Isaac Ogden Rankin. Little pilgrimages with the Pilgrims. From The Congregationalist, 1920. Cka HV5 „ '*lgu>e theft h _ ^ I for: tte.fcuwimg of a ColUgt, in- thil Colony" Hie (jijnpaattcmafet and Advance Vol. CV. No. 13 March 25, 1920 THE RESURRECTION La Farge Memorial Window in First Church, Methuen, Mass. THE AMERICAN MANDATE FOR ARMENIA, by An Ex-Consul LITTLE PILGRIMAGES WITH THE PILGRIMS, by Isaac Ogden Rankin hi SABBATH OBSERVANCE DISCUSSION THE CONGREGATIONAL WORLD MOVEMENT 398 March 25, 1920 Are Sunday Sports Permissible? American Ideals and the Lord's Day Dear Mr. Editor: 1. The Lord's Day is not a human institu tion, it is a divine institution -with its duties and privileges denned, with a command asso ciated with which are unquestionable sanc tions. "Keep it holy." The manifest intent of it was a closer acquaintance with the great Father of all and the development of the spir itual life, as well as observing the higher in terests of the physical life. For those who have no recognition of the authority of the Christian Scriptures, no religious argument will have any particular weight. For those who do, questions of expedience and compro mise can not stand one moment in the face of a divine command. 2. The interpretation of Jesus with respect to this Commandment does not lessen its ap plication, but rather increases it. He said : "I came not to destroy, but to fulfill." There is not recorded one single incident of any kind of activity, which had as its object merely entertainment, or which sanctioned unnecessary labor in all the work of Jesus Christ. The Commandment has never been abrogated, and the Christian Church has no authority to tam per or trifle with it, but only to secure its application in the progressive life of the peo ple. The Lord's Day is kept holy by perform ing works of mercy, works of worship, and any recreations which are spiritually edifying. 3. We know of no one who has the temerity to claim that sports and games on the Lord's Day fulfill the Fourth Commandment. Aggre gations of people on the Lord's Day for merely entertainment purposes, positively violate the whole spirit of the Commandment. If, there- A Group of Opinions fore, we accept the Commandment, how can we advocate the legalizing of sports and games which divert the attention from the very thing that God Almighty enjoined? We do not find any one who even claims that amateur games of baseball or aggregations of people for en tertainment fulfill the Command, "Keep it holy." We can well understand how people concerned only in the passing enjoyments of the hour, and who recognize no religious re strictions, might advocate any sort of engage ment on the Lord's Day which would be pleas urable. Unnecessary labor and sports and games are as clearly in opposition to the spirit of the Command as anything could possibly be. 4. There is not one syllable in all God's Word, nor is there anything in reason which would indorse the application of the Fourth Commandment to part of the day, and not to the whole day. It is only a makeshift and utterly contrary to the spirit of the Command, to advocate trying to keep the Lord's Day un- till twelve o'clock and then allow anything that might gratify the desire, the rest of the day. 5. It is assumed that commercialism is what ma'kes games and sports a Sabbath dese cration. No assumption could be more absurd. Commercialized baseball is probably less repre hensible than amateur baseball, for the simple reason that commercialized baseball is con ducted under far better restrictions with bet ter police regulations, with more of order than amateur baseball on a large scale. The fact is, eliminating the commercial feature does not change one iota the essence of the thing. The competitive and secular features are just the same. The trend of thought is just the same, the general influence on the individual attending is just the same whether he pays admission or does not pay admission. There should be a decided reconstruction of thought in this par ticular matter. A highwayman who strikes down his fellow man on the public highway is not to be regarded innocent simply because he did not take the man's purse. Eliminating the commercial feature by no means makes his act innocent. No more does it with sports. 6. The legalizing of sports and games en courages the young to believe that the Com mandments are not of importance, that the Lord's Day is a human and not a divine insti tution, that the public can make innocent that which God Almighty has declared wrong. 7. The Church cannot possibly afford to advocate the lowering of morale in American life today. In this time when : "No God, no law" is the slogan of a dangerous group of people, bent on disrupting government by low ering its morale in every direction and above all in destroying the influence of religion, such a time, I say, demands the positive and insist ent projection of high spiritual ideals and the maintenance of morale at a level made possible only by recognition of the trustworthiness and authority of the Christian Scriptures. 8. Abundant opportunity for recreational and inspirational activities is offered every body in America without offending the higher and religious social ideals. 9. History is replete with lessons warnin| nations and individuals again and again that they cannot compromise at this particular point. Degeneracy has invariably followed a departure from obedience to the spirit of the (Continued on page 413) Wanted — Lecturers and Field Directors FOR A NATION-WIDE CAMPAIGN OF AMERICANIZATION Every American Community feels the "urge" for just such a campaign of Americanization as that which the Radcliffe Chautauqua System is conducting this year throughout the entire United States. The Lecture Subjects are: -THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Its Historic Background. ,^ Why and How It Became a Fact. / "^ ' The Principle Upon Which It Is Buill^ ' ! . * - The Purpose of Its Founders. -THE MAKING OF AN AMERICAN What Is an American? How and When Does a Native, an Alien, Become an American? The Acid Test of Americanism. C-A TOWER OF BABEL or UNITED AMERICA , .„„ The necessity for eliminating that confusion of j; >j. tongues and ideas that threatens to tear our people asunder. The necessity for strengthening that universal spirit of good will and mutual confidence that will bind our people closer together. Those desiring to qualify for lectureships or directorships are required to prepare and submit for criticism a written lecture on one of the above subjects. Oral delivery of the lecture will be required later at a conference of lecturers to be held at our office. A good understanding of ethics, a knowledge of the history of governments in general, and of the United States Govern ment in particular; proven speaking ability, a pleasing platform appearance and manner, and a genuine enthusiasm for social service, are the essential requirements. Engagements are open as follows: April 4th to November 1st, on circuits extending into the Southwestern States; June 1 to October 1, on circuits extending into all the States. Compensation is based upon an equitable exchange of service for salary, plus railway transportation paid weekly. Railroad fare for round trip to Washington, not exceeding 1,000 miles, will be refunded to those who are engaged as the £-' result of personal interview. For appointment write or wire lo W. L. RADCLIFFE, THE RADCLIFFE CHAUTAUQUA SYSTEM, NEW MASONIC TEMPLE, WASHINGTON, D.C. % €he (Jpngregationaltst and jyitfmce Volume CV. March 25, 1920 Number 13 Copyright, 1920 All rights reserved m * ,. P^ *he„ Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter. -An Editoeial CONTENTS Abe Sunday Spoets Permissible? Why I am Pboud of Congregationalism- Message What the Chbistian Woeld is Doing Editorial — To Think About in Lent— The Christian at Ease The German Revolt The Sunday Sport Issue The Hooves Movement High Finance foe De Valeba America on the Jeeicho Road A Word for Billings The Parable of Rising Above the Clouds Along Our Stream of Freedom Our "Camino Real" The American Mandate foe Armenia, by an Ex-Consul Little Pilgbimages with the Pilgrims, by Isaac Ogden "Rdnlcin The Inteechuech and Congregational Woeld Move ments The Chuech and the Secular Peess Fiest Church in Metuhen, Mass. Among the New Books In the Chuech School — Db. Davis' Bible Class — Real Christianity and Recruits for the Ministry The Houb of Prayer — Comment on Midweek* and Chris tian Endeavor Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altab With the Children — The Traveler, by Frances Clark,. The Comrades' Corner The Turk Today — A Near-by View- In the Congeegational Cibcle — Chuech News 398 401402 403 406406 407 408409 410410 411414 415 416418 419, Editor-in-Chief, Rev. Howard A. Beidgman, D. D. Managing Editor, Rolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Parris T. Faewell News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White I Miss Florence A. Moore Editorial Assistants J Miss Janet L. Savage (Miss Sallie A. McDermott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Fell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballou Circulation Manager, E. M. WentwoRth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816 ; The Congregationalist, 1849 ; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, ,at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Rates: Single subscription, $3.00 a year; in Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expira tion, appearing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist and Advance, ' and will be acknowledged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if two-cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change of Address : Both old and new addresses must be sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks before the change is to go into effect. Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores. 14 Beacon Street. Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street. Chicago. and at our depository, 156 Fifth Ave.. New York City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, 111. The Talk of the Sanctum Gift Copies of This Issue This issue of The Congregationalist and Advance is being sent to many members of our churches who are not now sub scribers. Here and there a subscriber may receive an extra copy. If you receive more than one, please pass on the extra copy to some one who is likely to appreciate it, preferably to an active member of a Congregational church who does not take the paper. These gift copies are sent with the compliments of the CONGREGATIONAL WORLD MOVEMENT. We call your attention to the four-page colored section of the paper prepared for this Movement. We hope you will read every word of it. We hope also that you will enjoy the other pages and that the acquaintance — new or renewal — which, may begin this week may lead to lasting friendship between us. Our Cover Picture This week we introduce another church in our series of notable church edifices— ;the First Church, in Methuen, Mass. This time we vary the plan for the cover by using a picture of the La Farge Memorial Window, which represents the Resur rection and is one of the most beautiful church windows in this country. The subject is appropriate to the Easter season that is near us. On another page will be found a description of this church of which Rev. Percy H. Epler, D. D., is pastor, and a picture of the church building and chapel. In the Circulation Department — It is our happy privilege to receive from time to time letters from our readers and friends reflecting the far-reaching in fluence of The Congregationalist and Advance. We cannot refrain from passing on these heartening messages full of suggestions for every one who is interested in seeing our denominational paper grow in breadth of service. Here are some :-. — "I am aware that my subscription to our paper expires with this month, so I am inclosing a check for $10 to push it forward as far as the $10 will carry it" (and that will be four years). "Xou will note that I said our, and I have said it advisedly, for I am just as interested in seeing our Congrega tionalist and Advance succeed as you are, therefore, I regard it as a sort of partnership affair. So wishing abundant success to the paper and its Manager, I remain." — Wyoming Reader. "Please send The Congregationalist to the accompanying addresses — thirty of them — for one year. Perhaps you would like to send a word with each introductory number to the effect that by the generosity of a man to whom the minister presented this matter this present of a year's subscription is made possible." — Chicago Pastor. "I inclose a check for to cover eleven new subscriptions and three renewals. The eleven new ones are a gift of to some of his friends. P. S. Also $20 in commissions for the Good Will Fund." — Church Club Agent. "I am much interested in extending the subscriptions of The Congregationalist and Advance among my people. I have put up the announcement in the Church vestibule, have noticed it twice from the pulpit. Here are some names of people who should take it" (long list of names of prominent Church mem bers to whom we were glad to send sample copies and litera ture). — From Connecticut Pastor. The Case of Piedmont College Piedmont is a young college. It is 22 years old. It has graduated 21 successive classes with every member a professing Christian and every graduate, with one possible exception, making good. It is growing rapidly, doing high-grade work, and needs everything every college needs. It would shout for joy at the prospect 01 having an equipment equal to any one of a score of high schools it could point out in the North. It is crowded to the roots and the doors. It has filled all available rooms in the town where it is located. It could have 1,000 students, 2,000, any number for which it could offer the room and equipment. The National Council Missions Committee said of it, "None more needed and more promising"; Doctor Potter, "One of the best things our Congregational folks are doing" ; Doctor Bliss, "Neither Williams nor Am herst has any such field as has Piedmont College" ; the Atlanta Constitution editorial, "A splendid institution ren dering invaluable service" ; Doctor Bradley of Worcester, speaking of Piedmont's field, "We have overlooked or neglected the biggest educational opportunity in the world. If I had a fortune, ten millions, or a hundred millions, I would devote it to the education of the Anglo-Saxons of the South." Piedmont has $300,000 worth of land, buildings, equipment and endowment, a budget of $115,000 to finance and a debt of $45,000. It needs four new dormitories, an administration building, equipment, endowment— Oh ! how it needs them ! But it is a neiv college. The old colleges have their natural growth to provide for, and at this time the increased cost of living to meet. They are always out for millions; now they are out for millions upon millions. There are few famljies ot wealth in this country who do not count numbers of their members among the alumni and alumnse of the old col leges ; and college loyalty lays its hands on their wealth. Then there are drives for all sorts of great enterprises, directed by the most skilled professional money raisers in the world. Their publicity work is the finest that brains can devise and money can finance. Millions are called for and secured. The new college, drawing its students from the non-rich, is not old enough to have grad uates who have amassed wealth; and usually they are either ministers or teachers debarred from wealth by the fine work they are doing for the world. With the financial field reaped, raked, gleaned and re-gleaned; with the great causes pushed by the utmost skill in organization and publicity, occupying unlimited columns of paid space in the periodicals of the whole Nation — what chance has the young college for a donation or even a hearing ? Yet it may be doing a work of priceless value and be the beginning of a college or university that may some day be a leader among the best. But what of the emergency fund to be raised in April and May; what will that do for Piedmont? It has nothing in it for Piedmont's budget, nothing for buildings, nothing for equipment, nothing for endowment. If it secures the entire sum tried for, it will pay two-thirds of Piedmont's debt; nothing more. But if this campaign shall drain dry all the sources of Congregational benevolence for Christian education this year, then while paying two-thirds of Piedmont's debt, it will cut off the sources of its income and overwhelm the college. There is no other possible outcome. TO FOREFEND ALL THIS / pray, I plead for, immediately; (1) $35,000 to meet the balance of Piedmont's budget for 1919-20. We must have either this or increased debt. (2) $75,000 for one new dormitory for 100 students to take the place of the one burned in January. (3) $25,000 for furnishings and greatly needed equipment. Don't let Piedmont be crowded to the wall. It is doing a greatly needed, national work that no one else is doing or will do. Please help it now before it is overwhelmed by the coming avalanche. Yours in deep anxiety, FRANK E. JENKINS, President, Piedmont College, Demorest, Ga. WHAT IS DONE TO HELP MUST BE DONE QUICKLY ; DON'T DELAY President Frank E. Jenkins, Piedmont College, Demorest, Ga. To help Piedmont College out of its distress caused by the recent fire and to aid in its development, I will give the sum checked below, payable 1920. ( ) $50,000; ( ) $25,000; ( ) $10,000; ( ) $5,000; ( ) $1,000; ( ) $500; ( ) $250; ( ) $100; ( ) $50; ( )$25; ( ) $10; . ( )$5; ( )$ Name Date Address March 25, 1920 The American Mandate for Armenia Let Uncle Sam Accept the Job 407 Shall Uncle Sam accept this man's job? Yes, because he can do it better and with less hampering conditions, than Englishman, Frenchman, or any one else. And in doing it, he will be crown ing work done by men and women of whose unselfish service he may right fully boast, and of whose type of Amer icanism he may well be proud. Whatever is said in this article is premised on an independent Armenia, created by the Entente and occupying such frontiers as shall be drawn by their collective wisdom. An Armenia under any scheme of settlement, which puts that martyred land within the boundaries of a modified Turkish Empire, there to remain an integral, although autono mous, part of the same, is not an independent Armenia. Such a scheme is a makeshift adopted by politicians under pressure of finan ciers interested in the Turkish debt or such monopolies as the Regie de Tabacs, who have every interest in preserving the status quo, or under constraint of party issues at home, or under threat of revolt in areas under their control elsewhere. Let the frontiers of inde pendent Armenia, whether they include the utmost areas delimited by Armenian map- makers or not, be such as to assure to her racial dominance, and sufficient seaboard as will make possible uncrippled economic de velopment. Granted an independent Armenia thus cre ated and delimited, what Power shall be her mandatory ? America ; and America whether inside or outside the. League of Nations. Senate ratification or non-ratification of the Treaty of Versailles may modify the political bearing of this question, but not the moral. In this matter manifest moral duty rises above political expediency. Mandate there will be, as provided for under Article XXII, 4, of the "Covenant of the League of Nations." Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as inde pendent nations can be provisionally recog nized subject to the rendering of administra tive advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the mandatory. A Way to Save America There are some who oppose an American mandate on political grounds. They loudly assert that such a trusteeship will involve us in perpetual political antagonisms arising from racial and religious animosities in the Near East and may eventually plunge lis into war. They hold that American security and peace does not depend upon what may happen in a land so far away as Armenia. This is the argument of the isolationist. The reply to it may be summed up in one word— Serbia, and the World War which grew out of a "local" issue there. Others oppose our acceptance of the man date on the ground of military cost. By cost they mean, not the outlay of American money in general military equipment, but the loss in life to American soldiers. "American boys ought not to be sent so far away from home," they say. This argument is based on national selfishness and crass ignorance. If Serbian and Armenian boys could die to preserve the integrity of American family circles, American boys now owe a debt to Serbian and Armenian By an Ex-Consul homes. The American boy who enlists in our regular army "to see the world," as the at tractive army poster promises, does see a large part of it in the way of duty. He gar risons embassy and consular compounds in China ; he serves in the Philippines ; he lands in Nicaragua or San Domingo for an indefinite stay ; he stands on guard in Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Canal Zone. The same American mother, who expresses such solici tude for her boy, considers a military or naval attache, ordered to one world capital or an- Armenia O fair Lord Christ, when yet thy face was young In heaven, and thy witnesses were few, Humble thy Kingdom here, nor yet grace drew Emperors to the breast where Lazarus clung — • When round a dying world thy arms were flung — Armenia first unto thy mercies flew, To the pure gospel through all ages true, And Him, whose sorrows on the world's cross hung. She, who beheld the glorious covenant, When o'er the Flood, at the Creative Word, Bright above Ararat sprang the bow in heaven — What to her agony will thy pity grant? For unto her through faith in thee, O Lord, The thorny crown of Christendom is given. Bring, all ye nations, myrrh and frankin cense, As when, with gold and many an orient gem, About the cradled child of Bethlehem Like heaven the holy stable glittered, whence Issued salvation ! Pour the providence Of earthly kingdoms at the feet of them Who would a world-wide flood of sorrow stem And, Christlike, feed the multitude immense ! Nor think Armenia only bears the Cross Through deserts wild and up her mountain- chain ; But every nation climbs its Calvary, And hath its consecration ; earthly loss Thousands on thousands find is heavenly gain: So the world-soul renews humanity. Geoege E. Woodbeeey. other, an excellent match for a socially ambi tious daughter. This argument also lacks weight, because it presupposes that the military defense and in ternal policing will fall entirely upon the man datory's soldiery. Such a position both casts a sweeping undeserved aspersion upon the manhood of the Armenian race and displays a lamentable ignorance of their military his tory. The mere mention of such heroes and leaders as Boris Melikoff and the present General Antranik, of (such places as Zeitoun and Van, suffice to refute such an argument. To every non-Turkish inhabitant of Asia Minor, and to every unprejudiced investigator, the word "Zeitounli" (man of Zeitoun), is synonymous with "hero." Difficulties of policing there will be. The proud and wild Circassian chief who lives by robbery and smuggling will have to learn a tamer trade. No longer will he be able to defy the law, or, hard pressed, buy immunity by "oiling the palm" of vali or mutesarrif. The clannish Kurds will no longer be able to swoop down like human hawks from their craggy homes upon unarmed and defenseless Arme nian villages in the plains, abducting women and girls, raiding cattle, and carrying off household loot. Brigandage will have to be suppressed by drastic means. Security of travel, long unknown in this land, will have to be fought for and maintained. These are a few of the difficulties to be faced by the co operating mandatory Power. The nation that has solved the problem of the Apache and the head-hunter of the Philippines can solve the problem of the Circassian and the Kurd. Abmenia's Possible Futube Another argument of those who oppose our acceptance of the mandate is the economic argument. They say that Armenia is a poor country and apt to become a charge upon the funds of the mandatory at the start, if not for a term of years. Independent Armenia, sore stricken as she is, should assume a fair proportion of the Ottoman debt just as Czecho slovakia and Jugo-Slavia have assumed a share of the debt of the former Austrian Em pire. But to argue that Armenia is without resources is to display ignorance which the simple reading of consular reports ' would cor rect. Within her mountains are mineral re sources which defeated Germany longed to exploit. In her gorges is limitless undeveloped water power which can be wired to Anatolia and Mesopotamia, her hardy and thrifty peasantry, free from exorbitant Turkish taxa tion, will easily produce two bushels of wheat or barley where formerly they produced one. Her walnuts and pistachios, her world-famed tobacco of the Samsoun district, and her rugs and carpets have been invoiced by American consuls for years. The apples of Amasia will some day compete with the apples of America for the English and French markets. Nor are these all. She has economic assets not so easily tabulated. Switzerland is likely to find her a successful competitor for tourist patronage. Security of travel, together with the erection of khans which will wisely pre serve eastern architectural features, will at tract the tourist, sated with more familiar lands. Armenia will furnish him with such scenery, history, and antiquities as no other land can offer. A victorious Germany would have known how to exploit this to her own enrichment. Marienbad itself eannot boast mineral waters equal to those of the Amasia Significant Sentences in This Article // Serbian and Armenian boys could die to preserve the integrity of American fam ily circles, American boys now owe a debt to Serbian and Armenian homes. The clannish Kurds will no longer be able to swoop down like human hawks from their craggy homes upon unarmed and defenseless Armenian villages in the plains, abducting women and girls, raiding cattle, and carrying off household loot. The nation that has solved the problem of the Apache and the head-hunter of the Philippines can solve the problem of the Circassian and the Kurd. The apples of Amasia will some day com pete with the apples of America for the English and French markets. It is time to call Islam's bluff. region. The native habitat of the Turkish bath will know how to develop this resource. The 40S THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE March 25, 1920 classical scholar, archaeologist, and ethnologist will have the longed-for opportunity to study the remains of Pontic civilization, to delve deep into the problem of the mysterious Hit- tites, and to study the life of real cliff-dwellers in the troglodyte villages of Asia Minor. The home of the Turkish rug will prove to be a fascinating land to the tourist. The economic value of all this is beyond estimate. Religious Libeety at Stake Now is the hour to strike for religious lib erty to the everlasting benefit of the Turk himself. Since the days when Pliny Fiske and Levi Parsons landed on this coast, a century ago, the American missionary has seen the willingness of the Turk to recognize the free dom of the Orthodox Greek to become a Prot estant, of the Gregorian Armenian to become a Protestant, or both, or of any Christian to become a Moslem, but never of any Moslem to become a Christian. The apostate from Islam invariably met with sudden and mys terious death. The single-handed and magnifi cent diplomatic victory which Sir Stratford Canning, "Biyuk Elchi" (The Great Ambas sador ) , won seventy odd years ago over the Sheik-ul-Islam, defying him in a long-pro tracted and heated theological debate to show him any word in the Koran prescribing the death penalty for the apostate from Islam, seems to have been entirely forgotten. Inas much, as statesmen are today using diplomatic weapons, which have long been hanging on the walls of museums, burnishing them and finding them effective, let this one, too, be taken down. It is time to call Islam's bluff. The need of the Near East, religiously as well as politi cally, is another Sir Stratford Canning. Solve this problem right and the solution of some others follows as a result. When the long-noted decreasing birth rate of Moslem Turks and Kurds can no longer, under the resolute control of a mandatory Power, be offset by the forcible abduction of Armenian women and girls, and when freedom of conscience is recognized, although reluc tantly, there will dawn a new day in the Near East. Shall Uncle Sam accept this man's job? Yes, because he can do it better and with less hampering conditions, than Englishman, Frenchman, or any one else. And in doing it he will be crowning work done by men and women of whose unselfish service he may rightfully boast, and of whose type of Ameri canism he may well be proud. Little Pilgrimages with the Pilgrims The Farmer's Boy who Became Governor By Isaac Ogden Rankin V-/>J VvA. **-&3-6.&-d»-^-S-«.JQ . . tone, the American house j» of timber and "Once upon a time there was a boy who left the home to satisfy his ambition, had danger ous adventures and saw new countries, rose to honor and became a great and honored leader of men at last." How modern all that (was one of the first models of that New Eng sounds ! It might be the introduction to the ^and style of building with the materials most tale of Benjamin Franklin, the Boston boy, who rose to fame in France and England and America and left money to his native town for public benefactions when he died. It might be the story of George Peabody, or Abraham Lincoln, or any one of a hundred Americans who have ventured and triumphed by their faith and toil and useful qualities. But the farmer's son of whom I am think ing, the young man who left his family and the house where he was born to become a leader and helper of men, left it more than three hundred years ago. He is known to us as William Bradford, the English boy who came to America in the Mayflower, was thirty- one times chosen Governor of New-Plymouth Province, and would have been chosen thirty- six times if he had not begged off. If you had been alive in A. D. 1605, instead of 1920, and had asked him, he would have probably called himself "a yeoman." He was an only son and already at that time an orphan, owning a house in a remote country neighborhood, a house which was not new when he lived in it and which after three centuries is still standing and still inhabited. People go to see it nowadays because he was born there and it was his. But the house, which he himself built easily at hand, which we call "Colonial" and which we imitate in our cities and villages today. ^T-&«d£E-5^ Bradford's birth year, is easy to remember. It was/l58 smiling, hard-hitting pastor, Dr. McElveen, with a twenty-minute sermon from a Bible who has received 103 new members since New text, dealing directly with the Christian life. Year, and is making his personality felt in the Great attention is also given to the pastoral city and state. With several other pastors of organization of the church. answer to the call of the Congregational World Movement, under the leadership of Dr. Edward Lincoln Smith. At the present date of writ ing, Washington has pledged the Memorial Fund $121,000, being $4,000 short of the quota ; Oregon, asked for $35,000 has pledged nearly $47,000, and Idaho, with a quota of $10,000 has pledged over $12,000, so that Dean Beard and his speakers go back with $10,000 over the quota for the three states. Now, from many directions, come reports of large companies at Easter time uniting with the church. While many ingatherings have come since New Y'ear, the Seattle Easter is representative, in which nine pastors received one hundred and sixty-seven new members : At Fairmount 50, Pilgrim 46, Prospect 28, University 12. Keystone 4, Green Lake 2, Columbia 3, Japanese 9. Students and Christian Life Service large coast churches, Dr. McElveen is giving the people an increasing opportunity of public question and answer, and the utterance of individual convictions. The First Church Current Event Club meets at the close of morning worship on Sunday and is addressed by men and women who are "doing things," such as Miss Florence Kelly, Executive Sec retary of the National Consumers' League, who has fought so valiantly and effectively for the life and health of wage-earning women, and Faibmount Dedication The Seattle Church Extension Society has been showing good business sense. In the Fair- mount region, an attractive suburb on the southwest, is growing up a little nation of artistic, homey bungalows, which has tripled its population in the past three years. Here Supt. Rev. C. R. Gale planted one of the twelve new church beginnings which have marked his sixteen years of service. The seed- who spoke after Easter morning service to a ling Sunday school was planted in 1909. The company which packed the social rooms of the church. Dr. Frank Dyer in Tacoma is proving also the value of a Sunday Evening Forum which draws large audiences of men to First Church for the public discussion of questions which Following the completion of the Pilgrim are vital to the whole people bringing those first settled pastor, Rev. C. H. Shank, did a strong work of church and community build ing for six and a half years, followed by the past two years of statesmanlike work under Rev. P. E. Bauer with a fast growing member ship and the building of a new edifice, which embodies about the latest word in modern Fund comes the logical movement to recruit questions up into judgment of the words of church construction, with seats for a congre- students for Christian Life Service from the high schools, colleges and the great universities on the Coast. Enlistment Sunday was marked by special services addressed by teams of speakers who presented the claims and the opportunity of Christian service. Following this public presentation is the still more effec- Christ. Rev. W. R. Marshall in Bellingham, also has a hearty response to this kind of service from many elements of the community, draw ing men of Christian and Jewish, of Catholic and of no faith into fraternal discussion. Lenten and Easter services have been largely tive campaign of personal interview by leaders attended in San Francisco, Berkeley and Oak- especially fitted for it. From the reports of land. In First Church of San Francisco, Dr. these leaders I find the student response to James L. Gordon is drawing capacity congre- these efforts marked by (a) passionate desire for large and definite service; (6) strong dis like for selfish denominationalism and com munity rivalry among churches; and (e) coupled with a willingness to go, even to the ends of the earth, a not unjustifiable concern for a living wage. In the meantime Christian leaders on the faculties of some of our largest Pacific Coast sailed Wednesday, April 6, as delegate from universities are planning for senior-year studies the west coast to the Hawaiian Centennial of looking toward training for Christian life serv- the landing of the first missionaries. gations with his sermons on the central theme of Christ's Attitude on Political Questions. Those who hear Dr. Gordon, however, recall that sooner or later, the sermon pretty surely arrives at the responsibility of the individual soul to the call of Christ. gation of 600, overhead lighting system, and large social rooms for men's, women's and young people's organizations. On Easter Sunday a large assembly of Seattle Congregationalists gathered with the people of Fairmount for the dedication wor ship, the company of fifty new members were received in communion, the dedicatory sermon was preached by Dr. Silcox and consummated by the deep-toned antiphony of the people: "We Dedicate this House !" During the three days of this jubilee addresses were also given by Washington's Home Missionary Superin tendent, Dr. L. O. Baird, by Dr. E. H. Tippett. Director of the Interchurch Movement for the State ; by Educational Secretary Rev. John H. First, of Oakland, Cal., has given leave of Matthews, and other Congregational leaders. absence to Dr. Francis J. Van Home who ice in missions, Y. M. C. A. post-graduate courses, religious education and the ministry. Certainly, as in the past, those who are real leaders will step forth to their posts to be captains in the battalions of Christ. In North Church, Berkeley, Cal., on Easter, Dr. Ralph B. Larkin received 33 new members. In Pilgrim Church, Seattle, Rev. Roy Camp bell, who has had 113 accessions to member ship in the first year of his pastorate, is build- The Lincoln Hotel Fire By a mysterious providence the joyful scenes of Easter in Seattle were to end in a scene of conflagration, throwing, its fearful crimson over Puget Sound and all the hills of the city. On the fifth floor of the Lincoln Hotel, after midnight of Tuesday, April 6, a few guests on the upper floors heard, out of doors, the long Volume CV. May 13, 1920 Number 20 Copyright, 1920 All rights reserved th * , J3? the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter. CONTENTS Why We Celebeate foe Hawaii, by James L. Hill 630 The Terrors of May Day — As Experienced in a Western City 630 Good Will All Round— An Editorial Message 633 What the Christian World Is Doing 634 Editorial — The Congbegational Advance 635 The Dilemma of the Cultivators The Day of the Holy Spirit Methodist Bishops and Social Reforms The Pabable of Perhaps Our "Camino Real" 637 Y. W. C. A. Hears Call to Duty 637 The New Spirit in Industry, by Nicholas Van der Pyl 638 ^^JiggE-MAGES with the Fathebs, by Isaac Ogden Rankin '¦ 539 A Fallen Heeo of the War 640 Among the New Books 641 The Church and Sunday Recreation, by George W. Mehaffey 642 De. Mott's Mission to Eueope, by Howard B. Grose 642 The Drive "Goes Strong" 643 The Church at Home by the Fireside, by Mary Alice Emerson 644 Prominent British Delegates to the International Council 645 In the Chuch School — Dr. Davis' Bible Class — Mis sionary Education of Seniobs and Young People 646 The Houe of Peayee — Comment on Midweek and Chris tian Endeavor Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altar 647 With the Children — Gbeeny Gbeen, by Dorothy C. Retsloff. The Comeades' Corner 648 In the Congregational Circle — Church News 649 Editor-in-Chief, Eev. Howard A. Beidgman, D. D. Managing Editor, Bolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Parris T. Faewell News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White (Miss Ploeence A. Mooee Editorial Assistants ) Miss Janet L. Savage ' Miss Sallie A. McDermott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Eev. William E. Baeton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Pell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballou Circulation Manager, E. M. Wentwoeth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816 ; The Congregationalist, 1849 ; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Bates : Single subscription, $3.00 a year ; in Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expira tion, appearing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist and Advance, and will be acknowledged by a change of date on the label. Eeceipt will be sent if two-cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change of Addeess : Both old and new addresses must be sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks before the change is to go into effect. Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, and at our depository, 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. " Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The" Congregationalist and Advance, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, 111. . The Talk of the Sanctum Who's Who in This Week's Issue Rev. Nicholas Van dee Pyl, author of "The New Spirit in Industry," is pastor of the First Church in Oberlin, O. He served the government effectively in connection with its hand ling of the labor problem during the critical days of the war. Dr. Howard B. Grose, who describes Dr. Mott's. Mission to Europe, has long been the able editor of Missions, the Baptist publication. His wide sympathies hrave brought him affilia tions with many Christian leaders. He has been for a long time closely associated with Dr. Mott and is therefore espe- ' cially qualified to forecast the important circuit through Europe on which Dr. Mott has just entered. George W. Mehaffey, who writes on "The Church and Sunday Recreation," has recently resigned after twenty-five years of service as general secretary of the Boston Y. M. C. A. He is a well-known member of Mt. Vernon Congregational Church. Rev. James L. Hill, who pictures vividly the background of Hawaii's recent celebration of the centennial of missions there, is a well-known Congregational minister who makes his home in Salem, after long pastoral service and much activity in behalf of the Y. P. S. C. E. He. went out to Hawaii in 1919, following the route of the early missionaries as far as Panama and then cutting across to the Pacific through the Canal, reach ing the islands early this year. He made a specialty of visiting the sites of those churches where the greatest results were accomplished. We shall have a report of the actual centennial itself from the pen of Rev. Albert W. Palmer in our next week's issue. The Old Homesteads Our page last week in the Second Tercentenary Number of half a dozen homesteads in different parts of New England does not by any means exhaust the pictures we have in hand. We expect to print more from time to time as our space per mits and shall welcome additions to the stock already in hand. Please understand that we desire photographs of homes that have been in the possession of one family for four generations or longer and are still occupied by members of the same family. Please send with the pictures a few sentences describ ing the history of the homesteads. Address OLD HOME STEADS, The Congregationalist. In the Circulation Department — It was just a coincidence that we sent to a certain prospec tive subscriber a sample copy of The Congregationalist and Advance, in which she found "Article about minister who mar ried us; Church merger where we go Summers; death notice of friend's father; and article about William Bradford which is of peculiar interest because I am teaching Pilgrim stories just now in school." We need not tell you the psychological result — of course the reader subscribed at once for The Con gregationalist for a year. Now, we are not always so fortunate in selecting as a sam ple copy a certain issue of our paper which will most vitally interest every prospective subscriber, but we believe that every weekly number contains much of real worth to all earnest readers. Send us the names of friends whom you think would be interested in The Congregationalist and Advance and we'll gladly send them a sample copy. "One good turn deserves another." Why Not Introduce Us to Your Friends? If you find our weekly companionship profitable and worth while, Tell Others who are not regular readers how much they are missing. Surely they will enjoy our weekly messages quite as much as you. Let us remind you again that ®5.00 will still pay for your own renewal and a new sub scription for a year. Take advantage of this offer and make your friend happy or suggest to him that • $1.00 is our special trial offer to new subscribers for 5 months ?.00 a Year #2.75 to Ministers and in Church Clubs Department of Circulation The Congregationalist and Advance 14 Beacon Street, Boston 19 W. Jackson Street, Chicago May 13, 1920 639 Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers IV- Kings and Queens the Pilgrims Knew We have no portrait of William Brewster, "that hospitable soul to whom some Apostle of his own day might have written, "Salute the church that is in thy house." I should greatly like to print good pictures of Mrs Mary Brew ster, his wife, of their daughters, Patience and Fear, of their sons, Jonathan, Love and Wrest ling, and of the two children, one of whom at least was born in Scrooby, who died in Holland and whose names we do not even know. For when the Pilgrim Church was organized, we must remember, Brewster's son, Jonathan, was a lad of twelve or thirteen who had lived all his years in the old Scrooby manor house. It was no small sacrifice then which Brewster made when he gave up home and office to serve the Pilgrim Church. He had earlier missed a great political career in the fall of his employer under the wrath of Queen Elizabeth. He had settled down and had a growing family. He was to feel the pinch of want both for himself and for his wife and children in his adventure of faith and loyalty. Bradford writes of him : "After he came into Holland he suffered much hardship, after he had spent ye most of his means, haveing a great charge and many chil dren ; and in regard of breeding & his course of life not so fitt for many imployments as others were, espetially such as were toylsome & labo rious. But yet he ever bore his condition with much cheerfulness and contentafcion." Brewster's Fatherltness The names of Brewster's children may give some hint of his progress, or that of Mrs. Brew ster, in sympathy with Puritan fashions of thought. His own mother's name was Patience and the grandmother's name came naturally to a daughter. But Fear, Love and Wrestling bear From painting in Windsor Castle MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS AS WIDOWED QUEEN OF FRANCE testimony to personal experiences. Another witness to his fatherliness is found in the fact that he became guardian in Leyden to Ann Peck. On board the Mayflower he seems to have taken charge of two brothers named Moore, who must have been companions for his own boys, Love and Wrestling. When the start was made for America the two daughters, Patience and Fear, were left behind in Leyden, with their brother Jonathan, and came to Plym outh later in the ship Anne or the Little James. By Isaac Ogden Rankin The Home at Scrooby We can make for ourselves, then, a picture of the old Scrooby Manor House as a home, with love and children in it. There may have been a wider family circle, for Mrs. Brewster belonged to the same neighborhood. There were children to be watched and trained. The boy Jonathan must have found interests enough. There were horses in the stable, where four were always ready for the King's messengers who came and went. There was the river at the bottom of the garden for fishing and for sailing boats. There was the mystery of the old chapel in the house. There were flowers in the hedges, and thrush and skylark and night ingale, "And now with treble soft The redbreast whistles from a garden croft And gathering swallows twitter in the skies." I suppose that Mother Brewster told her chil dren stories of Robin Hood and Sherwood For est, not far away in their own County of Not tingham ; or fairy stories, with which the older English life of the countryside abounded. They would hear, from nurse or. neighbor, of such beings as Shakespeare pictured in "A Midsum mer Night's Dream," which was first published when the oldest Brewster boy was seven. Puck with his tricks and teasing ways and Titania and Oberon were of the English folk lore and ^ WlS? ' MK^'.^iPiP ^^fe^i|^^|^^^B| II : rM& PiN™ \ ':;! >¦ - ^wlwL 1 ff i j§m iP Pi ^k • - " EH \r H ¦ ¦ HfciHifc. ,».¦*;.,¦ i-v.t.J| Queen of the Scrooby household, here are por traits of the King whom Brewster and the Pil grims in their Mayflower covenant called, "Our dread, sovereign Lord, King James ;" of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots ; and of Queen Elizabeth, whose triumphs, plots, resentments and ambitions make not only the background of Brewster's history, but directly contributed to his sheltering and shepherding of the Pilgrim Church. For Brewster was appointed to his office under Elizabeth as a secondary result of her resentment with a faithful servant who merely did promptly what she herself had told him to do. And it was the religious policy of Elizabeth and James which forced Brewster to choose between his comfortable post on the great northern road and the great adventure of reli gious freedom and simplicity with the Pilgrim Church The Flattery of Kings I remember feeling something of a shock when I first read the opening words of the com pact in the cabin of the Mayflower. Knowing what we do about King James, it seemed like speaking out of character for the Pilgrims to call him "our dread, sovereign Lord." But this was mild acknowledgment of station and of power beside the terms of flattery by which he was addressed by great Englishmen as long as he was on the throne. This is how Bishop Joseph Hall addresses him in the "Prefatory Letter" to his "Contemplations" : To the High and Mighty Monarch, our dear and dread Sovereign Lord, James . . . For surely, the burden of the whole world lies on the shoulders of sovereign authority ; and it is no marvel if the earth quake in the change. As kings are to the world, so are good kings to the church. None can be so blind, or curious, as not to grant, that the whole Church of God upon earth rests herself principally (next to Painting by P. van Somer JAMES VI. OF SCOTLAND ; I. OF ENGLAND countryside. There were village festivals, per haps ; though dancing round the Maypole may have gone out with old church ways or been prohibited for the members of that sober house hold. But Jonathan would hear of these things from the old village women or the village boys. He would hear of witches and their midnight journeys and of old wars. He would hear of Sheffield, where they forged iron and made the best knives in the kingdom, and where the beau tiful. Queen of Scots was so long a prisoner, and of Doncaster, where they raced horses, and of Nottingham, where they made lace. All these things were in their own neighborhood and the boy would be familiar with them. I am glad to think, that there were little children in the house where the Pilgrim Church was organized and a fatherly and motherly spirit to watch over them. A King and Two Queens Failing a picture of Brewster and Mary, Painting by Zuecaro ELIZABETH, QUEEN OF ENGLAND her stay above) upon your Majesty's royal sup- portation ; you may truly say with David, Ego Sustineo columnas ejus. What wonder is it, then, if our tongues and pens bless you ; if we be ambitious of all occasions that may testify our cheerful gratulations of this happiness to your Highness, and ours in you? And here, by way of contrast with these terms of awe and flattery, is the picture which Scott drew of King James in "The Fortunes of Nigel" : He was deeply learned, without possessing useful knowledge ; sagacious in many individual cases without having real wisdom ; fond of his power, and desirous to maintain and augment it, yet willing to resign the direction of that, and of himself, to the most unworthy favorites ; 640 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE May IS, 1920 ... a lover of negotiations, in which he was always outwitted ; . . . capable of much public labor, yet often neglecting it for the meanest amusement ; a wit, though a pedant ; and a scholar, though fond of the conversation of the ignorant and uneducated. Even his timidity of temper was not uniform ; and there were mo ments of his life, and those critical, in which he showed the spirit of his ancestors. He was laborious in trifles, and a trifler where serious labor was required ; devout in his sentiments, and yet often profane in his language ; just and beneficent by nature, he yet gave way to the iniquities and oppression of others. He was penurious respecting money which he had to give from his own hand, yet inconsiderately and unboundedly profuse of that which he did not see. In a word, those good qualities . . . show ing themselves as they occasionally did, only entitled James to the character bestowed on him by Sully — that he was the wisest fool in Christendom. Of his personal appearance Scott says : There was a natural awkwardness about his figure which prevented his clothes from sitting handsomely, and the prudence or timidity of his disposition had made him adopt the custom ... of wearing a dress so thickly quilted as might withstand the stroke of a dagger, which added an ungainly stiffness to his whole appear ance, contrasting oddly with the frivolous, un graceful and fidgeting motions with which he accompanied his conversation. The Contradictions of a King And yet this man who wasted the money of his people on favorites chosen for their good looks, this king who could not be at ease in the presence of a naked sword, and yet was a keen rider after hounds, though tied to the saddle ; who was so vain that flattery was the only way to his favor, played his difficult part as a boy in a game with turbulent nobles and masterful leaders of church and state in Scotland, and on the whole won a victory of peace. We have to remember also that he was sincerely religious and that he ordered and approved that version of the Bible which after three centuries in com mon use has rightly been called the greatest English book. He wrote a treatise to show how a prince should behave, but did not hesitate to brawl in church, contradicting or ordering a preacher out of the pulpit. Like most vain men in places of power., he could not endure contra diction. He had been thoroughly drilled in Latin by George Buchanan, one of the great schoolmasters of the age, but spent most of his time in hunting and lounging. Only witch- hunting stirred him to a tireless activity. "Dur ing the summer and autumn of 1597" we read James was "busily employed with the trial of witches" whom his wisdom detected and his justice executed by wholesale. The Virgin Queen Elizabeth played with James by alternately offering and withdrawing the promise of suc cession to the English throne. She has left her mark upon England for all tim,e, but she too was a mass of contradictions. She was brave, facing continually the threat of assassination, but she was false. She insisted on all the def erence due to her womanhood and her position, but she loved publicity and spent most of her days in the presence of her people. She swore at those who displeased her, li^e a boatswain in a squall; but there has 'been v nothing in the world before or since like the coquettish cloud of millinery in. which she arrayed herself. She loved pageants, on which her nobles spent their wealth. One of these is described at length in Scott's "Kenilworth." Her greatest commenda tion is in the reverence she won from men like Raleigh and Drake and Sydney and Spenser. Kipling has drawn her picture in one of the stories in his "Rewards and Fairies," and J. R. Green,. in his "History of the English People." She was mean and grasping, but she had wide vision and her one real aim in life was the glory of England. To secure this she made false promises to Spain and France, to Scotland and Holland, played with lovers, made peace at the front door and attacked the Spanish fleets and plate ships at the back of the world. She was downright when it suited her, but her plottings were so intricate and her mind so subtle that the one unpardonable sin in her advisers was to force her to act before she was ready. She kept her rival, Queen Mary of Scots, with whom no permanent arrangement of peace was in the nature of things possible, as a cat keeps a mouse, sent her to the scaffold at last, and then dismissed in disgrace her Sec retary, Davison, because he had forwarded her own signed warrant for Mary's death to the executioner. And Davison was William Brew ster's master and employer ! So Brewster's chance of political advancement vanished and he Was glad to fall back on the position at Scrooby and the shelter of the house where he had been a child. The Sieen Queen I have no space to tell the story of Queen Mary of Scots. This portrait shows her as nineteen-year-old widow of the king of France, to whom as a child of six she had been be trothed and was married at fifteen. Mary was unfortunate in all three husbands. Francis, a year younger than herself, was a degenerate, Darnley, the father of James, was a weakling, Bothwell was a ruffian. What ruined Mary was that she claimed a title to Elizabeth's throne. And yet, when by her conduct she had made Scotland too hot to hold her, she took refuge with Elizabeth in England. But her position there, mainly by her own fault, was an impossible one. She was as brave, as false, as high-spirited as Elizabeth, and a thousand times as unfortunate. If Elizabeth was a virago who had the power of winning strong men's loyalty, Mary had the siren charm which lures men to their death. She spent fourteen years of her long English captivity in Sheffield, less than twenty miles from Scrooby, and the stories of her misfortunes and her plottings must have been common talk of the countryside when Brewster came back to settle there as post master. The Head of the Chuech What concerns us most for our story of the Pilgrim Church in the characters of these three monarchs is that Elizabeth and James were perfectly agreed in believing that they had both the authority and duty to compel all their sub jects to worship God in precisely the same fashion. That may seem foolish to us in free America, but it was taken as a matter of course in Brewster's time_Jby almost all the people of England. Elizabeth Tudor, in her big house at Greenwich, and James Stewart later, in his big house of Whitehall, not only told William Brewster at Scrooby, that he must go to church on Sunday morning, under penalty of arrest, but also just what was to be the creed and wor ship of that church. It is only fair to remember that Elizabeth and James had themselves had to take orders about going to church. Elizabeth was the head of the Protestant party in England, but she attended Roman Catholic worship while her sister Mary was queen. Much of the youth of James was spent in lively quarrels with Pres byterian ministers. The head of the College at Cambridge which Brewster attended had twice been a Roman Catholic, and three times a Prot estant minister. Men expected to turn their coats when the kings or queens changed theirs. But what we have to remember is that Brewster and" Bradford, Clyfton and Robinson, in organizing the Pilgrim Church in Brewster's hospitable home at Scrooby, were not merely breaking the law of the land for conscience' sake, but also going against the common opin ion of Englishmen — Episcopalians, Roman Cath olics and Puritans alike. For each party wanted complete civil control in order that it might enforce at least an outward conformity upon all the rest. The next article in this series will be The England the Pilgrims Left Behind Them. A Fallen Hero of the War Dr. Howard S Bliss, president of the Syrian Protestant College of Beirut, who died at SaranaC, N. V., May 2, laid down his life in behalf of freedom and justice as truly as did any soldier who fell at the Marne. He stayed at his difficult post all through the terrible years beginning in 1914 until after the armistice was signed. He and the members of his faculty were cut off from communication with friends and kindred in America. For long periods they knew not what the next hour might hold for them in the form of exile or imprisonment. Yet he and his colleagues never quailed. They kept the splendid institution at work, though on a reduced scale. They carried on their ministry of comfort and counsel, bestowed freely upon all the members of that cosmopolitan population which looked to them for succor. When Dr. Bliss finally reached America last summer after strenuous weeks in Paris, during which he presented forcibly to the Peace Con ference the right of Syria to determine its own political future, he bore on his body the effects of the tremendous strain under which he had been. But his spirit was invincible. He was the same spontaneous, sincere and enthusiastic man his friends and college mates had learned long ago to love. He minimized the hardships and privations which he had experienced. His very life was then being consumed by the ardent passion he cherished in behalf of Syria, the country where he was born and reared. He chafed at the delay in the ratification of the Treaty, including the acceptance of the League of Nations. He felt that faulty as the League might be, the only immediate hope for the peo ples of the Near East lay in some such society of nations, in which the United States should have a responsible part. Disappointment at the final outcome in Washington may have con spired with disease not to break an unbreakable spirit but to weaken a body already wasted and worn. As he has been lying on his sick bed at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York, the great host of friends who knew of his career as successor of his father in the presidency of the Syrian Protestant College and his earlier rela tionships both to the college, to Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, to .the Congregational Church in Upper Montclair and to Washburn College in Topeka, Kan., have been praying that so useful a life might be spared to have its due part in the reconstruction of the world. Dr. Bliss was a leading scholar in his Am herst class and at Union Theological Seminary. His theology was broad enough to permit of delightful and close association in common work with Dr. Lyman Abbott. Yet President Bliss' thoroughly modern point of view was complemented by his ardent Christian convic tions. While doing a statesman's work in the Near East, he rejoiced in being known first of all and all the time as a Christian missionary. He married a daughter of the late Hon. Elipha- let W. Blatchford of Chicago and their five children have grown up to display qualities worthy of their ancestral strains. He nobly rounded out his three score years. He will continue to live in the lives of his children, his students of many nationalities, and in the mem ory of all who honor a manly, consistent and heroic Christian life. ikifapgutiottatet and Atfoance Vol. CV. No. 22 May 27, 1920 THE RIVER CAM AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY THE SCHOOL OF THE PURITANS "REDS" I HAVE KNOWN, by W- E. Gilroy OUR ARMY CHAPLAINS IN THE GREAT WAR, by Jasper T. Moses LITTLE PILGRIMAGES WITH THE FATHERS, by Isaac Ogden Rankin BY-PRODUCTS OF THE PILGRIM MEMORIAL DRIVE, by D wight Mallory Pratt SOME PROMINENT BRITISH DELEGATES TO THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL 694 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE May 21, 1920 Results of the Big Movement By Cornelius H. Patton, D.D. There have been many outstanding instances of success in the Congregational World Move ment. Only a very few of the pastors and churches have turned a deaf ear to the appeal of the Emergency situation confronting our missionary societies and schools. The best rough estimate that can be made shows that 75 per cent, of the Three Million Dollar Emergency Fund will be raised. It is a fine beginning and a spirit of deep gratitude is felt toward all the pastors and laymen who have once more proved their devotion. Apart from' all financial and mathematical returns it is proved beyond a doubt that our churches have broken forever with the old scale of giving. For ten years we have never come within sight of the goal of our $2,000,000 ap portionment, but this year, on top of the won derful effort for the Pilgrim Memorial Fund, our churches have also added more than $2,000,- 000 for our Emergency Fund and will, before long, reach the $3,000,000, we confidently believe. In the midst of so much that is gratifying and hopeful in our task we greatly regret that at one point the campaign has been disappoint ing. It is now perfectly clear from the reports of the Interchurch General Committee meetings held in Cleveland and New York, that the finan cial campaign which was conducted in behalf of the Interchurch General Treasury among the so-called "friendly citizen group" has fallen far below estimates. In many cities the proper organization was not completed. Committees of canvassers could not be secured. In Boston, for instance, no committee was organized until the day before the campaign was supposed to begin, and no effective appeal to the business houses and to the friends in "no man's land" has been attempted. Some fundamental mistakes in judgment have been made in connection with this general can vass. There has undoubtedly been an unduly large expense, and it is quite possible that too much was expected of the "friendly citizen group." The excellent results for many of the denominations in this drive would seem to prove that the devotion and loyalty and sacrifice for church causes are inside the church and not outside. If it turns out at the very end of the cam paign that the co-operating societies will be called upon to make good in whole or in part the sums they have underwritten to cover the expense of the movement during the eighteen months in which its plans have been evolving, as Congregationalists we have received such large benefits from the General Movement that we could offer our share not only with justice, but without a question as to the value of the investment. We do not forget that without the general up lift of the interest and inspiration of such a campaign, our own Emergency appeal would not have succeeded, and our deepening denomi national determination to rise to new levels of stewardship and of generosity would not have been achieved. We gladly pay our tribute to the other denominations which have helped bring to us the great results which can be noted. In conclusion may I point out that these cir cumstances of discouragement constitute some of the deepest challenges ever uttered to pastors and leaders in our churches? Protestantism will be tested in a very searching way by the reaction it makes on this one point. This par ticular Interchurch World Movement may un dergo many modifications ; the convictions that gave it birth we believe are here to stay. This is a time when pastors may well sound to their people the note of loyalty to meet the possible careless criticisms that will surely come. Looking back over the past months we feel that the extreme conservation of our Commis sion of One Hundred has been amply justified. We may now thank them for not committing the denomination to a five-year plan with a somewhat indefinite budget and for not at tempting in this present year to score a great advance and a notable expansion in the work of our societies. The Commission limited its appeal, against great pressure, to a small Emer gency Fund that would meet our increased needs, and would make essential repairs possi ble. There has been no inflation in the plans of our denominational leaders. There has been instead marked conservatism. We have yet to hear any cogent criticism against the Emer gency Fund appeal to which most of our churches have so wonderfully responded. We have all felt the power of moving in fel lowship with thirty denominations. That new consciousness cannot be undermined or de stroyed by this temporary failure. The Surveys which have been taken have bound the churches together in their hundreds of communities. We have been enabled to glimpse the whole world task, and Protestantism is not dismayed at the sight. We who have shared in the fellowship and co-operation of this Movement are glad to testify that the values far exceed this disap pointment. OUR READERS' FORUM Significance of the Nonpartisan League Dear Mr. Editor: The articles in your columns from time to time about the Nonpartisan League are inter esting. "R. W. G." writing from Minneapolis, "Our Western Window," shows that he is in fected with the Minneapolis hostility to this League. The fact that this League is getting so strong a hold in Minnesota is additional cause for anxiety. It must be admitted that a movement of such magnitude and momentum as this League in the Northwestern states has vitality and must have had a vital cause. It did not spring up from nothing and is not without the support of a large and substantial element of citizens. It is a movement that cannot be combatted by pub lication of unwarranted criticism or half truths or out-and-out falsehoods or by scolding about Mr. Townley. The substantial people of North Dakota did not join in this movement without first knowing why. They first paid their money to investigate the causes of their troubles. Their investigation showed them that when they shipped carloads of wheat to a Minneapolis elevator company this wheat was graded low and that the consignee then proceeded to sell it to itself several times under different names, charging a commission on each sale, and finally selling the same wheat to a real purchaser at a high grade and then paying to the shipper the price of inferior wheat minus the numerous com missions, the shipping charges, demurrage, etc. They knew that the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce had mercilessly fought the Equity Co-operative Exchange formed in North Dakota by these farmers in 1911 for the purpose of selling their wheat in Minneapolis at its real value and to accomplish this purpose had bought a seat in this chamber. They knew that this chamber had caused the Minneapolis banks to refuse credit accommodations to this Ex change, so that it had to relinquish its seat and quit operations there. They knew that this same Chamber had caused suit to be brought in the Federal Court of North Dakota in the name of/the State of North Dakota against this Ex change to annul its charter and hired its own lawyer to conduct the suit, thus using the state of North Dakota in an attempt to carry out its own designs. They also knew that the banks and financial interests of North Dakota had not charged them the minimum amounts for favors. From these things one can see that these people did not go into this movement blind folded or with their eyes shut. The only fight against this movement has been fostered by the interests hit by it. I have heard a North Dakota banker who does not like the Nonpartisan League, admit that the farmers of that state had a real griev ance. I know that many of the most substan tial farmers of Montana are heart and soul supporting the same movement in this state. This is also a fact in Minnesota. Recently a North Dakota banker, more can did than the others, said that he came to that state 20 years ago with the sole purpose of making money ; that he had not been over scrupulous about it ; and that in so doing he had also made the Nonpartisan League. If we would look more to the causes and study more carefully the underlying meaning of the world's great movements, we would not be so one-sided in our judgments and might be of real help in adjusting the world's difficulties. Billings, Mont. Hazen M. Parker. Room Enough for Timely Applicants Dear Mr. Editor: Can delegates and visitors depend upon ob taining decent rooming accommodations in Bos ton during the International Council? The hotel situation in the West is such that it would not be safe for any considerable number of people to go to any one of our large cities at one time without securing rooms in advance. This point may have been fully covered in your columns, but if so I have missed it, though always an attentive reader. Kindly state the precise situation, telling us what to do, whom to write, etc. I am sure that many prospective delegates and visitors will greatly appreciate such information. St. Louis, Mo. Western Layman. Editoes' Note. — Note advertisements in the April 22, April 29 and May 6 Congregational ists, signed by Albert W. Fell, 14 Beacon St., Chairman of the Committee on Hotels and Boarding Houses. To all who desire them Mr. Fell will send circulars listing hotels and board ing houses, with which arrangements may be made directly. The earlier the applications the more satisfactory the accommodations. Do not delay. The New Y.W.C.A. Platform Dear Mr. Editor: Your editorial commending the action of the Y. W. C. A. at its recent convention in Cleve land is of much value in presenting to your readers this new decision of that great body. The situation will be a little more clearly stated if it is pointed out that this is not a de parture from the Church, but of the Church in its own action, inasumch as the whole of the members who voted were church members and their vote was, as you point out, six to one, in favor of the change. Doubtless the 'point of view of the minority who voted is one of con servative desire in the interest of the Church, but it overlooks the fact that the Y. W. C. A., like the Y. M. C. A., is a body outside of the Church, whose purpose is, as seen in Clause 2 of the platform you quote, namely, "to lead them into membership and service in the Christian Church." The declaration also provides that no person can be a member of this body who does not make the statement with which the platform closes, namely, "it is my purpose to live as a true follower of the Lord Jesus Christ." What a magnificent opportunity is now given to the Church to use this great body as an agent to bring into the Church those who are on the outside edge of it. W. Bubgess. Des Plaines, III. Ihe^ttgregattonafet mid Advance Volume CV. May 27, 1920 Number 22 Copyright, 1920 All rights reserved By the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter. CONTENTS Results of the Big Movement, by Cornelius H. Patton 694 Profits, Peofiteeeino and the Golden Rule — An Edito rial Message 697 What the Christian World Is Doing 698 Editorial — The Movements Moved 699 The League as a Going Concern The Memorial of Oue Heaets The Maid of Oeleans The Parable of the Tbansfoemed Tooth Oue "Camlno Real" 702 "Reds" I Have Known, by W. E. Gilroy 703 By-Peoducts of the Pilgrim Memorial Drive, by Dwight Mallory Pratt 704 Little Pilgeimages with the Fathees, by Isaac Og&en ' Ttank'm "~™ ' 705 Oue Army Chaplains in the Great Wae, by Jasper T. Moses 707 The Rainbow Ovee the Road, by Frances J. Delano 708 Peominent Beitish Delegates to the International Council 709 De. Davis' Bible Class 710 With the Schools and Colleges 710 The Houe of Peayee — Comment on Midweek and Cheis- tian endeavoe peayer meeting topics closet and Altar 711 Among the New Books 712 With the Childeen — The House That Spoiled Liberty Street, by Annie Hamilton Donnell. The Comrades' Coenee 713 The New Song of the Chuech, by Mary Alice Emerson 714 In the Congeegational Circle — Church News 715 The Misery of Europe 722 Editor-in-Chief, Rev. Howard A. Bridqman, D. D. Managing Editor, Rolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Parris T. Farwell News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White !Miss Florence A. Moore Miss Janet L. Savage Miss Sallie A. McDermott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Fell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballod Circulation Manager, E. M. Wentworth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816; The Congregationalist, 1849'; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Rates : Single subscription, $3.00 a year ; in Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expira tion, appearing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist and Advance, and will be acknowledged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if two-cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change of Address : Both old and new addresses must be sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks oefore the change is to go into effect. Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, and at our depository, 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, 111. The Talk of the Sanctum New England in the Life of the World The editor appreciates the letters which he is receiving expressing interest in the series of articles now being pub lished under the title New England in the Life of the World. These letters come from different parts of the country and in many cases from persons now residing in Western states, who were born in New England or whose parents or grandparents were. One correspondent writes, "It is worth while for the world to know what New England has done for the Middle West and the Pacific States and this is the year above all others to tell of her achievements." In response to a general desire these articles will soon be published in book form. Some of the chapters which have already appeared will be con siderably expanded and the series will go on to set forth the impact of New England men and women and of New England ideals upon Iowa, Kansas, the Pacific Northwest, California, Hawaii and foreign lands where the fruitage of New England seed-sowing is very evident. The Pilgrim Press will publish the book and orders for it may be placed in advance. Dr. Dunning's Tribute to Bishop Vincent Since Bishop John H. Vincent, the founder of the Chau tauqua movement and Sunday school leader for many years, died a fortnight ago, we have seen in print no more adequate characterization of the man than that which Dr. Dunning furnished to our readers last week. He was well qualified thus to pay tribute to a life-long friend, with whom Dr. Dun ning himself was closely associated for many years in planning the Uniform Lessons and in many other activities bearing on the improvement of Sunday schools. We regret that so good a piece of literary work should have been marred by a slip in printing, for which Dr. Dunning was in no way responsible. He gave Dr. Vincent's name as it should have been printed, John Heyl Vincent, but in connection with the proofreading, an unfortunate substitution was made for the middle name of Dr. Vincent. We trust that most of our readers, especially those of the older generation, detected and quickly rectified for themselves the blunder. In the Circulation Department — The motto. "At it ; all at it ; always at it," at the top of a church letter-head, which a minister friend used in writing to us not long ago, attracted our attention, and we pondered on these words. A church with such a motto certainly must be a live, active, up-to-date institution, with its doors open all the year around ! Then it occurred to us that the same motto might well be that of The Congregationalist for we are "At it ; all at it ; always at it," every week in the year to make the best religious paper published. The Congregationalist never takes a vacation and still it never becomes exhausted or un interesting. Although over a hundred years old it is perpetu ally young and fresh. Old subscribers who have enjoyed our weekly messages for forty and .fifty years tell us that every number is increasingly better. This year of all years you cannot afford to lose one copy — so watch your expiration date, dear readers, and send us your renewals early. Don't allow your subscription to lapse. From Our Mail Bag "No paper or magazine of the many coming into our home is so greatly valued as The Congregationalist and, Advance." Third TERCENTENARY NUMBER of The Congregationalist June 3, 1920 Another Big Issue of Unusual Interest So favorably were the first two Tercentenary issues of The Congregationalist and Advance received that a third is now projected to appear just before the International Congregational Council in Boston. It will contain matter relevant to it as well as to many subjects related to the current anniversary. Some of the Features THE PILGRIM SIGHT-SEER IN PILGRIM LAND, SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR VISITORS TO NEW ENGLAND. With Illustra tions. By Mary Bronson Hartt THE GAYER SIDE OF THE PILGRIMS AND PURITANS, by Rev. John Calvin Goddard WHAT WERE THE WOMEN OF THE MAYFLOWER LIKE? by Mrs. Annie Russell Marble. Illustrated. A condensation of one of the chapters in Mrs. Marble's recently issued book A LIST OF THE MAYFLOWER'S PASSENGERS ANOTHER PAGE OF OLD NEW ENGLAND HOMESTEADS THE INFLUENCE OF NEW ENGLAND UPON CALIFORNIA, another article in Dr. Bridgman's series on New England in the Life of the World REVIEWS OF Rev. H. G. Tunnicliff's STORY OF THE PILGRIMS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE — Mrs. Marble's THE WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER— Mary Caroline Crawford's IN THE DAYS OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, and YOUNG PEOPLE'S HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS, by Dr. W. E. Griffis A FORECAST OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL - News and char acter sketches relating to the meeting WHAT SHOULD THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL SAY TO THE WORLD? WHO IS YOUR CHOICE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES? A poll of a large and representative number of Congregationalists — ministers and laymen All who are planning to attend the International Council in Boston will need this par ticular issue, and those who are not so fortunate will want the information which it contains. The edition will be limited, there fore orders for additional copies should be sent to us AT ONCE 10 cents a copy $7.50 for one hundred copies Department of Circulation The Congregationalist and Advance 14 Beacon Street, Boston 9 19 W. Jackson Street, Chicago May 21, 1920 705 The England of three hundred years ago, the land the Pilgrims left behind them, was nearly as different from the England of today as our modern Massachusetts is from the Pilgrim settlement at Plymouth. The England of the twentieth century is a country that works in factories and does not raise food enough to give its children food. Then it was a land of farms, with wide woods and commons, and many little towns and villages. Farmers and villages were vastly more economically independent. Coal was too heavy to carry far away from the mines, except by sea. The farmers cut their own fuel, raised their own food, or exchanged with their neighbors, stayed much in their own home and neighborhood. It is interesting to think that in some of its ways of living and of thinking rural England then was very much like Russia before the revolution and China of today. There were few big towns, and their bigness looks small beside the census returns of America today. A city in the English sense is a town where a bishop has his home and his cathedral. The biggest of all the cities then was London, sixteen times as big as any other. And the next in size was Norwich, more than a hundred miles northeast, on the River Yare of which Spenser sings : "Him followed Yar, soft-washing Nor wich wall," that gives little ships a port where England bulges farthest out into the North Sea. And about half way on the western road from London to Norwich is the famous university town of Cambridge. Centebs of Pilgeim Histoey AU these three towns are of special interest in the history of the Pilgrim Church. London was its center of business. It secured its Amer ican charter and its money to pay expenses and hire ships in London. From London came a not inconsiderable part of the Mayflower com pany. These were not all Londoners born, but some of them were, and the tradition of London was in their thought. And back in the story of London we have been able to trace other churches of the Pilgrim faith, one of which was already in Amsterdam when the Pilgrims turned their faces in that direction. Brewster must have known London well in the days of his apprenticeship to politics and diplomacy. Ed ward Winslow had been living there before, in his travels on the continent, he met with Pastor Robinson and fell so much in love with him that he came to Leyden in his company. Schools of the Pilgeim Teachebs Cambridge was the place where Robinson and Brewster studied and had long been a center of Puritan thought and influence. It was Crom well's university a little later on. But the only one of these three who stayed long enough to graduate was Robinson. Browne and Green- ough, pioneers of independency, had been trained in schools and colleges. Norwich is an ancient city, with a history that runs back to the Roman times. It lies under a hill once crowned with a great Norman keep and some fragments of the ancient city wall that was raised against the Danes can still be seen. Most of its beautiful cathedral was built in the Norman style, but the great central spire which points to heaven out of the level valley lands is later. Here, in the days when Alva, the Spaniard, was killing men for their beliefs in Holland, Flemish weavers took refuge and set up their looms and churches. There is still a Flemish or Dutch church in the city where service is held in the old native tongue. It was in the old days a pious city, and even now has more parish churches in proportion to its size Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers V. The Land They Left Behind Them By Isaac Ogden Rankin than any other cathedral town in England, thirty-five in all. Here Robert Browne, return ing to a place where he remembered that in religious thinking they were "very forward," organized the little church which moved for refuge to Middleburg in Holland some fifteen years before the Pilgrim Church was organized in Scrooby. Norwich, indeed, had a long history of liberal thinking and revolt. Twenty thousand of its citizens defied the king and beat his armies less than a century before the Pilgrims left England behind them. One of its heroes was that Earl of Norfolk, Roger Bigod, who when King Ed ward I. demanded that the Norfolk nobles should follow him across the sea to his French wars refused. "By God, Sir Earl," said the noewich cathedeal choie King, "you shall either go or hang." And the Earl replied, "By God, Sir King, we will neither go nor hang." It was a stronghold of the fol lowers of Wyckliffe, and across the river, on Mousehold Heath, which commands the city, is "Lollards' Pit," a hollow in the chalk where some of these old gospelers were martyred in King Henry's time ; and where, while Bloody Queen Mary reigned some nine or ten of its citizens were burned. One of these martyrs was that Thomas Bilney, who tried his finger in the candle flame to see whether he were strong enough to endure the fire. Of Nor wich, Fuller writes : "Bishop Horton was un merciful in his visitations ; but Downing, the Chancellor, played the devil himself, enough to make wood dear in these parts, so many did he consume to ashes." This was the Norwich tra dition and here came John Robinson, later the Pilgrim pastor, as minister of one of these numerous parish churches. From Norwich he carried his new convictions, drawn from study of the Scriptures and the times first to Gains borough and then by way of Scrooby to Amster dam and Leyden. The Way of Escape Now the natural outlook of all these East- English lands in time of persecution and of exile was not toward London, where the lead ers of freedom had been martyred and where the king's persecuting government was in com plete control, but across the narrow seas to Holland. Thither Browne had led his Norwich church, and there free churches from London and from Gainsborough had taken refuge. Land travel was difficult and slow and the natural way of escape from Scrooby, "set amidst the heathy vale of the winding Idle," was by boat on the River Trent, or across the low hills of Lincolnshire to the port of Boston. A glance at the map will show that the coast between is harborless, or nearly so. South of Boston, where the famous "stump" of St. Botolph's church tower looks toward the sea, is The Wash, an inlet of drowned lands, where King John, on his way toward Nottingham, lost all his baggage and nearly lost his life in the sweep of the incoming tide. North of Boston is a stretch of fdrbidding, barren, treacherous shore. The Pilgrims' first attempt at organized escape was by way of Boston. And here the captain they had hired betrayed them and Bradford and Brewster were arrested and spent some time in the prison of the old Guildhall, which is still standing and is another place of pilgrimage for Americans. I will let Bradford tell the story of this sec ond attempt. This time they had hired a Dutch captain, whose ship was at Hull, "Hoping to find more faithfulness in him, than in ye former of their owne nation. He bad them not fear, for he would doe well enough." But here, too, there was some traitor or betrayer. The women and the children were in a "small barke which they had hired," and the men were to meet them at the place of embarking by land. But the broad Humber was rough and the women grew seasick and begged the sailors to put into a sheltered creek till the ship arrived. And there when the tide ran out they went hard aground in the mud. "The next morning ye shipe came, but they were fast & could not stir until aboute noone. In ye mean time, ye shipe master, per ceiving how ye matter was, sente his boat to be getting ye men abord whom he saw ready, walking aboute ye shore. But after ye first boat full was got abord, & she was ready to goe for more, the master espied a greate com pany, both horse & foote, with bills & guns & other weapons ; for ye countrie was raised to take them. Ye Dutchman, seeing yt, swore his countries oath, 'sacramente,' and having ye wind faire, waiged his anchor, hoysed sayles, & away. But ye poore men which were gott abord, were in great distress for their wives and children, which they saw thus to be taken, and were left destitute of their helps ; and themselves also, not having a cloath to shifte them with, more than they had on their baks, & some scarce a penny aboute them, all that they had being (with the women and children) abord the barke." Bradford, a young man, not yet 20, was one of that first boat load and I am sure from the vivid tale he tells, must have stood by and heard the Dutch skipper's oath and his order to up-anchor and sail away. He was one of those who for seven days on board that ship "neither saw son, moone nor stars, & were driven near ye coast of Norway ; the mariners themselves often despairing of life." He joined in the prayers for deliverance. Of those who were left on shore and in the barke the men scattered, the women were arrested and "Hur ried from one place to another, and from one justice to another, till in ye ende they knew not what to doe with them ; for to imprison so many women & innocent children for no other cause (many of them) but that they must goe with their husbands, seemed to be unreasonable and all would crie out of them ; and to send them home againe was as difficult, for they aledged, as ye truth was, they had no homes 700 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE May 21, 1920 to goe to, for they had either sould, or other wise disposed of their houses & livings." "Unreasonable" indeed ! And their sufferings brought help and neighborly sympathy. A few were discouraged and drew back, but others were attracted by their courage, so that "In ye end, notwithstanding all these stormes of oppo sition, they all gatt over at length, some at one time & some at another, and some in one place & some in another, and mette togeather againe according to their desires, with no small re- joycing." The England of Elizabeth and James What sort of an England was it, then, which the Pilgrims left behind them? We know most about London which has had its chroniclers all along and which was three hundred years ago a city something about the size of New Haven, Ct., today ; a good place for rogues to hide in, for merchandise and pleasure and' social life, but not so good for refugees of faith. It was already the chief commercial port and the money center of the world. Elizabeth's man, Sir Thomas Gresham, had taken that leadership away from Amsterdam in days when Brewster was living in London. It was Old London still, the London of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, the "first nights" of some of whose plays Brew ster may well have seen in theaters that looked like enormous brick hogsheads on the outside and where the stage came down across the pit and a few of the audience had special seats upon it close to the actors. And when I say it was Old London, I mean that it was half a century before the great fire of 1666 which made the building of a New London necessary. What strikes us first as we look at old pic tures of London in that time is the fact that it was a city of gabled roofs. If you look down on Boston or New York or London from an airplane or a tower today you will see flat roofs everywhere. But the London of the Pilgrims' time was all of pointed roofs. At the center of it was Old St. Paul's, the longest church in England, with a high central spire like that of Norwich, but bigger. If you could go back to the London of Brewster's and Winslow's time, that beautiful old cathedral church would have much to tell you. It would tell you in the first place of the enormous change that had come over England, almost within the memory of living men, when the monks were driven out and the monasteries destroyed. For St. Paul's, though it had a church at its heart, was used when Brewster was in London as a place of public strolling and of business. Men walked through its nave and aisles as we walk in the street to discuss our affairs or meet in an ex change to make bargains. Peddlers displayed and sold their goods. There the dandies of a time that cared more for clothes than even we do strutted back and forth to show their finery and be stared at. It was : "I will meet you in St. Paul's at eleven o'clock," when appoint ments were made. And if you wanted to find anybody, that was the likeliest place to look. The Passing of the Monks I must stop a little here to tell what a differ ence the breaking up of the monasteries made to the English people. For it was the office of the monks in older English life to look after the helpless and the poor. If there were few hospitals and no poorhouses in Brewster's Eng land, it was mainly because the work which the monks and nuns were supposed to do, and often did, had not yet been replaced. The monas teries were the schools. They were a refuge for the people who wanted to get away from work. All this work of social ministration had to be organized all over again. I think there is not a shadow of doubt that England was well rid of the monks and mon asteries. They had become too rich and powerful and self-centered to do the work for which they were founded. But there can be no such sud den break up of an ancient institution without injustice. The monks were, with many excep tions, an ignorant lot ; and many of them were corrupt and lazy. They owned nearly a quarter ^^ssgsk . ,%4 i....l®kmtf$t& noewich cathedeal feom mousehold heath of all the land. But they had played so large a part in English life that their going brought many changes. Even the ministers of the churches were not learned as many of the earlier and later ministers were. There was little preaching in country churches, not be cause the congregations did not desire it, but because the ministers were too ignorant to preach. In Elizabeth's reign, says a writer of the time, "In many of the churches they have no sermons, not one in seven years, and some not one in twelve." The King did not spend much time in Lon don. Elizabeth liked to live down the river at Greenwich and James was occupying and build ing a little way , out of the city at Whitehall when the Pilgrims moved to Holland. But there were great houses of the nobles along the river between London and Westminster. The city had no drainage but open ditches ; and no water supply but wells and conduits. You had to fetch or send a servant for the water you drank or washed in if you lived in London, or buy it from those who sold from door to door. Hot and cold water ready at the turn of your hand on the faucet were undreamed of and a bath was seldom to be found even in palaces. In this respect of "tubbing" the England of Elizabeth and James was far behind the Britain of Nero or Constantine. As a writer in an English weekly has recently said : "When the civilization of the Romans and the Greeks passed away, no man or woman had a bath in Europe for a thousand years." With its open drains and filthy streets Lon don was often plagued with epidemics. There was a "plague" in the -year when James suc ceeded Elizabeth, in which more than 30,000 perished in London alone, and which spread as AN ENGLISH VILLAGE STREET, LAEENHAM, SUFFOLK far as Ireland. And the great and famous Plague of London, described out of experience and imagination by the author of "Robinson Crusoe," which killed nearly 100,000, came sixty years later. In the time of sickness those who could fled into the country. Great fires were kept burning in the, streets and squares, but the disease went on like a fire which burns out all that is inflammable before it stops. Too many of the little children died even in ordinary times. The city was ill protected against crime. Fights of rival bands of apprentices were com mon. There were haunts of vice where crim inals and bankrupts and hunted men were safe — if they had money to pay for food and lodg ing — like the Alsatia which Scott describes in his "Fortune of Nigel" a wonderful picture of London life a this time. And this immunity for thieves and insolvent debtors lasted until it was abolished by act of Parliament almost at the end of the seventeenth century. The Rural Life All England had at this time about as many inhabitants as London has today. It was a land of little smoke. The work of the weavers of Norwich was mainly done at home. Appren tices lived with their masters. Salt meat and fish made a large part of the diet of a people who dined at eleven oclock in the morning and ate but two meals a day. Salt meat — because there was no ice to keep it fresh. There were no ice-cream cones for the Brewster children. Ale was the universal drink, more common even than beer is in England today. Every village had its inn. When Milton, who was a school boy at St. Paul's School in London in the year of the Plymouth landing, describes the country life, he turns at once from the village green of the "upland hamlet which invites" "Where the merry bells ring round And the jocund rebecks sound To many a youth and many a maid Dancing in the checkered shade ; And young and old come forth to play On a sunshine holiday — " to "the spicy nut-brown ale, with stories told of many a feat — how fairy Mab the junkets eat." Both these early poems of Milton, "L'Allegro" and "II Penseroso," written some thirty years after the organization of the Pil grim Church, and bearing witness to the Ital ian influence on the literature of the day, are full of pictures of England as the contempora ries of the Pilgrims knew it. There were few wheeled vehicles. The stage coach was far in the future. The mails were slow and highwaymen were as common as bur glars are today. The Life of the Workers The workers of today would grumble fiercely at the hours and food and housing in England three hundred years ago. I saw in a Boston street window the other day an advertisement for three hundred men to work on an estate in New Hampshire. There were offered "Every comfort for the Help : Hot and Cold Baths, Electric Lights, Best Sleeping Quarters and Meals, Free Transportation. Free Moving Pic tures," with wages of $5 a day. The workman on Bradford's farm would have lived in a cold house, with cold water to be brought as wanted from the well, a tallow dip to go to bed and get up by, a straw pallet to sleep on and no springs, no entertainment except an ¦ evening hour of gossip at the village inn and no travel except an occasional visit to the nearest fair or market. But the employer worked with his men, as Bradford must have done, though he was only a boy. In a famous book of the time, Sir Thomas Overbury's "Characters," he says of a Franklyn — a farmer on an even larger scale than Bradford's — "Though he be master, he says not to his servants, 'Go to field,' but 'Let us go ;' and with his own eye doth both fatten his flock and set forth all manner of husbandry." May 21, 1920 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE 707 We*must not forget that concentrated in this little town of London in Brewster's time were many of the great writers of the greatest age of literature which England has ever known. Shakespeare's England, about which so many books have been written, was Brewster's and Winslow's and Bradford's and Robinson's Eng land, and its life is faithfully reflected in the plays. Raleigh and Spenser, Bacon and Hooker, Marlow and Shakespeare and Ben Jonson and Beaumont and Fletcher, Donne and Lyly and Burton all were writing while Brew ster and Bradford were in England or Holland. The social and literary fashion of the time was Italy and the Italianizers were the literary dandies and court favorites. If the mass of the country people could not read or write, the pas sion of scholarship sent kings and queens to school and urged a farmer's boy like Bradford to learn three languages, besides his English and his Dutch. It was an adventurous, forth- putting, youthful, eager-spirited age and people, and the Pilgrims of the, Pilgrim Church, for all their different point of view and thoughts of worship and of duty, were bone of its bone and spirit of its spirit. The sixth article in this series will be on What the Pilgrims Learned in Holland. The Church has reason to be proud of the men who represented her in caring for the spiritual welfare of the soldiers in the recent war. Both with the A. E. F. and in the train ing camps at home, strong, kindly men of God were ever at hand to speak the needed word of exhortation or of comfort to our lads in khaki and, as opportunity was afforded, to bring to them the message of religion. Full statistical information regarding the work of the chaplains in the army is not yet available. For the War Department, the Sta tistics Branch of the General Staff reports that of the 1,263 chaplains who went overseas, prob ably two-thirds of whom saw actual fighting, there were eleven killed in action or died of wounds soon after. Search through the official records of the Department shows that about forty were wounded and recovered, while eight een died from other causes, by disease or acci- Our Army Chaplains in the Great War A Record of Courage and of Honor By Jasper T. Moses battle death rate for enlisted men overseas was 21.9 per thousand and for all officers of the A. E. F., 26.5. Chaplains Who Fought as Well as Peayed Many chaplains went far beyond their rou tine military duties, being constantly with their men in the front line trenches and even going over the top when advances into enemy terri tory were made. Several chaplains are known to have taken the place of other officers killed or disabled in action and to have led groups of enlisted men, and in some cases to have operated machine guns to protect wounded men under their charge, and, by so doing, to have success fully routed the enemy. This, however, was in no wise expected of them, the usual place for chaplains during action being with the aid and dressing stations or at the field hospitals with congeegational chaplains while in teaining at camp ZAGHARY TAYLOR First row, left to right: John T. Clemons, R. J. Montgomery. Second row, left to right: J. N. Pierce, Harry Deiman. The last named was the only Congregational chaplain to be killed in action in France. dent, making a total unofficial casualty list of approximately seventy. The rate per thousand of battle deaths for the chaplains of 8.7 is only slightly lower than the ratio of 10.3 for all the field officers of the A. E. F., and this is in spite of the fact that a chaplain bears no arms and going into action is not required of him. The the dying, duties less dashing and romantic than "going over the top," but none the less vitally necessary to the welfare of the men whom they were set to serve and certainly not devoid of danger. It was here the minister's vocation made him invaluable, though many venturesome spirits could not resist the call of "no man's land." Indeed, the records show the case of one chaplain to whom the fighting end of the job made such appeal that he was, in military parlance, "transferred to the lines," ex changing his cross for an officer's bars. Several clergymen, notably those who had previous mil itary training, served through the war as line officers. The number of chaplains cited for conspicu ous bravery and receiving decorations from our own government and from our allies is very large. Instances of new citations are constantly coming to light, a few of the men having re ceived repeated decorations from our govern ment, which is far less generous in this form of recognition than are the military departments of most European nations. More than forty individual chaplains have been cited, several of them more than once. Records of the War Department show reports from the command ing officers of these chaplains praising in the highest terms their helpfulness and efficiency in maintaining the morale of the troops. The Supreme Sacbifice The only Congregational chaplain to be killed in action in France was the Rev. Harry Deiman of the 354th Infantry, who fell Sept. 29, 1918, at Xammes. He is buried at Bouillonviller in the heart of the old Saint Mihiel salient. Rev. William H. J. Willby, Chaplain of the 544th Engineers, died at sea, Oct. 4, 1918, from influ enza while on his way to serve with the A. E. F. Rev. John T. Clemons, a Negro chaplain, who died Sept. 7, 1919, was the third Congregational chaplain to die during the recent war. The only Congregational chaplain officially reported wounded was the Rev. Royal G. Mont gomery of the 309th Infantry who was entered as a casualty on the day of the Armistice, Nov. 11, 1918. Typical Chaplains There were many types of men represented in the chaplaincy ; among them were such hon ored leaders of the Church as Bishop Charles H. Brent, Senior Headquarters Chaplain of the A. E. F., who went into the army direct from his Protestant Episcopal diocese and whose splendid executive ability soon won for him that direction of the activities of all the chaplains in France. Another man' who has rendered dis tinguished service is Major John T. Axton, Chaplain of the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, N. J., a Congregationalist veteran of the regu lar army service, whose one consolation for his failure to see overseas duty is the wonderful opportunity that has been his to work out the problems and direct the activities of the chap lains incident to the sailing and to the return of the millions of men who passed through the great harbor of New York and the camps con tiguous thereto, with the splendid welfare activ ities developed under his charge. Major Axton had also direction of all the welfare workers on the home-bound transports during the return of the A. E. F. Along with these occasional veterans of the service and with those more conspicuous in 708 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE May 21, 1920 THE RAINBOW OVER THE ROAD By Frances J. Delano A high road, a hard road; it ofttimes plungeth down A low road, a long road; it upward hath a trend To a lozv road, a long road, where fogs hang like a To a high road, a hard road, that some day hath an frozen. end. Oh, but it's like the winds to shift, and it's like the Oh, it's a joyous end at last, all the stony uplands past; fogs to lift; Then— Then- It's a new road, an old road, a winding road for me, It's a new road, an old road, a winding road for me, A new road, an old road, on, through eternity. A new road, an old road, on, through eternity. church life were hundreds of young men from their first pastorates or just out of college and seminary, who rose to the occasion and made up the rank and file of the American army chap lains in foreign service. It is of interest to recall that the Y. M. C. A., with splendid in itiative, went ahead immediately upon the pro claiming of our entry into the war to recruit its personnel for foreign service. While mili tary red-tape was being unwound to allow the enlisting of chaplains, the "Y" secured the pick of the mature ministry and the experienced lay men of the American churches for its overseas secretaries. The Paeson in Khaki The great mass of the younger ministers, men of military age, who enlisted as chaplains, speedily adjusted themselves to the new and exacting duties of a calling which had few prec edents but whose obligations knew no limits. We have Bad pictured to us in graphic stories and cartoons the bewilderment of the average doughboy in the unfamiliar surroundings of military life. But who has written the epic tale of the young parson thrust into uniform, to wrestle with the unfamiliar exactions of military etiquette, working out his own salva tion and winning for himself an honored place in the economy of an organization that has no mercy for the incompetent and small praise even for respectable mediocrity. The war was no Sunday school picnic. The young theologue in O. D. must have had some decided misgivings as he first edged into the group at the officers' mess wondering whether he would be taken in by the self-important young shavetails and the cynical older officers who eyed the silver cross on his collar and won dered how on earth a parson was going to fit into their scheme of things. But adjustments were soon made and most of the fledgling "padres" made good not only with the officers but with the enlisted men, not all of whom by any means were of that "hard-boiled" type which adorns the pages of recent war fiction. An Honoe to the Church From the War Department's bulletins the following citations refer to Congregational chap lains. The verbatim quotations from the mili tary orders will be of interest in this connection. John T. Axton Major, Regular Army, Distinguished Service Medal. "For exceptionally meritorious and con spicuous service in organizing and administer ing numerous welfare activities connected with the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, N. J., and New York City whereby provision was made for the comfort and pleasure of enlisted men." General Order. War Department, No. 69, Sec tion 3, May 24, 1919. Earl H. Weed Captain, 16th Infantry. (Now in service at Camp Taylor, Ky.) Distinguished Service Cross. "For extraordinary heroism in action near Soissons, France, July 19-22, 1918. He displayed exceptional bravery in passing through open fields under heavy fire to the front lines to render first aid and to cheer the wounded." General Order No. 125, War Department, Para graph 1, Dec. 12, 1918. David T. Bubgh Captain, 106th Infantry. Distinguished Serv ice Cross. "For extraordinary heroism in action east of Ronssoy, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Dur ing the operations against the Hindenburg Line he displayed remarkable devotion to duty and courage in caring for the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. The splendid ex ample set by this officer was an inspiration to the combat troops." Oeville A. Petty Captain, 602d Infantry. Croix de Guerre. Chaplains' Bulletin No. 2, American Expedi tionary Force, Nov. 1, 1918. There remain only six Congregational chap lains in service now. During the war the total medal to be presented to peotestant chaplains number was 107. Of those remaining four are majors and two captains. They are : John T. Axton, Major ; Thomas Livingston, Major ; Wil liam A. Aiken, Major ; Stephen Wood, Major ; John V. Axton, Captain ; Earl H. Weed, Capfain. The Recruiting Committee The recruiting of the two thousand or more chaplains needed for the war emergency in the American Army was no easy task. It was made possible on the part of the Protestant churches by the splendid work of the General Committee on Army and Navy Chaplains, con stituted by the Federal Council of the General War-Time Commission of the Churches. Through its office at Washington over seven thousand applications were investigated and about one- third of this number were recommended to the War Department, which granted more than one thousand commissions to chaplains from the Protestant bodies thus represented. Legislation to increase the number of chaplains in the army was secured through the efforts of the Commit tee in arousing the public sentiment that brought the necessary pressure to bear upon Congress. The Committee also was influential in the matter of securing the establishment of a training school for chaplains which did such splendid work at Camp Zachary Taylor. The same idea was carried out also by Bishop Brent in his training school for the overseas chaplains in France. Need of Chaplains' Corps The experience of the American Expedition ary Force has demonstrated beyond a question that the corps organization for the chaplains makes for the efficiency of the service. General Pershing has testified to this in his statement that "under the efficient leadership of Bishop Brent and his assistants, a strong organization was developed which assured the most effective individual effort and also the proper correlation of the work of all." It is now proposed to carry out this same idea, giving the chaplains who are to serve our new army a form of organiza tion which will promote the efficiency of their work and have some central, authoritative body responsible for their welfare. We cannot afford to appoint a man to the spiritual oversight of our soldiers and then cut him adrift to shift for himself. In the corps, with its directing body, the chaplains in isolated posts will be kept in frequent touch with experienced men who will inspect and criticize their work and make help ful suggestions. They will be brought together in occasional schools of methods and in every way the welfare of the service will be promoted through expert advice and management. Our churches should insist upon it that the bill now before Congress, providing for a chaplains' corps, be passed at the present session. The Chaplains' Medals A commemorative medal is to be given by the Protestant churches which united in war work through the General War-Time Commission of the Churches to all their chaplains of the Amer ican Army and Navy who served in the war. The chaplains' medal is the work of Mrs. Laura Gardin Fraser, of New York, one of the best known of American medalists. In the design for the chaplains' medal Mrs. Fraser has chosen to represent an army chaplain in the act of supreme service, ministering at the risk of his own life to a wounded man. The fine record of the men who served as chaplains in the navy, maDy of them constantly passing back and forth through the submarine danger zone, ministering to the crews of the naval vessels and the soldiers on the transports, is recalled by the representation of the battleship on the reverse of the medal. It is believed the medals will have a permanent value for those who re ceive them. They are the gift of the churches which worked in closest fellowship during the war in carrying out their common task through the War-Time Commission. The medals are intended to convey in tangible form a message of grateful appreciation from the churches to their chaplain sons who were ready to give up life itself, if necessary, in the service of their fellows in the army and navy. She (jpttpgattonalist and Adnance Vol. CV. No. 24 June 10, 1920 LEYDEN— A BRANCH OF THE RIVER RHINE See article on Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers SHALL AMERICA SAVE ARMENIA? by JAMES L. BARTON WHAT THE PILGRIMS LEARNED IN HOLLAND, by ISAAC OGDEN RANKIN THE GREATER BLESSING — THE STORY OF A WONDERFUL GIVER WHAT THE INTERCHURCH MOVEMENT HAS DONE, by HUBERT C HERRING Congregational World Movement 287 Fourth Avenue, New York Report to the churches on the Financial Campaign Special attention is called to the following: — (1) The quotas given amount to more than $3,000,000, because several of the States and Hawaii have programs of their own. (2) The CO-OPERATION OF ALL the Churches in the States that, are the stronger, Congregationally, and from which only incomplete reports are yet at hand, notably Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio and Illinois, will insure a great aM overwhelming success for the Congregational World Movement. (3) A more detailed report will be presented in an early issue of The Congregationalist and Advance. ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS EXPECTED ON "» "i QUOTAS AMOUNTS ASSURED CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATES FROM THE FIELD Alabama $850 $1,000 Alaska 150 Arizona 1,350 150 $200 Arkansas 300 250 50 California (Northern) 71,000 30,000 20,000 California (Southern) 100,000 35,000 40,000 Colorado 37,000 31,000 Connecticut 375,000 146,000 104,000 District of Columbia 16,500 5,000 3,000 Florida 7,500 8,500 600 Georgia 1,500 2,000 JHawaii 400,000 320,000 Idaho 4,200 2,400 Illinois 290,000 115,000 Indiana 12,500 11,000 Iowa 135,000 101,000 10,000 * Kansas 123,000 70,000 53,000 Kentucky 500 200 Louisiana 1,000 Maine 75,000 31,000 34,000 Maryland 3,000 930 570 Massachusetts 720,000 194,000 286,000 Michigan 115,000 101,000 14,000 Minnesota 100,000 100,000 ¦(•Missouri 600,000 48,000 C. W. M. Montana 6,000 6,000 •(•Nebraska 200,000 33,000 C. W. M. Nevada 700 300 New Hampshire 75,000 40,000 35,000 New Jersey 66,000 66,000 5,000 New Mexico 1,000 1,000 New York 250,000 118,000 69,500 North Carolina 850 600 fNorth Dakota 500,000 175,000 175,000 Ohio 142,000 45,000 50,000 Oklahoma 6,600 5,150 450 Oregon 22,500 7,700 7,000 Pennsylvania 25,000 7,200 5,500 Porto Rico 200 400 Rhode Island 52,000 45,000 7,000 South Carolina 1,000 400 fSouth Dakota 500,000 115,000 235,000 Tennessee 1,000 900 Texas 5,000 2,600 1,500 Utah 2,250 1,500 500' Vermont 130,000 116,000 14,000 Virginia 660 320 Washington 55,000 29,000 18,000 West Virginia 1,250 600 Wisconsin 100,000 75,000 15,000 Wyoming 2,500 1,800 COLORED CHURCHES 7,460 9,500 $5,346,170 $2,093,650 $1,363,770 *Includes Pilgrim Memorial Quota. ¦j-Includes Special State Program for Five-Year Period X Special Centenary Fund. Pledges should be paid to local church treasurers, and by them remitted to the Treasurers of State Conferences, or to the Congregational World Movement. fhe^pngregiattoiialist and jkifoattce June 10, 1920 Volume CV. Number 25 Copyright, 1920 All rights reserved By the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office In Boston as second-clasa matter. 769 770 771 CONTENTS The Power of Hidden Forces — An Editorial Message What the Christian World Is Doing Editorial — Armenia's Last Chance When There Is No Peace The Interchurch Not a Failure Money in the Primaries At the Threshold of Success The Parable of the Bed and the Mattress A Knockabout Paper, by George Lawrence Parker International Council Jottings The Voice of Protest if™f^5^^[dS5£^I£S.-SE^SAJSSS§i«^./saoc Ogden ~^5»Bm> ~ 775 James L. Barton 777 779 774774 774 Shall America Save Armenia? The Greater Blessing What the Interchurch Movement Has Done, by Hubert C. Herring 7g0 League of the New Day 780 Among the New Books 781 In the Church School — Dr. Davis' Bible Class — An Approach to the Young People's Problem 782 The Hour of Prayer — Comment on Midweek and Chris tian Endeavor Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altar 783 With. the Children 784 Forerunners of the Council 785 Methodist Episcopal Conference 785 Some Observations on the Interchurch 785 More Votes fob Hooveb 786 With the Schools and Colleges 786 In the Congregational Circle — Church News 787 Hditortn-Chlef, Rev. Howard A. Bridgman, D.D. Managing Editor, Rolfb Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Paeeis T. Fakwell News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White (Miss Florence A. Moore Editorial Assistants jMiss Janet L. Savage 'Miss Sallib A. McDeemott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Fell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballou Circulation Manager, E. M. Wentworth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816 ; The Congregationalist, 1849 ; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Rates : Single subscription,- $3.00 a year ; in Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expira tion, appearing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist and Advance, and will be acknowledged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if. two-cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change of Address : Both old and new addresses must oe sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks before the change is to go into effect. Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, and at our depository, 156 , Fifth Ave., New York City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, 111. The Talk o^the Sanctum This Week's Paper "What the Interchurch Movement Has Done." An authori tative statement from Sec. H. C. Herring of the National Council of the accomplishments of the great interdenomina tional drive : in what respects it succeeded and wherein it failed. "Shall America Save Armenia?" by Sec. James L. Barton of the American Board. Dr. Barton probably knows more about conditions in Armenia than any other man in the country today. As head of the Near East Relief he has visited the country in person within recent months. He believes heart and soul that it is the duty of America to accept the mandate over Armenia. The second of Rev. G. L. Parker's "Knockabout Papers." A story — "The Greater Blessing." Our Annual Out-of-Doors Number Next week we turn our attention to the rest and recreation days of summer — to the great Out-of-Doors. Next week's issue of The Congregationalist will overflow with good things that will inspire you with the vacation spirit and help you to get the most and the best out of your summer outing days. Some of the features will be : Spiritual Opportunities of a Midsummer Trout Stream, by 0. W. Smith. Some Real Vacations, by Rev. W. H. Moore. A Tenderfoot Vagabond, by Franklin I. Jordan. My Day of Rest, by Rev. W. O. Rogers. Why Is a Vacation? by Robert W. Gammon. Also wonderful pictures, verse and all the regular good things that go with the paper at its best. In the Circulation Department — The telephone and wireless have done much to bridge the barriers of distance and bring to us communications from our friends who are in far distant lands. But there are also other means of keeping us in touch with our dear ones in spite of separation by miles. Letters, of course, you will say, convey the most intimate and satisfactory exchange of thoughts. There is still, however, another means of linking together kin dred spirits — we refer to our messenger, The Congregationalist and Advance — which goes out to our missionaries and friends in foreign lands, thus binding us together in common knowl edge and interests. A voice was recently heard from one of our loyal friends who is now in France, and we know that you will rejoice with us in his message, "I have chosen The Congregationalist as an indispensable magazine for one who would keep in touch with. what is really biggest and best in American life. If I could not get along without it at home, how much more I need it living abroad. So in the midst of France's slowly healing wounds, where the 'Y' shares in the work of reconstruction, I shall welcome more than ever inspiration from the heights via The Congregationalist." Isn't it splendid to feel that our voice is heard around the world and that we are indispensable to many folks? luinii'iiiiiiii'iii'iii i:'l<-l1lllllll!llllllltllllllll!llillllllllllllllll!tlltlllllllltlllllll^ ||||!lll!llllll||||||||||||!||||[|lllllllllllllilNIIIII[INIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIltlllllllllllillllllH Here is an Opportunity to Save $1.00 and to make a worth-while invest ment in a good Book for your Summer Reading as well as 52 copies of The Congregationalist and Advance for every week in the year. How you can do it — By sending us a New Subscription to The Congregationalist and Advance for a year in combination with any of the following books — a saving of $1.00 on any combination which you may select. 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Jackson Street CHICAGO Department of Circulation I4 Beacon St., Boston, o The Congregationalist and Advance Enclosed find for one year's subscription to TJie Congregationalist and Advance in combination with book Name of ooolc Name ¦ June 10, 1920 775 It is a Dutch saying that "God made the ocean, but we make the shore." It is not too much of a boast, perhaps, for a nation more than two-thirds of whose existing territory has been won or recovered from the sea, a nation which enlarges by dykes and not by fighting, and which is still planning new conquests which will supply sea-bottom farms for its growing population out of the bottom of the Zuider Zee. The two cities of Holland in which the Pil grims sojourned were Amsterdam and Leyden. To Amsterdam they came as modern immi grants come to New York or Boston. In Ley den they made for eleven years their home. When they moved to Leyden they traveled by water, partly over the wide expanse of the Harlemmer Meer, the lake of Harlaam, and Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers VI. What the Pilgrims Learned in Holland By Isaac Ogden Rankin which took them almost to the shores of Nor way were waiting to greet the women and the children. No wonder they rejoiced, for hard experiences in a great undertaking are high among the great cementing forces of the world. The first question they had to solve when they were safe in Holland was that of bread and butter. Bradford was a farmer, Brewster an estate agent for the Archbishop and a keeper of post-horses for the king. But Bradford had nothing to teach the Dutchman about farming and it is improbable that Brewster, for all his former stay in Holland, could speak Dutch fluently. There was a large English colony in Amsterdam, so that the Church Company could hear their own tongue spoken. But not many (*^^^s AMSTERDAM — IN THE OLD CITY (l'ACHTERBURGWAL) partly by canal. Today their pilgrimaging chil dren, seeking to recover traces of their life among the windmills, go from Amsterdam to Leyden by train across or around the 44,000 acres that ha^e been recovered from what was once that lake. The dyke, the windmill and perpetual watchfulness are the sole terms on which the' Hollander makes the shore and also makes himself secure against the sea. There was a battle once — a battle of ships — on the waters of this lake, and there was once another battle of ships in salt sea water among the tree- tops and house roofs just outside of Leyden. But of that I shall have to say something a little farther on. The Coming Across We have no record of the adventures of the separate parties of the Pilgrims on the way from Scrooby to Amsterdam except what Brad ford tells us and which I quoted in the last chapter. "In the end," however, "notwith standing all these storms of opposition, they all gatt over at length, some at one time & some at another, and some in one place & some in an other, and mette togeather againe according to their desifSs, with no small rejoycing." I should like to (know) how Mrs. Brewster and her chil dren came across. Perhaps her husband's friends in London helped. I should like to have an authentic picture of a Pilgrim landing in some quay in Amsterdam, where the men who had shared that temptestuous voyage from Hull of the Englishmen in Amsterdam were wealthy. And the thing we notice first and most con stantly in the Pilgrim Company was their de sire to keep together and to be independent in their worldly as well as in their church affairs. They had to begin at the beginning, with be ginners' pay. Bradford apprenticed himself to the silk weavers. Robinson seems to have taught. Brewster taught at first and ' then learned printing. Meeting Poverty Face to Face All this is better told in Bradford's language : "Being now come into ye Low Countries, they saw many goodly & fortified cities, strongly walled and garded with troopes of armed men. Also they heard a strange & uncouth language, and behelde ye differente maners and customes of ye people, with their strange fashons and attires ; all so farre differing from yt of their plaine countrie villages (wherein they were bred & had so longe lived) as it seemed they were come into a new world. But these were not ye things they much looked on, or long tooke up their thoughts ; for they had other work in hand, & an other kind of warre to wage & main- taine. For though they saw faire & bewtifull cities, flowing with abundance of all sorts of welth and riches, yet it was not longe before they saw the grime and grisly face of povertie coming upon them like an armed man, with whom they must buckle and incounter, and from which they could not flye ; but they were armed with faith & patience against him, and all his encounters ; and though they were some times foyled, yet by God's assistance they pre vailed and got ye victorie." There is a remembrance of hungry and un certain days and a consciousness of overcoming in these words to which no imaginative descrip tion could add anything. The Pilgrims were, with few exceptions, unskilled laborers, they must find what unfamiliar work they could and begin at the beginning. We do not know much about their experiences in Amsterdam, but Dr. Henry Martin Dexter in his monumental book, "The England and Holland of the Pilgrims," enumerates fifty-seven occupations in which they and other English-speaking people were engaged in Leyden during the Pilgrims' eleven years' stay. There was no butcher among them but the baker and the candlestick-maker — or at least the candle-maker — were there. Robinson is set down as a minister, Bradford wove bom bazine. There were a smith, a stocking-seller, a carpenter, and five tailors among the 131 enumerated, and three students. Jonathan Brewster, hardly more than a boy, though al ready married, learned to weave ribbons, Robert Cushman, who at Plymouth preached the first sermon in America which has survived in print, combed wool and William White carded it. Degory Priest made hats and John Jenney brewed beer. Working at Home This was long before the time of factories and it was fortunate for the Pilgrims that they could work at home or in other men's houses. Both Amsterdam and Leyden were at this time busy manufacturing centers with many cloth- makers. Leyden was famous for its broadcloth and Amsterdam for silk. This diversity of trades marks the variety of life in Holland in the years of the Pilgrim sojourn. Weavers and other skilled workmen had come from what is now Belgium, just as they had to the English Norwich, to be free from religious persecution. The fires of Spanish persecution had made Hol land rich. And while Dutch ships blockaded the Flemish ports, Dutch commerce went east and west and north and south. Holland Then and Now For those who would make acquaintance with Holland as it was and is, there is no more help ful and delightful book than "A Wanderer in Holland," by E. V. Lucas. Of Amsterdam he says : "Amsterdam is- notable for two posses sions above others : its old canals and its old pictures. Truly has it been called the Venice of the North, but very different is its somber quietude from the sunny Italian city among the waters. There is a beauty of gaiety and a beauty of gravity ; and Amsterdam in its older parts . . . has the beauty of gravity." Imagine, then, a city built on ninety islands, a city that must make the mud beneath it solid with piles driven thirty or forty feet down to the clay — there are more than 13,000 underneath its city hall — a city where it is expected that a house should begin to lean a little when the walls are up and the mud begins to dry. And one must add a third to the features of the city which Mr. Lucas enumerates, for Amsterdam is a city of trees and gardens. It is also, as it was in the Pilgrims' day, a city of many charities. Provision for the Poor Fifty years after the Pilgrims' stay John Evelyn, retreating from the civil discords of England, journeyed through Holland. "It is by extraordinary industry," he says of Amsterdam, "that as well this city, as generally the towns 776 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE June 10, 1920 of Holland, are so accommodated with graffs, cutts, sluices, moles and rivers, that nothing is more frequent than to see a whole navy of marc hands (ships) and others environed with streets and houses, every man's barke or vessel at anker before his own doore, and yet the street so exactly straite, even and uniforme, that noth ing can be more pleasing, especially being so frequently planted and shaded with the beau tiful lime trees set in rows before every man's house." The city is well provided witli hospitals and orphanages. Of one of the latter Evelyn says: "The girls are so well brought up to housewifery, that men of good worth who seek that chiefly in a woman frequently take their wives from this seminary." And he adds : "In deed it is quite remarkable what provisions are here made and maintained for public and char itable purposes, and to protect the poore from misery and the country from beggers." And the fame of its charity had reached even to the palaces of its enemies. King Louis of France, Louis XIV. who said, "The State — I am the state !", when he was planning to invade Hol land wrote to Charles I. of England : "Have no fear for Amsterdam. I have the firm hope that Providence will save her (from destruction, that is; not from surrender), if it were only in consideration of her charity toward the poor." The Tolerance op the Dutch Amsterdam was also a hospitable and toler ant city. It had citizens or sojourners of many faiths and races, including tens of thousands of Portuguese Jews, whose descendants now have a monopoly of diamond cutting for the world. They lived in their own quarter where the strange dress and faces had an irresistible charm for the great painter, Rembrandt. The admittance of the Pilgrims was itself a witness to the Dutch welcome for all industrious and well-behaving men. When King James, who had carried out his threat to "harry them out of the land" and then had failed to prevent their going, stretched out his hand to prevent their finding a home in Leyden, the Leyden magistrate replied: "We answered officially, stating that we did not refuse free entrance to honest people that behaved honestly and sub mitted to the Statutes and Ordinances of the city ; and that therefore the entrance of the Petitioners would be welcome and agreeable to us." A little later John Selden, the famous Eng lish lawyer, whose "Table Talk" is still widely read, said of the city : "Independency is in use at Amsterdam, where forty churches or congre gations have nothing to do with one another. And 'tis no question agreeable to the Primitive times, before the Emperor became Christian." The Dutch had their own State Church, which was and is Presbyterian in form, but they neither compelled conformity nor persecuted those who brought with them or preferred other forms of belief and worship. The City on the Rhine If Amsterdam was built above a peat bog, on islands at or below the level of the highest tides of the sea, Leyden was an inland city near the ancient mouth of the River Rhine. It had only thirty islands to the ninety of Amsterdam. Back in the dark ages the Rhine that flowed through the city had given access to the sea, just as the Thames does to London. But long before the Pilgrims came the mouth of the river had silted up with "sand and Leyden had become an inland town. When the Pilgrims knew it it was a manufacturing town nearly the' size of Springfield, Mass. It is a town of many windmills, of broad, straight streets whereon walking every few blocks you must cross one of the 150 bridges of the city. Mr. Lucas says that it has the most beautiful red roofs of any city in Holland. Of course you ¦..'«-. WHB^KB&.x- > :. . THE CORN MARKET, WITH TOWN-HALL SPIRE, AT LEYDEN can go anywhere you like in Holland by water, if you are not in a hurry. As Mr. Lucas writes : "Every drop of water in these city-bound canals is related to every other drop of water in the other canals of Holland, however distant. From any one canal you can reach in time every other. The canal is really much more the high road of the country than the road itself. . . . Here we see some of the secret of the Dutch deliberateness. A country which must wait for its goods until a barge brings them has every opportunity of acquiring philosophic phlegm." And again he says : "I can think of no more reposeful holiday than to step on board one of these barges wedged together in a Rotterdam canal, and be carried by it to, say, Harlingen in, Friesland ; between the meadows ; under the noses of the great black and white cows ; past herons fishing in the rushes ; through little vil lages with dazzling milk cans being scoured on the banks, and the good wives washing . .~. by . rows of somber houses seen through a delicate screen of leaves ; under low bridges crowded with children . the clean west wind driving the windmills, and everything just as it was in Rembrandt's day (which was the Pilgrim's day exactly) and just as it will be five hundred years hence." When the Pilgrims traveled, this was the way of it, they only went short distances by road. And when winter came the Pilgrim boys and girls would join the chil dren of Leyden in sports unknown or little used at that time in their England, of skating, slid ing, coasting on the canals that were not far from any man's front door. Holland through Rembrandt's Eyes Before we leave this question of the look of the land, let me remind you that in Rembrandt's landscapes — "The Three Trees," and the hollow level of "The Goolweigher's Field," and the "Windmill," you are looking at the Holland that a townsman of the Pilgrims knew. For when the Pilgrims moved to Leyden Rembrandt was a child of two, playing about the doors and under the shadow of the great, windmill on the shore of the Old Rhine where his father made his living by grinding flour and malt. He signed himself Rembrandt van Rhin after the Dutch fashion which gave a man the name of the place he came from when he moved. I once knew a family of Van Salisburys. I suppose they got the name by moving from England to Holland and kept it in going on to America. So the greatest of musicians was Louis from Beetho ven. And a famsus portrait painter's people moved to Antwerp from the dyke. But that is a digression — if you wish to know how Holland and. the Hollanders of the Pilgrims' residence looked and lived, you will find abundant testi mony in the great company of the artists of the time, or a few years later, among whom the greatest was the miller's son of Leyden, with whom it is quite possible that some of the chil dren of the Pilgrims went to school and played the Dutch form of what our children call hop scotch, under the linden trees or the shadow of the windmills on the banks of the River Rhine. The Dutch Industry One other bit of description and I am done. In the year after the Pilgrims left Holland for America an English clergyman, Peter Heylin, published his "Mierocosmus, or a Description of the Great World." Of the Holland of the Pilgrims, which he must himself have seen while they were still in Leyden, he writes : "The country for the most part lieth very low, insomuch that they are fain to fence it with banks and rampants, to keep out the sea, and to restrain rivers within their bounds : so that in many places one may see the sea far above the land, and yet repulsed by these banks: and is withal so fenny and full of marshes that they are forced to trench it with innumerable dyke* and channels, to make it firm land and fit for dwelling ; yet not so firm to bear either trees or grain. But such is the industry of the people, and the trade they drive, that having little or no corn of their own growth, they do provide themselves elsewhere ; not only sufficient for their own spending, but wherewith to supply their neighbors : having no timber of their own, that spend more timber in building ships and fencing their water courses than any country in the world ; having no wine, they drink more than the country where it groweth naturally ; and, finally, having neither flax nor wool, they make more cloth, of both sorts (i e. linen and wool, there was no cotton in the markets then) than in all the countries in the world, except France and England." The Siege and the University Leyden was famous then for its siege and its university — the two inseparably connected, as the one was the occasion for the founding of the other. I cannot tell the full story of the deliverance of the city here — of the resistance, month after month, until there was nothing left to eat in the city, which w'as girded about by more than sixty Spanish forts ; of the last ap peal to the starving citizens, who had eaten all the mice and rats that they could catch; June 10, 1920 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE. 777 of the bourgomeister; of the breaking of the dykes to let in the sea ; of the prayed-for gale that drove it in ; the battle in the treetops out side the city wall ; the second gale from the opposite quarter that drove the salt waters out again before they spoiled the land. For all this you must go to Motley. But I wonder how many of us have upon our private list of heroes the name of Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf who told the starving garrison to kill and eat him, but not to surrender to the Spaniards, which would be worse than death. The presence of the university must have been the greatest of attractions to Robinson, to Brewster, and to Bradford, all of them lovers of books and seekers after knowledge. Founded as a reward to the city after the siege, as its preference over a release from taxes, it soon became one of the great seats of learning for all Europe ; foremost in medicine, in botany, with its great garden of plants enriched from the Dutch colonies in Asia, and in theology, which was in that day the queen of all the sciences. It is still the central interest in Ley den, though the students who used to come in thousands may now be numbered by hundreds. Its mere presence must have been an influence of importance in the thinking of the Pilgrims while they lived in Leyden. Let me in closing this chapter suggest some of the points in which the Dutch experience must have taught the Pilgrims lessons which helped to shape Plymouth, and through Plym outh, America. There was first the lesson of Self-Government. They came under the control of a real, if incomplete democracy, rooted in the tradition of long ages. There was the lesson of Toleration. Holland and Plymouth alike made room for those who, disagreeing, respected the ways of the people to whom they came for refuge. The Dutch example shaped and strengthened the Pilgrim determination here. There was the lesson of Simplicity. "The pecu liarity of the Dutch character is simplicity," wrote Henri Alpjionse Esquiros in "The Dutch at Home," in telling how the Dutch envoys sat on the grass and ate their lunch out of their wallets when they met the Spanish envoys to negotiate the famous twelve years' truce. Then there was the lesson of Industry. All Holland is a monument to the intense, unhurrying dili gence of men. There was a lesson of Educa tion. There were members of the Pilgrim Church and of the Mayflower company who could neither read nor write. They came from remote villages and the villagers of England in King James' time were notoriously illiterate. But the famous Italian statesman and student, Guicciardini, says of Flanders half a century before the Pilgrim visit that : "It was rare to find even a peasant who could not read and write." The Pilgrims lived for eleven years in an atmosphere of wide intelligence under the shadow of a great university in which some of their own members were students and one be came a teacher. And last of all that I shall mention here, there was a lesson of Cleanly Neatness to be learned. At this point the Dutch villages far outran the English, as indeed they do today. Think of the countless brooms and mopcloths which the Pilgrims saw worn out in those washed streets of Leyden ! "Nothing can exceed the cleanliness of Leyden, in all its streets, whether those with or those without canals," writes a tourist. There was little sick ness on the crowded Mayflower voyage, I have not the shadow of a doubt, for the object lesson of the Leyden housemothers to the men and women of the Pilgrim flock. The next chapter in this series will be, "Why the Pilgrims Left Holland. Shall America Save Armenia? A Plain Duty and a Great Opportunity In connection with the proposition of a man date for Armenia there is danger that, because of the antipathy between the President and Congress, the real will of the people of the country will not be carried out. The question is' also darkly clouded by ex aggerated statements in the press and in Con gress as to what would be involved by such a step. All who are opposed to any League of Nations for any cause whatsoever are against everything looking to American responsibility for good order outside the United States, while the rank and file of the country are uninformed and confused, not being able to discriminate between what is personal opposition to the President, prejudiced and false statements to the galleries, and the actual facts. What a Mandatory Is A mandatory is a trusteeship under the League of Nations, controlled by a charter is sued by the League and conducted in the inter ests of the country and people thus protected and aided. The idea is embodied in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League, signed in Ver sailles in June last year. The relevant part of the Article reads : To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which for merly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there shall be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. . . . Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as independ ent nations can be provisionally recognized sub ject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consid eration in the selection of the mandatory. This provision applies as directly to Armenia and the Armenians as to any other people on earth. Not only are they eager to be free from Turkish misrule which spells only Turkish atrocities, but they, of all the races in Turkey, are most worthy such freedom and most deserv- By Rev. James L. Barton, D.D. Secretary of the American Board ing of independence from Moslem domination. They have also, through their Paris national delegation and in many other ways, expressed their unanimous desire to have the United States assume this responsibility for the nation. Why Not England or France "Why do they not choose England or France?" is asked. European national jeal- Significant Sentences in This Article The Near East is at present a danger cen ter which, if left to England, France, Italy and Greece to settle, may prove to be an other Balkan hotbed of a new world disaster. The taking of the mandatory does not mean war with Turkey or with anybody else ; it does not mean fighting. It means the setting up of a government among a people who are asking and even pleading for help for that very purpose. Within two years, under good government, the country would be a large exporter of raw and manufactured material. America has the resources of men and money to perform this conspicuous service for a nation in critical need. We have now the opportunity of setting an example to the world of disinterested in ternationalism which is without a precedent and by which a great, powerful, rich nation puts its resources unselfishly at the service of a perishing people that they may live. ousies, rivalries and fears are such that it has been shown to be impossible for any one Euro pean nation to assume this trusteeship and hold Armenia together as one' country. At the pres ent time Armenia is under three flags. A small area in Russia recently recognized by the United States as a de facto "Armenian Republic of the Caucasus," includes less than one-third of the Armenian population and one-fifth of its his toric territory. France now lays claim to Armenia Minor or Cilicia, and all of the rest of Armenia is under the flag of the Turk, just now controlled by the Nationalist dictator, Mustapha Kemal Pasha. The Russians have declared they will not ac cept the mandatory of England or France for Russian Armenia, and the French have em phatically announced they will not accept Eng land as mandate for Armenia Minor, while Turkey objects to both of these for Armenia Major. All, however, have agreed to accept the United States as mandatory for all three sec tions of Armenia, thus preserving a united Armenia within its ancestral territory. Under these circumstances Armenia, Russia, Turkey, England and France turn to the United States and urge that we step in and help settle a matter of life and death to a nation. We only can do it. The Near East is at present a danger center which, if left to England, France, Italy and Greece to settle, may prove to be another Bal kan hotbed of a new world disaster. National rivalries and jealousies too much dominate local questions. The situation demands the entrance of America with no territorial ambitions and a keen sense of justice as an umpire and referee. Unless we are ready to do our part here and now, we may be forced later, for our self-pro tection, to make vastly greater sacrifices. The recognition of the Armenian Republic of the Caucasus in no degree solves this problem, This part of Armenia has been prosperous for fifty years under Russian rule. None of the Turkish massacres have touched that • country except as hundreds of thousands of Armenian refugees fled there for safety five years ago and are unable to return to their homes which are under Turkish and Koordish domination. The Way Paved for America The difference between an American mandate and one under England or France is that Amer ica would go in purely as a friend of justice and good order and at the urgent invitation of the peoples in the country, while England and France are looked upon as conquerors who in tend to take permanent control for their own gain. A century of American missionary work with American schools, colleges, hospitals, printing presses, and missionaries and Amer-. ican relief workers, favorably known by all 778 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE June 10, 1920 classes, not only in Armenia, but throughout the country, has convinced all that America can be trusted to restore and maintain order and to withdraw when an orderly government has been permanently established. The people have no such confidence in any other country. These conditions were discovered and re ported by the Harbord, the King and the Near East Relief Commissions, namely, the desire for American help as over against a declared re sistance to France and a secondary preference for England. The Cost Not Prohibitive This being the fact, it would cost the United States much less to undertake this task than it . would any other country. As General Harbord put it, "We would need to provide only a gendarmerie, while England and France would need to furnish an army." We cannot lose sight of the fact, however, that political matters have become more complicated than they were last September which will not make the orderly pacification of the country any the less com plicated. It is also necessary to note that General Harbord, the King Commission, the Commis sion of the Near East Relief, and the United States High Commissioner at Constantinople urged that the United States take over the reorganization of all of the Turkish Empire as simpler, safer and more important than to take any section of it, this to be the course on con dition only that all other foreign forces with draw, leaving everything in the hands of the United States. Last September the Harbord Commission believed this would require at the outside no more than two divisions of American soldiers as a foreign gendarmerie which number could soon be replaced in part at least by men of the country. The League of Nations has not asked the United States to take over the entire , country , but to delimit Armenia and then to assume the mandate of the country thus defined. What Will Be Involved We have no exact knowledge of the limit which the President will fix for Armenia, but we know that it must include Armenia in Tur key as well as Russian Armenia. The present Russian Armenia has no outlet to the sea and is shut in by hereditary enemies on every side, the Georgians on the north, the Tartars on the east and the Koords and Turks upon the south and west. New Armenia must have a port upon the Black Sea, and, in order to provide ample terri tory for development, adequate access to the outside world and space for normal develop ment, it should have a port also upon the Medi terranean Sea. Armenia can hardly be ex pected to live and thrive shut into the cramped, mountainous, cold, high plateaus of Russian and northern Turkish Armenia alone. This larger area, giving a port upon both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, would make the exercise of a mandatory more simple, for it would give access to the country from opposite sides. It is well within reason to assume that the mandate of Armenia now would require no more men than General Harbord declared would be needed eight months ago for the entire Near East, say, two divisions of American troops or not to exceed 60,000 men. These would go, not as an army, but as a police and diplomatic force to take over the government of the country in the interest of the people who dwell there and not in the interest of America or any other foreign country. They are all weary of disorder and uncertainty and would welcome anything that would restore and guar antee perpetual order. The preliminary steps, after the entire withdrawal of all allied forces, would be in the form of diplomatic approach to the heads of all governing forces over the entire area, acquainting them with the purpose of the Americans' participation and securing their acquiesenee and probably their full co operation. The taking of the mandatory does not mean war with Turkey or with anybody else ; it does not mean fighting. It means the setting up of a government among a people who are asking and even pleading for help for that very purpose. As to the money cost, General Harbord who had upon his staff skilled financiers, estimated that in order to set up the kind of government which all Turkey should have, some $800,- 000,000 would be required before all was accom plished. This included the completion of lines of transportation now woefully lacking, devel oping mineral resources which are abundant, erecting adequate government buildings, devel oping a universal school system and putting it into operation, and in fact everything necessary ica accepted the responsibility a year ago. The work of relief must go on until Armenia is pacified. America has the resources of men and money to perform this conspicuous service for a nation in critical need. This people crushed, enslaved, exiled, children orphaned, Christian girls pris oners or victims in Moslem harems, homes in ruin, hopes shattered, life imperiled, turn, with the approval of the entire world, to the United States to help them back to life and hope and prosperity. If the experiences of the Near East Relief are any criterion, thousands of our best young men and many outstanding leaders of mature experience would gladly welcome the chance to go into Armenia for purposes of recon struction. This would afford them the op portunity of doing constructively that for which they and their comrades in arms fought to make possible. Many who failed to get across would see in this field of action an opportunity g~°#1atO \ARMENIA\ ' ZRO0Me i„j.vAH. ¥i TARTAJR £i»*BITUS.B OIARBEKIR* \\,\<-v"'^'- ""' ,"- •AINTAB ____>'* S "ALEPPO . „ . . . \ £ ARABIA v CO • MARDIN S • TABRIZ M TEH ERA: HAMADAN* The Armenian Republic in the Caucasus is the Armenia now officially recognised. It has not been a part of Turkey for forty years. Cilicia, or Armenia Minor, and Syria have been assigned to the French who are unable to pacify the country, and who are now fighting Mustapha's forces. Between Cilicia and Russian Armenia Mustapha Kemal Pasha, with capital at Angora, dominates, as he does all of the area west of Armenia to the environs of Smyrna and Constantinople. The Arabs, under Prince Feisal, hold Aleppo, but with capital at Damascus and are unfriendly to the French occupation of Syria. New Armenia should include all of Turkish Armenia and the Armenian Repub lic in the Caucasus. for accomplishing the purposes of the manda tory. This estimate was made for the entire country. Less would be required for Armenia alone. With all of the vast resources in the larger Armenia the country itself would be able to re fund a large part if not the entire amount with interest. The country is one of the richest in the world with enormous undeveloped mineral and agricultural resources. The Armenians are industrious and thrifty and have always been accustomed to paying heavy taxes. Within two years, under good government, the country would be a large exporter of raw and manufac tured material. This would rapidly increase as capital came in and internal resources were developed. Armenia thus outlined would be quite capable of paying her own bills. Go to the Root of the Trouble If America should accept the mandate, the half million or more refugees could at once re turn to their homes and there become self-sup porting. Already the benevolent people of America have given for the relief of these suf ferers over $50,000,000 and the end is not yet. It would be wise economy to go to the source of the trouble and make it possible for this de pendent multitude to become producers rather than remain dependents upon public charity. What England, France and America have given in aid of these exiles would have gone a long way in establishing the New Armenia and mak ing these dependents self-supporting, had Amer- for a similar service for the world. We helped crush the brute force that would rule the world, but until now have declined to share responsibility in protecting and aiding the smaller nations to enter upon their rightful heritage of freedom from tyranny and the right to live as free people. We have the oppor tunity of setting an example to the world of disinterested internationalism which is without a precedent and by which a great, powerful, rich nation puts its resources unselfishly at the service of a perishing people that they may live. Such an act would stand in history as a glori ous precedent and would begin a new chapter in international procedure which would shape the diplomacy of the world. The men who so recently fell upon the battle fields of France died in the faith that the world would yet be purged of the rule of force and that government of reason and justice would take its place. They made the supreme sacrifice as a pledge of their loyalty to the only principle that begets liberty. If we honor them and be lieve in the cause for which they, died, we must be ready as a people and a nation to make all necessary sacrifice that these principles become regnant among oppressed peoples and are ac cepted as a rule of the stronger nations upon whom must rest responsibility for all who re quire aid. America cannot refuse to do her part in the protection of Armenia and in the reorganization of the world under the new order without denying her heritage. Uie^iipgatiotialtst and jtafoattce Volume CV. July 1, 1920 Number 27 Copyright, 1920 All rights reserved By the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter. CONTENTS A New Slogan for America — An Editorial Message What the Christian World Is Doing Editorial — Welcome, International Council Political Questions and Hopes Congregational World Movement Plans Working toward Reunion A Warning on Autocracy in Justice Sir Auckland Geddes, by George Perry Morris Face to Face, by Pauline Frances Camp Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers^ b y Isaac Ogden Rankin A Church" with a Fruitful Program A Tentative Basis for Church Union Department of Religious Drama May vs. December International Council Delegates The Armenian Mandate League of the New Day Our Readers' Forum The Andover Anniversary In the Church School — Dr. Davis' Bible Class — Sum mer Conferences fob the Young People The Hour of Prayer — Comment on Midweek and Chris tian Endeavor Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altar Among the New Books With the Children — Ann Mary's Living Flag, by Annie Hamilton Donnell. The Comrades' Corner In the Congregational Circle — Church News 1010 11 13 1-1 151516 16 16 171718 10 20 2122 Editor-in-Chief, Rev. Howard A. Buidgman, D. D. Managing Editor, Rolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Paekis T. Farwei.l News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White (Miss Florence A. Moobe Editorial Assistants I Miss Janet L. Savage (Miss Sallie A. McDekmott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Fell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballou Circulation Manager, Miss Ethel M. Wentwoeth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816; The Congregationalist, 1849; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Rates : Single subscription, $3.00 a year ; in Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expira tion, appearing on tbe address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist and Advance, and will be acknowledged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if two-cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change or Address : Both old and new addresses must be sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks before the change is to go into effect. Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores, 14 Beacon Street. Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street. Chicago. and at our depository, 156 Fifth Ave.. New York City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance. 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago. 111. The Talk of the Sanctum Who's Who in This Week's Issue Mr. George Perry Morris, who characterizes for us Sir Auckland Geddes, is the Washington correspondent of The Congregationalist and a member of the staff of The Advocate of Peace, published by the American Peace Society, also the staff of the Washington Herald. Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin, the author of our series, "Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers," is Associate Editor of The Congregationalist. Pilgrim history has been one of his special interests for many years. Rev. George Lawrence Parker is a Congregational min ister who is giving his time at present to writing and lecturing, and in the intervals to farming, at his home in Falmouth, Mass. He is writing for us a series of "Knockabout Papers," based on incidents and observations gathered during his lec ture trips. Rev. Edwin H. Byington, who discusses the question, "May vs. December," is pastor of the Congregational church in West Roxbury, Mass., a member of the faculty of Gordon Bible College, and among our national leaders of Congregational affairs. Dr. Mary Alice Emerson is specially qualified to conduct our Department of Religious Drama by her connection with the Religious Education faculty of Boston University. She has written and produced a number of pageants on religious sub jects.International Council Numbers Next week's Congregationalist and Advance will contain a report of the opening of the International Council of Congre gational Churches in Boston. It will go to press during the early days of that great convention. The paper of the follow ing week, the issue of July 15, will be enlarged and will con tain interesting comprehensive reports of the various sessions and events relating to the Council in Boston. 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JACKSON STREET CHICAGO JUly 1, 1920 11 We must always keep in mind the determin ing fact that the twelve years of the Pilgrim Church in Holland almost exactly covered the period of the famous twelve years' truce of the Dutch with Spain. Bradford himself puts that first. The Pilgrims were no cowards, as their escape from England shows, but they were loath to fight and this was not their quarrel. To stay on in Leyden was to accept a share in a prob able experience of war with what in outward seeming was the most formidable fighting power on earth. Leyden itself was a witness of what that war might mean. There were men and women not yet old, neighbors of the Pilgrims in the red-roofed houses of Leyden, who had been to the verge of starvation in the famous siege, who had themselves hunted rats and mice for food, and joined with feeble voices in the hymns of praise when the rescuing fleet sailed in among the treetops. When we ask, therefore, why it was that the Pilgrims were not content, why they did not let well enough alone in Leyden, this was the first reason. There was a shadow of war over their pleasant places. At Home in Leyden That the places they had made for themselves in that friendly city were pleasant, though the work was hard, there can be no doubt. Here is Bradford's testimony ; in which you will notice that the word comfort is three times used : "And at length they came to raise a competent & comforteable living, but with hard and con- tinuall labor. Being thus settled (after many difficulties) they continued many years in a comforteable condition, injoying much sweete & delightefull societie & spirituall comforte to- geather in ye ways of God, under ye able man agement of Mr. John Robinson, & Mr. William Brewster, who was an assistante unto him in ye place of an Elder, unto which he was now called & chosen by the church." The company of the Pilgrims had increased threefold since they came to Leyden. They had the good report of their neighbors. Their credit was ample : "And first though many of them were poore, yet ther was none so poore, but if they were known to be of yt congregation, the Dutch (either bakers or others) would trust them in any reasonable matter when yey wanted money. Be cause they had found by experience how carefull they were to keep their word, and saw them so painfull & diligente in their callings ; yea, they would strive to gett their custome, and to imploy them above others, in their worke, for their honestie & diligence." The Spaniard and Turk This shadow of war hung both in the East and South. Spain, which really at this time was like a hol low shell, weakened by its loss of industrious citizens in the recent expulsion of the Moors, with a bankrupt treasury, had at this time the greatest appearance of power. It held Portugal and with it all the Portuguese colonies and pos sessions in that world of the Indies which had been the bait for Columbus when he sailed west to win a short way to the East. All America except the north seemed to lie in the Spanish Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers VII. Why the Pilgrims Left Holland By Isaac Ogden Rankin grasp. And in America the North offered to the invader neither gold nor jewels. Had there been a gold mine on Cape Cod the Spanish would no doubt have been in possession and there would PASTOR ROBINSON'S HOUSE, LEYDEN have been no place secure for the Pilgrim Fathers when they came. Tobacco was to be the gold mine of Virginia, but there was no tobacco then upon Cape Cod. You must remember that these wars of Eu rope in the time of the Pilgrim migration were wars of religion as well as of dynastic ambition, and cruel accordingly, as wars of religion have always been. Philip of Spain could not find means to drive back the Turk because he spent his strength to fight and kill and burn the here- t'.c. Two years before the Pilgrims sailed for THE RHINE NEAR LEYDEN America the war that was to last in Germany for thirty years broke out. It was in a sense King James' war, for he had married his daughter to the Prince Palatine who was the Protestant leader. The Battle of Prague, which ruined the hopes of the German Protestants and left them helpless until the Swedes under Gustolphus Adolphus came to their assistance, was fought while the Mayflower was in mid- Atlantic and it was long before the Pilgrims heard of it. But beyond Germany was the shadow of what might have seemed a greater danger still, the danger of the Turks. The Cloud ix the East It is difficult for us to remember that in the time when Robinson and Brewster and Brad ford were studying maps to find a refuge for the Pilgrim Church — a refuge which would be also an open door of opportunity for spreading the good news of Christ — a large part of the Mediterranean was a Turkish — or at least a Moslem lake. Like Spain, Turkey was really weaker than she looked, but the turning of the tide of her victories had not yet come. Venice and Poland and Hungary and the Knights of St. John, who, driven out of Rhodes defended Malta, were the outposts of Christianity. There was a lull in the Pilgrim time because the Turks were fighting in Persia. Then the wave of conquest moved west again. The Pilgrims had been eighteen years in Plymouth when the Turks first captured Bagdad. They had been there forty years when Crete was captured from the Venetians, who had held it for four cen turies, after a siege of more than twenty years. It was against the Turks that Othello the Moor fought as an admiral in the Venetian service. That great adventurer, navigator and adminis trator, Captain John Smith, had fought the Turks and been a slave in Turkey before he sailed the Atlantic with a company for Virginia and brought order out of the chaos at James town. And Bradford, Winslow, Brewster had long been dead when the Turkish wave of con quest broke at its high water mark on the walls of Vienna in 1G83 under the attack of John Sobieski, King of Poland. But the point to remember is that the Mos lem, and especially the Turkish conquests, shut and barred the old gates of access to the East by way of the Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt. Therefore within five years, not much more than a century before the Scrooby Pilgrims left for Holland, the Cape of Good Hope was discovered by the Portuguese, Bartholomew de Diaz, and America by Columbus, an Italian in the service of Spain. They were both looking for a way to the Indies which would avoid the way which the Turks had closed. And as a reward to Spain and Portugal the Pope divided the unknown world between them by a line drawn north and south with his ruler on the map. But in so dividing the new-found or rediscovered world the pope had not consulted either Holland or England or France. They all sailed east and west through the newly opened doors. France sent a colony to Florida, whicli was destroyed and its peo ple massacred by the Span iards. In the year that the Pilgrims went to Holland, Champlain founded Quebec. While the Pilgrim Church was begin ning to feel at home in Leyden, the Dutch built their city of Batavia in Java. '-" - — «---: •.~-~-?r*..-^. L.I The Shadow of Persecution But war was not the only shadow whch hung over the "comfortable" Pilgrims in their new home in Leyden. There was a shadow 'of perse- 12 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE July 1, 1920 cution. With the Pilgrim leaders it was not merely a case of the burned child which dreads the fire, though they never could forget the ex perience whicli Bradford has recorded, when they were "Hunted & persecuted on every side. . . . For some were taken oi clapped in prison, others had their houses besett & watcht night and day, & hardly escaped their hands." We have seen how King James attempted to pre vent their settlement in Leyden and recent re searches have revealed how he followed them and tried to have them driven out. Brewster and Brewer, when they had set up their print ing press for printing books which could not be printed in England, were before long forced to flee by the interference of the English king and church and Brewster was long in hiding. And they all knew that they could not go back to England without danger of arrest. Thomas Hutchinson in his History of Massa chusetts Bay, published in 1701, sums up the situation : "Bigotry and blind zeal prevailed among Christians of every sect or profession. Each denied to the other what all had a right to enjoy, liberty of conscience. To this we must ascribe, if not the settlement, yet at least the present flourishing state of North America. Persecution drove out Mr. Robinson and his church from England to Holland about the year 1608." So heavy was this shadow of persecution that it explains the exultation of Governor Bradford when, in Plymouth, long after the settlement, he heard of the overthrow of King Charles and the bishops in the Puritan revolt : "Doe ye not now see ye fruits of your labours, O all yee servants of ye Lord that have suffered for his truth, and have been faithful witnesses of ye same, and ye, little handfull among ye rest, ye least among ye thousands of Israil?" To be rid forever of all fear of persecution and- interference with their following of the truth they knew was in itself motive enough to take up their journey from comfortable Leyden into the unknown con tinent across the sea. The Shadow of Controversy Another shadow which hung dark above the thoughts of their leaders was the shadow of controversy. The Pilgrims were not by nature or by practice a quarrelsome folk. Only a few of them had education enough to follow ques tions of theology. Least of all, at the bottom of his thought, was the pastor, Robinson, a lover of strife, for all that he was pushed and persuaded, much against his wish, into the great controversy over Calvinism which raged in the Dutch churches and especially in the Univer sity of Leyden. He was an effective fighter, for he had logic and clear utterance, but his fare well utterances to the Pilgrims show no con troversial spirit. But the Pilgrims had seen the fruits of controversy in the quarrels of friends and the breaking up of families. They had seen how Prince Maurice used a theological dispute for the advancement of his own autocratic power and, just before they left, as a pretext for the judicial murder of Holland's greatest citizen, John of Barneveldt, following the dis putes and condemnations ef the Synod of Dort. And they had been observers of the quarrels and divisions of the English exiled churches in Amsterdam and elsewhere on the continent. It was on that account that they had kept them selves apart in Amsterdam. The spirit of the Pilgrim Church was wholly different, as the Dutch authorities bore testi mony when they rebuked the French Protestant (Walloon) Church in Leyden for their quar rels, holding up the Pilgrims as an example : "These English," Bradford reports them as say ing, "have lived among us now this twelve years and yet we never had any sute or accusation come against any of them ; but your strifs and quarrels are continuall." It was different when they came to barter with King James for his permission to settle in the wild lands across the sea over which he claimed authority. They were ready then, under the stress of need, to yield every point except the central one of the authority of each church to choose and commis sion its own ministers. The king might make as many bishops as he chose and they would not quarrel with his right or their authority. But they would not, and did not, acknowledge the authority of these bishops over them. The right of the king and of the laws of England they would not dispute ; but when they reached the wilderness where those laws did not extend or apply theymade laws for themselves, as their Saxon and Danish forefathers had done, to suit their present need and surrounding circum stances. But they were neither controversial nor quarrelsome folk. The Shadow of Worldliness What these clear-sighted and far-sighted lead ers of the Pilgrim Church feared most of all for the future of the church was the shadow of worldliness. Their own people were changing rapidly before their eyes in comfortable Leyden. The old folks were dying, the children were go ing to the schools of the town, were learning Dutch and playing with Dutch children. Brad ford had crossed the Harlem Lake back to Amsterdam to marry a wife, and there were other marriages. Many had taken out papers of Dutch citizenship, because without citizen ship they could not be admitted to the trade guilds and without membership in the guilds, the trades unions of the time, they could not get work in Leyden. And the growth of Dutch wealth and prosperity in the still days of the truce with Spain notoriously tended toward careless and luxurious living. I have already quoted Bradford's reference to "fair and beautiful cities, flowing with abun dance of all sorts of wealth and riches." They themselves were too few to influence the cus toms of the people about them and their chil dren were manifestly being influenced. "But that which was more lamentable and of all sorrowes most heavie to be borne," says Brad ford, "was that many of their children, by these occasions (the hard-working poverty and nar row living of their parents, that is) and ye great licentiousness of youth in yt countrie, and ye manifold temptations of the place, were drawn away by evill examples into extrava- gante and dangerous courses, getting ye raines off their neks, & departing from their parents. Some became souldiers, others tooke upon them farr viages by sea, and other some worse courses, tending to dissolutnes & the danger of their soules, to ye great greefe of their parents and dishounor of God. So that they saw their posteritie would be in danger to degene rate & be corrupted." In Hutchinson's words : "The manners of the Dutch were too licentious for them." It must always be remembered that the Pil grims were but a drop in the bucket — a very little drop in a single bucket — of Dutch life. The Dutch were themselves more or less a mixed people. There were many disbanded sol diers among them. The zest of their piety had been a little rubbed away by controversy and church polities. They were a busy, not always considerate folk, much taken up with their own affairs. "Blunt" is Shakespeare's adjective for them. And their wealth was tending to a kind of luxury which alarmed the country-bred, al most too serious-minded Pilgrims. Dutch Life and Taste There is a picture of Dutch life a generation later than the Pilgrim's stay in Leyden, which is interesting in itself and throws a little light The seventh article in this series will be on that result of the Dutch wealth and self- What the Pilgrims Knew about America. indulgence which tended toward what the Pil grims meant by worldliness. It is taken from the "Brief Character of the Two Countries," published by Owen Feltham in 1652 : "Their houses, especially in their cities, are the best eye beauties of their country. For cost and sight they far exceed our English, but they want their magnificence. Their lining is yet more rich than their outside ; not in hang ings, but in pictures which even the poorest are there furnished with. Not a cobbler but has his toys for ornament. Were the knacks of all their houses set together there would not be such another Bartholomew Fair in Europe. Whatsoever their estates be, the houses must be fair. Every door seems studded with diamonds. The nails and hinges hold a constant brightness, as if rust there were not a quality incident to iron. Their houses they keep cleaner than their bodies ; their bodies than their souls. Go to one, and you shall find the andirons shut up in net work. At the second, the warming-pan muffled in Italian cutwork. At a third the sconce clad in Cambric." There are numerous pictures of low life and revelry by famous Dutch painters which reflect the vulgar tastes of certain classes of the people, but which the wealthy bought and hung in their houses. Evelyn tells us in his Diary how he found the shops in Amsterdam full of these records of vulgar mirth and drunken revelry and sent a number of them home to England. The contrasts of these tastes and this display with the Pilgrim poverty was great; and greater still the contrast with the Pilgrim manners and the Pilgrim thoughtful- ness. And this dread of worldliness went so far with the Pilgrim leaders as to become a dread of extinction. "So as it was not only probably thought, but apparently seen," writes Bradford, "that within a few years more they would be in danger to scatter, by necessities pressing them or sinke under their burdens, or both." In Hutchinson's words, again : "In a few years their posterity would have been Dutch and their church extinct." The Pilgrim Ambition Now the extinction of the church would be its failure in a mission and a testimony, the loss of a great and precious hope. They had not come out of persecuting England to lose themselves like the flow of a river in the desert, or like the currents of the Rhine at Leyden in the sand dunes of the shore. Therefore we may be sure that Governor Bradford, looking back from peaceful Plymouth over the long course run, had reached the deepest thoughts of their hearts in that time of decision and up rooting when he wrote as the final reason why they left their homes in comfortable Leyden : "Lastly (and which was not least) a great hope & inward zeall they had of laying some good foundation, or at least some way therunto, for ye propogating & advancing ye gospell of ye kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of ye world ; yea, though they should be but as step ping-stones unto others for ye performing of so great a work." So through all their thougths of the future ran the golden thread of witness which makes the whole church one. So the thought of the young men at Williamstown and Andover, of the bands and individuals who planted homes and villages all across the continent, was anticipated. So the Fathers put themselves in the great suc cession of the saints and apostles and their line has gone out through all the earth in witness to the good news of Christ. She(jpgregatiottuitst and Advance Vol. CV. No. 30 July 22, 1920 GROUP OF ENGLISH DELEGATES TO INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL, AT PLYMOUTH ROCK Front Row, Left to Right : W. H. Okey, Miss Haworth, Sir Arthur Haworth, Rev. J. D. Jones, Sir Arthur Stephen Collins. Second Row : B. L. Woolf, Dr. Albert Peel. Third Row : Rev. S. M. Berry, Rev. A. R. Henderson, R. Lyon Carrick-Fergns and Dr. Robert Mackintosh. THE PROMISE OF A NEW SOCIAL ORDER, by Charles R. Brown LITTLE PILGRIMAGES WITH THE FATHERS, by Isaac Ogden Rankin INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL AFTERMATH A BRITISHER'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE COUNCIL Congregational World Movement 287 Fourth Avenue, New York The following is a list as far as reported of the Churches in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia and District of Columbia that have secured pledges sufficient to cover their quotas for the Congregational World Movement. A church in Massachusetts not previously listed is added. Are there not other churches in this district whose members would be glad to see their names appear in this "Roll of Honor"? Send us word as soon as you have reached your quota. CHURCHES REACHING OR EXCEEDING QUOTAS: (•'STAR INDICATES CHURCHES WHICH HAVE EXCEEDED THEIR QUOTAS.) NEW JERSEY Actually subscribed . . . $66,626 * Chatham *Haworth *Mapleshade *Egg Harbor *Jersey City, First *Montclair, First *Montclair, Upper *Glen Ridge *Plainfield*Grantwood Westfield NEW YORK Actually subscribed . . . $122,354 ?Pilgrim, Bronx ?Forest Ave., Bronx *Harlem*Tuckahoe*Nazarene, Brooklyn *St. Paul's, Brooklyn ?Ocean Ave., Brooklyn Church of Evangel, Brooklyn Mapleton Park, Brooklyn *Woodhaven, Christ Brooklyn Hills ?Jamaica ?Jamaica, Victoria ?Forest Hills ?Willsboro ?Poughkeepsie Middletown, First Middletown, North Blooming Grove SaugertiesSayville HopkintonParishville Winthrop Norwood Madrid Lisbon Briar Hill Ogdensburg Richville Antwerp Philadelphia Deer River Denmark OsceolaCincinnatus Homer ?Groton?De Ruyter ?Binghamton, First ?Corning ?Elmira, Park ?Clayville?Hamilton?Paris Lebanon Morrisville West Winfleld WaltonGreeneCanandaiguaChurch ville ClarksonEast Bloomfleld HenriettaRigaRochester, North Rochester, South ?Arcade FarmersvilleBuffalo, Plymouth North Evans ?Angola?Gaines?Lockport, First ?Lockport, East Ave. ?Buffalo, Pilgrim Jamestown, First Otto PENNSYLVANIA Actually subscribed . . . ?Coleraine?Audenreid?Forest City ?Wilkesbarre, Puritan ?Ebensburg, First ?Farrell?Minersville ?East Smithfield CarbondaleEdwardsville, Bethesda Edwardsville, Welsh Ebensburg, South Braddock, Slavic Duquesne, Slavic Charleroi, Slavic Johnstown $8,500 OHIO Actually subscribed . . . $72,000 ?Jefferson ?Akron, West ?Fredericsburg ?Richfield?Twinsburg?Columbus, First ?Elyria, Second ?Elyria, First ?Olmstead Falls ?Parkman ?Troy?Huntsburg?Chardon?Claridon?Bath Saybrook Mansfield, Mayflower Cleveland, Plymouth Cleveland, Glenville Cleveland, Mizpah Cleveland, Mt. Zion Cleveland, Lakewood Cleveland, Trinity Cleveland, Nottingham East Cleveland, East East Cleveland, Calvary North Olmstead Brooksville Strongsville Burton MadisonFairport Chester MARYLAND Actually subscribed . . . $928 VIRGINIA Actually subscribed . . . $318 ?Portsmouth DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Actually subscribed . . . $5,000 ADDITIONAL FROM MASSA CHUSETTS Nantucket which went far "over the top" very early in the campaign. iiie^ngregattonaltst and jy uattce July 22, 1920 Volume CV. Number 30 All rights reserved Copyright, 1920 By the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter. CONTENTS English and American Preaching — An Editorial Message 109 Editorial — Electing the Right Men to Congress 110 A Shadow of Forgotten Years On Asking Too Much at Once The Parable of Heroes and Heroines The Promise of a New Social Order, by Charles R. Brown 112 International Council Aftermath 113 The International Council — A Britisher's Impressions, by Our London Correspondent 117 Department of Religious Drama, by Mary Alice Emerson IIS Among the New Books 119 Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers, by Isaac Ogden Rankin 120 From Day to Day, by Allen Chesterfield 122 A Knockabout Paper, by George Lawrence Parker 123 Ouk Readers' Forum 123 In the Church School — Dr. Davis' Bible Class — The' Creed of a College Man 124 The Hour of Prayer — Comment on Midweek and Chris tian Endeavor Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altar 125 With the Children — Tit for Tat, by Anna Burnham Bryant. The Comrades' Corner 126 In the Congregational Circle — Church News 127 League of the New Day 134 Editor-in-Chief, Rev. Howard A. Bridgman, D. D. Managing Editor, Rolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. VV. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Pakkis T. Far well News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White SMiss Florence A. Moore Miss Janet L. Savage Miss Sallie A. McDermott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Fell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballod Circulation Manager, Miss Ethel M. Wentworth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816 ; The Congregationalist, 1849 ; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Rates : Single subscription, $3.00 a year ; In Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expira tion, appealing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist and Advance, and will be acknowledged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if two-cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change of Address : Both old and new addresses must be sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks before the change is to go into effect. Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores. 14 Beacon Street. Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street. Chicago. and at our depository. 156 Fifth Ave.. New York City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance. 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago. 111. The Talk of the Sanctum In the Circulation Department — Our readers who were not privileged to attend the Inter national Council in Boston will be interested to know that an attractive souvenir of the great meetings may be secured by sending 25 cents to the Circulation Department. We refer to the Official Boston Guide Book, which was prepared especially for the delegates. It contains a complete program of the meet ings, a list of the official delegates, and a brief rgsumS of the three previous councils, as well as an excellent alphabetically arranged guide to historic Boston and a map of the city. At tractive illustrations of places of interest in and about Boston appear frequently throughout the book. You will find it a use ful help whenever you visit Boston, and undoubtedly many of you will be led to the home of the" Pilgrims during this Tercen tenary year. We would call your attention to our special an nouncement on page 24. Next Week— Our Annual Education Number This, like its predecessors through the years, will open many windows into the broad field of education, both as it relates to the public school system and to the higher institutions of learn ing the country over. Some of the features are : How to Get and How to Keep Prepared Teachers, by A. E. Winship, editor of the Journal of Education. Educating the Nation's Children, by Frank E. Spaulding, recently superintendent of schools in Cleveland and now called to be head of the new Department of Education at Yale Uni versity. President Burton Goes to Michigan University — a little study of an interesting career. School and College, a page or two of fresh and interesting news, with special emphasis on institutions associated with Congregationalism. What I Have Gotten Out of My College Education, a broadside from our readers. Our Council Reports The International Council has been such a major event in the life of Congregationalism that we are sure our readers are appreciating the space we are devoting in current issues to material relating to the gathering. Our staff of writers has sought to give something besides a routine report, but along with the record of what was said and done, to suggest the color and personnel of the remarkable gathering. Special credit is due Rev. Henry L. Bailey, of Longmeadow, Mass., a veteran convention reporter of The Congregationalist, for his day-by-day running story that has constituted the backbone of the report. Other writers who, either under their own name or anony mously, have sketched various phases of the assembly include Rev. Herbert A. Jump, Rev. F. B. Noyes, and Dr. H. J. Kil bourn. So much of the spice and permanent value also of the Council disclosed itself in the smaller gatherings of a social character that we have included brief statements concerning a number of them in our review of the week. In this week's issue we print our English correspondent's impressions of the gathering; and in an early issue we shall publish a little broadside, entitled "The Best Thing in the Council," in which several delegates will set forth what it meant to them personally. ill the Spirit of The International Council — The Spirit of Brotherhood — Survive after the Great Meetings ? Only as you keep in touch with your brothers and keep intelligently informed regarding the forward movements in all our churches. The Congregationalist and Advance is the only common medium of communication and information for Congregationalists throughout the world. If You Are Not a Subscriber Now is the Time to get acquainted with your Church Paper If You Are a Subscriber Tell Your Friends and Neighbors how much the paper will mean to them Our Special Council Offer Will Terminate August 1st 13 months at the same rate as 12 months, $3.00. ($2.75 if a minister) 6 months, $1.50 (Mention this offer) Send at Once and secure any one of the following attractive booklets Free with a New Subscription Charm of the Impossible Margaret Slattery The Land of Pure Delight George A. Gordon The Resurrection of a Soul Bruce Barton The Practice of Immortality Washington Gladden The Song of Our Syrian Guest Wm. Allen Knight A Woman's Hope Alice Freeman Firman Department of Circulation 14 Beacon Street The Congregationalist and Advance 19 W. Jackson Street Boston Chicago July 22, 1920 119 AMONG THE NEW BOORS 'I'lMU "im mmmem On Religious Themes The Use of the Stoey in Religious Edu cation, by Maegaeet W. Eggleston (Doran). Mrs. Eggleston is instructor in story-telling in the Boston University School of Religious Edu cation. She is also an artist and past master in the art. What is more, she has a faculty for telling others how to do it. The book is a course in itself — for teachers in community schools or church schools, recreational leaders or mothers. The whole field of stqry telling is covered in a fascinating way, and there are some valuable samples of original stories. Plans fob Sunday School Evangelism, by Fbank L. Beown (Revell). The Sunday school furnishes between eighty and ninety per cent. of the new church members. This statement is enough to show that it ought to be the chief field of evangelism. To McKinley's epoch- making phrase of "educational evangelism," the author adds "graded evangelism." He indicates that the time of decision is in the intermediate department and that there the appeal should be "to follow Christ as the world's greatest Leader and Guide, who meets the need of life for an ideal Saviour and Comrade." It is a sane, sensible book foi? pastors, superintendents, teachers and parents. Summit Views, by John Edwabd Russell (Revell). The author of this volume of sermons is a Presbyterian pastor in Minneapolis. He has a faculty for framing titles — The Cross in the Crisis, The Bitter Sweet Year, Is America Discovered Yet? Inspiration to Date. The text for The Secret of the Offensive is Galatians 1 : 16-17. Paul says : "I conferred not with flesh and blood, . . . but I went into Arabia." There is a sympathetic heart tone in these messages as well as a fine interpretation of the themes. Pee-millennialism, by Geobge P. Mains (The Abingdon Press). A sharp and sane criti cism of pre-millennial claims. The author shows that they are based largely on a single book, the Apocalypse, and on an unscientific use of Scripture. Pre-millennialism is Jewish, not Christian, is unscientific and is based on a false psychology of history. Dr. Mains says that he thoroughly believes that "it represents a false and harmful philosophy of Christ's spir itual plans for the human world, therefore have I written." The little book is clear, concise and conclusive. It needed to be done. A Shoet Histoey of the Docteine of the Atonement, by L. W. Geensted (Longmans). As this iff the latest so also it is the best brief survey of the varying interpretations of the Atonement held by theologians of the Christian Church from the beginning to the present time. Nearly every writer of importance is consid ered, including such modern authors as Ed wards, Hodge, Shedd, Bushnell, G. B. Stevens, among Americans, and Dale, Denny, Lidgett, McLeod, Campbell, Jowett, Maurice, Westcott and Moberley among English writers, Schlier- macher, Ritschl and Sabatier on the continent. Well-chosen quotations are employed from each writer, the interpretation is remarkably lucid and the presentation interesting. The volume closes with several pages on R. C. Moberley's "Atonement and Personality" concerning which Dr. Grensted says in his closing sentence : "Few recent writings are at once so sane and so con structive, and, despite much misunderstanding, it is in such attempts that the hope of the fu ture lies." We commend the volume to all ministers and students of theology. St. Luke, the Man and His Woek, by H. McLachlan (Longmans). A scholarly and ex haustive study of the great apostle. Some chap ter headings will indicate the sometimes unusual method of treatment: The Man of Letters, The Linguist, The Editor, The Theologian, The Humorist, The Letter-Writer, The Re porter, The Diarist, Luke and His Friends, etc. This is not a "popular" volume, but all who care to study the subject will find it exceedingly suggestive, informing and helpful. The Peoblem of Evil, by Petee Geeen, Canon of Manchestee (Longmans). An elab orate study of a persistent problem, the theme of the Book of Job and of innumerable subse quent discussions. It contains much of theory, such as the statement, "Christ took human na ture, we must believe, before the foundation of the world" ; and this, "The Fall must have oc curred, if at all, in some state of being very different from our present state." At many points the reader may take issue with the author. Nevertheless the treatise is thought provoking, and in its general trend, as well as in many points in the discussion, will probably be satisfactory to most readers who have given any careful thought to the subject. A Mobe Cheistian Industrial Oedee, by Heney Sloane Coffin (Macmillan). An act mirable little book presenting the practical workings of real Christianity, the kind that has not yet been tried, the kind that will pre vent social war as well as military war. It considers the Christian as Producer, as Con sumer, as Owner, as Investor, as Employer and Employee, and the final chapter is on Democ racy and Faith. There cannot be too much of this kind of preaching. At last men are asking, "What is the matter with our Christianity?" And here it is answered, not in a system of dogmas, but in the practical application of the fundamental teachings of Christ, in a God who is paternal and a Christ who makes all men brothers. Short Stories Ships Acboss the Sea, by Ralph Paine (Houghton Mifflin). Nine short stories of the American Navy in war time. Life on a de stroyer, submarine battles, merchant marine, the British "Q Boat," German plots on the Maine coast, are some of the themes of these thrilling tales. Every one is a gem. No one can write a better sea story than this same Ralph Paine. The .Ruling Passion, and The Blue Flowee, by Heney van Dyke (Scribners). These are volumes V. and VI. in the admirable Avalon Edition of Dr. van Dyke's works. The first contains eight short "stories and ro mances," among them being "The Keeper of the Light" ; and the second contains nine stories, among them are "The Blue Flower," "The Other Wise Man" and the "First Christmas Tree." This edition is sold only by subscrip tion. In Lincoln's Chaik, by Ida M. Taebell (Macmillan). Another beautiful story, similar to "He Knew Lincoln." This relates what the man who knew Lincoln said about Lincoln's faith in God and in the righteousness of his fight against slavery. It is a fine interpretation of the religious side of Lincoln's nature, and it is undoubtedly true. One sentence quoted from Lincoln contains a message for our time: "What it seems to me He's trying to do is to get men to see that there can't be any peace or happiness in this world so long as they ain't fair to one another." History and Travel Adventueebs of Obegon, by Constance Lindsay Skinneb (Yale University Press). Miss Skinner was born at a fur-trading post and spent - her childhood in the wilderness. Therefore she is able to give a spirited account of the persistent courage and the romance which belonged to the old days of the dominant fur trade. The life with all its ramifications was strange and barbaric in its toilsomeness, its wild pleasures and its fierce rivalries. There is a fine chapter on the Lewis and Clark Expe dition, a topic not often so well treated, with just enough detail. The voyages of Gray and of Vancouver are described and also the struggles of the Astoria Overlanders, heroic but marked by "deplorable ignorance and inefficiency." All in all, this is a picturesque piece of writing. It is Vol. 22 in the Chronicles of America. The Fight fob a Fbee Sea, by Ralph D. Paine (Yale University Press). Vol. 17 of "The Chronicles of America" takes up the half shameful, half glorious record of the War of 1812 and does full justice to both phases. Un- preparedness was more excusable then than re cently, but, with no allies to hold the front while we made ready, the consequences were fearful. The war as waged on land and on the Great Lakes has due attention without en croaching on that belonging to "The Navy on Blue Water." Elsewhere the same author has dealt with the great history of the Yankee pri vateers. In the navy the ships and the men were of the same caliber. That we had larger and better ships is a fact often used to excuse Brit ish failure. "But it detracts not at all from the glory these ships won to remember that they were larger and of better design and arma ment than the British frigates they shot to pieces with such methodical accuracy." The racy description of the capture of Washington is balanced by the masterly account of the Bat tle of New Orleans. To read these two gems with care illuminates the mind as to democracy in general and the American variety in partic ular. Wandebings, by Richaed Cuble (Dutton). An entertaining book of travel to many lands, familiar and unfamiliar. There are unusual scenes near at hand, like "Summer -on the Isle of Sark," and "London Sidelights," but most of the chapters take us to remote places like British Guiana, the Victoria Falls, the Heart of Swaziland, In Peru, Winter in Rho desia, etc. The record covers many years and some of it is reminiscent of a departed past. The author has a discerning eye and a pleasing gift of description. • The Shadow-Show, by J. H. Cuble (Do ran). Adopting as title a phrase from the "Rubaiyat," the author in this book of travels, also assumes the appropriate manner of cynical aloofness. The least pleasing passages are those which exhibit his own brand of philosophy. Yet many of his comments by the way are shrewd, such as his criticism of the Turk as a ruler and his views about the modern woman. He seems to have been everywhere, in regions known and unknown. A love of travel, the power to absorb impressions and a facile pen are gifts which produce an entertaining book. 120 July 22, 1920 Little Pilgrimages with the Fathers VIII. The World the Pilgrims Knew By Isaac Ogden Rankin Ours is the first generation in history without an unknown land of promise, a fairyland of expectation and tradition somewhere on the earth. Such a title as "The Indies" can never mean to us what it meant to the people of the Pilgrim time. Our opportunity of exploration is nearly at an end. The world is mapped. English-speaking men have stood upon the ice at both the poles. What remains for the ad venturer is merely the filling in of small details of knowledge in Arctic and Antarctic seas and continents — in the dripping forests of the Congo and the Amazon, among the homes of the head- hunters in the hot islands of the China seas, and in the deserts of Asia, Africa and Australia. It was otherwise with the Pilgrims when in Leyden their leaders looked about the world to discover a refdge and an opportunity of witness for Christ. There was a great background then of un explored territory in the world. India was the fairyland of the Pilgrim time, as it had been for centuries be fore them. But India was out of the range for settlement for the Pilgrims because it was an occupied and a dan gerous land. In this direction there were plenty of old tales of travel to fill the imag ination — tales from the crusades and from books of travel, half experience and half legend, like those of Sir John Maundeville and Marco Polo. The latter of these lived long in China and even tells us of the existence o f Japan. But his first interest as a Venetian trader, like that of Maundeville, the traveler, is with India. This love of adventure, this craving to know more of the world and to explore its unknown places, was in the air of the whole century which revealed America and the southern path around the African cape to India. There was a glamour in these tales which appealed to boys and men alike, as it does to the two lads who in Sir John Everett Millais' imaginative picture of The Boyhood of Raleigh are listening to the adventures of the sailor on the pier. India Now what 'did India mean to the Pilgrims and their generation? Very much what it had meant for nearly three hundred years, back to the time of Maundeville, and earlier, to all Western Europe. It was to find a way to India that Columbus went west and Diaz south. To the romantic and the imaginative it meant gold and jewels. But to the practical man, and to the merchant class especially, it did not mean that, it meant chiefly pepper and spice and silk and calico. That was the trade of which the Venetians tried to keep a monopoly. In the "Merchant of Venice," the stone of which the church is built reminds Antonio's acquaintance "Of dangerous rocks Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side, Would scatter all her spices on the stream, Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks . . ." And Shylock tells us of Antonio's ports of call for argosies : "He hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies ; I understand moreover upou the Rialto, he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and other ven tures, he hath squand'red abroad." This was written in the Pilgrim time and gives us an in telligent Englishman's estimate of the scope of Venetian commerce. Venice, you might say, was mainly built out of pepper and spice. As long ago as the time of Alaric, the Goth, 1,200 years ginger, long pepper, (cocoanuts), etc." From tlie painting by Sir John Everett Millais THE BOYHOOD OF EALEIGH before the founding of the Pilgrim Church, the ransom demanded of Rome by the barbarian army included gold and silver and 3,000 pounds of pepper. Peppee and Spice Pepper was a luxury, you see. And so were nutmegs and cloves. In his famous voyage around the world — the first one made by Eng lishmen — Francis Drake, you may remember, robbed the Spanish ships and ports all the way up the coast of Western America from Chili to California. Then he crossed the Pacific to the spice islands. His ship, first called the Pelican and then The Golden Hind — a ship much smaller than the Mayflower — ran aground one night on a rock off the coast of Celebes ; "Where we stuck fast," writes Francis Pretty, the chronicler of the voyage, "from eight of the clock at night till four of the clock in the after noon the next day, being indeed out of hope to escape the danger." But Drake was not a man to be beaten. He proceeded to lighten his ship on the rocks. And the very first thing he took out of her was "three ton of cloves." When the ship floated they put back the cloves and the cannon and sailed on to the Island of Batjan, of which Pretty says : "Their fruits be divers and plentiful ; as nutmegs, lemons, cucumbers, coeos One explanation of all this interest in pepper and spice is simple and has already been stated. The people of Europe had no ice. Nothing would keep . in its natural state. They ate salted or pickled meat and fish most of the time. And they craved pepper and spice and had to send to India to find them. Many legends grow about the hot lands where the pepper vines grow : Here is what Maunde ville says about one of them : "In that country are many kinds of serpents and other vermin, in consequence of the great heat of the country and of the pepper. And some men say that when they will gather the pepper, they make fires and burn there abouts, to make the serpents and cocodrills to fly ; but this is not true. But this they do : they anoint their hands and feet with a juice made of snails and other things, of which the serpents and other venomous beasts hate the savor ; and that makes them fly before them, because of the smell, and then they gather in the pepper in safety." Much more sane and sensible is Marco Polo's description, more than three hundred years be fore the Pilgrims came to Holland, of the In dian kingdom of Mala bar, a name which has survived through all the centuries : "In this kingdom there is vast abundance of pepper, ginger, cubebs, and In dian nuts ; and the fin est and most beautiful cottons are manufac tured that can be found in any part of the world." Why India Would Not Do Now it happens that we know a good deal about India just in the Pilgrim time. The great Mogul, Emperor Akbar, was reigning and con quering during the reign of Elizabeth and died only two years later than she. India then was a poor country with rich rulers who sucked their people dry with taxes. Akbar was per haps the wisest and most considerate monarch India has known until the English came. But Akbar demanded a third of all their crops from the farmers. India is one of the poorest of all countries now. But it did grow pepper. And one of the first things first the Portuguese and then the Dutch did in India and further India was to set up a monopoly in pepper and spice. And that monopoly passed to Spain when the Spanish king took Lisbon. India, then for all its romance of treasure and spice, lay quite outside the Pilgrim pur pose. For it was already fully occupied as well as wholly out of reach. Neither the Dutch nor the English, much less the Portuguese, encou raged European settlements in the East. And what was wanted was a place to settle and not first of all a place to trade, a place with abun- July 22, 1920 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE 121 dant elbow room, though not without mission ary opportunity. The Glamoue of Guiana The inquiring Pilgrims came next, for a little time, under the spell of one of the most re markable romances of travel and inventive imagination the world has ever known— the book they knew as Raleigh's "Discovery of •Guiana." I have called it a romance, for it is neither more nor less than this, as those who -have read the book will remember. Raleigh ex plored widely in what is now the territory of Venezuela, -in -the valley of the Orinoco. He Iiad come upon the tradition of a golden city, the famous city of El Dorado, and he had pur sued this tradition among the Indian villages very much as wanderers in the desert follow a mirage. Now Raleigh in the days of Bradford's chil- -hood was a great man in English common talk. He had been for a long time a favorite in Queen Elizabeth's court and then a sailor and •explorer, about whom every Englishman had .heard. His book is all expectation and invita tion. His Indian geese of village chieftains are all royal swans as he tells the tale. And he makes an eloquent appeal for taking possession of this famous empire of the kings of El Dorado by Englishmen. "To conclude, Guiana is a coun try .. . never sacked, turned nor wrought. . The graves have- not been opened for gold, the mines not broken with sledges, nor their images pulled down out of their temples. It hath never been entered by any army of strength, and never conquered or possessed by any Christian prince. . . Besides, by keeping one good fort, or building one town of strength, the whole empire is guarded. . . . And I am resolved that if there were but a small army afoot in Guiana, marching toward Manoa, the chief city of Inga, he would yield to her Majesty by way of com position so many hundred thousand yearly as should both defend all enemies abroad, and de fray all expenses at home.'' And the curious thing about the story, is that, for one reason or another, Raleigh expected none of his native allies to care about having any of the gold. Raleigh's credulity is rather surprising but it is not at all wonderful that his geography is wrong, for the whole interior of South America was then quite unknown. By modern knowl edge the site he gives for his golden city would be somewhere in the Amazon forests, perhaps near that hitherto unexplored river which Roosevelt navigated. The wonderful stories of Mexico and Peru were surging in Raleigh's brain. In Guiana he finds no pepper nor spices ; but abundant fruits. He tells of the beautiful valley of Amariocapana, "Whose plains stretch themselves some sixty miles in length, east and west ; as fair ground and beautiful fields as any man hath seen, with divers copses scattered here and there by the river's side, and all as full of deer as any forest or park in England, and in every lake and river the like abundance of fish and fowl." Raleigh's adventures are the basis on which Charles Kingsley built his ro mance of "Westward Ho !" though he takes his adventurers over the mountains into what is now Columbia and brings them home with a captured Spanish galleon and a cargo of gold. No wonder many of the hard-working Pil grims liked this picture of an easy life and that the weaker heads among them ignored the win ters that suffered from torrential rains and the discussions of a cure for poisoned arrows which the Spaniards had never been able to extort by promises or torments from those who shot them. The cooler and wiser heads dismissed the thought of Guiana, and Bradford tells us the reasons why : "Those for Guiana aledged yt the cuntrie was rich, fruitful & blessed with a perpetuall spring, and a flourishing greenes ; where vigorous nature brought forth all things in abundance & plentie without any great labour or art of man. So as it must needs make ye inhabitants rich, seing less provisions of clothing and other things would serve, then in more coulder & less fruitfull countries must be had. As also yt the Spaniards (having much more than they could possess) had not yet planted there, nor were anywhere very near ye same. But to this it was answered, that out of question ye countrie was both fruitfull and pleasante, and might yeeld riches & mainte nance to ye possessors, more easily than any othere ; yet, other things being considered, it would not be so fitt for them. And first, yt such hot countries are subject to greevuos dis eases, and many noisome impediments, which other, more temperate places are freer from, and would not so well agree with our English bodys, Again, if they should live & doe well, the jealous Spaniard would never suffer them long, but would displante or overthrow them, as he did ye French in Florida, who were seated furder from his richest countries ; and the sooner because they should have none to protect them, & their owne strength would be too smale to resiste so potent an enemie, & so neare a neighbor." Here again it was the Spaniard who closed the door, quite fortunately for the Pilgrim Church. For if more than half of them died of scurvy and lack of food and shelter in the icy New England winter few would have been likely to survive the malarial fevers and the poisoned arrows of the Orinoco. The history of Venezuela is comment enough on the wisdom of this refusal of Guiana. And yet it was only three years after the Pilgrims landed in New England that the first permanent English set tlement was founded in the little island of St. Christopher (St. Kitto). Floeida The story of Florida was evidently well known to the Pilgrim leaders. There too dis covery, by the Spaniards, followed after a mirage — the story of the Fountain of Youth, which Ponce de Leon sought. The troubles and the destruction of the French Huguenot settlers at Port Royal and on the St. John's River served the Pilgrims as a warning. No English man would deliberately choose the Spaniard as a neighbor. Even farther north Raleigh's first settlement at Roanoke did not last a year and the second and third attempts were just as un successful. Vieginia Virginia was the first successful British col ony, and even Virginia very nearly failed. Jamestown was founded in 1607, the year when the Pilgrims under persecution were trying to escape from Scrooby to Holland. The next year the infant colony was set in order by the famous Captain John Smith. In 1610, when the Pilgrims were settling down quietly in Ley den, the Jamestown settlers were so much at the end of their resources and their courage that they packed up their possessions and aban doned the colony — only to be turned back at the river's mouth by the arrival of reinforce ments and supplies under Lord Delaware. There was famine in Virginia. There was sick ness. There were wars with the Indians. But by the time the Pilgrims were making their arrangements to cross the Atlantic, 20,000 pounds of tobacco were exported in 1619 from Virginia to England and the beginnings were made of the importation into the colony of Negroes from Africa and "indentured Serv ants" from England. Two years later the home people sent them a shipload of English wives. It took twelve years to make the Virginia col- only self-supporting; the Plymouth colony was on its own feet in a year. If we wish to read about conditions in Virginia at about the time of the founding of Plymouth, Mary Johnson has given us a powerful and truthful imagina tive picture of them in her story, "To Have and to Hold," the action of which begins the year after the landing of the Pilgrims. Captain John Smith The most powerful single figure in the Vir ginia history is that of Captain John Smith. The story of his rescue from death by Poco- hontas is probably quite true. He gave a new lease of life to the dying colony. But he im mediately concerns the Pilgrim Fathers by his voyage of exploration up the coast of North America in 1611, in the course of which he visited and named the port of Plymouth and gave the name of New England to the whole territory which ever since has borne it. Smith's map and book were in the hands of the Pil grims while they were considering the place of their settlement, though neither Plymouth nor Cape Cod much interested them then, for they did not intend to settle where they finally did. It would be interesting to follow the career of Smith, perhaps the most adventurous man of his generation and one of the great pioneers of the America we know. Half a century ago it was the fashion to set him down as a brag gart and a liar, but cooler study of the evidence has convinced historians that he underwent the adventures of which he himself tells, fought as champion of Christendom against a Turk in the tournament between the camps, was slave to a Turkish Sultana and escaped to Russia, saved the Virginia colony in its first feeble anarchy and was saved by the Indian princess, named and mapped New England. His force and skill as governor of Virginia in handling the suspi cious Indian tribes preclude a judgment that he was an empty braggart. And it is enough to quote his own words about the qualities needed by a colonist to show that he was both clear- seeing and wise. It is in his "Description of New England" that he says : "But it is not a worke for every one, to manage such an affaire as makes a discoverie, and plants a Colony : It requires all the best parts of Art, Judgment, Courage, Honesty, Constancy, Diligence and Industrie, to do but neare well." And he adds, thinking, no doubt, of what he himself had seen and done : "Columbus, Cortez, Pitzara, Soto, Magelleanes and the rest served more than apprentiship to learne how to begin their most memorable attempts in the West Indies ; which to the wonder of all ages suc cessfully they effected, when many hundreds of others farre above them in the world's opinion, beeing instructed but by relation, came to shame and confusion in actions of small mo ment, who doubtless in other matters, were both wise, discreet, generous and courageous." How far the Leyden Pilgrims measured up to this high estimate by a great captain and colonizer the next few years were to show. But we may imagine Robinson and Brewster, Brad ford and Carver, and Winslow and Cushman and Fuller, stopping at this passage to con sider whether the Pilgrim Church were equal to these things and could provide these high quali ties in some new venture of faith. It was not for lack of warning, both from history and precept, that the Pilgrim leaders hesitated as to how they should use their small resources for the great ends they had in view. The next article in this series will be: What the Pilgrims Knew about New England. 12° THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE July 22, 1920 From Day to Day By Allen Chesterfield I spent a delightful half hour recently in specting the old First Parish Church in Deer- field in the Connecticut Valley. The organiza tion dates back over two hundred years. The present edifice was built in 1824 and represents the finest type of colonial architecture. The massive, high pulpit is at the end of the struc ture nearest the street, so that late-comers have to face the reproachful gaze of their more punctual fellow worshipers. The old-fashioned box pews, the white walls and the quiet, churchly atmosphere conduce to the spirit of reverence. In the vestibule are tablets to the memory of former pastors who figured promi nently in the ecclesiastical affairs of their day — a Mather who was a pioneer missionary in the Connecticut Valley, John Williams, whose capture by the Indians in 1702 after his wife had been murdered and whose return to Deer- field after several years of exile constitute one ol the romantic episodes of New England his tory. A third tablet commemorates the labors of Samuel Willard, whom an orthodox council found too heretical for fellowship, but whose statement of belief by which he was judged and condemned is said to be stiff enough for Mark Mathews of Seattle and R. A. Torrey of Los Angeles. This is certainly one of the shrines the exist ence and attractiveness of which should be more widely known throughout New England this Tercentenary year. Parties motoring through the lovely main street of old Deerfield often pause to look into this historic sanctuary. Tours now being planned for this and next sum mer, should certainly include an hour's stay within the walls of this most beautiful and im pressive temple. If a service of prayer and praise could be arranged for a specific afternoon each week, so much the better. Even motorists tearing from town to town with no other motive than to see what time they can make might be induced to tarry a while and rest and pray. Our fine old New England edifices should not only be centers of interest for the curious but fountains whence the waters of life should con tinually proceed. * * Speaking of John Williams, the heroic and almost martyred Deerfield minister of the early eighteenth century, I was interested to find that the house set apart in the first days of the set tlement by vote of the town for the parish min ister is now the abode of a dozen lively boys in their teens, who constitute a part of the mem bership of Deerfield Academy. The house itself has been preserved substantially in the form in which it was built more than two centuries ago, but a large addition in the rear and the intro duction of those modern touches which do not sacrifice the beauty of the ancient finishings make it a delightful dwelling-place today. The academy itself has come to be an important in stitution in the life of the town and of the Connecticut Valley. For many decades it has fulfilled the functions of a town high school, as is the case in so many other old-time New Eng land academies, but its broader service was gradually being contracted, until about twenty years ago, Mr. Frank L. Boyden, a young Am herst graduate, took the principalship. A most interesting experiment it is that Mr. Boyden and his competent associates on the teaching staff of the Deerfield Academy are working out. Indeed, it may be said to have passed the experimental stage, for the institu tion is stronger today in its hold upon the com munity than ever before in its long and honor able history. The distinctive feature about the school is that it ministers with equal effective ness to two classes of pupils. One class con sists of twenty-five boys from fourteen to eight een, who come from places at a considerable distance and who room and board in the dormi tories. The second comprises one hundred or more boys and girls in their later teens who come from up and down the Connecticut Valley and who are registered as day pupils only. But the boys in both classes of students spend the late afternoon together on the athletic field, or in the winter enjoy indoor sports, with Princi pal Boyden as their coach. All the school teams are made up jointly of boys from the two classes of pupils. Consequently the old line between "town and gown," so to speak, is prac tically obliterated. Boys and young men from other parts of the country find all the advan tages of a first-class boarding school, with un usually careful personal oversight and direc tion in forming habits of scholarship, while the town itself and other neighboring villages are altogether satisfied with what the academy offers to their own boys and girls. The combi nation is so unusual that the Deerfield idea has been made the subject of several magazine arti cles and the method is attracting the attention liiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuMiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiii The Rose Beyond the Wall Near shaded wall a rose once grew, Budded and blossomed in God's free light, Watered and fed by morning dew, Shedding its sweetness day and night. As it grew and blossomed fair and tall, Slowly rising to a loftier height, It came to a crevice in the wall, Through whch there shone a beam of light. Onward it crept with added strength, With never a thought of fear or pride ; And it followed the light through the crevice's length, And unfolded itself on the other side. The light, the dew, the broadening view, Were found the same as they were before ; And it lost itself in beauties new, Breathing its fragrance more and more. Shall claim of death cause us to grieve, And make our courage faint or fall? Nay, let us faith and hope receive — • The rose still grows beyond the wall, Scattering fragrance far and wide, Just as it did in days of yore, Just as it did on the other side, Just as it will forevermore. A. L. Fink. iiimiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiMimimmiimiiiimimmimimim iiiiiiimiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimitmiiiu of educational leaders in many places. A school like this is doing much toward increasing the attractiveness of rural life and thus helping to solve the oft-debated country problem. Mr. Boyden's personal popularity is as great among the townspeople as among the students and he has held numerous civic offices including that of Chief of Police, the duties of which in this well-behaved, conservative New England town are not onerous. He represented the town in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. The good will of the community was clearly shown in connection with the recent alumni banquet, which was attended by three hundred persons and addressed by President Meiklejohn of Amherst and C. L. Underhill of Somerville, a prominent former member of the Massachu setts Legislature. The way the townspeople flocked in and the eagerness with which they listened to the after-dinner speaking, as well as the subsidy which they grant the school every year, all go to prove that it is far better for some New England academies to reconstruct their methods rather than go out of business entirely. Speaking of the commencement season, I am sorry for any man who does not take a day or at least an evening off to attend some gradua tion exercises, even if they be those only of a grammar school. There is nothing quite so inspiring in these days when many causes for discouragement can readily be found than the sight of fresh young faces and the words and bearing of those who have completed a given course and are just being speeded forward to begin a new chapter in their careers. It is hard to be pessimistic as you listen to their cheers and songs or catch the tenor of their essays and orations, or see them produce a pageant or a play in such a fashion as to do credit to their appreciation of poetry and art, and which re veal sometimes unexpected capacities for acting and interpretation. Even better it is to mark the response which the youth of today seldom fail to make when a baccalaureate preacher or com mencement orator or after-dinner speaker ap peals to that which is deepest and best in young life. The youth of today may not speak or feel or even think exactly as their elders do or would like to have them speak or think or feel, but as I have seen them on more than one graduation platform these fair summer days, the sight has refreshed my confidence in the youth of America and given me great hope that they will come up in due season to better the record of the generation which they will so soon succeed. American Boarders of Japan in Annual Meeting By M. E. Hall The American Board's Japan Mission held its annual meeting at Arima from May 19-24. Those attending the session this year were struck with one thing above all others, the thinned ranks of the Mission. How meet the extraordinary situation that now exists in Japan with a depleted force is indeed a ques tion. One encounters in Japan today on every hand a feeling that the nation has not bettered itself through its commercialism and that the Gospel of Jesus is the only hope of this country. To meet this need and to fill the empty places in the ranks, the Mission is asking for seven new families and some 15 single men and women to invest their lives in Japan. The annual report by Mr. Beam was a sort of "Educational Film," picturing the varied in terests and activities of the entire Mission. It was hopeful and stimulating. It showed the Mission filing an important place in the work of the Kingdom and further showed some tre mendous openings here for consecrated leader ship. Japan still has its sections of a million souls without a single worker! This is a real challenge for pioneer work. Returning from a tour of investigation of the Board's work in the South Pacific Islands, Dr. and Mrs. Pedley gave the Mission a look into the work of another world, a work showing that the days of heroic missionary effort are not things of the past. An interesting light was thrown on the work among the natives. After taking over the rule of these Islands the Japanese Government immediately financed an undertaking of sending a score of Christian workers to the new possessions as missionaries of the Gospel — footing the entire bill and prom ising continued support. The new President of the Doshisha Univer sity, Dr. Ebina, left his work and came to the Mission meeting to give a stirring appeal for support of his recently assumed office and for the forward movement of the University. The Mission faces a new year with hope and courage. It would be hard to conceive of a time when the Gospel of Jesus had the oppor tunity that it now has to meet the growing She (jp ngregaticmafet Vol. CV. No. 36 and jtafoauce September 2, 1920 - (^Thefe are tbeZiflCS thapjhtw -thyfaceihuttkofe, rIhatfhcw thy GraCC and (floty, brighter bee : CtfiyFaire-J>ifcoueries and J^owlcOvertlirowes Of Salvaaes,much, ClvilUdd by tfice-^S-^Z Beftjhew tfty Sjiritjand to ib Glory Ctyynh So,thott artBrafFe witliou&but Qrolde, v/tmin, . ~W Q7>ii(). Fbom the Map of New England which Captain John Smith Published in 1616 See article by Mr. Rankin on What the Pilarims Learned about New England The Congregational Program of Parish Evangelism Sep tem ber — Decern ber The first Period of the "All-the-year-around program of parish evangelism" for every Congregational church A Meeting of the EVANGELISTIC or MEMBERSHIP Committee to face the year's work of the church, to study the needs of the community, and to adopt a program to meet those needs. A Thoroughgoing parish survey and visitation to strengthen the interest of the members and to locate newcomers in the parish. A Church Rally, to acquaint the community with the church, its program, its method, its personnel, its ideals and its outlook. A Program of preaching and personal work to secure the decision of men and women for Christ and their enlistment in the fellowship of worship and service of the church. A Reception of new members at the Fall Communion. A booklet, "A Program of Parish Evangelism," has been mailed to all pastors. Free copies may be had on request. The Congregational Commission on Evangelism 287 Fourth Avenue, New York City Rev. William Horace Day, Chairman Rev. Frederick L. Fagley, Secretary WOMEN'S INTERESTS Two Visits and Two Ways By J. L. Glover "Aunt Madge is coming ! How lovely !" said Flossy. !'Aunt Sarah is coming! How awful!" said Louise at the same instant. "Why such varied comments?" I mildly in quired, being a visitor in the Lyndon family myself, and unacquainted with their relations. "Wait, and you will see," said Katie, the children's mother, who was my school friend, with an expressive little grimace. No more was said on the subject. On the same day, Aunt Madge and Aunt Sarah ar rived — Aunt Sarah first. "Dear me, what weather ! I had a dreadful trip. The conductor was so rude and disagree able," she complained, before she was out of the automobile that brought her from the sta tion. "Come here, Louise, and take my bag, child. I am so stiff I can hardly move. Well, Kate, how are you, and all the children? Well? That is something to be thankful for, at least." She was in the house at last, and out of' her many wraps, talking all the time. "How you have grown, child !" to Flossy, who had come to her sister's help with the heavy bag. "How old are you? Fourteen?" Flossy vms fifteen and liked the fact to be known. She frowned a little at the accusation of "youngness," but answered as politely as she could. "What are you going to do with her, Kate?" Aunt Sarah continued. "She is getting too big for a little school like this." As the Greenhill school had a high standard, and Flossy was doing remarkably well there, this was a fresh insult, but she still kept quiet, in obedience to a glance from her mother. Aunt Sarah transferred her attentions to Louise. "You still wear your hair in pigtails, Louise? It takes a quantity of ribbons, and your father is poor — but the vanity of girls — I suppose you think it is becoming !" Louise controlled her tongue with difficulty. I saw the appealing glance Katie gave her, and marveled to see how her girls obeyed her light est wish. Fred came in next for criticism. "Dear me ! boys are certainly noisy ! Surely you don't allow him to tear about like that, Kate?" "He doesn't mean any harm, Aunt Sarah. He forgets sometimes. Floss, go and remind him, dear. Gently, now." "I just wish she'd stay at home ! There are no boys there," grumbled Fred, tip-toeing os tentatiously out of the house. Flossy was cross, Fred indignant, Louise hurt and Katie worried and nervous, all within ten minutes of Aunt Sarah's arrival in the usually cheerful house. What would happen when Aunt Madge came, I wondered. She arrived later on the same day, after a longer and more trying journey than Aunt Sarah's. I listened for more lamentations. But— "How nice it is to get here ! And how good to see all you dear people again ! How you've grown, Lou ! Flossy, you are a darling ! That suitcase is too heavy for you. Let Fred take it, he is a man. Bless the boy, he's taller than I am, I do believe ! Oh, it's nice to be here !" Everybody talked and laughed at once, and the children vied with each other for the honor of carrying in Aunt Madge's things. The visit went on along the same parallel lines — Aunt Sarah finding faults and "disagree ables" everywhere, and Aunt Madge finding something to like and admire in every one. "What is the difference?" said Katie to me one day. "Aunt Sarah loves us all, I know, just as well as Aunt Madge does. She is de voted to the children ; yet she scarcely ever gives them a word of commendation. They dread her visits, and I am worn to a frazzle trying to keep the peace. Aunt Madge is a sunbeam. They are angels when she is here, and she never sees a fault. What makes the difference?" "It is the point of view," I answered. "Aunt Sarah is looking out for defects, in hopes of correcting them. Of course, she finds them. And the children feel the mental attitude. It is just the difference between a rasping east wind and a day of balmy sunshine." "Certainly, Aunt Madge's way is the pleas- antest," said Katie, thoughtfully. "The chil dren would like her to live with us — while poor Aunt Sarah, who really loves them, is — well, they are not enthusiastic when they hear she is coming, and their joy when she goes is so great that I can hardly restrain them from showing it too plainly." "It only shows that we make our own wel come wherever we go," I said, making a mental note of Aunt Madge's methods. IliE^iigregationaltst and jy t>attce September 2, 1920 Volume CV. Number 36 All rights reserved Copyright, 1920 By the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter. CONTENTS -Two Visits and Two Ways, by -An Editorial Women's Interests- J. L. Glover The Witness of the Minister's Smile- Message What the Cheistian Wobld Is Doing Editorial — The Political Opportunity of Women An Appeal for Unity The Parable of a Long Walk Our Camino Real — The City of the Open Shop An Orchard by a Meadow, by Emma P. Seabury What the_Pilgbims Learned about New England, by Isaac Ogden Rankin America's Immigration Problem, by Lucia Ames Mead A Knockabout Paper, by George L. Parker The League of Nations Issue In the Church School — De. Davis' Bible Class — The Minute Man in Religious Education The Hour of Prayer — Comment on Midweek and Chris tian Endeavor Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altar Among the New Books With the Children — The House in the Tree, by Janet L. Savage. The Comrades' Corner Two Memories of the International Council, by Alice Freeman Firman The Summer at Chautauqua, by Rev. R. J. Chrystie, Ph.D. Geeat Meetings of Christian Workers, by Rev. John Gardner, D. D. In the Congregational Circle — Church News A Colored Congregational Leader 274 277 27S2S0 2S22S32S3284 2S5 2S6 287 288289 291292293 293 296 302 Editor-in-Chief, Eev. Howard A. Bridgman, D. D. Managing Editor, Rolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D. D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Paeris T. Farwell News Editor, Miss Elizabeth G. White SMiss Florence A. Mooee Miss Janet L. Savage Miss Sallie A. McDekmott (Chicago) Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Business Manager, Albert W. Fell Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballou Circulation Manager, Miss Ethel M. Wentworth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, founded 1816 ; The Congregationalist, 1849 ; The Advance, 1867. Published every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Composition by Thomas Todd Co. Rates : Single subscription, $3.00 a year ; in Church Clubs and to ministers, $2.75. Foreign postage, $1.00. Canadian postage, $.50 a year. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expiration, appearing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made payable to The Congregationalist ana Advance, and will be acknowl edged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if two- cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail to send exact address as on label. Change op Address : Both old and new addresses must be sent in and be in our hands at least two weeks before the change is togoi into effect Current copies may be obtained at the Pilgrim Press Book Stores 14 Beacon Street, Boston, and 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago, and at our depository, 156 Fifth Avenue New york City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence £eay be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance, 14 Bea?on gtreet Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago III The Talk of the Sanctum In this Issue Many of you have started right in with Women's Interests on the opposite page before you read this and liked that so well you are going to read everything in the paper. Good ! After this Talk of the Sanctum the Editorial Message about Smiling may make you smile even if you are not a minister. Under that heading, What the Christian World Is Doing, we do not pretend to do more than give a few random glimpses but they are good ones, are they not? Close after our own Editorial pages we make a place for one of our excellent edi torial writers who tell about the regions in which they live. This time it is a glimpse of "The City of the Open Shop." Note the dates in the Pilgrim Calendar. The poem that fol lows brings a happy suggestion of recent vacation days. Mr. Rankin reviews delightfully more of the Pilgrim story. Mrs. Mead gives us a forceful reminder of the perplexing immigra tion problem. Of course we welcome another of Mr. Parker's Knockabout Papers. Many active minds are represented in that League of Nations symposium, and as many more on other subjects in the book review pages. The Church school and prayer meeting departments remind us of renewed activities in our churches and some very practical suggestions come in the Congregational Circle news. The children will have a good time with Mr. Alden and the story by Miss Savage. We are glad to share Mrs. Firman's reminiscences of International Councils. Dr. Chrystie and Dr. Gardner bring us the spirit as well as the significant facts of the Chautauqua and Northfield conferences. Dr. Stephenson tells us Americans what he thinks of us. Do we approve? Finally, don't miss the Risibles that send you on your way smiling. What Women Have Done We would like to publish some short stories — true ones — with names and places — telling what has been accomplished by some of our most successful church women's societies, and explaining just how they did it — whatever it was. Answer this : What was the best achievement by a church, women's so ciety that you know about, and how was it done? These stories should not be over 500 words long and must reach us before Oct. 1. We offer first, second and third prizes of $5, $3 and $2 for the best ones. In the Circulation Department — We have endeavored to follow our readers to their vacation playgrounds, whenever they have requested us to do so, and we hope that the days of leisure and refreshment have opened opportunities for a more intimate acquaintance with us. How many loyal readers, we wonder, feel as this subscriber did who wrote: When far away from the Whirling Hub, An exile on vacation, a list Of hardships I'll endure — late grub, Wet days, cold nights, salt baths (no tub) ; But send my Congregationalist ! That's true devotion. The vacation period is now drawing to a close and we are all returning to our various duties in city and town, with new enthusiasm and hope for the winter's work, and the makers of your paper share in the enthusiasm and confidence that 1921 will be the Best Year yet for The Congregationalist. How can you help to make it so? By inviting your friends to join the fine family of weekly readers. Why not send us today the name of some acquaintance whom you believe will be interested and we will gladly send him a sample copy? In order to acquaint the public with the general telephone situation, and some of the reasons for delay in completing new installations — chief among which is the difficulty of getting the numerous kinds of necessary material — we have prepared a series of announcements, of which this is the fourth. Over Forty-One Thousand Telephone Stations Have Been Added to Our System Since January 1, 1920 Notwithstanding difficulty in providing equipment we have added to our system so far this year more telephones than there are in the combined cities of Lowell, Lawrence and Lynn. Even in times when telephone equipment was plentiful and quickly obtainable, and the demands for our service were normal, we would have been proud of such an unusual development. Under present conditions it is by far the biggest job we have ever done. But yet applications are being received faster than we can provide for them; and today we have Over Twenty- Four Thousand Orders Awaiting Completion We believe that our first obligation is to protect the existing service. Before we pro vide for new business we must be sure to properly take care of existing business. To do otherwise would mean a deteriorated and unsatisfactory service for all. Present indications are that it will be many months before we shall be able to provide for all the new telephone service that is desired. Meanwhile, we will continue to secure all the equipment possible and use the resourcefulness of our engineers to provide substi tutes for that which is unobtainable. We are counting upon the people of New England to recognize that under existing conditions we are doing our best to first protect their existing service and then to provide for additional service as promptly as possible. New England Telephone & Telegraph Company W. R. DRIVER, JR., General Manager. Sept. 2, 1920 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE 281 The greatest assets for the commercial future of the land are its stretches of lands suitable for farming and fruit growing and the River Jordan with its abrupt descent into the deepest valley on the surface of the earth. Palestine oranges have been called the best in the world, and a very wide range of temperate and sub-tropical plants can be grown wherever water is available. The problem of the utilization of the Jordan and its valley affords scope for original and promising measures of industrial power. We some time since called attention to the plan for a canal passing at sea level under Jerusalem, to fall into the deep valley of the Dead Sea, thus affording electric power. As the Mediterranean is very much less salt than the Dead Sea, the coming in of sea water would freshen the Dead Sea waters. The upper course of the Jordan would also be available for irrigation and for power. The chief difficulty on this side is that of financing these ambitious but per fectly practical and necessary measures of internal improvement. The most important and difficult question which confronts the new government is that of immigration. If Palestine were to be overrun by a crowd of city Jews from Eastern Europe — men who have no private means and no experience of self-support except in petty city trades, there would be trouble not only in supporting them until they learned to make their own way, but also with the present inhabitants, who are Moslem or Christian by a great majority and bitterly opposed to such a Jewish irruption. The government announces that only a limited immigration, propor tioned to the housing accommodations, will be permitted, and that in seeking lands for their settlement no injustice will be done to the present cultivators, graziers or owners. Under such a system the gradual bringing in of a Jewish population would be safe and the land would prosper by their coming. But such a plan, we fear, would be a serious disappointment to impatient idealists among the Zionist ranks who have neither considered the rights of the present owners of the soil nor the dangers of incompetent haste ir. change. The Parables of Safed the Sage A Parable of a Long Walk The daughter of the daughter, of Keturah hath a little friend who cometh to see her, and playeth with her in the Yard, hard by the Window, where their voices may be heard inside the House. And mostly they play very Happily ; but now and then for the sake of Variety they indulge in' Argument and Comparison like grown Folk. And it was upon a day that they got thus into a Friendly Scrap, the first part of which I heard not. But the Argument had reached a stage where the daughter of the daughter of Keturah was advancing and backing the other little damsel off the Map, and the other little girl could only answer, I did not, or You can not, or It is not. And the daughter of the daughter of Keturah said, I can walk Fifty-nine miles. And the other little girl said, You can not. And the daughter of the daughter of Keturah said, I can take my Grandpa's hand and keep up with him, and he can walk Fifty- nine miles, and I can walk Fifty-nine miles with him if I hold his hand. And the other little damsel said, You can not. Then did the daughter of the daughter of Keturah tell unto the other little girl how great and good a Grandpa she had. And I am too modest a man to write down what she said; but if George Washington and Solomon and a few others were to live in one, peradventure he might be a Second-cousin or a Remote Acquaintance of a man such as the daughter of the daughter of Keturah de scribed. And the other little girl was speechless ; for she could not say, Thy grandpa is not the only Pebble on the Beach ; I also have a Grandpa whose hair is fully as Grey and whose Bald Spot is larger than thy Grandpa's ; for the daughter of the daughter of Keturah had carried the matter beyond all comparison. And the other little girl could only change the subject, and say, I can kick your whole house down and all your trees. And the daughter of the daughter of Keturah, knowing that she had won out, said sweetly, Go ahead. Now there is no man who knoweth so well as I how far from right is the estimate of the little maideu concerning the goodness and the greatness of her Grandpa. Nevertheless it pleased me more than any man can understand who Js not a Grandpa; for unto none others hath the Lord given wisdom to know of such matters. And the next time a man goeth by and bloweth a small whistle, she shall have a Red Balloon. For apart from her beautiful delusion concerning the poor man concerning whom I pray my God that she may be never undeceived, the little maiden is not wholly wrong. For when she holdeth my hand she can do things which otherwise she could not do. And I prayed unto my God a prayer, and I said, O my God, Thou hast permitted us through the gift of little lives such as these to discern spiritual truths which thou hast hid from the wise and prudent and revealed unto babes, that so we might enter into the Kingdom of Heaven as little children. Grant unto me this, O my Father, that I shall hold so fast to Thine Hand that the journey that would otherwise be impossible shall be pos sible for me, and the task that would have been too great may be accomplished through thy strength. For I can do all things through Him that strengtheneth me ; and if I hold Thy Hand I can run and not be weary, and walk and not faint. In Brief In our celebrations of the Pilgrims and their covenant we must not forget that they were anticipated in forms of self-government on this side of the Atlantic both by Virginia and by Bermuda, which has just been celebrating the three hundredth anniversary of the opening of its parliament. * * A Swedish artist of world-wide fame, Anders Leonard Zorn, has just died. He was court painter and his portraits record the faces of many royal personages. To the world at large he was best known by strongly individual etchings, the most vital of which was his portrait of the famous French author, Renan. * * Boston is always making history, but is not at all proud of its contribution to the education of the people in finance with Mr. Ponzi and the police as schoolmasters. It is hard to convince some people that two and two make four, and not five, and that he who pays them more than is right must be cheating somebody else. * * It is a relief to know that the eighteen Americans who were besieged in Adana have been released by a victory of the French garrison of the town in a sortie against the besieging Turkish forces. The story of the missionaries and relief agents in these Cilician towns will be worth reading in the securer days for which we hope. * ¥ Even the Salvation Army in England has hitched its wagon on to the Pilgrim Memorial star. It is to lay the corner-stone, Sept. 6, a block of granite" brought from Plymouth, Mass., for a hall which it is building on the Barbican in Plymouth, England, opposite the spot where the Pilgrims embarked three hundred years ago in the Mayflower. * * We print elsewhere the Tercentenary Proclamation of the Presi dent, in which he suggests and requests celebration throughout the United States. For federal members of the Pilgrim Tercentenary Commission he at the same time appointed former Governor Samuel McCall and Richard Hooker, of Massachusetts, and George Foster Peabody, of New York. Mr. Hooker and Governor McCall were both born in Georgia and Mr. Peabody in Pennsylvania. Mr. McCall is a Protestant Episcopalian and Mr. Hooker a Unitarian. He is the manager of the Springfield Republican. * ¥ . The death of a baseball player, hit by a thrown ball, has been a sad incident of the week. The pitcher, it is generally agreed, was not to blame, it is one of the risks — the quite unusual risks of a game which has become a profession. But we see it is now pro posed to equip players with steel helmets, as if they were going into battle. That makes the game seem too strenuous and tends to put it in the class with bear-baiting and bull fights. But the thousands who go to watch, and sometimes throw bottles at the umpire when they are not pleased with his decisions, would hardly consent to have it less like a battle we suppose. THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE Sept. 2, 1920 The City of the Open Shop Los .Angeles, the City of the Angels, has economically this likeness to the Holy City, as described by St. John, the Revelator — three gates wide open on each of its four sides, both day and night. Picketing has been enjoined, boycotting fails, the sympathetic strike col lapses, and Los Angeles remains as heretofore, the city of the "Open Shop," in distinction from San Francisco, the city of the "Closed Shop." As westward the star of empire makes its way, so came the influenza epidemic in the au tumn of 1918 from the East and a year later the strike fever traveling westward attacked the body politic. The "Pacific Fleet" had just ar rived from the Atlantic Coast at San Pedro, the port of Los Angeles, with booming of cannon, blare of trumpets and waving of flags — augury of international peace, marking the doom of secret treaties and sudden blows in the dark ! Then, having prepared in secret, at the "psycho logical moment," the motormen and conductors of the city street cars, yellow and red, struck synchronously early on Saturday morning to the confusion of the sailor men. And the battle between the corporations and the labor unions was on. The war, with its Shermanic defini tion, had shifted from Flanders and Picardy, from the high seas and the treacherous shoals, to the beautiful homeland. The cars ran fairly well through the day, but stopped at the first appearance of the eve ning shadows, and while the sun was still set ting in the golden west. The sailors stayed on ship or in port and sang, "I love you, Cali fornia," and "Sweet Adeline," with whom, how ever, they were stopped from dancing seriatim or otherwise on the waxen streets. The bril liant illuminations persistently twinkled their "Welcome, Heroes," however, because the elec tricians had not gone into a sympathetic strike. All the automobiles, even of the Noachic period, jitneys, trucks, barges, and carryalls, were called into use, and everybody rode except the poor shop girls and the toilers and fellow laborers of the striking carmen, who could not afford an automobile. The corporations made money by crowding the cars inside, outside, and on top, and eliminating night service. The poorest and neediest suffered most inconven ience and special hardship befell the "laboring classes." And, then, suddenly, a week after, the switch men on the railroads, in spite of the agreement of the "Railroad Brotherhood" with the United States Government, struck in sympathy with their comrades of the Pacific Electric Railway. For a week, Los Angeles was isolated from the rest of the world by trains ; passengers were marooned in desert and mountain, cattle starved in the cars, food and vegetables rotted by the train-load. At the end of the week's sympa thetic strike, the railroad men returned to their places at the behest of their own Trades' Union officials, but irreparable damage had been done. * * The Labor Unions have lost prestige in Southern California, and Los Angeles in par ticular has declared itself for the Open Shop. Just as the employer, individually and' collec tively, has sought by invention and otherwise to gain a monoply, so the Closed Shop seeks to become a monopoly, and thus attain a favored position for the employees. The strife is now over other things than wages and hours. Measures are urged which would reduce the products of industry and im pair the workman in his moral,- mental and bodily fiber. "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might," is a timely injunc tion to all workmen. Increased tendency appears to give publicity to the causes of the industrial strife. The fundamental principle of the Canadian method is publicity for the cause of the conflict, not arbitration. In arbitration, both parties raise their demands, and the decision satisfies neither party. Publicity brings public opinion to bear on the controversy. In the United States, heretofore, neither employer nor employee liked the Canadian law, because neither wishes to abandon the sudden blow in the dark. Pub licity, however, is a good remedy for public and private wrongs. Especially hopeful signs appear in the grow ing appeal of both parties in the industrial con flict to the Public, and in the introduction of the ethical element. Mazzini, the Italian reformer and patriot, declared : "Every social question is a moral question, and every moral ques tion is a religious question." The doctrine of "economic determinism" has gone to the scrap heap with that of the "iron law of wages." The labor question is a social question, not a "bread and butter" nor a "stomach" problem. Indeed, the social question is a religious question and all religious men and influences should co-operate. The universal solvent for the social and economic problem is love and good will. "The completest spirituality is the completest sociality." The remedy for the present sad state of affairs must be a radical one. The only remedy after all for the inordi nate lust of wealth, the transformation of men into mere "hands," the exploitation of the un skilled and ignorant by the selfish and design ing, is first to seek the Kingdom of God and His Righteousness. The worship of God alone can overthrow the worship of gold. G. F. K. Los Angeles, Cal. League of the New Day Next Week's Readings and Prayers Week of Sept. 6-12 Monday. Our Hidden Life. Col. 3 : 1-11. Tuesday. Putting on Love. Col. 3 : 12-25 ; 4: 1. Wednesday. Continuing Prayer. Col. 4 : 2- 18. Thursday. Jeremiah's Call. Jer. 1 : 1-19. Friday. Israel's Rebellion. Jer. 2 : 1-19. Saturday. Healing Pledged. Jer. 3 : 11-25. Sunday. Jesus and the Pharisees. Mark 7: 1-23. Object for Intercession For Those Who Suffer for the Sins of Others: We thank thee, Lord, for all opportunities of sympathy and helpfulness, even though the cost to us is great. Teach us to remember Christ who suffered for our transgressions when the sins of others hurt and mar our lives. Give us a little of the patience thou hast shown toward us and all men. Teach us a larger sense of the life that reaches far beyond this life we know, that we may not be too impatient with our troubles and perplexities, or too intent upon a present satisfaction. And make us one in thought and expectation with our Lord who loved us and gave himself for us, that there may be a light on all our days. — R. The Pilgrim Calendar July 1620— January 1621 (All these dates, except where otherwise stated, are according to Old Style. To conform to our present reckoning (New Style) add in each case 10 days. Forefathers' Day is Old Style, Dec. 11 ; New Style, Dec. 21. There are differences of opinion and uncertainties in a few cases.) July 25. The Matfloweb leaves London. 29. Arrives at Southampton. 31. (Probably.) The Pilgrims left Ley den. Aug. 1. 15. 22. Sept. 2. 5. 7. 12. 16. Oct. 3. Nov. 9. 10.11.12. 13. 15. 17. 22.27.29. Dec. 3.6. Our Own Opportunity of Brotherhood. There are those who do not want our help or company. We may well let them alone until they do. But if we keep company with Christ we shall find that he provides us opportunities of helping others. It is what he lives for, and it is our highest form of living if in this respect we de sire and seek to be like him. 7. S. 11. 13. 14. 16.17.IS. 20.21-2223. 25. 26.28. 29-30 Pilgrims in Speedwell sail from Delftshaven. Speedwell arrives at Southampton. (Bradford, "about ye 5."j perhaps a day or two earlier.) Both ships sail from Southampton. Speedwell dangerously leaking. Put in to Dartmouth. Sailed from Dartmouth. Speedwell again leaking. Arrived at Plymouth. Speedwell sails for London with twenty passengers. Mayflower sails from Plymouth. First death on board. Heavy gales. Ship in danger. Signs of land. Discovered Cape Cod (somewhere about Truro). Cape Cod (Provincetown) Harbor. Go ashore to cut wood. Compact signed in cabin. Sunday. All on ship for rest and worship. The shallop put ashore for mending. The women land and wash soiled clothes. First exploring party of sixteen starts. The party returns with Indian corn and report of Indians. Weather turns cold and stormy. Second exploring party of 34 (nine sailors) goes ashore. Peregrine White born. Expedition returns with corn. Eighteen men remain on shore over night. Much illness from exposure. Third exploring party seeks a har bor for settlement. Eighteen — in cluding Standish, Carver, Bradford and others — with ship's mate, who has been at Plymouth. Mrs. Dorothy Bradford drowned. The exploring party lands in the night on Clarke's Island, Plymouth Harbor. (Monday; New Style, 21).' Twelve Pilgrims landed from shallop and explored. (Forefathers' Day as we celebrate it.) Return to the Mayflower at Prov incetown Bay. The Mayflower sails for Plymouth. Anchors in Plymouth Harbor. Sunday. All stay on ship. Exploring parties out on shore. Town site determined. . Stormy days keep them on ship. Timber fefting begins. The beginning of the first house. Violent storm holds them on the ship. Gun platform on hill begun. Land in village allotted. Many ill. . Stormy and kept to ship. Indian smokes seen. Sept. 2, 1920 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE 283 47V ORCHARD By Emma There's an orchard by a meadow, which is sweet, and pass ing fair, And decks itself in beauty, when the spring is walking there, Such a fluff of foamy blossoms, such plumes of pinky sprays, Such a spring to soft green turfing in the lapses of the days, Such a dream of life awakened, such a presaging fruit- sense,. And the playhouse in the willow, just above the orchard fence, And a kind of dewy fragrance thrills the subtle golden air, And the blooming boughs are holy, for love is nesting there. BY A MEADOW P. Seabury There's an orchard by a meadow, where the brook goes lilting by, ' 'Neath the great, round, splendid maples, perfect spheres up in the sky, Where the grasses, lush and tender, with the impulse of the light Seem to shoot up in the showers, groiv by magic, in the night: And the humming birds go droning, and the bees buzz ever near, And the robins' "Cheer-up" message, falls like music on the ear: Spring and Love have song and rapture, and the days are passing fair, Oh, the orchard by the meadow, how I wish that I were there. MS n?- ^sm The World the Pilgrim Fathers Knew IX. What the Pilgrims Learned about New England One of the odd things about the historical background of the Pilgrims is that there was a New England — or New Albion — in America before the New England which they knew was named. That honor, subsequently long forgot ten, belongs to California. Francis Drake visited it in 1577, more than ten years before Governor Bradford was born and when Elder Brewster was a lad somewhere about twelve years old at Scrooby. Drake had come through the Strait of Magellan. He had swept the ports of South and Central America clean of Spanish ships and treasure. Then he sailed north to get beyond the Spaniards' reach while he assorted his loot and put his ships in order for the voyage to the spice islands on the other side of the Pacific. He rested in some unidenti fied California harbor where the cliffs showed white and named the whole country New Albion. All England rang with Drake's exploit of sailing round the world, an adventure which brought him knighthood from Queen Elizabeth, though she was stingy with such honors, and made him a leading captain in that amazing fight with the Invincible Armada just before the time of Bradford's birth. But California did not lie within the range of possible settle ment for the Pilgrim Church. In the first place Drake and his company had heard nothing of California's gold, which, if known at that time, would have made it Spanish, and almost two centuries and three-quarters later did make it American. The man who told the story of Drake's voyage spoke of it merely as a good place to careen and clean ships and to take on water with friendly people on shore. And the way thither lay through the Spanish-controlled waters about South America. The Pilgrims wished a settlement, not fighting. A road that ran by Spanish forts and harbors was not for their choosing. Virginia Why not, then, go to Virginia? For Virginia the answer was different, but just as conclusive. They might about as well take up lands in Ireland, which was just at that By Isaac Ogden Rankin time under settlement, by the English in the South and the Scotch in Ulster. They might as well go back to Scrooby and London again. In Bradford's report the argument against Virginia is given thus : "On ye other hand, for Virginia it was objected, that if they lived among ye English which wear ther planted, or so near them as to be under their government, they should be in as great danger to be troubled and persecuted for the cause of religion, as if they lived in England, and it might be worse. And if they lived too farr off, they should neither have succour nor defence' from them." The story of Virginia lies mainly outside the range of this relation. It antedated the Pilgrim- settlement by thirteen years. It was from the beginning a purely commercial enterprise, rather badly managed and with a wide variety of character and social origins among the set tlers, many of whom had an unusual talent for quarreling. They were fortunate in the climate and the fertility of the soil, and they developed leaders of mark. But they were unfortunate in the previous occupation of the land by strong tribes of Indians, who more than once threat ened the infant colony with extinction. They were tided over at first by the stern rule and diplomatic skill of Captain John Smith. Com mercially tobacco was their wealth and their salvation, but it brought in its train, as we have seen, the curse of African slavery. On the American side the Pilgrims owed to Virginia the exploring voyage and consequent map of the coast line made by Captain John Smith, which was in the hands of the skipper of the Mayflower and almost certainly also in the hands of Carver, Brewster, Bradford, Winslow, Fuller and the other Pilgrim leaders in their consultations in Leyden over a place of settle ment. In England the Virginia Company was at once their hope and their stumbling block. They had to deal with men who were thinking first, last and all the time between of profits. For them the American voyage was one vast lottery. The Pilgrims had to satisfy, not only the King, who had driven them out of England, but also the Virginia company, who were think ing of tobacco and beaver skins and clapboards and sassafras. And they had to accept a hard- driven bargain because they themselves had little money and were bound first to safeguard the freedom of their church life. New England Named We owe the name of New England to Cap tain John Smith and his desire of interesting and flattering Prince Charles, through whom Smith won that title of Admirall of New Eng land, which appears upon the portrait which accompanies his map. Giving names was left almost entirely to the Prince. Cape Cod is Cape James, Cape Ann is Cape Anna, in honor of the King and Queen, his father and his mother. Cape Cod Bay is Stuards Bay. The River Charles, which shows huge upon the map, as quite the greatest river of New Eng land, is the River Charles. And beside it, about where Quincy stands, is Charlton. Lon don was near Weymouth and Oxford, about where Marshfield is. These names were not chosen by Smith, but by Prince Charles him self, to whom the map was submitted before publication. But Smith was not the first who had sailed along the New England coast, and not all the names on Smith's map have stuck. Among those that have remained, curiously enough, was the name of Plimouth, or New Plimouth, for the bay where the Pilgrims landed. For this name is older than the Mayflower, older even than Smith's voyage of exploration up the coast. Verrazano and His Voyage The first printed record we have of an ex ploration up the Atlantic coast of North Amer ica goes back of the Mayflower voyage almost a hundred years. It was made by Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian navigator in the service of France. He carried a crew of fifty men, "having provisions sufficient for eight months." ' After about fifty days at sea (the Mayflower 284 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE Sept. 2, 1920 took ninety, you remember), in the middle of which, "we encountered as violent a hurricane as any ship ever weathered, from which we escaped unhurt by the divine assistance and goodness, to the praise of the glorious and for tunate name of our good ship ... we reached a new country, which had never been seen by any one either in ancient or modern times." This landfall was somewhere in the neighborhood of Cape Fear, in what is now North Carolina. Verrazano's arrival was in March. The question of whether the new land was inhabited was settled at once by the sight of great fires near the coast. Perhaps the Indians were burning the underbrush, a habit which helps to explain the common wonder of these early ex plorers, down to and including the Pilgrim ex ploring parties on Cape Cod, that the woods were so open and easily penetrated. From Cape Fear they turned south for a little, and then, finding no good harbor, turned north again and sailed as far as Nova Scotia. Verrazano kept well out from the shore and missed most of the bays, but he landed now and then to make acquaintance with the Indians. Seeking the Indies Verrazano's expedition was intent, like all these early explorations, on a short cut to Cathay, and Verrazano was himself convinced, and also persuaded Hakluyt, the English clergy man who collected and printed the story of famous voyages, that North America was split in two about the region of Delaware Bay. No body, then, or even in the Pilgrim time, guessed how wide North America was or that ' from New England to Drake's New Albion was about as far as from Plymouth in England to Plym outh in New England. But the notion of the sea of Verrazano, splitting the North American continent and giving ah easy sea-road to China and India was more or less in the minds of adventurers for half a century and led directly up to Hudson's exploration of the Hudson. Verrazano himself believed that he had come upon a part of the Eastern Asiatic shore or one of its outlying islands. Here is his picture of the country at the South : "As the Orient str'etehes around this country, I think it cannot be devoid of the same medicinal and aromatic drugs, and vari- bus riches of gold and the like, as is denoted by the color of the ground." The yellow sands, you see, had all the glamour of gold to the awakened expectation, just as much later ship loads of worthless iron pyrites were brought home to England. "It abounds also in animals, as deer, stags, hares, and many other similar, and with a great variety of birds for every kind of pleasant and delightful sport. It is plentifully supplied with lakes and ponds of running water ... the air is salubrious, pure and temperate, and free from the extremes of both heat and cold. There are no violent winds in these regions. . . ." Verrazano's men made a beginning of that wicked kidnapping which played so large a part in the dislike of the American Indians for their European visitors. For most of the people they met were entirely friendly. The people of one village hid themselves in the woods, but they discovered an old woman and a girl, with a little boy, hiding in the long grass. They stole the boy "To carry with us to France, and would have taken the girl also, who was very beauti ful and very tall, but it was impossible because of the loud shrieks she uttered as we attempted to lead her- away ; having to pass some woods, and being far from the ship, we determined to leave her and take the boy only." They wanted to exhibit them, just as one would take home taonkeys from the Amazon or some curious shell which he had found upon the beach. There is au interesting reminder of this cruel practice iu Shakespeare's Tempest, where Trinculo dis covers Caliban : "A strange fish ! Were I in England now, as once I was, . . . there would this monster make a man ; any strange beast there makes a man. When they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian." The Pilgrims owed to it the company and instruction in the ways of the New World of Squanto, who had been kidnapped by a Captain Hall, sold in like," and the people so rude and barbarous that he could not get into communication with them. He reached the conclusion that the in habitants of Maine "have no religious belief whatever, but live in this respect entirely-free." I have given space to Verrazano because,. though the truth of his story is doubted by some writers, it seems to me probably a true picture by an eye witness of conditions on the Atlantic coast of America nearly a hundred years before the Pilgrims sailed, and because h.s Ltter to King Francis, printed in Venice in Photo by I. 0. R. The New England Shoke Spain, somehow brought to England and re turned to America in some vessel of the fishing fleets that every year made their headquarters at the Island of Monhegan long before the Pilgrim time. Verrazano's kidnapping of the Indian boy was somewhere in Delaware or New Jersey. He tells of the barren stretches where, "In the whole country for the space of two hundred leagues, which we visited, we saw no stone of any sort." The Indians of this region made their boats of logs hollowed out by fire. It is at Plymouth, curiously enough, that in the tales of these old voyages we first hear of that char acteristically American invention, the birch bark canoe. The visitors were struck by the care which the Indians took of the grape vines in the woods and found the grapes "very sweet and pleasant and not unlike our own." The Indians even cut away the undergrowth to give the grapes a better chance to ripen. Was it homesickness, or the touch of an innate love of beauty which made the Italian seaman add: "We found also wild roses, violets, lilies and many sorts of plants and fragrant flowers dif ferent from our own." Verrazano in New England Verrazano put in to New York Bay. He made friends with the Indians of Newport Harbor, but though these "Came every day to see our ship" they refused that privilege and risk to their wives, "Of whom they were very careful ; for although they came on board them selves, and remained a long while, they made their wives stay in the boats, nor could we ever get them on board by any entreaties or any presents we could make them." Verrazano found Cape Cod rather bleak and savage, with "Thick woods of fir trees, cypresses and the 1056 and done into English by Hakluyt, ap peared in his volume of "Divers Voyages," which was printed in 15S2. It was certainly in the hands of the Pilgrim leaders, and it& descriptions of the Carolinas may have helped! to console them for their refusal of Raleigh's paradise in Guiana. It may help" to explain. also why they were so loath to plant their- colony north of Cape Cod. The tenth article in this series will be Dutch and French Adventures of which the Pilgrims- Knew. America's Immigration Problem; By Lucia Ames Mead The Interracial Conference which met in- New York on April 7 prefaced its meetings with the following published statements : "Due to the- cessation of immigration during the war, the- mills, mines and railroads are short 3,000,000. At least, 1,000,000 foreign-born workers now- employed in them are preparing to return to^ Europe. With 110,000.000, America is produc ing only enough for 00.000.000, the chief cause- being lack of unskilled labor. America must have a national immigration policy. Now we- have nothing but laws relating to admission- and restriction. Any national policy should in volve the question of selection, distribution and1 assimilation." The problem is acute. The most delicate- feature of it all is the Oriental immigration. Need of labor in California has led to a demand1 from some of its citizens for the introduction of Chinese coolie contract-labor by the hundred1 thousand, which would produce a situation akin to that under Negro slave labor. The new Cali fornia Oriental Exclusion Society purposes to> Uie^ngnegatlonatet Vol. CV. No. 51 and jtatoattte FOREFATHERS' NUMBER December 16, 1920 By courtesy of The Old Colony Trust Company, Boston THE PILGRIMS GO ASHORE But our reverend pastor, Mr. John Robinson, of late memory, and our grave elder, Mr. William Brew ster (now at rest with the Lord) . . . Out of their Christian care of the flock of Christ committed to them, conceived, if God would be pleased to discover some place unto us (though in America) . . . where, the Lord favouring our endeavours by his blessing, we might exemplarily show our tender countrymen by our example . . . where they might live and comfort ably subsist, and enjoy the like liberties with us, being freed from antichristian bondage, keep their names and nation, and not only be a means to enlarge the domin ions of our State, but the Church of Christ also, if the Lord have a people amongst the natives whither he should bring us, etc. . . . hereby, in their great wis doms, they thought we might more glorify God, do more good to our country, better provide for our pos terity, and live to be more refreshed by our labours, than ever we could do in Holland, where we were. — Edward Winslow; "Brief Narration." THE GREAT NEEDS OF A GREAT RACE Twelve Millions of People Cry for Opportunity Howard University was born in a prayer meeting in the First Congregational Church, Washington, D.C., in November, 1866. HOWARD UNIVERSITY is the capstone of Negro education. Here are trained more than two-thirds of all the Class A colored college students of America. But not only is Howard moulding the leaders of the race in America! She is also moulding the world leaders of the race, for she draws her stu dents from ten foreign countries as well as thirty-eight states of the Union. As the students of Howard University are moulded and trained today, the race will be led tomorrow. HOW HOWARD UNIVERSITY SEEKS TO MEET THE NEW DAY Howard University has taken most advanced standing in educational life. The first two years of her col legiate life are called the Junior College. Here are taught those fundamental subjects, which are the stu dents' foundation. The second two years are called the Senior Schools. Each student must decide as early in his course as possible, the profession to which he will give his life. Having chosen he will go to his last two years of college life, specializing in that chosen field. The University offers him schools of agriculture, architecture, liberal arts, commerce and finance, civil, electrical and mechanical engineering, education, jour nalism, languages, library science, law, medicine, dentistry and pharmacy, music, physical education, sciences, theology. What all the white schools of higher education in America do together for white students, How ard University must do for this great race. The task is the most crushing, yet the most glorious task in America. HOWARD UNIVERSITY MUST HAVE HELP BECAUSE THE RACE MUST HAVE HELP Can I Show You Her Needs? School of Religion There are about 37,000 colored churches in the United States. These call for at least 1,900 new ministers every year. Last year not 20 college trained colored men left the seminaries for the min istry ! If the blind lead the blind — what? The col ored preacher is the guide of the colored race. "Nine out of ten letters are from colored preachers, regarding better schools." Howard University has a School of Religion. While all the other major schools have buildings of their own, this School is crowded into three rooms upon the third floor of the old administration building. What is the conclusion of these 1,700 college men and women on the campus? Why — "religion is the least of all the needs of the race" — is their conclu sion. We must have a building for the School of Religion and we must have more men as Christian teachers ! ! Who will give a building to God for this great race? Who will endow a chair for a teacher? School of Medicine The only Class A Medical School in the world for colored men ! Here the students have all the advan tages of a great Government hospital. But our building is old, small, and most inadequately equipped. Why, the Dental School is conducted in the old wooden barracks built for soldiers in 1862. In 1868 the buildings were used "for housing about 350 sick, decrepit and lunatic patients who were unable to care for themselves." Come and see for yourselves, and get the pain and pathos of if all. If no help comes, we must turn away students and so crush their only hope for such education. The General Education Board has granted the Med ical School $250,000 on condition that she raise an equal sum in two years ! But Howard has no money constituency. The rich men of America are yet giving their money to white schools, already endowed, while this great race pleads for a chance ! Who will help this race to help itself? The young men are eager and struggle so hard. Help them! Send gifts and tell how you would have them used to J. STANLEY DURKEE, President, or EMMETT J. SCOTT, Secretary-Treasurer, Howard University, Washington, D. C. She^ttgregationaltst and j^ance December 16, 1920 Volume CV Copyright, 1920 v oiume Kj v . A11 rlghts reserTed Number 51 By the Congregational Publishing Society. Entered at the Post Office In Boston as second-class matter. CONTENTS The Cultivation of Religion — An Editorial Message 777 What the Christian World is Doing 778 Editorial — On the Right Track 779 Why Not Pace the Main Point? The Turn of the Year in Prayer Once More the Minister's Pay An Overture of Help fob Armenia A Christmas Parable — The Sermon of the Little Child Our Pilgrim Pulpit- — The Pilgrimage of Faith, by Wil liam E. Barton 782 Prrom Our Western Window 782 The World the Pilgrim Fathers Knew, by Isaac Ogden Rankin 783 Another Bethlehem, by Shepherd Knapp 785 The Ship that Sailed Away, by Samuel Valentine Cole 786 League of The New Day 787 Department of Religious Drama, conducted by Mary Alice Emerson ¦ 787 A Larger Program for the Federal Council, by Frederick B. Noyes 78S Tercentenary Preparations at Plymouth 789 Plymouth's Compact Celebrations 789 Among the New Books 790 In the Church School — Dr. Davis' Bible Class — Is the Christianity of the Bible the Final Word in Religion? 792 The Hour of Prayer — Comment on Midweek and Chris tian Endeavor' Prayer Meeting Topics — Closet and Altar 793 With the Children 794 The Puritan as a Modern Man, by Helen Kendall Smith 796 In the Congregational Circle — Church News 798 Editor-in-Chief, Rev. Howard A. Bridgman, D. D. Managing Editor, Rolfe Cobleigh Associate Editor, Rev. Isaac Ogden Rankin Western Editor, Rev. R. W. Gammon, D.D. (Chicago) Literary Editor, Rev. Pakris T. Farwell News W<1itnr. M'«s Ft.tzatceth (1. White Contributing Editor, Rev. William E. Barton, D. D. Advertising Manager, Kenneth S. Ballou Circulation Manager, Miss Ethel M. Wentworth The Congregationalist and Advance succeeds The Recorder, foundi-il 1816; The Congregationalist, 1849; The Advance, 1867. Publish, il every Thursday, by The Pilgrim Press, at 14 Beacon Street, Bosum Composition by Thomas Todd Co. rates : Single subscription, $3.00 a year ; in Church Clubs and tn ministers, $2.75. Foreign postage, $1.00. Canadian postage, $.50 a year. Subscriptions are discontinued on date of expiration, appearing on the address label of the paper. Remittances : Should be made nayable to The Congregationalist and Advance, and will be 'acknowl edged by a change of date on the label. Receipt will be sent if two cent stamp is enclosed with remittance. In renewing do not fail «> send exact address as on label. Change of Address : Both old ami new addresses must be sent m and be in our hands at least two week* before the change is to go into effect Current copies may be obtain.-d at the Pj1Srimai?™fn?°°kmStore/' I4 Be?™n Street, Boston, and 1-9 West Jackson Street, Chicago, and at our depository, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription correspondence may be directed to The Congregationalist and Advance, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., or 19 West Jackson Street, Chicago 111 The Talk of the Sanctum Our Cover Picture of the Land in g Wp owe our cover picture this week to the kindness of the Old Colony Trust Company of Boston who have issued a beautifully printed and illustrated book of Pilgrim history in honor of the Tercentenary, and have given us permission to use this ideal picture of a landing in the ship's boat of a com pany of men from the Mayflower. The original, by Botkin, is in the possession of the Old Colony Trust Company. A picture of the landing on what we celebrate as Forefathers' Day it is not, for the Mayflower on December 21, 1620 (New Style), was still at anchor in Cape Cod Harbor near what is now Provincetown. But the spirit of the landing is here, ex pressed in ideal terms and with a fine sense of compositional pattern and values. The landing which we celebrate, it must always be remembered, was from the shallop, putting across from Clarke's Island to Plymouth beach that exploring party which had been searching for the Plymouth harbor which one of the ship's officers had known in a previous voyage. Not only was the Mayflower not there, but there were no women in the landing company. The Death of a Valued Contributor Many of our readers who have read with appreciation the poems of Margaret Cable Brewster that have appeared from time to time in our columns will be sorry to learn of her death at Modesto, Cal., Nov. 23. She was the wife of the Episcopal rector in that place and the daughter of the well known nov elist, George W. Cable, of Northampton, Mass., in which city she grew up. The literary impulses which came to her by inheritance found expression in a considerable body of poetry of unusual merit. During the last ten years she had made a brave fight against tuberculosis and her resignation to the will of God and her constant growth in the spiritual life are reflected in her songs of trust and hope. In the light of these facts we think many of our readers will be glad to turn back to her Thanksgiving poem which appeared in our issue of Nov. 18, and which the Boston Herald last week made the text of an editorial in the course of which the writer says, "She knows by some deep experience the wonderful things she has put into lines of exquisite workmanship." In the Circulation Department — We feel the Pilgrim spirit and the Christmas spirit com bined. It is a fine idea that many of our good friends have of celebrating this Tercentenary Christmas by giving a year's subscription to our Pilgrim home paper — The Congregation alist — as a gift to a friend or kinsman. Where can one find a paper or magazine that Carries the Pilgrim spirit into mod ern life as does our national and only Congregational journal? Our editors have given us a peep into their plans for the coming year. It looks like a great year for our readers. Inspiring messages from Christian leaders and up-to-date authoritative interpretation of what is going on in the world, helps for church and home and young and old, the news of our churches and always surprises of new good things that turn up every little while to surprise and please the staff as well as the readers. The more friends we have who are really extending the circulation of the paper the more we shall be able to accom plish in every way. We thank you for all you have done and for all you may be able to do now. THE CHRISTMAS FUND For our Aged and Disabled Veterans or their Widows Six Hundred Families Fourteen State Societies sharing in the distribution PROPOSED FUND, $35,000 Echoes from the Christmas Fund of 1919 From one who had been the Pastor of a Prominent Church: "I never imagined I should need the care that the Board of Relief so considerately gives to the old veterans. I never allowed myself to dream of such need in my own case. I had sustained my heart with the self-made plan that God would allow me to wear the pastoral 'harness' only so long as I could draw the load. Then he would release me and take me off the earth. But that plan awaits fulfillment. God knows best, of course, and among the reasons no doubt one is that I should realize, as I had probably not done before, all the labor of love, the joy of service and the fellowship of com forting sympathy in Christ, which the work of the Board illustrates." From a Widow in South Dakota: < "May Our Father bless each one who had a part in this kindly, helpful deed. For some weeks I have not been at all well. The children help all they can, but this Christmas check lifts over the hard places and once more gives courage. It will provide a pair of new shoes. Coal and rent and other needs, too, will be met." From a Veteran in Ohio: "When we read your letter, my wife exclaimed — 'Isn't that grand! That helps us out splen didly.' It would be a sin for us to slip into Bunyan's Slough of Despond, when good friends do so much to keep our feet on solid ground. We do thank all the good friends who have contributed to the need and comfort of the 'down and outers.' May God's blessing be upon them all and upon the Board of Ministerial Relief and its co-workers this coming New Year." From a Widow in New York: "The money helps me through, so I can begin the New Year with more pleasure and less care, for I was beginning to realize that there was much to go out and not very much to come in." From a Minister and his Wife in Nebraska: "I was out of the house when the mail man brought the letter the day before Christmas, and my wife said, 'It quite took my breath away when I saw how large it was.' And, oh, it will help to do so many things, to buy some more coal, to pay for some groceries, to purchase a few dishes for the table, etc. Yesterday was a day of cheer as we three gathered around the Christmas table. 'God bless you and the many friends who have sent so much cheer into the home.' " Let all who shared in the gift rejoice in these songs of gratitude. As you renew your gift, or for the first time join in the Fund, may the sense of the joy it gives to others fill your soul with gratitude that you have the power to bring such Christmas cheer. Already (December 4) we have nearly the first tenth of the proposed $35,000 Will you help in the last nine-tenths ? Only three weeks to do it. Send contributions for the Christmas Fund to The Congregational Board of Ministerial Relief 375 Lexington Avenue, New York William A. Rice, Secretary Charles S. Mills, Associate Secretary B. H. Fancher, Treasurer €fe(jippgatiottali5t and jktfoance Pilgrim Virtues VI. The Cultivation /~^ URRENT commemorations of the Tercentenary that ^** dwell exclusively on the flowering of the Pilgrim seed in civic institutions and in America's marvelous material development miss the main point. The Pilgrims stand out because they crossed a wide ocean chiefly in the interests of their religion in order that they might enjoy it themselves and communicate it to others. That created and sustained the adventuring spirit. That put iron into their blood. That enabled them to endure hardship and master difficulties. Ecclesiastically the radicals of their day, the Pilgrims shared the prevailing theological views. Yet we do but follow the counsel of their great teacher, John Robinson, when we apprize their theological opinions from the point of view of all the light which in these three hundred subsequent years has broken forth from the Word of God. We are not under obligation to accept every detail of their theology any more than we are to accept their discrimination against Christmas or their way of observ ing Sunday. At heart we are not so far away from what was the center of their faith — personal reliance on the mercies of God through Jesus Christ our Lord. But whether conservative or liberal, we are bound to be as tolerant as they, and to recognize as fellow-seekers after God all who are sincerely and teachably moving along the way of Christ. For the Pilgrims had a place in their company for Standish, whose family may have been allied with Roman Catholics, and their attitude toward Roger Williams who spent two years with them preaching fre quently on Sunday was not so uncompromising as was that of the Bay Colony. TF we are to hold them before us not as absolute guides in theology or as perfect models in religion, but rather as big, devoted, forward-looking men and women, we must recover the inward urge of two impulses which swayed and transformed them and gave character to the religious life of New England for centuries to come. The first is their vivid sense of God. He may have been further off in space than modern philosophy, which stresses his immanence, would lead us to think. But in whatever corner of the universe they might have thought him to be, he was something more than a stream of tendency. He was a burning reality. They understood in Modern Life and Use of Religion what the writer of Hebrews meant when he speaks of a God "with whom we have to do." The other element in their faith which tends to be come blurred in our faith as the modern world grows more engrossing and alluring is their appreciation and anticipation of the heavenly life. They never rested in the illusion that they were permanent ' residents of this particular planet. They "confessed that they were pil grims and strangers," in contrast to many of us who buy and sell, build and plan, eat, drink and are merry as if we expected to live here forever. Dr. Richard S. Storrs in his noble essay on The Puri tan Spirit has stated in striking words the attitude toward the heavenly life which characterized them and their fellow believers of New England : "The Puritan concep tion of life on the earth," he says, "has always been that of a battle and a march, under watchful heavens, toward superlative issues, with great destinies involved." DUT though the Pilgrims knew that their stay on earth was transient and that heaven, "their better country," was at the end of the journey, they never indulged in self- centered other-worldliness. They shunned the way of escape from human associations and temptations provided by monasticism. They went to work to better the world so long as they stayed in it and if today the fabric of American civilization has any elements of strength and beauty in it, if in three hundred years has been built up a system of laws that at least approximate justice, if our institutions and customs embody anything of the spirit of Jesus, it is largely because the men of Plymouth had courage to blaze the way toward a righteous social order and communicated that instinct to their successors. The Pilgrims are the outstanding and irrefutable an swer to the question, "Can religion work?" Yes, if we prize it above every good, if we cultivate it, if we give it ample and effective expression. GOD grant that we, our children and our children's chil dren to whom is entrusted the task of helping shape the next three hundred years of American history, may constantly exalt the religious ideals which made the Pil grims what they were. God grant that we and those who come after us may keep perpetually burning the an cient fires on the altar of our hearts. h. a. b. 73 S Dec. 16, 1920 WHAT THE CHRISTIAN WORLD IS DOING A Crowded Calendar WHAT with the celebrations of the Pil grim Tercentenary, the round of Christmas services, the Every Member and the Friendship and Fellowship Canvasses, ¦and other regular and special events, the local church has all it can do to keep up with the procession this month. Hardly a local church, at least of the Congregational ¦order, is failing in some way this season to honor the Pilgrims. In many cases pageants and special gatherings supplement effectively words of commemoration and incentive from the platform. Meanwhile the children and young people will see to it that Christmas is kept on the ecclesiastical map and of course the missionary administrators and state committee men charged with the task of making equitable apportionments and fol lowing them up will not let this December pass without emphasizing the special oppor tunities it provides for teamwork and for laying strong and broad financial founda tions for the coming year. Each Church a Law unto Itself BECAUSE so many interests reach a kind of focal point this month and so many appeals, missionary, charitable and didactic, emanate from denominational and interde nominational headquarters, the local church may sometimes feel that its autonomy is threatened and that all power of initiative on the part of the pastor is taken away, or rendered needless. This is far from the case, as we understand the situation. It still re mains true as it has for the last three hun dred years in American Congregationalism that the sovereignty of the local church re sides in its own membership. Any appeal can be tossed at once into the wastebasket or it can be adopted in whole or in part. When the letters and the drives seem to be always with us, let contentment of spirit be engen dered by the thought that the freedom of the individual church continues to be a cardi nal principle of Congregationalism. The Tercentenary Mass Meetings — The East THE twenty speakers who recently in vaded many sections of the United States bearing the message of the Pilgrims have returned. Reports have come in from the communities into which they carried their message concerning the men and women who came over in the Mayflower. In Albany, N. Y.. the beautiful Chancellors' Hall in the Educational Building was packed and hun dreds anxious to hear Drs. Jefferson and Ramsay were unable to gain admission. Over fifteen hundred people attended the meeting in Rochester, N. Y. Capacity audi ences greeted the speakers in Syracuse, Eliz abeth. Bridgeport and New Haven. Dr. Fort Newton and Dr. Gillie were greeted with splendid audiences and in Detroit, Pontiac, Akron, Columbus, Dayton and Cleveland they spoke to thousands of people. Dr. Samuel A. Eliot and Andr6 Monod had successful meetings in New Orleans, Houston, Dallas, Oklahoma City and Memphis. The meetings in Trenton, Baltimore, Washington, Harris burg, Pittsburgh and Scranton were excel lent. Canon Burroughs, Dean Talcott Wil liams and Bishop McDowell addressed this series. The celebration in Washington, D. C, was successful. A mass meeting in Car negie Hall with English, Dutch, French and Belgian speakers was the big feature of the New York city celebration. The Tercentenary Meetings — the West FOUR thousand people were present at the Chicago meeting to hear General Nivelle and Dr. John H. Finley and over two thousand attended the meeting in Spring field, 111., at which General Nivelle and Harold Spender spoke. In Milwaukee nearly three thousand heard the General and Dr. Herbert L. Willett. In Indianapolis, Louis ville and Cincinnati the largest public build ings were packed to the doors. Mr. Harold Spender and Dr. Gaius Glenn Atkins were greeted by large audiences in Kansas City and St. Louis. In New England THE New England meetings were not so well attended. Westerly, the smallest town of the six in which Dr. Percival J. Huget and Mr. P. Whitwell Wilson spoke, presented the largest audience of the group. Inclement weather was undoubtedly a fac tor in bringing about a rather small gather ing in most of the New England towns. The Irish question has also been suggested as a more likely explanation. One prominent man, however, ventured to add that Ireland did not cut as much of a figure in the lack of New England enthusiasm in Tercentenary celebrations as the foreign population — the indifferent non-Anglo-Saxon groups, some of whose leaders do not care to have them know much about the Pilgrims. Expres sions of gratitude are reaching the May flower Council from every division of terri tory into which the Pilgrim message was taken. The speakers were evangelists of international friendship and good will. More things have been wrought by the commin gling and teamwork of French and British and American speakers in these meetings than perhaps we dream of. The Week of Prayer THE Federal Council of Churches has Is sued a call for a Week of Prayer for the churches from Jan. 2 to Jan. 8, 1921. In the interest of community of faith and ac tion among the churches of the world it has adopted, with slight changes, the message and subjects for the Week of Prayer issued in behalf of the World's Evangelical Alli ance by the British Evangelical Alliance. The topics are as follows: Monday, Jan. 3, Thanksgiving and Confession ; Tuesday, Jan. 4, The Church Universal; Wednesday, Jan. 5, Nations and Their Rulers ; Thursday, Jan. 6, Missions Among Moslems and Heathen; Friday, Jan. 7, Families, Educational Estab lishments, and the Young; Saturday, Jan. 8, Home Missions. Syrian Protestant College Changes Its Name IN accordance with a recommendation from the late Dr. Howard S. Bliss, its president for eighteen years, Syrian Protes tant College at Beirut has obtained a new name, the American University of Beirut. With the expansion of the college, the old name no longer served to express the scope and purpose of the work of the institution, which now ranks as the equal of Robert College at Constantinople in its influence over the social and commercial life of the Near East. Friends of Dr. Bliss have re cently established a Howard Bliss Memorial Fund, the object of which is to meet the budget for the current year by securing $80,000 and to raise an additional amount of $320,000 in order to wipe out the deficit ac cumulated during the war. The Board of Trustees have not yet found a successor to President Bliss. A Hospitality Test THE Chicago Evening Post has been test ing the hospitality of the wealthy Chi cago churches by sending its reporters, dressed as down-and-outers, to the Sunday services. Generally speaking the churches gave the reporters a fairly cordial welcome. Some adults gave the visitors the cold shoul der, and a few of the youth giggled. The Post recognizes that not all who attend the services of the church are Christian, and that not all Christians are thoughtful. It goes to the heart of the problem as follows : Here were men who, by all appearance, stood in need of a pull upward. It was evi dent that they were ill clad and cold; it would have been natural to suppose that they might be hungry and jobless. Their imme diate physical discomfort and material need formed the points of contact from which advances could be made to the needs of the spirit. Jesus never failed to make such points of contact. It is in no carping or ungracious humor that we note the churches failed. It is beside the point to say that if any one of these men had asked for material assistance he would have been given it. The manifest poverty which evoked from the un-Christian an avoidance should have called forth from the Christian some thing more to the immediate purpose than a kind word and a friendly smile. The Post undertook its experiment so that it might make constructive criticism of the relationship of the churches to the poor. Its editor and publisher is a member of a church strongly evangelical, and is in full sympathy with the fundamental aims of the church. His criticism is from the inside. | Dec. 16, 1920 From Leyden to Plymouth, by rail and by steamer from Rotterdam and rail from Boston or New York is now a matter of less than a fortnight's travel. But Bradford and the Pil grims were nearly half a year upon the way. Practically, the whole distance was by water and at least three vessels had a share in carry ing them, one on the canal to Delfshaven, one across the Channel to Southampton, and one on the Atlantic to Cape Cod and Plymouth. But having determined where they meant to go, they had first to make arrangements with the Eng lish authorities under whom they meant to live. Relucta-nt King and Intolerant Bishops The full story of the long negotiations be tween the Pilgrim Church in Leyden and the English commercial companies lies outside my plan. They were of necessity working at cross purposes for the Pilgrims wanted a religious freedom, a home and a place to grow, while the companies wanted money. The Leyden Pilgrims were still under the ban as Englishmen, but they were in demand as colonists. It was not easy to get the right sort of people, and especially the right sort of women, to go on such an adventure and endure the hardships of settle ment. Indentured wives, to be wooed suddenly The World the Pilgrim Fathers Knew XI: The Pilgrims Cross the Sea By Isaac Ogden Rankin 783 inward zeall of laying some good foundation, or at least to make some way therunto, for ¦ ye propagating & advancing ye gospell of ye king dom of Christ in those remote parts of ye world ; yea though they should be but as stepping stones unto others for ye performing of so great a work.'7 And again, he writes : "The place they had thought on was some of those vast & un peopled countries of America, which are fruit full & fitt for habitation, being devoyd of all civill inhabitants, where ther are only salvage & brutish men, which range up and downe, litle otherwise than ye wild beasts of the same." There is a considerable difference in point of view between this and the Spanish invasions of Mexico and Peru, or even the charters and am bitions of Elizabeth and James in Carolina and Virginia. English Friends and Foes In the long and confused negotiations for permission to settle and be undisturbed in their religious life the Pilgrims had some influential friends in England. Chief among these was Sir Edwin Sandys, the son of Brewster's landlord at Scrooby Manor and grandson of the Arch bishop of York. But the whole story of these Delfshaven, Whence the Speedwell Sailed and paid for in tobacco, were sent to Virginia about the time the Pilgrims came— somewhat as "picture brides" were for some time sent from Japan to California. But nothing of that kind happened in New England, where the wives came with their husbands. Among the May flower passengers, for example, were seventy- three males and twenty-nine women and girls. It was the pilgrimage of a church built largely upon the full family life. The English theory of occupation and con trol in America at this time was not in sub stance different from the Spanish and Portu guese. Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Humphrey Gilbert a patent to take possession, of "any remote, barbarous and heathen lands not pos sessed by any Christian prince or people." There was n° Question of self-determination for the Indians. But the Pilgrim idea, including as it did the thought of evangelism, was more liberal. Jjjey had, as Bradford writes, "A great hope & negotiations is like the path across a swamp, difficult to find and slow and muddy in the going. The king by this time was ready to wink at the religious independence of the Pilgrims for the sake of the commercial gains in which he hoped to share. But the Bishops were unyield ing. There was dissension and desertion in the trading companies, which changed like a kalei doscope. When the Pilgrims landed on Cape Cod they found themselves, or thought they found themselves, outside the jurisdiction of the company whose charter they held and, indeed, of any company whatever. Even their friends in England were divided: "For some of those yt should have gone— fell of & would not goe; other marehants & friends yt had offered to ad venture their moneys withdrew, and pretended many excuses. Some disliking they wente not to Guiana : others againe would adventure noth ing excepte they wente to Virginia. Some againe ( and those that were most relied o» ) fell in utter dislike with Virginia, and would doe nothing if they wente thither. In ye midds of these dis tractions, they of Leyden, who had put of their estate and laid out their moneys, were brought mto a great straight, fearing what issue these things would come too." The only wonder is that under these condi tions they got away at all. The sad result was that they came poorly provisioned and in winter time to an inhospitable shore and half of them died before the first seed could be put into the ground. They had sent as agent and forerunner to England John Carver, afterward elected Gov ernor upon the voyage. He had as coadjutor Robert Cushman, who seems to have been in England already. Carver had his quarters at Southampton, gathering stores. Cushman, who seems to have been rather an unstable soul and a wretched bargainer, conducted negotiations. He was forced into an agreement at the last moment, when it was too late for the Pilgrims to retreat, by which the colony was to become for seven years a communist society for the benefit of their financial backers and all gains were to be put into a common pool. The Paeting It had been agreed in Leyden that the church should be divided and that only part should go at first on the great venture. As the larger half elected to remain, it claimed Pastor Rob inson, so that Elder Brewster went out with the colony. There was a providence in that, for Brewster was probably better fitted for the hardships of the voyage and wilderness than Robinson. And the colony needed for a little the vigorous and wise support of Robinson and the Leyden company. The enemies of the church alleged that there had been a schism but this is earnestly denied by Winslow in words which must be quoted here: "For I per suade myself, never people upon earth lived more lovingly together and parted more sweetly than we, the church at Leyden, did ; not rashly, in a distracted humor, but upon joint and seri ous deliberation, often seeking the mind of God by fasting and prayer ; whose gracious presence we not only found with us, but his blessing upon us, from that time to this instant, to the indignation of our adversaries, the admiration of strangers, and the exceeding consolation of ourselves, to see such effects of our prayers and tears before our pilgrimage here be ended." The Leyden Pilgrims, then, probably on the last day of July, both those who were to go and many of their friends from Leyden, jour- ' neyed, by canal, some 25 miles across the flat land of Holland from Leyden to Delfshaven on the Meuse, which is now a part of the great commercial city of Rotterdam. Winslow tells us of the last night in Leyden : "And when the ship was ready to carry us away, the brethren that stayed having again solemnly sought the Lord with us and for us, and we further engaging ourselves mutually as before, they, I say, that stayed at Leyden feasted us that were to go at our pastor's house, being large ; where we refreshed ourselves, after tears, with singing of psalms, making joyful melody in our hearts, as well as with the voice, there being many of our congregation very ex pert in music; and indeed it was the sweetest melody that ever mine ears heard." I should like to know what psalms and songs those friends through many trials sang together on that night of parting. 784 THE CONGREGATIONALIST AND ADVANCE Dec. 16, 192 When they reached Delfshaven, "There was little sleep that night," Bradford tells us, "but the time was spent in friendly entertainment & Christian discourse and other reall expressions ot true Christian love. The next day, the wind being faire, they went aborde and their friends with them. But ye tide (which stays for no man) calling them away yt were thus loath to departc, their Revered pastor, falling downe on his knees, (and they all with him) with watrie cheeks commended them with moste fervente praiers to the Lord and his blessing. And then with mutuall imbrases and many tears, they took their leaves one of an other ; which proved to be ye la.st leave to many of them. They had a short and favorable voyage across the Channel in the Speedwell, though they must have been much crowded together. And then in Southampton their troubles began. They found themselves in debt and pledged to a slav ery seven years long, and they protested both to Cushman and in a letter to the merchant adven turers. They had to sell stores, largely butter in firkins, to pay debts which had been incurred. And they had to rearrange the passenger list, dividing the Leyden and the London Pilgrims between the Mayflower and the Speedwell. The Pilgeim Ships What were these two famous ships like? Bradford in his history never gives a name to either of them. They are "the larger and the lesser ship." Both were old. The Pilgrims owned the Speedwell, the "larger ship" was only hired. The Mayflower, of 180 tons bur den, was considerably larger than most of the ships on which the famous voyages of that age were made. To take a modern comparison — the Gloucester fishing schooner Esperanto, which won the ocean race off Halifax in Novem ber was seven-ninths the Mayflower's size. But the Mayflower was a towering ship, high at the bows and stern, as many ocean tramps are to day. She was herself an ocean tramp of her generation, now a whaler, now a carrier of goods, famous only because once in her career she carried the Pilgrim Church from the old world to the new. Romance has gathered about her. The attempt has ben made of late to show that she was one of the ships that fought off the invincible Armada of Spain in the year be fore Bradford was born. There was certainly a Mayflower and also a Speedwell, of something like the corresponding size in that proud fleet of England's sea mastery and the world's deliv erance. Dr. Eendell Harris believes that her timbers are still in use as the framework of a huge barn in England, and has much to allege in evidence for his claim. Bradford evidently had few pleasant memories of the nine tedious weeks on board. It was a time of misery and extreme discomfort and Bradford was no groat sailor, if we may judge by what he says of his sea experiences. The Pilgrims, it must be re membered, were mostly inlanders. Not one of them seems to have had any real acquaintance with the sea. For its time the Mayflower was a large ship. Two out of three of the ships of Columbus were not even decked, both of them were smaller than the Speed well The third, on which Columbus himself sailed was only of 100 tons to the 180 of the Mayflower. Henry Hudson's ship Dis covery, in which he sailed to Hudson Bay. was of only 55 tons. But the Mai/flower carried a colony and its household stuff to an unsettled wilderness. Most of the Pilgrims were me chanics, there must be room found for their tools. John Alden brought his cooper's adzes and hammers on board when he was hired for the voyage at Southampton. One man had taken the pains to fetch along from Leyden that big .« The Mayflower at Sea jacuscrew which held the broken beam and saved the ship half way across the Atlantic. And there was a corner somehow for the Winslow cradle, which still survives. But there was little elbow room on board and no privacy at all. The Pilgrims were unlucky in captains just as they had been in escaping from England to Holland. The captain of the Speedwell was a liar and a cheat, and Captain Jones of the Mayflower was something of a tyrant and was accused, wrongly, I think, of betraying them by a corrupt bargain with the Dutch. But they got away at last — only to be forced to put in first at Dartmouth and then, turning back from the last point of England, to Plymouth, where the Mayflower was loaded to capacity and the Speedwell, with, the faint-hearted and too much encumbered people, was sent back to London, to speed no longer, well or ill, in the service of the Pilgrims. There must have been an amazing amount of sheer discomfort on the Mayflower, whether she sailed before a favoring wind, or "incountered many times with crosse winds, and mette with many feirce stormes, when the ship was shroudly shaken, and her upper works made very leakie," or when a main beam threatened to give way or when the sailors were grumbling and threatening the passengers, or the seas were "so high, as they could not beare a knote of saile, but were forced to hull, for diverce days together." Between the fore and after decks the space was mainly taken up with the shallop, where some of the Pilgrims used to sit or lie in pleasant weather. They had experience of birth and death. There were 102 passengers of all at Southampton to take care of the casks the sick time after landing Governor Bradfo had a quarrel with the captain because he coufc get no beer, which was all to be reserved fo the ship's company on the return voyage. W have an echo of thirst and distaste on boar in the delight expressed by Bradford when th first spring on the Cape was found: "But a length they found water and refreshed theij selves, being ye first New England water thq drunke of, and was now in thir great thirsf as pleasante unto them as wine or bear ha been in for-times." And Winslow gives caref^ advice to intending colonists : "Let your cask fo beer and water be iron-bound for the first tir< if not more." Their Good Fortune The Pilgrims were fortunate, bn theil crowded ship in the autumn time, in having si little serious sickness. What a long voyag might mean three hundred years ago we maj gather from the experience of Magellan on thj Pacific when they were 98 days out of sight of land. "For most of these 98 days," says the article in the "Encyclopedia Britannica," "thj explorers had no fresh provisions, little watjM (and that bad) and putrid biscuits, the ragW of scurvy became terrible. The worst anticipal tions of Magellan (he would push on if they had to eat the leather of the rigging) were reap ized, ox-hides, sawdust and rats became coveted food." The Pilgrims were not so unfortunate butj that there were few romantic notions gendered] in their brains by recollections of the Mayflower^, we may gather from that echo of their experi ence preserved for us in Captain John Smith's "History of New England," published within four years of that landing of the exploring party of the Pilgrims on Plymouth beach which we celebrate as Forefathers' Day : "But being pestered nine weeks in this leak ing, unwholesome ship, lying wet in their cabins, most of them grew very weake and weary of the sea ; then for want of experience, ranging two and againe six weeks (on shore) before they found a place they liked to dwell on, forced to lie on the bare ground without coverture, forty of them died, and three score were left in a very weake state at the ship's comming away, about the fifth of April following." And yet was not Nathanial Morton justified when he could write of them : "Ought not and From gushing multitudinous hearts we now thank these lowly men that they dared to be true and brave. Conformity or compromise might, perhaps, have purchased for them a profitable peace, but not peace of mind; it might have secured place and power, but not repose; it might have opened a present shelter, but not a home in history and in men's hearts till time shall be no more. All will confess the true grandeur of their example, while, in vindication of a cher ished principle, they stood alone, against the madness of men, against the law of the land, against their king. Better be the despised Pilgrim, a fugitive for free dom, than the halting politician, forgetful of principle. — Charles Sumner, at Plymouth Festival, Aug. J, 1853. ages crowded into a common room, which in bad weather was entirely without ventilation. They cooked in iron pots over fire made in a bed of sand. Many of them were seasick, and some of them seem to have been seasick much of the time. There was no chance of exercise, water was scarce and soon grew bad. The beer, of which they had good store, both for the out ward and the return voyages of the ship, seems to have been doled out grudgingly. Cushman complains of its quality in his letter before the start. John Alden, hero of Longfellow's rather unveracious romance, was hired when they were may not the children of these fathers rightly say, our fathers were Englishmen, which came over the great ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness ; but they cried unto the Lord, and he heard their voice, and looked on their adversity. Let them therefore praise the Lord, because he is good and his mercy endureth forever ; yea, let them who have been the re deemed of the Lord, show how he delivered them from the hand of the oppressor"? (Chapter X, French and Dutch Adventures in America before the Pilgrims Came, has been displaced and will follow next.) _ m '