . (( cc cc a tt cc Clemson, Thomas G..., ?Clifford, Nathan CC it ¦ y Cogswell, Joseph G.... Collins, Samuel P Conkling, Alfred Codley, James ?Cox, Samuel S Cox, Ferdinand ?Crawford, William H. Cripps, John Crump, William ?Cushing, Caleb cc cc Cushing Courtland. ... ?Dallas, George M cc cc ?Dana, Francis Dana, John W Daniel, John M Davezaz, Auguste cc cc cc cc CC CC Davie, William R Davis, John C. B ?Davis, John W Secretary of Legation. Russia. 1830 Charge d'Affaires. Russia. 1836 Secretary of Legation. Austria. 1838 CC cc Russia. 1845 Charge d'Affaires. Peru. 1847 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Peru. 1853 Charge d'Affaires. Belgium. 1844 - Commissioner. Mexico. 1848 Appointed, with A. H. Sevier, Commis- En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Mexico. 1848 missioners, with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo tentiary, to treat jointly or severally with Mexico. Seoretary of Legation. Spain. 1842 Appointment declined. Consul. Morocco. 1854 En. Ex and Min. Plen. Mexico. 1852 Charge d'Affaires. Peru. 1820 Seoretary of Legation. Peru. 1855 " " Brazil. 1851 Minister Plenipotentiary. France. 1813 Secretary of Legation. Mexico. 1853 Charge d'Affaires. Chile. 1844 Commissioner. China'. 1843 In 1844, authorized to negotiate with En. Ex. and Min. Plen. China. 1843 Japan. Charge d'Affaires. Ecuador. 1850 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Russia. 1837 cc cc Great Britain. 1856 cc cc France. 1797 Declined the appointment. Minister Resident. Bolivia. 1854 cc cc Sardinia. 1854 Secretary of Legation. Netherlands. 1829 Charge d'Affaires. Netherlands. 1831 cc cc Two Sicilies. 1833 cc cc Netherlands. 1845 En. Ex. and Min. Res. France. 1799 Secretary of Legation. Great Britain. 1849 Commissioner. China. 1848 ' aM Name. Office. Place. When ap pointed. Remarks. De Witt, Charles G cc cc En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Captain U. S. Navy. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires En. Ex. and Min. Plen. CC CC Commissioner.Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Commercial Agent. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. cc cc En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. cc cc Special Minister. Minister Plenipotentiary. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Portugal. Great Britain. Algiers.Central America. Russia. Brazil. Spain.Texas.Prussia.Federal Gov't, of Germany. Sandwich Isl'ds. Venezuela.Venezuela. Spain.Guatemala. Dominican Rep. Mexico. Mexico.Mexico. Venezuela. Sweden.France. Russia.Spain. Denmark.Spain.Netherlands. Texas. 182217951815 183318341858185518441846 1848 18491854185418361852 18551836183918391849184517991853 1804 181118141814 1841 Authorized, jointly with William Shaler and William Bainbridge, to negotiate a treaty. Authorized to negotiate a treaty with Saxony, and exchange ratifications with Nassau. Authorized to negotiate a treaty. cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc Ellis, Thomas H ?Ellsworth, Henry W cc cc cc cc ?Eustis, William COo a Everett, Alexander H.... cc cc cc cc cc cc ?Everett, Edward Cc CC Fair, Elisha Y Fay, TheodoreS cc cc CC CC Fearn, Walter Flenniken, Robert P Fitzpatrick, Richard Floyd, G. W Folsom, George Foote, Thomas M cc cc ?Forsyth, John Forsyth, John, Jr Forbes, John M cc cc ?Forward, Walter Gadsden, James ?Gallatin, Albert Haddock, Charles B Hall, Allen A Hamilton, Alexander, Jr Harum, John Hammett, Alexander ?Hannegan, Edward A.... Seoretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Commissioner. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Commissioner.Minister Plenipotentiary. Secretary of Legation. C. CC Minister Resident. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Plenipotentiary. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. Charge

feda In 1813, appointed, jointly with JohnQ. Adams, Henry Clay, Jonathan Rus sell, and James A. Bayard, to nego tiate with Great Britain. Authorized to exchange ratifications of a treaty with the Two Sicilies. Hardin, Benjamin R.. Ilasper, Charles C Hurris, Leavitt ?Harris, William A Harris, Townsend cc cc Harrison, J. 0 ?Harrison, William II. Haywood, William H. Heap, Samuel D Henry, Patrick ?Hilliard, Henry W.... Hise, Elijah Hodgson, William Holman, Jesse B Homes, Henry A ?Hopkins, George W.... Howard, Tilghman Hughes, Christopher... ** .c 1 cc cc cc Humphreys, David Office. Place. When ap pointed. Secretary of Legation. Chile. 1849 '• " France. 1829 cc cc Russia. 1813 Charge d'Affaires. cc cc France. Argentine Con 1833 federation. 1846 Consul General. Japan. 1855 Minister Resident Japan. 1858 Secretary of Legation. Spain. 1835 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Colombia. 1828 cc cc Belgium. 1837 Dragoman. Turkey. 1852 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. France. 1799 Charge d'Affaires. Belgium. 1842 .C 11 Guatemala. 1848 Dragoman. Turkey. 1832 Secretary of Legation. Chile. 1852 Assistant Dragoman. Turkey. 1851 Charge d'Affaires. Portugal. 1847 Texas. 1844 Secretary of Legation. Sweden. 1814' cc cc Sweden. 1816 Charge d'Affaires. Sweden. 1819 CC CC Netherlands. 1825 Special Minister. Denmark. 1830 Charge d'Affaires. Netherlands. 1842 Minister Resident. Portugal. 1791 Commissioner Plen. Algiers. 1793 .. cc Spain. 1796 Hcmarks. Secretary of the Mission Extraordinary for entering into negotiations at St. Petersburg with Great Britain. Authorized in 1857 to enter into nego tiations with Siam. In 1858 negotiated a treaty with Japan. Appointment declined. Authorized to negotiate with San Salva dor, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Of the Mission Extraordinary to nego tiate with Great Britain. Authorized to negotiate with Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco. ?Hunter, WilUam cc cc ?Ingersoll, Charles J.. ?Ingersoll, Colin M.... ?Ingersoll, Joseph R., ?Ingersoll, Ralph I.... Irving, Washington.. CC CC Irwin, William W.\... ?Jackson, Andrew Jackson, Henry Jackson, Henry R.... cc cc Jackson, Isaac R Jay, John Jeffers, William N.... ?Jenifer, Daniel Jewett, Albert G ?Jones, J. Glancy Kavanagh, Edward.. ?Kennedy, John P ?Kerr, John B King, John A ?King, Rufus cc cc ?King, William R King, Yelverton P.... Kinney, William B. .. ?La Branch, Alc<5e .... Lamar, Mirabeau B . , cc cc cc . Larned, Samuel Charge d'Affaires. Brazil. 1834 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Brazil. 1841 Secretary of Legation. Prussia. 1837 cc cc Russia. 1848 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Great Britain. 1852 cc cc Russia. 1846 Secretary of Legation. Great Britain. 1829 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Spain. 1842 Charge d'Affaires. Denmark. 1843 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Mexico. 1823 Seoretary of Legation. France. 1813 Charge d'Affaires. Austria. 1853 Minister Resident. Austria. 1851 Charge d'Affaires. Denmark. 1841 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Great Britain. 1799 Charge d'Affaires. Rep. of Central America. 1831 Minister Plenipotentiary. Austria. 1841 Charge d'Affaires. Peru. 1845 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Austria. 1858 Charge d'Affaires. Portugal. 1835 Secretary of Legation. Chile. 1823 Charge d'Affaires. Nicaragua. 1851 Secretary of Legation. Great Britain. 1825 Minister Plenipotentiary. Great Britain. 1796 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Great Britain. 1825 Secretary of Legation. Russia. 1816 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. France. 1844 Charge d'Affaires. New Granada. 1851 cc cc Sardinia. 1850 cc cc Texas. 1831 Minister Resident. Argentine Con federation. 1857 cc c Nicaragua. 1858 cc cc Costa Rica. 1858 Secretary of Legation. Chile. 1823 a w M In 1799 authorized to negotiate a treaty with Russia. COCO Name. Office. Place. When ap pointed. Remarks. cc cc Charge d'Affaires. cc cc En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. cc cc Charge d'Affaires. Commissioner.Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Consul. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. Special Agent. Special and Confidential Agent. Special Agent. Secretary of Legation. cc cc Minister Resident. cc cc Commissioner. Chile.Peru.Great Britain. Sweden.Great Britain. Sweden. Hawaii. France. Belgium. Tangier.Mexico. Austria.France.Spain.France. Ecuador.Austria.Hungary.Switzerland. Brazil. Peru. Guatemala. Turkey. China. 182818281849 1814 1826 18421853 183918321835184918561833 1844 1801 184818461849 1850 185418531854 18491852 Appointed in 1803, jointly with James Monroe, to negotiate with France. Full power to treat with Hanover, Olden- burgh, Mechlenburg-Schwerin, and Mechlenburg-Strelitz, and in 1847 au thorized to exchange ratifications with the same States; also accredited to Saxony, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse- Darmstadt, Nassau, Brunswick, Hesse- Cassel, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Hano ver, Oldenburg, Mechlenburg-Schwe rin, Mechlenburg-Strelitz, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubec. Leib, J. R ?Letcher, Robert P CC CC CC CC ?Marshall, John Martin, Jaoob L Martin, John J Mason, John ?Mason, John Y Massey, Thomas E Maxoy, Virgil Maxwell, John S Meyer, Brantz MoAfee, R. B |MoCluny, Alexander K. '.jMoCurdy, Charles J ?McLane, Louis cc cc ?McLane, Robert ?Meade, Richard K CC CC | Medary, Samuel * Melville, Gansevoort Middleton, Henry Middleton, Arthur, Jr.. cc cc Miller, Horace H Miller, William ?Monroe, James Moore, Thomas P.. Moran, Benjamin.. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Seoretary of Legation. CC CC En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Seoretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Seoretary of Legation. cc cc Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. CC CC Commissioner.Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. cc cc Seoretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. cc cc Charge d'Affaires. cc cc Minister Plenipotentiary. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Assistant Secretary of Legation. France.Papal States. Peru. Mexico. France. Chile.Belgium.Russia.Mexico.New Granada. Bolivia.Austria.Great Britain. Great Britain. China.Sardinia.Brazil.Chile.Great Britain. Russia. Spain.Spain. Bolivia. Guatemala.France.Great Britain. Colombia.Great Britain. 1797 1848 18581828 1858186818871842184118381849185018291845185318531857 1853 1845 1820183318361852182517941803 1829 1857 Appointed jointly with Charles C. Pinck ney and Francis Dana. In 1886 appointed with full power to treat with Eouador. Appointed in 1803, jointly with Robert R. Livingston, to negotiate with France, and with Charles Pinckney, to negotiate with Spain. In 1806 appointed, jointly with William Pinckney, Commissioner Plenipoten tiary and Extraordinary to negotiate with Great Britain. 00Ox Nome. Office. Place. When ap pointed. Remarks. cc cc Minister Resident. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Commissioner.Minister Plenipotentiary. Commissioner.Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Minister Resident. Special and Confidential Agent. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Dragoman. Minister Plenipotentiary. Charge d'Affaires.1 Commissioner. Secretary of Legation. Special Agent. Charge d'Affaires. Consul General. Charge d'Affaires. CC cc Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. Lieutenant U. S. Navy. Secretary and Interpreter. France. Brazil.Two Sicilies. Great Britain. France.New Granada. Russia.Austria.Netherlands. Central Am. Con federation. Texas.Netherlands. France. Turkey.Spain.Two Sicilies. China.France.Sardinia. Sardinia. Algiers.Denmark.Portugal.Portugal. Two Sicilies. Two Sicilies. China. 1858 1847 1850 1789179218411841 1838 18571841 1843 1797 1799 18311823 1831 185118301838 1848 17971852 1854 18541853 185418531845 Appointed, jointly with Oliver Ellsworth and Patrick Henry. Authorized, jointly with R. C. Schenck and J. S. Pendleton, to negotiate with Pa raguay, and in 1854 to exchange rati fications. Murphy, AVilliam S cc cc cc cc cc cc O'Brien, Smith CC CC 00 CI hdW ttM Parker, Peter Parrott, William S.... Peden, James A cc cc Pendleton, J. S Perry, Horatio J ?Peyton, Bailie Pickens, Francis W.. Pickett, John C cc 1C Pinckney, Charles C. cc cc ?Pinckney, Charles.... cc cc Pinckney, Thomas... cc cc ?Pinckney, William... cc cc ,c c cc cc cc cc ?Poinsett, Joel R ?Polk, William H Pollard, Richard Porter, David cc cc cc cc Powers, James H Commissioner.Seoretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. cc cc Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Afl'aires. Minister Plenipotentiary. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. Minister Plenipotentiary. c c c c En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Commissioner Plen. and Extraordinary. Minister Plenipotentiary. c cc En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Minister Resident. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Consul General. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. China. 1855 Mexico. 1841 Buenos AyreB. 1854 Buenos Ayres 1854 Argentine Con federation. 1851 Spain. 1849 Chile. 1849 Russia. 1858 Colombia. 182'J Peru Bolivian Confederation. 1888 France. 1796 Prance. 1797 Russia. 1818 Spain. 1794 Great Britain. 1792 Spain. 1794 Great Britain. 1806 Great Britain. 1806 Great Britain. 1808 Russia. 1816 Two Sicilies. 1816 Mexico. 1825 Two Sicilies. 1845 Chile. 1834 Algiers. 1830 Turkey. 1831 Turkey. 1839 Two Sicilies. 1844 In 1852 appointed, with R. C. Schenck, lo negotiate treaties with Uruguay and Paraguay, In 1838 authorized to negotiate with Ecuador. In 1797 appointed, jointly with John Marshall and Francis Dana, and sub sequently Elbridge Gerry, to negotiate with France. Appointed, jointly with James Monroe, to negotiate with Great Britain. In 1827 appointed, jointly with John Sergeant, Envoy to the Congress at Panama. Name. Office. Place. When ap pointed. 18541828185818291843185518251830185718431846185218421849 183318331826 1823184018481837 1817 18361847181417961858184918461848 Remarks. cc cc Secretary of Legation. Agent.En. Ex. and Min. Plen. cc cc CC CC Speoial Agent. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. cc cc Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. CC »C CC CC En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Commissioner.Special Agent. Secretary.Minister Plenipotentiary. Charge dAffaires. cc cc Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Special Agent. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. Secretary of Legation. cc cc cc cc En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. France. Netherlands. Spain.Spain.Brazil. Greece. Brazil.Russia.China.Portugal.Spain. Mexico.Great Britain. France. Cochin China, Si- am and Muscat. Spain. Panama.Buenos Ayres. Sardinia. Two Sicilies. Great Britain. Great Britain. Great Britain. France.Sweden. Spain.Chile.France. Spain . Spain. " Secretary of the Mission to Panama. Appointed, jointly with John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin, to negotiate with Great Britain. Reed William B cc cc cc cc ooco hd>idMM X Savage, Charles ?Schenck, Robert C... Schroeder, Francis... cc cc ?Sargeant, John Seaton, Gales Seebles, J. J cc cc ?Semple, James ?Severance, Luther.... ?Sevier, Ambrose H. .. ?Seymour, Thomas H. Shaler, William Shannon, James cc cc Sheldon, Daniel Shields, Benjamin G. Short, William tt f i tt tt *Sickles, Daniel E *Slidell, John tt (< Smith, Buckingham.. Smith, John A a tt a it tt tt Smith, John C Consul, Guatemala. 1838 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Brazil. 1852 Charge d'Affaires. Sweden. 1849 Minister Resident. Sweden. 1854 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Panama. 1826 Secretary of Legation. Federal Gov't, of Germany. 1849 Charge d'Affaires. Belgium. 1858 Minister Resident. Belgium. 1854 Charge d'Affaires. New Granada. 1837 Commissioner. Sandwich Isl'ds. 1853 cc Mexico. 1848 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Belgium. 1853 Commissioner. Algiers. 1815 Charge d'Affaires. Central America. 1832 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Mexico. 1794 Secretary of Legation. France. 1816 Charge d'Affaires. Venezuela. 1845 cc cc France. 1790 Minister Resident. Netherlands. 1792 cc cc Spain. 1794 Secretary of Legation. Great Britain. 1855 En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Mexico. 1841 cc cc Mexico. 1845 cc cc Central America. 1853 Secretary of Legation. Spain. 1855 cc cc Great Britain. 1815 cc cc Spain. 1825 tt cc France. 1828 cc cc Russia. 1829 Minister Resident. Bolivia. 1858 Authorized to negotiate with the Repub lic of Central America. Authorized to negotiate with Uruguay and Paraguay. Appointed, jointly with Joel R. Poinsett, to the Assemblage of Nations at Pa- Appointed, jointly with Isaac Chauncey, to negotiate a treaty. Appointed, in 1794, jointly with William Carmichael, to negotiate with Spain. Name. Office. Place. When ap pointed. Kemarks. Smith, T. B Smith, W Secretary of Legation. Special Agent. Secretary of Legation. Minister Plenipotentiary. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Minister Resident. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. cc cc En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Minister Plenipotentiary. Secretary of Legation. Commissioner.En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Charge d'Affaires. ' »C CC En. Ex. and Min. Plen. cc cc Secretary of Legation. Special Agent. Commissioner. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Mexico.Ecuador.Mexico.Portugal.Russia. Sweden.Spain. Turkey. Russia.Chile. Austria. Venezuela. Great Britain. Austria.Pontifical States. Guatemala.France. Portugal. Colombia. Sandwich Isl'ds. Mexico. Peru. Two Sicilies. Brazil. Russia. Great Britain. Spain. Mexico. Brazil. 18271844185017971812 1825185318531848 1854 18491850 1836184518581849 180118091828 1845 18421836 183818471841 1852183318471853 Appointed Secretary to the Joint Mission at Tacubaya. Authorized in 1838 to negotiate with Greece. Accredited to San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras. Authorized to negotiate a treaty with Bolivia. Smith, WilliamS .' Spence, Carroll ?Starkweather, David A Steele, William H Steele, J. Nevitt Stiles, William H -. c • cc Taylor, Edward T Ten Eyck, Anthony Throop, Enos T Tod, David Todd, Charles Trescot, William H Trist, Nicholas P cc cc Trousdale, William COo > H izi aM Tudor, William Turpin, Edward A Van Alen, John T ?Van Buren, M Vail, Aaron cc cc cc cc Van Ness, Cornelius P. Venable, William E ?Vroom, Peter D ?Walker, Robert J Walsh, Charles S Walsh, Robert M.. cc cc CC CC Ward, John E Warren,. John E Watterson, Harvey M.. Watts, Beaufort T cc cc cc cc Webb, James Watson. .. Webster, Daniel F West, Edward Wheaton, Henry Wheeler, John H. White, Philo Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen.. Commissioner. Seoretary of Legation. Special Envoy. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Secretary of Legation. Special Agent. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. Brazil. 1827 Venezuela. 1858 Ecuador. 1849 Great Britain. 1831 Great Britain. 1831 Great Britain. 1832 Great Britain. 1836 Spain. 1829 Brazil. 1854 Prussia. 1853 China. 1853 Spoin. 1844 Brazil. 1841 Mexico. 1848 Costa Rica. 1852 China. 1858 Central America. 1852 Buenos Ayres. 1851 Colombia. 1824 Colombia. 1827 Russia. 1828 Austria. 1849 China. 1839 Peru. 1854 Denmark. 1827 Prussia. 1835 Prussia. 1837 Nicaragua. Ecuador. 18541853 hdaa Authorized in 1836 to negotiate treaties with the States of the Zollverein and the Hanoverian Union. Authorized in 1837 to negotiate treaties and exchange ratifications with the Zollverein States. In 1843 authorized to negotiate with Mechlenburg, Oldenburg, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse- Darmstadt, and Baden. CO Name. Office. - Place. When ap pointed. Remarks. Wilber, J. B Secretary of Legation. Charge d'Affaires. Minister Resident. Charge d'Affaires. cc cc Interpreter and Secretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Plen. cc cc Secretary of Legation. CC - CC Charge d'Affaires. cc cc Seoretary of Legation. En. Ex. and Min. Res. Minister Resident. France. Sardinia.Turkey. Federation of the Central States of America. Venezuela. China. Russia.Brazil. Prussia.France.Bolivia.Denmark.Prussia. Prussia.Argentine Con federation. 1857 184818581825' 183518551834 1844 18531853 18541835185018581858 \ \ Wickliffe, Robert J Williams, S. Wells ?Wilkins, William Wright, Edward H COto ?d H THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. PROCEEDINGS LN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES RESPECTING "A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BY THE REPRESENTATIYES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED." Saturday, June 8, 1776. Resolved, That the resolutions respecting independency be referred to a com mittee of the whole Congress. The Congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole ; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have taken into consideration the matter to them referred, but not having come to any resolution thereon, directed him to move for leave to sit again on Monday. Resolved, That this Congress will, on Monday next, at 10 o'clock, resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into further consideration the reso lutions referred to them. Monday, June 10, 1776. Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the resolutions to them referred ; and, after some time spent thereon, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under consideration the matters referred to them, and have come to a resolution thereon, which they directed him to report. The resolution agreed to in committee of the whole being read, — Resolved, That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to Mon day, the first day of July next ; and in the meanwhile, that no time be lost, in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution, which is in these words : (93) 94 Appendix. "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown; and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." Tuesday, June 11, 1776. « Resolved, That the committee for preparing the Declaration consist of five : The members chosen, Mr. Jefferson, Mr. John Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sher man, and Mr. R. R. Livingston. Tuesday, June 25, 1776. A declaration of the Deputies of Pennsylvania, met in Provincial Conference, was laid before Congress, and read, expressing their willingness to concur in a vote of Congress, declaring the United Colonies free and independent States. Friday, June 28, 1776. "Francis Hopkinson, one of the Delegates from New Jersey, attended, and produced the credentials of their appointment," containing the following instruc tions: — "If you shall judge it necessary or expedient for this purpose, we em power you to join in declaring the United Colonies independent of Great Britain, entering into a confederation for union and common defence," &c. Monday, July 1, 1776. " A resolution of the Convention of Maryland, passed the 28th of June, was laid before Congress and read," containing the following instructions to their deputies in Congress : — "That the deputies of said Colony, or any three or more of them, be authorized and empowered to concur with the other Uuited Colo nies, or a majority of them, in declaring the United Colonies free and independent States; in forming such further compact and confederation between them,'' &c. The order of the day being read, — Resolved, That this Congress will resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the resolution respecting independency. That the Declaration be referred to said committee. The Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole. After some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee had come to a resolution, which they desired him to report, and to move for leave to sit again. The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being read, the deter mination thereof was, at the request of a Colony, postponed until to-morrow. Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the Declaration respecting independence. Appendix. 95 Tuesday, July 2, 1776: The Congress resumed the consideration of the resolution reported from the committee of the whole, which was agreed to as follows : — Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a com mittee of the whole ; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under consideration the Declaration to them referred ; but, not having had time to go through the same, desired him to move for leave to sit again. Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into a com mittee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration respecting independence. Wednesday, July 3, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a com mittee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee, not having yet gone through it, desired leave to sit again. Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into a com mittee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration of Independence. Thursday, July 4, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a com mittee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration ; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee had agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows : — A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 96 Appendix. these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the con sent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destruc tive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organ izing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursu ing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suf ferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im portance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fa tiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States : for that pur pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. Appendix. 97 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the con sent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to com plete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circum stances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. ,He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum stances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 7* 98 Appendix. our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, ene mies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rec titude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are ab solved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dis. solved-; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members : — John Hancock. Josiah Bartlett, New Hampshire. William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Massachusetts Bay. Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Stephen Hopkins, Rhode Island. William Ellery. Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Connecticut. William Williams, New York. Francis Lewis, New Jersey. Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Oliver Wolcott. Lewis Morris. Abraham Clark. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania. John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Caesar Rodney, Delaware. George Read, Thomas McKean. Appendix. 99 Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. Thomas Stone, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, William Hooper, Virginia. Benjamin Harrison, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Carter Braxton. North Carolina. Joseph Hewes, John Penn. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Button Gwinnett, South Carolina. Thomas Lynch, Jr., Georgia. Lyman Hall, Arthur Middleton. George Walton. Resolved, That copies of the Declaration be sent to the several assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to the several command ing officers of the continental troops ; that it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the army. 100 Appendix. SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4, 1776. The following List of Members of the Continental Congress, who signed the Decla ration of Independence, (although the names are included in the general list of that Congress, from 1774 to 1788,) is given separately, for the purpose of showing the places and dates of their birth, and the time of their respective deaths, for convenient reference : — NAMES OF THE SIGNERS. Adams, John Adams, Samuel Bartlett, Josiah Braxton, Carter Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Chase, Samuel Clark, Abraham Clymer, George Ellery, William Floyd, William Franklin, Benjamin Gerry, Elbridge Gwinnett, Button. Hall, Lyman Hancock, John. Harrison, Benjamin Hart. John Heyward, Thomas, Jr. Hewes, Joseph Hooper, William Hopkins, Stephen Hopkinson, Francis Huntington, Samuel Jefferson, Thomas Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Richard Henry ¦Lewis, Francis Livingston, Philip Lynch, Thomas, Jr McKean, Thomas Middleton, Arthur _ Morris, Lewis Morris, Robert Morton, John Nelson, Thomas, Jr Paca, William Paine, Robert Treat Penn, John Read, George Rodney, Caesar Ross, George Rush, Benjamin, M.D Rutledge, Edward Sherman, Roger Smith, James Stockton, Richard Stone, Thomas Taylor, George Thornton, Matthew. Walton, George . Whipple, William Williams, William Wilson, James Witherspoon, John Wolcott, Oliver Wythe, George- Braintree, Mass., Oct. 19, 1735 Boston, « Sept. 27, 1722 Amesbury, " in Nov. 1729 Newington, Va., Sept. 10, 1736 Annapolis, Md., Sept. 20, 1737 Somerset Co., Md., April 17, 1741 Elizabethtown, N.J. Feb. 15, 1726 Philadelphia, Penna., in 173d Newport, R.I.. Dec. 22, 1727 Suffolk Co., N.T., Dec. 17, 1734 Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1706 Marblehead, Mass., July 17, 1744 England, in 1732 in 1731 in 1737 about 1715 in 1746 in 1730 June 17, 1742 March 7, 1707 , Conn., Braintree, Mass., Berkeley, Va., Hopewell, N. J., St. Luke's, S.C., Kingston, N. J., Boston, Mass., Scituate, " Philadelphia, Penna., in ' 1737 Windham, Conn., July 3, 1732 ShadweU, Va., Stratford,Stratford, « Landaflf, Wales, Albany, N. T., St. George's, S. C, Chester Co., Pa., Middleton Place, S. C, Morrisania, N. Y., Lancashire, Eng., Ridley, Penna., York, Va., Wye-ffiU, Md., Boston, Mass., Caroline Co., Va., Cecil Co., Md., Dover, Del., New Castle, Del., Byberry, Penna., Charleston, S.C., Newton, Mass., Ireland, April 13, 1743 Oct. 14, 1734 Jan. 20, 1732 in March, 1713 Jan. 15, 1716 Aug. 5, 1749 March 19, 1734 1743 1726 Jan. 1733-4 in 1724 Dec. 26, 1738 Oct. 31, 1740 in 1731 May 17, 1741 in 1734 in 1730 in 1730 Dec. 24, 1745 in Nov. 1749 April 19, 1721 Princeton, N. J., Charles Co., Md., ¦, Ireland, , Ireland. Frederick Co., Va., Kittery, Maine, Lebanon, Conn., Scotland, Yester, Scotland, Windsor, Conn., Elizabeth City Co., Va., Oct. 1, 1730 in 1742 in 1716 in 1714 in 1740 in 1730 April 8, 1731 about 1742 Feb. 5, 1722 Nov. 26, 1726 1726 DELEGATED FROM Massachusetts.... Massachusetts..., New Hampshire. Virginia Maryland Maryland New Jersey Pennsylvania R.I.andProv.Pl.New York Pennsylvania Massachusetts .... Georgia Georgia Massachusetts.... Virginia New Jersey South Carolina... North Carolina... North Carolina... R.I.andProv.Pl. New Jersey Connecticut Virginia Virginia Virginia New York New York South Carolina... Delaware South Carolina.., New York Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Virginia Maryland Massachusetts .... North Carolina... Delaware Delaware Pennsylvania Pennsylvania South Carolina- Connecticut Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland , Pennsylvania New Hampshire. Georgia New Hampshire. Connecticut , Pennsylvania, New Jersey Connecticut , Virginia , July 4, 1826 October 2, 1803 May 19, 1795 October 10, 1797 Novem. 14, 1832 June 19, 1811 September, 1794 January 23, 1813 Feb'y 15, 1820 August 4, 1821 April 17, 1790 Novem. 23, 1814 May 27, 1777 February,October 8. April, 1790 1793179117801R09 March,Novem. 10, 1779 October, 1790 July 13, 1785 May 9, 1790 January 5, 1796 July 4, 1826 April, 1797 June 19, 1794 Decern. 30, 1803 June 12, 1778 Lo3t at sea, 1779 June 24, 1817 January 1, 1787 January 22,1798 May 8, l?0fi April, 1777 January 4, 1789 , 1799 May 11, 1804 October 26, 1809 , 1798 , 1783 July, 1779 April 19, 1813 January 23, 1800 July 23, 1793 July 11, Feb'y 28, October & Feb'y 23/ June 24, Feb'y 2, Novem. 28, 1785 August 2, 1811 August 28, 1798 Novem. 15, 1794 December 1,1797 June 8, 1806 1806 1781 1787 1781 1803 1805 Appendix. 101 MEMBERS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, from 17T4 to 1788. New Hampshire. FROM TO Bartlett, Josiah 1775, '79 Blanchard, Jonathan 1783, '84 Folsom, Nathaniel 1774, '75 1777, '78 " " 1779, '80 Foster, Ahiel 1783, '85 Frost, George 1777, '79 Gilman, John Taylor 1782, '83 Gilman, Nicholas 1786, '88 Langdon, John 1775, '77 " 1786, '87 Langdon, Woodbury 1779, '80 Livermore, Samuel 1780, '83 " 1785, '86 Long, Pierce 1784, '86 Peabody, Nathaniel 1779, '80 Sullivan, John 1774, '75 " 1780, '81 Thornton, Matthew 1776, '78 Wentworth, John, Jr 1778, '79 Whipple, William 1776, '79 White, Phillips 1782, '83 Wingate, Paine 1787, '88 Massachusetts. Adams, John 1774, '78 Adams, Samuel 1774, '82 Cashing, Thomas 1774, '76 Dana, Francis 1776, '78 " 1784, '84 Dane, Nathan 1785, '88 Gerry, Elbridge 1776, '81 1782, '85 PROM Gorham, Nathaniel 1782, " 1785, Hancock, John 1775, " 1785, Higginson, Stephen....: 1782, Holten, Samuel 1778, " 1782, " 1784, " 1786, Jackson, Jonathan 1782, King, Rufus 1784, Lovell, James 1776, Lowell, John 1782, Osgood, Samuel 1780, Otis, Samuel A 1787, Paine, Eobert Treat 1774, Partridge, George 1779, " " 1783, Sedgwick, Theodore 1785, Sullivan, James 1782, Thacher, George 1787, Ward, Artemas 1780, Bhode Island. Arnold, Jonathan 1782, Arnold, Peleg 1787, Collins, John 1778, Cornell, Ezekiel 1780, Ellery, William 1776, " " 1783, Hazard, Jonathan 1787, Hopkins, Stephen 1774, " 1778, Howell, David 1782, TO '83'87'80 '80 '83 '85 '87 '82 '87'82 '83 '84'88 '78 '82 '85'88 '82 '88 '81 '84'88 '83 '83 '80'85'88 '77'85 102 Appendix. PROM TO Manning, 1785, '86 Marchant, Henry 1777, '80 " " 1783, '84 Miller, Nathan 1785, '86 Mowry, 1781, '81 Varnum, James M 1780, '82 1786, '87 Ward, Samuel 1774, '76 Connecticut. Adams, Andrew 1777, '80 " 1781, '82 Cook, Joseph P 1784, '88 Deane, Silas 1774, '76 Dyer, Eliphalet 1774, '79 " " 1780, '83 Edwards, Pierpont 1787, '88 Ellsworth, Oliver 1777, '84 Hillhouse, William 1783, '86 Hosmer, Titus 1775, '76 " 1777, '79 Huntington, Benjamin 1780, '84 1787, '88 Huntington, Samuel...". 1776, '84 Johnson, WilUam S 1784, '87. Law, Richard 1777, '78 " 1781, '84 MitcheU, Stephen M 1783, '84 1785, '86 " " 1787, '88 Root, Jesse 1778, '83 Sherman, Roger 1774, '84 Spencer, Joseph 1778, '79 Strong, Jedediah 1782, '84 Sturges, Jonathan 1785, '87 Treadwell, John 1785, '86 Trumbull, Joseph 1774, '75 Wadsworth, James 1783, '84 " " 1785, '86 Wadsworth, Jeremiah 1787, '88 WiUiams, WiUiam 1776, '78 •' 1783, '84 Wolcott, OUver 1775, '78 " 1780, '84 New Yoek. Alsop, John 1774, '76 Benson, Egbert 1784, '85 " " 1786, '88 PROM Boerum, Simon 1774, Clinton, George 1775, De Witt, Charles 1783, Duane, James 1774, Duer, WiUiam 1777, Floyd, William , 1774, " 1778, Gansevoort, Leonard^. 1787, Hamilton, Alexander 1782, 1787, Haring, John 1774, " 1785, Jay, John 1774, " 1778, Lansing, John 1784, Lawrance, John 1785, Lewis, Francis 1777, Livingston, Philip 1774, Livingston, Eobert R 1775, 1779, Livingston, Walter 1784, Low, Isaac 1774, L'Hommedieu, Ezra 1779, " 1787, Morris, Gouvemeur 1777, Morris, Lewis 1775, McDougall, Alexander 1781, 1784, Paine, Ephraim 1784, Piatt, Zephaniah 1784, Schuyler, Philip 1775, " 1778, Scott, John Morin 1780, Smith, Melancthon 1785, Wisner, Henry 1774, Yates, Abraham, Jr 1787, Yates, Peter W 1785, New Jersey. Beatty, John 1783, Boudinot, EUas 1777, " 1781, Burnett, W 1780, Cadwallader, Lambert 1784, Clark, Abraham 1776, " 1787, Condict, SUas 1781, Cooper, John 1776, Crane, Stephen 1774, '77 '77'85'84 '78'77'83 '88'75 '88'77 '79'88'87 '79 '78'77'81 '85'75'83'88 '8077'82 '85'85'86'75'81'83'88'76'88 '87 '85 78'84'81'87 82 8884 76 76 Appendix. 103 PROM TO Dayton, EUas 1787, '88 De Hart, John 1774, 76 Dick, Samuel 1783, '84 Elmer, Jonathan 1776, 78 1781, '84 1787, '88 Fell, John 1778, '80 FreUnghuysen, Frederick 1778, 79 " " 1782, '83 Henderson, Thomas 1779,. '80 Hopkinson, Francis 1776, 77 Hornblower, Josiah 1785, '86 Houston, WUUam C 1779, '82 1784, '85 Kinsey, James 1774, 75 Livingston, WilUam 1774, 76 Neilson, John 1778, 79 Scheurman, J 1786, '87 Scudder, Nathaniel 1777, 79 Sergeant, Jonathan D 1776, 77 Smith, Richard 1/74, 76 Stewart, 1784, '85 Stockton, Richard 1776, 77 Symmes, John C 1785, '86 Witherspoon', John 1776, '83 Pennsylvania. Allen, Andrew 1775, 76 Armstrong, John 1778, '80 " 1787, '88 Atlee, Samuel 1778, '82 Bayard, John 1785, '87 Biddle, Edward 1774, 76 " 1778, 79 Bingham, WUliam 1787, '88 Clarkson, Matthew 1785, '86 CUngan, WUUam 1777, 79 Clymer, George 1776, 78 " 1780, '83 Dickinson, John 1774, 76 Fitzsimnions, Thomas 1782, '83 Franklin, Benjamin 1775, 76 Galloway, Joseph.. 1774, 75 Gardner, Joseph.... 1784, '85 Hand, 1784, '85 Henry, William 1784, '86 Humphreys, Charles 1774, 76 IngersoU, Jared 1780, '81 Irwihe, 1786, '88 FROM TO Jackson, David 1785, '86 Matlack, Timothy 1780, '81 McClene, James 1778, '80 Meredith, 1787, '88 Mifflin, Thomas 1774, 76 " 1782, '84 Morris, Charles 1783, '84 Morris, Robert 1776, 78 Montgomery, John 1780, '84 Morton, John 1774, 77 Muhlenberg, Frederick A 1778, '80 Peters, Richard 1782, '83 Pettit, Charles 1785, '87 Read, 1787, '88 Reed, Joseph 1777, 78 Rhodes, Samuel 1774, 75 Roberdeau, Daniel 1777, 79 Ross, George 1774, 77 Rush, Benjamin 1776, 77 Searle, James 1778, '80 Shippen, WiUiam 1778, '80 Smith, James 1776, 78 Smith, Jonathan B 1777, 78 Smith, Thomas 1J80, '82 St. Clair, Arthur 1785, '87 Taylor, George 1776, 77 WilUng, Thomas 1775, 76 Wilson, James 1775, 78 " 1782, '83 " " 1785, '87 Wynkoop, Henry 1779, '83 Delaware. Bedford, Gunning 1783, '85 " 1786, '87 Bedford, Gunning, Jr 1785, '86 Dickinson, John 1776, 77 " 1779, '80 Dickinson, Philemon 1782, '83 Evans, John 1776, 77 Kearney, Dyre 1786, '88 McComb.Eleazer 1782, '84 MitcheU, Nathaniel 1786, '88 McKean, Thomas 1774, 76 " 1778, '83 Patton, John 1785, '86 Peery, William 1785, '86 Read, George 1774, 77 Rodney, Csesar 1774, 76 104 Appendix. Rodney, Caesar 1777, 78 " 1783, '84 Rodney, Thomas 1781, '83 " 1785, '87 Sykes, James 1777, 78 Tilton, James 1783, '85 Van Dyke, Nicholas 1777, '82 Vining, John'. 1784, '86 Wharton, Samuel 1782, '83 Maryland. Alexander, Robert 1775, 77 Carmichael, WilUam 1778, '80 Carroll, Charles 1776, 78 Carroll, Daniel , 1780, '84 Chase, Jeremiah T 1783, '84 Chase, Samuel 1774, 78 " " 1784, '85 Contee, Benjamin 1787, '88 Forbes, James 1778, '80 Forrest, Uriah 1786, '87 Goldsborough, Robert 1774, 75 Hall, John 1775, 76 " 1783, '84 Hanson, John 1781, '83 Harrison, William 1785, '87 Hemsley, William 1782, '84 Henry, John 1778, '81 " 1784, '87 Hindman, William 1784, '87 Howard, John E 1787, '88 Jenifer, D., of St. Thomas.... 1778, '82 Johnson, Thomas 1775, 77 Lee, Thomas Sim 1783, '84 Lloyd, Edward 1783, '84 Martin, Luther 1784, '85 McHenry, James 1783, '86 Paca, WilUam 1774, 79 Plater, George 1778, '81 Potts, Richard 1781, '82 Ramsay, Nathaniel 1785, '87 Ridgely, Richard 1785, '86 Rogers, John 1775, 76 Ross, David 1786, '87 Rumsey, Benjamin 1776, 78 Scott, Gustavus 1784, '85 Seney, Joshua 1787, '88 Smith, WiUiam 1777, 78 Stone, Thomas 1775, 79 FROM TO Stone, Thomas 1784, '85 Tilghman, Matthew 1774, 77 Wright, Turbett 1781, '82 Virginia. Adams, Thomas 1778, Banister, John 1778, Bland, Eichard 1774, Bland, Theodorick 1780, Braxton, Carter 1776, Brown, John 1787, Carrington, Edward 1785, Fitzhugh; 1779 Fleming, William 1779, Grayson, William 1784, Griffin, Cyrus 1778, " 1787, Hardy, Samuel 1783, Harrison, Benjamin 1774, Harvie, John 1778 Henry, James 1780, Henry, Patrick 1774 Jefferson, Thomas 1775, " 17 Jones, Joseph 1777, " 1780, Lee, Arthur 1781 Lee, Francis Lightfoot 1775, Lee, Henry 1785, Lee, Richard Henry 1774, " " 1784, Madison, James, Jr 1780, 1786, Mercer, James 1779, Mercer, John F 1782, Monroe, James 1783, Nelson, Thomas 1775, " 1779 Page, Mann 1777 Pendleton, Edmund 1774, Randolph, Edmund 1779, Randolph, Peyton 1774, Smith, Merewether 1778, Washington, George 1774, Wythe, George 1775, North Carolina. Ashe, John B 1787, '88 Bloodworth, Timothy 1786, '87 Appendix. 105 FROM Blount, WiUiam 1782, " " 1786, Burke, Thomas 1777, Burton, Robert 1787, Caswell, Richard 1774, Cumming, WiUiam 1784, Harnett, CorneUus 1777, Hawkins, Benjamin 1781, " " 1786, Hewes, Joseph 1774, " " 1779, HU1, WhitmiU 1778, Hooper, WUliam 1774, Johnston, Samuel 1780, Jones, AUen '. 1779, Jones, WUUe 1780, Nash, Abner 1782, " 1785, Penn, John 1775, » 1777, Sitgreaves, John 1784, Sharpe, WiUiam 1779, Spaight, Richard D 1783, Swan, John 1787, WiUiams, John 1778, WiUiamson, Hugh 1782, « " 1787, White, Alexander 1786, South Carolina. Bee, Thomas 1780, Beresford, Eichard 1783, Bull, John 1784, Butler, Pierce 1787, Drayton, WilUam Henry 1778, Eveleigh, Nicholas 1781, Gadsden, Christopher 1774, Gervais, John L 1782, Heyward, Thomas, Jr 1776, Huger, Daniel 1786, Hutson, Richard 1778, Izard, Ralph 1782, Kean, John 1785, Kinloch, Francis 1780, '83'87'81 '88 76'84'80 '84'87 77'80'81 77'82 '80'81'84'86 76'80'85 '82'85 '8879 '85'88'88 '82'85'87'88 79'8276'83 78 '88 79'83'87 '81 FROM Laurens, Henry 1777, Lynch, Thomas , 1774, Lynch, Thomas, Jr 1776, Matthews, John 1778, Middleton, Arthur 1776, " 1781, Middleton, Henry 1774, Motte, Isaac 1780, Parker, John 1786, Pinckney, Charles 1777, " " 1784, Ramsay, David 1782, " " 1785, Read, Jacob 1783, Rutledge, Edward 1774, Rutledge, John 1774, " " 1782, Trapier, Paul 1777, Tucker, Thomas T 1787, Georgia. Baldwin, Abraham 1785, Brownson, Nathan 1776, Bullock, Archibald 1775, Clay, Joseph 1778, Few, William 1780, " 1785, Gibbons, William 1784, Gwinnett, Button 1776, Habersham, John 1785, HaU, Lyman 1775, Houston, John 1775, Houston, WiUiam 1784, Howley, Eichard 1780, Jones, Noble Wimberly 1775, " " 1781, Langworthy, Edward 1777, Pierce, W 1786, Telfair, Edward 1777, " " 1780, Walton, George 1776, " " 1780, Wood, Joseph 1777, Zubly, John J 1775, '80 7677 '82 78 '83 76 '82'88 78 '87'84 '86 '85 77 77'83 78 '88 78 76'80'82 '88'8677 '86 7977 '87 '8176 '83 79'87 79'8379'81 7976 106 Appendix. PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, from 1774 to 1788. FROM ELECTED. Peyton Eandolph Virginia September 5, 1774. Henry Middleton South CaroUna October 22, 1774. Peyton Eandolph Virginia May 10, 1775. John Hancock Massachusetts May 24,1775. Henry Laurens South Carolina November 1, 1777. JohnJay New York December 10, 1778. Samuel Huntington Connecticut September28, 1779. Thomas McKean Delaware July 10, 1781. John Hanson Maryland November 5, 1781. Elias Boudinot New Jersey November 4, 1782. Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania November 3, 1783. Eichard Henry Lee. „ Virginia November 30, 1784. Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts June 6, 1786. Arthur St. Clair Pennsylvania February 2, 1787. CyrusGriffin Virginia January 22, 1788. SESSIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. The sessions of the Continental Congress were commenced as follows : — September 5, 1774, also May 10, 1775, at Philadelphia; December 20, 1776, at Baltimore; March 4, 1777, at Philadelphia; September 27, 1777, at .Lan caster, Pennsylvania ; September 30, 1777, at York, Pennsylvania; July 2, 1778, at Philadelphia; June 30, 1783, at Princeton, New Jersey; November 26, 1783, at Annapolis, Maryland ; November 1, 1784, at Trenton, New Jersey; Janu ary 11, 1785, at New York, which, from that time, continued to be the place of meeting until the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. From 1781 to 1788, Congress met annually on the first Monday in November, pursuant to the articles of confederation. CONSTITUTION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the bless ings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. AETIOLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Re presentatives. Sect. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the quaUfications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free per sons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding In- dians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall (107) 108 Appendix. be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North CaroUna five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sect. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary ap pointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal? from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States : but the party convicted shall nevertheless be Appendix. 109 liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Sect. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. < Sect. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns; and qualifi cations of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, Jn such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require se crecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Sect. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sect. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre sentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 110 Appendix. Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be deter mined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted,) after it shaU have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjourn ment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; To estabhsh an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subr ject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post-offices and post-roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; Appendix. HI To declare war, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make rules con cerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to. that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a naVy; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces^ To provide for calUng forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, sup press insurrections, and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming, and discipliningthe militia, and for govern ing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the au thority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation in aU cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square,) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into exe cution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sect. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privUege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebeUion or invasion the pubUc safety may require it. No biU of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shaU vessels bound to or from one State, be obUged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropria tions made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobflity shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of 112 Appendix. the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. Sect. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. f No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exp.orts, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless ac tually invaded, or in such imminent danger, as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as fol lows : — Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Re presentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Se nator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [* The Electors shaU meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the num ber of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shaU be the President, if such num ber be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if there be more * This clause within brackets has been superseded and annulled by the 12th amendment, on page 124. Appendix. ]13 than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Eepresentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quo rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi dent.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resigna tion, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shaU act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — i " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sect. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant 8* 114 Appendix. reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of Departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sect. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con vene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Minis ters ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commis sion all the officers of the United States. Sect. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, trea son, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sect. 2. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, aris ing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of an- Appendix, f J15 other State; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other publfc Ministers; and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been com mitted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sect. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. ' The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the Ufe of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. FuU faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceed ings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sect. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and im munities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the Execu tive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escap ing into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sect. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts 116 Appendix. of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property, belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sect. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a re publican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive, (when the Legisla ture cannot be convened,) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for pro posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be vaUd to all intents and pur poses, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three- fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; Pro vided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. , This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all Executive and Judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Appendix. 117 ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estabUshment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names, George Washington, President and Deputy from Virginia. John Langdon, Nathaniel Gorham, William S. Johnson, Alexander Hamilton. William Livingston, WilUam Paterson, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsimmons, James WUson, George Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Broom, James McHenry, Daniel Carroll, John Blair, New Hampshire. Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Rufus King. Connecticut. Roger Sherman. New Yoke. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. David Brearley, Jonathan Dayton. i. Thomas Mifflin, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouvemeur Morris. Gunning Bedford, Jr. Richard Bassett. Maryland. Virginia. Daniel Jenifer, of St. Thomas. James Madison, Jr. 118 Appendix. William Blount, Hugh WiUiamson, J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, WiUiam Few, Attest : North Carolina. Richard D. Spaight. South Carolina. Charles C. Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. Abraham Baldwin. William Jackson, Secretary. STATE RATIFICATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION. The Constititution was adopted September 17, 1787, by the Convention ap pointed in pursuance of the resolution of the Congress of the Confederation of February 21, 1787, and was ratified by the Conventions of the several States as follows, viz. : — By Convention of Delaware December 7, 1787. " Pennsylvania December 12, 1787. " New Jersey December 18, 1787. " Georgia January 2, 1788. " Connecticut January 9, 1788. " Massachusetts February 6, 1788. Maryland April 28, 1788. South Carolina May 23, 1788. New Hampshire June 21, 1788. Virginia June 26, 1788. New York July 26,1788. " North CaroUna November 21, 1789. " Rhode Island May 29, 1790. ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FrFTH ARTICLE OP THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Congress shaU make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or pro hibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well regulated miUtia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE HI. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the con sent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. (119) 120 Appendix. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to- be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtain ing witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shaU exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord ing to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor pro-* hibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Appendi.x. 121 ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XII. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for Pre sident and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- President, and they shaU make distinct lists of aU persons voted for as Presi dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Re presentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num bers, not exceeding three on the Ust of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shaU not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional dis- abiUty of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 122 Appendix. THE FOLLOWING IS PREFIXED TO THE FIEST TEN* OF THE PRE CEDING AMENDMENTS. CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, BEGUN AND HELD AT THE CITY OF NEW YORK, ON WEDNESDAY, THE FOURTH OF MARCH, ONE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-NINE. The Conventions of a number of the States having, at the time of their adopt ing the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added; and as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution, — Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses concurring, That the following articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which articles, when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislature, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, viz. : — Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution. * It may be proper here to state that twelve articles of amendment were proposed by the First Congress, of which but ten were ratified by the States — the first and second in order not having been ratified by the requisite number of States. These two were as follows : — Article First. — After the first enumeration required by the first Article of the Con stitution, there shall be one Eepresentative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which, the proportion shall be so regu lated by Congress, that there shall not be less than one hundred Eepresentatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Eepresentatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shaU be so regulated by Congress that there shall not be less thanrtwo hundred Eepresenta tives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. Article Second. — No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect until an election of Eepresentatives shaU have intervened. Appendix. 123 The first ten amendments of the Constitution were ratified by the States as follows, viz. : — By New Jersey November 20, 1 789. " Maryland December 19, 1789. " North Carolina December 22, 1789. " South Carolina January 19, 1790. " New Hampshire January 25, 1790. " Delaware January 28, 1790. " Pennsylvania March 10, 1790. " New York March 27,1790. " Rhode Island June 15,1790. " Vermont November 3, 1791. " Virginia December 15, 1791. THE FOLLOWING IS PEEFIXED TO THE ELEVENTH OF THE PRE CEDING AMENDMENTS. THIRD CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STA.TES, AT THE FIRST SESSION, BEGUN AND HELD AT THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, IN THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, ON MONDAY, THE SECOND OF DECEMBER, ONE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-THREE. Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses concurring, That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States ; which, when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislatures shall be valid as part of the said Constitu tion, viz.: — 124 Appendix. THE FOLLOWING IS PBEFIXED TO THE TWELFTH OF THE PRE CEDING AMENDMENTS. EIGHTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, AT THE FIRST SESSION, BEOUN AND HELD AT THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, IN THE TERRITORY OF COLUMBIA, ON MONDAY, THE SEVENTEENTH OF OCTOBER, ONE THOU SAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND THREE. Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses concurring, That in lieu of the third paragraph of the first section of the second Article of the Constitution of the United States, the following be proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States ; which, when ratified by three-fourths of the Legislatures of the several States, shall be valid to all intents and pur poses, as part of the said Constitution, to wit : — The ten first of the preceding amendments were proposed at the first session of the First Congress of the United States, September 25, 1789, and were finally ratified by the constitutional number of States, December 15, 1791. The eleventh amendment was proposed at the first session of the Third Congress, March 5, 1794, and was declared, in a message from the President of the United States to both houses of Congress, dated January 8, 1798, to have been adopted by the constitutional number of States. The twelfth amendment was proposed at the first session of the Eighth Congress, December 12, 1803, and was adopted by the constitutional number of States in 1804, according to a pubUc notice thereof by the Secretary of State, dated September 25 of the same year. ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. STATE DEPARTMENT. The number of persons employed in the Department of State of the United States, is seventeen, as follows : One Secretary of State, one Assistant Secretary of State, one Chief Clerk, twelve Clerks, one Translator, and one Librarian. DIPLOMATIC BRANCH. This branch of the State Department has charge of all correspondence be tween the Department and other diplomatic agents of the United States abroad, and those of foreign powers accredited to this Government. In it all diplomatic instructions sent from the Department, and communications to Commissioners under treaties of boundaries, etc., are prepared, copied, and recorded ; and all of like character received are registered and filed, their contents being first entered in an analytic table or index. CONSULAR BRANCH. This branch has charge of the correspondence, etc., between the Department and the Consuls and Commercial Agents of the United States. In it instructions to those officers, and answers to their dispatches and to letters from other per sons asking for consular agency, or relating to consular affairs, are prepared and recorded. THE DISBURSING AGENT. He has charge of all correspondence and other matters connected with ac counts relating to any fund with the disbursement of which the Department is, charged. t THE TRANSLATOR. His duties are to furnish such translations as the Department may require. He also records the commissions of Consuls and Vice-Consuls, when not in English, upon which exequaturs are issued. CLERK OF APPOINTMENTS AND COMMISSIONS. He makes out and records commissions, letters of appointment, and nomina tions to the Senate ; makes out and records exequaturs, and records, when in English, the commissions on which they are issued. Has charge of the library. (125) 126 Appendix. CLERK. OF THE ROLLS AND ARCHIVES. He takes charge of the rolls, or enrolled acts and resolutions of Congress, as they are received at the Department from the President ; prepares the authenti cated copies thereof which are called for ; prepares for, and superintends their pubUcation, and that of treaties, in the newspapers and in book form; attends to their distribution throughout the United States, and that of all documents and publications in regard to which this duty is assigned to the Department; writing and answering all letters connected therewith. Has charge of all Indian treaties, and business relating thereto. CLERK OF AUTHENTICATIONS AND COPYRIGHTS. He has charge of the seals of the United States and of the Department, and prepares and attaches certificates to papers presented for authentication ; receives and accounts for the fees. Has charge of publications transmitted to the De partment under the laws relating to copyrights ; records and indexes their titles ; records all letters from the Department, other than the diplomatic and consular. CLERK OF PARDONS AND PASSPORTS. He prepares and records pardons and remissions ; and registers and files the petitions and papers on which they are founded. Makes out and records pass ports ; keeps a daily register of all letters, other than diplomatic and consular, received, and of the disposition made of them ; prepares letters relating to this business. ATTORNEY-GENERAL'S OFFICE. Attorney-General of the United States ; Chief Clerk ; and several Copying Clerks. The ordinary business of this office may be classified under the foUow- ing heads : — 1. Official opinions on the current business of the Government, as called for by the President, by any head of Department, or by the Solicitor of the Trea sury. 2. Examination of the titles of all land purchased, as the sites of arsenals, custom-houses, light-houses, and all other public works of the United States. 3. AppUcations for pardons in all cases of conviction in the Courts of the- United States. 4. Applications for appointment in all the judicial and legal business of the Government. , 5. The conduct and argument of all suits in the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Government is concerned. 6. The supervision of all other suits arising in any of the Departments when referred by the head thereof to the Attorney-General. To these ordinary heads of the business of the office are added at the present time the following, viz. : — First. The direction of all appeals on land claims in California. Second. The codification and revision of the laws of the District of Columbia. Appendix. 127 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Its clerical force consists of one chief clerk; two disbursing clerks; and ten other regular clerks; and to its supervision and management are committed the following branches of the public service : — 1st. The Public Lands. — The chief of this bureau is called the Commissioner of the General Land-office. The Land Bureau is charged with the survey, ma nagement, and sale of the pubUc domain, and the issuing of titles therefor, whether derived from confirmations of grants made by former governments, by sales, donations, of grants for schools, mihtary bounties, or public improvements, and likewise the revision of Virginia mihtary bounty-land claims, and the issuing of scrip in Ueu thereof. The Land-office, also, audits its own accounts. Its principal officers are a recorder, chief clerk, principal clerk of surveys, besides a draughtsman, assistant draughtsman, and some one hundred and fifty clerks of various grades. _, 2d. Pensions. — The Commissioner is charged with the examination and adju dication of all claims arising under the various and numerous laws passed by Congress granting bounty-land or pensions for the military or naval services in the revolutionary and subsequent wars in which the United States have been en gaged. He has one chief clerk, and a permanent corps consisting of some ninety other clerks. 3d. Indians. — Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Is provided with a chief clerk, and about fifteen other subordinate clerks. 4th. Patent-office. — To this bureau is committed the execution and per formance of aU " acts and things touching and respecting the granting and issuing of patents for new and useful discoveries, inventions, and improvements ;'' the coUection of statistics relating to agriculture, the collection and distribution of seeds, plants, and cuttings. It has a chief clerk, who is by law the acting Com missioner of Patents in the absence of the Commissioner ; twelve principal, and twelve assistant examiners of patents, some dozen subordinate permanent clerks, besides a considerable number of temporary employees. Besides these four principal branches of this Executive Department, the or ganic act of 1849 transferred to it from the Treasury Department the supervision of the accounts of the United States Marshals and Attorneys, and the Clerks of the United States Courts, the management of the lead and other mines of the United States, and the affairs of the Penitentiary of the United States in the District of Columbia ; and from the State Department, the duty of taking and returning the Censuses of the United States, and of supervising and directing the acts of the Commissioner of Public Buildings. The Hospital for the Insane of the Army and Navy and of the District of Columbia is also under the ma nagement of this Department ; in addition to which, by laws recently passed, the Secretary of the Interior is charged with the construction of the three wagon roads leading to the Pacific coast. The Department requires an additional building for its accommodation, and 128 Appendix. the erection of one has been repeatedly recommended, during the last few years, for that purpose. At present the Pension-office is provided with rooms in what is known as "Winden's Building," while the other branches of the Department, including the Secretary's office, are all crowded into the Patent-office BuUding, the whole of which will be required at an early day for the use of the Patent- office, for which it was originally intended. TREASURY DEPARTMENT. The Treasury Department consists of the offices of the Secretary of the Trea sury, two comptrollers, commissioner of the customs, six auditors, treasurer, register, solicitor, light-house board, and coast survey. The following is a brief indication of the duties of these several offices, and of the force employed therein, respectively : — secretary's office. Secretary of the Treasury, assistant secretary, one engineer in charge, one architect, and three draughtsmen temporarily employed, and twenty-three clerks. The Secretary of the Treasury is charged with the general .supervision of the fiscal transactions of the Government, and of the execution of the laws concern ing the commerce and navigation of the United States. He superintends the survey of the coast, the light-house establishment, the marine hospitals of the United States, and the construction of certain public buildings for custom-houses and other purposes. first comptroller's office. Comptroller and fifteen clerks. He prescribes the mode of keeping and ren dering accounts for the civil and diplomatic service, as well as the public lands> and revises and certifies the balances arising thereon. SECOND COMPTROLLER'S OFFICE. Comptroller and seventeen clerks. He prescribes the mode of keeping and rendering the accounts of the army, navy, and Indian departments of the public service, and revises and certifies the balances arising thereon. OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER OF THE CUSTOMS. Commissioner and eleven clerks. He prescribes the mode of keeping and rendering the accounts of the customs revenue and disbursements, and for the building and repairing custom-houses, etc., and revises and certifies the balances arising thereon. \ FIRST AUDITOR'S OFFICE. First Auditor and nineteen clerks. He receives and adjusts the accounts of the customs revenue and disbursements, appropriations and expenditures on account of the civil list and under private acts of Congress, and reports the balances to the Commissioner of the Customs and the First Comptroller, respec tively, for their decision thereon. Appendix. 129 SECOND AUDITOR S OFFICE. Second Auditor and twenty-one clerks. He receives and adjusts all accounts relating to the pay, clothing, and recruiting of the army, as well as armories, arsenals, and ordnance, and all accounts relating to the Indian Department, and reports the balances to the Second Comptroller for his decision thereon. i THIRD AUDITOR'S OFFICE. Third Auditor and seventy-eight clerks. He receives and adjusts all accounts for subsistence of the army, fortifications, MUitary Academy, mihtary roads, and the Quartermaster's department, as well as for pensions, claims arising from military services previous to 1816, and for horses and other property lost in the .military service, under various acts of Congress, and reports the balances to the Second ComptroUer for his decision thereon. FOURTH AUDITOR'S OFFICE. Fourth Auditor and sixteen clerks. He receives and adjusts all accounts for the service of the Navy Department, and reports the balances to the Second Comptroller for his decision thereon. FIFTH AUDITOR'S OFFICE. Fifth Auditor and six clerks. He receives and adjusts all accounts for diplo matic and sinular services performed under the direction of the State Depart ment, and reports the balances to the First Comptroller for his decision thereon. SIXTH AUDITOR'S OFFICE. Auditor of the Treasury for the Post-office Department and one hundred and fourteen clerks. He receives and adjusts all accounts arising from the service of the Post-office Department. His decisions are final, unless an appeal be taken in twelve months to the First Comptroller. He superintends the collec tion of all debts due the Post-office Department, and all penalties and forfeit ures imposed on postmasters and maU contractors for failing to do their duty ; he directs suits and legal proceedings, civil and criminal, and takes all such measures as maybe authorized by law to enforce the prompt payment of moneys due to the department ; instructing United States attorneys, marshals, and clerks in aU matters relating thereto ; and receives returns from each term of the United States Courts of the condition and progress of such suits and legal proceedings ; has charge of aU lands and other property assigned to the United States in pay ment of debts due the Post-office Department, and has power to sell and dis pose of the same for .the benefit of the United States. TREASURER'S OFFICE. Treasurer and thirteen clerks. He receives and keeps the moneys of the United States in his own office, and that of the depositories, created by the Act of August 6, 1846, and pays out the same upon warrants drawn by the Secre tary of the Treasury, countersigned by the First Comptroller, and upon warrants 9* 130 Appendix. drawn by the Postmaster-General, and countersigned by the Sixth Auditor, and recorded by the Register. He also holds pubUc moneys advanced by warrant to disbursing officers, and pays out the same upon their checks. REGISTER'S OFFICE. Register and twenty-nine clerks. He keeps the accounts of public receipts and expenditures ; receives the returns and makes out the official statement of commerce and navigation of the United States; and receives from the First Comptroller and Commissioner of Customs all accounts and vouchers decided by them, and is charged by law with their safe keeping. SOLICITOR'S OFFICE. SoUcitor and six clerks. He superintends all civil suits commenced by the* United States, (except those arising in the Post-office Department,) and instructs the United States attorneys, marshals, and clerks in all matters relating to them and their results. He receives returns from each term of the United States Courts, showing the progress and condition of such suits ; has charge of all lands and other property assigned to the United States in payment of debts, (except those assigned in payment of debts due the Post-office Department,) and has power to sell and dispose of the same for the benefit of the United States. LIGHT-HOUSE BOARD. Secretary of the Treasury, ex-officio President; Com. W. B. Shubrick, United States Navy, Chairman ; Major A. H. Bowman, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, Capt. A. A. Humphreys, United States Army, Prof. A. D. Bache, Superintendent of Coast Survey, Prof. Joseph Henry, Secretary of Smithsonian Institution, Com. E. G. Tilton, United States Navy, Com. Thornton A. Jenkins, United States Navy, and Capt. William B. Franklin, United States Army, Secre taries ; and five clerks. This board directs the building and repairing of light houses, light-vessels, buoys, and beacons, contracts for supplies of oil, etc. UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. Prof. A. D. Bache, LL.D., Superintendent, and Superintendent of Weights and Measures ; Capt. William R. Palmer, Corps Topographical Engineers, United States Army; Lieut. A. P. HU1, United States Army, assistant, in charge of the Coast Survey Office. The other officers are: — A chief clerk, clerk in charge of archives, computer of longitudes, clerk in charge of computing division, assistant clerk in charge of tidal division, United States officer in charge of drawing divi sion, United States officer in charge of engraving division, a disbursing agent, an electro typist, and an assistant to superintendent of weights and measures. Appendix. 131 POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Postmaster-General. The direction and management of the Post-office De partment are assigned by the Constitution and laws to the Postmaster-General. That its business may be the more conveniently arranged and prepared for his final action, it is distributed among several bureaus, as follows : — The Appoint ment Office, in charge of the First Assistant Postmaster-General ; the Contract Office, in charge of the Second Assistant Postmaster-General; the Finance Office, in charge of the Third Assistant Postmaster-General ; and the Inspec tion Office, in charge of the Chief Clerk. APPOINTMENT OFFICE. First Assistant Postmaster-General and nineteen clerks. To this office are assigned all questions which relate to the establishment and discontinuance of post-offices, changes of sites and names, appointment and removal of postmas ters, and route and local agents, as, also, the giving of instructions to postmas ters. Postmasters are furnished with marking and rating stamps and letter -balances by this bureau, which is charged also with providing blanks and sta tionery for the use of the Department, and with the superintendence of the several agencies established for supplying postmasters with blanks. „To this bureau is likewise assigned the supervision of the ocean maU steamship lines, and of the foreign and international postal arrangements. CONTRACT OFFICE. Second Assistant Postmaster-General and twenty-six clerks. To this office is assigned the business of arranging the mail service of the United States, and placing the same under contract, embracing all correspondence and proceedings respecting the frequency of trips, mode of conveyance, and times of departures and- arrivals on aU the routes ; the course of the mail between the different sec tions of the country, the points of mail distribution, and the regulations for the government of the domestic mail service of the United States. It prepares the advertisements for mail proposals, receives the bids, and takes charge of the annual and occasional maU lettings, and the adjustment and execution of the contracts. AU applications for the estabUshment or alteration of maU arrange ments, and the appointment of mail messengers.-should be sent to this office. All claims should be submitted to it for transportation service not under contract, as the recognition of said service is first to be obtained through the Contract Office as a necessary authority for the proper credits at the Auditor's office. From this office all postmasters at the ends of routes receive the statement of maU arrangements prescribed for the respective routes. It reports weekly to the Auditor all contracts executed, and all orders affecting accounts for mail trans portation; prepares the statistical exhibits of the maU service, and the reports of the/mail lettings, giving a statement of each bid; also, of the contracts made, the new service originated, the curtaUments ordered, and the additional allow ances granted within the year. 132 Appendix. FINANCE OFFICE. Third Assistant Postmaster-General and twenty-one clerks. To this office are- assigned the supervision and management of the financial business of the De partment, not devolved by law upon the Auditor, embracing accounts with the draft offices and other depositories of the Department, the issuing of warrants and drafts in payment of balances, reported by the Auditor to be due to mail contractors and other persons, the supervision of the accounts of offices under orders to deposit their quarterly balances at designated points, and the superin tendence of the rendition by postmasters of their quarterly returns of postages. It has charge of the dead-letter office, of the issuing of postage stamps and stamped envelopes for the prepayment of postage, and of the accounts con nected therewith. To the Third Assistant Postmaster-General all postmasters should direct their quarterly returns of postage ; those at draft offices their letters reporting quar terly the net proceeds of their offices ; and those at depositing offices their cer tificates of deposit; to him should also be directed the weekly and monthly returns of the depositaries of the Department, as well as all applications and receipts for postage stamps and stamped envelopes, and for dead-letters. INSPECTION OFFICE. Chief clerk and seventeen clerks. To this office is assigned the duty of receiving and examining the registers of the arrivals and departures of the mails, certificates of the service of route agents, and reports of mail failures; of noting the delinquencies of contractors, and preparing cases thereon for the action of the Postmaster-General ; furnishing blanks for mail registers, and re ports of mail failures ; providing and sending out mail-bags and mail-locks and keys, and doing aU other things which may be necessary to secure a faithful and exact performance of all mail contracts. All cases of mail depredation, of violation of law by private expresses, or by the forging or illegal use of postage stamps, are under the supervision of this office, and should be reported to it. All communications respecting lost money, letters, mail depredations, or other violations of law, or maU-locks and keys, should be directed, " Chief Clerk, Post- office Department." All registers of the arrivals and departures of the mafls, certificates of the service of route agents, reports of mail failures, apphcations for blank registers, and reports of failures, and all complaints against contractors for irregular or imperfect service, should be directed, "Inspection-office, Post-office Depart ment." Appendix. 133 NAVY DEPARTMENT. The Navy Department consists of the Navy Department proper, being the office of the Secretary and of five bureaus attached thereto, viz. ; Bureau of Navy-yards and Docks ; Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair ; Bu reau of Provisions and Clothing; Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography; and the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. The following is a statement of the duties of each of these offices and of the force employed therein : — secretary's office. Secretary of the Navy, chief clerk, and eleven clerks. The Secretary of the Navy has charge of everything connected with the naval establishment, and the execution of all laws relating thereto is intrusted to him, under the general direc tion of the President of the United. States, who, by the Constitution, is Com mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy. All instructions to commanders of squadrons, and commanders of vessels, all orders of officers, commissions of offi cers both in the navy and marine corps, appointments of commissioned and war rant officers, orders for the enlistment and discharge of seamen, emanate from the Secretary's office. All the duties of the different bureaus are performed under the authority of the Secretary, and their orders are considered as emanating from him. The general superintendence of the marine corps forms, also, a part of the duties of the Secretary, and all the orders of the commandant of that corps should be approved by him. BUREAU OF NAVY-YARDS AND DOCKS. Commodore Joseph Smith, chief of the bureau, four clerks, one civil engineer, and one draughtsman. All the navy-yards, docks, and wharves, buildings and machinery in navy-yards, and everything immediately connected with them, are under the superintendence of this bureau. It is also charged with the manage ment of the Naval Asylum. ? BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, AND REPAIR. Chief of the bureau, eight clerks, and one draughtsman. The office of the Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy is attached to this bureau, who is assisted by three assistant engineers. This bureau has charge of the building and repairs of aU vessels-of-war, purchase of materials, and the providing of all vessels with their equipments, as sails, anchors, water-tanks, etc. The Engineer-in-Chief superintends the construction of all marine steam-engines for the navy, and, with the approval of the Secretary, decides upon plans for their construction. BUREAU OF PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING. Purser, United States Navy, chief of bureau, and four clerks. All provisions for the use of the navy, and clothing, together with the making of contracts for furnishing the same, come under the charge of this bureau. 134 Appendix. BUREAU OF ORDNANCE AND HYDROGRAPHY. Captain Duncan Ingraham, chief of bureau, four clerks, and one draughtsman. This bureau has charge of all ordnance and ordnance stores, the manufacture or purchase of cannon, guns, powder, shot, shells, etc., and the equipment of vessels- of-war, with everything connected therewith. It also provides them with maps, charts, chronometers, barometers, etc., together with such books as are furnished ships-of-war. "The United States Naval Observatory and Hydrographical Office," at Washington, and the Naval Academy, at Annapolis, are also under the general superintendence of the chief of this bureau. BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Dr. William Whelan, Surgeon, United States Navy, chief of bureau, one passed assistant surgeon United States Navy, and two clerks. Everything relating to medicines and medical stores, treatment of sick and wounded, and management of hospitals, comes within the superintendence of this bureau. WAR DEPARTMENT. Secretary of War, chief clerk, seven subordinate clerks, two messengers, and four watchmen. The following bureaus are attached to this Department : — COMMANDING GENERAL'S OFFICE. This office, at the head of which is Lieutenant-General Scott, is at New York. adjutant-general's office. Colonel Samuel Cooper, Adjutant-General. Assistants: Brevet-Major E. D. Townsend, Brevet-Captain S. Williams, and Brevet-Captain J. P. Garesche. Judge- Advocate, Brevet-Major John F. Lee ; nine clerks and one messenger. In this office are kept all the records which refer to the personel of the army, the rolls, etc. It is here where all mihtary commissions are made out. quartermaster-general's office. Brevet-Major-General T. S. Jesup, Quartermaster-General. Assistants: — Colonel C.Thomas, Captain M. S. Miller, and Brevet-Major J. Belger; eleven clerks, and one messenger. paymaster-general's office. Colonel B. F. Larned, Paymaster-General ; Major T. J. Leslie, District Pay master ; eight clerks, and one messenger. Appendix. 135 commissary-general's office. General George Gibson, Commissary-General ; Assistant : Captain M. D. L. Simpson ; six clerks, and one messenger. surgeon-general's office. General Thomas Lawson, Surgeon-General ; Assistants : Dr. R. C. Wood, and Dr. G. K. Wood ; three clerks. engineer's office. General Joseph G. Totten, Chief Engineer ; Assistant : Captain H. G. Wright ; five clerks, and one messenger. topographical bureau. Colonel J. J. Abert, colonel of the corps ; Assistant : Captain J. C. Wood ruff; four clerks, and one messenger. ORDNANCE BUREAU. Colonel H. R. Craig, Colonel of Ordnance ; Assistant : Captain William May- nadier ; eight clerks, and one messenger. 136 Appendix. the SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE AMERICAN UNION. THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES THAT FORMED AND CONFIRMED THE UNION, BY THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION, ARE AS FOLLOWS:— NEW HAMPSHIEE. First settled at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until September 18, 1679, when a separate charter and government was granted. A Constitution was formed January 5, 1776, which was altered in 1784, and was further altered and amended February 13, 1792. This State ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 21, 1788. Area, 9280 square miles. Population in 1850, 317,976. MASSACHUSETTS. First settled at Plymouth, by English Puritans from Holland, who landed Decem ber 22, 1620. Chartered March 4, 1629; also chartered January 13, 1630; an explanatory charter granted August 20, 1726; and more completely chartered October 7, 1731. Formed a Constitution March 2, 1780, which was altered and amended November 3, 1820. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, February 6, 1788. Area, 7500 square miles. Population in 1850, 994,514. EHODE ISLAND. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until July 8, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which continued in force until a Constitution was formed, September, 1842. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 29, 1790. Area, 1360 square miles. Population in 1850, 147,545. Appendix. 137 f CONNECTICUT. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until April 23, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which con tinued in force until a Constitution was formed, September 15, 1818. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 9, 1788. Area, 4674 square nules. Population in 1850, 370,792. NEW YORK. Granted to Duke of York, March 20, 1664, April 26, 1664, and June 24, 1664. Newly patented February 9, 1674; formed a Constitution April 20, 1777, which was amended October 27, 1801, and further amended November 10, 1821. A new Con stitution was formed in 1846. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, July 26, 1788. Area, 47,000 square miles. Population in 1850, 3,097,394. NEW JERSEY. Held under same grants as New York ; separated into East and West Jersey March 3, 1677. The government surrendered to the Crown in 1702, and so continued until the formation of a Constitution, July 2, 1776. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 18, 1787. Area, 8320 square miles. Population in 1850, 489,555. PENNSYLVANIA. Chartered February 28, 1681 ; formed a Constitution September 28, 1776 ; amended, September 2, 1790. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 12, 1787. Area, 46,000 square miles. Population in 1850, 2,311,786. DELAWARE. Embraced in the charter, and continued under the government of Pennsylvania until the formation of a Constitution, September 20, 1776 ; a new Constitution formed June 12, 1792. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 7, 1787. Area, 2120 square mUes. Population in 1850, 91,532. MARYLAND. Chartered June 20, 1632; formed a Constitution August 14, 1776, which was amended in 1795 and 1799, and further amended in November, 1812. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, April 28, 1788. ¦ Area, 9356 square miles. Population in 1850, 583,034. VIRGINIA. Chartered April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1612; formed a Consti tution July 5, 1776; amended, January 15, 1830. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 26, 1788. Area, 61,352 square miles. Population in 1850, 1,421,661. 138 Appendix. NORTH CAROLINA. Chartered March 20, 1663, and June 30, 1665 ; formed a Constitution December 18, 1776, which was amended in 1835. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, November 21, 1789. Area, 50,704 square miles. Population in 1850, 869,039. SOUTH CAROLINA. Embraced in the charters of Carolina or North Carolina, from which it was sepa rated in 1729; formed a Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 23, 1788. Area, 29,585 square miles. Population in 1850, 668,507. GEORGIA. Chartered June 9, 1732; formed a Constitution February 5, 1777, a second in 1785, and a third May 30, 1798. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 2, 1788. Area, 58,000 square mileS. Population in 1850, 906,185. THE STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION, ARE AS FOLLOWS:— VERMONT. Formed from territory of New York. Admitted March 4, 1791. A Constitution adopted July 9, 1793. Area, 10,212 square miles. Population in 1850, 314,120. KENTUCKY. Formed from territory of Virginia. Admitted June 1, 1792. A Constitution laid before Congress November 7, 1792. A new Constitution adopted August 17, 1799. Area, 37,680 square miles. Population in 1850, 982,405. TENNESSEE. Formed from territory of North Carolina. Adopted a Constitution February 6, 1796. Admitted June 1, 1796. Area, 45,600 square miles. Population in 1850, 1,002,717. Appendix. 139 OHIO. Formed from Northwest territory. Adopted a Constitution November 1, 1802. Admitted November 29, 1802. Area, 39,964 square miles. Population in 1850, 1,980,329. LOUISIANA. Formed from French territory. Adopted a Constitution January 22, 1812. Admitted April 8, 1812. Area, 41,225 square miles. Population in 1850, 517,762. INDIANA. Formed from Northwest territory. Adopted a Constitution June 29, 1816. Admitted December 11, 1816. Area, 33,809 square miles. Population in 1850, 988,416. MISSISSIPPI. Formed from territory of South Carolina and Georgia. Adopted a Constitution March 1, 1817. Admitted December 10, 1817. Area, 47,156 square miles. Population in 1850, 606,526. ILLINOIS. Formed from Northwest territory. Adopted a Constitution August 26, 1818. Admitted December 3, 1818. Area, 55,409 square mUes. Population in 1850, 851,470. ALABAMA. Formed from territory of South Carolina and Georgia. Adopted a Constitution August 2, 1819. Admitted December 14, 1819. Area, 50,722 square miles. Population in 1850, 771,623. MAINE. Formed from territory of Massachusetts. Adopted a Constitution October 29, 1819. Admitted March 15, 1820. Area, 31,766 square miles. Population in 1850, 583,169. MISSOURI. Formed from French territory. Adopted a Constitution July 19, 1820. Admitted August 10, 1821. Area, 67,380 square miles. Population in 1850, 682,044. 140 Appendix. ARKANSAS. Formed from French territory. Presented a Constitution March 1, 1836. Admitted June 15, 1836. Area, 52,198 square mUes. Population in 1850, 209,897. MICHIGAN. Formed from territory originally belonging to Virginia. Presented a memorial for admission January 25, 1833. Admitted January 26, 1837. Area, 56,243 square miles. Population in 1850, 397,654. FLORIDA. Formed from Spanish territory. Presented a Constitution February 20, 1839. Admitted March 3, 1845. Area, 59,268 square miles. Population in 1850, 87,445. TEXAS. Was an Independent Republic. Admitted December 29, 1845. Area, 237,504 square miles. Population in 1850, 212,592. WISCONSIN. Formed from Indian territory. Adopted a Constitution January 21, 1847. Admitted May 29, 1848. Area 53,924 square miles. Population in 1850, 305,391. IOWA. Formed from Indian territory. Presented a Constitution December 9, 1844. Admitted December 28, 1846. Area, 50,914 square miles. Population in 1850, 192,214. CALIFORNIA. Formed from Mexican territory. Admitted September 9, 1850. Area, 188,982 square miles. Population in 1850, 92,597. MINNESOTA. Formed from Indian territory. Admitted May 11, 1858. Area, 166,025 square miles. Population in 1850, 6077. Appendix. 141 TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. OREGON. Organized August 14, 1848. Area, 185,030 square mUes. Population in 1850, 13,294. UTAH. Organized September 9, 1850. Area, 259,170 square miles. Population in 1850, 11,380. NEW MEXICO. Organized September 9, 1850. Area, 207,007 square miles. Population in 1850, 61,547. WASHINGTON. Organized November 2, 1853. Area, 123,022 square mUes. No census. NEBRASKA. Organized May 30, 1854. Area, 335,882 square mUes. No census. KANSAS. EstabUshed May 30, 1854. Area, 114,798 square mUes. No census. 142 Appendix. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Established under the first Article of the Constitution of the United States: — " Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States," etc. In pursuance of which provision the State of Maryland, De cember 23, 1788, passed "An act to cede to Congress a district of ten miles square in this State, for the seat of the Government of the United States." And the State of Virginia, December 3, 1789, passed "An act for the cession of ten miles square, or any lesser quantity of territory within this State, to the United States in Congress assembled, for the permanent seat of the General Government." These cessions were accepted by Congress, as required by the Constitution, and the permanent seat of government established by the "Act for establishing the tem porary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States," approved July 16, 1790; and the act to amend the same, approved March 3, 1791. The district of ten miles square was accordingly located, and its lines and bound aries particularly established by a proclamation of George Washington, President of the United States, March 30, 1791, and by the "Act concerning the District of Columbia," approved February 27, 1801, Congress assumed complete jurisdiction over the said District, as contemplated by the framers of the Constitution. Area, 50 square miles. Population in 1850, 51,687. Appendix. 143 PEOGRESS OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, from 1T90 to 1850. First Census, August 1, 1790. Whites. Free Colored. Slaves. Total. Free States 1,900,772 26,831 40,850 1,968,453 SlaveStates 1,271,692 32,635 645,047 1,961,374 Total 3,172,464 59,446 697,897 3,929,827 Second Census, August 1, 1800. FreeStates i 2,601,509 47,154 35,946 2,684,609 SlaveStates 1,702,980 61,241 857,095 2,621,316 Total 4,304,489 108,395 893,041 5,305,925 Third Census, August 1, 1810. FreeStates 3,653,219 78,181 27,510 3,758,910 SlaveStates 2,208,785 108,265 1,163,854 3,480,904 Total 5,862,004 186,446 1,191,364 7,239,814 Fourth Census, August 1, 1820. FreeStates 5,030,371 102,893 19,108 5,152,372 SlaveStates 2,842,340 135,434 1,524,580 4,502,224 Total 7,872,711 238,197 1,543,688 9,654,596 Fifth Census, June 1, 1830. FreeStates 6,876,620 137,529 3,568 7,017,717 SlaveStates 3,660,758 182,070 2,005,475 5,848,303 Total 10,537,378 319,599 2,009,043 12,866,020 Sixth Census, June 1, 1840. FreeStates 9,557,065 170,727 1,129 9,728,921 SlaveStates 4,632,640 215,568 2,486,226 7,334,434 Total 14,189,705 386,295 2,487,355 17,063,355 Seventh Census, June 1, 1850. FreeStates 13,330,650 196,308 262 13,527,220 SlaveStates 6,222,418 238,187 3,204,051 9,664,654 Total 19,553,068 434,495 3,204,313 23,191,874 POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL STATES, THE RATIO OF REPRESENTATION, AND THE NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES ALLOWED TO EACH AT THE TIME OF THEIR ADMISSION, RESPECTIVELY. STATES. WHEN ADMITTED. Population. Ratio of rep resentation at time of admission. Representatives before next appor tionment. REMARKS. New Hampshire... Ratified Constitution, June 21, 1788 Feb. 6, 1788 May 29, 1790 " " Jan. 9, 1788 July 26, 1788 Dec. 18, 1787 Dec. 12, 1787 Dec. 7, 1787 AprU 28, 1788 " " June 26, 1788 Nov. 21, 1789 May 23, 1788 Jan. 2, 1788 141,899378,717 69,110 238,141 340,120184,139434,373 59,096 319,728748,308393,751 249,073 82,548 3 8 1 5 6 4 8 16 10 553 First census, taken in August, 1790. Vermont Kentucky....Tennessee... Ohio Louisiana..., Indiana Mississippi , Illinois Alabama .... Maine Missouri ... Arkansas... Michigan...Florida Texas Wisconsin .. Iowa CaUfornia .. Minnesota- March 4, 1791. June 1, 1792. June 1, 1796. Nov. 29, 1802. April 8, 1812. Deo. 11, 1816. Dec. 10, 1817. Deo. 3, 1818. Deo. 14, 1819. March 15, 1820. Aug. 10, 1821. June 15, 1836. Jan. 26, 1837. March 3, 1845. Dec. 29, 1845. May 29, 1848. Deo. 28, 1846. Sept. 9, 1850. May 11, 1858. 85,589 78,077 77,262 41,915 76,556 63,89775,51284,620 144,317 298,335 66,586 52,240 200,000 54,477 250,000210,596 81,920 107,000 150,042 88,00033,000 83,00035,00035,00035,00035,00035,000 35,00047,700 47,700 70,68070,58070,680 70,68070,68093,420 See WilUams's History of Vermont. Census of 1790. No census of Territory pre vious to admission. Territorial census. See American State Pa pers, Mis., vol. i, p. 147. See American State Papers, Mis., vol. i. p. 825. Census of 1810. No census of Territory pre vious to admission. Territorial census. See American State Pa- p. 277. See American State Pa- p. 407. See Niles's Register, vol. pers, Mis., vol. ii Territorial census. pers, Mis., vol. U Territorial census, xiv. p. 359. Census of 1820. Census of 1820. Census of 1820. Territorial census. See Ex. Docs. H. R., vol. iv. No. 144, 1st sess. 24th Cong. Estimated population Dec. 1836. See Docs. H. R., vol. ii. No. 68, 2d sess. 24th Cong. Census of 1840. No census of Territory pre vious to admission. See American Almanac for 1844. Territorial census of 1847. See Ex. Doc. H. R., 1st sess. 30th Cong., No. 55, vol. v. Territorial census of 1844. See American Al manac for 1846. Estimated population. See Sen. Mis. Docs., vol. i. No. 68, 1st sess. 31st Cong. Territorial census. See Annual Report of the Sec'y of the Interior, 1st sess. 35th Cong. THE STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS, SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. MAINE. FROM TO WUUam King 1820 1821 Albion K. Parris 1821 1826 Enoch Lincoln 1826 1830 Jonathan G. Hunton 1830 1831 Samuel E. Smith 1831 1833 Robert P. Dunlap 1833 1838 Edward Kent 1838 1839 John Fairfield 1839 1840 Edward Kent 1840 1841 John Fairfield 1841 1843 Edward Kavanagh, (acting). 1843 1844 Hugh J. Anderson 1844 1847 John W. Dana 1847 1850 John Hubbard 1850 1853 WUUam G. Crosby 1853 1855 Anson P. Morrill 1855 1857 Hannibal Hamlin 1857 1857 Joseph H. WUliams 1857 1858 Lot M. Morrill 1858 1859 Salary, $1500. Term, one year. Seat of Government, Augusta. NEW HAMPSHIRE. FROM TO Josiah Bartlett 1792 1794 John Taylor GUman 1794 1805 John Langdon 1805 1809 Jeremiah Smith 1809 1810 John Langdon 1810 1812 WUliam Plumer 1812 1813 John Taylor Gilman 1813 1816 WilUam Plumer 1816 1819 Samuel Bell 1819 1823 Levi Woodbury 1823 1824 David L. Morrill 1824 1827 Benjamin Pierce 1827 1830 Matthew Harvey 1830 1831 Samuel Dinsmoor 1831 1834 William Badger 1834 1836 Isaac Hill 1836 1839 John Page 1839 1842 Henry Hubbard 1842 1844 John H. Steele 1844 1846 Anthony Colby 1846 1847 Jared W. Williams 1847 1849 Samuel Dinsmoor 1849 1852 (147) 148 Appendix. FROM TO Noah Martin 1852 1854 Nathaniel B. Baker 1854 1855 Ralph Metcalf 1855 1856 « 1856 1857 WilUam Haile 1857 1858 " " (re-elected)... 1858 1859 Salary, $1000. Term, one year. Seat of Government, Concord. VERMONT. Moses Robinson 1789 1790 Thomas Chittenden 1790 1797 Isaac Tiehenor 1797 1807 Israel Smith 1807 1808 Isaac Tiehenor 1808 1809 Galusha Jones 1809 1813 Martin Chittenden 1813 1815 Galusha Jones 1815 1820 Richard Skinner 1820 1823 C. P. Van Ness 1823 1826 Ezra Butler 1826 1828 Samuel C. Crafts 1828 1831 WiUiam A. Palmer 1831 1835 SUas A. Jenison 1835 1841 Charles Paine 1841 1843 John Mattocks 1843 1844 WiUiam Slade 1844 1846 Horace Eaton 1846 1849 Charles Coolidge 1849 1850 Charles K. WiUiams 1850 1852 Erastus Fairbanks 1852 1853 John S. Robinson 1853 1854 Stephen Royce 1854 1856 Ryland Fletcher 1856 1858 Salary, $1000. Term, one year: Seat of Government, MontpeUer. MASSACHUSETTS. FROM TO John Hancock 1789 1794 Samuel Adams 1794 1797 Increase Sumner 1797 1799 Caleb Strong 1800 1807 James Sullivan 1807 1808 Christopher Gore 1809 1810 Elbridge Gerry 1810 1812 Caleb'Strong 1812 1816 John Brooks 1816 1823 William Eustis 1823 1825 Levi Lincoln 1825 1834 JohnDavis 1834 1836 Edward Everett „ 1836 1840 Marcus Morton 1840 1841 John Davis 1841 1843 Marcus Morton 1843 1844 George N. Briggs 1844 1851 George S. Boutwell 1851 1853 John H. Clifford 1853 1854 Emory Washburn 1854 1855 Henry J. Gardner 1855 1858 Nathaniel P. Banks 1858 1859 Salary, $3500. Term, one year. Seat of Government, Boston. RHODE ISLAND. Arthur Fenner 1789 1805 Henry Smith 1805 1806 Isaac Wilburn 1806 1807 James Fenner 1807 1811 William Jones 1811 1817 Nehemiah Knight 1817 1821 William C. Gibbs 1821 1824 William Findlay 1824 1831 Lemuel H. Arnold 1831 1832 Appendix. 149 John B. Francis 1833 1838 William Sprague 1838 1840 Samuel W. King 1840 1842 James Fenner 1842 1844 Charles Jackson 1844 1845 Byran Diman 1846 1847 EUsha Harris 1847 1849 Henry B. Anthony 1849 1851 PhUipAUen 1851 1854 WUUam W. Hoppin 1854 1857 EUsha Dyer 1857 1859 Salary, $1000. Term, one year. Seats of Government, Newport and Providence. CONNECTICUT. Samuel Huntington 1785 1796 OUver Wolcott 1796 1798 Jonathan TrumbuU 1798 1809 John TreadweU 1809 1811 Roger Griswold 1811 1813 John Cotton Smith 1813 1818 OUver Wolcott 1818 1827 Gideon Tomlinson 1827 1831 John S.Peters 1831 1833 Henry W. Edwards 1833 1834 Samuel A. Foote 1834 1835 Henry W. Edwards 1835 1838 WUliam W. Ellsworth 1838 1842 Chauncey F. Cleveland 1842 1844 Roger S. Baldwin 1844 1846 Isaac Toucey 1846 1847 Clark Bissell 1847 1849 Joseph Trumbull 1849 1850 Thomas H. Seymour 1850 1853 C. H. Pond, (acting) 1853 1854 Henry Dutton 1854 1855 William T. Minor 1855 1857 Alexander H. Holley 1857 1858 WilUam A. Buckingham 1858 1859 Salary, $1100. Term, one year. Seat of Government, Hartford. NEW YORK. George Clinton 1789 1795 JohnJay., 1795 1801 George CUnton 1801 1804 Morgan Lewis 1804 1807 Daniel D. Tompkins 1807 1817 De Witt Clinton 1817 1822 Joseph C. Yates 1822 1824 De Witt Clinton 1824 1828 Martin Van Buren 1828 1830 Enos T. Throop 1830 1832 William L. Marcy 1832 1838 WUliam H. Seward 1838 1842 ' William C. Bouck 1842 1844 SUas Wright 1844 1846 John Young 1846 1848 Hamilton Fish 1848 1850 Washington Hunt 1850 1852 Horatio Seymour 1852 1854 Myron H. Clark 1854 1856 John A. King 1856 1858 Salary, $4000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Albany. NEW JERSEY. William Livingston 1789 1794 WUUam Patterson 1794 1794 Richard Howell 1794 1801 150 Appendix. FROM TO Joseph Bloomfield 1801 1812 Aaron Ogden 1812 1813 WiUiam S. Pennington 1813 1815 Mahlon Dickinson 1815 1817 Isaac H. Williamson 1817 1829 Peter D. Vroom 1829 1832 Samuel L. Southard 1832 1833 EUasP. Seely '. 1833 1833 Peter D. Vroom 1833 • 1836 Philemon Dickinson 1836 1837 William Pennington 1837 1843 Daniel Haines 1843 1844 Charles C. Stratton. ...„ 1844 1848 Daniel Haines 1848 1851 George F. Fort 1851 1854 Rodman M. Price 1854 1857 William A. NeweU 1857 1860 Salary, $1800 and fees. Term, three years. Seat of Government, Trenton. PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas Mifflin 1790 1799 Thomas McKean 1799 1808 Simon Snyder 1808 1817 WUUam Findlay 1817 1820 Joseph Heister 1820 1823 John Andrew Schultz 1823 1829 George Wolf 1829 1835 JosephRitner 1835 1839 David R. Porter 1839 1845 Francis R. Shunk 1845 1848 William F. Johnston 1848 1852 WilliamBigler 1852 1855 James Pollock 1855 1858 William F. Packer 1858 1861 Salary, $3000. Term, three years. Seat of Government, Harrisburg. DELAWARE. FROM TO Joshua Clayton 1789 1796 Gunning Bedford 1796 1797 Daniel Rogers 1797 1798 Richard Bassett 1798 1801 James Sykes, (acting) 1801 1802 David Hall 1802 1805 Nathaniel Mitchell 1805 1808 George Truett 1808 1811 Joseph Haslett 1811 1814 Daniel Rodney 1814 1817 John Clarke 1817 1820 Jacob Stout, (acting) 1820 1821 John Collins 1821 1822 Caleb Rodney, (acting) 1822 1823 Joseph Haslett 1823 1824 Samuel Paynter 1824 1827 George Poindexter 1827 1830 David Hazzard 1830 1838 Caleb P. Bennett 1833 1837 Cornelius P. Comegys 1837 1840 William B. Cooper 1840 1844 Thomas Stockton 1844 1846 Joseph Maul, (acting)! 1846 1846 William Temple 1846 1846 William Thorp 1846 1851 William H. Ross 1851 1855 Peter F. Causey 1855 1859 Salary, $1333J. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Dover. MARYLAND. John Eager Howard 1788 1792 George Plater 1792 1792 Thomas Sim Lee 1792 1794 JohnH. Stone 1794 1797 John Henry 1797 1798 Appendix. 151 FROM TO Benjamin Ogle 1798 1801 John F. Mercer 1801 1803 Robert Bowie 1803 1805 Robert Wright 1805 1809 Edward Lloyd 1809 1811 Robert Bowie 1811 1812 Levin Winder 1812 1815 C. Ridgely 1815 1818 C. W. Goldsborough 1818 1819 Samuel Sprigg 1819 1822 Samuel Stevens 1822 1826 Joseph Kent 1826 1829 Daniel Martin 1829 1830 T. K. Carroll 1830 1831 Daniel Martin 1831 1831 George Howard, (acting) 1831 1832 1832 1833 James Thomas 1833 1836 Thomas W. Veasay 1836 1838 WUUam Grayson 1838 1841 Thomas Francis 1841 1844 Thomas G. Pratt 1844 1848 Philip F. Thomas 1848 1851 Enoch L.Lowe 1851 1854 Thomas W. Ligon 1854 1858 Thomas H. Hicks 1858 1862 Salary, $3600, with a furnished house. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Annapolis. VIRGINIA. Beverley Randolph 1788 1791 Henry Lee 1791 1794 Robert Brooke 1794 1796 James Wood 1796 1799 James Monroe 1799 1802 John Page 1802 1805 William H. CabeU 1805 1808 FROM TO John Tyler 1808 1811 James Monroe 1811 1811 George W. Smith 1811 1812 JamesBarbour 1812 1814 Wilson C. Nicholas 1814 1816 James P. Preston 1816 1819 Thomas M. Randolph 1819 1822 James Pleasants... v 1822 1825 John Tyler 1825 1827 William B. Giles 1827 1830 John Floyd 1830 1834 Littleton W. Tazewell 1834 1836 Wyndham Robertson, (act'g) 1836 1837 David CampbeU 1837 1840 Thomas W. Gilmer 1840 1841 John Rutherford 1841 1842 John M. Gregory 1842 1843 James McDowell 1843 1846 William Smith 1846 1849 John B.Floyd 1849 1852 Joseph Johnson 1852 1856 Henry A. Wise 1856 1860 Salary, $5000. ' Term, three years. Seat of Government, Richmond. NORTH CAROLINA. Alexander Martin 1789 1792 Richard D. Spaight 1792 1795 Samuel Ashe 1795 1798 WilUam R. Davie 1798 1799 Benjamin Williams 1799 1802 James Turner 1802 1805 Nathaniel Alexander 1805 1807 Benjamin Williams 1807 1808 David Stone 1808 1810 Benjamin Smith 1810 1811 William Hawkins 1811 1814 152 Appendix. FROM TO William Miller 1814 1817 John Branch 1817 1820 Jesse Franklin 1820 1821 Gabriel Holmes 1821 1824 Hutchins G. Burton 1824 1827 James Iredell 1827 1828 John Owen 1828 1830 Montfort Stokes 1830 1832 David L. Swain 1832 1835 Richard D. Spaight 1835 1837 Edward B. Dudley 1837 1840 John M. Morehead 1840 1844 William A. Graham 1844 1849 Charles Manly 1849 1851 David S. Reid 1851 1855 ThomasBragg 1855 1859 Salary, $3000, with a furnished house. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Raleigh. SOUTH CAROLINA. Charles Pinckney 1789 1792 Arnoldus Vanderhorst 1792 1794 William Moultrie 1794 1796 Charles Pinckney 1796 1798 Edward Rutledge 1798 1800 John Drayton, (acting)...*... 1800 1800 " " 1800 1802 James B. Richardson 1802 1804 Paul Hamilton 1804 1806 Charles Pinckney 1806 1808 John Drayton 1808 1810 Henry Middleton 1810 1812 Joseph Alston 1812 1814 David R. Williams 1814 1816 Andrew Pickens 1816 1818 John Geddes 1818 1820 Thomas Bennet 1820 1822 FROM TO John L.Wilson 1822 1824 Richard J. Manning ~. 1824 1826 John Taylor 1826 1828 Stephen D. Miller 1828 1830 James Hamilton 1830 1832 Robert Y. Hayne 1832 1834 George McDuffie 1834 1836 Pierce M. Butler.... 1836 1838 PatrickNoble 1838 1840 B. K. Hennegan, (acting) 1840 1840 J. P. Richardson 1840 1842 James H. Hammond 1842 1844 William Aiken 1844 1847 David Johnson 1847 1848 W. B. Seabrook 1848 1850 John H. Means 1850 1852 John L. Manning 1852 1854 James H. Adams 1854 1856 R. F. W. Alston 1856 1858 « Salary, $3500. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Columbia. GEORGIA. George Walton 1789 1790 Edward Telfair 1790 1793 George Matthews 1793 1796 Jared Irwin 1796 1798 James Jackson 1798 1801 David Emanuel, (acting) 1801 1801 Josiah Tatnall 1801 1802 JohnMilledge 1802 1806 Jared Irwin 1806 1809 David B. Mitchell 1809 1813 Peter Early ;.... 1813 1815 David B. Mitchell 1815 1817 William Rabun 1817 1819 Matthew Talbot, (acting).... 1819 1819 Appendix. 153 FROM TO John Clarke., 1819 1823 George M. Troup 1823 1827 John Forsyth 1827 1829 George R. GUmer 1829 1831 Wilson Lumpkin 1831 1835 WilUam Schley 1835 1837 George R. GUmer 1837 1839 Charles J. McDonald 1839 1843 George W. Crawford 1843 1847 George W. Towns 1847 1851 Howell Cobb 1851 1853 Herschel V. Johnson 1853 1857 James E.Brown 1857 1859 Salary, $3000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, MiUedgeviUe. FLORIDA. TERRITORY. WiUiam P. DuvaU 1822 1834 John H. Eaton 1834 1836 Richard K. Call 1836 1844 John Branch 1844 1845 STATE. WiUiam D. Moseley 1845 1849 Thomas Brown 1849 1853 James E. Broome 1853 1857 Madison S. Perry 1857 1861 Salary, $1500. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Tallahassee. ALABAMA. WilUam W.Bibb 1819 1820 Thomas Bibb 1820 1821 Israel Pickens 1821 1825 FROM TO John Murphy 1825 1829 Gabriel Moore 1829 1831 JohnGoyle 1831 1835 Clement C. Clay 1835 1837 Arthur P. Bagby 1837 1841 Benjamin Fitzpatrick 1841 1845 Joshua L. Martin 1845 1847 Reuben Chapman 1847 1849 Henry W. ColUer 1849 1853 John A. Winston 1853 1857 Andrew B. Moore 1857 1859 Salary, $2500. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Montgomery. MISSISSIPPI. TERRITORY. Winthrop Sargent 1798 1802 W. C. C. Claiborne 1802 1805 Robert WilUams 1805 1809 David Holmes 1809 1817 STATE. David Holmes 1817 1819 George Poindexter 1819 1821 Walter Leake 1821 1825 David Holmes 1825 1827 Gerard C. Brandon 1827 1831 Abraham M. Scott 1831 1833 Hiram G. Runnels 1833 1835 Charles Lynch 1835 1837 Alexander G. McNutt 1837 1841 Tilghman M. Tucker 1841 1843 Albert G. Brown 1843 1848 Joseph W. Mathews 1848 1850 John A. Quitman 1850 1851 John J. Guion, (acting) 1851 1851 Jas. Whitfield 1851 1852 154 Appendix. FROM TO Henry S. Foote 1852 1854 John J. McRae 1854 1858 William Mc Willie 1858 1860 Salary, $4000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Jackson. LOUISIANA. TERRITORY OF ORLEANS. William C. C. Claiborne 1804 1812 STATE. William C. C. Claiborne 1812 1816 James Villare 1816 1820 Thomas B. Robertson 1820 1822 H. S. Thibodeaux, (acting)... 1822 1824 Henry Johnson 1824 1828 Peter Derbigny 1828 1829 A. Bauvais, (acting) 1829 1830 JacquesDupre 1830 1830 Andre B.Roman 1830 1834 Edward D. White 1834 1838 Andre B.Roman 1838 1841 Alexander Warton 1841 1845 Isaac Johnson 1845 1850 Joseph Walker 1850 1854 PaulO.Hebert 1854 185.8 R. C. Wickliffe 1858 1862 Salary, $4000. Term, four years . Seat of Government, Baton Rouge. TEXAS. J. Pinckney Henderson 1846 1847 George T.Wood 1847 1849 P. H. Bell 1849 1853 Edward M. Pease 1853 1857 H. G. Runnells 1857 1861 Salary, $3000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Austin. ARKANSAS. TERRITORY. James Miller 1819 1825 George Izard 1825 1829 John Pope 1829 1835 William S. Fulton 1835 1836 STATE. James S. Conway 1836 1840 Archibald Yell, 1840 1844 Samuel Adams, (acting) 1844 1844 Thomas S. Drew 1844 1848 John S. Roane 1848 1852 EUas S.Conway 1852 1860 Salary, $1800. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Little Rock. TENNESSEE. John Sevier 1796 1801 Archibald Roane 1801 1803 John Sevier 1803 1809 Wilie Blount 1809 1815 Joseph McMin 1815 1821 WUliam CarroU 1821 1827 Samuel Houston 1827 1829 William Carroll 1829 1835 Newton Cannon 1835 1839 James K. Polk 1839 1841 James C.Jones 1841 1845 Appendix. 155 FROM TO Aaron V.Brown 1845 1847 Neil S.Brown 1847 1849 William Trousdale 1849 1851 WilUam B. Campbell 1851 1853 Andrew Johnson 1853 1857 Isham G. Harris 1857 ' 1859 Salary, $3000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Nashville. KENTUCKY. Isaac Shelby 1792 1796 JamesGarrard 1796 1804 Christopher Greenup 1804 1808 Charles Scott 1808 1812 IsaacShelby 1812 1816 George Madison 1816 1816 G. Slaughter, (acting) 1816 1820 JohnAdair 1820 1824 Joseph Desha 1824 1828 Thomas Metcalfe 1828 1832 John Breathitt 1832 1834 'J. T. Morehead, (acting) 1834 1836 James Clark 1836 1837 C. A. Wickliffe, (acting)..... 1839 1840 Robert P. Letcher 1840 1844 WUUam Owsley 1844 1848 John J. Crittenden 1848 1850 JohnL. Helm, (acting) 1850 1851 Lazarus W. PoweU 1851 1855 Charles S. Morehead 1855 1859 Salary, $2500. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Frankfort. OHIO. TERRITORY. Arthur St. Clair 1788 1803 STATE. FROM TO Edward Tiffin 1803 1808 Thomas Kirker, (acting) 1808 1808 Samuel Huntington 1808 1810 Return J. Meigs 1810 1814 Othneil Looker, (acting) 1814 1814 Thomas Worthington 1814 1818 Ethan Allen Brown 1818 1822 Allen Trimble, (acting) 1822 1822 Jeremiah Morrow 1822 1826 Allen Trimble 1826 1830 Duncan McArthur 1830 1832 Robert Lucas 1832 1836 Joseph Vance 1836 1838 Wilson Shannon 1838 1840 Thomas Corwin 1840 1842 Wilson Shannon 1842 1844 Thomas W. Bartley, (acting) 1844 1844 Mordecai Bartley 1844 1846 WiUiam Babb 1846 1848 Seabury Ford 1848 1850 Reuben Wood 1850 1854 William Medill 1854 1856 Salmon P. Chase 1856 1860 Salary, $1800. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Columbus. MICHIGAN. TERRITORY. William Hull 1805 1814 Lewis Cass 1814 1831 George B. Porter 1831 1834 Stevens T. Mason, (acting).. 1834 1835 J. S. Horner, (acting) 1835 1836 STATE. Stevens T. Mason 1836 1840 William Woodbridge 1840 1841 156 Appendix. J. W. Gordon, (acting) 1841 1842 John S. Barry 1842 1846 Alpheus Felch 1846 1847 W. L. Greenley, (acting) 1847 1848 Epaphroditus Ransom 1848 1850 John S. Barry 1850 1853 Robert McClelland 1853 1853 A. Parsons 1853 1855 Kinsley S. Bingham 1855 1857 1857 1859 Salary, $1000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Lansing. INDIANA. Jonathan Jennings 1816 1822 William Hendricks 1822 1825 James Brown Ray 1825 1831 Noah Noble 1831 1837 David Wallace 1837 1840 Samuel Bigger 1840 1843 James Whitcomb 1843 1848 Paris C. Dunning* 1848 1849 Joseph A. Wright 1849 1857 Ashbel P. Willard 1857 1861 Salary, $1500, with a furnished house. Term, four years. Seat of Government, IndianapoUs. ILLINOIS. TERRITORY. Ninian Edwards 1809 1818 STATE. ShadrachBond 1818 1822 Edward Coles ". 1822 1826 Ninian Edwards 1826 1830 FROM TO John Reynolds 1830 1834 Joseph Duncan 1834 1838 Thomas Carlin 1838 1842 Thomas Ford 1842 1846 Augustus C. French 1846 1853 Joel A. Matteson 1853 1857 William H. Bissell 1857 1861 Salary, $1500. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Springfield. MISSOURI. Alexander McNair 1820 1824 Frederick Bates 1824 1826 John Miller 1826 1832 Daniel Dunklin 1832 1836 L. W. Boggs 1836 1840 Thomas Reynolds 1840 1844 John C. Edwards 1844 1848 Austin A. King 1848 1853 Sterling Price 1853 1857 Trusten Polk :.... 1857 1857 Hancock Jackson, (acting).. 1857 1857 R. M. Stewart 1857 1861 Salary, $2500, with a furnished house. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Jefferson City. IOWA. Ansel Briggs 1846 1850 Stephen Hempstead 1850 1854 James W. Grimes 1854 1857 Ralph P. Lowe 1857 1860 Salary, $1000. Term, four years. Seat of Government, Des Moines City. * During the unexpired term of Governor Whitcomb, elected in 1848 to the United States Senate. Appendix. 157 WISCONSIN. TERRITORY. FROM TO Henry Dodge 1836 1841 James D. Doty 1841 1844 Nathaniel P. TaUmadge 1844 1845 Henry Dodge 1845 1848 STATE. Nelson Dewey 1848 1851 Leonard J. FarweU 1851 1853 WiUiam A. Barstow 1853 1855 Coles Bashford 1855 1857 Alexander W. Randall 1857 1859 Salary, $1250. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Madison. CALIFORNIA. Peter H. Burnett 1849 1851 FROM TO John McDougall, (acting).... 1851 1852 John Bigler 1852 1856 J. Neely Johnson 1856 1858 John B. Weller 1858 1860 Salary, $6000. Term, two years. Seat of Government, Sacramento. MINNESOTA. TERRITORY. Alexander Ramsey 1849 1853 WiUis A. Gorman 1853 1857 Samuel Medary 1857 1858 STATE. Henry H. Sibley 1858 1860 Salary, not known. Term, " " Seat of Government, St. Paul. 158 Appendix. OREGON TERRITORY. James Shields, appointed (decUned) August Joseph Lane, John P. Gaines, Joseph Lane^ John W. Davis, George L. Curry, 14,1848. August 18, 1848. , September 9, 1850. March 16, 1853. September 6, 1853. nowin office) October 24, 1854. Salary, $3000. Term, four years. TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. James S. Calhoun, appointed January 9, 1851. William Carr Lane, " July 15,1852. Solon Borland, " (declined) April 18,1853. David Merriwether, " May 6,1853. Abraham Rencher, " (now in office) August 17,1857. Salary, $3000. Term, four years. TERRITORY OF UTAH. Brigham Young, appointed September 28, 1850. Edward J. Steptoe, " (declined) December 21,1854. Alfred Cummings, " (now in office) July 11,1857. Salary, $2500. Term, four years. WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Isaac I. Stevens, appointed March J. Patton Anderson, " (decUned) March Fayette McMullen, " (now in office) May Salary, $3000. Term, four years. 17, 1853. 15, 1857. 15, 1857. Appendix. 159 KANSAS TERRITORY. A. H. Reeder, appointed June 29, 1854. John L. Dawson, " (decUned) July 28,1855. Wilson Shannon, " August 10,1855. John W.Geary, " July 30,1856. R. J.Walker, " March 30,1857. J.W.Denver, " February 24,1858. Samuel Medary, " (now in office) December 1,1858. Salary, $2500. Term, four years. NEBRASKA TERRITORY. WUUam O. Butler, appointed (declined) June 29, 1854. Francis Burt, " August 2,1854. Mark W.Izard, " December 20,1854. Wm. A. Richardson, " (now in office) May 30,1857. Salary, $2500. Term, four years.