3 9002 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ACQUIRED BY EXCHANGE mk mm if l\ nf n HfHQloGflAPH $: Placing on Home Exhibition, PHOTOGRAPHS OP THE ilajestic and Imposing in Nature ; the Beautiful and Inspiring in Art ; the Grandly Scenic, Eventfully Historic and Strikingly Descriptive ; Including Impressive Scenes, Heroic Events and Famous Achievements which Hark Human Progress and Distinguish the Nations of Earth. TO WHICH IS ADDED Portraits of the World's Most Famous People, INTRODUCED BY JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL. D., America's Famous and Foremost Historian. PUBLISHED AND MANUFACTURED BY HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. ST. LOUIS, MO. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1893, by H. S. SMITH, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. AH Rights Reserved. The Illustrations in this art work are from original photographs, and are fully protected by copyright. Their reproduction in any form is un= lawful, and notice is hereby given that persons guilty of infringing the copyright thereof will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Introduction. The title of Royal Photograph Gallery sufficiently indi cates the scope and character of the present work. The pub- PP~J Ushers in preparing the volume ,-' " have gathered their materials from almost every form of art and from every quarter of the world. The gallery is made up of elegant photographic reproductions representing the marvels I of the natural world and I the principal products of the genius and hand of man. The style in which the pictures are presented is in all particulars such as to commend the volume to the public. The appearance of such a work, appealing as it does ^- to the eye and, through the eye, to the understanding, suggests by way of intro- Bduction a few reflections on the importance of the sense of sight in instructing the intellect and delighting fancy. With the old Greeks to see was to know. The same word which expressed the act of vision denoted also the perception of the mind. Nor may it be doubted that of all the avenues between the inner soul of man and the outer world of visible and tangible things, the sense of sight is the brightest and most delightful. Vision is the sense alike of information and ideality — the open way of knowledge and of dreams. It may surprise the reader to reflect how- much of the learning and wisdom of mankind has been gathered through the sense of sight. True it is that every child of man learns to speak by the ear ; but no sooner is oral utter ance attained than the actual beginnings of wisdom are found and followed by the eye. Henceforth through all the devious ways and hard tasks of learning it is the eye that leads and informs the mind. The crooked marks of the alphabet, the curious forms of words, the combination of words into a vehicle of thoughts and ideas, the construction of that written and printed page out of which the accumulated "ntelligence of the world flashes into the mind of the learner— all this must be gained and mastered by the eye. The eye makes us acquainted with nature and with man. It brings to us a knowledge of the illimitable past and spreads before us a picture of the mar velous present. It reveals to us the landscapes of all continents and reaches off to the islands of the seas. It leads us through the streets of olden cities ; carries us easily to the summits of inaccessible mountains ; sets us free with the strong-winged eagles that circle the tops of the redwoods of Mariposa, and bears us at a glance to the planets and stars. All the other senses with which we are endowed are limited to the narrow circumference of our own being or the few poor roods of street or field where we live. Taste is in the tongue : touch reaches no further than the finger-tips ; the heaviest gun or loudest roar of volcano can only catch the ear at the distance of a few miles. All the rest is silence 1 But the sight of the eye is as infinite as the star-sprinkled dome of space. The remotest world of creation hardly escapes the discovery and visita tion of the mind issuing forth through the narrow pupil of the eye. The modern age more than the ancient has availed itself of seeing. The spirit of seeing has entered into literature. The writers of the former centuries were localized and sequestered. Those of the present age are ubiquitous. It may well surprise us to reflect upon the isolation of mankind which prevailed over all the world until the dawn of the present era. Men lived apart and saw nothing — knew nothing beyond their local environment. They heard nothing save that which came by vague report. They were able to verify nothing because of the constraint and thrall by which they were held to a given spot. The ideas which they entertained of things distant were inadequate and often grotesque. No man could report from personal observation the character of the peoples in foreign lands or the aspects of the civilization which they had created. The few emissaries and travelers who ventured across the great land scapes of the world were like the stray meteors of the June sky : they were seen rather than seeing, and were more astonishing than astonished amid the scenes of their visitation. To all this an age of travel has succeeded. Seeing has taken the place of vague tradition. The beneficent reign of science has brought in the means of going abroad over all the earth. The globe has become a landscape for human eyes. The continents are traced in every part with the easy lines of intercourse, and the seas have become thoroughfares. There is hardly any longer an isolated town or an unvisited square league of territory in our terrestrial abode. The result has been the rectification of knowledge. History has been written anew and fitted in time and place to the surface of the globe. Ships are no longer wrecked on the coast of Bohemia, as they were in the time of Shakespeare, and Nineveh is no longer on the banks of the Euphrates, as it was in Lord Byron's day. We might well dwell upon the new history which has sprung from the investigations and witness of the eye. Behold Wilkinson and Ebers in Egypt ; Rawlinson and Smith among the ruins of the Mesopotamian cities ; Mommsen exploring the relics of Rome ; Schliemann digging up the foundations of heroic Troy ! Out of such work a new and true concept of the life and activity of man on the earth has been derived, and as the results are published to the world, the old myths and traditions of the human race fall back and are lost in the shadows. The leading adjunct of modern historical and scientific research is Photography. This is the form in which the results of the new method of inquiry are first recorded. Strange it is that the picture should have come back and insinuated itself in the W$i P^ace °f ^e word- It might also be said that the age of pictures is to succeed the age of words. It is as though the hieroglyphics of antiquity should have returned to contest with language and printing the empire of the worldl Nor should we, in this connection, fail to remember that while most of the written and nearly all of the spoken languages of ancient times have per ished from the knowledge of mankind, the old picture-writings of Egypt still stand out clear and bright as in the morning of their creation. The camera has become one of the implements of the intellectual life throughout the world. The current civilization seems to be striving to per petuate itself in authentic outlines by the device of light and shade. The real importance of this method of preserving the current aspects of man-life in the world can hardly be over-estimated. A few photographs preserved from antiquity might change our concept of whole chapters in ancient history. What would the modern world give for a good photograph or photographic reproduc tion of the walls and hanging gardens of Babylon ? What would be the value of a true negative of the Colossus of Rhodes, of the gold and ivory statue of Jupiter, of the temple of Diana of the Ephesians ? How much would the British Museum pay for a photograph of the dedication of the temple of Solomon, of a gladiatorial combat in the arena, of the Roman Senate listening to the reading of despatches from Caesar in Gaul ? Would not the poorest ambro- type of Socrates or the Christ outrank all the glories of Michael Angelo's frescoes or the divinest faces of Raphael ? This great lack in pictorial reproduction, which modern scholarship so much deplores in attempting to form a true estimate of the life of antiquity, the pres ent age is attempting to supply for itself and the future. The future may know, if it will, the likeness of man and the aspects of civilization in the Nineteenth Century. The camera turns its wakeful eye in this direction and in that. It glances everywhere ; it looks at rivers and ruins, at mills and merchant ships, at trophies and temples, at palaces and mausoleums, at city squares and com mercial marts, at light-houses and gymnasia, at royal gardens and the graves of peasants, at the faces of men and the discs of the eternal stars 1 Nor need we fear that the recorded results of these reproductions of human life and of the natural world will fade and perish. A well-made photograph ; as the Turin Papyrus, and that has endured since the Pharaohs Photography may be defined as the art of making all men travelers. Civilization, though she has brought the opportunity, has not yet brought to all the ability to go abroad and visit the world. The close of our century still finds the great majority con fined to narrow limits of neighborhood or state— shut off from the inspiring sight of the great things of earth. The situation has suggested the illustrated lecture, the use of the stereopticon as a means of displaying the cities and scenery, the arts and the enterprises of mankind. It has also suggested what is better and more enduring, namely, the reproduction in artistic form of photographic originals of the most wonderful features of the natural world and the most interesting products of the human genius. It has thus happened 'hat photography, from being a mere process of portrait making, has become one of the principal means of recording the best of all things knowable and of diffusing a knowledge of the same to the people. The advantages of pictorial representation as a means of informing and verifying can hardly be exaggerated. Wherever travel is impracticable —wr^r - ever the mountains and seas divide the eager mind from the objects of its iong- ing and search — there the lens, with its quick flash of light and swiftly-caught image of nature or work of man, has come in to supply the deficiency and to transmit to humble homes in distant lands the picture and vision of the reality. It is needless to dwell upon the vivid and lasting impressions made on the mind by pictorial representations. After the seeing of the eye these are best. By them the memory is traced with indelible images, and the imagination is lifted and borne away across continents and oceans. With the picture before us time and space are suddenly obliterated. In a moment we are in London, in Paris, in Cairo, in Bombay, in Melbourne. We are with Shakespeare's dust, in the haunts of Burns, looking down from St. Peter's on outspread Rome, walking among the ruins of the Acropolis, tracing the pathways where the Son of Mary journeyed and taught. We are with the great actors — with Caesar and Charle magne, with Napoleon and Washington. We are with the immortal artists, from hraxiteles and Phidias to Meissonier and Bartholdi. The publishers of the Royal Photograph Gallery have, as we have said, gathered the materials for their work out of almost every country of the world. Their aim has been to select and preserve the best. They have sought with artistic success to reproduce in this volume the most striking aspects of the natural world and the highest and most beautiful works of man. The col lection in its entirety is a delight to the eye and an inspiration to the mind. The possessor of this elegant volume will find in it history, poetry and art. He will himself become a traveler ; he will see reproduced in this panorama of views the principal wonders of the natural world and will dwell, for the hour, amid the chief monuments and trophies of the human race. New York, June, 1893. AN OLD ENGLISH PUBLIC, HOUSE. WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. The old thatched public-house of the upper illustration is typical of a class of buildings of which many survive in the middle and south of England. Iu some purely agricultural districts they are still numerous Their nest-like eomfortable aspect are most inviting, and their unpretending architecture and verdant setting, this sprinkled with odorous flowers and the home of song-birds in variety, are artistic and beautiful in the highest degrees- The old stor'- tnansion at Valley Forge used by Washington and his staff, is kept in good repair and invites patriotic inspection. b CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL. rrrr iW^IC^MMf, A UNITED STATES CRUISER " SAN FRANCISCO." The capital of Brazil has one of the finest harbors in the world, pear-shaped, its neck oceanward and a mile in. width. Within, the placid waters are dotted with peaks, islands and fortresses the city a huge amphitheatre with noble mountains in the background. Rio Janeiro hes a lively and sprightly population, and is provided with the accessories of advanced civilization ; but the visitor is struck with the sickly and undersized appearance of the male- white population. Rio Janeiro women appear to spend a good part of their time staring out upon the street.— The " San Francisco " is a first-rate, unarmored vessel of the United States Navy, of the type protected cruiser. She has a steel hull, is propelled by twin screws, has three masts, twelve guns in her main battery, and a displacement of 4083. tons. The "San Francisco" represents the new navy, created within a few years, and giving particular distinction to the administrations of Secretaries Whitney and Tracy, representing respectively the Democratic and Republican parties. „ 'iiiWxxx*.-. -.W. .: ^-'..\. . is-. i'^Wzm:< 'feji . ¦..¦«„:._J ..'..' _.-¦- 7 ' ..¦: .._ _ _ . NEW YORK'S GREETING TO COLUMBUS : PARADE OF THE SCHOOL CHILDREN.— New York's festivities in honor of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus began on October 8, 1892, when the Jews held services in their synagogues to commemorate the event. The parade of the school children was on October 10, when twenty-five thousand boys and girls marched in line, with a precision which one audacious scribbler says was greater than that of the regular troops in the parade of the following Wednesday. No division of the hopeful procession was regarded with greater interest by onlookers who had no family representative in line than that formed by Indian boys and girls from the Industrial School Carlisle Pa. The boys were dressed in dark blue, bore stars and stripes over their shoulders, and were led by a brass band of their own ; the girls, numbering nearly a hundred, wore blue serge dresses. To make Indian boys and girls worthy of the dignity of citizenship is to solve the Indian problem. i§! of j^^o!ogi*aJ>I\s. PORTRAITS. PAGE Supreme Court of the United States 17 Justice Harlan, Justice S. J. Field, Justice Shiras, Justice Brewer, Chief Justice Fuller, Justice Brown, Justice Blatchford, Justice Gray, Justice Jackson. Mrs. Grover Cleveland 18 Grover Cleveland 19 President Cleveland and his Cabinet 20 Secretary Herbert, Secretary Lamont, Secretary Gresham, Secretary Carlisle, President Cleveland, Secretary Morton, Secretary Hoke Smith, Attorney-GeneralOlney, Postmaster-General Bissell. Vice-President and Senators 21 Twenty=eight Governors PAOI C F. Manderson, G. G. Vest, A. H. Colquitt, A E- Stevensun, O. H. Platt, W. B. Allison, H. M. Teller, M. S. Quay, G. F. Hoar, C. S. Blackburn, Z B. Vance, Don Cameron, Geo. L. Shroup, David B. Hill. W. T. Frye, E. C. Walthall, J. T. Morgan, Wm. Lindsay, H. L. Dawes, S. M. Cullom, Speaker and Members of the House of Repre= sentatives, U. S 22 Thos. McRae, John H. Gear, C. F. Crisp, W. H. Crain, H. H. Bingham, David B. Culberson, James J. Beiden, Wm. J. Stone, A. J. Hopkins, Gen. Daniel Sickles, John S. Henderson, Chas. Tracy, W. J. Bryan, I. H. Goodnight, David B. Henderson, Chas. A. Boutelle, W. C. P. Breckenridge, Julius C. Burrows, W. Bourke Cochran, W. S. Wilson. Presidents of the United States 23 John Tyler, John Quincy Adams, James Madison, Martin Van Buren, James Monroe, George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Rutherford B. Hayes, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Andrew Johnson, John Millard Filmore, William H Harrison, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lincoln, Grover Cleveland, Thomas Jefferson, 1 Chester A Arthur, Jumes A. Garfield, ] mies Buchanan, Franklin Pierce, Adam». Russell Brown, Foster,Stone, J. W. McGraw, G. T. Werts, Luzon B Morris, J. P. Altgeld, Crounce, Rich, Fichback,Boies,Russell, Knute Nelson, Pattison, Frank Brown, Thos. G- Jones, Peter Turney, Hogg, J. M. Stone. McCorkle,Rickards,Chas. Sheldon, L. D. Lewelling, B. R. Tillman, Levi Fuller, W. J. Northen, S. Pennoyer, Geo. W. Peck, Harrison and his Cabinet . Secretary Tracy, Secretary Noble, Post. -Gen. Wanamaker, Secretary Elkins, Prominent Republicans . J. Sloat Fassett, Wolcott, Senator Stanford, Reed, Senator Hawley, Morton,Chandler,McKinley,Senator McMillan, Lodge, Secretary Rusk, Attorney-General Miltat; Secretary Foster, President Harrison. Powell Clayton, Warner Miller, W. W. Phelps, Hiscock,Fred. Douglass, Senator Aldrich, Depew, Lincoln, Cannon, Whitelaw Reid. Prominent Democrats aj Vilas,Senator Gorman, William C. DeWitt, S. Brice, Bayard, Wm. F. Harrity, Boies,Don Dickenson, Williams.General Slocum, W. F. Sheehan, Isaac P. Gray, R. Croker, Hugh McLaughlin, Ex-Mayor Grace, Governor Flower, Edward Murphy, Maj. Charles H. Jonei, Roger Q. Mills, Gov. Jas. E. Campbell, John G. Carlisle, Hensel, W. C. Whitney, Vorhees, Springer,L. C. Fairchild, Fellows, Henry Watterson. Generals of Army Since the War 28 General Meigs. General O. O. Howard, General Crook, General W. S. Hancock, General Augur, General Merritt, Gen. Alex. McD. McCook, General Scofield, General Terry, General Dunn, General Miles, General Custer. (9) so LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. Celebrated Union Generals PAGE 29 General Benj. F. Butler, General Wm. T. Sherman, General A. E. Burnside, General Geo. H. Thomas, General Jno. A. Logan, General U. S. Grant, General N. P. Banks, General Joseph Hooker, General Jno. Sedgwick, General Phil. E- Sheridan, General Geo. G. Meade, General Judson Kilpatrick, Famous Confederate Generals 3° General Moseby, Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, General Jubal A. Early, General A. P. Hill, General J. B. Hood, General Braxton Bragg, Leaders of the Navy . . . Rear-Admiral Walker, Rear-Admiral Greer, Rear- Admiral Bryson, Secretary Herbert, General Thos. J. Jackson, General Jas. Longstreet, General Robert E. Lee, General J. E. B. Stuart, General A. S. Johnston, General Jos. E.Johnston. 31 Lieutenant Lemly, Rear-Admiral Gherardi, Commander A. W. Weaver, Rear- Admiral Belknap, Commodore James O. Gillis, Commander Richard Warsaw Meade, Foreign Ministers 32 Sir Julian Pauncefote, Mr. Yi, Senor Roque Casal Carranza, Dr. Bustemonte, Gen. Don Coesar Canevoro, Manuel Mde. Peralta, Gozo Tzteno, Mavroyeni Bey, E. de Muruaga, Souza Roza, Mr. Claparde, Prince Cantacuzene. Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church 33 Thoburn, Fitzgerald, Merrill, Walden,Newman, FossAndrews,Simpson, Xinde, Hurst, Mallalieu, Fowler, John Wesley, Bowman,Goodsell, Warren, Foster, Taylor, Joyce, Vincent. Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church 34 John Williams, Alexander Gregg, G. F. Seymour, W. A. Leonard, A. C. Coxe, W. E. McLaren, P. Brooks, T. A. Starkey, T. M. Clark, C. Whitehead, A. N. Littlejohn. Bishop Walker, Samuel D. Ferguson, W. F. Adams, F. McX. Whittle. W. H. Hare, H. B. Whitipie, W. I. Kit>, W. Paret, Sylvester Tuttle, Representative American Newspaper Men PAGE¦ 37 J. G. Bennett, J. B. McCullogh, Whitelaw Reid, Geo. W. Childs, Frederick Driscoll, C. A. Dana, E. M. O'Neill, Jos. Medill, Chas. H. Taylor, F'elix Agnus, American Authors .... Harriet Beecher Stowe, Washington Irving, T. B. Aldrich, G. Bancroft, O. W. Holmes, Ella W. Wilcox, Emerson,Longfellow, Eliz. Stuart Phelps, George W. Curtis, Foreign Authors Schiller,Thomas Carlyle, Macaulay, John Milton, Browning, Goethe, Jas. W. Scott, Murat Halstead, W. R. Hearst, Clark Howell, Joseph Pulitzer, Frank Hatten, Victor F. Lawson, Wm. E. Quinby, M. H. deYoung, Henry Watterson. 3» Jno. G. Whittier, William H. Prescott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bret Harte, Mrs. Hodgson Burnett, Wm. Dean Howells, Walt Witman, Lowell, Edgar A. Poe, Mark Twain. 39 Sir E. Arnold, Millionaires W. AV. Astor, Henry Clews, D. O. Mills, Henry Villard, W. H. Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Levi P. Morton, James G Fair, Addison Cammack, Whiteiaw Reid, Qreat Composers . Chopin, Weber, Richard Wagner- Beethoven, Liszt, Haydn, Verdi, Kipling, Ouida, Voltaire, Tennyson, Shakespeare,Jules Verne, John Ruskin, Thomas Moore, Sir Walter Scott, Haggard, Victor Hijgo Charles Dickens, Charles Kingsley. H. Victor Newcomb, A C. Stedman, j. W. Mackay, George I. Seney, George Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Russell Sage, C P Huntington, F. D, Armour, James C. Flood, 41 Gluck, Schubert,Mozart, Meyerbeer,Gounod, Handel Bellini. Rubinstein, Bach, Mendelssohn,SchumannSir Arthur Sullivan, Rossini, Roman Catholic Archbishops or the United States 35 John Joseph Williams, Francis Janssens, Wil'.iam H. Gross, Archbishop Ireland, Fred. Xavier Retzer, Patrick W &vt timinent Cardinals William Henry Elder, Patrick A, Feehan, Patrick John Ryan, Peter Richard Kenrick, John B. Saipornre, Riordan ... 36 Yaunutelli, Sirneoni. Haynald, Rampoila, Santelice. tfomar ^atnosvc i^eaders n America 36 ArctiDisnop Corngan, MLonsiguor O'Connell, Cardinal Gibbons, Mojsignor Satoili Noted Players and Singers 42 Del Puente, Edouard de Reszke, Albani, Tamagno, Paderewski, Materna, Lilli Lehman, Christin Nilson, Schalchi, Giulia Ravogli, Marannie Brandt, Melba, Patti, Theo. Reichmann, Eames, Van Zandt, Jean de Reszke, Max Alvary, Lasalle, Campanini. Actors and Actresses in Costume Loie Fuller, Amelia Glover, 43 Marie Jansen, Francis WiLon, Louis James, Lillian Russell, Marie Tempest. Actors and Actresses in Costume . . Pauline Hall, Margaret Mather, Mrs. Langtry, Georgia Cayvan, Wilson Barrett. Jos. Haworth, Jessie Bartlett Davis. Sothern, Tom Karl, Delia Fox, 44 Mantel,Mansfield, Jane Hading, LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. n Famous Actresses Annie Pixley, Fanny Davenport, Mrs. Agnes Booth, Rosina Vokes, Julia Marlowe, PAGE• 45 Sarah Bernhardt, Rose Coghlan, Mme. Modjeska, Miss Ellen Terry, Ada Rehan. Famous Actors 46 Neil Burgess, Henry E. Dixey, Jo Jefferson, Henry Irving, Maurice Barrymore, Denman Thompson, Edwin Booth, James L,ewis, Thomasso Salvini, Stuart Robson. Queen Victoria's Jubilee Portrait 47 Prince of Wales and His Family 48 Prince Albert Victor, Princess Maud, Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria, Prince of Wales, Prince George, Princess Louise (Duchess of Fife). The Gladstone Government, 1892 49 John Morley, Earl Spencer, Marquis of Ripon, A. J. Mundella, Gladstone, Sir Geo. Treveiyan, Earl Roseberry, Earl of Kimberley, Sir William Vernon Harcourt. The Dead Poet Laureate of England 50 The Sovereigns of Russia, Denmark and Greece, 51 PAOB Rulers and Leaders of Great Powers 52 Emperor William and Bismarck, Archduchess Maria Theresa, Prince Louis of Bavaria, von Caprivi, Emperor of Austria, Empress of Austria. Six Notables in Current History 53 Royalty in Portugal 54 President Carnot, Prince of Naples, and King and Queen of Italy 55 Three Leading Anti=Home Rulers — "Carmen Sylva," Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Rou= mania, and Mile. Vacaresco 56 Infanta Eulalia 57 Pope Leo XIII. Borne in the Sedia Gestatoria . . 58 Twenty Great Artists 59 Raphael, Corregio, Rembrandt, A. Van Dyck, Angelo, Reynolds, Meissonier, Verestchagin, Munkacsy, Bouguereau, Marcus Stone, Holman Hunt, Hogarth, Von Piloty, Rosa Bonheur, Millet, Alma Tadema, Burne-Jones, E. Detaille, Sir D. Wilkie. Manuscript and Portrait of St. Matthew .... 321 Oscar II., King of Sweden 329 Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline 329 Leopold II., King of Belgium 329 President Diaz, Mexico 329 COUNTRIES PHOTOGRAPHED. Algiers. PAGE Summer Palace of the Governor-General at Mus- tapha Superieur 60 Mosque of Ei-Djedid ... 61 Taking of Imalah Abd-el-Kader .... .... 62 Alaska. View near Sitka 63 Unlatok 64 Steamer and Muier Glacier 65 Taking Photographs at Peril Straits ........ 65 The Totem Poles of Alaska 66 Old Fur Store .67 Greek Church at Sitka 67 Arabia. Bedouins at Lunch 68 Mid-day Rest in the Desert, between Mount Sinai and Akaba 69 Greek Church, Convent of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai 70 Bedouin Sheikh and Staff, Petra 71 An Arabesque Salon 72 Arab Sheikh and Dragoman 73 Austria. Capuchin Vault 74 Volksgarten 75 New Opera House 76 Hof burg Theatre 77 Palace of Prince Schwarzenberg 7S Franzenring 79 Belgium. Halls of the Corporations, Brussels 80 The Bourse, Brussels 81 House of the Frank, Bruges 82 La Hahe Sainte, Waterloo 83 Dinant upon the Meuse 84 The New Bourse, Brussels 171 Leopold II 330 Palace of the King, Brussels 410 Bolivia. The Plaza on a Market Day, La Paz 85 Alabaster Crosses at Cloth made by the Incas 87 Antiquities made by the Incas . .... 88 j Sacred Virgin of Capacabana 8c, j Grass Boats on Lake Titicaca oc ! Canada, Ottawa. — A looking up the Ottawa Kivei 91 ! Victoria Square, Montreal . qs | Ice Palace at Montreal 91 ; Ice Carnival Montrea. . . . . , 94 ' Canada— (Continued). FAQB Victoria, Vancouver's Island 95 Parliament Buildings, Quebec, Canada. 1 95 The Citadel at Quebec 96 Ice Shove at Montreal 96 Halifax, Nova Scotia, from Citadel looking east ... 97 Chili. Spanish Aqueduct, Santa Lucia, Santiago 98 Gateway to Santa Lucia, Santiago 99 Spanish Coat of Arms, Santa Lucia, Santiago .... 100 Residence at Santiago 101 Post-office at Valparaiso 102 Palatial Residence at Valparaiso 102 Harbor of Valparaiso 103 La Cueca 104 Country Fair in Chili ioj China. Gate or Pailow, Peking 106 Examination Hall, Peking 107 Bronze Lions at Wan Shon-Shan Gate, Peking . . . 108 Dra wing-Room cf the United States Legation, Peking. 109 A Chinese Inn no The Great Wall of China '. . . in The Governor's Residence, Hong-Kong in English Quarter, City of Hong-Kong 113 Garden of Hong-Kong 113 Rain Temple at Tien-Tsin m Caravan at Rest ±1^ Ancient Astronomical Instruments n< Ecuador. A Native House Mount Chimborazo Carriers of Quito .... The Public Fountains of Quito , Portico of Capitol, Quito .... ... .... 117 lit "9 . il>) .... . . . I2C Post Station between Ambato and Quito , iar The Royal Road from Bodegas to Guarande : . . , . 12%. Argentine Republic. Street in Buenos Ayre? ........ Egypt The Second Nile Cataract . . .... Nile Boats at El-Gizeh . . Boating on the Nile An Egyptian Street . . . ... A Company ot Englisn Artillery in the Desert IMS 134123 124 "5126 Alexandria. Egypt, after the Bombarding and the Looting I2£ The Suez Canal between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea I3j {12) LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. <3 Egypt— (Continued 1. PAGR Khartoum, the scene of General Gordon's death . . 128 An Oriental Slave Market 130 A Hollow Square in the Desert 131 Ascending the Pyramids 132 The Standing Obelisks, Karnak 133 Karnak ^4 Ruins from Philse, Egypt, from the South 135 The Sepulchral Monument of Rameses 136 Prostrate Statue of Rameses 137 Ruins of Philae 138 Citadel of Cairo 139 Fountain of Ablutions, Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo 140 Meda, or Fountain of Ablutions 141 The Mosque of Mohammed-Ali, Cairo 142 Minarets of a Mosque, Cairo 143 Horse Merchant of Cairo 144 The Tombs, Cairo 145 Tombs of the Mamelooks, Cairo 146 A Charge of Arab Cavalry 129 Egyptian Soldiers on Parade 129 England. Westminster Abbey 147 The Reredos in Westminster Abbey 148 The House of Lords 149 London Bridge 150 Bank of England 151 Albert Memorial, London 152 Albert Memorial, London (Group Africa) 153 Albert Memorial, London (Group America) .... 154 Albert Memorial, London (Group Asia) 155 Trafalgar Square 156 St Thomas Hospital 157 The New Law Courts, London 158 Front Court, Trinity College, Cambridge 159 Hawarden Castle, near Chester 160 His Captive 161 General View of the Tower of London 162 Windsor Castle 163 Buckingham Palace 164 Ann Hathaway's Cottage 165 Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon 166 House of Parliament 167 St. Mary's Abbey, York 168 Chapel of St. George, Windsor 169 Residence of Lord Salisbury 170 Horse Armory, Tower of London 171 The Crown Jewels, Tower of London 171 Osborn House, Queen Victoria's Seaside Villa .... 343 Garden Front of Windsor Castle 162 An Old English Public House 7 France. Hotel de Ville, Paris 172 Bois de Boulogne, Paris ... 173 Lower Lake, Bois de Boulogne, Paris 174 Les Champs Elysees, Paris 175 Les Halles Centrals, Paris 176 Arch of Triumph, Paris 177 Hotel des Invalides, Paris 178 France— (Continued). PAGE Tomb of Napoleon 179 Palai du Trocadero, Paris .... 180 The Eifel Tower, Paris 181 Church of the Madelaine, Paris . 182 Stairway of the Grand Opera House, Paris . . . .183 The Louvre, Paris ... .... 184 Place de la Concorde, Paris ... 185 Chariot of Louis XV. , Paris .... 186 Gardens of the Luxembourg, Paris 187 La Place de la Bastille, Paris 188 In the Forest of Fontainble," .. . . . ... .189 Bed of Anne of Austria, Fontainbleau . . ... 190 Bed of Napoleon I., Fontainbleau 191 Palace of Fontainbleau 192 School of Fine Arts and Library, Marseilles .... 193 Marie Antoinette on Her Way to Execution . . . .194 Boudoir of Marie Antoinette ... 195 Gallery of Battles, Palace of Versailles 196 Hall of the Jeu-de-Paume .... 197 Roguet de l'isle Singing the Marseillaise 198 The Battle of Marseilles 199 Napoleon at the Battle of Jena 200 A French Zouave 201 Palace of the Popes, Avignon 264 Assault on the Malakoff and the Redan, by Boutigny, 202 "Surprised in a Chateau," by Detaille 203 In the Arena . . 204 Return of the Sabine Women, Louvre Museum . . . 205 Quatre Bras 206 " After the Bath " 206 Monte Carlo, Front View of the Casino 207 Burning of Joan of Arc 208 The Vision of Joan of Arc 209 Longchamps Palace, Marseilles 210 General View of Marseilles 2 10 The Blessing, Luxembourg, Paris 211 St. Peter's Church, Avignon 212 Festival of St. Roche . 213 Germany. Emperor's Palace, Berlin 214 Royal Palace, or Schloss, Berlin ¦ • . . 215 Palace of the Crown Prince, Berlin 216 The Castle Bridge, Berlin 217 The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin 218 Luther Monument, Dresden 210 Guttenberg House, Strasburg 220 Emperor William I., Moltke and Bismarck at the Siege of Paris 221 The Congress of Berlin, 1878 221 Theater Platz, Wiesbaden 222 Maximilian Street, Munich 223 Caub and Oberwesel . . 224 Drachenburg, A modern castle on the Rhine .... 225 The Castle Sonneck on the Rhine 225 Ehrenbreitstein 226 Bullay and Alf on the Mosel 227 Bell Alliance Platz 228 Pleasure Garden, Berlin 229 The Royal Palace, Charlottenburg, Prussia 230 *4 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. Germany — (Continued). PAGE The Palace. Coblentz, Prussia 231 Flower Garden, Cologne 232 Ducal Palace, Brunswick 233 The Schloss Platz at Stuttgart 233 Amphitheatre at Treves, Prussia 234 Greece. Prison of Socrates, Athens 235 Modern Athens 167 Hawaii. Government House 236 Bird's Eye View of Honolulu on the Day of Revolu tion, TJ. S. Troops in Possession of the Field . . 236 Hawaiian Feast 237 Holland. Amsterdam Gate, Haarlem 23S Slaughter of the Ten Thousand 239 The Palace at Amsterdam 240 Old Windmill at Haarlem 240 The Holy Land. Young Girl in Holiday Attire 315 Railroad Station at Jerusalem 316 Pilgrims entering Jerusalem 317 Tree of Abraham, Hebron 318 The Field of Blood, Jerusalem 319 The Garden of Gethsemane 320 Manuscript and Portrait of St. Matthew 321 India. The Taj Mahal, Agra, Hindostan 207 A Native Home 241 Thejummak Mnsjid, Delhi 242 Singhalese Devil Dancers 243 Great Gate, Madura Temple 244 The Temple, Madura 245 Imperial Palace, Delhi 246 Seringham Pagoda 247 A Buddhic Temple 248 Temple of the Sacred Tooth, and Lake atKandy . . 249 An Annual Buddhist Procession 2.50 Bathing Scene on the Hoogly 251 The Palanquin at Chameaux 252 Ireland. Ross Castle, Killarney 255 St Mary's Abbey, Dublin 254 Meeting of the Waters, Killarney 253 Italy. The Pantheon at Rome 263 St. Peter's, Rome 256 Rome seen from St. Peter's . . 257 The Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, Rome 25S St. Peter's, Rome 259 Aqua Claudia, Rome 260 Forum of Trajan, Rome 261 Sessorian Palace, Rome 262 Mount Palatine Stadium 264 Bridge at St. Angelo, Rome 265 PAOR . 266 Italy — (Continued). The Death of Caesar Jules Stewart's " Springtime in Venice " 237 The Rialto, Venice 267 Hall of Senate Throne, Ducal Palace, Venice .... 268 A Canal in Venice 269 Bridge of Sighs and Ducal Palace 270 Home of Desdemona 271 St. Mark's Square, Venice 272 Ducal Palace, Venice 273 The Grand Canal, Venice 274 San Giorgio Maggiore 275 Chioggia 276 Hall of Marbles, Naples 277 Castel Del Carmine, Naples 278 Castel Dell Ovo, Naples 279 House of Dante, Florence 280 Tomb of Archimedes, Syracuse 281 The Matterhorn, one ct the Alps of the Valais . . . 282 The Battle of Solferino 283 "The Dancer," by Canova 284 Lake Como 285 Dining Hall, Palazzo Reale, Genoa 286 Temple of Jupiter 287 Peasant Girls and Huntsman 288 The Amphitheatre, Pompeii 289 A Prison in the Suburbs of Palermo 290 Embarkation of Antony and Cleopatra 291 Japan. Japanese Laborers 292 Whipping Cotton in Japan 293 Pagoda at Teska, Japan 294 The Japanese Shoe Mender 295 Fusiyama, Japan's Sacred Mountain 296 Scene on the Sumeda River 296 Corea Bridge 411 Mexico. The Cathedral, Mexico 297 Chapultepec Castle, City of Mexico 298 Hall of Congress, City of Mexico 299 French Army Entering the City of Mexico 300 National Palace, City of Mexico 301 Interior of Mexican Residence, City of Mexico . . . 302 Quetaro, Mexico 303 Church of Guadalupe, near Mexico 304 Bishop's Palace, Monterey 305 Cathedral at Chihuahua 306 A Mexican Kitchen 3°7 Chinampas, or Floating Gardens 308 Drying Coffee in the Field 309 Bull Fight 3to Cathedral of Guadalajara 311 Puebla ji2 President Diaz ^0 Wife of President Diaz ,,0 Morocco. The Synagogue at Tetuan •.[., Jewish Cemetery at Tetuan ,r, 3U General View of Tetuan Jewish Luxury at Tetuan 3M LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. *5 Peru. v, PAGE ¦summer House, the Exhibition Grounds, Lima . . . 322 Carnival Time at Puno 323 Russia. Palace of Pitrossky 324 House of the Romanoff Czars ... 325 General View of Moscow from the Kremlin 326 Kremlin, Large Palace, Moscow . . 326 General View of Moscow from the Rekio Bridge . . . 327 St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg ... . . 327 Capture of Malakoff, Sebastopol 328 Cathedral of St. Basil, Moscow .... 329 Scotland. The Castle, Edinburgh 330 Dunbar Castle 332 Taymouth Castle 332 Caerlaverock Castle 333 Dumbarton Castle and Rock 334 Balmoral Castle, from the River 335 Burns' Birthplace, Ayrshire 336 Abbottsford — Garden Front 337 Oam O'Shanter Inn, Ayr 338 The Old Capon Tree 339 Highland Mary's Grave 340 North Walls, Orkney Isles 341 Bressa Lighthouse 342 Osborn House, Queen Victoria's Seaside Villa . 343 Balmoral Castle, Queen Victoria's Favorite Residence .343 Alloway Kirk, near Ayr 344 Mill on the Cluny 345 Planting Potatoes in Skye 346 A Skye Crofter's Home 347 Grinding Corn in Skye 348 Castle from St. Cuthbert's Churchyard, Edinburgh, Scotland 168 Holyrood, from Calton Hill, Edinburgh 171 Spain. The Alhambra : The Court of Lions 351 Alhambra Palace, Upper End of the Court 352 Return of Columbus and Appearance at Court . . . .353 South Africa. Cape Town 349 The Traveler's Palm 350 Switzerland. Geneva, Monument of the Duke of Brunswick . . .211 Crossing a Crevasse 354 Lucerne 355 Lake Lucerne from Tell's Platte 356 Nyon 357 The Glacier of Bossons 358 The Castle of Chillon 359 View of Mont Blanc 360 Chain of the Alps, Canton of Berne . . . . 361 Street in Andermatt 362 Geneva 363 Mont Blanc Observatory. Passage under the Grand Mulets 3^4 Mont Blanc Observatory, Ascension of Mont Blanc towards the junction of the Grand Mu'.ets . . . 364 Switzerland— (Continued). PAOB Berne 365 The Jungfrau 366 Interlaken and Jungfrau 367 Territet Railway, Montreax 368 View near Wassen ... 369 View of the Rhine 370 Church Interior, Hospenthal 371 Hotel Aquila, Hospenthal . ... 371 Turkey. The Dardenelles opened to the vessels of the Russian Volunteer Fleet . 371 Panoramic View of Constantinople 373 Mosque, the sweet waters of Europe 374 Palace of Beylerbey, the Bosphoms 375 View of the Bosphorus . . 376 Gateway of the Sultan's Palace, Constantinople . . 376 A Sultana's Matinee Costume 377 Fountain of Achmed III., Constantinople 378 United States. South Willow Canon, Creede, Colorado . ... 21a " Whom did you see ? Speak, child, speak " . . .213 Old Ben, Las Palmas, California 320 War, State and Navy Building, Washington 379 Pension Office, Washington 380 Smithsonian Institution, Washington 381 Entrance to Ex-Vice-President Morton's Homes, Washington 382 Cleveland's Home at Oakview, D. C. . . . ... 383 Green Room at the White House, Washington . . . 384 In the Treasury Vault, Washington 385 Senator Hearst's Dining Room, Washington .... 386 Washington Monument, Washington 387 Sheridan's Ride, Washington, D. C 388 Out with the Meadow Brook Hounds 389 The Vanderbilt Houses, New York 390 New York Navy Yard : Drilling at Street Riot on Chauncey Avenue 391 Divinity Hall, Yale University 392 The Union Theological Seminary, New York . . . 392 Sunken Gardens, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia . 393 John Wanamaker's Residence 394 Arnold's Mansion, Philadelphia 393 Chicago Stock Yards, Small Packer's Plants . . . 396 Chicago Stock Yards, Bird's-eye View of the Cattle Pens .... 30 A Glimpse of Arabia, World's Fair 397 Aztec and Indian Homes, World's Fair . . . . -97 French Renaissance, World's Fair 398 Auditorium Hotel, Chicago 398 Corn Palace, Sioux City 399 West Point, N. Y 4O0 Mexican Mortars, West Point, N. Y 401 Thomas Paine's Homestead, Long Island, N. Y. . . 402 Old Stone Tower, Newport, R. 1 403 State Capitol, Albany, N. Y 404 Ice Freeze at Niagara 405 Prospect Park, Niagara, Winter 406 s6 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. United States — (Continued). PAGE Vice-Commodore Morgan's Cottage, Newport .... 407 Cavern Cascade, Watkins Glen, N. Y 408 Washington's Headquarters, Newburgh, N. Y. ... 409 General Knox's Headquarters at Valley Forge . . . 410 Interior of Washington's Headquarters at Valley Forge 410 Washington's Headquarters at Valley Forge .... 410 Palm Tree at Las Palmas, California 411 Canal Street, New Orleans 411 Statue of Henry W. Grady, Atlanta, Ga 412 Statue of "Stonewall" Jackson, Lexington, Va. . . 412 Fort at San Marco, St. Augustine, Fla 413 Old Slave Market, St. Augustine, Fla 414 Libby Prison, Va 415 Old Mill near Ashborough, N. C 416 Loading Cotton at New Orleans 417 Loading Oranges on the Oklawaha, Fla. 418 Darktown Courtship 419 House in which "Stonewall" Jackson died, Rich mond, Va 420 Street Scene in the South 421 Arlington House, Virginia ... 422 Home of Jefferson Davis .... 423 Phases of the Mississippi Floods . . 424 State Capitol, Baton Rouge, La. . ... 425 The U. S. S. " Yorktown "... . ... 426 Over and Above the Bargain .... 426 Atthe Fountain . . 426 Cricket on the Manheim Grounds, Germantown . 427 A Representative Philadelphia Cricket Team . . . 427 Foot-ball : Putting the Ball in Play . . 428 Bathing at Narragansett Pier . . 729 Indian Dance at Miles City . 429 In Search of a Lost Race 430 Lower Creede, Colorado 431 The Narrows, Williams Canon, Colorado 432 Yellowstone National Park : The Upper Fall .... 433 The Yellowstone National Park : Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel and Liberty Cap Rock 434 Vineyard Scene at El Modelo 435 Yellowstone National Park : The Obsidian Cliffs . . 435 Oldest House in Santa Fe, New Mexico 436 New Mormon Temple at Salt Lake City 437 United States— (Continued). PAGB Fort Point, San Francisco Harbor .... . . 438 Mrs. Mark Hopkins' Mansion, San Francisco . . . 438 Market Street, San Francisco .... . . 439 Hotel del Monte, Monterey . . 440 Colonel Carter of Cartersville . 441 The Duel Scene in " The Rivals " .... . . 442 Battle of Shiloh . . 44$ Siege of Vicksburg . 443 Battle of Allatoona Pass . 444 Battle of Gettysburg . . ... . . 444 Battle of Spottsylvania 445 Battle of Antietam . . 445 Battle of Lay's Ferry .446 U. S. Monitor " Miantonomoh " . . . .447 U. S. Cruiser "San Francisco" . . 7 Washington's Headquarters at Valley Forge . 6 New York's Greeting to Columbus .... 8 The Atlanta .448 The American Battleship . 449 United States Cruiser " Newark " - 450 New York Navy Yard, the "Chicago" .... .451 The United States Cruiser " New York " . . . .452 The Columbian Naval Review, Scenes about Fortress Monroe 453 Fortress Monroe, Old Point Comfort, Va 454 Fort Winfield Scott, San Francisco Harbor ..... 454 Promenade of the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort, Va 455 New York's Greeting to Columbus. The Naval "Re serve Light Battery 456 The Naval Parade, Rounding the Battery, New York.457 New York's Greeting to Columbus, The Night Pa geant 458 Forbidden Longings 459 Venezuela. Boulevard, Caracas . 460 West Indies. Palm Grove in St. Thomas . . 325 Port of Spain, Queen's Road .... . . 464 Port of Spain, Combined Residence and Store . . . 462 Silk Cotton Tree, Nassau . 461 Nassau ... . 463 Justice Harlan, Justice S. J. Field, Justice Shiras, SUPREHE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Justice Brewer, Chief Justice FcuBr, Justice Brown, Justice Blatchford, Justice Gray, Justice Jackson- MRS. GROVER CLEVELAND.— President Cleveland married Miss Folsom on June 2, 1866. The interesting event pleased universally — " everybody loves a lover "—and acquaintance with the young bride, brought suddenly into prominence as the queen of the White House, increased the general satisfaction ihal ihe honors and duties of the chief home in the land were shared by one who added lustre to those and performed these conscientiously and with the sweetness and good feeling towards all which far more than outweighed the disadvantages of previous inexperience of entertaining on a grand scale. Returning to the White House on March 4. 1S93, after the inter vening administration of President Harrison. Mrs. Cleveland entered it as a mother, prattling Ruth on her lap. The married life of Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland i^ an eminently happy one. 18 GROVER CLEVELAND. — Three times consecutively nominated for the presidency and elected for a second term after having been defeated, constitute a most distinguished record. The secret of Mr. Cleveland's success is the plodding, conscientious industry of a man intent upon doing the right thing, as he sees it, the carefulness and good sense with which he proceeds to form his judgment on public questions, and the impression he makes of his sincerity and the singleness of his patriotic purpose in all that he undertakes. He sees no obstacle to the performance of his duty in the opposition of other men, nor in the obstruction of his personal interests. Fearless and candid, indefatigable, honest, even his political enemies give him the credit for these simple qualities, which duly impress the great multitude of voters. 19 PRESIDENT CLEVELAND AND HIS CABINET. Hilary A. Herbert, Sec'y of Navy. Richard Olney, Sec'y of State. J. Sterling Morton, Sec'y of Agriculture. Wm. L. Wilson, Postmaster General. Grover Cleveland, President. Hoke Smith, Secretary of Interior. Dan'l S. Lamont, Secretary of War. John G. Carlisle, Sec'y of Treas. judson Harmon, Attorney General. VICE-PRESIDENT AND PROHINENT MEMBERS OF THE SENATE. Geo. L. Shroup, Vest, Morgan, Vance, Manderson, Quay, Blackburn, Dawes, David B. Hill, Walthall, Stevenson, Allison, Teller, Colquitt, Wm. Lindsay, Don Cameron, Frye, Hoar, Platt, Cullom. 21 TWENTY=ONE GOVERNORS. W. E. Russell, Mass. C. H. Sheldon, S. Dak. J. W. McGraw, Wash. Knute Nelson, Minn. L. D. Lewelling, Kan. G. T. Werts, N. J. R. E. Pattison, Pa. B. R. Tillman, S. C. Luzon B. Morris, Conn. Frank Brown, Md. Levi K. Fuller, Vt. J. P. Altgeld, 111. Thos. G.Jones, Ala. W.J. Northen, Ga. L- Crounce, Neb. Peter Turney, Tenn. Sylv. Pennoyer, Ore. J. T. Rich, Mich. J. Hogg, Texas. Geo. W. Peck, Wis. J. M. Stone, Miss, PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.— These portraits are from paintings hanging in the White House. The names and dates of all the administrations appear in the following list : i John Tyler, from 1841 to 1845. 2 Millard Filmore, 1850 to 1853. 3 John Quincy Adams, 1825 to 1829. 4 William Henry Harrison, 1841. 5 James Madison, 1809 to 1817. 6 James K. Polk, 1845 to 1849. 7 Martin Van Buren, 1837 to 1841. 8 Zachary Taylor, 1849, 1850. 9 James Monroe, 1817 to 1825. 10 Abraham Lincoln, 1861 to 1865. 11 George Washington, 1789 to 1797. 12 Grover Cleveland, 1885 to 1889, 1893 to — . 13 Andrew Jackson, 1829 to 1837. 14 Thomas Jefferson, 1801 to 1809. 15 Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877 to 1881. 16 Chester A. Arthur, 1881 to 1885. 17 Ulysses S. Grant, 1869 to 1877. 18 James A. Garfield, 1881. 19 Benjamin Harrison, 1889 to 1893. 20 James Buchanan, 1857 to 1861. 21 Andrew Johnson, 1865 to 1869. 22 Franklin Pierce, 1853 to 1857. 23 John Adams 1797 to 1801. 23 PROMINENT MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Thos. McRae, Ark. J. S. Henderson, N. C. John H. Gear, Iowa, C. F. Crisp, Ga. W. J. Bryan, Neb. W. H. Crain, Tex. H. H. Bingham, Pa. D. B. Henderson, la. D. B. Culberson, Tex. James J. Beiden, N. Y. W.CP. Breckinridge, Ky. William J. Stone, Ky. A. J. Hopkins, His. W. B. Cochran, N. Y. Gen. D. Sickles, N. Y. 22 Charles Tracy, N. Y. I. H. Goodnight, Ky. Chas. A. Boutelle, Me J. C. Burrows, Mich. W. S. Wilson, W. Va. siiiMk!^-'' PRESIDENT HARRISON AND HIS CABINET Here are excellent portraits of the President and his Cabinet who went out of office on March 4, 1893, to be succeeded by an administration ofthe opposing political party. Secretary Tracy, of the Navy, had distinguished himself in pushing forward the work of creating an effective fleet. Changes introduced by Mr. Wanamaker as Postmaster-General were a real gain in time and efficiency. The brilliant public career of Mr. Blaine had ended the previous summer. On the whole the administration of President Harrison was not an eventful, though a capable one. The dispute with Chili created an excitement which soon passed away, with the assent of the Chilian government to the reasonable demands of the United States. 25 J. Sloat Fassett, Sen. Stanford, Sen. Hawley, Chandler,Sen. McMillan, PROMINENT REPUBLICANS. Powell Clayton, Wolcott, Warner Miller, W. W. Phelps, Reed, Hiscock, Fred. Douglass, Morton, Sen. Aldrich, Depew, McKinley, Lincoln, Cannon, Lodge, Whitelaw Reid 26 PROHINENT DEHOCRATS. Vilas, Mayor Grace, Maj. Chas. H. Jones, Bayard, P. M. Gen. Dickerson, Hensel, Springer, Isaac P. Gray, Sen. Gorman, Roger Q. Mills, Williams, Sec. Fairchild, Governor Flower, Wm. C DeWitt, Edward Murphy, C. S. Brice, Wm. F. Harrity, Gov. Jas. E. Campbell, Boies, John G. Carlisle, Sec. Whitney, Gen. Slocum, Vorhees, W. F. Sheehan, IL Croker, Fellows, Hugh McLaughlin, Wattetson. 27 GENERALS FAMOUS SINCE THE WAR. General Merritt. General Crook. General Meigs. General Scofield. General O. O. Howard. General W. S. Hancock. General Alex. McD. McCook. General Terry. 28 General Augur. General Drum. General Miles. General Custer, CELEBRATED UNION GENERALS. Gen. Benj. F. Butler, Gen. John A. Logan, Gen. John Sedgwick, Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. Phil. E. Sheridan, Gen. A. E. Burnside, Gen. N. P. Banks, Gen. Geo. G. Meade, Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, Gen. Joseph Hooker, Gen. Judson Kilpatrick 29 General Mosby, General Thos. J. Jackson, General P. G. T. Beauregard, General James Longstreet, FAMOUS CONFEDERATE GENERALS. General Jubal A. Early, General J. B. Hood, General Robert E. Lee. General A. S. Johnston, General A. P. Hill, General Braxton Bragg] General J. E. B. Stuart, General Jos. E. Johnston. 30 LEADERS OF THE NAVY. Rear-Admiral Walker, Lieutenant Lemly, Rear-Admiral Greer, Secretary Herbert, Rear-Admiral Bryson, Rear-Admiral G. E. Belknap, Rear-Admiral Gherardi, Commodore James O. Gillis, Commander Richard Warsaw Meade, Commander A. W. Weaver. 31 FOREIGN MINISTERS AT WASHINGTON. Sir Julian Pauncefote (England), Dr. Bustemonte (Venezuela), Gozo Tateno (Japan), Souza Roza (Portugal), Mr. Yi (Corea), Gen. Don Coesar Canevoro (Peru), Mavroyeni Bey (Turkey], Mr. Claparde(Switzerland), 32 Senor Roque Casal Carranza (Argentine Republic), Manuel Mde. Peralta (Costa Rica), E. de Muruaga (Spain), Prince Cantacuzene (Russia). BISHOPS OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.— Eighteen of these men are still at ¦work. Simpson has joined the founder of Methodism in the rest of Paradise. Beginning at the top on the left-hand side, they appear in the following order, in rows of four, every row commencing at the left : Thoburn, Foss, Mallalieu, Warren ; Fitzgerald, Andrews, Fowler, Foster ; Merrill, Simpson, John Wesley, Taylor ; Walden, Ninde, Bowman, Joyce ; Newman, Hurst, Goodsell, Vincent. , 33 BISHOPS OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. John Williams, Samuel D. Ferguson, W. E. McLaren, A. N. Littlejolm, W. A. Leonard, W. H. Hare, Alex. Gregg, W. F. Adams, P. Brooks, Bishop Walker, A. C. Coxe, H. B. Whipple, G. F. Seymourk, F. McN. Whittle, 4 T. A. Starkey, W. I. Kip, T. M. Clark, W. Paret, C. Whitehead, Sylvester Tuttle ROMAN CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOPS OF THE UNITED STATES.— John Joseph Williams was appointed Archbishop of Boston in 1875. William H. Gross has been Archbishop of Oregon City since 1885. In 1883 William Henry Elder became Archbishop of Cincinnati. Patrick John Ryan was made Archbishop of Philadelphia in 1884 ; Frederick Xavier Retzer, Archbishop of Milwaukee in 1S92. Francis Janssens has been Archbishop of New Orleans since 18^8 ; Ireland, Archbishop of St. Paul since 1S88, the four previous years Bishop of the same See. John B. Salpointe, Archbishop of Santa Fe, was raised to his present dignity in 1885. Patrick A. Feehau has been Archbishop of Chicago since 1S80. Peter Richard Kenrick was made Archbishop of St. Louis in 1847. Patrick W. Riordan, Archbishop of San Francisco, succeeded to the See in 1884. ' 35 FIVE ElTINENT CARDINALS ROHAN CATHOLIC LEADERS IN AMERICA. Eminent members of the Sacred College in the pontificate of Leo XIII. are pictured in the group of five. Simeoni and Haynald, Nos. 2 and 3 respectively, have passed away. Sanfelice, Archbishop of Naples, No. 5, born in 1834, may be elected Pope when the astute statesman now atthe head of the Roman Catholic Church shall be at rest. Vannutelli, Archbishop of Bologna, whose portrait is marked i, is of the same age, and upon him the choice may fall, when the cardinals shall proceed to fill the next vacancy iu the papal chair. Rainpolla is comparatively youthful asa cardinal, the year of his birth being 1843. He is Pontifical Secretary of State, and a man of superior administrative ability. His name is mentioned in conjecture as to who will be the next Pope. Cardinal Gibbons, No. 2, and Archbishop Corrigan, No. 1, are names familiar to all Americans. No. 3 is Monsignor O'Connell. Rector American College, Rome, who acts as companion, interpreter and secretary to Mousignor Satolli, No. 4, Apostolic Ablegate to the United States. Satolli is by tne Pope's appointment a court representing tne Propaganda, and is clothed with authority to settle questions referred 10 I11111 from the Holy See. REPRESENTATIVE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER HEN. J. G. Bennett, New York Herald. Whitelaw Reid, New York Tribune. Frederick Dricsoll, Ttie Daily Pioneer Press, St. Paul E. M. O'Neill, The Pittsburgh Dispatch. Charles H. Taylor, Tlie Boston Daily Globe. James W. Scott, The Chicago Herald. W. R. Hearst, The Examiner, San Francisco. Joseph Pulitzer, Ttie New York World. Victor F. Lawson, The Cliicago Record. M. H. de Young, San Francisco Chronicle. J. B. McCullogh, St. Louis Globe-Democrat. George W. Childs, Public Ledger, Philadelphia. C. A. Dana, Tlie New York Sun. Joseph Medill, The Cliicago Daily- Tribwne. Felix Agnus, The Baltimore American. 37 Murat Halstead, Standard- Union, Brooklyn, N. Y. Clark Howell, The Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta. Frank Hatten, The Washington Post. William E. Quinby, The Detroit Free Press. Henry Watterson, Cowier- Journal, Louisville, Ky. AMERICAN AUTHORS. Harriet Beecher Stowe, John G. Whittier, Washington Irving, T. B. Aldrich, Nathaniel Hawthorne, G. Bancroft, Mrs. Hodgson Burnett, Ella W. Wilcox, Walt Whitman, Longfellow, Edgar A. Poe, Geo. W. Curtis, 38 O. W. Holmes, Emerson, Eliz. Stuart Phelps, William H. Prescott, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Lowell, Mark Twain. S32S C FOREIGN AUTHORS. Schiller, Ouida,Sir Walter Scott, Browning, Jules Verne, Kipling, Thomas Moore, John Milton, Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, S9 John Ruskir, Macaulay, Tennyson, Victor Hugo, Sir E. Arnold, Thomas Carlyle, Voltaire,Haggard,Goethe,Charles Kingsley. W. W. Astor, I) O. Mills, W. H. Vanderbilt, Levi P. Morton, Addison Cammack, MILLIONAIRES. H. Victor Newcomb, Henry Clews, J. W. Mackay, George Gould, Russell Sage, P. D. Armour, 40 Henry Villard, Jay Gould, Tames G. Fair, Whitelaw Reid, E. C. Stedman, George I. Seney, Cornelius Vanderbilt, C. P. Huntington, James C. Flood. Chopin, Schubert,Mendelssohn, Liszt,Handel, GREAT COMPOSERS. Gluck, Rubenstein, Weber, Bach, Richard Wagner, Mozart, Beethoven, Meyerbeer, Schumann, Gounod, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Haydn, Rossini, Verdi, Bellini. 41 NOTED PLAYERS AND SINGERS. Del Puente, Edouard de Reszke, Albani,Tamagno, Paderewski, Materna, Lilli Lehman, Christine Nillsson, Giulia Ravogli, Schalchi, 42 Maraunie Brandt, Melba, Patti, Eames, Van Zandt, Jean de Reszke, Theodore Reichmann, Max Alvary, Lasalle, Campanini. , \ / m. 1 Wjf ACTORS AND ACTRESSES IN COSTUME. Loie Fuller, Amelia Glover, Sotllern' Della F°x, T „.„•, TaTrleo Francis Wilson, Lillian Russell, Tom Kari Mane Jansen, Mane Tempest. 43 ACTORS AND ACTRESSES IN COSTUME. Margaret Mather, Pauline Hall, Mantel, Mrs. Langtry, Mansfield, Jos. Haworth, Georgia Cayvan, Wilson Barrett Jane Hading, Jessie Bartlett Davis. 44 FAMOUS ACTRESSES. Rose Coghlan, Mrs. Agnes Booth, Annie Pixley, Sarah Bernhardt, Mme. Modjeska„ Fanny Davenport, Miss Ellen Terry, Julia Marlowe, Ada Rehan, Rosina Vokes. 45 Henry E. Dixey, James Lewis, FAMOUS ACTORS. Neil Burgess, Edwin Booth, Henry Irving, Maurice Barrymore. 46 Denman Thompson, Jo Jefferson, Thomasso Salvini, Stuart Robson. QUEEN VICTORIA'S JUBILEE PORTRAIT — King William IV. died on June 20, 1837. He was succeeded by a young girl of 18, still Queen Victoria, and possibly to reign some years yet, though her jubilee year seems a long way back. Hers is promising to be the longest reign in English history. Reckoned by the continuous capability for work on the part of the sovereign, it is now the longest. Victoria's is the life of a sensible, God-fearing woman, devoted to duty, and finding her sweetest secular satisfactions in the family aud the exercise of beneficence. She loves to be in the open air, is fond of walking and driving, and takes her morning meal, whenever at all practicable, out of doors. The secret of a long and dutiful life is found in its general healthful simplicity, contrasting so strikingly with the pomp and circumstauce of func tions indispensable by the ruler over hundreds of millions of the human family. 47 Prince Albert Victor. Prince of Wales. Princess Maud. Princess of Wales. Princess Victoria. Prince George. Princess I,ouise (Duchess of Fife). THE PRINCE OF WALES AND HIS FAMILY.— The following are correct portraits of the Prince and Princess of Wales and their five children: Princess Maud, Princess Victoria. Princess Louise (Duchess of Fife), Prince Albert Victor, who is now dead, and Prince George. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and father of the above family, was born in 1S41, is heir-apparent to the throne of England, and is therefore a very central figure in London, where since boyhood he has been constantly seen, and where he has grown-up under the eyes of the people. He is a genial, hearty, cheerful gentleman, and always looks as if he were enjoying himself. The beautiful Princess by his side, his wife, with her sweet face and slight figure, upon which years seem to have had no -power, makes a most attractive picture as she stands among the brilliant company around her. THE GLADSTONE GOVERNMENT OF 1092. William Ewart Gladstone was appointed Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury on August 15, 1892. He was born in 1809. Of the three men in the top row, the one with the cleanly-shaven face is John Morley, Chief Secretary of State for Ireland in the Gladstone Government of 1892 ; Earl Spencer, First Lord of the Admiralty, is in the middle ; and the Marquis of Ripon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, on the right. Under Morley is A. J. Mundella, President of the Board of Trade ; under him, Earl Rosebery, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ; under Gladstone is Sir William Vernon Harcourt, Chancellor of the Exchequer. To the right of the "Grand Old Man" is Sir George Treveiyan, Secretary of State for Scotland ; leaving the Earl of Kimberley, President of the Council, to be mentioned the last. 4 49 THE DEAD POET LAUREATE OF ENGLAND.— The passing of Alfred Tennyson into the unknown life made a profound impression and a benencen As his life, spent in contemplative retirement, was a blessing, his last moments, when final rest fell upon him, were the peaceful and beautiful ending of a career which leaves the world incalculably better for its having been. " In all my experience," said Sir Andrew Clark, the eminent physician, " I never witnessed anything more glorious. There were no artificial lights in the chamber. All was darkness except for the silver light of the full moon, which fell upon the bed and played upon the features of the dying poet like a halo in a Rembrandt picture. " " The end was bea.utiful, calm, and painless, ' ' said Hallam Tennyson " He passed away as if in sleep, and the watchers could hardly distinguish the final moment" THE SOVEREIGNS OF RUSSIA, DENMARK AND GREECE. The Czar Alexander III. is a giant physically in appearance, the apt ruler of mighty and progressive Russia. He ¦was born in 1845. the eldest son of Alexander II. , who was assassinated in 1881, and succeeded his father upon that terrible event. His wife, Maria Dagmar, wearer of the quaint head-dress of Russia, is a daughter of Christian IX., Kino- of Denmark, whose portrait is at the bottom of the picture, and Queen Louise, his wife, who takes the mother- in-law's place at the top. Georgios I. of Greece is a brother of the Empress of Russia, and was Prince Wilhelm when, in 1863, the Greeks elected him King of the Hellenes. In 1867 the young monarch married Olga, eldest daughter of the tsGrand Duke Constantine of Russia, brother of the Czar Alexander II. These six people are related thus nearly. 51 Prince Louis of Bavaria, Emperor of Austria, RULERS AND LEADERS OF GREAT POWERS. Archduchess Maria Theresa, Emperor William and Bismarck, von Caprivi, Empress of Austria. 52 t5T] SIX NOTABLES IN CURRENT HISTORY. The boy Alexander I., of Servia, born in 1876, king since i889,in the early spring of 1893 declared himself of age, though he had not attained the age of eighteen that of his legal majority, and managed to get the reins into his own hands so cleverly that no disturbance of the peace followed the revolution. His mother' the ex-Queen Natalie, whose fine face appears among the six, is supposed to have had a hand in the business, though an exile from Servia at the time She 'is the daughter of Colonel Keschko, of the Russian army, and was the wife of Milan, King of Servia, until 18S8, when the pair were divorced. Milan abdicated in favor of his son the following year. Between the portraits of Alexander aud Natalie is that of Jorge Montt, President of Chili since December 26 1891 The Sultan Abdul-Hamid succeeded his deposed brother, Murad V., in the year 1876. Tsait'ien Ilwangti, which meaus Emperor of China was about four years old when, in 1875, he succeeded to the throne. Prince Ferdinand, of Bulgaria, has governed -im e 1887. ROYALTY IN PORTUGAL. The lovely young queen in the upper right hand of the illustration is the sweet mother of the central group. She is Marie Amelie, daughter of Philippe Due d' Orleans, Comte de Paris, and was married to Prince Carlos, now King Carlos I. of Portugal, in 1886. Her husband, who was born in 1863, succeeded Luis I. upon the death of that monarch in 1889. The Queen-Dowager Marie Pia survives. This page, be it observed, gives a likeness of the reigning King of Portugal ; the vigorous little fellow who stands by his mother will be the next sovereign over that country ; while the sword of power held so proudly by Dom Luis only a few years ago has fallen from his grasp in death. 54 PRESIDENT CARNOT, PRINCE OF NAPLES, AND KING AND QUEEN OF ITALY. The gentleman in ordinary dress is Marie Francois Sadi Carnot, who was elected president of the French Republic on December 3, 1887. Presidential elections in France are by a majority of votes, by the Senate and Chamber of Deputies united in a National Assembly, or Congress. The term is seven years. Carnot was born at Limoges, in 1837. He had been twice Minister of Finance, and had held other important offices before his election. Victor Immanuel, Prince of Naples, born in 1869 is the son and only child of the King and Queen of Italy. He was named after the first king of United Italy, his illustrious grandfather, and in due time, all being well, will succeed King Humbert in the throne. The reigning sovereign of Italy, Humbert I., was born in 1844, and is the son of Victor Immanuel and his wife, the Archduchess Adelaide of Austria. His beautiful and amiable queen, Margaret, was born in 1851, and was married to him in rS68. She is the only daughter of the late Prince Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa. 55 THREE LEADING ANTI-HOHE RULERS. "CARMEN SYLVA," FERDINAND, CROWN PRINCE OF ROUMANIA, AND MLLE. VACARESCO. The top one of these two trinities is of the men whose names will be the most prominently mentioned in history as opponents of Gladstone's policy of Home Rule for Ireland : Joseph Chamberlain, the Marquis of Salisbury and Arthur J. Balfour Salisbury is the bald-headec1 man; Balfour's hair is parted in the middle. — "Carmen Sylva," a dabbler in literature, is Queen Elizabeth of Roumania, wife of the reigning King, Charles I. Ferdinand is their son and heir to the throne. He came near losing the succession by reason of his infatuation for Mile. Vacaresco, one of his mother's maids of honor. INFANTA EULALIA. — Infanta is the title borne by a princess of the royal house of Spain. The Infanta Eulalia, whose beautiful portrait is before you, came to America to represent the Spanish monarchy at the great Columbian Exposition. She proved to be a young lady of intelligence, good sense and democratic notions, and was royally received at the national capital, at the seat of the wonderful Exposition, and wherever she appeared in public. Her name is Infanta Marie-Eulalia-Francoise D'Assise-Marguerite-Roberte-Isabelle-Franeoise De Paule-Christine-Marie- De La Prete, etc. POPE LEO XIII. BORNE IN THE SEDIA GESTATORIA.— Early in 1893 the Pope invested a group of cardinals, resuming on the occasion the magnificent ceremonial of the times when his office was associated with temporal sovereignty. The function was celebrated in the Sistine Chapel and attended by cardinals in their splendid robes, and a host of other ecclesiastics. Double ranks of the guarda nobile in mediaeval uniform added pomp and the suggestion of power to the scene. When the aged pontiff appeared, borne above the princely throng on the sedia gestatoria, cheers accompanied the unwonted spectacle. His head was decked with a richly jeweled satin mitre, lined with crimson damask. He wore a cope of cloth of gold embroidery. The illustration represents the procession of the Pope to the altar at St. Peter's, in 1888, when he celebrated a special mass in the presence of twenty thousand French, Austrian and Slav pilgrims. 58 TWENTY GREAT ARTISTS. — To name these eminent people as they have been arranged by number and without regard to chronology, is all that can be done in the space allotted for this para graph. Their mention excites a species of interest which is refining and elevating. The debt to true artists can never be paid. Only less than religion, their work, as that of eminent writers, orators and musicians, lifts the spirit above the limits of time and space, into the infi-nite of beauty, light and love whence it came and whither is its destiny. I Raphael. 2 Correggio. 3 Rembrandt. 4 A. Van Dyck. 5 Michael Angelo. 6 Sir Joshua Reynolds. 7 Meissonier. 8 Verestchagin. 9 Munkacsy. 10 Bouguereau. 1 1 Marcus Stone. 12 Holman Hunt. 13 Hogarth. 14 Von Piloty. 15 Rosa Bonheur. 16 Millet. 17 Alma-Tadema. 18 Burne-Jones. 19 E. Detaille. 20 Sir David Wilkie. 59 ALGIERS • SUMMER PALACE OF THE GOVERNOR=GENERAL AT MUSTAPHA SUPERIEUR.— The French occupancy of Algiers dates from 1810 when the city of Algiers was taken. French commerce had suffered from Algerine piracy, and three years before the Dey of Algiers had slapped tnVface of theFrench consul. This insult rankled in the Gallic mind, and led to the conquest of Algiers, and, with it, the end of piracy as carried on from that rountrv Many changes and improvements have been introduced by the French, and civilization and semi-barbarism are seen side by side where that W not succeeded in putting an end to this. An incongruity of less importance is the occupation of Oriental mansions by European tenants. This is rVians not as common as the building by the conquerors of residences like those of Paris. The most Parisian of Parisian wineshops, for example, are to pernapb nu prench quarter of the city of Algiers, where are hackney coaches waiting to convey the visitor whither he listeth under a tariff of rates ^ted bv law One of the pleasantest of the drives practicable is to Bl Biar, whence, among many other interesting things, is seen the palace of the lustration, built in. Arab style and beautiful to look upon. MOSQUE OF EL=DJEDID, ALGIERS.— The mosque of Bl-Djedid is a prominent object in Algiers as viewed from the harbor. Its tall' minaret, large and elegant dome and white walls, dazzling in the sunny atmosphere of the north of Africa, render it conspicuous almost wherever in the city the stranger finds himself. The mosque is built in the fbrm of a Latin cross, and covers an area of 2000 yards. Tradition says that the architect, a Christian, was impaled alive, by order of the Dey, for giving it a form hateful in Mohammedan contemplation ; but there is no authentic record of the execution. Both within and without the mosque is severely destitute of decoration. Its floor is covered with matting. The building is prettily but inadequately lighted. 61 TAKING OF IMALAH ABD=EL=KADER.— Abd-el-Kader, who was the emir of Algeria from 1831 until, after many victories over, and numerous defeat by, the French forces invading his country, he surrendered in 1845. He was born about the beginning of 1807, and had early acquired a great reputation among his countrymen for learning and piety. He was living in obscurity when, in 1831, he was recommended by his father to the people of the town of Oran as their chief. He immediately collected an army of 10,000 horsemen, marched to Oran, which was in possession of the French but was renuls H after three days' battle, with great loss. After his surrender he was sent to France and imprisoned in the castle of Pau, and subsequently liberated and sent to reade in Brousso, in Asia Minor. VIEW NEAR SITKA, ALASKA. Sitka, in the Island of Sitka, formerly known as New Archangel, is now the headquarters of the United States authorities in Alaska. Alaska formerly belonged to Russia, but the whole Russian possessions were ceded to the United States in 1867. The territory abounds in fur-bearing animals, such as the wolf and fox, the beaver, ermine, marten, otter and squirrel. Near the coast and islands there are innumerable fur-bearing seals, which are caught in great numbers by the settlers, but from the rigor of the climate the trapping of the animals of the interior is left to the Indians. Salmon also abounds in the rivers, and about eighty whalers prosecute their fishing off the coast of Alaska. The above is a view of a trading post, showing a portion of the mountain range extending from British Columbia in a northwesterly direction along the coast of Alaska. 6S — --- — "¦ UNLATOK, ALASKA. — This is a view of one of the many settlements which have sprung up in Alaska since its purchase by the United States from Russia. The settlement, which is chiefly populated by fur hunters, is, as will be seen, located in a valley, or rather bottom, formed by the eternally snow capped mountains surrounding it. Alaska is chiefly valuable for the excellent furs obtained from the beaver, the otter and various other. animals which abound within its limits, and for the seal fisheries along its coast and around the islands adjacent. While Alaska will never perhaps prove profitable in an agricultural sense, the soil is capable of cultivation to an extent necessary to supply a population equal to any it will ever possess. 64 TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS AT PERIL STRAITS.— Peril Straits, Alaska, is also frequented by tourists, and the above is an animated view of a party of them engaged with their Kodaks in taking views in that region. STEAilER AND MUIER GLACIER.-Muier Glacier, Alaska, is a popular resort for tourists, as the bays and straits in the vicinity are the favorite grounds for those engaged in the seal fisheries. 65 THE TOTEM POLES OF ALASKA.— Totem poles, as seen in Alaska, are trunks of trees set uprisrht in the ground, from twenty feet to sixty feet and more in height, and often several feet in diameter. On their surfaces are carved quaint, rudely cut figures, painted as queerly as carved, which record in a kind of sculpture writing, the genealogy of the owner, his most noble deeds, and notable events in the history of the family. Each totem pole is erected in tront of the dwelling of its owner. According to the native traditions, the raven or crow is the representative of the Supreme Creator, and was the first living thing created, through which all life is derived. Next, woman was made, and, afterward, man. The crow thus became the emblem of woman while the wolf was made that of man, or the warrior. Tribes are divided into sub-families, which have each a totem of its own, as the whale, bear, eagle, beaver and fox. No marriages are made within the great families, a crow, for example, not marrying a crow, but a bear, or a member of some other family. The man takes the totem of his wife's family as his own, and descent is counted on the female side, the first figure on the pole being that of the great family from which the owner is descended through his mother. If two totems are before one house, one gives the descent of the wife, the other that of the husband Totems were costly, and a feast was given upon their being raised. They are no longer erected, and have fallen into neglect. OLD FUR STORE. — The above is a view of an old fur store in existence before the cession of Alaska to the United States. GREEK CHURCH AT SITKA.— Sitka is the residence of a Greek Bishop, and the above isa view of a primitive Greek Church there. Of course, Sitka, like all the old towns and business localities in Alaska, have rapidly progressed during the past twenty years. 07 BEDOUINS AT LUNCH, ARABIA — This scene types the living and eating- customs of that Arah nonnlation r.<>iic,q n^ ¦ in. x ¦ Of a people whose life is pastoral. It is such as sheltered the Patriarchs, and hoxllrlV^il^\f^{^^^^t'^f^^ 7 ^-rt *e home platted, fi hollowed fromme wood of the ithel (larchj tree. The meal service is common? sans table sanTknfesan^ fork fans spooT Th'ef n ^ ^' °Z convey to the mouth what the taste craves. These primitive habits are perpetuated by all the desert dwellers of Ar»h£' ST ^ng-ers ?elect and into villagers, who are commercial, and the "Ahl BFedoo" (Bedouins) wL^are "dwelfers n rneope to " T*eV^Jft±5e£ aPnTlatl0n ls divMed lands as shepherds and stock raisers From both the nature of their occupation and the characterof the country X«^ ^ ^T1?^™? during periods of drought frequently bnngs families into hostile clash, just as in the time of the patriarchs TheyC love for Wv ^ 6rhle ?P£te reputation as desert pirates, subtly waylaying and remorselessly attacking and robbing the caravans that seek iournev thmlf til ^. an unenviable attacks are too often construed so as to give them a blood-t^y'reputation* But the truth is. they are only attempt t^levy^u fn suipoSvS?" ^ . i1ID=DAY REST IN THE DESERT BETWEEN MOUNT SINAI AND AKABA, ARABIA The scene of dreary desolation portrayed probably appears now just as when, many centuries ago, Moses led Israel through the same desert. At the head of a caravan, probably of three million people, the great lawgiver was guided by Divine ¦wisdom in the exercise of his authority over them, and water and food were miraculously provided for their support We read that their garments did not wear out, and that noonday heats and nocturnal darkneas were modified respec tively by the pillar of a cloud and the pillar of fire. These facts in the Biblical account of the wanderings of the Children of Israel in the wilderness afford a strong contrast to the scene of the illustration, which is destitute of any interest, beyond its artistic merit, of * poetic, much less, supernatural order. For business or fancy a few Englishmen cross the desert, escorted by a hired dragoman, and the scene is an everyday incident. 69 GREEK CHURCH, CONVENT OF ST. CATHARINE, MOUNT SINAI, ARABIA.— Between the Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Akaba and bounded by the desert on the north is the peninsula of Sinai. The mass of rugged heights, which is its chief natural feature, is marked by three distinct mountains, of which that of St. Catherine, more than 8,500 feet above the level of the sea, is believed by many to be the "secret top " whence was given the Ten Commandments. It has two peaks, one Horeb, the other Jebel Musa, or Mount of Moses. At the foot of the second named, situated in a ravine, is the convent of St. Catherine, founded by the Emperor Justinian, about 527 A. D., and now the home of twenty monks. The sublime story of Elijah in the wilderness (1 Kings xix) is commemorated by a chapel on the mountain side, known as that of St. Elias, and the Little Pilgrims Church stands on the summit. 70 BEDOUIN SHEIKH AND STAFF, PETRA, ARABIA.— The remains of the ancient city of Petra are in northern Arabia, in a region designated in the Bible as the Valley of Edom. They are enclosed by beetling heights, one of which is Mount Hor, where Aaron, brother of Moses, died. The first inhabitants of this grim valley were called Horim, or dwellers in caves, and these same caves are now the haunts of Bedouin Arabs, whose chiefs are virtually independent sovereigns commanding hordes of semi-savage, but dignified retainers, alwaj s ready for some- thing profitable to do, be it service as guides, adventure, plunder, or, if need be, conflict. After its destruction by thei Mohammedans Petra was unknown for 1,200 years. Its ruins are objects of great interest to antiquarians. 71 AN ARABESQUE SALON.— The above view of an Arabesque salon, in which is exhibited a variety of specimens of Arabesque work, consisting of intricate, sectilinear and curvilinear lines, fruits, flowers, and other objects, to the exclusion, in pure Arabesques, of the figures of animals, which the religion of Islam forbade, gives a comprehensive idea of the peculiarities and beauties of the Arabian style of architecture. The Arabs made a great use of this style of architecture, and hence, probably, the name by which it is known was given it. The Arabs, however, were not the inventors of this ornamental system ; it was known to the ancients many centuries before adopted by them, for we find the frieze of their monuments frequently decorated ¦with foliage and various descriptive ornaments. It was reserved, however, for Raffaelle, the artist, to bring this style of ornamentation to a perfection which haf not been surpassed. ARABIC SHEIK AND DRAGOMAN.— An Arabian scene impressive of types of the desert. The sheik, or lord, reposes with the dignity, and perhaps not without some of thethoughts, of a pirate upon the back of his " ship of the desert." He would seem to be monarch of all he surveys. His faithful dragoman is hardly less patient and useful to him than the camel that kneels to receive his person and merchandise, for the dragoman is not only his hostler and personal attendant, but his interpreter aswell. He must necessarily, be a traveled and learned man, and therefore indispensable to a lord of large estate or one engaged in trade. -.¦;* ••.¦ n CAPUCHIN VAULT, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. — This weird, cryptic scene represents the chamber of the dead as made after the ideals and practices of the Capuchin monks at Vienna. The same ideals are met with elsewhere. The one in question is not only a receptacle for the dead bodies of those belonging to the order, but in its inner recesses repose the remains of many of Austria's sovereigns. The general aspect of these vaults is that of depth, repose and safety. Niches are provided for newly-arrived remains. After the mouldering process is done, the bones are sacredly gathered and given final disposition, the skulls being placed in rows around the walls of the vault. The Capuchins were a branch of the great Franciscan order of monks or friars. They date their origin from the year 1525, when Matthew, a Franciscan, adopted a new garb and habits. After several year.s of controversy, they were permitted by the Pope to Impart their hooded habit to any person who might join them, to live as hermits in wild and desolate places, to go bare-foot, to wear beads and to call themselves " Hermit Friars Minor." Their vaults, crypts or ccemiteria, are survivals of the era of catacombs. VOLKSGARTEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.— This famous summer resort cannot be shown in its entirety in one picture, but a good idea of its size may be formed remembering that the small building shown at the left of the illustration, embosomed in trees, stands in about the centre of the garden This building, by the way, is a copy of the Temple of Theseus, Athens, and contains Canova's group of Theseus killing the Minotaur. Napoleon I. ordered the group, intending to place it on the arch of the Simplon, Milan, but it fell into the hands of the Austrians after the wars terminating at Waterloo, and in 1S22 was taken to Vienna. Eight years after was erected the beautiful temple in which it is now seen. The Volksgarten was laid out by the Emperor Francis in 1824. Its cafe is shaped life a horseshoe. Roman antiquities are exhibited in subterranean passages leading down from the garden. 75 NEW OPERA HOUSE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. — The Austrian capital, which boasts of many splendid buildings, both public and private, possesses in the New Opera Hcvise one of the most sumptuously fitted up places of amusement in the world. It was eight years in course of construction, and was opened in 1869. The plans after which it was built were prepared by Van der Null and Siccardsburg. In the front of the main structure is a loggia adorned with frescoes by Schwind. The interior presents a magnificent appearance, combining perfection in form with a vast capacity. The boxes occupy three tiers and the auditorium accommodates three thousand persons. Decorations are in white and gold, disposed with a degree of chaste simplicity and harmony rarely equaled. The house is illuminated from a chandelier of enormous size and beauty, brilliant with sun lights. Great performers render the best productions in the hearing of audiences eminently cultivated and appreciative. Attendance at this glorious temple, dedicated to the kindred arts of music and tbe drama, affords surpassing gratification to tbose persons capable of enjoying it. 70 HOFBURG THEATRE, VIENNA. — The Hofburg is the Imperial palace of the Austrian capital, and attached to it is the Hofburg Theatre shown in the picture, which is a building of recent construction. It is devoted to the performance of tragedy, comedy and the classical drama, under conditions providing for accuracy of representation and perfection in the histrionic art. In its importance to the drama of Germany it corresponds very closely to that of the Theatre Francais at Paris. The Hofburg Theatre is closed every year from July I to August 16. Vienna is a magnificent city, a fact strikingly shown in those specimens of its many attractions given in this book. ¦'-' ¦ ¦ ¦' "'-¦— PALACE OF PRINCE SCHWARZENBERG, AUSTRIA.— This excellent piece of artwork brings into view the palace of Prince Schwarzenberg, its magnificent grounds, and the superb fountain, known as " Gabrielle Brunnen." Its owner and occupant was the Austrian Field Marshal, Karl Philip, Prince of Schwarzenberg, born at Vienna, 1771. He rose to distinction in the French campaigns of 1793-94, and was rapidly promoted, till he reached the hiph. position of Field Marshal in 1799. In 1813, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied forces of Europe, and defeated Napoleon at Leipsic. He followed up this victory by a triumphal entry into Paris in 18 14. After six years of comparative retiracy, spent partly at his palace, situated in the very heart of Vienna, upon tbe banks of the Wien Biver and close by the Belvedere Garden, and partly in the city of Leipsic, he died at the latter place in 1S20 78 FRANZENS=RING, VIENNA. — The entire inner city of Vienna is encircled by a street 165 feet wide, called the Rmg-strasse, or circular street. The handsomeness of its architecture is unsurpassed in Europe. One of its finest portions is the Franzens-Ring, where the buildings are nearly new and very beautiful. The foreground in this grand view is the People's Garden, elegantly laid out and planted ; on the right is the University ; toward the left towers the new Rathhaus, or public hall, which cost $4,000,000 ; on the extreme left stand the Houses of Parliament, in Grecian style of architecture. 79 HALLS OF THE CORPORATIONS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.— Little Paris, as Brussels is sometimes called, is distinguished for its architectural peculiarities and beauties, an example of which is seen in the illustration, ft is a favorite resort of the American tourist, whose financial offerings on the shrine of intellectual curiosity are truly profitable to its thrifty citizens. The churches and museums of the city contain many objects of great interest, those pertaining to art predominating. Brussels has more paintings from the hand of Rubens and Van Dyke than any other city in the little kingdom of Belgium. At the museum named after Wiertz is a collection of the powerful productions of this great genius, whose horror of war is characteristically expressed in a painting, " Napoleon I. in the Infernal Regions." Flames envelope the warrior, while women, whose countenances are distorted by suffering and hate, thrust the limbs of his sacrificed legions under his eyes. A trip to the field of Waterloo is the inevitable destiny of the man who finds himself in Brussels. 80 ' .', i.-wiu .. THE BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. — Brussels is among the most favored of capitals in the matter of splendid buildings, and these appear to good advantage by reason of the fortunate geographical position which the city occupies, partly on the side of a hill. The upper town is the newer and more fashionable, containing the royal palace, public offices, the leading hotels, and the mansions of foreign ministers. There, also, is the park of thirty-two acres, of which the people are fond and proud. The Bourse is situated in the Boulevard Central. It is a very handsome edifice in the semi-classical style. Two Corinthian porticoes, which are notably beautiful parts of the structure, were designed bySuys. The hall in which stock-jobbers scream and rave, after the manner of the fraternity at the Stock Exchange in New York, is transeptal in form. * Sl BRUGES • HOUSE OF THE FRANK.— Once the leading commercial mart of Europe, Bruges is now most eminent for its sights. The cathedral emnant of the thirteenth century. Charles the Bold, of Burgundy, killed by the Swiss republicans at the battle of Nancy, rests in the church of Mntre Dame In the same church are a marble and painting by Michael Angelo. The chapel of the Holy Blood is celebrated for owning a bottle of the hi or! of Christ which is exhibited every Friday and carried around the town once a year in a casket richly crusted with gems. This relic is treasured piooa ^ ^ ^e upper chapel, that part of the structure built in the fifteenth century. The lower chapel is three centuries older. Its roof is snr.norted bv pillars of irregular stones cemented together, and its walls are solid masonry. Time has imparted a rich dignity to the interior, which even it« resent use as a bazaar hardly can impair. A statue of the artist Jan van Eyck is one of the great attractions of Bruges, the commerce of which was its presen S^*Ta^^A~t^rp~and~ Amsterdam blocked up its port of Sluys to please Archduke Maximilian, against whom the citizens had rebelled Tt was in mw that Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, instituted the order of the Golden Fleece, destroyed in owned^/thiVMder^hlch'property was called the Franc de Bruges. Thirty-seven villages were included in the property 82 LA HAYE SAINTE, WATERLOO, BELGIUM.— The battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, June 18, 1815, beginning half an hour before noon, after heavy rain and the ground in an unfavorable condition for the movements of artillery and cavalry. Wellington, who had probably fewer than twenty- five thousand British soldiers in his army, the rest being of other nationalities, acted on the defensive, in expectation of being reinforced by Blucher with a Prussian army, according to arrangement between the two generals. When practically nothing had been gained for the French cause, and Napoleon saw the advancing Prussians in the distance, he directed an attack by French cavalry on the British centre. It was partially successful, a portion of the enemy's position, including the farmyard of La Haye Sainte, being taken. But this was only a gleam of good fortune. Prussian reinforcements were nearing the place of deadliest conflict, and as the Old Guard broke and fled under an impetuous bayonet charge by Wellington's finest infantry, the time was oppor tune for the English commander to order that general attack on the French lines by the now combined armies which shattered the prwer of Napoleon forever. 8» [W.1 WI|liH'. I DINANT UPON THE MEUSE, BELGIUM.— This exquisite natural scene is one of many that characterizes the course of the river Meuse before it makes its way into the lowland sections of Belgium. All the upper course of the Meuse is picturesque, but at Dinant. where nature in the form of water and rock seems to have been particularly stubborn, the rocks take on most fantastic forms, showing the difficult triumphs of water. The river here lias forced its way through a very solid stratification, and has left standing the remarkable formation before you, which consists of an almost perpendicular crag,' several hundred feet in height, whose end has been severed from the main body of rock, and is left to tower in single majesty. The scene is one admired by all artists, and the waters of" the upper Meuse are a never-failing source of attraction for tourists of all nations. The whole country iu the three upper provinces of Belgium is rugged in the extreme, being intersected by deep ravines through which sweep rapid streams. These features extend as far north as Namur, capital of the province of the same name, and twelve miles from Dinant. 84 •"/*:.- - ¦•¦. :?£¦- ¦¦ ••" ¦--¦ - ¦ : THE PLAZA ON MARKET DAY, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA. — This city lies ina valley three miles wide and ten miles long, and is situated 12,000 feet above the level of the sea, hidden away from the rest of the world in the bosom of giant mountains. Sunday is the principal market day, and buying and selling go on in a plaza set apart for the purpose, and which is not the grand plaza of the town. The market buildings are roofed galleries open at the sides and running at right angles to each other. Most of the merchants are women, but a fe-w men are-employed as butchers." One kind of fish from Lake Titicaca, a generous display of vegetables and fruits, representing both tropical and temperate weather ; native-made clothing, earthenware, knick-knacks, horns, herbs and roots sold by traveling quack doctors, dry goods of native manufacture, skins of animals and beautiful flowers are among the medley collection tempting the buyer. 86 ALABASTER CROSSES, BOLIVIA.— This superb view presents a wonder without parallel in sculp- ure. The three crosses which ornament the Catholic church at Copacobana, Bolivia, and which are of immense height and proportion, are of pure alabaster, cut solidly and of exquisite finish. They represent an untold amount of labor and the highest artistic skill. They are regarded as peculiarly sacred, and no one is allowed to approach them except in a kneelino- posture. The sum involved in their sculpture and erection must have been enormous. They are justly- regarded as one of the greatest curiosities of Bolivian travel. 86 CLOTH MADE BY THE INCAS OF BOLIVIA.— The Indian population of Bolivia show considerable ingenuity in weaving the cloths of bright colors which are used in dress for both sexes. Their choice of patterns is shown very clearly in the engraving. The llama and kindred creatures, both wild and domestic, furnish them with an abundance of wool for the various fabrics produced by their ingenious industry. Ponchos, often of striking pattern and brilliant tints, are picturesque cloaks worn universally by men, and are nothing but shawls with a hole cut iu the centre through which the head is thrust. Simplicity and considerable grace surely show no more admirable association than in this instance. 87 ANTIQUITIES MADE BY THE INCAS OF BOLIVIA.— An author, learned in South American antiquities, points out a striking resemblance between them and the Egyptian. To the plain understanding there seems to be nothing surprising in coincidences which represent like stages of artistic development the suggestions of necessity or convenience, and the copying of natural forms which have a general likeness all the world over. In the picture before him the reader sees at least one subject of which the ancient Egyptians had no knowledge, but of which the unknown Inca who made it had as intimate knowledge as the Bolivian of to-day. The llama was a pretty good subject for the primitive artist, being an every-day object to him ; and it may be taken for granted that an ancient Egyptian would have chosen, like him, that graceful animal for a model had he been acquainted with it 88 SACRED VIRGIN OF CAPACABANA, BOLIVIA.— The town of Capacabana is a calling-place for steamers running on Lake Titicaca, which large body of water is 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. There is nothing particularly interesting about the place, it consisting, for the greater part, of mud huts with straw roofs, excepting its large brick church, the towers of which are curiously ornamented with tiles. Within the edifice is the sacred virgin shown in the picture, an immaculate lady duly honored at certain seasons of the year by the visits of great throngs of pilgrims, who, it is hoped, are edified by the contemplation of her virtues. 69 — — - : =7 ' -^w ~ ~1 > -¦¦ '¦- aa'-^aI". "¦ A'md /earless of deati£ ^£W"£ °f the s B p^vingW many bullets it takes to kill a man. There was no running away on the enemy's rushedoa. A few got within hve or^en pace* 01 mj^ y.^ t&^^s,^,^ r.JL-^^^A +V,^ snmr- which resisted, with characteristic fortitude and patience- part, only a sullen falling back. the unsuccessful and desticiaLt ' Later at Abu Klea Sir Herbert Stewart commanded the square which resisted, with characteristic fortitude and patience, aloi 01 tlie Soudanese. ASCENDING THE PYRAMIDS, EGYPT.— This pleasing scene represents the difficulties of the traveler who is ambitious to scale the pyramids of Egypt. Time, weather inroads, the vandalism of conquerors and curiosity hunters. have so distorted the former irregularities of pyramidal architecture as to make a trip to their summits very much like climbing over the boulders of Alp or Apennine. Yet hardy travelers do not consider an Egyptian visit perfect unless they have gazed over the Nile valley from the top of the extraordinary structure at Gizeh, with its base of 720 feet square, and its height of 480 feet, and can say that they have stood on the peak of the most gigantic human work in the world. „ THE STANDING OBELISKS, KARNAK, EGYPT.— Karnak is the name of the village built on the ruins of ancient Thebes. Little is left of this ancient capital, the city of a hundred gates, ' ' as sung by Homer. ' ' Two colossal statues of Rameses II. are lying prone on the ground, and the Temple of Sarapis is full of archaeological interest This is the famous Temple of the Sacred Bulls honored by the ancient Egyptians as successive incarnations of Osiris. While they lived they inhabited the Temple of Aphis, and after their death and embalmment they were buried in a temple made in the desert for the reception of their mummies. The sight of this structure was discovered in 1850, by M. Mariette ; and afterward the sands hiding the ruins were removed. Readers who have seen the obelisk in the Central Park, New York, will be quite at home with the principal objects shown in the illustration, which, like that, have engraved upon them characters very tantalizing to the unlearned. 133 imp* •m KARNAK, EGYPT. — This wonder of the world is in the Theban amphitheatre on the Nile, and its ruins are Theban, though on the opposite, or eastern side of the river. So vast and solemn are the ruins of Karnak that they sweep beyond imagination. In front is the lake, both natural and artificial. Backward sweep those majestic ruins which were once the glory of Thebes. Karnak was a bewildering series of temples, of such proportion as to dwarf modern measurements. You see one in the illustration whose front wall is 370 feet long, and whose tower is 150 high. Leading to this is an avenue 200 feet long, lined with sphinxes. Inside of all is the main room, 329 feet by 170 feet, supported by 134 columns, over 60 feet high and 12 feet in diameter, and all highly sculptured and delicately colored. This is prononnced by all travelers to be the most magnificent ruin in the world. 184 RUINS OF PHIL/E, EGYPT, FROM THE SOUTH.— Philse is an island on the Nile, anciently consecrated to Isis and Osiris. There was also a city of the same name, now Jeziret el Birbeh. The ruins depicted in the illustration are among the most celebrated remains of antiquity. To the Egyptologist especially they present material for boundless interest. Isis, it will be remembered, was both sister and wife to Osiris, who was the father of Horus and Anubis. Horuswas the sun, and Anubis that Egyptian deity represented with the head of a dog, the tutelary god of the chase. The most elementary acquaintance with Egyptian mythology suggests its similarity with the beautiful system of the ancient Greeks. The learned visitor to Phila finds "sermons in stones and good in everything " he sees there. 136 THE SEPULCHRAL MONUMENT OF RAMSES.— The above is a correct photographic view of the ruins of the immense and once magnificent Monument of Ramses, in the Biban-El-Melook. Ramses, or Rameses, was one of the several kings of Egypt of the nineteenth dynasty, and resided at Thebes. He not only, while yet a young man, conquered a number of confederate nations of Central Asia, but several European and African nations, and his empire at one time extended far south into Nubia, the ancient Ethiopia. He erected many temples and fortresses in foreign lands, and embellished all Egypt with magnificent edifices. As will be seen, the monument is rapidly decaying. 136 PROSTRATE STATUE OF RAMESES. -The site of ancient Thebes, in Egypt, and upon the Nile, is an immense amphitheatre in which the traveler is at first bewildered by the confusion of ruined portals, obelisks, statues and columns, which tower above the palm trees. Gradually the magnificent rums of LrLor Se themselves over on the east side of the river. Opposite them, on the west side, sit m dignified repose the two mammoth statues of imZEttestatties, and 500 yards nearer the Lybian desert, stood the Rameseion, an Egyptian Westminster Abbey, the remains of whose massive columns and gigantic statuary show that they were erected in honor of the families or reigns of the Rameses. The Rameseion at Thebes is before ™ in the mustratio? al it appears to-dav. It was both palace and temple. The sculptures were quaint and viyid. Several Ramesid columns remain Smg but Se hugest of all liis prostrate before the others, and broken in two in the middle. Its weight is estimated at 887 tons, and xt measures 22 K Tidies across X ; shoulder., ft is of Syene granite, and its removal from Syene to Thebes is a mystery to modern engineers. 187 RUINS AT PHIL/E. — There is but a single sentiment in the minds of every Nile traveler when the ruins ot Philse are reached, and that is, that they are the most magnificent of the Egyptian architectural remains. This is not because they are so stupendous as the pyramids, or so imposing as the mighty remnants at Thebes and Karnak, but because at Philse nature steps in to help art. The spot of these massive ruins, which are those of a temple dedicated to Isis, is the island of Philse, in the midst of the first cataract of the Nile, and just south of the boundary between Egypt and Nubia. The island is of granitic formation, and here was quarried and carved the material for the Philse temples, as well as for many of the obelisks, temples, pyramids and sarcophagi found elsewhere in the Nile valley. While these remains at Philse are essentially Egyptian, their better state of preservation and some of the columnar- effects lead archaeologists to give them a later date than those of Luxor, Karnak and Thebes. There are eight sites of ruins on this single island, all seemingly pointing to the worship of Isis, CITADEL OF CAIRO, EGYPT.— This citadel was first built by Saladin, about 1166, but has undergone frequent alterations and improvements since. It now contains a palace erected by Mehemet Ali, and a mosque of Oriental Alabaster founded by the same pasha. Next to the citadel in importance are the 400 mosques, many of which, however, are rapidly falling to ruins. In the immediate vicinity of the citadel is the magnificent mosque of Sultan Hassan. It dates from 1357, and is celebrated for the grandeur of its porch and cornice, and the delicate tracery which adorns them. The prospect from the ramparts of this citadel is one of jjreat majaifiwiice a«4 ktauty. W FOUNTAIN OF ABLUTIONS, HOSQUE OF SULTAN HASSAN, CAIRO, EGYPT.— Cairo, which is nothing if not pious, has 400 mosques, the chief one of which is at the end of the Boulevard Mohammed- Ali, close to the citadel. Its founder was the Sultan Hassan, who was so very pleased with it upon its completion that he cut off both the architect's hands so as to make sure he could not plan a structure to compete with it in excellence of design. After ascending a few steps you pass through a lofty hall and gloomy corridor into the great central court of the mosque, built of marble, a quadrangle in form, immense in size and magnificent in appearance. Each of the sides has an arched recess wherein the faithful rest and pray, after performing due ablutions and making certain ejaculatory prayers at the fountain, and leaving their slippers on the matting. The fountain, described as once a miracle of Saracenic art, is fast going to destruction. El Nasir Hassan sleeps within the great house which he built. 140 MEDA OR FOUNTAIN OF ABLUTIONS, EGYPT. — The most superb Mosque and finest specimen of Arabian architecture in Cairo, Egypt, is that begun by Sultan Hassan in A. D. 1356. When it was finished the Sultan cut off the architect's head, in order that he might not erect another of equal splendor. In the inner court of this great Mosque stands the Meda, or Fountain of Ablutions. It is used only by Egyptian worshipers, there being another for Turkish worshipers. The MSda, in particular, is a characteristic example of Arabic architecture, with its domes, pillars and inscriptions, and an object of great curiosity for all travelers. 141 THE MOSQUE OF MOHAMMED=ALI, CAIRO, EGYPT.— Elsewhere is described the mosque of Sultan Hassan, which, though smaller than the one here pictured, is the handsomer building of the two. As its name implies, the mosque of Mohammed-Ali is of comparatively recent construction, and it has the faults of modern Arabic architecture, offending good taste by garishness, tawdriness and the too profuse use of ornament. Its situation and the majesty of its dimensions command the attention of tourists, however, and the view from its terrace is magnificent. All Cairo and its suburbs are included within its scope, the Nile flows below, and in the distance glare the yellow sands of the desert, while the Lybian hills raise their desolate heads in the fierce light of the Egyptian atmosphere. Mohammed-Ali was buried in the mosque named after him. 142 MINARETS OF A MOSQUE, CAIRO, EGYPT.— What we call the church steeple is the minaret of the mosque. Most mosques have several minarets. In these the Oriental builder is seen at his best, as regards both design and detail, many of them being exquisite specimens of his skill. The muezzin is the officer whose business it is to chant the invitations to prayer, at sunrise, at noon, three hours before sunset, at sunset, an hour and a half after sunset, and at intervals during the night, these last not obligatory. During the daytime he chants the words, "God is great," repeated four times ; " I testify that there is no deity but God," repeated twice ; " I testify that Mohammed is God's prophet," twice; "Come to prayer," twice; "Come to security," twice; "God is most great," twice; "There is no deity but God." In the night his calls begin with the assertion that "Prayer is better than sleep."' Every faithful Mussulman spreads out his mat and prays the moment the muezzin's call reaches his ears. 143 HORSE MERCHANT OF CAIRO, EGYPT.— An old and ubiquitous story— that ot showing off the spirit and paces of the hors; to the best advantage, and men watching the scene with the air and attitude of a wisdom most profound. In its main features the scene in the picture is as familiar in Philadelphia and New York as in Cairo, and suggests every where and in all times the same tale of successful trickery and defrauded self-conceit. 'Tis an old amusement to contrast the nobility of the horse with the degradation of the man who makes merchandise of him. Outside of the interest in the expected sale, which is shared keenly by the woman who looks down into the street from a window, the illustration has extraordinary merit as showing a bit of the city with such faithfulness of architectural detail as the most observant visitor would probably fail to note. 144 THE TOMBS, CAIRO, EGYPT.— The vast cemetery of Cairo is situated not far from the Valley of Tombs, where the sepulchral mosques of the old Mamelook sultans'are tottering to decay. There was buried Imam Chafei (Mohammed-Ebn-Edris, son of Haroun-al-Raschid), whose tomb is open to tlie inspection of travelers that will take the trouble to secure the necessary permission, for which they find no adequate compensation in the fulfillment of their wishes. An Oriental cemetery is at best but a dreary spectacle as compared with the Christian burial ground, iu which is read the hope of joyful resurrection, symbolized by beautiful flowers and foliage. *45 a * v-'^v*C ™lnS ^ .„ ; fa h American ideai of legislative halls. Yet there is no legislative hall in the world V^^^^^^J^^^^^^^J^^^ and beautifully lit. Its galleries are spacious. The night effect, when illumination is more comfortable ™™LJteaufeinto grand relief. The House of Lords is one of the two English Houses of Parliament, the other being the ?^e ofToSmons UP ti 183 they ^ were locafed in an old palace which stood on the bank of the Thames. This palace was destroyed by fire in that House of Commons, up nu 1035, J-"cy . th 1840-67 the new palace of Westminster, at a cost of $15,000,000. In this palace are the two year when upon its s^e^ew^ ' ;¦.¦". • ¦ vv-.. . .''I-,. •*mHJKgjj£ <»7 7S; . .'•'• f;;! V); ' tSfr/ff/* ;"\v s i?'-7'. 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' \!* "'j.*tv "^ ;'vi i <&k$V , • :'7>> « I • '.- .' ' \—- "' ;> ANN HATHAWAY'S COTTAGE. This splendid piece of art work brings to view a scene of reposeful simplicity, yet one about which interest deepens as the generations come and go. It is the cottage home of her who became the wife of the immortal Shakespeare, and the scene seldom escapes a visit from those who go to Stratford to view the birthplace of the "sweet bard of Avon." Stratford-on-Avon is an English borough in Warwickshire, upon the Avon River, twenty-six miles south of Birmingham. Though now a place of gooo population and some architectural beauty, it was but an unpretentious borough in Shakespeare's time, in which his father presided as alderman and burgess. Near by was the cosy Hathaway cottage, sequestered amid the trees high chimneyed and thatched of roof where the youthful Shakespeare met his future bride, in all the charm of her sunny girlhood, and they may be said to have grown up together, except that from the difference of their ages— she was seven years his senior— she would reach womanhood while he was yet a stripling. Shakespeare married Ann Hathaway in 1582, when he was nineteen years old. He lived at Stratford till 1587, before starting to London on that career which was to render him immortal. The chief charm of the Hathaway cottage is its unbroken history and tradition. In this respect it is unlike Shakespeare's own birthplace, which, though still standing, has been much altered, and nothing can be pointed out definitely, though tradition seems to designate the room in which he was born. 165 SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, STRATFORD=ON=AVON, ENGLAND — In 1657 Sir William Dugdale wrote of the pleasant town of Stratford : "One thing more in reference to this ancient town is observable — that it gave birth and sepulture to our late famous poet, Will Shakespeare." Where Shakespeare spent a great part of his life is a place visited by innumerable pilgrims. The names of many illustrious men and women appear in the records kept in the quaint old building. When Washington Irving visited it the walls had been roughly whitewashed, the heavy beams coated with lampblack, modern squares of glass were in the windows, and a sign-board in front bore the inscription, " The immortal Shakespeare was born in this house." The work of renovation was begun in 1847, when the building was restored as far as was possible to its original condition, the ravages of a vandalism which had changed its model and appearance being repaired. A library and museum contain many objecis of the greatest interest. In a room back of that in which Shakespeare was born is to be seen "The Stratford Portrait." This was presented to Stratford in 1862 by Mr. William Oakes Hunt, town clerk. There is no proof that the picture was paiuted from life, but it might have been. 166 MODERN ATHENS.— Capital of Greece, beautifully situated on a plain running back from the Saronic Gulf to the magnificent heights of Lycabetus, 919 feet high, whose summit is crowned by the chapel of St. George, and whose range embraces the Acropolis, Areopagus, Pnyx and Museium. The site is highly suggestive of that glorious past when Athens was the seat of the world's learning, philosophy and art. HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON.— This fine view presents the new Houses of Parliament, London, built 1840-57, upon the site of old Westminster Chapel. Their Thames, or river, front is 940 feet,and they cover eight acres. Within arc 11 courtyards, 500 apartments, 18 official residences, and the two great Halls of Commons and Lords. The architecture is gothic. 1R7 ST. MARY'S ABBEY, YORK, ENGLAND. THE CASTLE FROM ST. CUTHBERT'S CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. York is distinguished among English cathedral cities because it possesses, in its Minster, the finest piece of Gothic architecture in the whole country, which is richly strewn with relics of a devout past. St. Mary's is another of its attractions, but its original magnificence has departed by slow degrees as envious Time has undermined its columns and arches by slow decay. — A great bit of street scenery this from "Auld Reekie," as the Scotch delight to call their picturesque and historic Edinburgh. On another page there is quite a little talk about Edinburgh Castle. 168 CHAPEL OF ST. GEORGE, WINDSOR, ENGLAND.— The original Chapel of St. George was founded by Edward III., who died in the year 1377. He made it a collegiate chapel, and people acquainted with ecclesiastical matters will be interested to learn that the succession of dean and canons connected with it has been continued for five and a half centuries. The old chapel was taken down in 1473, in the reign of the fourth Edward, aud the beautiful building illustrated was completed in the reign of Henry VIII., in the year 1517 or 1518. It was redecorated towards the end of the eighteenth century. Pre eminently regal, it figures in history as the scene of weddings and other events in which royal personages have participated. Entered from it is the building known as the Albert Memorial, which is elaborately decorated in memory of the late Prince Consort. This, the older structure, was given by Henry VIII. to Cardinal Wolsey, who erected in it a marble sarcophagus intended as a last resting-place for himself. The fallen statesman, as everybody remembers, died at Leicester Abbey, and the place of his interment is unknown. Nelson sleeps under the sarcophagus, which was removed from Windsor to St. Paul's Cathedral, London, to mark the grave of the great admiral. Since 1811, Wolsey's Tomb House, now Albert Memorial, has been used as a burial place for royalty, but the Prince Consort rests at Frogmore. 169 RESIDENCE OF LORD SALISBURY, ENGLAND.— This plain, unpretentious, yet capacious and, in many respects, beautiful residence, is the home of one of England's most distinguished men. Its occupant is the eldest son of the second Marquis of Salisbury, and he was born at Hatfield, in the year 1830. He represented the borough of Stamford in Parliament in 1853, and in 1868 succeeded to the Marquisite on the death of his father. Prior to this his title was Robert, Lord Cecil, and Viscount Cranbourne. He held the post of Minister to India under the premierships of the Earl of Derby and Mr. Disraeli. He represented his country as a special ambassador to settle the differences between Turkey and Servia in 1876. In 1878 he became Secretary of Foreign Affairs, in which position he achieved great renown on account of his firm stand respecting the Eastern question. After the death of Lord Beaconsfield (Mr. Disraeli) he became a leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords, where his power was such that he beat the Gladstone ministry and succeeded to tile premiership in 1885. He vigorously opposed Gladstone's Home Policy, and five years afterwards suffered defeat at the hands of the Liberals. THE NEW BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. THE HORSE ARIIORY, TOWER OF LONDON, ENGLAND. HOLYROOD FROM CALTON HILL, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. THE CROWN JEWELS, TOWER OF LONDON, ENGLAND. What we should call the Stock Exchange, Brussels, is shown in its fine proportions on this page ; where also "eager Fancy unconfined in a voyage of the mind " is invited to take rapid flight to Edinburgh. Holyrood, the palace of the kings of Scotland, is on exhibition to the people. The visitor finds its rooms small and unimposing. He is treated to the sight of a stain on the floor of one room, that in which Mary Stewart's favorite, Rizzio, was murdered, and estimates at its true value the statement that he looks upon that wretched man's blood. There is a good deal to be seen at Holyrood, and it is well to brush up one's history and biography in preparation for a visit to the noble city of Edinburgh, than which no place on earth is more interesting. — Elsewhere are general notes on the Tower of London. In the Record or Wakefield Tower of this wonderful building are kept the regalia or crown jewels. As the picture shows, these are guarded carefully, being out of reach in a sort of cage. The crown used at the coronation of Queen Victoria occupies the most prominent position in this probably enequaled display of jewels. It contains 2781 diamonds, 277 pearls, five rubies, seventeen sapphires and eleven emeralds. The Horse Armory contains specimens of armor of all periods, arranged with great taste and learning. 171 I'M $H * Ms* ... .,.,¦. . « _ HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS, FRANCE.— The municipal palace of Paris stands on the north bank of the Seine, opposite the Island of the Cite' on which rises the noble Cathedral of Notre Dame. It was begun in 1553 and finished in 1606. King Louis Philippe restored and enlarged the edifice which was wantonly set on fire just before the victorious entry into Paris of the French army engaged in putting down the insurrection of the Commune' This event took place on May 28, 1871. Restoration was undertaken in 1878 and finished the next year. It was performed under the direction of MM Ballu and De Perthes, who succeeded in giving back to the beautiful capital one of its finest ornaments. No attempt was made to rebuild the Tuileries which was set on fire at the same time as the Hotel de Ville. ' 172 BOIS DE BOULOGNE, PARIS, FRANCE.— Mark Twain calls this resort "a beautiful, cultivated, endless, wonderful wilderness," and adds, "It is an enchanting place." It was ceded to Paris by Napoleon III. and has ever since been the favorite playground of the Parisians. Anciently the forest of Rouvray, it has still wild features as well as the excellent adornments of art. Parisian "style " is seen to perfection in the Bois, from three to five in the afternoon in winter, and from five to seven in summer. Leading objects of interest within its expanse are the Lower Lake, the Upper Lake with its splendid cascade, and Longchamp, with its race-course, its windmill, and its gray old tour a pignon, the last remaining vestige of the Abbey of Longchamp, 173 LOWER LAKE, BOIS DE BOULOGNE, PARIS, FRANCE — Two pretty islands add greatly to the beauty of the Lower Lake, a leading attraction of the famous resort on the west side of Paris. The Bois covers nearly 2160 acres, of which more than seventy are water. Up to 1852 it was the remnant of an old forest, and destitute of other artificial features than the walks and drives cut through it. Iu that year Napoleon III. presented it to the city of Paris and improvements were begun which have converted the Bois into one of the most delightful resorts ou the continent of Europe. The Lower Lake is three- quarters of a mile long, from two to ten feet deep, and covers twenty-seven acres. 174 LES CHAflPS ELYSEES, PARIS, FRANCE.— This noble promenade was called originally Le Grand Cours, but since the time of Louis XV. has been known by its present name. It extends from the Place de la Concorde to the Arc de I'Etoile. This is one of the four triumphal arches which Napoleon I. purposed to erect in commemoration of his victories. It was not completed until 1836. The arch, which ends the perspective of the picture, is 90 feet high to the keystone from the ground, and 45 feet wide. Its proportions are not considered good, and it is too large for the best effect, dwarfing near objects. The entrance to the Champs Elysees is decorated with two groups of sculptures, by Guillaume Coustou, known as Les Cheveaux de Marly. 175 LES H ALLES CENTRALES, PARIS, FRANCE. -The central markets of Paris occupy a district called formerly Champeaux, which from an early period was a centre for provisions, and a burial place. As in the days of ancient Rome, the great roads leading to towns were bordered by tombs, so highways leading to the Roman Lutece, on an island in the Seine, were likewise grimly bordered. In the course of time a cemetery and church and cloisters occupied the place. These were closed in 1786, and huge market buildings cover their site. They consist of six pavilions separated by three streets, and were erected in the year 1858. 176 comr and in i8i6*when"the~great arch was completed, the Orleanist citizen king, Louis Philippe, was administering; was crowded into the thirty years the arch was in building. It would not be hypercritical to say that the Arch of Triumph is more remarkable for its great size than for its beauty. The opening is ninety feet high and half as wide. Correct taste finds too much elaboration in the upper part of the structure. Of the group of sculpture decorating the arch, that one of Rude, showing the genius of War summoning the nation to arms, is the best. 177 HOTEL DES INVAL1DES, PARIS, FRANCE.— This building was begun by Louis XIV. in 1674, after designs by the celebrated Jules Hardouin-Mansard, the genius who also conceived the palace and chapel by Versailles, the Place Vend6me and other superb structures. Its dome is majestic though somewhat heavy in effect. Underneath it rests the mortal remains of Napoleon L, which were removed from St. Helena in 1840, with demonstrations exceedingly significant of the impression the career of the great soldier and statesman had made on the mind of the French nation. Louis Philippe was king at the time. The arrangement he made with the English Government providing for the removal of the body of the Emperor was the most popular act of his administration, which, it will be remembered, ended in his ignominious flight from Paris in 1848. 178 TOMB OF NAPOLEON, PARIS, FRANCE.— The tomb of the great Corsican stands under the dome of the Invalides, in a circular space beneath the richly decorated cupola. It is of Finland granite, presented by the Czar Nicholas. Napoleon's remains were taken to France from St. Helena, in 1841, and buried with much pomp. Surrounding the great cupola are four smaller ones, in which are tombs of Joseph Bonaparte, Jerome Bonaparte, his eldest son, and the Princess Catherine of Wurtemberg. Two other cupolas are empty. It is suggested that Napoleon III. and his son would find fitting resting places in these. 179 PALAIS DU TROCADERO, PARIS, FRANCE.— This fine building, in the Oriental style, was finished in 1878. It is situated on the hills of Passy, in face of the Champ de Mars. Finekviews are enjoyed from its galleries and balconies. The Trocadero contains a Musee de Sculpture Compared and an Ethnographical Museum. In the Avenue du TrocadeVo, to the left, is the Muse'e de Galliera, which contains a collection bequeathed to the town by the Duchesse de Galliera. The Avenue du TrocadeVo leads to Passy, where, in a garden frequented by visitors, are springs of celebrated mineral waters. 180 RIS, FRANCE. — Long before Paris is reached from any direction the Eiffel Tower pleases or annoys the expectant traveler. It was about two years in building, from 1887 to 1889, and was easily the feature of the World's Fair of 1889, the biggest if not the best. Gustave Eiffel, an engineer born at Dijon in 1832, is -responsible for the monstrosity, which stands in the Champ-de-Mars. It is made of iron, has three stories, and its top, reached by elevators, is 985 feet above the ground. Paris gave $300,000 of the $1,000,000 spent in its erection, M. Eiffel providing the balance iu consideration of a concession giving him the use 1 f the tower as a private enterprise for twenty years. Hosts of frolicsome people eat, drink and make merry in the Eiffel tower, to the handsome emolument of its creator, whose most notorious distinction is having built the tallest tower on the face of the earth. He had constructed bridges and done other useful things previously. 181 CHURCH OF THE MADELEINE, PARIS, FRANCE.— The Madeleine was begun in 1764. Work, on it was stopped by the Revolution. In 1806 Napoleon I. ordered that the building should be completed, not as a church, but as "le temple de la Gloire," in honor of the soldiers of the Grand Army. With his downfall the original intention to build a church was reverted to, and it was finished as such in 1832. It resembles a magnificent pagan temple in its exterior. Hawthorne described the interior in glowing language. After noting its general features he proceeds : "Within the sweeps of the arches there are fresco paintings of sacred subjects, and a beautiful picture covers the hollow of the vault over the altar : all this, besides much sculpture, and especially a group above and around the high altar, representing the Magdalen, smiling down upon angels and archangels, some of whom are kneeling, and shadowing themselves with their heavy marble wings." 18.2 STAIRWAY OF THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE, FRANCE — Many European capitals vie with each other in that species of architecture adapted to the requirements of a perfect opera house. When the merits of all are conceded, the Grand Opera House at Paris stands readily to the front as the most elegant and complete on the Continent, if not in the world. The beautiful and striking view before you is the one which dazzles the beholder as he seeks to ascend to the inner halls and galleries. The expanse, symmetry, comfort and ornamentation of this marble approach are the remark of every visitor, and for the time being one is lost to the graceful columns, elegant sculptures and mazy reflections of the upper corridors. 183 THE LOUVRE, PARIS, FRANCE.— The facades and galleries of the Louvre tell the story of Gallic history and genius from the time of Philip Augustus. It was begun in the year 1529 by Pierre Lescot, the architect, and Jean Goujon, the sculptor. The original structure has been enlarged from time to time, from Henry IV. to Napoleon III. Louis XIV. built the grand colonnade, which was designed by Claude Perrault, and is one of the most notable monuments in Paris. In our time Carpeaux completed the decorations of the building, in the admirable galleries of which are to be seen many of the finest expressions of French art. 184 PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE.— This, one of the most beautiful parks in the French capital, was erected by Louis XV. in the year 1 748. A statue of that king by Bouchardon was erected for its ornamentation. During the terrible years of the Revolution it was the place of execution, and many hundreds of heads fell where now all seems gay and brilliant. Louis XVI. and the Queen Marie Antoinette were among the victims of the guillotine erected here. The Obelisk of Luxor, the most conspicuous object of the Place, was a gift by Mohammed Ali to King Louis Philippe. It is a single block of granite about seventy six feet in height The Place de la Concorde has been the scene of much humiliation, as of great triumph, during its eventful historv. Foreign armies bivouacked surrounded by its beauties, when the ambition and g'.ory of Bonaparte were followed by defeat and invasion. 185 CHARIOT OF LOUIS XV., PARIS, FRANCE. — This relic of France under the Bourbons suggests the luxuries indulged in at the expense of an impoverished people, by those who grossly misgoverned that country during the years of the eighteenth century, which preceded the revolution. At the beginning of the reign of Louis XV., in 1715, France was exhausted by protracted wars, and discouraged by the reverses of recent years. The eight years of the regency of the Duke of Orleans were characterized by his personal profligacy and wasteful administration. There was no change for the better with Louis himself at the head of affairs. He was extravagant and vicious, and left a heritage of woe to his unfortunate grandson, Louis XVI., who succeeded him in 1774. The arrogance and wickedness of the court and privileged classes under Louis XV. surely hastened and intensified the awful storm in which his weak but amiable grandson perished, and which in its results re-constituted the political and social life of France. 186 GARDENS OF THE LUXEMBOURG, PARIS.— For generations the gardens of the Luxembourg have been regarded as the prettiest aud pleasantest spot in all Paris — the best type of palace pleasure grounds to be seen there. John Evelyn praised them, and the palace too, in terms almost enthusiastic. Diderot and Rousseau enjoyed delightful walks in this lovely place. In the Reign of Terror crowds of people were wont to assemble in the gardens in the hope to catch probably the last sight of their friends confined as prisoners in the palace, but who were allowed sometimes to show themselves at ihe windows. On December 7, 1815, Marshal Ney, "the bravest of the brave, " was executed at the end of the garden enclosure. King Louis Philippe placed statues here and there in the gardens, one of the chief ornaments of which is the fountain of Marie de Medicis. The palace was built for this historic personage, underthe direction of Jacques Debrosse, between the years 1615 and 1620. 187 THE PLACE DE LA BASTILLE, PARIS, FRANCE. — Its ornament is the Column of July, upon which stands a statue of Liberty. The monument was erected between 1831 and 1840, to mark the sight of the Bastille, a castle-prison taken by the insurgent people at the outbreak of the French Revolution, on Tuly 14 1789. The National Assembly decreed its demolition, which was carried out when the building had stood about 450- years. Itrhad eight round towers, connected by **iassive walls, ten feet thick, and pierced with narrow slits by which the cells were lighted. 188 IN THE FOREST OF FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.— The forest in which reposes a tourist in deep contemplation, artist-like enjoying his pipe, was a favorite hunting ground of the kings of France to a late period. It is now a special haunt of artists, who take long walks in its picturesque shades. Some of its most interesting parts are accessible by carriage. An old writer, date 1644, says of the forest it was "so prodigiously encompassed with hideous rocks of whitish hard stone, heaped one on another in mountainous heaps, that I think the like is not to be found elsewhere." John Evelyn evidently was not au artist. 189 BED OF ANNE OF AUSTRIA, FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.— The visitor to FontainebVeau usually is shown last the suite of rooms of which that of the illustration is the most sumptuous and worthy of inspection. Catharine de Medicis, chiefly distinguished for the leading part she took in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, occupied them. She died in 1589, thirteen years before the birth of Anne of Austria, who, like her, has an imperishable place in French history, not only as the wife of Louis XIII., but as regent during the minority of Louis XIV. Skipping the list of the people who rested in the luxurious apartment illustrated, from the time of Anne of Austria to the beginning of the nineteenth century, Pope Pius VII., detained in France by the imperious will of Napoleon I., is next in order. He is reported to have said masses daily within its ornate walls, during the time of his splendid imprisonment. The story of Fontainebleau as a royal residence is a long one, dating back to the eleventh century. L,ouisle Jeune dated his acts here, from the year 1137 to 1141. BED OF NAPOLEON I., FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.— Fontainebleau is 37 miles distant from Paris and attracts numerous visitors by its forest and historic chateau, of which considerable detail is given elsewhere in this royal gallery. The great Napoleon took a prominent part in contributing to its splendor and magnificence. Sumptuousness hardly has found more elaborate expression than in his bedchamber at Fontainebleau, between which and the hardships of his life as a military leader an interesting contrast might be instituted. When, in 1814, he signed his abdication in this venerable palace of the French sovereigns be bade what proved to be an eternal good-bye to the enjoyment of imperial pomp and state, his life, after his return from Elba, being one of incessant military activity. The affectiug scene when he bade the Imperial Guard good-bye took place at Fontainebleau. 191 ti PAkLAhE 0F; i?NtT Nf7?TLE V' FRANCE.-The Chateau of Fontainebleau was founded by Robert the Good towards the end of the tenth century It was rebuilt in 1169 by Louis VII , and was the favorite residence of Philip Augustus. Louis XI. enlarged the palace, which had fallen into partial ?K when Francis I. began the work of restoration King Henry IV. and the great Napoleon took a prominlnt part in beautifying the structure, than which 0 building carries a greater variety of workmanship representing many reigns. Of sovereigns later than Napoleon I., Louis Philippe did much in its beautifi cation. Historically regarded it is interesting as having been the home of Christina of Sweden, of Madam de Montespan a favorite of T 0,1 1 £ TV T„j A- Madam du Barry, friend of Louis XV. Charles V. was entertained sumptuously within its wal s in 1539. Tne decree of tiie Revocati™ o? ^ MW f 192 SCHOOL OF FINE ARTS AND LIBRARY, MARSEILLES, FRANCE — Marseilles has had a place in history twenty-five hundred years, since when it was founded by a colony of Phoenicians, the commercial people of their age, who appreciated its advantages of situation for shipping. It was the scene of a massacre in the year 1791, when anarchy reigned throughout France. The national hymn of the French republic, composed in 1792 by Rouget de Lisle for the army of the Rhine, was named after a band of political enthusiasts whose march from Marseilles to Paris is the subject of one of Thomas Carlyle's greatest descriptions. Something of the old radical and revolutionary spirit remains yet in its quick-witted and impulsive population. Marseilles declared for the Commune in 1871. The imposing structure here shown to the reader must be regarded, however, as a striking indication of more conservative and peaceful dispositions on the part of its people. The School of Fine Arts and Library at Marseilles was finished recently. It is a building of appropriate and beautiful design, measuring 177 feet by 64 feet. MARIE ANTOINETTE ON HER WAY TO EXECUTION.— Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI., was a daughter of Marie Theresa of Austria. She was born on the second of November, 1755, was married to Louis on the sixteenth of May, 1770, and became Queen on the death of Louis XV., in May, 1774. She was noted for her extravagance in dress and her passion for the card-table. Her love of amusement, her intimacy with the Polignacs, her night visits to masked balls and the scandal of the diamond necklace, in which she was not to blame, spread her name with infamy all over France, and the people regarded her extravagance as the cause of their poverty and want. But she was not debauched and dissipated ; her faults weie that she was frivolous and careless of public opinion. She was guillotined on the sixteenth of October, 1793, about nine months after the execution of her husband. It is hard to speak of Marie Antoinette with justice, her faults were caused by her education and position rather than her nature, and she expiated them far more bitterly than was deserved. 194 BOUDOIR OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, CHATEAU DE FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.— This beautiful little room adjoins the apartments of Napoleon I. The husband of the unfortunate Queen, Louis XVI., is said to have wrought the metal work of the windows. He would have been a good mechanic, but a cruel fate made him King of France when the tide was rising which afterwards overwhelmed him and the monarchy. For more than eight centuries Fontainebleau has been a place of historic interest. Two events stand out conspicuously : the abdication of Pope Pius VII., who on January 25, 1813, was induced to sign a concordat by which he abjured his temporal sovereignty ; and that of Napoleon I. before his departure for Elba. 195 GALLERY OF BATTLES, PALACE OF VERSAILLES.— The Gallery of Battles, in the Palace of Versailles, about ii miles from Paris, is entirely occupied by battle scenes of French victories. The gallery is 394 feet long and 43 feet wide. It was first opened in 1836 on the site of rooms formerly used by the brother of Louis XIV. and the Duke and Duchess of Chartres. It is lighted from above, and the walls are hung with pictures of French victories. In the window openings are the names of soldiers killed while fightiug for France, with the names of the battles in which they fell, and there are more than eighty busts of princes, admirals and celebrated warriors who met a similar death. 196 HALL OF THE JEU=DE-PAUME, FRANCE. — This scene is the initial one of that great national uprising which sounded the knell of mouarc France. It was originally a tennis court in Versailles, but on June 20, 1789, the representatives of the French communes met within its limits and composed themselves into the National Assembly of France. They bound themselves by a solemn oath, which became known as the oath of the J> Paume, or the oath of the tennis court. The hall is now devoted to those paintings, monuments and relics which mark the progress of liberty in Franc 197 ROUGET DE L'ISLE SINGING THE MARSEILLAISE, FRANCE.-This exciting scene represents the first rendition of the French national hymn, the "Marseillaise," by its composer, Rouget de L'isle, before a group of friends and sympathizers. During those fiery times which shaped toward the French Revolution and the " Reign of Terror," Marseilles was noted for her turbulent spirit. It was while her mobs were coursing toward Paris, in 1792, to assist in the bloody work of the "Reign of Terror," that the hymn of the Alsacian youth, De L'isle, was first played in public. Its strains and words carried ear and heart captive, aud it became known as "The Marseillaise," or battle hymn of the new republic. 198 THE BATTLE OF MARSEILLES. — Marseilles is the principal seaport of France, and the capital of the department of Bouches-du-Rhone, and is situate on the east side of the Gulf of Lyons. It was founded by a colony from Phonecise, a city of Ionia, about 600 years before Christ, and is, therefore, perhaps the most ancient town in France. The Ptionecians were at an early period the friends and allies of Rome, but subsequently espousing the party of Pompey, their city was, after a stubborn resistance, besieged and taken by Cassar. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Marseilles underwent many vicissitudes and was finally captured and united to the crown of France in 1481. The very animated picture of that battle shown above is the work of Devoira a celebrated French artist. At one time Marseilles rivaled Venice and Genoa iu the trade with the Levant, and is now one of the most important and flourishing cities of France. 1(T NAPOLEON AT THE BATTLE OF JENA, VERSAILLES MUSEUM.-The Battle of Jena, Prussia, was fought on the fourteenth of October i8o5, between the French, under Napoleon, and the Prussians, under the late King Frederick William, and resulted in the disastrous defeat of the latter The French captured over 30,000 prisoners, 300 pieces of artillery and a great amount of ammunition, etc. Napoleon proceeded thence to Berlin without impediment, where he issued the famous "Berlin Decree," on the twenty-first of the following mouth, in retaliation for an English "Order in Council" prohibiting trade with France. He also declared the whole British coast in a state of blockade, forbade all intercourse or trade ^ith England ordered thP confiscation of all merchandise to British subjects, and placed an embargo upon all vessels sailing from Great Britain or her colonies or which had tmirht^Tt any port subject to that, nation, from entering the harbors of the French empire. ' ""u tuuuleQ ac A FRENCH ZOUAVE. — This is a splendid type of the French Zouave soldier, in stature, arm and marching equipment. The word Zouave is Arabic, and is applied to the warlike tribe of Kabyles, in Algiers, who were hired as soldiers by the rulers of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. When the French conquered Algiers, in 1830, they retained the Zouave warriors, but took care to introduce an equal number of French soldiers into their ranks. The Moorish costume was retained, but the European arms and discipline took the place of those formerly in use. 201 - — — — ^— — — - - ASSAULT ON THE MALAKOFF AND THE REDAN.— The above view of the assault upon the Malakoff tower and the Redan and Mamelon works, which was one of the most desperate and sanguinarv engagements of the allied armies during the Crimean War, is the work of Emile Boutigny, one of the most celebrated artists of France. The assault was made on the eighth of November, 1855. In order to capture Sebastopol it was found necessary to first reduce the tower and works above-mentioned, against which the forces of the allies had been repeatedly directed in vain. After a desperate resistance by the Russians, and the loss of many lives by the contending armies, Sebastopol fell ou the evening of that day, and proved the " beginning of the end " of that disastrous war. 202 EDOUARD DETAILLE'S "SURPRISED IN A CHATEAU."— Detaille was born in T848, at Paris. He was a pupil of Meissonier, and, like him. has made his fame as a military painter. During the Franco- German war he was one of the secretaries of General Appert. and made drawings which were of use in the conduct of military operations. He was one of the founders of the Society of French Water-Color Painters. In 188 E additional to other well-earned distinctions, he was made an officer of the Legion of Honor. In the remarkable picture under view Detaille shows the advance guard of a body of French troops who have caught German soldiers in an old country house. Evidently the Germans sought the interior of the building in a hurrv. as witness the knapsack and helmet left at the foot of the steps. 203 IN THE ARENA. — This scene types the laws and customs of the duello as they are perpetuated and practiced on the Continent of Europe, and especially in the university cities. In the French and German universities the practice of settling disputes by appeals to the sword is so common that the graduate who has not fought a duel is looked upon as an exception, and a facial scar is regarded as a badge of bravery. The illustration before you presents all the salient points of the code. There must be a somewhat private place — a loft, a barracks, a shed, a sequestered forest spot. The contestants must have made their appeal to the ordeal through seconds, who are on the spot to carry out the code. There must be surgeons present with their cases of instruments and their boxes of bandages and tonics. The central figures must strip to the waist so as to let the swords have free play. On the left you see the seconds doing the impartial for their respective champions, by tossing up, or drawing blindfolded, for the choice of swords. After this all is parry and thrust between the champions till blood is drawn or till honor is satisfied. As a rule, the quarrels of students are not fought out to the death. A slight blood-letting satisfies honor and ends the ferce, which is a survival of those barbaric times when brute force was the recognized law of right. 204 RETURN OF THE SABINE WOMEN, LOUVRE MUSEUM.— The above is from a celebrated painting in the Muse du Louvre, Paris. It represents the return of the Sabine women who had been forcibly carried away from their country, Latium, by the soldiers of Romulus. In order to effect their capture, Romulus arranged a great festival, to which he invited the Sabines as spectators, and instructed his soldiers that when the festivities were at their height to seize each man a woman and carry her off, which they did. Subsequently King Titus Tatius, of Latium, through the treachery of Tarpeia, daughter of the commander of the Capitoline fortress, succeeded in gaining possession of that post. But when the Sabines entered the fortress they killed Tarpeia and attempted to capture the city, and as they were about taking one of the gates a mighty stream of water burst out of the temple, which swept them away and saved the city. On the eve of another battle, the Sabine women, who had been carried off by the Romans, becoming reconciled to their fate, tiirew themselves and children between their fathers, brothers and husbands, prevailed upon them to cease their quarrel, and the result was a lasting peace. QUATRE BRAS-FRENCH DEFEAT TWO DAYS BEFORE WATERLOO. x&»A-, AFTER THE BATH. The smaller of the two pictures is after a painting by Elizabeth Thompson Butler — one which earned her great celebrity. When Napoleon I. crossed the frontier into Belgium, on June 15, 1815, his hope was to defeat the armies of Wellington and Blucher one at a time. A^^.ordingly, on the following day, he attacked the Prussians at Ligny, and ordered Ney to watch the British under Wellington, who were at Quatre Bras. Napoleon was successful, but Ney's vigorous attacks could not overcome the steady courage of the English lines, and he was repulsed. The defeat of Blucher induced Wellington to form his lines at Waterloo, where he would be able to cover Brussels and to keep up communication with the Prussian army. Napoleon attacked him there on Sunday, June 18, unsuccessfully, and Bliicher's advent towards the end of the day enabled the British general to order that united advance of the allied armies which routed the French. — "After the Bath," by G. Boldini, is a scene from the harem. A beauty, fatigued by her ablutions, rests luxuriously, while her Ethiopian slave collects her dainty apparel. The strong contrasts in the picture are wrought out with admirable mastery. 206 FRONT VIEW OF CASINO AT MONTE CARLO. THE TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. Monte Carlo is a small town in the territory of Monaco, celebrated for its games of chance, carried on in the building . of which an illustration is given. The property belongs to a joint-stock company. About a thousand persons are employed in the building and gardens, and four hundred thousand visitors try their luck at Monte Carlo every year. Monaco is a principality on the Mediterranean Sea, about nine miles from Nice. — In the Taj Mahal, Agra, India, the architecture of India finds its choicest and best expression. It was erected by Shah Jehan, who began to reign in 1628, as a mausoleum of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The body of the Emperor himself lies by her side. Twenty thousand men worked twenty years to build this "mystic monument of love," which overlooks the River Jumna. Impressive at all times on account of its supreme architectural loveliness, its immaculate white walls and graceful proportions appear to singular perfection in the pale starlight. 207 BURNING OF JOAN OF ARC, FRANCE.— This touching scene closes the life of one of the most remarkable personages in history. Born a peasant of Lorraine, reared only to tend her father's sheep in the forests of Domremy, she became convinced that she was the virgin whom tradition pointed out as the deliverer of France from the hands ofthe English. She sou'^t out the young and dissipated Dauphin, got his consent to lead an army to the rescue of Orleans, _.nd so inspired her troops that the English were forctd to retire. She repeated such victories several times, but was finally taken prisoner by the English, who tried her as a heretic and sorcerer under the rules of the Inquisition, and sentenced her to death. She was burned at the stake in the streets of Rouen, May 3°. H3l- 208 THE VISION OF JOAN OF ARC. — Joan, born at Domremy in 1409, was six years old when the English king, Henry V., gained his great victory at Agincourt, in which the flower of French chivalry bit the dust. The good fortune of the invaders was continued after the death of Henry at Vincennes, in 1442, and of his vassal, Charles VI., in the same year ; and in 1424, after the victory, of the English at Verneuil over the united forces of France and Scotland, the condition of France was indeed abject. The woes of her country made a deep impression on the heart of the young shepherdess Joan, to whom, she imagined, celestial visitants appeared, urging lier to take sword in hand and rescue France from the invader. She was introduced to Charles VII., and in 1429 she compelled the English to raise the siege of Orleans, the first of a series of victories resulting in Charles being crowned at Rheims. The next year she was taken prisoner, and in 1431 burned as a witch at Rouen. English influence still declined, - muiMi—pWyinlli- WUyjjItoyered after having beeu held by the invader sixteen years. ; n09 GENERAL VIEW OF MARSEILLES. LONGCHAHPS PALACE, flARSEILLES. Marseilles is the chief port on the Mediterranean and of the great European Republic. Its foreign commerce is about seventy-five per cent of that of all France. Marseilles is indebted greatly to the enterprise of its inhabitants for the excellence of its docks and other works supplementary to its natural advantages as a port. Longchamps Palace was finished in 1870. Its centre is known as the Chateau d'Eau. In one of the wings is a picture gallery of great value ; in the other a museum of natural history. There is a Zoological Garden behind the palace. 210 MONUMENT OF THE DUKE OF BRUNSWICK AT GENEVA. " THE BLESSING," BY COMPTE. Geneva did not build the sumptuous monument which is one of its chief ornaments, because her citizens loved or even admired the duke, its subject, but because he left a lar3 s^isf^ EMPEROR'S PALACE, BERLIN, GERHANY.— The visitor to Berlin finds its chief attractions near each other. The space between the Brandenburg Gate and the Royal Palace contains the finest edifices in the city, which is one of the handsomest on the continent. To the rear of the statue of Frederick the Great probably the grandest monument in Europe, is situated the Emperor's Palace. This noble building was designed by Langhans, and was finished tlv as 1816. It contains handsome suites of apartments. When the Emperor is not there the flag is not hoisted, and visitors are allowed to inspect the palace. At the time our photograph was taken the Kaiser was away. 214 ROYAL PALACE, OR SCHLOSS, BERLIN, GERMANY.— In the foreground of the illustration is the Lustgarten, which is surrounded on three sides by the Royal Palace, Museum and Cathedral, the first of which stands in its impressive grandeur before the reader. It is a vast structure, containing six hundred rooms, and its interior and furnishing correspond in sumptuousness with the promise of the exterior. The building was founded by the Electo'r Frederick II. , and completed by Kings Frederick I. and Frederick William I. in 1699-1716. Frederick the Great occupied some of its rooms. 'Beneath the dome is the chapel, which is 118 feet in height and accommodates 1500 people. Its walls and pavements are marble, and it is freely decorated with paintings of subjects taken from Scripture and the national history. The White Saloon is richlv furnished and contains notable statues. Iu the Knight's Hall is the silver throne presented King William, afterwards Emperor, in 1867, by the officers of the army aud navy. Paintings, chiefly militarv, hang in' prolusion in the Picture Gallery, which is 211 feet in length. There are paintings in the Palace by Van Dyck and other of the old masters. The statue shown in front of the building was erected iu 1870, by Wolff. Its subject is Frederick William III. PALACE OF THE CROWN PRINCE, BERLIN, GERMANY Frederick the Great, when Crown Prince, lived in this palace, which was built in 1687. It presents considerable architectural pretensions, and very notable is the beauty of its Corinthian portico Among illustrious people who have made it their residence are remembered King Frederick William III., who died in 1840; and that Crown Prince Frederick William who married the Princess Royal of England, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, was for a brief time the Emperor Frederick, father of the present Emperor, and whose widow is the Empress Dowager of Germany. This accomplished woman makes her home chiefly in Berlin, but is often in her native England, visiting her mother, the Queen THE CASTLE=BRIDGE, BERLIN.— The city of Berlin, Prussia, lies on both sides of the river Spree. This river and its canals are crossed by over fifty bridges, the finest of which is the Schlossbriicke (Castle-Bridge) leading to the Imperial Palace or Castle. It was built 1822-24, and is noted for its eight colossal figures of white marble representing the ideal stages of a warrior's career. They stand on granite pedestals, and are the work of eminent sculptors. This bridge is the one over which the bread-rioters swarmed in 1892, when they made their headlong rush for the Emperor's palace in order to demand of him work or money, so that they might not starve. For a long time royalty and the entire city were in danger, but the mob was finally beaten back by the armed police. 217 -iiv<^t«'«ifcf" '¦imiii ~* THE BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, GERMANY — This structure was built between the dates T789 and 1793, at a cost of about 1375,000. It is an imitation of the Propylsea, Athens, but larger, and is one of the finest modern triumphal gateways on the continent of Europe. In 1806, after the battle of Jena, which was terribly unfortunate to the kingdom of Prussia, the French, under Napoleon, carried off to Paris the four-horse car of Victory which had ornamented the top of the gateway. It was recovered six years after, when France understood by experience the horrors of invasion in her turn. The eagle and iron cross borne by the figure of Victory were added at that time. 218 LUTHER MONUMENT, DRESDEN, GERMANY — Dresden, the capital of Saxony, is sometimes called the " German Florence " on account of its pre-eminence in the ownership of objects of art. Perhaps no city in the world has a larger or more valuable collection of paintings, s.atuary, gems, arms, porcelain, jewels and similar things than Dresden, which is accordingly much affected by artists and their kind. It is meet that Dresden should have a noble monument to one of the most gifted and great of Germans. He was, moreover, born in Saxony, at Eisleben, where, also, he died in the year 1546, when 63 years of age. Luther was buried at Wittenberg. The' great Protestant had also no mean claim to recognition as a poet and a musician. GUTENBERG HOUSE, STRASBURG, GERMANY.— A statue of Johann Gutenberg was erected in 1840 at Strasburo- where he conducted his first experiments in the art of printing from movable type. The Gutenberg House is"shown in the illustration. While it is true that the greatest of inventions was perfected by Gutenberg at Mayence, he did much experimenting at Strasburg, of which city he was a resident from 1424 to 1410. He went into business with two partners at Mayence in 1450, but withdrew from the partnership in 1455, one year before the production of a copy of the Bible, the first printed book, by Fust and Schofer, with whom he had been associated. Thus he had no part in the first work produced by the art he had invented. Strasburg, it will be remembered, is the capital of Alsace an.l German Lorraine, and was a French city from 1681 to 1871. 220 EMPEROR WILLIAM I., MOLTKE AND BISMARCK AT THE SIEGE OF PARIS. THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN, Readers old enough will call to mind how severe was the winter of 1870-71, when the eyes of the world were upon beleaguered Paris and the besieging German army. Within the city, cold and hunger had their myriad victims : without, gallant men from across the Rhine endured hardness as good soldiers, many of them sleeping laid on the frozen ground. The horrors of the campaign culminated in the suppression of the Commune. — The most celebrated statesmen of Europe met at Berlin in 1878, after the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War, in the vain attempt to settle the Eastern question, which is still open and a constant menace to the peace of Europe. Near the centre of the picture, Prince Bismarck is shaking hands with General Count Schouvaloff, of Russia. Beside Bismarck stands Count Andrassy, of Austria. On the left of the illustration, seated, is Prince Gortchakoff, of Russia, with his hand on the right arm of the Earl of Beaconsfield, of England. Standing at the right of Gortchakoff is Count Karolyi, of Au=tria The last figure on the right is the Marquis of Salisbury, 221 THEATRE PLATZ, WIESBADEN. — The Ancient Romans knew and appreciated the hot springs of this place, which are its leading attractions to-day. What is known as the boiling spring has a temperature of 156° F., and is so copious in supply that it satisfies the demands of the myriad drinkers who patronize the resort, is sufficient for the baths of the city and overflows into the drains, causing vapor to rise from the ground. There are thirteen other hot springs in Wiesbaden besides the one described. The river into which the waste water of the city is drained is almost free from ice and its carp are the bloated aristocrats of their kind, their growth favored by the warmth of the element in which they live. Wiesbaden is a Prussian city of about forty thousand inhabitants, and entertaining fifty thousand visitors during the season. It is full from June to October. The centre of its gayeties is the Kursaal of which the entrance is shown in the picture, at the right, through the portico of the building having five windows on the second story. The garden behind the Kursaal is the place of assembly after dinner, where the band plays, men dnnk and smoke, women knit, and everybody laughs and talks with an unreserve whicli is delightful. 222 rr « mm ¦ ¦- MAXIMILIAN STREET, MUNICH, GERnANY.— This beautiful scene presents one of the most magnificeut streets in the world. It is the fashionable promenade of Munich, Bavaria, that city of art culture and classical refinement. The street was built at the express command of the King of Bavaria, and named in honor of the Emperor Maximilian. It is of great width, is beautifully planted, and is ornamented by three of the handsomest fountains in the city. The buildings on either side are a succession of theatres, churches, government structures aud palatial residences. The street ends with the elegant grounds and college of the Maximilianum. 2?S CAUB AND OBERWESEL, GERMANY.— The nearer view is of Oberwesel, one ofthe most charming places on the Rhine. Note its walls and terraces, " nearer and nearer still to the blue heavens," its round tower near the railway, and the variety presented in its architecture Its Church of our Lady, consecrated as long ago as '331, has fine sculptured work in marble. Oberwesel has monuments of the celebrated Schomberg family and here as in several other places, to the discredit of our forefathers in mediaeval times, the Jews were fleeced under the pretence that they had crucified 'a Christian bov Caub is remembered chiefly for the patriotic enthusiasm manifested by Blucher's army on New Year's eve, 1813, upon crossing the Rhine at thisDoint TT to 1861 all vessels navigating the Rhine paid toll at Caub to the Duke of Nassau, the last of thirty-two places where the like exactions were made in i],W middle ages. u * ule 224 DRACHENBURG, A MODERN CASTLE ON THE RHINE. THE CASTLE SONNECK, ON THE RHINE. Byron's description of the Rhine, as seen above Cologne, is faithful and beautiful : A blending- of all beauties ; streams and dells, Fruit, foliage, crag, wood, cornfield, mountain, vine, And chiefless castles breathing stern farewells ' From gray but leafy walls, where Ruin greenly dwells. On this page a contrast is presented by the modern castle Drachenburg and the grim ruins of Sonueck. This castle answers fully to»the poet's admirable word-painting. It is one of five castles in ruins seen from the summit of the Schloss, and is said to have existed in its present condition since 1282. In that year it was demolished by the Emperor Rudolph, of Hapsburg, as it was a robbers' den. The lords of Sonneck were among the most powerful nobles on the banks of the Rhine. « 225 xr x .„ r^o.-niatTir ;= near Pnhlpnr the most beautiful citv on the Rhine. In the middle ages it was called EHRENBREITSTEIN -The st^ o £ ^ frQm ^ ag . f fempl dedicated Herrmannsteir t for a reason which &^s to f o™°^mmandin m^nence seen in the picture. . This reason may. be as good or better than others given !, the German Mar ^.™™g?™™ ^nt mMer_ 5The old castle of Ehrenbreitstein was destroyed m 1642 as the result of an arrangement to Herrmann, to jnerriiiauu, u«. "«- -- > u„,i„rl,r imnnrtant matter The ola castle 01 unrenureiLSLem wao unuujoi xx, by learned conjecture on this ^P^f^^SS^t^Sweaea, the Spaniards, the French and the Imperialists in the course of the Thirty Years' War made bv treaty. It had been occupied at various ^times py^ ^ ^ ^ ^aKaim& in January) iyg9i only after famine Its fortifications were restored by the King of Prussia after it came into his possession u ik, iui xxxxyaxxxx ^ ^ ^ ^ ,j„„,i in^pmahli' — the Gibraltar of Germany. Wng^eFTencn Revolutionary War it was SS^SS'SrSS^ ffi£ so^^ned th^it is considered impregnabl, famine had destroyed nearly all the brave 1816. Since the last war between BULLAY AND ALP ON THE MOSEL, GERMANY.— This elegant piece of perspective brings into view the salient features of the Mosel River, which rivals the Rhine in scenic effects. A branch of the Rhine, which it enters at Coblenz, it courses tortuously through picturesque valleys, between tall mountains with vine-clad sides, and past many beautiful towns. Two of the most sequestered and attractive spots to the tourist are Bullay, on the right bank of the stream, and Alf, j'ust opposite, on the left bank. They are both overlooked by the high peak of Manenburg, from whose summit the finest of all Mosel views is had. 227 BELL ALLIANCE PLATZ.— This magnificent square is one of the principal promenades in Berlin, the capital and principal city of Prussia Near to the most celebrated street or thoroughfare in Berlin, the " Unter den Linden," the Bell Alliance is considered the most attractive promenade Contiguous to it are Friedrich street, Wilhelm street, Paris square, Wilhelm's place and the Gens-d'Armes market. Around these principal squares and streets are grouped numerous public buildings, among which are the royal castle and palace, the arsenal, the university, museum's, exchange, opera house, theatres aud the palace of the princes. Berlin is one of the most attractive cities of Europe, and, with the exception of Vienna, the largest iu Germany. 228 PLEASURE GARDEN, BERLIN.— A superb view of the handsomest inner park in Berlin. This Lustgarten (pleasure garden) is 247 yards long by 220 yards wide. It was originally a garden attached to the royal palace, which now forms one of its sides, but was afterwards laid out and planted as a small park or pleasure garden. It is known among the small parks of the city as "The Lustgarten." On two of its sides are the old museum of Berlin and the cathedral. It contains some fine pieces of statuary, among the most noted of which are an equestrian statue of Frederick William III., and a St. George and the Dragon, after a design by Kiss, erected in 1865. 229 THE ROYAL PALACE, CHARLOTTENBURG, PRUSSIA.— Chalottenburg is a flourishing resort on the Spree, near Berlin. King Frederick I. erected the Royal Palace, which is its principal building and dates back to 1706. The palace is magnificently furnished, and contains pieces of fine statuary! Excursionists frequent the gardens at the back of the palace, and on summer Sundays thousands of Berliners troop through the orangery into these lovely places of recreation. A theatre stands at the extremity of the gardens. Sheets of water here and there in the gardens abound in carp, whom age and experience of human gentleness have made so tame that they come to be fed at the ringing of a bell and receive crumbs from the hands of visitors. 230 THE PALACE COBLENZ, PRUSSIA. — In beauty of situation, at the confluence of the Rhine and Mosel, no city on the Rhine can vie with Coblenz. It is nearly equidistant from Cologne and Mayence, and near the fashionable watering-place Ems. The presence of the military and civil government, a laree garrison and considerable trade, added to the attractions it presents to the tourist, make it a very busy place, in summer particularly. Though not a building of architectural pretension, the palace is a striking object. It is a comparatively new building, erected by Clement Wenceslaus, last Elector of Treves between 1778 and 1786. He occupied it as a residence until 1794. Subsequently French invaders converted it into a hospital and a barrack. After restoration by the Prussian government, in 1845, it was fitted up as a palace. 231 FLOWER GARDEN, COLOGNE, GERMANY.— A lovely spot in the great conservatory of Cologne is here photographed, part of a large area appropriated to the growth of the trees, plants and flowers of many lands and climes. Cologne is distinguished among German cities. It is the largest and wealthiest place on the Rhine. The "old families" among its inhabitants are descended from the Roman colony which established it in the reign of Claudius Csesar, and differ accordingly from their Teutonic neighbors in appearance and characteristics. "Blood will tell;" distinctions of race are ineffaceable Opposite Cologne, ou the other bank of the Rhine, is Deutz, like Brooklyn to New York, with one difference : Brooklyn goes to New York for amusement but Cologne goes to Deutz, which is famous for its concerts, dancing-halls and places for the luxurious quenching of thirst. DUCAL PALACE, BRUNSWICK. GERMANY. THE SCHLOSS PLATZ AT STUTTGART, GERMANY. Of the many fine buildings in Brunswick, the Ducal Palace is the finest. The city is antique in appearance, many of its houses being gabled wooden structures, centuries old. Where were formerly grim fortifications are now lovely walks. The museum has a superb collection of paintings. — Stuttgart, the capital of Wurtemberg, is surrounded by gardens and vineyards, and is entered by an avenue of poplars. It is one of the handsomest of German cities, and is prosperous on account of its manufactures and industries. The people have access to a public library containing nearly half a million volumes, and Stuttgart is otherwise rich in the possession of means of education and of culti vating the fine arts. Cannstadt, a favorite watering-place, is near this beautiful city, which is visited by manv Americans. 233 AMPHITHEATRE AT TREVES, PRUSSIA.— This beautiful presentation of the remains of an old Roman amphitheatre at Treves, is suggestive of rich history. Treves, or Trier, is the old Roman Treviorum, on the banks of the Moselle, in Rhenish Prussia, and was not only the capital of the Gallic tribe called Treviri, but under the Romans became the capital of Belgic Gaul. It abounds in Roman remains, of which this spacious amphitheatre is iustiv regarded as the most interesting. It is not known whether this amphitheatre was ever devoted to gladiatorial show, but there can be no doubt that it the scene of many a chariot race and athletic contest, much to the delight of the Teutonic lookers-on. 284 -' B 7 PRISON OP SOCRATES, ATHENS, GREECE.— Tradition gives one of these rocky fastnesses the distinction of having been the scene of Socrates' last hours. Accused of being an enemy to religion, he spent his last breath in discussing the immortality of the soul, then calmly drank the death draught. The great man who taught philosophy to Plato died in the year 400 B. c. He was disfigured by repulsive features, indicative of degraded passions. His proneness to these he freely admitted, while he avowed the strength of the philosophy that enabled him to overcome them. Xantippe, his wife, has an unen viable place in history and literature as a shrew of the first magnitude. As became a philosopher, Socrates bore her unreasonable scoldings and even gross insqlts with admirable patience. She also was a good gift of the gods to a man who lived to be master of himself that he might teach others wisdotn, m Bird's-eye View of Honolulu on the Day of Revolution. U. S. Troops in Possession of the Field. It was a proud day for the friends of republican government when they beheld the stars and stripes floating over the government buildings at Honolulu, on the day ofthe revolution, and the bird's-eye view of the city, with the U. S. troops in possession, was a sight no less inspiring to the American inhabitants. 236 JULES STEWART'S " SPRINGTIHE IN VENICE." HAWAIIAN FEAST. Jules Stewart's painting was exhibited at the Parisian Salon of 1892, when a critic said of it : "We have had many Venices before, but in Mr. Stewart's ' Springtime in Venice,' we have not only a glimpse of the Bride of the Adriatic, but the picture is bursting with spring. It is painted, too, with true art and with admirable light." — Some calabashes used in a Hawaiian feast are filled with poi and others with another kind of pastry-looking substance, consisting of cocoanut and sweet potato. Crabs, boiled sweet potatoes, baked taro and breadfruit, raw fish, live shrimps, the snake like squids, moderate sized bundles tied with ti leaves, and small piles of ground kukui nuts and chopped onions are other things in the fare provided. A roasted pig graces one end of the table, and mangoes, tamarinds, bananas, oranges, and ohclos are spread along the counter. There are plates for all sometimes, but not a knife or fork to be seen. The mysterious-looking bundles are untied and justice done the contents of mullet or chicken, cooked underground, in ti leaves, and having all juices and flavors preserved. 237 AMSTERDAH GATE, HAARLEfl, HOLLAND — Haarlem, its name transplanted to the New World and sweetly familiar to a host of people in New York City, it is a fine old town fourteen miles west of Amsterdam. The story ofthe siege of Haarlem and its heroic defence is one of the most thrilling in history. When, in 1572, William of Orange headed a general insurrection against the Spaniards, Haariem was besieged by the Duke of Alva', who took it in the following year. Its garrison of only four thousand men was augmented for the defence by all citizens capable of fighting and by three thousand women. Assaults by the besiegers were repelled with the loss of ten thousand men to the Spaniards, who proceeded to blockade the place. The Dutch having eaten everything eatable within the walls were preparing to cut their way out when the Spaniards proposed the surrender of the town and fifty-seven of its citizens. Three days after the acceptance of these conditions the Duke of Alva and Ferdinand of Toledo began the perpetration of a bloody revenge on the defenceless people, killing the fifty-seven to begin with and butchering two thousand others. SLAUGHTER OF THE TEN THOUSAND, HOLLAND.— A Nederland scene horrible in all its details, yet one not infrequent during the terrible days of the Inquisition. When Philip II. of Spain assumed the Nederland crown, he introduced all the barbarities of the Spanish Inquisition. The whole lowland population of three million souls were placed under the ban, and to the horrors of the stake were added those of the scenes before you, to-wit, the throwing ¦of thousands over a precipice and the final disposition of the maimed by means of the sword. Happily the spirit of the . leformation came on, which put an end to inquisitorial practices. 239 OLD WINDMILL AT HAARLEM, HOLLAND. The late King William of the Netherlands died on November 23, 1889, and with his death the male line of the house of Nassau-Orange became extinct. He was succeeded by Wilhelmina, his daughter by his second wife, who was born at the Hague, August 31, 1880. She will not reach her majority until 1898. Meanwhile the executive of the little kingdom is filled ably and acceptably by her mother, who was the Princess Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, when, in January, 1879, at the age of twenty, she became the wife of William. — The old windmill needs no description! 240 A NATIVE HOME, INDIA.— This scene presents the home of the East Indian villager. Each home has its portico and stoop, its low walls and thatched roof. Life is really led in the portico, whether it be selling, weaving, pottery work, or resting. The males are fine-looking muscular fellows, in scanty clothing and given to lounging. The women are the workers. They are of graceful figure, cheerful disposition, and capable of bearing heavy burdens on their heads. The children are very bright and joyous. This scene types the existence of two hundred millions of people amid a climate and estate which reduce the question of bodily comfort to as nearly nothing as is possible on earth. ffi 241 THE JUMMAH MUSJID, DELHI, INDIA.— Three staircases lead up to the grand doorways of the mosque, which is built on a terrace of enormous size The court is paved with white marble, has light and elegant columns, and a fountain of winding shape in the centre invites the faithfuLto their ablutions At the end of the court the visitor sees the broad facade of the mosque. Domes of white marble with black moldings, two superb minarets striped white and black and each lifting a cupola of pure white marble, claim his admiration. The Jummah Musjid is regarded as the masterpiece of architecture consecrated to religious uses by followers of the Prophet. Its colors, as seen from the outside, harmonize with beautiful effect in the brilliant sunshine— dark-red galleries, white pillars, white dome with glittering golden pinnacles, and minarets striped in rose color. The interior is chiefly of white marble where desirable embroidered in arabesque. Slabs of inscribed black marble are built into the walls. Shah Jehan built this splendid mosque in the seventeenth century. Its priests exhibit some of Mahomet's beard, and manuscripts of the Koran, their history of which is not, like that of the relic, open to question. One of them unquestionably was written by a son-in-law of Mahomet. SINGHALESE DEVIL DANCERS.— Ceylon, an island in the_ Indian Ocean; belonging to Great Britain, and separated from Hindostan by the Gulf of Manaar and Palk's strait. But little is known of the aboriginal inhabitants of Ceylon ; at present they are similar in all respects to the Hindoos of the neighboring continent, and consist of Singhalese, who inhabit the interior generally, Malabars, Mohammedans, Europeans and Negroes. The Singhalese Devil Dancers, as will be seen by their peculiar attire and habits, are a 'semi-civilized people-^original Hoodoos— and exist pretty much now as before their island was taken possession of by the British in 1815. The Singhalese annals, however, contain an historical record of events for twenty-four centuries Their spoken language is Singhalese, and peculiar to Ceylon, but their written language is either Pali or Sanscrit. Ceylon is an ancient island and was known to the Greeks in the time of Alexander, and also to the Romans. 243 GREAT GATE, MADURA TEMPLE, INDIA.— The Temple, with its pyramidal towers, is the glory of Madura and a wonder of Hindu architecture. Tirumala (1623-59 1 was that one of the Nayak rulers who took the leading part in the erection of this wonderful structure, dedicated to Sundareswara, better remembered as Siva, the third of the gods constituting the Hindu Triad, and who represents the character of both destroyer and reproducer. The Triad is thought of as an inseparable unity, and is represented in statues by a figure having one body and three heads, Brahman in the middle ; at his right Vishnu, and at his left Siva. The hall of the Temple, which had 997 pillars, is now in ruins. — ?T.— ->¦*, -.VTV-V- ", ,l> THP TFMPLE MADURA INDIA Madura stands on the right bank of the river Vighey, Southern India. At one time strongly fortified, its defences are now dilapidated ' The town h'as narrow and dirty streets, and presents an irregular appearance. Its surrounding ditch and wall suggest reminiscences of its Wstoricinterest in days when British domination was beginning. Though a large town of considerable local commercial importance its chief interest centres in its temDle dedicated to the divinity Killayadah. This stupendous structure forms a parallelogram 847 feet by 744 feet, surrounded by nine goupras, one of which if S 'feet high Contemplating the majesty and artistfc detail of Oriental architecture, the expression » barbanc pomp and gold," as applied to India, must be accepted with a considerable allowance of reservation. 246 ~1 IMPERIAL PALACE, DELHI, INDIA. mean strength. destroying them. ¦At the time of its erection by Shah Jehan the palace and its moat constituted defensive arrangements of no Even now its banded and battlemented ramparts present a formidable appearance, though modern artillerv would make IntSrtlrV „r At the centre of each front of the quadrilateral is a towered gateway crowned 'with kiosks havingZrble Tdoines Ma, v fouutaTns and =^1°^^^^^^ ^hich,are enCArc1^ with marble walls, pure white excepting as they glitter wfth goid. silver and precious stones. At the extremity of the second court is the palace of the Mogul with whitewash. Crossing a spacious square the visitor enters the throne room, which is still magnificent; ^b^n^OT^tions oT^^'XnS'^d floral carvings enrapturing the attention In the centre of this room stood the Throne of Peacocks? made of massive gold by Austin? a ieweler of Bordeaux France. It was six feet long and four feet wide, and the back of it stood out in the form of a peacock's tail. To the left of this spliidid room were the private apartments of the emperor, with inlaid marble walls lavish carvings, fountains, etc. A bath or sofa, invariably of marble inlaid with preciouTstones occupies the centre of each room formerly devoted to the imperial baths, and a cupola-shaped roof and a profusion of delicate canHr,^ °" AZrut characterize each one. 246 profusion of delicate carving in marble SER1NGHAM PAGODA, INDIA. — The superb structure here so artistically reproduced is one of the largest, costliest and most magnificent of the temples of India. The style of architecture is not only Oriental, but it is peculiar to buildings dedicated to Buddhic worship. The principle is that of a series of receding stories, not often exceeding nine in number. Throughout all India, as far as to Siam, the facades of these stories and the angles they make with one another, are highly ornamented with reliefs more or less fantastic, shells and costly stones. Their profusion is simply bewildering, and their effect under the sunshine is most striking. 247 A BUDDHIC TEMPLE, INDIA.— From the time the traveler sets his foot on Indian soil at Bombay till he enters the China seas, he is bewildered with the number and style of the temples. The beautiful specimen of architecture before you is of the Jain order. It differs from the older Brahamic order which evolved temples out of the solid rock, and also from the pagoda order so common in Birmah, Siam and China. The salient features of the Jain order were a semicircular front, octagonal elevations running into domes, an extended chapel wing, usually called the "marriage hall," and a heavy wall or coping in front. The designs are always artistic and the finish elaborate and beautiful. 248 TEMPLE OF THE SACRED TOOTH, AND LAKE AT KANDY, INDIA.— The above temple is in Kandy, a town of Ceylon, near the centre of the island, on the banks of an artificial lake 1676 feet above the level of the sea. The town stands in au amphitheatre of beautifully wooded hills, anil contains the residence of the British Governor, one of the finest structures in Ceylon ; the residence of the major-general and the King's palace. The temple of the Sacred Tooth, or the Buddhist Temple of Dahada Matagawa, fronts on the lake of Kandy, a beautiful sheet of water about 1% miles in length, and from 100 to 500 yards in breadth Opposite the temple, in the centre of the lake, is the military magazine. There are four Christian places of worship in the town an Episcopalian, a Dutch Presbyterian, a Baptist and a Roman Catholic Church, together with a Missionary Society and a school house. There are also two Dublin libraries and an agricultural society. 249 AN ANNUAL BUDDHIST PROCESSION, INDIA.— This animated scene is one of those annuals incident to the Buddhic faith. It may be seen in Bombay, Delhi and Madras, but is most ostentatious at Puri, one of the chief holy places of India. The temple there contains the image of the god Juggernaut, " Lord of the World. ' The great annual festival there has been known to bring 100,000 people together, and the processional displays are gorgeous beyond description, enlisting every form of Oriental grandeur, and eliciting an enthusiasm unknown to the religions of civilization. In British India the excesses of these annual festivals have been greatly modified during the last fifty years. 250 BATHING SCENE ON THE HOOGLY. — This magnificent piece of perspective brings into view a daily scene on the banks of the Hoogfy River at Calcutta. The Hoogly River is the westernmost and most important of the many arms by wliicli the great river Ganges reaches the Bay of Bengal. It is known as the Hoogly for a distance of 120 miles from the bay, and is, itself, divided into three rivers at its mouth. It is deep and narrow and presents many ofthe features of the St. John's River, Florida. Eighty miles from its mouth, in the province of Bengal, is Calcutta, the capital of British India, an immense and, in many respects, beautiful city, of cosmopolitan population, and very rich commerce. The river front in this scene is occupied by the Custom House and other government buildings, which are approached by stately steps. The river surface is always alive with boats, and the scene is doubly animated during the bathing hours, when thousands crowd into the water, with or without costume, for both the refreshment of a bath and the inspirational effect of its sacred waters.. 251 THE PALANQUIN AT CHAMEAUX. — The palanquin — a corruption of the Hindoo word " palkee, " is the name of an ancient chair or sedan, the primitive and at one time, only mode of conveyance possessed by the upper class or wealthy travelers iu Hindostan, China, aud other Eastern nations. The palanquin to-day, however, is not so popular as before the introduction of the railroads into those countries, but they are still in use in the interior towns. They are now generally borne by camels instead of being borne by men on their shoulders, and are much more comfortable. The above is a correct view of a modern palanquin of India, its accoutrements, attendants and trappings. 252 MEETING OF THE WATERS, KILLARNEY, IRELAND.— The lakes of Killarney, in County Kerry, Ireland, are three in number, and close1/ adjoin each other. They are situated in the midst of wild an I picturesque mountain scenery. The area of the lower lake is 5001 acres ; of the middle one, 680 ; and of the upper one, 430. There are other lakes of considerable extent, but none so famous for their romantic beauty as those of Killarney. One of the wildest scenes on the lakes is where the two upper ones connect by a narrow passage-way througli the rocks, which forms a bridge, and is known as the " Meeting of the Waters." Near this point is a flat rock where tourists stop to lunch on their way from Dunlow back to their hotel in Killarnev. 253 ST. MARY'S ABBEY, DUBLIN.— The ruins of this venerable abbey are to be found on the Hill of Howth — a peninsula and parish of Ireland, in Leinster County of Dublin — which forms the northeast screen of Dublin Bay. The abbey is situate in the centre of the town and is said to have been founded 'by the Danes in 1038. The town also contains an old castle, the seat of the St. Lawrence family for nearly seven centuries, and the ruins of a church erected in 1228. The romantic beauty of the peninsula attracts many visitors, especially tourists from this country. The town of Howth gives the title of earl to the descendants of its Anglo-Norman conquerors, and to this day its chief proprietors, the St. Lawrence or Tristram family. 254 ... ROSS CASTLE, KILLARNEY, IRELAND.— The beautiful scenery of Killarney is the admiration of every visitor. The lakes, dales, ridges, ruins afford a picture seldom met with. Amid the latter, noue are more conspicuous or more highly admired by those with the true artistic sense than the one here presented — old Ross Castle. The date of this castle is lost amid the feuds and wars of early Irish history, but its ivy-clad ruins afford the finest picture of all that the Killarney region presents. Grand in outline, weird in appearance, there clusters about it, closer and more luxuriant than its vines, a history that t^'U of Erin's joys and woes, triumphs and defeats, and, alas ! honors and shames. 255 ST. PETER'S ROME, ITALY. — Another view of the basilica of St. Peter's appears elsewhere in the volume. Tradition says that St. Peter suffered martyrdom somewhere on the place on which it stands, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor of Rome, founded what is, comparatively speaking a modern structure. Before Pope Pius IX. lost his temporal sovereignty, St. Peter's was often the scene of splendid ceremonials in which the head of the Roman Catholic Church took part. Since that time it has rarely been visited by the pontiff; by Louis XIII., who succeeded Pius IX., very rarely. In i8qi however, the Pope celebrated a low mass within its walls, on which occasion the Cathedral was filled, sixty thousand persons being present. The reader will note the piazza fronting the Cathedral, elliptical in form and inclosed by colonnades. At the right of the picture is the spacious palace of the Vatican in which the Pope lives under an arrangement with the Italian government. ' JWVU 256 ROME SEEN FROfl ST. PETER'S.— This fine reproduction shows the city of Rome as it is seen to-day from St. Peter's Cathedral. The elliptically- shaped piazza, formed by imposing colonnades, appears to advantage, its great obelisk being the ornament iu the centre casting a long shadow on the costly pavement. This obelisk, which was brought from Heliopolis, Egypt, has no hieroglyphics to tell the story of its antiquity and original erection. Beyond the piazza spreads out the most interesting city in the world, replete with historic memories, the capital of the Roman Catholic Church through troubled centuries, and under the rule of the constitutional sovereign of united Italy, making such progress in modern civilization, it is hoped, is the earnest of a greatness exceeding that of its best past, more enlightened, more humane and more enduring. 17 257 s a, ° ¦§H £ £ K^ -1- « Il a O .-; u £ 13 co " s -"§ * 2 X Ph en .s « a°j° to a 1-i a < lH ca < -a CU 03 u Cx.ftct) CU .3 •5 o *CU ca Cm 0 3 (II O cuso3 3 cu s 3 O CU ca CU 01 cu p i o oCOCO * 1 i», /. CU cu V, 0> < of- <>r V 'cu On ca U cu .a T! o is cu -M caoO COca A 0 "So CD oCU 3^cuCU 01 .a cu CU oup. CU •-H < CO C+h •J3 r CU CJcc! CU J3 cu W .a o M u 3caCU .Q u z CC! p-co COoca .a cu O a en TO ra cu t/j ;: a ca l/J ri o > t/5 a 1—1 0 3 +J CU C3 J3 .. 3 r cu O h-» 3 c<3 3 Ph 3 Ti <1> p a > 0 .a w Ph CJ ST. PETER'S, ROME, ITALY.— From the first foundation of St. Peter's, in 1450, to its dedication by Urban VIII., on tiie 18th of November, 1626, the building occupied a period of 176 years. At the close of the seventeenth century $50,000,000 had been spent on it, exclusive of the cost of the sacristy, bell- towers, models, mosaics, etc. The space covered by the grandest of Christian temples is 240,000 square feet. Pope Paul III. gave Michael Angelo the direction of the work, and his successor, Julius III., confirmed the appointment. When the great artist died, in 1563, he had presided over the work seventeen years. A defect in the architecture is that the facade so far hides the dome that the efiFect of its gigantic size is lost. Carlo Madern^. emDloyed by Pope ?aul V. in 1605, is responsible for this defect, which is obvious to the lay as to the learned reader. AQUA CLAUDIA, ROHE, ITALY.— The picture shows the grandest ruin in the suburbs of Rome. Caligula began the Aqua Claudia, which was finished by the Emperor Claudius fourteen years after, iu 50 A. D , and named after him. The aqueduct is said to have been more than forty-six miles long thirty-six of them subterranean, and ten over arches. A line of arches six miles in length is still standing. The majestic vastness of ancient Roman architecture is suggested in the above figures, belittling the building performances of to-day, which are almost exclusively of the commonplace sort. Rome presents to the traveler the aspect of ruined majesty interblended with such structures as the every-day activities of this prosy, money-grabbing generation is apt to set up. 260 FORUn OP TRAJAN, ROME, ITALY. — The Forum of Trajan was begun by the Emperor of that name after his return from the Dacian war, and finished 114 A. D. It was designed by Apollodorus, a Greek of Damascus, and was entered through a triumphal arch. The Forum consisted of a large square with porticos on three sides, and the basilica on the north side. Beyond this, to the north, rose the memorial column, the centre of a square having libraries on two sides. Still beyond was the temple erected to Trajan by Hadrian. Two semi-circular -wings of the Forum supported the slopes of the Capitol and the Quirinal. Fragments of the buildings demonstrate its perfection of detail. The monument shown in the picture is the Column of Trajan, which is 127^ feet high, exclusive of the statue and the pedestal on which it stands. Pope Sixtus V. placed a statue of St Peter on the column at the end of the sixteenth century, when the feet of the original statue of Trajan were still there. SESSORIAN PALACE, ROME, ITALY.— The Emperor Constantine built or restored this palace, which stood at the southeast extremity of the city, between the Aurelian Walls and the Claudian Aqueduct. Its ruins are shown in the centre of the picture, and consist of two brick walls and a large niche in the centre. They are known commonly as the Temple of Venus and Cupid, a statue having been discovered which represented Sallustia Barbia Orbiana wife of Alexander Severus, as Venns, with Cupid at her feet. The statue is now in the Vatican where are stored antique treasures innumerable. 262 PALACE OF THE POPES AT AVIGNON, FRANCE. THE PANTHEON AT ROME, ITALY. The reader will find in another place a paragraph epitomizing that important chapter in modern history relating to the period when the Papal court was at Avignon. Suflfice it to add, that in t e palace of the illustration at that time gaiety surpassed itself, and the good things of this life were enjoyed to a degree unsurpassed in an age of great luxury.— The Pantheon, a relic of ancient Rome dedicated to the worship of all the g ids iu its original use, is introduced aptly as the second picture on this page, because it was there that in 1891 an outbreak began which, it was thought, might have resulted in the Pope's leaving Rome for Avignon or some other city as his permanent residence. 203 MOUNT PALATINE STADIUM, ITALY. — This magnificent and impressive ruin is that of a Roman Stadium, on the Palatine Mount, one of the seven hills of the " eternal city." The massive surroundings of a Stadium consisted of stone-work steps, which served for seats, and a higher, stronger pile gave audience to the nobility and judges. As the view shows, this last has been better preserved than the former. In the centre was the space devoted to the races. It is the amphitheatre. But it must be remembered that the Roman Stadium, unlike the coliseum, was devoted to foot-races only. It was a scene of harmless sport compared with that where chariot races took place, and where prisoners were forced to contend for liberty in brutal battle with lions and tig6rS- 264 ' BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO, ROME. — This fine view presents the northernmost of the five ancient bridges across the Tiber. It was built by the Emperor Hadrian (A. D. 1 18-138), and was formerly known as the Pons iEjlius, after one of the names of Hadrian. It is a noble structure of five arches, and crosses the river immediately in front of the magnificent castle of St. Angelo, from which it takes its name. In 1668, Clement IX. added the present parapets and the ten angels which stand upon the piers. 265 THE DEATH OF C/ESAR : ITALY This highly dramatic scene, after the immortal work of Rochegross, vividly recalls the tragedy which rid Rome of her most despotic ruler and robbed history of her most startling character. The spot is the senate chamber in the capital of Rome. The time is that ominous Ides of March whose fatality had been dinned in the great Caesar's ear by suspicious friend and soothsayer's art. The senators' are assembled in their places ready for the session, and ready too for the consummation of their great conspiracy which is aimed at Caesar, and which is to stop not short of his removal from power by assassination. There were present the loved and powerful Brutus, Cassius, Metellus, Cinna, Casca and others who had resolved to defeat Caesar's kingly ambitions and free Rome from his tyranny. Antony too was there, pretended friend of Cagsar, but glad of his death as he was ambitious to share Caesar's powers and honors. As presiding officer of the senate Caesar received and heard the petitions and respective suits of his fellow senators. As soon as he entered the chamber on that fatal day the conspirators pressed around him, each with eager suit and with prayer for a prompt hearing. When they had thus hemmed him in and cut him off from any possible support, the envious Casca drew his dagger and stabbed him in the neck. Then all was confusion in the senate chamber. The timid stood aghast. The friends of Caesar rushed to his rescue, upsetting all movable furniture The friends of the conspirators crowded round their brethren, ready to die if need be. Csesar received stab after stab in quick succession from his assassins At length when Brutus pressed forward to deliver his powerful blow, Caesar folded his robe about him, and with the exclamation "And you too Brutus'" fell a corpse at their feet. THE RIALTO, VENICE, ITALY. — The Rialto crosses the Grand Canal, which is two miles long and from 160 to 230 feet wide at its narrowest point. It has but one span, of 91 feet. The width of the bridge is 72 feet, so that there is not a great difference between its breadth and its span. Lengthwise it is divided into five sections, consisting of two rows of stores and three footways. There is no place in the world commanding a scene of more surpassing interest than that viewed from the Rialto — of magnificent palaces built by eminent Italian architects, and the interiors of wliicli are enriched by the works of painters most renowned. The Grand Canal winds through Venice, dividing its 147 canals into groups, and with them inclosing the So islands "upon which the city is built. 267 HALL OF SENATE-THRONE, DUCAL PALACE, VENICE, ITALY.— The interior of the Ducal Palace contains painting by Titian and frescoes from the hands of Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. Duke Marino Faliero began, in the fourteenth century, the structure which attained such matchless beautv both in its exterior and its interior. In 452, inhabitants of Venetia and other parts of Italy, taking refuge in the lands of the Adriatic organized to orjrjose the barbarian invaders of their country. Thus Venice was founded. Near the end of the seventh century the first Doge (duke) was 'elected Three hundred years after the maritime power of Venice had its beginning with an accession of territory. Dalmatia subsequently came under Venetian rule the nower and wealth of which were augmented by the Crusaders. The Morea, Corfu, Cephalonia and Crete became Venetian at the end of the twelfth centui-v v™il t A commercial relations with India for about two centuries by way of Egypt, but this interest declined after the European discoverv of the raw ^f AA aAt In 1797 the French subjugated Venice, which, in 1805, was made over to Italy. Later it was held b the p^nch and Austrians, until reanneid to lta°y in IS66! A CANAL IN VENICE. — Writing of Venice Byron described her as having looked like "a ruler of the waters and their powers, " when " her daughters had their dowers From spoils of nations, and the exhaustless East Poured in her lap all gems in sparkling showers. ' ' This splendor was succeeded, in her political extinction, by a fitting aspect of desolation : " And silent rows the songless gondolier ; Her palaces are crumbling to the shore." Horatio F. Brown, in his historical sketch of the republic of Venice, remarks that "No state, except Athens, has ever presented at the very core of her life, the idea of herself with such sumptuous personification in art." 269 BRIDGE OF SIGHS AND DUCAL PALACE. — This fine piece of art represents a scene dedicated alike to history and poetry. It is the old Ducal Palace in Venice, Italy, with the prison beyond the canal, and the passage-way between, which is known the world over as the " Bridge of Sighs," a title not inapt, since few who found their sentence in the palace ever escaped from the prison. Byron neatly describes the situation in his "Childe Harold : " " I stood in Venice, on the Bridge of Sighs, A palace and a prison on each hand." The old Ducal Palace was the judgment-hall of the Doges. It is a magnificent structure, representing that order of architecture of a half classic kind •which introduced massive frescoes and ultra reliefs representing saints, martyrs, cenobites and scriptural allegories. Byron describes the bridge as a crwri^ gallery divided into a passage and a cell. The prisoners were led along the passage to the cell and there executed. ^* v reu HOME OF DESDEMONA. — This magnificent portraiture introduces you to Venice, Queen of the Adriatic Sea, and Italy's pride, whose streets are water, whose majestic buildings stand on piles. The beauty and value of the scene are enhanced by its central feature, the "Home of Desdemona," which rises as if from the water and presents in perfect form the leading characteristics of early Venetian architecture — facade of rich marble in colors, highly sculptured porticoes, lavishly traced windows and ornamental cornices. From its front Othello's faithful gondolier spirited away at midnight the beautiful Desdemona and carried her to the arms of her dusky lover. At its doors the jealous Roderigo and treacherous lago beat their alarm and shrieked their warning, till the startled Brabantio was aroused from his slumbers to find their story of the elopement all too true. 271 ST MARK'S SQUARE, VENICE, ITALY. — One of the principal promenades of Venice is that exhibited here in part. Not made a cathedral until 1S07 St Mark's Church was *burded as long ago as 977 A. D. In view of its magnificence the visitor feels like the Queen of Sheba after beholding that of he court and worship of Solomon : •' There was no more spirit in her." It has golden ceilings ; its pavements are of jasper and porphyry ; its 500 columns are of marble in rich variety of color and marking. The cathedral contains a slab, Palla d'Ora, said to have been made at Constantinople in the tenth renturv and which is a species of mosaic in gold, silver and enamel. In its vast reliquary are numerous and precious objects of art. Over its portals are the four celebrated horses found at Corinth, aud which subsequently were used as adornments 111 Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Venice and Paris. They were restored to Venice in 1815, after the dowufall of -Napoleon. IS^vr': ¦-'- DUCAL PALACE, VENICE, ITALY. The Doge's Palace and the Cathedral of San Marco are the most conspicuous architectural ornaments of Venice, the queen of the Adriatic. Above the graceful colonnades of the first-named structure is a mass of trefoil carvings, and running along the wall of marble,' these checkered with delicate red and white lines, is a parapet, the elaborate lace-work of which is still fresh in appearance. The statue of St. Theodore and the winged lion look down from their elevated situations. Supremely beautiful in its interior, with a wealth of carvings probably unsurpassed, the halls contain works by the hands of Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, Palma and Bassano, of which ceilings by Veronese, portraits of the doges by Palma, and a Paradise by Tintoretto, are perhaps the most celebrated examples. 18 - 273 THE GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY — If the visitor to Venice possesses artistic cultivation he is likelv to take rooms overlooking the Grand Canal. Within a few yards of him, the theme of song and romance, will rise the noble arch of the Rialto, and, reflected in the clear water below him, he will see ranges of palaces once covered by the frescoes of Titian and Tintoretto. Looking upwards, cut sharply out against the intense blue sky, the deep ri^h shadows of their long arcades will be brought boldly out by the searching beams of a brilliant sun. He will do wisely, if he can, to ignore the intrusive presence of new and ugly bridges across the canal, and the scream of the locomotive, aud to forget the very prosy fact that the Rialto was built at the end of sixteenth century, as a means of communication between the criminal courts in the Ducal Palace and a criminal prison. 274 SAN GIORGIO MAGGIORE, ITALY. — This exquisite piece of perspective presents one of those enchanting scenes that make Venice a wonder of the world. The island of San Giorgio Maggiore is a Venetian suburb, and one of the eighty islands that compose the city. It is really a toll-gate to the city, and its surface is utilized by a custom house, light-house and the magnificent church of Sau Giorgio Maggiore, considered to be one of the finest in Venice. The foreground of the scene gives a fine conception of that peculiar water-craft, the Venetian gondola, which is at once the cab, omnibus, dray and car of the watery streets of the city of the Doge'«. «75 **"' " '¦" .»'.» v '¦ > i, ,. — ¦ — r CHIOGGIA, ITALY. — The view before you is one of those purely Italian scenes, impossible except under Italian skies and amid the easy-going populate* of the Mediterranean shores. At first blush it would seem to be Venetian, with its quays, canals and indifferent habitues. And indeed it is almost Venetian for Chioggia is an island chained in the midst of the Gulf of Venice, whose most important place is a city of the same name. Its twenty-six thousand people are a reminiscence of the grand old days when the Venetian spirit went forth in commercial splendor to all the ports of the great inland sea. There is beauty there at every turn. Architecture is rich and quaint. The climate is soft and inviting. The industries are primitive. The people are suave, yet not without the resentments of the Latin race. 276 HALL OF MARBLES, NAPLES.— The Museum Borbonico, Naples, known as the "Hall of Marbles," contains an unrivaled collection of art, comprising marble statuary excavated principally from the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii, paintings, mosaics, sculptures, bronzes, antiquities, coins, inscriptions, etc. The collection of marble statuary is renowned throughout the civilized world. Naples, a city of southern Italy, is the capital of the province of Italy, and must not be confounded with Naples in the province of the Two Sicilies, in the south end of the Italian peninsula. Naples proper is renowned for the wonderful beauty of its site, the delicious softness of the climate and clear atmosphere. 5577 CASTEL DEL CARMINE, NAPLES, ITALY. — The fine quay, which is a most prominent feature of the Bay of Naples, extends eastward to the Castel del Carmine, now a barracks and military prison. When, in 1484, Ferdinanjl I. extended the walls of Naples he founded the Castel, the more modern portion of which was erected by Don Pedro de Toledo. The building has some celebrity in history. In 1647, on account of the excessive taxation imposed by the Spanish viceroy, a great insurrection broke out in Naples, headed by a local fisherman named Masaniello, who made the Castel a stronghold for the populace. Many eminent patriots were imprisoned within its gloomy walls in 1796, in the period of political persecution under Queen Caroline and Cardinal Ruffo. The advance of a century from such oppression to the constitutional government under King Humbert is indeed great. 278 CASTEL DELL OVO, NAPLES The Castello Nuova, the Castello dell Ovo and St. Elmo are the three forts or castles by which Naples is protected from attack from the sea. The largest of the three, St. Elmo, occupies a hill on the northwest, containing excavations and other works hewn out of the rock, Castello Nuovo, between the royal palace and the sea, and Castello dell Ovo, on a rocky islet connected by a jetty with the laud. Immediately adjoining is a large arsenal and cannon foundry, which has the appearance of a fortification, being flanked by bastions. The city of Naples is beautifully situated at the bottom of the vast and picturesque bay to which it gives its name, while the surrounding country, rich in natural beauty, derives additional attractions from the numerous villas with which human art has embellished it, 27» HOUSE OF DANTE, FLORENCE, ITALY.— The narrow and small doorway, shown in its entirety in the picture, was that used by the author of the Divine Comedy, one of the greatest productions of the world. It was the entrance to the house in which he was born in the year 1265. What is known as the house of Dante, and a portion of which was standing in his day, at the time of his birth was situated between the two central parts of the city, the one the public square surrounding the Palazzo Vecchio, where public business was transacted, and the other the square on which now rises the Cathedral. The tourist readily finds the place where the family of Alighieri, of which Dante is the immortal representative, flourished in mediaeval times. 280 TOflB OF ARCHIMEDES, SYRACUSE, ITALY.— Sicily is not a beautiful island, but the tourist is well rewarded, notwithstanding, for time and money spent there. He finds traveling easy and comfortable, and need not run the chances of being held by brigands. Now and then he is rewarded with the sight of natural loveliness which will be the bliss of solitude in the future, and the island teems with historic suggestion. Between Neapolis and Tycha, which were parts of ancient Syracuse, he comes upon the ruins of many burial places, including those said to be of Archimedes and Timoleon. The lower one of the two is reputedly that of the greatest geometrician of ancient days, who was killed by a Roman soldier in 212 b. c. The learned reader may remember that Cicero describes his discovery of the tomb of Archimedes, but there is no authority to connect that discovery with the cave shown in the illustration. 281 , ¦¦—. — " ! — - £gg2*« THE MATTERHORN, ONE OF THE ALPS OF THE VALA1S, ITALY.— The reader probably remembers another view of the Matterhorn, in Until 1865 its top had never been reached. On July 13 of that year the great climber, Mr. Whymper, was the first of his party to set foot on its crest where never foot had been before. Four of the party were killed in the descent. Since then others have conquered the difiicuities"of the ascent inducting- some ladies, and a hut has been built on this monarch of mountains, 13,520 feet above the level of the sea. ' 6 c 28g THE BATTLE OF SOLFERINO, ITALY,— Napoleon III. directed personally the operations of the French army at Solferino. This great battle was fought ou June 24, 1859, and, after a bloody struggle, resulted in victory to the French over the Austrians. When, in an awful thunderstorm, the battle was won, Louis Napoleon realized the height of his power, which began, culminated and ended in blood. Great good to Italy resulted from the battle, which ended the victorious campaign undertaken by the French emperor on behalf of Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, whose dominions had been entered by the Austrian army. Its immediate consequence was the session to Sardinia of Lombardy, by Austria, aud of Nice and Savoy to France, by Italy. The Treaty of Villafranca provided also for the restoration of petty governments in Italy, subject to the will of the people, who preferred to them the rule of Victor Emanuel. Thus was established the kingdom of Italy, perfected by the capture of Rome and the end of the temporal power of the Pope, after the withdrawal of French soldiers necessitated by the brilliant successes of Germany in the war of 1S70 71 . •Zti'S "THE DANCER," BY CANOVA. — Though Canova was Italian born and educated in Venice, his works Ornament Rome, Naples, Paris, London, and the chief art centres of Europe. His principal works are, however, at Venice and Rome. He was born 1757, and died 1822. He regarded the modern art of statuary as defective in that it did not represent nature. He gave great study to the physical frame, to muscle, posture and proportion, and he became the father of a new school of statuary, with a renown that eclipsed the old masters. His statue of "The Dancer," and his group of the "Dancing Nymphs," are regarded as his best efforts, and among the most perfect specimens of art. 284 LAKE COMO, ITALY. — Como and its neighborhood invite to stay awhile. Here is a feast of restful beauty that never palls. Wealth, k-Uure and refinement find fitting abode in the beautiful villas which dot the various views. Two hours distant from Milan, Como is easy to reach, and the traveler does well to inspect its noble cathedral, the Broletto, or, as we say, town hall, and other interesting buildings before taking a luxurious sail on the lake of the same .name. This is thirty miles long and two and a half miles wide. Good hotels, one at Bellagio, a most charming place, and the other at Cadenabbia, over look the lake, the charm of which is enhanced by its one solitary island— Commacina. At Bellagio is the Villa Serbelloni, the view from which is celebrated in poetry. As Como presents prospects combining the picturesque with the varied loveliness and productiveness of sunny Italy— flowers and foliage, fruits, corn, orchards and groves— fine residences, and towns and villages architecturally harmonious with its natural attractions, the sum of its fascinations support* its fame as the most beautiful lake in Europe. DINING=HALL, PALAZZO REALE, GENOA, ITALY. — Extravagance in Genoa in its palmiest days took the form of expenditure in fine dwellings, and when the traveler reaches the city at the northwest point of Italy, he is astonished at the number of palaces which adorn its streets and suburbs. Ranges of these marble edifices await his inspection, not a few of them containing picture galleries of interest and value. The Via Nuova is a succession of palaces, and the Via Balbi is described as the most striking street in Genoa the Superb. The Palazzo Reale stands on this thoroughfare. It was originally the home of the Durazzo family. King Charles Albert, of Sardinia, fitted it up as a residence in 1842. The greater number of the pictures which once adorned its galleries have been removed. Columbus was born at Genoa or in the immediate neighborhood. Standing on one of the terraces overlooking the waters of its bay, one realizes how aptly it was the birth-place of that great navigator. The scene is an invitation to explore the beyond. 286 TEMPLE OF JUPITER, ITALY.— This magnificent scene is a revelation from the ashes and cinders which mark the site of ancient Pompeii. Pompeii was the fashion resort of Rome. It stood at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, and in its architecture and appointments reflected the wealth, taste and luxury of the When Vesuvius burst into eruption, in A. D. 79, Pompeii was buried beneath the lava, cinders and ashes. Its site was discovered in 1753, capital. and ever since then the work of excavating the ruins has gone on. The scene before you is the result of part of this work. The broken piers in front outline the old forum. To the right is the amphitheatre. In the background, and at the north end of the forum, are the remains of the temple of Jupiter, which are by far the most imposing ruins yet unearthed in the city. 2o7 PEASANT GIRLS AND HUNTSMAN, ITALY.— Our picture has very noticeable merits as a work of art and B most attractive human interest. The huntsman desires a pretty companion to share his rest ; the pose and countenance of the girl tell the story of her pleased but coy willingness to gratify his wish. Girlish and good- natured interest in the proceedings below is evidenced by the homelier-looking figure on the ladder. Though she may feel a taste of disappointment in not being the huntsman's preference, she acts on the knowledge of a third party's unwelcomsness under the circumstances. As to the dog, he is engaged in cogitations of his own and, wise animal as he is, takes no interest in what is going on quite near him. 288 THE AMPHITHEATRE, POMPEII — This structure is situated at the southeast angle of the disinterred citv. It was built by two magistrates at a time antedating that in which the first similar structure was erected in Rome, and presents no architectural decorations. Its appearance at best was nr,? imposing, it being in part excavated. It measured 430 feet by 335 feet, larger than the needs of the citizens, who, however entertained many visitors 011 occasions when it was used for the manly and picturesque, but often cruel, sports loved of the people. The reader will call to mind that Pompeii was buried tn the depth of eighteen to twenty feet by cinders, small stones and ashes thrown out of the crater of Mount Vesuvius, in 79 A. D. before the inhabitants had rebuilt parts of the city thrown down by an earthquake in 63 A.D. The buried city was discovered in 1748, seven years before excavations which have resulted m its partial diseutombment, were begun. «^v-" uavc i9 289 A PRISON IN THE SUBURBS OF PALERriO, ITALY.— Crime in Italy is said to be largely the result of obedience to secret organizations. Of these Naples has the Camorra, Sicily the Mafia. They did not go out of existence with happier political conditions, but are believed to be still flourishing, and proof is not wanting that the Mafia has branches in this country. Italian wiliness is apt to be more than equal to the curiosity of the American public, and the statement that the Mafia is an organized menace to property and life in the centres where Italians are congregated in large numbers is received with an incredulous smile. There unquestionably are vast robber bands in Sicily, known under the name Mafia. They are perhaps most aptly described as the aggregation of all the criminal classes on the island, and they have confidential relations with the official class. The robber or assassin may be lodged in jail, but the chances are against his being there long. 290 EMBARKATION OF ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA, ITALY.-This historic scene was the turning-point in the fortunes of two notable characters. The beautiful and fascinating Cleopatra resolved to seek for Egypt the help of Rome. Mark Antony was then in Cilicia. Cleopatra crossed the Mediterranean and sailed up the Cydnus in a gorgeously-decked galley and arrayed in all the attractive splendor which Eastern magnificence could bring to the aid of her personal charms. Antony at once became her infatuated slave, and embarked with her for Egypt there to complete a history of shame which ended in the disastrous defeat of their ambitions and in the suicide of both characters. 291 JAPANESE LABORERS, JAPAN.— One of the most striking sights in Japan is the universal devotion to industry, and the ease and comfort with which labor is performed. The pretty scene here presented is a home one, in which the cleaning and cracking of rice and the making of mats are carried on bv the different members of the family. While their methods are primitive and their handiwork awkward, they really achieve-more by patience and persistencv than those who bluster and fret, and they are far healthier with their simple diet and undisturbed nerves. Nor does it do to disparage their art for th humble matmaker may be turning out something which shall come to ornament the luxurious mansions of the western countries 292 WHIPPING COTTON IN JAPAN.— A perfect illustration of Japanese patience and industrial method, as well as of dress and feature. They are not cleaners of cotton in the sense of extracting the seeds, for that has been done elsewhere, but they are preparing it for spinning or for use in the shape of waddine This is done on a mat. The cotton is being pulled apart by the female and fed to the male operator, who whips it into consistent mass with a rlstle shaped beater and then smoothes the surface with a polished stick, weighted at one end, and suspended in the middle so as to be moved back and forth easily When' a take of cotton has thus been treated, it is folded into a neat bale or roll, and is ready for future use. The process compares with that r»w rendered easy and expeditious by the carding machine, and the result is the same, for certain uses. PAGODA AT TESAKA, JAPAN. — The pagoda of Japan is no less a sacred building, devoted to Buddhic worship, than in India, the birthplace of Buddhism. But it is a far more symmetrical structure. The stories are no longer a set of steps ornamented with fantastic reliefs and bedizened with jewels, but a series of natural rises, each giving forth a canopied expanse with ornamental edges. The roofs of these canopies are of bamboo, sprung so as to produce a tent effect. The top of the pagoda runs into an ornamental finial, which affords an effective finish. The entire architectural effect is that of lightness, cheerfulness and symmetry. The pagoda before you is regarded as one of the finest in Japan. 294 THE JAPANESE SHOEMENDER. — We shall better understand our friend's work by noting this man's foot gear as he passes us on the street. Note that he wears white socks reaching no farther than the ankle, and which are divided between the big toe and the rest of the foot so as to allow the strap of the clogs to pass between. The clogs, we observe, have a flat sole of wood. This is about half an inch thick, and rests upon two broad wooden cross-pieces, one at toe and one at heel. A straw cord comes between the big toe and the next one, and separates into two parts which join the clog half way along. As there is no fastening to the back, the wearer shuffles as he walks to prevent his clogs falling off. Our shoemending friend uses the saw a great deal in his operations, not the awl and waxed thread of his occidental brother. 295 SCENE ON THE SUMEDA RIVER, JAPAN. . . ¦.-t.jyj..- FUSIYAHA, JAPAN'S SACRED MOUNTAIN. Japan is charming, not to say fascinating. Its Emperor, or Kotei, as his country people say, is descended from the Emperor Jimmu, who began to reign in 660 B. C. 'Twas only as it were yesterday, in 1871, that the feudal system was abolished in a country which now boasts free political institutions, an army and navy, great libraries, universities, educational facilities, modes of business and what not, after the best American and European standards. But there are differences, in religion for example. Shintoism is the dominant faith in Japan — with about 194,000 temples ; Buddhism comes next with 72,000 temples. State or local authorities maintain the principal Shinto temples. Any religion may be followed in Japan with absolute freedom, if it be not predudicial to peace and order. The people are restless in mind. Undivided Christendom would have a great opportunity in Japan, and the gain of denominationalism is quite considerable. Fusiyama appears on millions of fans sold in the United States, and is the most bepictured mountain in the world. It is extinct as a -volcano. The Japanese are enterprising in navigation and trade. 296 ^75 THE CATHEDRAL, MEXICO.— Where stood an Aztec temple now rises this majestic pile, which was ninety-four years in course of erection and cost |i 750 000 It was founded in the reign of Charles V., in 1530, but building operations were not begun until 1573- Its campaniles are 200 feet high, with the dome ' and the length-of the edifice is 432 feet, its breadth about 200 feet. The old Mexican calendar stone, built into one of the walls, was dug up in 1790. It had been buried as a profane thing by Cortes, but archaeologists find great satisfaction in its resuscitation. On its surface are curious carvings occupying its entire surface, which is a circle of twelve feet diameter. The interior of the cathedral is fine and imposing. 297 CHAPULTEPEC CASTLE, CITY OF MEXICO.— Montezuma had a residence on the same site as the castle now standing, and his eyes rested on at least some of the noble trees which are the admiration of travelers to-day. One of these, known as the cypress of Montezuma, measures forty-six feet in circumference. The memory of another ill-fated ruler, that of Maximilian, is associated with Chapultepec. This was the scene of his short-lived dignity as the head of a court, and here he gave his last great entertainment, aptly known as the Feast of Belshazzar, on his fatal return from Orizaba to Queretaro. The lower tier of buildings, seen beneath the trees, is now the National Military Academy, the West Point of Mexico, and the upper structure is, so to speak, the Mexican White House, where the President lives. Fine views are commanded from the castle, not only of the city of Mexico, but of the whole valley in which it is built, and two noble mountains dominate the landscape. The palace is of marble ; some of its decorations are in fine taste, but, taken as a whole, the large sums of money spent by Maximilian in its embellishment do not constitute an example of judicious outlay. HALL OF CONGRESS, CITY OF MEXICO.— The Constitution of Mexico dates back to 1857, but underwent modification in the vears between that date and 1887. Our neighbor is a federative republic, having twenty-seveu states, two territories and a tederal district. The supreme o-bvernment consists of three branches — the legal, executive and judicial. Both the House of Representatives and Senate are chosen by the direct vote of°the people but the president by presidential electors. Members of Congress in both branches are paid for their services. There are two sessions each year. The illustration shows the magnificent hall used by the Representatives. Its vast size suggests a check on garrulity. Compared with the other republics south of us Mexico is a well-governed country, but much has te be Aene for their enlighteament before the great mass of the people realize the responsibility, privileo-e and dignity of self-government, " ?9$ FRENCH ARMY ENTERING THE CITY OF MEXICO.— On February 17, 1857, a new constitution was adopted by the Mexican Congress, declaring that sovereignty resided in the people and for the republican form of government. When, subsequentiy, President Comonfort was forced to leave the country, Juarez, a man of pure Aztec birth, as head of the supreme court, assumed the presidency. Civil war followed, Miranion commanding the rebel forces. Early in 1862, France, England and Spain interfered. Their commissioners took possession of Vera Cruz and proceeded to Orizaba where a conference was held with Juarez, and the demand for payment of claims made by them promptly acknowledged. England and Spain then withdrew but France remained. A plan had been formed at the court of Napoleon III., instigated by Mexican refugees, of whom Miramon was one, to establish an imperial government in Mexico, in the hope of, in time, superseding the dominancy of the Saxon race on the American continent by that of the Latin. The civil war in this country prevented active opposition by the government at Washington, and a French army proceeded to carry out this intention, Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, Archduke of Austria, of the House of Hapsburg Lorraine, being willing to accept the crown to be won for him by French valor with the assistance of Mexicans opposed to Juarez. On the 5th of May, 1862, the invaders were defeated at Puebla ; but early in 1S63, they numbered forty thousand men and Mexico was entered that year, as shown in the engraving, General Forey commanding. Ou April 7, 1864, the Secretary of State at Washington wrote to the United States Minister at Paris, in terms which induced Napoleon III. to withdraw his forces from Mexico. Maximilian, left without support, endeavored vaiulv to maintain his government, and was shot, after trial, on June 19, 1867. His empire began on July 10, 1863. 300- ~w% NATIONAL PALACE, CITY OF MEXICO. — The Mexican Senate has its sessions in this building, which is, besides, the official home of the •administration, where the President, his ministers and military commanders, have their rooms for the dispatch of public business. Ambassadors' Hall is 310 feet long by 30 feet wide. The chief meteorological observatory of Mexico is on this building, seven thousand feet nearer the heavens than structures devoted to the same use in Washington aud Greenwich. Axayacatl, father of the unhappy Montezuma, had a palace where that of the illustration now stands, in which, says tradition, was one room large enough for the accommodation of three thousand persons. The National Palace is seven hundred feet long, built of marble, in appearance not unimposing and certainly not beautiful. It is easy of access by the stranger, who is shown, amoug other objects that may be more interesting, the state coach used by the Emperor Maximilian. INTERIOR OF MEXICAN RESIDENCE, CITY OF MEXICO. — Mexico, formerly the capital of the Aztec empire and now of the republic of Mexico is situated in 19° 25' 45" N. latitude, and 99° "]' W. longitude. It is 173 miles from Vera Cruz, on the Atlantic, 290 from Acapulco, on the Pacific, and 863 from Matamoras, on the United States frontier. It is the largest and finest city in Spanish America. Most of the inhabitants are pure-blood Indians, but the foreigners monopolize nearly all the trades and enjoy an influence out of all proportion to their numbers. The streets of the city are broad and well- naved and present a picturesque and quaint appearance with their two and three-storied stone houses gaily painted in white, red, yellow or green. The residences of the better class of the people of Mexico are generally tastefully, elaborately and expensively furnished, as shown in the above illustration. Since the disorders ending with the death of Maximilian, Mexico has turned to peaceful ways, and has become a great centre of civilizing influences for the surrounding semi-barbarous peoples. "*' nilFRETARO HEXICO WHERE HAXIHILIAN WAS EXECUTED.— The Cerro de las Campanas, close by Queretaro, was the place where the A^ukeMaximilian and Generals Mejia aud Miramon were shot. On the 15th of May, 1S67, Maximilian and his generals were taken prisoners at the fali f nwL which is said to have been betrayed into Republican hands by treachery. The fallen emperor lay for five weeks an invalided prisoner in the ent of the Capuchinas After being tried and condemned, he and his generals were executed on a spot at first marked by three small wooden crosses, but now ly T heap of granite blocks on the northeast corner of the hill where the tragedy was enacted. o\)o CHURCH OF GUADALUPE, NEAR MEXICO. -Half an hour's ride from the Plaza Mayor, Mexico, stand the cathedral and chapel which are the principal objects of interest in Guadalupe. From the chapel a fine view of the valley of Mexico is enjoyed. The cathedral is a brick building, with a dome and four towers. A solid silver railing, a yard high, leading from the choir to the high altar and extending around the edge of the latter, is that feature of the interior which excites the greatest interest in the mind of the average tourist. Oil paintings of no particular merit, wax work, and the carvings in the choir impress the devout only less than the picture of the Virgin Mary which hangs in the high altar. The story of how the Blessed Lady appeared to Juan Dieeo a poor working Indian, is told in verses sold at the dour of the cathedral, iu which are celebrated special festivals in her honor, ' w04 bISHOP'S PALACE, MONTEREY, HEXICO.— The battle of Monterey was tought in 1847. Lieutenant William T. Sherman, who as a great general subsequently marched through Georgia, took part in the action. The Bishop's Palace is four miles from Monterey, on the railroad between Saltillo and that place. It stands on a hill 150 feet high, on which, during the war between the United States and Mexico, a fort stood and was gallantly but unsuccessfully defended against the invaders. Soldiers occupy the building known as the Bishop's Palace, from which there is a comprehensive view of the plain below. 20 305 ^i .1 r F CATHEDRAL AT CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO.— The city of Chihuahua is situated at an elevation of 4690 feet, and has a salubrious climate. Its environs are productive of fruit, vegetables and the cereals, and the State of the same name, cf which it is the capital, is a fine grazing country. Chihuahua was founded about two centuries ago Dy aaventurers intent upou developing the silver mines in the neighborhood. Its chief ornament is the parish church, generally called the cathedral, which has an imposing exterior and cost $800,000 to build. Fifteen miles from Chihuahua are the silver mines of Santa Eulalia, the product of which was taxtd in order to raise money for the •erection of the cathedral. :;og A HEXICAN KITCHEN. — The illustration shows that part of his adobe house in which the wife of the poor Mexican Indian prepares meals for the numerous household. Descendants of the Aztecs, who, previous to the Spanish conquest, owned the land, the Indians are now the patient burden-bearers of the country. Their lot has its advantages above that of the poor in cold countries, for nature is prodigal in food products, and the table of the poorest is ipread with variety and abundance. Meats, soups, beans and rice, fruits and vegetables of many kinds, both wholesome and pleasant to the palate are within reach of all. The Mexican kitchen is furnished with a variety of pottery of many shapes. Ranges are built of adobe, either in the centre or along one side of the room. 307 CHINAMPAS, OR FLOATING GARDENS OF HEXICO.— The plateau of central Mexico is between 7000 feet and 8000 feet above sea level. It is dotted here and there with lakes, some of fresh water and some of salt water. That of Texcoco is salt ; lakes Chalco aud Xochimilco are fresh The last named are covered with a mass of floating vegetation, necessitating the cutting of canals to maintain communication with the shores of the lakes and the islands which they encompass. In some instances, the floating masses are dense enough to admit of gardens being made upon their surface, upon which ai produced corn, vegetables and flowers. These gardens are made of turf, laid in strips from sixty feet to ninety feet long and about six feet wide to a thicknc which raises the island thus created from two to three feet above the water. Soil is placed on it, and garden operations follow. 30* are ss DRYING COFFEE IN THE FIELD, CORDOVA, MEXICO.— The quaint and curious scene before you is a feature of Mexican fanning seen at its best in the region of Cordova, about sixty miles inland from Vera Cruz. Cordova is a city of 6500 population aud is the centre of a large district where coffee- growing is the chief industry. The back-ground of the illustration shows the luxuriant coffee-tree, fifteen to twenty feet high, with its long shining leaves and aromatic fruitage. The fleshy berries grow two in a pod, and when shelled they are soft and bluish,, requiring to be cured or dried before marketable. The method of drying as seen in the illustration is primitive. It is the field process and consists of a level earth-floor on which the berries are spread and stirred in the sun until they harden, and assume a marketable consistency. _ 309 BULL FIGHT, CITY OF MEXICO. — Mexicans are second only to Spaniards in their love of bull fighting, which gives abundant opportunity for gambling. Sports know the colors of fighting bulls as their brethren in this country those of race horses. Animals which fight to the death are from three to five years old. They are brought from the farm led by tame bulls, travel by night, and reach a resting place contiguous to the ring the night before the show. Hence they are removed to a narrow pen, their last prison before they are driven into the arena. Here enemies annoy them with red cloaks throw spiked banners into their flesh, and receive their final weak charge with a sword-thrust through the shoulders to the heart. Many horses are killed in these fights, and their bodies and those of the bulls are dragged from the ring by six gayly-caparisoned mules. Usualh- five or six events, sacrificing each one bull constitute the show, which takes place on Sunday, and costs to see, 50 ets. the shady side of the unroofed amphitheatre, aud 25c. the suuny side° ' plO CATHEDRAL OF GUADALAJARA, MEXICO. — This is the chief ornament of the third town iu importance of Mexico. It is built on the plaza, which is universally the place of outdoor recreation in Mexican cities, and is, in this instance, provided with broad walks lined with orange trees. The cathedral, which is entered from one side of the plaza, is a large and imposing edifice. It has two steeples and a dome, the latter covered with tiles of various colors, these disposed iu a fashion resembling mosaics, as indicated in the picture. The effect of the noble proportions of the building is marred by bad taste in the choice of the colors in which it is painted. Better judgment is exhibited inside ; the altar is ornamented with four life-sized .statues, one at each corner, and the decorations throughout the interior are chaste and well-chosen. 311 PUEBLA MEXICO. Seen from the top of the cathedral, Puebla is a regularly built city, its houses substantial and not a few of them handsome. The population is about 80,000. Cotton, porcelain and glass factories, flour mills, marble works and a fine hotel are conspicuous objects in the landscape. Those mountain peaks are of Popocatapetl, 17,800 feet, and Ixtaccihuatl, 16,000 feet. Surrounding the city are a great variety of fine trees, bordering it with woods. Puebla is "the city of the angels," who, say the faithful poor, assisted the Spaniards to build it. It was founded iu 1530, to be a Christian city, and is eight miles distant from Cholula, the Mecca of the ancient Mexicans, then containing 15,000 people, and where on the top of a pyramid 180 feet high, human -sacrifices were offered to Quetzalcoatl, the god of the air. JEWISH CEMETERY AT TETUAN On the foregoing page are notes of Tetuan, which is situated forty-five miles from Tangier Morocco 313 AVENUE OF PALMS AT LAS PALMAS, CALIFORNIA GENERAL VIEW OF TETUAN, MOROCCO. JEWISH LUXURY AT TETUAN. Las Palmas is in the very heart of the San Joquin Valley, about six miles from Fresno, the capital of the county of the same name, in the Commonweal tli of California. The beautiful avenue of palms leads up to a house occupied by a vine-grower. It is a quarter of a mile long, forty feet wide, and has seven hundred palms growing on it. — Tetuan is a city of Morocco, containing 8000 Jews, and is said to be "the cradle of more wealthy Jewish families than any other town in the world." A proportion — perhaps a large one — of them is descended from the families driven out of Spain by the inquisition. Their sectioii of Tetuan is the cleanest, the busiest and the best. Like those of the Moors, their dwellings present an unsightly exterior, even the best of them possessing no architectural features to speak of, and being coated with the universal whitewash of Moorish cities. The court of the wealthy Jewish Tetuan is open to the sky. Its floors and walls, to the height of six feet or so, are covered with bright-colored tiles. Colonnades and arcades are carved into lace-work of stone, rivaling that seen in the palaces of Grenada. Oriental luxury is seen in the richest profusion, and the visitor is entertained by accomplished Jewish ladies iii dazzling costumes of velvet and silk and other costly fabrics, decorated with gold and precious stones, and worn to the accompaniment of massive jewelry. The interior is a sleeping apartment in the palace of De Bricho, the elder. 314 YOUNG GIRL IN HOLIDAY ATTIRE, HOLY LAND.— A very pleasing picture of female loveliness. The inevitable yoke of custom in the Orient does not yet oppress her with its full weight. Within a few years she will never appear in public places without a veil, and her outdoor dress will be supplemented with a flowing robe reaching from the shoulders to the feet. She belongs to a family possessing means ; going to the well for water does not suggest poverty to any one acquainted with Eastern customs. Although she belongs to the sex which is inferior and degraded in Oriental contemplation, the feminine love of finery asserts itself. Arab women are extravagantly fond of ornaments. The variety of chains, bracelets, anklets, necklaces and rings which they wear is endless. Note the headdress of coins worn by this sweet young girl and the many coins depending from her neck and worn on her arm. In the Holy Laud married women use jewelry more extravagantly than the unmarried, but our girl is in holiday attire. 31o — -. — -r*. RAILROAD STATION AT JERUSALEM— The year 1892 saw the completion of a railroad from the Mediterranean coast to the Holy Citv Trie distance is not far, but tae engineering was difficult, for the country does not invite to railway enterprise. The completion of the road was the consummation of a long dream by those who saw a profit in the carriage of pilgrims, and entertained projects for repeopling the Holy Land with members of the Hebrew faith. The dedication of the road to the public was a ceremonial which contrasted vividly with all the "City of David " had been used to It had 1 e ¦ centre of song and worship under David, a seat of splendor under Solomon, a sanctified city for nearly two thousand years of Christian and Mohammed ^ contention, aud now its streets and hallowed places are to echo with the shriek of the locomotive and the discords of modern civilization Th» r,i™„L „" PILGRIMS ENTERING JERUSALEM. — This scene is a vivid portrayal of those sacred occasions when pilgrimage to the Holy City is at its height. The favorite entrance gale for Christian pilgrims has ever been the Jaffa Gate, as being the most direct and capacious. The view of the city within the walls shows accurately the square, substantial character of walls, the flat stone roofs, and occasional domes, of the houses. The throng of pious men and women streaming toward the shrines embraces every nationality, every sex and age, every costume, every condition of mind, body aud soul. The crusading spirit is as old as the world. It is common to all religions. Benares is but another Jerusalem for the Buddhists, and Mecca another for the Mohammedan. From the time the Christian Church began to assume form, pious people began to wend their way to Jerusalem, aud iu certain years their number has reached hundreds of thousands. 317 TREE OF ABRAHAM, HEBRON, HOLY LAND.— Hebron has an important connection with the life of the lather oi" the faithful. In the twenty-third chapter of Genesis is contained an account of a real estate transaction, the characteristic management of which is like that of similar negotiations in the same neighborhood to-day. Abraham figures in it as one of the parties and the closing of the matter made him an extensive landowner at "Hebron in the land of Canaan." There, we are told, he buried his wife. That disposition in human nature to mark the past by a present object appears in the selection of the fiue old evergreen oak of the illustration and calling it Abraham's tree. It might have begun to grow three thousand years after Abraham's death Six feet from the ground it forks into three arms. The trunk measures about twenty -six feet in circumference near the ground, and its branches extended "before time had dealt so harshly with it as of late, over an area of ninety-three feet in diameter. * 318 THE FIELD OF BLOOD, JERUSALEH. — The piece of rough country depicted is pointed out as Aceldama, the Field of Blood, bought with the money for which Judas Iscariot betrayed the Lord. Perhaps it is, perhaps it isn't ; many statements made to the traveler in the Holy Land are best heard with doubtful ear. The ruggedness of the country about Jerusalem is most notable. It is impossible that these rocky declivities should ever have waved with grain, but in the height of Hebrew prosperity and in a high state of cultivation, when the olive, the fig, the vine, the pomegranate and other fruit trees flourished, suburban Jerusalem must have presented a most beautiful and attractive appearance. Under better conditions than those possible with Turkish sovereignty the time may come again when the sterile-appearing land shall rejoice and blossom as the rose. 319 GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, THE HOLY LAND — Thrifty ecclesiastics in Palestine make the best use they can of tradition and Bible story, and are always ready to point out the exact sites of occurrences and mane a little by the service. ihe Garden of Gethsemaue here shown is that of tiie Latin Christians ; the Greeks have another a little north of it. With a steady view to business, the Latins have built a wall around theirs aud make it look like a garden. In fact, the exact place where, in his agony of soul, " His sweat was, as it were, great drops of blood falling down to the ground," is not known Dr. Thomson, in his " The Land and the Book, " says he is inclined to place the garden in the secluded vale several hundred yards to the northeast ofthe Gethsemane shown in the illustration, this being, in his opinion, too near the city and a probable thoroughfare used at the time to invite the retirement sought for the awful mystery commemorated. 3li0 MANUSCRIPT AND PORTRAIT OF ST. MATTHEW.— This fragment of the first chapter of St. Matthew, together with his portrait, is one of the latest results of archaeological research. Its discovery excited intense interest among palseontologists and Scripture interpreters. Previously, the traditions pointed to a Syrio-Chaldaic original for Matthew's gospel, if not for all of the Synoptics. But the unearthing of this fragment, which is in Greek text, leads to the impression that the originals of the Gospels, at least as they were studied and quoted by the early fathers, were Grecian. 321 SUMMER HOUSE, THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS, LIMA, PERU.— Forty-eight acres are covered by the gardens, palaces, macnine showroom*., theatre, coffee-houses, concert-rooms, cages containing animals, and parterres, which constitute the National Exhibition Palace and Grounds at Lima. A military band plays twice a week in this favorite and beautiful resort, which was opened on Jiily i, 1872. Dr. Manuel a Fuentes originated and designed the place, and an Italian, Senor Don Antonio Leonardo, was the architect of its buildings. Specimens of South American antiquities and Peruvian art are chief attractions, the latter including an impressive painting by Monteros, showing the expulsion by the Spaniards of the women who forced their way into a church to mourn the death of Atnhualpa. 322 CARNIVAL TIME AT PUNO, PERU. — A railroad runs between Arequipa and Puno, a distance of 218 miles, the journey lasting two days, through a country which is very sparsely inhabited. A. few herdsmen, some railroad employes and the people of a small village live near the hue, wtiich runs througli plains of sand and volcanic rocks covered with pumice and saline incrustations. Puno, though a small town, is large enough for the celebration of the gay festival preceding the austerities of Lent, and the people in the picture have come to town to attend it, bringing with them llamas laden, with the simple merchandise produced in a generally sterile country, but which is not without its cultivated spots. The head of the party is manifestly of European descent. One of his servile Indians has brought wife and child to the festival. A cathedral is the one architectural feature of Puno, a remote and sohtary place hidden among the mountains on the shores of Lake Titicaca. 323 " ¦- PALACE OF PITROSSKY, RUSSIA.— This fine view presents the palace of the Emperors of Russia, at Moscow. It was erected in 1849, and is a building of magnificent proportions in white stone, with a gilded cupola. The facade is highly ornamental, and the general effect pleasing. It was built around the rooms, or terems, erected for the young princes in 1636, which were a remarkable memorial of the domestic life of the czars in the seventeenth century. In the treasury of this castle the richest stores of Russian archaeology are to be found, consisting of crowns, thrones, dresses, etc., belonging to the czars. PALM GROVE IN ST. THOMAS, WEST INDIES. HOUSE OF THE ROMANOFF CZARS, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. the 1^^ India Islands, of great interest to harbor and could be made impregnable In 1867 Kin? OhrkH ? ^J1"11^ States to South America, has a fine the United States. The treaty las signed hi fanuar? ^868 b?f SF" e Dfnm^ ceded St. Thomas and St. John to dynasty of Romanoff was founded in 1613 by Michael ill 'a lad of sixteen adj°Urned without actinS uPon it--**"* 325 GENERAL VIEW OF MOSCOW FROM THE KREMLIN.— Moscow, viewed from the Kremlin, is one of the most singular and imposing cities in the world. It was founded in 1147, is of circular form, and has an area of about forty square miles. The outer quarters of the city He around the nucleus of a prominence in the centre, and increase in magnitude according as they diverge from it. The river Moskva, which has a very tortuous course through the city, is crosc< d by numerous bridp-oo. nrincinallv of wood. KREMLIN, LARGE PALACE.— The Kremlin, or citadel of Moscow, occupies a prominent position in the central part of that city. It has been completely restored and enlarged since the destruction of Moscow in 1812, when invaded by Napoieon. The Kremlin is considered an impregnable fortress and comprises within its limits the Imperial Palace, the Cathedral of the Assumption, in which the Russian sovereigns are crowned ; the churches of St. Michael and the Annunciation, and Pakrowskoi, constructed of twenty churches joined together. 3^6 GENERAL VIEW OF MOSCOW FROM THE REKIO BRIDGE. -Among the numerous bridges over the river Moskva, which runs through Moscow, is the Rekio, from which an attractive view of that city is offered. From this point can be seen the principal public and educational institutions, scientific societies and the great University, founded in 1755, by Peter the Great. The great palace of the emperors, erected in 1849, is a fine building in white stone with a gilded cupola, and is clearly visible from this point also. ST. ISAAC'S CATHEDRAL.— This is one of the most prominent church edifices in St. Petersburg, the Capital of Russia. It occupies a position near the memorial erected to Peter I. in 1782, and also near the memorial erected to Nicholas I. Its general aspect is imposing, both without and within. It was built between 1818 and 1825, under the personal direction of Nicholas I., but does not correspond with the efforts put forth in its decorations by the best Russian artists. The pictures r-.e ttn"lr,ff Rrnni and manv others, which cover its walls, are said to be deteriorating rapidly. CAPTURE OF THE flALAKHOF, SEBASTOPOL, RUSSIA.— On March 13, i8S4, a treaty between Great Britain, France and Turkey was signed. Four days later Queen Victoria announced war with Russia in a message to the Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, and to the end of what is known in England as the Russian War, the English. French and Turks, and from January 10, 1855, the Sardinians, were in active alliance against t^e might of the Czar. The advantage lay with the allies, but the defence of Sebastopol was maintained with great skill and courage by Todleben, who possibly, though on the losing side, made a greater name in history than any general opposed to him. On the other hand, the courage and endurance of the common soldier never appeared to greater advantage than in the armies of the allies. The exploits of the British were heroic, and the assault by the French on the Malakhof on September 8, 1855. was a brilliant feat of arms which preceded the fall of Sebastopol by only two days, and hastened it. The first attack on Sebastopol by land and sea was on October 17, 1854. The place was bombarded on April 9, 1855. An attack on the Mamelon, Malakhof and Redan, its three principal forts, on June 18, 1855, resulted in failure, only the first named being taken. The treaty of Paris, between Russia and the allies, was signed on March 30 1856, and one of the most interesting wars in history was over. 328 Leopold II. , Queen Wilhelmina, Pres. Diaz, and King and Queen of Sweden. Cathedral of St. Basil the Beatified, Moscow. The Kino- not wearing a hat is Leopold II. of Belgium, who succeeded Leopold I. at his death on December io, 1865. Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, the little girl°in the centre of the picture, succeeded to the throne of the Netherlands on the death of her father, November 23, 1890. She was born in 1880. President Diaz, of Mexico, pictured without uniform, is that General D. Porfirio Diaz whose military career is so stirring in the recital. He was first elected President in 1876, and his present term will end on November 30, 1896. Oscar II., King of Sweden and Norway, succeeded to the throne in 1872. He was born in 1829, and in 1857 married Sophia, daughter of the late Duke William of Nassau, the motherly looking Queen. — " Old Ben " is the cannon standing by the palms at' Las Palmas, an estate iu Fresno County, California. This antique piece is used on festive occasions. —The Cathedral of St. Basil the Beatified was built at Moscow in the reign of Ivan the Terrible, who ruled Russia with an iron sceptre, in the second half of the sixteenth century. 329 THE CASTLE EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. — Few cities nresent attractions equaling tnose oi Edinburgh, the modern Athens. It is picturesquely situated has a cultivated population, and is unsurpassed in the 'beauty of its domestic architecture. Its wealth of historic monuments and buildings, and teeming associations with men eminent in literature, law and science give it a unque distinction among the cities ofthe Old World. Edinburgh is_of unknown antiauitv Edwin, King of Northumbria, after whom the city was named, rebuilt it as long ago as 626 A D. Castle rock is 437 feet high. The is now seen. It was for many years a residence of the kings of Scotland 330 DUNBAR CASTLE.— Dunbar Castle was at one time one ol the most impregnable strongholds in scouanu, and at the time of its demolition one of the oldest. It commanded the seaport town of Dunh .r for many years previous to I 96. It was here, in that year, that th? Earl of Surrey defeated John Balinl in a battle which, for the time, decided the fate of Scotland as a conquest of Edward I. It was here, also, that Queen Mary and Bothwell, her husband, took refuge. The castle was subsequently demolished by order of the British Parliament. In 1650 Oliver Cromwell fought with and gained a decided victory ovex the Scottish army, at the Race of Dunbar, near this place, killing 4000 men and capturing 10,000 prisoners. , '1 AYMOUTH CASTLE, SCOTLAND. — This picturesquely situated and. truly magnificent structure is renowned as the finest castle in Scotland. It stands on the Tay River near to its entrance into Loch Tay, and is owned by the Earl of Breadalbane. The park of the castle is very extensive and beautifully laid out. The main entrance to the grounds is near the village of Kenmore. A few years ago Queen Victoria was royally received at this castie, and she made public her impressions of the visit in her book of reminiscences. 332 CAERLAVEROCK CASTLE, SCOTLAND.— This magnificent piece of art-work presents the ruins oi old Caerlaverock Castle, upon the Solway, and overlooking the sea, seven minutes' drive from the quaint old town of Dumfries. It has a history extending back over a thousand years, and being the key to this part of Scotland it was besieged, captured and re-captured many times during the wars between England and Scotland. It is triangular in shape and the round towers at its angles are still in a .good state of preservation. It was last captured by the Covenanters, in 1640. On account of its antiquity, picturesque situation and state of preservation, it is counted «m> -we nf the most interesting scenes in Scotland 333 DUMBARTON CASTLE AND ROCK, SCOTLAND.— The river in the foreground of the picture is the Leven, near wnere lis waters now iulo tne Clyde. Between the town and the Clyde the rock rises to a height of 280 feet. The castle existed as long ago as the thirteenth century, when, under Kings Alexander II. and Alexander III., Scotland was pr. isperous, comparatively free from strife with England, doing considerable trade with that country and the continent, and securing territory of recent acquisition from the Norsemen by the erection of strongholds. Castles of that early period differed from the luxurious abodes of later centuries, being more in the nature of fortresses. Their curtain walls were usually seven to nine feet thick and from twenty to thirty feet high. They had square angle towers, parapets with embrasures, and rampart walks. The entrance gate had a wide portcullis, and in times of extreme danger there was room for neighboring people, with their flocks and herds, within the spacious walls. Such, probably — it might have included a chapel— was Dumbarton Castie in its early days. 334 BALMORAL CASTLE, FROn THE RIVER. — This celebrated castle, situate in the parish of Cratme, Auerueeusuire, oconano, is familiarly knowu throughout the civilized world as the Highland residence of Queen Victoria. It is beautifully located on an extensive plateau, which gradually slopes down to the banks of the river on which it fronts, and is protected on either side and rear from the wind and proverbial Scotch mists. It is said to be the favorite health resort of Her Majesty during the heated term, and her frequent visits to Scotland, in preference to all other resorts scattered through her domains, has occasionally excited the jealousy of the nobility and aristocracy of England. 335 BURNS'S BIRTH=PLACE, AYRSHIRE, SCOTLAND — The few >ears trom 1759 to 1796 comprised the duration of a life prolonged to immortality by transcendent genius. Burns has been called the Shakespeare of Scotland. Like him he was " Fancy's child ; " like him he "warbled his native wood- notes wild." An uneducated man, in the sense of wanting academic cultivation, Burns was a master in the use of language and a discriminating critic of poetry, guided by the keen and unerring perception of his genius. Knowing but comparatively few books he was well read in the volume of nature. His natural wisdom was profound ; his disposition and character noble, strong and manly, but with the defect of ill-regulated and impetuous passions. What he might have been had the promise of his youth been fulfilled— how most eminently useful to man and devout towards God — it is vain to conjecture. The great man buried at Dumfries in 1796 left the world better for his having lived in it, and his name will be in everlasting remembrance. 38r! ABBOTTSFORD — UARDEN FRONT. — Abbottsford, a garden front view of which is given above, was the residence of the late Sir Walter Scott, Bart., for many years previous to his death. It is situate on the souili side of the river Tweed a iew miles above Melrose. Sir Walter bcott was one of the most popular as well as prolific writers of his time. He was both poet and novelist, and famous alike for both. Of his prose work, the " Waverly " novels are perhaps the best ; and his "Lady of the Lake," " Marmion " etc , are chief among his poetical efforts. The view given of Abbottsford is a very faithful and attractive one, and American tourists who have in their rambles through Scotland visited it will recognize it at once. Abbottsford was occupied by James Hope Scott, Esq., and wife, t^e only surviving relatives of the eminent author. After Sir Walter Scott's death, 337 TAM O'SHANTER INN, AYR, SCOTLAND — Burns's masterpiece was written to illustrate a drawing of Alloway Kirk. Its hero stays late at the inn but the hour conies when he " maun ride. ' Leaving, therefore, laughing landlord, gracious landlady, and his bosom crony, Souter Johnny, Tam mounts his gray mare Meg and rides toward home in a furious storm. Observing a light in Alloway Kirk he looks in and there sees a dance of witches, with the devil playing on the bag-pipe to them. The performances of one of the dancers, Nannie, so far interest him that he loses his reason " a' thegither, and roars out ' Weel done, Cutty-sark ! ' " ¦ In an instant all is dark and the hellish legion sally out after him. In the chase poor Meg loses her tail, snatched off by the infuriated Nannie, just where she reaches running water, which warlocks and witches dare not cross. SS8 THE OLD CAPON TREE, SCOTLAND.— Forty miles south of Edinburgh stands the quaint town of Jedburgh. Two miles from it are the ruins of the old castle of Ferniehirst, captured and recaptured a dozen times during the border wars. Between Jedburgh and the old castle stands the celebrated Capon Tree. It is a giant oak whose age is coexistent with Scottish history. Jedburgh gave repute to that form of law which in modern times is known as "lynch law," and there is no doubt that the famous old Capon T*»e has witnessed the suspension of many a victim of "Jedhart Justice," as the hanging of a man and the trying of him afterwards came to be called. 339 HIGHLAND MARY'S GRAVE, SCOTLAND.-This magnificent piece of art is a tribute to the memory of the one whom Robert Burns immortalized in his exquisite poem of " Highland Marv " It was erected by her Ayrshire admirers, and its presence contributes to the number of monuments which make the vicinity of Ayr teem with recollections of the sweet poet of Ayrshire Amone these are the old Alloway Kirk where the youthful "Bobby " worshipped, and the ruins of Montgomerie Castle, amid which he first met his Mary." The sculptures on the monument tell the story of the " farewell," and of the broken-hearted Mary after the sad words were spoken. 340 NORTH WALLS, ORKNEY ISLES, SCOTLAND.— Hoy, or North Walls, is one of the most picturesque of the Orkney Islands. Its grandest sight is its western sea front, 1200 feet high and perpendicular. So furious is the ocean about it that it cannot be approached, but must be viewed from a distance. At the south end of the wall stands the " Old Man of Hoy," an insulated pillar of sandstone upon a porphyry base cut out of the cliff by the waves and rising 300 feet. Its former resemblance to the human form has been lost by the action of the water and weather, and by the blowing off ofthe head. 341 BRESSAY LIGHTHOUSE.— The island of Bressay, on which the above lighthouse is erected, is one of the Shetland group of islands, belonging to Scotland, in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is east of Mainland, one of the largest of the group, from which it is separated by Bressay Sound. The coasts of the thirty islands which compose the group, are generally bold and precipitous, presenting cliffs broken, or worn by the action of the sea, into the most jugged and fantastic shapes. The climate of the islands is very damp and variable, but snow or frost seldom last long in winter, at which season the aurora Iborealis is remarkably brilliant. During the months of May, June and July night is scarcely perceptible. Scandinavian antiquities are numerous in the Mands, and on Fettar are the vestiges of a Roman camp. 343 BALMORAL CASTLE, QUEEN VICTORIA'S FAVORITE RESIDENCE. OSBORN HOUSE, QUEEN VICTORIA'S SEASIDE VILLA. Queen Victoria delights the most in her Scottish home, Balmoral Castle, in the Highlands. As palaces go it is neither spacious nor splendid, and the Queen's preference for it is not shared by her attendants. A witty lady of title says on this subject " Long drives in the cold and dark, and occasional tea picnics in the snow, are not appreciated by everybody." Her Majesty enjoys the open air, taking her breakfast out of doors whenever possible. Her good health at an advanced age — she was born in 1819 — is the best evidence of her good judgment in this matter. When in the country, ei her in Scotland or at her villa, Osborn House, Isle of Wight, the Queen makes good friends of the neigh boring poor, visiting them at their homes and reading the Bible to the old and infirm. She pays all doctors' bills incurred on her estate at Osborti. The good old lady who presides over British affairs is happiest remote from pomp and splendor, living simply in the quiet country. 343 ALLOWAY KIRK, NEAR AYR, SCOTLAND.— The " Auld Kirk" of the picture was the church of the parish in which Burns first saw the light. Within its bare cold walls he learned to detest Presbvterianism. In one of his journals he says, "What a poor, pimping business is a Presbyterian place of worship! " In'these davs of nascent ritualistic Presbyterianism, with its broadening creed, he might have faredbetter than he did in the^church of his nativity. stonemason, the tale resounded mirtrt and dancing. ' MILL ON THE CLUNY, SCOTLAND. — One of those picturesque Scottish scenes which render inviting the Braemar section of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The old mill, the walled roadway,' the mansion house beyond, partake of the substantial nature of the Scottish hills and character. The Brasmar region of Scotland contains seven peaks over 3500 feet high. Tourists find it the most picturesque part of Scotiand to visit, and its red deer, its dense forests, and gems of amethyst and beryl, are the delight of travelers. 345 PLANTING POTATOES IN SKYE. — This exposed island section of Northern Scotiand is the home of the crofters, an independent, hardy race, who hardly recognize dominion, save *of their own making. They are a serious, earnest people, and necessarily industrious in order to force a living from an unkind soil and amid an adverse climate. Their agricultural methods are of the most primitive kind. The sketch before you accurately depicts the season of potato planting. In the background are the crofts, or homes, of the farmers. They have naught to plow and sow with of modern invention, but they die as did the ancients, with cumbrous spades, and plant after a fashion that makes growth a surprise Women work with the men, and as a rule, bear the burden of the day. Subsistence in a spot where tillage is so illy repaid would be-next to impossible, if it was not supplemented by sheep-raising as a source of meat and clothing. The sheep of Skye are not noted for their breeds, but the black-faced variety abounds, as best suited to the climate and best calculated to subsist on the sparse foliage of highland moss. 346 A SKYE CROFTER'S HOME, SCOTLAND.— The tenant of this hut is a man of tair education, ucvout, industrious, dutiful in all the relations of life, patient in suffering. He is a Presbyterian, a real theologian and philosopher, if but in a small way. His body is large and of muscular build, and its occupant knows no such thing as fear. This noble Highlander has a son at the University, subsisting on oatmeal in a cheap lodging, who is taking prizes for his sound scholarship and will be a minister within a few years. Two or three generations ago the crofter enjoyed what was comparative prosperity, tilling the fields surrounding his residence ; but the disproportionate encouragement of sheep farming and sport on the estate of the laird, has placed agriculture at a disadvantage in Skye, Lewis and other adjacent islands, and the northern counties of Scotland generally, much to the prejudice of the country, for other lands than his bonnie Scotland profit by the presence of the virtually exiled Highlander. A revision of the Scottish land law seems to be in order, and British patriotism suggests that the Highlanders, " lions in the field and lambs at home," have been the heroes of her proudest victories. 347 GRINDING CORN IN SKYE.— The island of Skye types the entire Hebrides group. It is separated from the main land of north Scotland by a loch one-third of a mile in width. All of the Hebrides group are picturesque, but in nothing so interesting as the character of their inhabitants and their primitive means of finding a living. This handsome illustration shows their method of grinding corn. It is the method of a remote antiquity. The stone mortar is there, such as Abraham might have used. The pestle is there, a slight improvement on that of the ancients, in that it admits of the rotary rather than the pounding motion. Women do the work. In the background is the family croft, or hut, a home, than which nothing can be more modest, yet one which shelters as spirited a people as any in the world. CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA. — The capital of Cape. Colony was built bv the Dutch with great regularity. Many of its flat-roofed and white washed houses looked just as they did before England took possession, but the city has been greatly improved and enlarged since then, and besides its churches old and new, Capetown has several noble public buildings. Prominent among them are the Houses of Parliament, opened in 1885 ; courts of law, Govern ment House, and others. The citizens enjoy a public park and the usual refinements of a capital. Looked at from Table Bay, the view of Capetown and the grand mountain behind it is very striking ; but that taken from the heights back of the city is still finer ; at one's feet the city, with the fertile and varied appearance of its suburbs, and the sparkling waters of the "jay opening out into the great ocean beyond. o4y THE TRAVELER'S PALM.— This remarkable tree, known as the Traveler's Palm, and found in Madagascar, is one of the noblest of the genus Ravenda. It is familiarly called by those who have made a tour of the Indies the Traveler's Tree, probably on account of the shelter it affords them from the heat of that climate, because the water which is stored up in the large cup-like sheaths of the leaf-stalks is sought by travelers to allay their thirst, and_ because the very large, broad, oblong leaves can be utilized by the natives to thatch their huts and afford them protection from the weather. 350 THE ALHAHBRA, SPAIN : THE COURT OF LIONS.— Mediasval Moorish art found its highest expression in the Alhambra, the celebrated palace which, with surrounding towers, fortresses and gardens, crowns a hill overlooking the city of Granada. In ascending the hill to the palace the visitor is regaled with the songs of nightingales mingled with the soft voices of running streams and fountains. That apartment of the beautiful palace known as the Court of Lions is 132 feet by 74 feet in dimensions. It is surrounded by a gallery which is supported by 120 pillars of white marble, the capital of each one having its own design in nearly every case. Originally these pillars were covered with gold. The walls they support are open fretwork, presenting most beautiful carving in ivory-like marble. In the centre of the court is the marble fountain, supported by the twelve lions which give name to the apartment. The lions are inferior as specimens of sculptured work, accounted for by the Mohammedan prohibition of image-making. While the lace-like delicate fretwork in the Court of Lions is perfection itself, the lions are unjust to the king of beasts. 351 3^;MPf»Piftj!j|4«^^ ALHAflBRA PALACE— UPPER END OF THE COURT.— Entrance to the Alhambra Palace is at present through a narrow passageway made in a small door near the palace of Charles V. The first court, the Alberca, or "Fishpond," also called the " Court of Myrties," is considered the largest of all, being 150 feet long and So feet wide. The upper end of the court is paved with marble and decorated at either end with light Moorish peristyles. The basin, or fish pool in the centre, is 130 feet in length and thirty in breadth, stocked with go.d-fish, and bordered by hedges of roses. At the upper end of this court is the great tower of Comarcs. A number of interesting legends are connected with this palace. The marriage of Yusef and the beautiful Zahira took place in the Court of Lions. 352 RETURN OF COLUMBUS AND APPEARANCE AT COURT.— This faithful reproduction of an oil painting which now graces the National Art Gallerv in Mexico represents the appearance of Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella, then at Barcelona, Spain, after his return from his first vovage They sent for him to come. He left Palos, where he had landed, and set out, carrying with him the gold and curiosities he had gathered in the West Indies among which were six Indians. On reaching Barcelona a procession was formed in his honor, Then the King and Queen seated themselves on a throne with their son, Prince John, beside them, to receive the great discoverer. Columbus at first kneeled to kiss the hands of their majesties, but ihey raised him up and after the salutations were over they gave him a seat in their presence, and bade him show all his curiosities and tell the full story of his adventures This done, their majesties fell on their knees and thanked God for the wonderful discovery. 353 23 CROSSING A CREVASSE, SWITZERLAND.— The picturesque scene before you is one of frequent occurrence with adventurers in scaling the Alps and investigating the mysteries of the great glaciers. Tne crevasse is an essential part of snowy altitudes and glacial tormations. Even when snow tails to mice the contour of rock and ravine on which it falls, thereby offering the obstacle of great gaps or crevasses to the traveler, the effect of sun and rain is such as to cut into narrow gorges of great depth, which are difficult to cross, and which often swallow up the adventurer. The crevasse is the peculiar terror of all Alpine travelers. It maybe disguised by snow and therefore prove a trap for the unwary. In high altitudes the eye may be deceived as to its width, and what seemed easy to cross may prove to be a deadly obstacle. But it is those crevasses of the great glaciers, like those of the mer de glace, where this scene is located, that are most formidable. The erosive effects of sun and water are there most manifest iu the shape of great gullies with precipitous sides, often hundreds of feet deep. They are of great length, often preventing a detour on the part of the adventurer, and therefore inviting to the most perilous expedients to get across them. In the illustration the expedients used are those of rope and pole, with which every Alpine adventurer is equipped, and without which the perils of a mountain jaunt amid ice and snow could not be met. 354 LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND. — Lucerna is the Latin word for oil lamp, and the root of Lucerne. The city is beautifully situated where the river Reu- issues from the lake of Lucerne, quite near which, in the middle of the issuing stream, rises a tower used by the Romans as a lighthouse. Hence the name ofthe city, which is musical and pleasing, and thus interesting in its origin. The reader will remember the faithfulness of the Swiss guards at the Tuileries in 1792, who perished in the defence of the palace against a mob. In 1821 the Lion of Lucerne was cut out of the solid rock as a monument to those heroic men, Thorwaldsen furnishing the model. Lucerne is a place loved by tourists, who, in the summer, numerously frequent its comfortable hotels. 855 LAKE LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND, FROM TELL'S PLATTE.— The lake is one of the most beautiful in Europe, and large enough to have four towns of considerable size on its banks, including Lucerne. Its waters are navigated by steamboats carrying, in the summer months, many tourists, of whom is a large percentage of Americans. Swiss tradition tells the story that in the market-place at Altorf, near by, the proud Gessler placed the Austrian ducal hat on a pole and commanded that all passers-by should uncover to this symbol of sovereignty. Tell and his boy not complying with this act of tyranny were dragged before the Austrian, who required the father to shoot with the cross-bow at an apple on his son's head. A second arrow, earned by the success ful archer he explained was intended for the heart of Gessler had he, the archer, injured his boy. Upon saying this, Tell was thrown into a boat on Lake Lucerne, to be carried by Gessler and his soldiers to the castle of Kussnacht. A storm arose, the prisoner was freed from bis bonds to steer the boat, he leaped ashore, and, waiting hidden for Gessler, shot him dead. NYON SWITZERLAND —Standing on the northwest shore of the Lake of Geneva in the canton of Vaud, twenty-one miles southwest of Lausani.^, Nvon is verv prettily situated and a towu well worth a visit. It has factories of ornamental pottery, and its 4000 inhabitants are a comfortable and intelligent people The chateau -easily made out in the picture, on the brow of the height, commands a very fine view acrossthe lake. Another chateau, standing on a promontory not seen in the illustration, is interesting as being one of two residences built at Nyon by Jerome Bonaparte, brother of the great emperor, and father of the late Prince Napoleon, whose son is that one of the family in whom, since the tragic death of the Prince Imperial at the hands of the Zulus, rest the hopes of the Bonapartist party. That France should be spared another infliction of Imperialism is the devout wish of all true Americans. 363 THE GLACIER_QF BOSSONS, SWITZERLAND.— The glacier, of Bossons at Chamouni is regarded as the most grotesque and interesting of all the Alpine glaciers. Its surface is broken into prismatic masses which the sun and rain have shaped into pyramids. This glacier, projecting into the valley and extending upward 8000 feet, gives to Chamouni one of its greatest sources of curiosity. It is annually visited by thousands of tourists, either for scientific purposes or in a spirit of adventure, and discussion of its peculiarities has done much to establish the principles on which glaciers are formed, their movement, and the conditions of their existence. Chamouni is the great centre for tourists in the Mont Blanc district, and the views are remarkable for their massive sublimity. 358 THE CASTLE OF CHILLON, SWITZERLAND.— This magnificent piece of art brings to the eye that famous castle which Byron has immortalized in his poem of "The Prisoner of Chillon." It stands between Clarens and Villeneuve, which last is at one extremity of the Lake of Geneva. On its left are the entrances of the Rhone river, and opposite are the ranges of the Alps. Below it, and washing its walls, is the lake, fully Soo feet deep. Within it are a range of dungeons in which the early reformers and prisoners of state were confined. Across one of these vaults is a beam, blackened with a»e from which the condemned were formerly executed. In the cells are eight pillars, some of which contain rings for the fetters and fettered. The " Prisoner of Chillon " was chained to one of these rings for several years, and his steps wore a path in the hard pavement around the ring and pillar. This celebrated prisoner was Francis de Bonnivard, born in Seyssel in 1496. _ After Geneva had completely emancipated itself from the House of Savoy, Bonnivard returned thither to receive the honors and rewards that were due to his patriotism. He became a distinguished member of the Council of State, and received a pension. He died about 1579, and left a memory which is revered throughout Switzerland. 359 VIEW OF flONT BLANC. — This finely artistic scene embraces Mont Blanc in the distance, the city and the lake of Geneva, and the outlet of the river Rhone. It is very justly regarded as one of the finest of the many beautiful scenes in Switzerland. Mont Blanc is the most wonderful formation of th^ Pennine Alps. It rises in almost perfect pyramidal shape to the height of 15,780 feet, and is visible to the westward for a distance of 130 miles. Its summits are perpetually snow-clad, and its numerous glaciers, chief of which is the Mer-de-glace, stretch into the valleys and feed the innumerable streams which vield tribute to the Rhone. It was first scaled in 1786. When the Pennine Alps reach the Rhone the River expands into the beautiful lake of Geneva, which is thirtv-uine miles long and six miles wide. At its western extremity, where it narrows and gives forth the Rhone again, is the historic city of Geneva, located on the edge of lake and river, and by no means so picturesquely situated as some other Swiss cities, though it has fine quays, good streets, well- nrrtered nleasure grounds and substantial houses. Its suburbs are its most commanding portions. Five bridges across the out-flowing Rhone connect the two portions of the city. The bridges, one of which appears in the illustration, are noted for their architectural beauty and substantial 360 liiisli. CHAIN OF THE ALPS, CANTON OF BERNE, SWITZERLAND.— The editor takes great pleasure in commending the following passage from William Howitt as apt in this place :—" Thanks be to God for mountains ! The variety which they impart to the glorious bosom of our planet were no small advantage ; the beauty which they spread out to our vision in their woods and waters, their crags and slopes, their clouds and atmospheric hues, were a splendid gift ; the sublimity which they pour into our deepest souls from their majestic aspects ; the poetry which breathes from their streams, and dells, and airy heights, from the sweet abodes, the garbs and manners of their inhabitants, the songs and legends which have awoke in them, were a proud heritage to imaginative minds ; but what are all these when the thought comes, that without mountains the spirit of man must have bowed to the brutal and the base, and probably have sunk to the monotonous level of the unvaried plain ?" 361 STREET IN ANDERMATT, SWITZERLAND.— Here is a bit of quaint building, a village street in the most picturesque of countries, nearly five thou sand feet above the level of the sea. Andermatt has a population of about seven hundred people, who enjoy a well-earned reputation for the production of honey and cheese. The mineralogist will find specimens offered for sale, collected from the neighboring mountains. St. Columbanus church is a sight worth seeing, and twenty minutes' walk from the village is the celebrated old bridge, seventy feet above the roaring-torrent river Reuss, here pent between banks so smooth and precipitous that the wonder grows how, early in the twelfth century, so effective a piece of engineering as spanning it could have been managed. Urder the oid is another bridge, finished in 1830. Cattle rais ing is prosecuted successfully by the country people about Andermatt, many of whom are carriers, making a living by this, in Switzerland, hazardous occupation. 36? GENEVA, SWITZERLAND.— Geneva has 70,000 inhabitants and is the largest city in Switzerland. It stands on the shores of Lake Geneva, at the narrow point where the Rhone issues from it, and consists of two parts, the upper and lower city, joined by sightly bridges. The basin it occupies is formed by the lower slopes of the Jura and a secondary chain of the Alps, presenting scenes of great beauty. Its finest buildings are in the upper part principally, the houses of the poor and the factories for watch-making and kindred pursuits in the lower. Calvin was at the head of the city when it was a centre of civil and religious freedom at the period of the Reformation, and he founded its university. Its cathedral, St. Pierre, was founded in the tenth century. Schools colleges, libraries and museums indicate the culture and refinement of its inhabitants. 363 MONT BLANC OBSERVATORY. Passage Under the Grand Hulets. nONT BLANC OBSERVATORY. Ascension of Mont Blanc Toward the Junction of the Grand Mulets. There is to be an observatory on Mont Blanc at an altitude of 15,750 feet above the level of the sea. This has been resolved upon by men of sturdy resolution who have ascertained how the thing can be done and are engaged in its performance. At their head is Professor Janssen, of Paris, to whom success will mean an immortal name in history. The building will be placed on the thick crust of ice lying upon the rock which is believed to form the summit of the mountain, but which was not reached after prolonged and arduous experiment. 364 BERNE, SWITZERLAND. — From one point of view in Berne, twelve Alpine peaks can be seen al once. This city of more than forty thousand inhabitants is interesting in itself as well as in its advantages of situation. Its houses are built of stone and almost all of them rest upon arches, forming covered walks. These are not desirable promenades, being gloomy and close. The bridge is a noble piece of work, 900 feet long. Its central span, crossing the Aar is 150 feet wide and 93 feet high. The bridge leads to the principal street of the city. Everywhere is an abundance of water and ornamental fountains are numerous. No one fails to notice the frequency with which the bear is introduced as a decoration. Residences of the wealthier Bernese, overhanging the Aar, which winds almost completely around the city, are models of comfortable and refined homes. The Cathedral, built in the fifteenth century, and the clock tower, with the amusing mechanical figures which mark the hours by their odd movements, the University and the Museum are things to be remembered in a paragraph on Berne. 365* THE JUNGFRAU. — This exquisite view of the Jungfrau through the valley of the Aar and from the site of Bern, is the admiration of every visitor. The Jungfrau is one of the boldest and most magnificent of all the Alpine peaks. It rises to a height of 13,671 feet, and is a part of the Bernese system of the Alps, which abounds in such stupendous elevations as the Wetterhorn, Schreckhorn and Eiger. It doubtless received its name, Jungfrau, or "the Maiden," from the fact that it is always clad in snow of unsullied purity and dazzling brightness, or else because no traveler had ever reached its summit, till the Meyers' succeeded in scaling it in 1811. Its snows and glaciers feed the Aar, and give to the Canton of Bern, in which the Jungfrau is situated, and to Switzerland as well, one of their finest rivers. The foreground of the view is the characteristic Swiss town of Bern, situated at an elevation of 1710 feet, and upon a sandstone peninsula formed by the winding of the Aar. It is the capital of the canton, and is noted for its fine institutions of charity, art and learning, and its well-built houses of hewn stone, ornamented with lines of arcades down their sides. 366 INTERLAKEN AND JUNGFRAU, SWITZERLAND.— Interlaken is the small place of which some of the buildings appear in the illustration ; Jungfrau is the great summit in the background, gloriously sheen, a huge and dazzling picture in the frame made by the nearer mountains. When the sunlight falls on its slopes the view of Jungfrau, as seen from Interlaken, is unsurpassed in beauty and majesty. It is commanded from the south side of the village, and the thrifty Switzers have so built as to give visitors the best advantages of observation. When the American tourist reaches Interlaken, if at the height of ehe season, he finds it replete with gayety and liberal spending. Everybody is happy, ' him that rives and him that takes." 367 TERRITET RAILWAY, MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND.— This daring piece of modern railway engineering is located at Montreux, Switzerland, at the end of picturesque Lake Leman. It starts at Territet, one of the Montreux villages on the shores of the lake, and rises by seemingly almost impossible gradients, a distance of 750 yards, to the station at Glion, from which elevation the lake can be overlooked, and many magnificent Alpine views can be had. The road is a cable tramway, substantially constructed and amply fortified against danger. It is a popular means of ascent with tourists, and is a source of great profit to its projectors during the touring seasons. 368 VIEW NEAR WASSEN, SWITZERLAND.— Swiss railroads, in common with all their roads, are well made. Extraordinary difficulties have been encountered and overcome by an industrious and capable people. Parts of the road between Zurich and Ziegelbriicke and Sargans are an illustration of this statement. Wassen junction is near the difficult piece of road shown in this beautiful picture. The earlier part of the route indicated presents contrasting views of gentle charm. Hills around Lake Zurich are less than 3000 feet high, and descend to its shores iu graceful slopes. Their tops are clothed with green woods, on their sides flourish vineyards, orchards and gardens. On the edge of the lake wave fields of grain, and rich pastures suggest the profitableness of dairy farming in this favored locality. Comfortable-looking homes dot the lovely landscape, while only in the far distance appear the snowy peaks which characterize chiefly the rugged natural features of Switzerland. - 369 FALLS OF THE RHINE, SCHAFFHAUSEN.— The falls of the Rhine is a cataract about three miles above the town of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, and has a descent of about one hundred miles. It is one of the most striking waterfalls, or cataracts, in Europe, and is generally an objective point with tourists visiting that part of Switzerland. The town is a place of great antiquity. It contains an academy, public library, market-house and a parish church. A wooden bridge of very ingenious construction is here thrown across the Rhine, forming a channel of comrau»?"3»ti»a betweea it and the rest of that oldest Of surviving republics. Schaffhausen is the capital of the most northern canton of ^Switzerland of the same nar^ ' 370 - ' HOTEL AQUILA, ITALY. — Owing to the character of its exterior decorations and to its romantic situation, this hotel is the most remarkable in Europe, if not in the world. It is ou the Aquila road just where the sleep highway leads down to the picturesque falls where the Velino leaps into the Nera, by three stages of 65, 330 and 190 feet each. , CHURCH INTERIOR, HOSPENTHAL, SWITZERLAND. — Hospenthal was once the seat of an Alpine rrxar.^c » Unf nrvw tVi F» " "Rnsnif f» " fnr flip, ftt n.r.fharA no^ ;<, liw.,1.^.- ,.~ i-U~ ™ x~:~ tx j_..__ i i_ .. x, f_..j Hospice." But now the "Hospice" forthe St. Gothard pass is higher up the mountain. It dates back a thousand years, and is monastery, hospital and inn, for travelers overcome by cold. The monastery, or chapel portion, has been very highly decorated by the Augustinian monks in charge, as shown in the above view 371 ir ":.•:; — - ^"--¦"^"" — - — — ¦—-—.— j ft PTtt-w ,*-\t« THE DARDANELLES OPENED TO THE VESSELS OF THE RUSSIAN VOLUNTEER FLEET.— Russia keeps steadily in view two objects, the conquest of India and the possession of the Dardanelles, with the view to augment largely her power in both Europe and Asia ; and pursues means to their accomplishment with diplomatic ability only equaled by its unscrupulousness. In 1841 the five great powers of Europe, and Turkey, concluded a treaty by which it was agreed that no ship of war belonging to any other nation than Turkey should pass the Dardanelles without the express consent of the Ottoman authorities. Thirty years after, and again at the Congress of Berlin, in 1878, the provisions of the treaty were confirmed by the powers interested. When, in 1891, it was discovered that by a treaty between Russia and Turkey, ships belonging to the Black Sea fleet of the stronger of these powers were carrying convicts, guarded by soldiers, and vessels carrying discharged soldiers returning home, through the Dardanelles, the revelation was regarded, especially in England, as alarming. 372 PANORAMIC VIEW OF CONSTANTINOPLE.— This ancient city, the capital of Turkey, and of the Ottoman Empire, is situated at the junction of the Bosphorus and the sea of Marmora. It may be said to stand upon two promontories rather than upon two continents, since the quarter now called Galata was reckoned in the time of Arcadius the thirteenth region, whereas Kadikeni and Iskudar, or Scutare, situated ou the opposite coast of Asia Minor, have always been distinct cities. The promontories on which the capital lies are divided from each other by the last and largest of those inlets which cut the western shore of the channel known as the Bosphorus. The landward walls of Constantinople bear marks of the labor of many hands, and represent different and distinct epochs, and their construction is unique. The climate of Constantinople, owing to the position of the city, is generally healthy. 37S MOSQUE, THE SWEET WATERS OF EUROPE, TURKEY.— The best time to visit that pleasant resort known as the Sweet Waters of Europe is ou Fridays in the spring mouths, when the " Society " of Constantinople assemble there for promenade and other amusements. As the resort is only a few miles from the capital and easily reached the opportunity of seeing Moslem ladies and gentlemen in the enjoyment of their out-door recreation should be by no means neglected. The natural beauties of the place are, besides, a great attraction. For two miles and a half the river, spanned by rustic bridges winds in beautiful movement through meadows of lively green, dotted with clusters of young-leaved trees. Less than twenty years ago the Sultan was a not infrequent visitor to this lovely spot, and the Sultan's kiosk and the Sultan's mosque are reminders of Imperial appreciation, by the renewal of which the Sweet Waters of Europe would greatly benefit. 374 PALACE OF BEYLERBEY, THE BOSPHORUS, TURKEY.— When the Sultan has a visitor of royal rank he is likely to offer him the use of the imperial palace of Beylerbey, situate in one of the loveliest spots on the Bosphorus, in a village of the same name. The palace, which is entirely of white marble was built in 1865 by the Sultan Abdul Aziz. As seen from the Bosphorus it presents an exceedingly beautiful facade. A quay and flight of steps, also of white marble, lead from tie entrance to the water. The interior of the palace is decorated with the utmost skill of Oriental art. On the ground floor is ti hall of columns, in the centre of which stands a fountain that plays into a huge marble basin. The reception room, ou the first story, is superbly ornamented. Great good taste is displayed in the arrangement of the terraced garden adjacent to this sumptuous palace. A few animals are left still of the menagerie in which Abdul Aziz took great pleasure. VIEW OF THE BOSPHORUS. GATEWAY OF THE SULTAN'S PALACE, CONSTANTINOPLE. The beauty of the Bosphorus is unsurpassed. This celebrated body of water winds for a distance of nineteen miles, separating Europe from Asia, and varying in width from 810 yards to two and a fifth miles. The graceful slopes of its banks present everywhere an aspect of pleasant green, and the "unspeakable Turk," whose good qualities are too frequently unremembered, appears to advantage in the array of palaces, pretty villas and sightly villages which deck these verdurous hills. Flashing in the bright sunshine, numerous rivulets make musical progress to the blue waters of the Bosphorus. — In a larga park surrounded by lofty walls, the beauties of the Sultan's Palace at Constantinople are not made common by familiar acquaintance on the part of the people His majesty is unapproachable excepting by those to whom the right of audience has been given previously. H j gives audience here to ambassadors, his ministers and other officials, and entertains sometimes. The palace commands fine views across the Bosphorus to Asia. Offices of various functionaries, a harem and a mosque are situated conveniently near the palace, within the inclosure sacred to Ottoman majesty. 376 A SULTANA'S MATINEE COSTUME. — The upper class ofthe women of Turkey, especially the favorite wife of the Sultan or Grand Vizier, are perhaps, while young and attractive, the most pampered and laziest women in the world. They live a life of indolence and ease unknown to the women of this hemisphere. When "custom stales and age withers " then they are cast aside as a general thing for one younger and more attractive. The above illustration is a scene in the seraglio, showing a sultana taking a siesta after her morning bath, which is really refreshing to look at. The women of the upper classes in Turkey, when they appear in public, have their faces carefully covered from the vulgar gaze of the community, and from the privacy of the harem or seraglio all males are excluded, except, of course, the Sultan. 377 FOUNTAIN OF ACHMED III., CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY. — Its fountains are a beautiful feature of Constantinople. The most important of them are coated with marble, which is delicately decorated in devices, not infrequently, of vases of flowers and dishes of fruit. Gilt and colors are used lavishly on me spariuo-ly on others. A broad projection in the roof is common to these structures, as in the beautiful specimen shown in the picture, which is of white marble rectangular in form and exhibits a wealth of finely carved arabesques. Inscriptions to be read on its walls are in gold letters on blue and green ^round's surrounded by borders of faience. Achmed III. was Sultan from 1703 to 1730. His name appears conspicuously in history as that of the ruler who lave asylum to Charles XII. after the battle of Pultowa, in which he was totally defeated by the Russians. Charles remained in Turkey five years, returning ?o Sweden in 1714. He was killed at the siege of Frederickshal, Norway, in 1718, STATE, WAR AND NAVY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, U. S. A.— The three Departments indicated in the title are lodged in the noble building adjoining the White House on the west. It is of the Renaissance style of architecture. Mr. A. B. Mullett, Supervising Architect of the Treasury, produced the designs, which will give him professional immortality. The State Department occupies the south front of the building ; the War Department the north front, and the Navy Department the east front of the grand structure, which is one of the best specimens of buildings designed for business uses in tbe world, m PENSION OFFICE, WASHINGTON, U. S. A.— This is the newest of the great public buildings of the Federal City. It stands on Judiciary Square, and is the seat of part of the public business under the administration of the Department of the Interior. The Commissioner of Pensions holds a highly responsible office under the Secretary of the Interior, the money distributed by his branch of the Department amounting to scores of millions of dollars every year, and augmenting as the claims sent in from all parts of the country are acted upon. Corporal Tanner and Commissioner Raum are remembered as men whose administration of the Pension Bureau created considerable talk. 380 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON U. S. A -The building shown in the picture was eight years in course of erection. It measures 447 by 160 feet, its greatest dimensions, and is built of the lilac-gray freestone found in the new red sandstone formation of the Potomac Its nine towers art ihl conspicuous features of a building which is of very pleasing design. The Institution contains a Museum of Natural History, and adjoining it is the Nation >^ Museum, containing many objects and relics of historical, ethnological and industrial interest. It owns a collection of rare and valuable books »,', ! contributed many volumes to the stock of knowledge. The founder of the Institution was James Smithson, an Englishman, who died at Genoa Italv in 18,0 leaving an estate to the United States, which, by accretion, is now worth #703,000, and yields #42,180 for yearly expenditure, in the words of the 'testator " for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. " ^ mwkhvi, 381 ENTRANCE TO VICE-PRESIDENT MORTON'S HOME, WASHINGTON, D. C.-This rich scene outlines the entrance to the palatial residence of ex-Vice-President Morton, at the national capital. The great wealth of Mr. Morton, his highly artistic taste, love of comfort, and inclination to sumptuously entertain, rendered a capacious and elaborately equipped home necessary, and his became the ideal oue, as the elegant appointments here visible show The tapestries, upholstery, candelabra, screens, flowers, lamps, are of richest material and design, and they all conspire to an impression of welcome which became a reality within the halls beyomd tk« pamls. 382 GREEN ROOM AT THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, U. S. A.— It is approaching a hundred years that the White House has been occupied as the President's mansion. The building was designed in 1792, by James Hoban ; and President John Adams, who entered it in the year 1800, was its first occupant Twice a year the exterior of the White House is painted, a necessary preventive of the rapid decay which would otherwise overtake it,' the structure being of a variety of "Virginia sandstone that is wanting in endurance. On the ground floor of the mansion, the East Room is a spacious public apartment. The three other parlors are the Green Room, Blue Room and Red Room, named in conformity with a colonial custom, after the prevailing color of their appointments. In the Green Room the wall paper is of a Nile green color, threaded with sprays of gold, and its furniture upholstered in green satin. 384 IN THE TREASURY VAULT, WASHINGTON, U. S. A.— The Treasury Building, a noble structure of freestone and granite, is the finest edifice in Washington excepting the Capitol. It was not completed until 1869, twenty-eight years after the original part was built. Visitors to the National Capital evidence surpassing interest iu the Treasury, where attendants show them round. The Redemption Bureau, Treasury Vault, Secret Service and Life-saving Service, and, in a separate building, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, are popular sights, the Treasury Vault particularly. There is a fascination felt by everybody in the presence of a vast sum of money. The Treasury Department has 3000 employes. _._ *- 25 < - _ 385 v * * ' , SENATOR HEARST'S DlNlNG=ROOM, WASHINGTON — George Hearst began life as a California pioneer. He continued poor for many years but in iSsq found himself in the way to employ advantageously his knowledge ot mines and mining. He was then a resident of the Washoe region, the Sierra Nevada Because he was a genile, manly and warm-hearted man throughout his checkered career, alike in poverty and in wealth, the death of the millionaire statesman at Washington, early in 1891, was deeply and widely regretted. His mansion in the Federal capital, of which one room is shown in the illustration was superb and spacious, and ornamented with costly pictures and other objects of art. Mrs. Hearst is described as having artistic and literary tastes and considerable education ; but the genial Senator did not accomplish more than a very little in the way of book learning. He was, however, naturally observant and shrewd and developed into a man of singular good judgment and tact. In his last years he amused himself as the proprietor of a stable of race horses. Tournament was owned by him in the time of his greatest celebrity as a winner. WASHINGTON MONUMENT, WASHINGTON, U. S. A.— The highest artificial elevation in the world was completed ninety-nine years after its inception. It combines the two intentions of a monument to "the father of his country.", and of an historical column. A vote for the first-named purpose was given by the Continental Congress, in 1783. Both are mentioned in L'Enfant's original plan of the Federal City, and the monument stands on what would have been the site for an equestrian statue of George Washington, had the purpose of the vote of 1783 been carried out to the letter. The corner-stone of the shaft was laid on July 4, 1848, and on December 6, 1884, the capstone, weighing 3300 pounds, was placed in position. From basement to tip of this grand monument is 555 feet, and it weighs 80,000 tons. Dedicatory services took place July 4, 1885. 3S7 1 •iiilffiftflHiiii *ym*mm»~ ;,.,.,,,., .„,;„'- SHERIDAN'S RIDE, WASHINGTON, D. C— The stirring poem of Sheridan's celebrated ride of twenty miles, from Winchester to the scene of battle on Front Royal pike, where his timely arrival snatched victory from defeat, has been incorporated into equestrian bronze, and is now regarded as one of the most ornamental and spirited pieces of the plastic art at the National Capital. It is a life-sized equestrian figure, faithful to nature and the occasion, and is here reproduced with all the exactitude of the photographic art. 388 OUT WITH THE MEADOW BROOK HOUNDS.— The eastern end of Long Island is the vegetable garden of New York and Brooklyn. Elsewhere cultivation has diminished of late years, country mansions with surrounding pleasure grounds having taken the place of farmhouses and fields. Long Island is adapted to outdoor sports and exercise ; yachting, fishing, shooting and fox-hunting are enjoyed to perfection by those of its inhabitants, non-natives for the greater part, who can afford these recreations. Near Hempstead two clubs, the Rock-a-Way and the Meadow Brook, have established houses and kennels for fox-hunting, the great Hempstead plain affording choice opportunity of cross-country riding. It is a vast tract of level land, about sixteen miles from the western end of the island, and extending twelve miles east with a breadth of five or six miles. Both men and women follow the hounds, which is a sport pleasant to the onlooker as well as to those who take part in it. The unfortunate fox heads the procession, followed by the pack of baying hounds, with whom the master and whip keep as near as they can. Then follow the people for whose entertainment the sport is provided, mounted on fine-shouldered, and strong-quartered hunters, whp take the fences apd ditches in their way and become scattered more and more as the time of the chase lengthens. THE VANDERBILT HOUSES, NEW YORK — These mansions are situated on Fifth avenue, between Fifty-first and Fifty-second streets. They were erected b-" the late William H. Vanderbilt, who was reputed the richest man of his time, but were not occupied until after his decease. His widow lives in the southerly one of the two houses, of which the entire front is shown in the illustration. The opening was on January 17, 1882, after two years had been spent in their erection, furnishing and decoration, which were accomplished by one firm, iu order to secure harmonious results. A vestibule in the middle of the block connects the two structures, of which the one partly shown is the residence of Mrs. Vanderbilt's daughters, Mrs. Sloan and Mrs. Shepard. The doors of Mrs. Vanderbilt's house are after the Ghiberti gates, Florence, Italy. Entering the hall, it is observed that it is carried to the height of the building, and is surrounded by galleries from which the living rooms are entered. The drawing-room is entered through a doorway on the east side of the hall. This apartment is adorned with costly carvings, and is gilded and glazed in warm tints. Its walls are hung with velvet wrought in designs of leaves and flowers. The picture gallery has many fine paintings. Alma Tadeuia. Detaille, Millet, Meissonier, Bougereau, Gerome and other eminent painters are represented on its walla. NEW YORK NAVY YARD : DRILLING AT STREET RIOT ON CHAUNCEY AVENUE.— The New York Navy Yard is ou the Brooklyn side of the East River where it takes a turn to the northward not far above the bridge connecting the two cities. It is called the Wallabout, and iu form is semi- Later, ground was purcnasea, maxing iwu iiuuuimauauiaii. xxx^ ...o.. .^v.. .*..& ^...^ oiU...u....v* xx* *..*. x.^„ x^.^. x.„.,j xx..x. „ao ^t o^cm, -battery Fulton the First " which blew up iu June, 1829. Good work was done there for the Union cause during the Civil War, since when many improvements have been effected with others in prospect. Many objects of interest besides ships of the Navy are to be seen in the yard and bay, as relics of wars, quarters of officers, splendid docks and basins, etc., and such sights as that of the picture, blue jackets drilling and maneuvering on Chauncey Avenue. DIVINITY HALL, YALE UNIVERSITY. THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK. The mention of Yale University suggests the name of Dr. Noah Porter, who administered its affairs with solid success during fifteen years, beginning in 1871. College funds increased over 75 per cent during his presidency, which was also remarkable for the addition of important college buildings. Among them are Divinity Hall and Bacon Memorial Hall, for the Theological Department. — The Union Theological Seminary, New York, has been open for the occupancy of students since 1884. They may belong to any of the orthodox denominations. In 1870 the directors voted to make a yearly report to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which body was also given the right to veto the appointment of professors. SUNKEN GARDENS, FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A — The Quaker City can boast of having one of the largest and most diversified parks in the world. Fairmount Park contains 2,991 acres. Favored by nature with hills and valleys, deep woods, lakes and running waters, it has been adorned, by the enterprise of the city, with a great variety of artificial attractions. Improvements are well kept up, and Fairmount Park is well worth a pilgrimage to see. To exhaust its beauties on first view would be the spending of many pleasant days. The park is divided into sections known as Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park and Wissahickon Park. This arrangement is a convenient one for the visitor who is able to reach its various parts, one by one, by several routes of travel. 000 IOHN WANAMAKER'S RESIDENCE.— The residence of Ex-Postmaster General John Wanamaker, at Jenkintown, near Philadelphia, —a garden view of which is given above,-is a very modern palatial structure. It is built of the best material and furnished throughout with the costliest and most AaA, furniture Its location is in the centre of a series of rural villages, inhabited by a thriving populace in one of the most delightful and attractive Actions of country to be fouud"n PennsyWania. Mr. Wanamaker is familiarly known to the world as the "Merchant Prince » of Philadelphia. 394 ARNOLD'S MANSION, PHILADELPHIA.— The above is a view of the mansion in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, to which Benedict Arnold, the modern Judas Iscariot, took his lovely wife after their marriage in 1779. He presented the mansion to his wife, n£e Peggy Shippen, as a marriage gift. It was built by Captain John McPherson, about the year 1762. After Arnold's treason it was confiscated, and subsequently passed through various owner ships, till it was bought by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1868. It was once leased and occupied by Baron Steuben while it was in possession of the State. Arnold fled the country, of course, and was pensioned by the British government for his treason. He lived and died in Loudon, "unwept, unhonored and unsung." 395 CHICAGO STOCK YARDS.— Small Packers' Plants. Hain Road to Packing Houses and Cattle Pens. CHICAGO STOCK YARDS Bird's=Eye View of the Cattle Pens. Packing Houses in the Distance. The Union Stock Yards and Transit Company, Chicago, owns a space covering 320 acres for the temporary accom modation of cattle, hogs, sheep, calves and horses. Adjacent are buildings of packing houses occupying the same area. The combined premises are a square mile, the site of a city of slaughter which has no rival. On November 19, 1888, 20,068 cattle were received there; on Decembers, 1884, 66,597 hogs. In 1889, 265,136 railroad cars were used in the transportation of cattle to Chicago from the West. Each of the two leading packing houses employs steadily between ¦5,000 and 6,000 men in work deftly accomplished and without cruelty to the victims of human hunger. 396 A GLIMPSE OF ARABIA, AS SEEN AT WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO.— The above is a real undegenerate Arabian street to beseen atthe Chicago World's Fair. It is a typical Arabian street of the past, without the alterations which time has effected. This street is a charming aggregation of mosques and twenty -five houses of the town, selected from the most characteristic specimens from the far-off age of Toulon to the last century. AZTEC AND INDIAN HOMES AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.— The Aztec and Indian homes on exhibition at the Chicago Fair are just as natural and true to life as when in our school days we saw them illustrated and read about them in the geography of our times. The Indian hut differs very materially from the more solidly constructed homes of the more refined Aztecs, who were an intelligent people, even when Pizarro invaded Mexico. 397 FRENCH RENAISSANCE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.— The civilized world is familiar with the Renaissance style of French architecture, as exhibited at the Chicago Fair. It is strictly in keeping with structures found and used, not only in France, but in England and America, for suburban residences. The style is adopted in this country more for its uovelty than for any advantages it is presumed to possess. AUDlTORIUn HOTEL, ON HICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO.— This is one of the largest hotels in this or any other country, and will, no doubt, attract quite as much attention as the exhibits within the inclosure of the Fair grounds. It is thoroughly fire-proof; it contains all the latest modern improvements; is furnished with the costliest parlor, dining-room and chamber furniture, and is the equal, if not the superior, of the hotels in any city of the Union. 3Ss CORN PALACE, SIOUX if, IOWA.— The corn palace erected in Sioux City, Iowa, furnishes an idea of the amount of that peculiarly American cere il »rowu annually in that State. So abundant is it ou occasions that the surplus has served the inhabitants of that region frequently as fu \ \ slR & ¦ -.*kA* ¦Vit XS '91- PROSPECT PARK (NIAGARA) IN WINTER. — Prospect Park fittingly compasses the mighty Niagara. Its summer beauties are a standing invitation to all who witness the awful majesty of the leaping flood. Yet these are tame in comparison with the fantastic splendors of midwinter, when the clouds of spray, wafted from the stupendous cataract, settle in icy magnificence upon giant pine and massive oak, rendering their groaning branches resplendent with reflected colors. No form of winter beauty is half so kaleidoscopic as this ; no Arctic glory surpasses it in brilliancy, and in all those impressive features which make the frozen landscapes of Niagara world-renowned. 406 -Vanity Fair as seen at Newport has some advantages not to be regarded VICE=COMMODORE MORGAN'S NEW COTTAGE AT NEWPORT M«*. ^£^t±3^^^t^h^^-^^^^« ^^gT A'o^^^-miy-be a house Palatial in size and does not signify deprivation. The picture shows one owned and occupied m the season by Mr. E. D. Morgan, V^C^ Gloriana," and who serves his generation well in giving substantial His'cottage is of wood, of design mixed Greek and Colonial, criticised as ¦ Ti ^Tct^nranrnlVasme-To'Took upon," the critics notwithstanding. No fault can be found with its situation, which is healthful and ni style, but stnkmgand pleasing to £<* upo ^ ^^ & ^ .^ ^ ^ ^ Morgan,s boathouse is the wreck of a vessel, and suggests .couragement to the elegant sport suggested _bv his .title and ^office picturesque to admiration. Its courtyard is of marble, and boasts a pool in the centre, » ptory of the deep blue sea. ^„» CAVERN CASCADE, WATKINS GLEN, NEW YORK, U. S.— The Glen is three miles long, and in some places its rocky sides are three hundred feet deep. It is a resort at the head of Seneca Lake. There is a town called Watkins, and a host of landlords and others are willing to promote the comfort of the visitor — for a consideration. Industry and thrift have employed themselves wisely at Watkins Glen, the varied beauties of which would have remained inaccessible but for the care taken to provide stairways and ladders, with landings for rest and observation, and bridges for safe passage between dizzy heights of rock. Waterfalls and deep, dark, silent pools; gloomy depths and sun-crowned cliffs; rocky sterility and the perpetual greenness of moist and thriving vegetation — these are some of the contrasts seen at the Glen. Everybody who goes to see it remarks on the clear green of its waters. 408 WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS, NEWBURG, U. S — Newburg is distinguished geographically as built where the Highlands of the Hudson are entered from the north, and historically as the American headquarters during the latter part of the War of Independence. The humble edifice of the picture is where George Washington probably ate his birthday cake on February 22, 1782, Mrs. Washington being with him there, as she had been previously at other places where he had established his headquarters. Before the next anniversary of his birth the preliminary treaty of peace with Great Britain had been signed. Opposite the range of the Fishkill Hills and itself rising terrace over terrace above the noble Hudson, Newburg is beautiful for situation. Its inhabitants overlook a stretch of river and shore which is hardly equaled anywhere in the world for beauty and historic interest. The date of a ride on one of the elegant boats plying between New York and Newburg is a red-letter day iD the diarv of the appreciative tourist. 409 GENERAL KNOX'S HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. ENTERIOR WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. OWwps -l ^^^fefetfeSfal WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. PALACE OF THE KING OF BELGIUH, AT BRUSSELS. Every school boy is familiar with the story of Valley Forge, where, on December 19, 1777, an army of eleven thousand men under Washington went into winter headquarters. By the first of February the next year the losses of the effective force of the army from sickness, excessive cold and privation were four thousand men. Steuben's arrival from Congress on February 27, with money, supplies, and brains to distribute them with good judgment, cheered the patriots. On April 4. Congress authorized Washington to call upon Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia for five thousand men. News of the alliance wilh France reached headquarters ou May 10. By June 21 the army had crossed the Delaware River into New Jersey, and, seven days after, the American cause was strerjgthened by the. victory at Monmouth. June 19, the day on which the camp broke up, is patriotically remembered every year at Valley Forge. PALH TREE AT LAS PALflAS. THE "KORIA BASHI" (COREA BRIDGE), OSAKA, JAPAN. A VIEW OF CANAL STREET IN THE GREAT STRIKE AT NEW ORLEANS. This giant palm, growing on an estate in Fresno County, California, is suggestive of the wonderful resources aud extent of Uncle Sam's demesne. His opportunities at home are so comprehensive that he is at home everywhere. — The city of Osaka has innumerable bridges ; on its waters hundreds of junks and small boats move up or down with every tide. — On November 6, 1892, the Amalgamated Labor Council having so decided, all the Unions connected with it began to take part in a battle which had o iginated in a demand for higher wages made by the draymeu and truck men and opposed by the merchants of New Orleans. The strikers succeeded in closing all business. FF 411 STATUE OF HENRY W. GRADY, ATLANTA, GA. STATUE OF "STONEWALL" JACKSON, LEXINGTON, VA. Henry W. Grady made a national reputation by his speech on "The New South," delivered on December 22, 1886, at a dinner ofthe New England Society of New York. Its burden was the loyalty of the South to the results of the civil war. Less than three years after, on December 12, 1889, Grady made his last speech, before the Merchants' Association at Boston. He contracted a severe cold while in that city, and died, after a short illness, at his home in Atlanta, Ga. As journalist, orator and patriot, Grady achieved a success which long will be remembered with admiration. — On July 23, 1891, a statue of General Thomas Jonathan Jackson was unveiled at Lexington, Va., the date being the anniversary ofthe battle in which he gained his honorable title " Stonewall." That battle was Manassas, or Bull Run. At a critical time in the struggle when the Federal forces were about to envelope both flanks of the Confederate's, Colonel Bee, whose men were retreating, tried to rally them with the words : " Look at Jackson, standing^ like a stone wall. Rally behind the Virginians. Let us determine to die here, and we shall conquer. Follow me" Kporliann.' ' Look at Jackson, standing like a stone wall. Bee charged and was killed. Jackson died ou May 10, 1863, of a' wound. FORT SAN MARCO.— St. Augustine, Florida, has the distinction of being the oldest city in the United States built by Europeans. It is thirty-six miles south of Jacksonville, and stands on a low, narrow and sandy peninsula but twelve feet above the ocean level. Its sea front of a mile in length is a granite wall whose top affords a splendid drive. At the northern end of this wall stands the old fort of San Marco, now called Fort Marion. It is a well-preserved specimen of Spanish military architecture, and was finished in the year 1756. It is in the form of a trapezium, and covers about four acres of ground. It is provided with a moat, outwork walls twenty-one feet high, corner bastions, heavy casemates, dungeons and subterranean passages. It is built of coquina, a curious shelly conglomerate, quarried and carried in a soft condition from Anastasia Island, but which hardens quickly on exposure. 113 OLD SLAVE MARKET, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.-This unique structure and semi-tropical scene are historic reminders nf „ «m a , which tolerated the system of slavery. The spacious, covered areas which were once devoted to test of the phvsTcal perfection of the mUS^f "t P'aCe being, are now sauntering grounds for tourists. The side benches which once held the planters in search of ^Wafus are now £ marketaWe human contemplative travelers. The central space where once stood the exhibition block aud where rattled the betters oftte vfctim Z SZ I V™ F ^ °T ?2E^&&£%5JS^ ^^^ "^ 6XPanSiVe CeiU"gS WhlCh ^ ™* ^ th6 -"tion J^^cSS^^S^ of^e^piefsurl LIBBY PRISON, VIRGINIA. — This large, old-fashioned structure was rendered historic durins the wnr of the Rebelli. n as one of the three places in Richmond for the confinement of Union prisoners. It was a brick building, and was built and used as a tobacco warehouse, till changed in'o a prison. Quite an episode in the history of this prison house was the attempted escape of the prisoners in the early part of 1864, by tunneling under the walls and adjacent street. The building was torn down in 1892, transported to Chicago, and re-erected, as one of the curiosities of the Columbian Exposition, where it attracted much attention from veterans, and proved to be a source of historic reminiscence. 415 OLD MILL NEAR ASHBOROUGH, N. C. — This is one of those picturesque and attractive scenes which frequently greet the eye of the traveler in the old north State. It is equally suggestive of antiquity and poetry. Located in the neighborhood of the county seat of Randolph County, and taking advantage of a -natural water power, the primitive structure, with its leaky water wheel and creaky cogs, tells the story of a time when grists were borne long miles to mill and when flour was not evolved by the steam roller. All about the old mill are the sombre forests which echoed the rush of waters over the dam, the groaning of the burdened water wheel, and the monotone of the busy burr. Where once the far-off farmer unloaded his scanty bushels and waited for his snow-white return, the tourist now finds recreation and the artist an object for admiration. 416 LOADING COTTON AT NEW ORLEANS.— This fine view gives a truthful impression of an oft-repeated scene at the port of New Orleans, Louisiana. The occasion is that of loading a steamer with cotton destined for a foreign port. The wharves themselves are curiosities when piled with bales of this fibrous product. The ocean steamers that carry it to foreign ports are of the largest dimensions and greatest carrying capacity, and the number of bales that can be stowed away in them is surprising. A ship lying in the port of New Orleans presents a view wholly different from those ports which are furnished with docks. There being no need of protection against a tide, elaborate docks are not required. The banks of the Mississippi being very sheer, like those of a canal, vessels may anchor alongside of them, yet be easily accessible by means of a long gang plank. By means of the levees, the surface of the waters is on a level with, or even above, the wharves and land, so that vessels appear as if they were elevated. There is no more animated scene in the world than the stevedore's attack upon the mountains of cotton bales and their disappearance down the hatches of «"» of these ocean monsters. LOADING ORANGES ON THE OCKLAWAHA, FLORIDA, U. S.— Florida, to a great degree, presents the condition of natural wildness to the observer, the more interesting as the climate is semi-tropical and moist, and vegetation wonderfully prolific. A sail up the Ocklawaha gives the visitor the best exhibition of what is characteristic in the natural scenery of the State. To do this the tourist takes the boat at Palatka, sails along the St. Johns to the mouth of the Ocklawaha, and abandons himself to a most curious experience. He fears, first of all, that the boat will never enter the Ocklawaha, because its mouth is so small Now he is in the depths of a cypress swamp, with burned marks on the trees for the guidance of the captain ; mosquitoes, buzzards and alligators become his familiars ; rank growths of palmettos, on which depend blooming convolvuli, add beauty and variety to the sceue, while white cranes and paroquets amuse the eye. Curious growths of cypress stand up at all angles from below the water line, the homes of cranes, ducks and hideous, slimy snakes ; here and there flowers of brilliant scarlet; everywhere mosses, gracefully pendent — an indescribable medley of profuse and diversified life in contrast with sluggish torpor, aud worth a long journey to see. Orange culture ha-; induced a considerably enlarged traffic on the Ocklawaha. DARKTOWN COURTSHIP. — The illustration is self-interpreting, written in a language which everybody understands While the wooer is hardly an ideal hero of the conventional love story, his plea for partnership in his humble home gives promise of being successful. Thus far the Afro-American's contributions to the good of the community have taken the form of physical labor chiefly, but his capacity of eloquent expression has been demon strated in the forum and the tnilpit, and in meritorious verse and prose, small in quantity thus far, but prophetic of coming wealth of oratory and literature. In music he has already made a reputation. Time will develop cultivation and refinement, and the strong affection of the African nature will find voice in verse bearing the supremely interesting and peculiar characteristics which mark all that he has done in letters and in art. A volume of love ¦poems from a '•darkey" poet may be looked for, the specimen jewel from a productive mine. F 419 HOUSE IN WHICH " STONEWALL" JACKSON DIED, NEAR RICHHOND, U. S.-The name "Stonewall," as applied to General Thomas Tonathan Jackson, of the Confederate army, originated in this way. At the battle of Manassas his troops had received, unmoved, for four hours, the fire ot McDowell's artillery and the assaults of his brave men. When, in the course of the action, the Federal forces were about to envelope both flanks of the enemy the Confederates under Colonel Bee retreated. Whereupon Bee tried to rally them with the words: "Look at Jackson, standing like a stone wall Rallv behind the Virginians. Let us determine to die here and we will conquer. Follow me! " He then led a charge in which he was killed The bavonet charge subsequently ordered by Jackson broke the Federal "centre and won the day for. the Southern army. Jackson's soldiers were many of them men of Scotch-Irish blood, enlisted from the Valley of Virginia. They had earned an illustrious distinction for the singularly capable, noble and good man who led them, before, at Chancellorsville, he received the shot which caused his death — by a mistake from one of his own men. "Stonewall " Jackson died on May 16, 1863. Lexington, Va., has a statue of the hero. J -^ "*'3si^^&*(S'f- "* "' ' ''i"^"^*J7 ¦xr^x^i-r :-ftf. STREET SCENE IN THE SOUTH.— It might be almost anywhere in parts of the South oat invaded by modem progress as exemplified in the din and toil of competing manufactures, ant mere our easy-going man and brother, the Afro-American, is numerous. Having food and raiment and a place of shelter for himself and family, he is ._,,; to be therewith content, only a few of his class cherishing the ambition to raise themselves. Fertile soil and plenty of it, abundant water and bright skies make earning the mere necessaries of life for himself and those dependent on him little more than a holiday task. The Southern difficulty suggested in the picture is one which only time can solve, and must be dealt with patiently. It is well to remember that comparatively few years in the life of a nation have passed since slavery was abolished in the Southern States, and progress already made by the Southern negro— small as it appears to be — is indicative of real improvement in his material and intellectual and moral condition. Give him time 421 ARLINGTON HOUSE, VIRGINIA.— The Arlington estate on the Potomac bluffs, nearly opposite Washington, belonged to the Custis family. George Washington Parke Custis built the beautiful mansion iu the above view. It is sixty feet long, and its magnificent portico of eight Ionic columns is modeled after the temple of Psestum, near Naples. Its bold front and lofty position make it one of the most conspicuous objects on the Potomac. The estate was confiscated and sold during the Civil War, but was afterward restored. General Lee, who had married a Miss Custis, sold his interest in it to the government for $150,000. It is now the site of the Arlington National Cemetery for soldiers. 422 HonP OP IPFFFRSON DAVIS -This typical southern home was the one last permanently occupied by the President of the Southern Confederacy It ^Sr^f^^^S^^ SP-ious -asan^—^itj which *~ <^ft*w&»£ ^ £ ^J^ZT^l Thf^^^ Sine^f^^ &^Stg« A^-SS^^^U,'^ a^^^'toTTd t^^'SX, which ended with the removal of his remains to Richmond in May, 1893. PHASES OF THE HISSISSIPPI FLOODS.— To keep the Mississippi within bounds is one of the most difficult problems of the age. The means adopted for this end have, so far, proved inadequate, millions of dollars having been spent in the construction of embankments, usually called levees, which are apt to break when they are most needed. Manifestly the higher these artificial barriers the weaker they become, and the raising of the bed of the river by the deposition of mud necessitates that levees be raised higher and higher, thus increasing their inadequacy and the danger to the surrounding country. Figures indicating the cost of levees and only the direct losses caused by floods are appall ingly large ; for example, the account of the Lower Mississippi Valley with the river since the war to June, 1892, shows the total cost of high water to have been $1 16,932,410. The man who can devise means to control the Mississippi will deserve well of his country. 424 STATE CAPITOL, BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA.— This very striking picture presents one of the finest specimens of architecture in the State of Louisiana. It is that of the State Capitol at Baton Rouge. The order of architecture is not decided, but it is one of those bold castellated effects which becomes the elevation on which it is erected. Since the entire city is built on a bluff, and the capitol on an elevation within the city, its situation is especially attractive. The city is 120 miles above New Orleans, and on the Mississippi River. It was one of the first settlements of the French on the banks of the great river, and between it and New Orleans the rivalry for the honors of the capital site was long and earnest. 425 ABOVE AND OVER THE BARGAIN. AT THE FOUNTAIN. THE U. S. S. " YORKTOWN."— The " Yorktown," it will be remembered, was one of the original Squadron of Evolution. Since the late unpleasantness between the United States and Chili the " Yorktown " has alone represented the American Navy in Chilian waters. She replaced the " Baltimore," at Valparaiso, whose gallant tars were brutally assaulted by a Chilian mob, and has not met with a much more friendly reception, as the crew of Commander Evans' gi°- was stoned in January last.—" Above and Over, the Bargain " is an excellent picture, conceived and executed by that popular artist, R. Guillon, and exhibited at the Paris Salon. It contains a touch of humor entirely destroying any sympathy the most sensitive nature might have for the girl who loses her fish in resisting the sailor.— "AT THE Fountain," a charming picture, serious in tone and artistically beautiful, is by Diana Coomans. The girl has come to the fountain, but has forgotten her mission. Her thoughts are away in Thessaly, where her lover is bearing arms against her country's invaders. 426 CRICKET ON THE MANHEIM GROUNDS, GERMANTOWN. A REPRESENTATIVE PHILADELPHIA CRICKET TEAM. Philadelphians of English birth were the first American cricket players. They set up their wickets in 1853, and in i860 the game had become established in the favor of the Quaker City. Several foreign teams had played with our crack clubs before the celebrated visit of Lord Hawke and the players under his captaincy, who, in 1891, began a series of games, in which they were generally victorious over their American opponents. But the first game they played, which was in Philadelphia, went against them, the Americans having eight wickets to spare at its conclusion. The lower picture is of the victorious team on this historic occasion led by William Brockie. Cricket is a great game, requiring endurance and superior skill in the players. Philadelphia continues to be its headquarters in the United States. The local club plays on the Manheim grounds, Germantown, bought, with the Price mansion and the Littell homestead, as a result of the amalgamation of the Young America and Germantown clubs. The mansion was converted into the fine club-house of the illustration. 427 FOOT-BALL.— PUTTING THE BALL IN PLAY.— The great national game of base-ball is played in summer; interest in foot-ball culminates in the strenuous struggles by college boys on and before Thanksgiving Day. Thus far England is ahead of us in the popularity of foot-ball and in the number of fractures, mutilations and deaths resulting from its indulgence; but the widespread excitement caused by a contest in America seems prophetic of our probable future equality with our English cousins in this form of sport, which, spite of the little drawbacks mentioned, has much to recommend it. Rough, it is also manly — no milksop can be a foot-ball player; and it necessitates in the adept the exercise of sound and ready judgment, as well as fleetness, purpose and agile strength. Gambling and professionalism are abuses which good friends of the game should do all they can to discountenance. 428 BATHING HOUR AT NARRAGANSETT PIER. INDIAN DANCE AT fllLES CITY. The pictures represent extremes of American life. In the one, the children of abundance, if not of luxury, and a refined civilization are enjoying an incident of their summer rest ; in the other, degraded Cheyenne Indians are engaged in a barbaric dance in far-off and lonesome Montana. Indian dances are becoming less significant of danger to the peace, and are probably oftener an act of commercial enterprise undertaken for the amusement of the white people'than the spontaneous expression of joy, superstition or warlike excitement. But to a pleasanter subject. The season at Narragansett Pier is at its height in August. Up to I p. m., after a reasonable post-breakfast lounge, bathing is the chief amusement, enjoyed on a Deach entirely eligible for the purpose. IN SEARCH OF A LOST RACE ; A VIEW OF HONARCH'S CAVE, UTAH.— The prehistoric buildings here seen in ruins are situated in the rocky divide between Butler's Wash and Comb Wash, about nine miles south of the Rio San Juan. They were discovered in 1892, and are the artificial feature of Monarch's Cave, so named by its discoverers. The cavern is 35 feet in height at the front, and about 57^ feet deep, and formed a stronghold and shelter accessible only from the north by the use of footholds cut in the rock. Directly under the mouth ofthe cave is a spring of water, and at the back of the cave a stream. Defenders of the cave had port-holes whence to shoot arrows from the rounded towers which commanded the whole canon. Where roofs were necessary, builders of the towers made them of timber for the foundation, upon which were placed brush and small sticks, and these covered with adobe well pressed down to the thickness of several inches. Some of the buildings, which were made of adobe and small stones, were two stories in height. Axes and arrow heads, sticks, of which the ends were covered with pitch, making torches, corn cobs and other things, were found in the ruins. r7,T,^':,^rvT:!i,v--"-1"-";^- . — -^— " ' '. ¦¦'. ' ."¦¦"•;- '-'*" ¦ ^.Krvim-'i'vr^^yBr^.et!iv\y- LOWER CREEDE, COLORADO.— Thus Lower Creede looked in the early spring of 1892, less than two years after its founder, W. C. Creede, had made the great find, which every prospector hopes to make, but how many fail to realize. Both Creedes, Upper and Lower, were thought to have a totalpopulatiou of 10,000 at the time indicated, when cars of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad were taking away thousands of tons of precious silver ore just as it came from the mine, without even sorting. Creede has a wonderful population — gaming men, lawyers, miners, desperadoes and tenderfeet. Real estate transactions make the fortunes of men and women who have squatted in the mushroom town, where to live is expensive and dangerous. In the hunger for wealth the man who sleeps on a cot in the crowded room of a hotel which consists of a few boards nailed together, his revolver ready for use. takes great chances. Creede has a partner, named Campbell, who married the daughter of Colonel Fred Dent, brother-in-law and friend ofthe late General Grant. Mrs. Campbell spent much of her time at the White House when a girl. Even Creede, the typical mining town, with its large proportion of men and women who are unscrupulous adventurers, is not without happiness and refinement of family life, as represented by such people as the Campbells The first baby born there to J. S. McDonald, a Scotchman, was named Creede Amethyst, in deference to the choice of a council of miners. THE NARROWS, WILLIAHS CANON, COLORADO, U. S Unapproached in magnificence are the canons of Colorado, which for more than a thousand miles of length rise not less than from a thousand feet to twelve hundred feet in perpendicular cliffs ; and the Grand Canon, for more than two hundred miles, has no rocks less than four thousand feet high. At the junction of the Grand and Green rivers there is produced a flood believed to be equal in volume to Niagara. Meeting in a narrow gorge, more than two thousand feet deep, at the place where the canons of Colorado begin, its waters dash on to the First Cataract, a descent made with a velocity truly awful, the rush checked here and there by rocks, thus forming whirlpools. Where the walls of the chasm approach more nearly, the haste of the flood is augmented to a speed calculated at a mile in eighty seconds. Williams Canon combines the beautiful with the sublime. 432 THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK : THE UPPER FALL.— A visitor tells the story of the varied charms of the Yellowstone National Park when he says that within a compass of one hundred square miles there are gathered the loveliest valleys, the grandast canons, the most marvelous mountains, lakes, rivers, springs and cascades that the eye can dwell on. In addition there are all sorts of natural phenomena ; sulphur mountains, an obsidian mountain, a mud volcano, petrified forests and over ten thousand active geysers, hot springs, fumaroles, solfataras, salses and boiling pools. The grandest and the most grotesque natural scenery are all flung together in astonishing profusion at the Yellowstone National Park. A journey to this wonderful region can be enjoyed irom all parts of the country, and spacious and comfortable hotels await the coming of visitors, who can indulge their own sweet will without exorbitant expense. One of the great sights of Yellowstone is the Upper Fall, showu in the illustration, which is 145 feet in height. 28 433 THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK: MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS HOTEL AND LIBERTY CAP ROCK Cinnabar is the gateway to the Yellowstone- National Park, by which is reached the Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel. This noble house stands on a plateau elevated 6300 feet above the level of the sea. Facing it is Minerva Terrace, at the western end of the plateau. Seen from the hotel it is a mass of snowy whiteness, having a background of sombre pines, intensifying its aspect of snowy purity. Viewed from a nearer standpoint the immaculate mass resolves itself into a series of terraces upheld by columns of crystal, from which icicles reflecting the light in prismatic colors are seen to depend. Still more closely examined, it is found that the foundation of the glorious structure is solid rock, formed of deposits carried by water during countless years. Where exposed to the air the rock is laminated or crumbled, but the rims of the basins holding water are solid, and fretted with colors as the light plays upon them. Columns of vapor rising from the mass are the result of a flow of water from innumerable warm springs issuing from the rock. Liberty Cap is what remains of a geyser now extinct, and craters, some of them leading to unknown depths, vary the surface of this beautiful formation. VINEYARD SCENE AT EL HODELO. juffiffi'l'* YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK: THE OBSIDIAN CLIFFS. In about the centre of California is Fresno County, the chief place in which, Fresno City, lies in the heart of a country full of vineyards. El Modelo is one of the finest of these. Its entire product is packed on the spot, employing in the season, which lasts from the beginning of September till near the end of October, as many as two hundred persons. Cultivation reaches a high degree of perfection in the vineyard. — The Obsidian cliffs are an expression of natural originality and picturesqueness worth crossing a continent to see. Taking his departure from the Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel the pilgrim at the Yellowstone National Park, intent upon seeing the geysers, must needs pass these wonderful objects. They are of volcanic origin, black in some aspects, deep green in others, and of dazzling, almost blinding, brilliancy where the full light of the sup strikes them 435 OLDEST HOUSE IN SANTA FE, NEW HEXICO, U. S. A.— The house is adobe ; adobes are blocks of mud, sun dried. Usually adobe residences are two stories high, and have roofs flat or nearly so._ These are made of transverse logs, which pitch very slightly outward, and are sustained at their ends by the side walls of the building. On these logs a layer of slabs or brush is made ; upon this one of bark or straw, and covering the whole is a layer of mud of six or more inches in thickness. The height of the stories is about eight or nine feet. Windows in the lower stories are very small, and the house is usually entered by a ladder ou the outside, there being no door in the lower story. Windows in the oldest houses were originally of selenite. 436 THE NEW MORMON TEMPLE AT SALT LAKE CITY — The Temple was finished in April, 1892, having taken nearly thirty-eight years to build. It covers an area of 21,850 square feet, and stands on a square of ten acres, known as the Temple Block, and which was dedicated to holy uses when the Mormons laid out Salt Lake City. The Endowment House and the Tabernacle are neighbors to it on the same piece of land thus set apart for religious uses Brigham Young made the'first sketch of the Temple, which is described architecturally as a combination of Greek and Roman, Gothic and Moorish. It is built exclusively of white granite brought from the Little Cottonwood Canon. The Mormons hold public worship in the Tabernacle, and the Temple is used for the ceremonials previously performed in the Endowment House, Of the six towers, the tallest, exclusive of the spire, is 240 feet high. At the summit of its steeple stands an illuminated statue of the angel Moroni, who was good enough to lend Joseph Smith the plates from which were copied the Book of Mormon. The Temple has many carved ornaments of religious significance to the believer. 437 FORT POINT, SAN FRANCISCO HARBOR. riRS. HARK HOPKINS'S HANSION, SAN FRANCISCO. San Francisco harbor is best seen, perhans, entering from the sea. Com'ng in, the delighted voyager sees gigantic hills, two thousand feet high, on his left hand, and lecs lofty but impressive heights on his right. Proceeding, the peak of Tamaulipas lifts grandly its loftv form on the left, and the straits leading to the Golden Gate open before him. Looking beyond them he sees the fortifications on the island rock of Aliatraz, while Tamaulipas looms up hugely in the beyond. Angeles Island, clothed in greenness, lies between Alcatraz and the shore, and to the left of this fortified rock, Goat Island, while to its right is the fortress of the illustration. The Presidio now comes into clear view, and the stately city closes the scene. — What is known as Mrs. Mark Hopkins's house stands 'on Nob Hill. San Francisco. Its present use as a picture gallery and art school is adtnted admirably to the building, which contains thirty-three spacious rooms grouped about a high, central, covered roof. 438 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. — The site of San Francisco, California, is the peninsula, twenty-six miles long and six miles wide, wliicli lies between the Pacific Ocean and the Bay of San Francisco, and which rises in its central part to a height of 360 feet. What, in 1S49, was but a Spanish pueblo with scarcely a hundred people, is now the home of over 300,000 enterprising citizens, the centre of American commerce with the Orient the seat of manufactures,. public institutions, churches, schools that vie with the best in the land. Notwithstanding serious topographical difficulties in planum"- and laying out the. city, the blocks are for the most part rectangular, excepi along Market street, the principal business thoroughfare. This broad, busy street cuts diagonally through the city for a distance of three milts, and on it are some of the finest samples of business buildings in the world, that of tlie Chronicle newspaper being consiiicuous in the foreground of the beautiful view here presented. The outlet of the Bay of San Francisco lo the Pacific Ocean is through the uairow strait, five miles long, called the Lioideii Horn. ? HOTEL DEL HONTE, MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA.— This is the seat of a paradise of almost equal temperature throughout the year where ever in July, visitors bathe in tanks containing heated sea water. Situated in a quaint old city which was the capital of the province under Spanish rule the Mexican capital under eleven governors, and the scene of the first Constitutional convention of the State, the hotel is surrounded by historical sugeestion while the abundant gifts of nature give it supremacy in beauty and attraction. Immediately adjacent are groves of live oaks and pine and a profusion of cultivated flowers. The sun-lit sea, picturesque cliffs, deep forests of pine, cypress and oaks, with many contorted old trees of the antique world birds and other wild creatures enjoying life in myriad ways, give incessant enjoyment to the lover of nature. A mission in ruins and a Chinese fishine- 'village ™ among other interesting invitations to the visitor. " ° = " COL. CARTER, OF CARTERSVILLE." Act V , Scene i. F. Hopkinson Smith wrote the story of this name, and Mr. Augustus Thomas dramatized it. The simple country gentleman, who fought in the war, ventures into the business of building a railroad for the welfare of his country and to enlarge his financial mean's. His aunt, Miss Nancy Carter, sees the weakness of his enterprise, but spares his self-respect by keeping her views to herself, and cares for him with sweet devotion. A negro servant, in his subordinate position one of the family, is the third leading character. The scenes of the drama are five in number : au exterior view of Carter Hall, Virginia ; the second, lodgings in New York City ; the third, an office in Wall street ; the fourth, the lodgings in Bedford street, the same as the second, and the fifth, the one reproduced in the illustration, an interior at Carter Hall. Surely our many-sided American life provides ample material, in this instance, as in very many others, for effective story and play. 441 Joseph Jefferson, as Bob Acres. Mrs John Drew, as Mrs. Malaprop. William J. Florence, as Sir Lucius O' Trigger. THE DUEL SCENE IN "THE RIVALS."— Perhaps Sheridan's grand comedy, "The Rivals, or a Trip to Bath," was never put upon the stage nor the respective leading characters — "Bob Acres, "Mrs. Malaprop" and "Sir Lucius O'Trigger" — more correctly delineated than at the Arch Street Theatre uuder the management of Mrs. John Drew, who was the " Mrs. Malaprop," with Joseph Jefferson as " Bob Acres," and William J. Florence as "Sir Lucius O'Trigger." The profession does not possess three persons more competent for the interpretation of the above characters. Sheridan himself would have been astonished at the pure conception each had of what he wrote over a century ago. The scene given is perhaps the best in the comedy, and represents lighting "Bob," bold and d-'fiant. just before his courage oozed out from his finger-ends at the sight of Captain Absolute. BATTLE OF SHILOH. — Fought at Pittsburgh Landing, on the Tennessee River, April 6 and 7, 1862, between the forces of General Grant and General A. S. Johnston. Johnston attacked Grant with a superior force on the 6th, and drove him back in confusion to the river and with great loss. Buell arrived with reinforcements, and on the 7th the Confederates were driven from the field with severe loss. Hardly any battle 1 f the war was more desperately fought. •& z ~Mx sail- %» — i&x% A . 7| AW % "'' ."PA* - ¦ jf*"*-;' ¦ 'A-- ¦'¦•-. A ' a- I ' * '<* p. UA \p ;: AA-?^-' --- ¦t . - ',. - ¦*' ,-¦>¦¦>-,¦< ¦ A- A •'mr- :'^A: 'rA'f ''A X ¦ i ?3| L k^r* , "A ¦ I ? ' 1 J. *f* - 7 .a ...i. :.- :. ft . ..- SIEGE OF VICKSBURG.— Vicksburg, on impregnable bluffs, was regarded as the kev to the " Father of Waters." Vain attempts had been made by the Union forces to take it in front. At length" Grant marched his army of 70,000 men to the rear, and approached it by siege operations lusting over two months, and ending in the capture of the place with the entire Confederate Army, July 4, 1863. 413 BATTLE OF ALLATOONA PASS. — This celebrated pass is in Bartow County, Georgia, 40 miles north of Atlanta. General J. E. Johnston, iu his retreat before Sherman's Army, made a heroic stand at this pass in May, 1864. A desperate battle was fought and the pass was held, but Sherman compelled its evacuation by a flank movement. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG — General Lee with a Confederate Army of 100,000 strong invaded Pennsylvania, and was intercepted at Gettysburg, by General Meade with an equally strong Union Army Battle was joined and fought through the ist, 2d and 3d of July, 1863. On July 4, Lee retreated, with a loss of 31,600 killed and wounded. The Union loss was 23,000. The Rebellion reached 'high-water mark at Gettvsburg, and after that began to decline. 444 JPf '~ 7J&t. - ' ¦a- >{t M^^^BBfclii * ¦' ' ¦< rjoowc-" ~ • . A J : [AmPA ' fc7^ ' ' BK*^* im i ¦ .-, '. -^y^ h ..i^Wr ' \ p-- 3HH» '^^ '**" fi£ jSKfidl 9Bki ¦ ¦ r\ Hi felP^"^ -J ,-*-' '-2'*' fed AA ^ -a*<*»^- -'¦^rtSlMi * - A^'^-njj!/ -" ,:: f - : \ lO^i ! JS BATTLE OF ANTIETAn.— Fiercely fought, September 17, 1862, between the Union forces, under General McClellan, and the Confederates, under General Lee, the former estimated at 87,000, and the latter at 90,000. Losses about 13,000 on either side. Lee was turned from his invasion of the North, and on September 18, 19, Losses about 13 retreated to the Virginia side of the Potomac BATTLE OF SPOTTSYLVANIA. — This desperate sanguinary battle was the first between the forces of Grant aud Lee after the fight in the Virginia Wilderness. It resulted in great slaughter, and the Confederates could not be driven from their strong positions. Grant, however, passed them by a flank movement, on May 20, 1864, aud made a bold push toward Richmond, which compelled Lee to retreat. 445 THE BATTLE OF LAY'S FERRY — The battle of Lay's (or Tanner's) Ferry was fought on the 14th, 15th and 16th of May, 1864, between the Confederates, under General Joseph Johnston, and the Federals, under General Sherman. After brisk skirmishing during the afternoon of the 13th, the skirmishers became engaged along the whole line. Later on. during the day, Lieutenant-General Hood attacked the Federal left and before- dark drove them from their ground. The Confederates then, during the night, made a road and placed a pontoon bridge across the river about a mile above that commanded by the Federal artillery. Again, early on the morning of the 15th, sharp skirmishing commenced along the entire line, which continued throughout the day. After several determined attacks- upon Hindman's position the Federals charged across a broad meadow from the cover of a wooded ridge and assaulted the Confederates on the opposite side, but after a bloody struggle were repulsed. Again, on the same day, however, a strong force of Federal cavalry captured the hospitals of Hood's corps, but were in turn driven off by General Wheeler, who pursued them several miles, capturing a number of prisoners. During the same day, Hooker assaulted and captured a Confederate battery near the Western and Atlantic Railroad, north of Resaca, after which a fight for its possession ensued, which resulted in the Federals being driven back, until after dark, when they regained it During the day, General Johnston hearing that the Federals had secured possession of Lay's Ferry, and were crossing the Costanauld River in force, evacuated Resaca during the night. The movement which forced this action on Johnston's part resulted in the fight at Lay's Ferry — a faithful illustration of which is given above— whereby the Federal forces secured a crossing, but took no further step. Finally, on the isth. Tackson's brigade assaulted the Federals and met with a bloody repulse. 446 U S flONITOR, niANTONOriAH.— This double-turreted monitor was launched in 1883, and took the place of a wooden double-turreted monitor built at the 'close of the Civil War. Her distinction for some years was that her ten-inch guns were the largest and most effective ever made in the United States. Subsequentiy twelve-inch rifles were constructed for the Monterey and the Miantonomah lost her supremacy. Her hull is of iron ; she is propelled by twin screws has a military mast and carries four guns in her main battery. She has been talked about a great deal, having taken part 111 parades interesting everybody, and the singularity of her Indian name constituting some, if but a little, additional popular interest. In time of need she would prove a formidable defender of the national rights and honor. 447 U S CRUISER ATLANTA. In 1881 an Advisory Board was appointed by the government to consider and report upon the vessels needed for the restoration of the United States navy. The board reported in the fall of the same year that the navy should consist of 70 unarmored cruisers of steel, and in favor of adding armored vessels to the means of national defence. More than two years afterward Congress authorized the construction of three steam cruisers and a despatch boat. The Atlanta is one of the cruisers built in pursuance of this action. She is described as a second-rate vessel, in type a partially protected cruiser, with steel hull, screw propulsion, brig-rigged, carrying eight guns in the main battery, and with a displacement of 3000 tons. The Atlanta presents a beautiful appearance on gala occ? 'iant with flags and her yards alive with the manly and handsome fellows who serve in Uncle Sam's navy. -"'t '/ 448 - "-"*.- 450 NEW YORK NAVY YARD : THE " CHICAGO."— This beautiful vessel is of the type partially protected cruiser; her hull is of steel, she is propelled by twin screws, is bark-rigged, carries fourteen guns in her main battery and twenty-seven in all, and has a displacement of 4500 tons. She is painted white and presents a very pleasing appearance. The "Chicago" was Rear-Admiral Walker's flagship in the great international pageant at Hampton Roads, in April, 1893, that gallant seaman being in command of the second squadron. Her construction was authorized by Congress in 1883, with that of the cruisers "Boston" and "Atlanta" and the despatch-boat "Dolphin." This last-named was the first United States vessel, either naval or commercial, built entirely of steel of domestic manufacture. 451 THE U. S. CRUISER " NEW YORK."— This magnificent government vessel, built by and launched from Cramp's shipyard, in the city of Philadelphia, on the second of December, 1891, is not only the fleetest but oue of the largest war vessels afloat, and is now in commission. On her trial trip in May last (1893), over the government course, the result of, her speed was beyond the most sanguine expectations of her builders, and. the officials of the Navy Department at Washing'on. On the trial trip in question she accomplished an average speed of 21.07 knots an hour, which, it is maintained, will be increased to 21.50, which means a bonus to the builders of from #200,000 to #300,000. Taking into consideration that her engines are of only 17,000 horse power the excellence of her achievement is complete. e 452 THE COLUHBIAN NAVAL REVIEW; SCENES ABOUT FORTRESS HONROE.— Ships for the Columbian Naval Review, April 27, 1893, assembled on the coast of Virginia before sailing for New York. The photographs reproduced ou this page were made at Fortress Monroe. They are delXfullv interesting in their subjects, as these anticipated the grand naval demonstration on the Hudson River, New York 111 which ten thousand 3"d Lrtv five ships took part, representing the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, Italy, Spam, Holland, Brazil and Argentina. ThTs is the key to the picture : 1 Dancing on board the " Philadelphia.' 2 Midshipmen ou board the English Cruiser ' ; Blake." 3 On the ramparts of the fort watchine the fleet 4 The English system of signaling. 5 Waiting for the ships to sail. 6 Paying an official visit. 7 All aboard for the "Philadelphia " 8 A rush for a good position. 9 Scene on the landing station. 10 Waiting for the ships' launches. 453 FORTRESS MONR'OE, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. FORT WINFIELD SCOTT, SAN FRANCISCO HARBOR. Fortress Monroe is best illustrated in one view by the picture on this page It was built between the years i8r7 and-183-*.— -Ih dimensions it ranks with the largest fortresses in the world, indeed is said to exceed all others in the soace it encloses. The walls of this giant defence are of granite. They are more than a mile in circumference, in thickness from five to fifteen feet, and rise thirty feet above the level of the water in the moat. A casement in the fortress was occupied by the late Jefferson Davis after the close of the war, when he was a prisoner of the Federal authorities. — Fort Winfield Scott was begun as recently as 1854. It is of brick, and resembles Fort Sumter in appearance. 454 ' PROHENADE OF THE HYGIEA HOTEL, FORTRESS HONROE, VA.— The Hygiea Hotel, at Fortress Monroe, is one of the largest and most popular health resorts on the Atlantic coast. It was here that people from the adjacent States and from abroad assembled to view the arrival of the navies of the principal civilized nations of the earth, which made Hampton Roads their rendezvous preparatory to participating in the grand naval review at New York, in commemoration of the discovery of America by Columbus. Fortress Monroe is at the entrance of Hampton Roads, about thirteen miles north of Norfolk, and is one of the strongest and most important fortifications in the United States. Its walls are of granite, and it mounts upwards of 370 guns. 455 NEW YORK'S GREETING TO COLUHBUS : THE NAVAL RESERVE LIGHT BATTERY.— In October, 1892, for the greater part of a week, New York and a myriad visitors enjoyed Columbian celebration to satiety. The great day was October 12, that of the military parade, when 33,000 men were in a line, making a brave show in the beautiful sunshine. President Harrison was not there, on account of the recent loss of his wife, and Vice- President Morton took his place. The review lasted five hours, long enough to tire as well as to please everybody, from Federal dignitaries and foreign representatives down to the humblest of the genus country cousin. The West Point cadets marched perfectly, as they always do. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut and Massachusetts had troops in the display. The Grand Army was there in force, the Regular Army had numerous representation, and all were ready to praise the soldierly and picturesque militiamen descended from ancient Rome. Beautiful Madison Square looked exactly as depicted when men of the Naval Reserve Light Battery were marching through it. 456 THE NAVAL PARADE ROUNDING THE BATTERY, NEW YORK, OCTOBER u, 1892 — New York's greeting to Columbus culminated ou October 12, 1892, the day on which was commemorated the discovery of America, but the celebration was in progress several days previous to that date. Not the least interesting of these preliminary doings was the naval parade of the nth. It cannot be regarded as in itself a success, but the vast attendance and enthusiasm of the people made it a memorable occasion. New York Bay was crowded with craft carrying folks who kept holiday, the wharves of the great port were literally covered with sightseers, while every lofty building presenting coigns of vantage for witnessing the procession had its favored gathering. A few foreign vessels took part in the parade, which was more notable for what was not seen in it than for what was. Of American vessels the " Cushing," the " Miantonomah " and the " Atlanta " were the most notable of the participants. 457 NEW YORK'S GREETING TO COLUT1BUS : THE NIGHT PAGEANT.— After the military review on October 12, 1892, a great crowd witnessed the unveiling of the Columbus Monument. Then followed the night pageant, which, as the mirthful Artemus was wont to observe, was quite, "2 much " after a fatiguing day. People went home to bed in many thousands long before it was over. The reviewing stand in Madison Square was packed by half-past eight, but it was midnight before 5000 bicyclers began the procession. Floats rolled past under streaming banners and brilliant illuminations, with few to admire and none to applaud. The night pageant was something of a failure H itself and almost an absolute one in the indifference with which it was regarded. ¦:58 FORBIDDEN LONGINGS. — Tbe old monk interprets on his mandolin the harmonies he finds within ; in him experience and patience have wrought their perfect work. The soul of the young man is distracted with thoughts prompted by the natural and noble impulses of youth. Through the open window, in the distance, are the scenes of those useful activities in which there might have been a share for him but for his vows. A balmy atmosphere, the songs of birds, the longings of his youth, turns this young man-s fancy to thoughts of love. No wonder that the huge tome has been thrown neglected on the floor of the monastic cell. " Forbidden Longings " was painted in 1877, by Toby E. Rosenthal, an American artist born of German parents, at New Haven, Conn. He began his art studies in San Francisco and continued them at tbe Royal Academy, Munich. Most of his life has been spent in that city. Raupp and Piloty, as having been among his masters, share the triumphs of this very capable and. conscientious artist. 459 BOULEVARD, CARACAS, VENEZUELA — Venezuela is one of those so-called republics of South America, which, when not in a state of revolution, are under the power of a politician, in all probability an unscrupulous one. A portion of the capital city is shown in the picture. Caracas has a University, and a population deserving of better things in the way bf political administration than is given it, as a rule. The city was the scene of a bloody conflict, lasting three days, at the commencement ofthe career of Dr. Raimundo Andueza Palacio, since President, who, as a young man, identified his fortunes with those of the liberal statesmen, General Manuel Ezequiel Bruznal. The Liberals were defeated iu the encounter, and remained out of office until 1870, when Palacio, who was elected President in March, 1890, resumed public life. Politics .in Venezuela takes a tortuous course, but the country enjoys a degree of prosperity notwithstanding, being favored by nature with great advantages of soil and climate. SILK=COTTON TREE, NASSAU, BAHAflAS.— This wonderful tree is described as the monarch of all trees in Nassau, not excepting the royal palm, which lifts its feathery top here and there on the island. It casts a comprehensive shadow and provides a superior loafing place, this a thing much appreciated bv the inhabitants. Nature's engineering is seeu iu the flanges which project six or eight feet on ever)- side, and so brace the huge trunk that the fiercest hurricanes cannot disturb its majestic strength. Nassau, in common with other West India islands, is subjected to appalling storms. 461 COflBlNED RESIDENCE AND STORE, PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD.— Trinidad is 2000 miles from New York, is an island lying in the Caribbean Sea, one of the loveliest spots in the wide world, and offers, accordingly, an irresistible attraction to the person of means and leisure who has learned how to spend them to the best advantage. The United States Government has a representative there, and society a brilliant centre at the residence of the Governor, a Briton, Trinidad being a bright jewel in the crown of English sovereignty. Port of Spain is the capital, of which the illustration of a combined store and residence is a glimpse. Store clerks in the city are mostly young women, and an unpleasant sight in Port of Spain is the large number of men who seem to have nothing to do. NASSAU, BAHAMAS. — Nassau, on the Island of New Providence, is the capital of the British Bahamas. Its harbor is the best found in the Bahama system of Islands. Owing to its contiguity to the coast of the United States, and to the salubrity of its climate, Nassau is a favorite resort for invalids. Tourists find it a never-failing source of attraction owing to its history, situation and quaint architecture. Streets and houses are built of the plastic limestone of which the island is composed. This material hardens on exposure to the sun and becomes as firm as rock. This beautiful view is from the top of the capitol building. 468 PORT OF SPAIN: QUEEN'S ROAD. — La Trinidad was so named by Columbus, in 1498, the three mountain peaks at Moruga surmounting a common base, suggesting the Trinity to his devout mind. Previously, the original inhabitants had called it Iere, the land of humming-birds, which name is eminently suggestive 'of the glorious beauty of the island, and appropriate, seeing that there are twenty species of those beautiful little creatures flying in its gorgeous gardens and forests. Trinidad has lofty mountains, waterfalls, virgin forests, and valleys richly cultivated and watered by crystal streams. Its inhabitants are in the constant enjoyment of a pleasant climate, delicious fruits and vegetables, and superb and fragrant flowers. Port of Spain is the capital city of the island and its seaport. Nearly every language is spoken in this interesting Dlace The most beautiful part of the city is Queen's Park, adjacent to which is Queen's Road. * 4b4 ¦W