YALE UNIVERSITY

3 9002 07258 6184

No. 32

'»"

The Founders of America

'Steadfast for God and Country"

AN ADDRESS BY
WINCHESTER FITCH, B. L.
».*
Member of New York Society of Founders and Patriots; Member of New
York Historical Society; Registrar of tiie New York
Genealogical and Biographical Society, Etc.
DELIVERED BEFORE

The New York Society

OF THE

Order of the Founders and Patriots of America

AT THE

Hotel Manhattan, New York
January 10, 1912

Cb 10. £jjp

Officers of the New York Society Order of the
Founders and Patriots of America,
1911-1912.

Governor
THEODORE OILMAN,
55 William Street, New York.
Deputy Governor
EDGAR ABEL TURRELL,
76 William Street, New York.
Chaplain
REV. LYMAN M. GREEMAN,
68 Clinton Ave., New Brighton, S. I., N. Y.
Secretary
WILLIAM EDWARD FITCH, M. D.
355 W. 145th Street, New York.
Treasurer
MATTHEW HINMAN,
416 Broadway, New York.
State Attorney
GOODWIN BROWN,
135 Broadway, New York.
Registrar
JOHN C. COLEMAN,
100 Broadway, New York.
Genealogist
JOHN ELDERKIN,
110 W. 57th Street, New York.
Historian
REAR ADMIRAL EBENEZER S. PRIME, U. S. N.
Huntington, Long Island.
Councillors 1909-12
MAJ. GEN. FREDERICK D. GRANT, U. S. A.
HOWARD KING COOLIDGE,
THOMAS REDFIELD PROCTOR.
1910-13
REV. EDWARD PAYSON JOHNSON, D. D.
THEODORE FITCH,
COL. GEORGE E. DEWEY.
1911-14
COL. RALPH EARL PRIME,
GEORGE CLINTON BATCHELLOR, L. L. D.
LOUIS ANNIN AMES.

^^^teabfasit for #ob anb €ountxf'

The Founders of America

WINCHESTER FITCH, B. L.
Member of New York Society of Founders and Patriots; Member of
New York Historical Society; Registrar of the New York
Genealogical and Biographical Society, Etc.

PART I.
Although a new country, ours is an old civilization. As the
inspiration of American music is not to be found in the savage
chants of Aborigines, but in the development of the musical
ideas of our ancestors ; so in one sense our history does not begin
with Columbus, but at the first chapter of the Bible, which was
the Puritan Code, or at the latest, with Archbishop Langton and
the barons of Runnymede, who wrested Magna Charta from
King John, A. D. 1215.
In reviewing the history of modern Europe there are certain
years marked by such events that they have become landmarks
of progress. The fall of Constantinople, the invention of the
mariner's compass which facilitated voyages of discovery, the
use of printing which revived learning and distributed the Bible,
the Renaissance, the work of Savonarola and the Humanists of
Florence where Pulci (1431-1487), like Seneca and Strabo, fore
told the discovery of the New World ; the end of the Wars of the
Roses, the Reformation from 1517 to 1689, the growth of indus
tries, the rise of the middle class, the defeat of the Spanish
Armada in 1588, the heroic struggle of Holland, aided by Eng
land, against the obsolete and horrible tyranny of Spain and the
Inquisition, ending by Spain's recognition of Dutch indepen
dence in 1609; the rise of the Scotch covenanters in 1639, the
English contest against the Stuarts ending like the Reformation
in 1689; the noble struggle of Zwingli, Calvin, Coligny and
Conde in Switzerland and France, Coligny's unsuccessful pro
ject of 1562 when he sent Ribault to settle Carolina, the heroism
of the Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572, encouraged
only to be abandoned by Henry of Navarre, whose edict of
Nantes in 1598 was revoked in 1685 when hideous atrocities and
outrageous persecutions sent forty thousand fugitives to England
and many to America, depriving France in 25 years of a million
people; the splendid story of the Bohemian, German and Scan
dinavian princes, peasants and protestants; the end of the

British War with France in 1763 ; it is such events as these that
keep certain years memorable for good or ill.
These great landmarks in the history of the Europe of our
ancestors, should be celebrated as American holidays, as well as
the great anniversaries that are associated with our own soil.
Some of the actors in these events seem akin to us, as if they
had been Americans before the discovery of the New World;
and the study of their family history rewards us by proving that
their blood flowed in the veins of some of those who become
Founders of America. Their great ideas flashing through the
brains of their friends and followers, resulted in the realization in
the New World of what they had merely dreamed in the Old.
Roger Bacon, the Father of Modern Science; Simon de Mont-
fort, the Patriot; Chaucer, the brother-in-law of John of Gaunt,
the protector of Wycliffe; Caxton and Tyndale; Ruechlin,
Grocyn, Linacre, Fisher, Colet, Sir Thomas More and Erasmus,
Roman Catholics, but not bigots; the thirteenth and fifteenth
Earls of Oxford; Sir William Locke, Sir Thomas Gresham, Sir
Edward Osborne, the "clothier" or manufacturer of woolen
cloth, whose descendants were Dukes of Leeds, some of the
Cloptons, Waldegraves and Joslyns; Willoughbys, Wingfields
and Wentworths; Sir Charles Brandon, Sir Thomas Wroth,
Lady Jane Grey, Sir John Gates, Sir Thomas Wyatt, the Marian
exiles and martyrs, Sir Philip Sidney, the perfect knight, an
aristocrat with a democratic heart, who secured a map of Amer
ica in 1582 from Michael Locke; the heroic Coligny; the Earl
of Lincoln, Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, Lord Rich, the
second Earl of Warwick; Sir Edwyn Sandys, Sir Walter Mild-
may, the fighting Veres, Lord Bacon, Archbishop Grindall and
his chaplain Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, Shakespeare
and his patron the Earl of Southampton who was also the patron
of Gosnold and Weymouth; Desboro, Hampden, Vane, Honey-
wood, Haslerig, Fleetwood, Eliot, Pym, Fairfax, Ludlow,
Milton and Cromwell; all these had more or less of what is now
known as the American spirit, and American pedigrees name
many of their kinsmen, friends and followers. The Wars of the
Roses were the close of the feudal era and well authenticated
American pedigrees prove that some of the soldiers of Richmond,
the representative of progress, were descendants of crusaders
and forbears of early settlers in America. The victory at Bos-
worth Field in 1485 was an American victory. The accession
of King Henry VII, the patron of the Cabots, was not only the
introduction of new industries, the revival of learning, and the
renaissance into the upper circles of the English people, but the
triumph of principles that held the germs of democracy. Not
withstanding the conservatism of the English majority and the
oppressive policies of the Tudors and Stuarts, the development of
these principles could not be arrested, but led to the settlement
of the new world and the accession of William and Mary.
The character of the English monarchy from the time of

Henry VI until the accession of Elizabeth was abnormal. His
tory was confused and contradictory, but as Green says: —
"At the moment when the policy of (Thomas) Cromwell
crushed the church as a political power and freed the growing
monarchy from the constitutional check which its independence
furnished, a new check offered itself in the very enthusiasm
which sprang out of the wreck of the great religious body. Men
stirred with a new sense of righteousness and of a divine govern
ment of the world. Men, too, whose natural boldness was quick
ened and fired by daily contact with the older seers, who re
buked David or Jezebel, could not hold their peace in the pres
ence of wrong. While nobles and statesmen were cowering in
silence before the dreaded power of the Kingship, the preachers
spoke bluntly out — not only Latimer but Knox, Grindall and
Lever had uttered fiery remonstrances against the plunderers of
Edward's reign. Bradford had threatened them with the divine
judgment which at last overtook them. 'The judgment of the
Lord! The judgment of the Lord,' cried he with a lamentable
voice and weeping tears. Wise or unwise, the pamphlets of the
(Marian) exiles only carried on this theory to its full develop
ment. The great conception of the mediaeval church, that of the
responsibility of kings to a spiritual power was revived at an
hour when kingship was trampling all responsibility to God or
man beneath its feet. Such a revival was to have large and
beneficial issues in our later history. Gathering strength under
Elizabeth, it created at the close of her reign that moral force of
public opinion which under the name of Puritanism brought the
acts and policy of our kings to the tests of reason and the gospel.
However ill directed that force might be, however erroneously
such tests were often applied, it is to this new force that we owe
the restoration of liberty and the establishment of religious
freedom. As the voice of the first Christian preachers had broken
the despotism of the Roman empire, so the voice of the preachers
of Puritanism broke the despotism of the English monarchy."
—Green IH, 120.
Bayne in his essay on "Christian Civilization," says:
"In the beginning of the sixteenth century, two spectacles were
presented on the stage of Europe. The proud Church of St.
Peter at Rome was slowly rising in pillared magnificence
toward Heaven as if making its appeal for divine countenance;
and an unknown monk in the convent of Erfurth, his face pallid
through fasting and watching, was on his knees sending his
earnest prayer to God for light. The fame of St. Peter's went
over Christendom. Tetzel came selling indulgences to raise
money for its completion. Yes; the somewhat puzzling progress
of humanity had brought it to this: Christianity in the
first century was preached by Paul; Christianity in the six
teenth was preached by Tetzel. The revival of letters had not
got near the heart of nations; on the 31st of October, 1517,
Luther posted his theses on the church door at Wittenberg ; and

in six weeks Europe was awake. The philosophy, the arts, the
poetry of antiquity had once more risen before the eyes of
Europe. That enlightenment which had been mere dead fuel
crushing the life out of Christendom now, kindled by faith,
burst forth into a true and dazzling illumination : that Reforma
tion epoch commenced which dating from 1517 to 1688 is, I
think, take it all in all, the greatest in the history of the human
race; Christianity led freedom by the hand to bless the nations.
Great Britain and North America, the centres of civil liberty for
the world are also and have been the great centres of Protes
tantism." The Barons' War and the Parliaments of Edward I. had made
England the freest country in the world; and the Continental
protestants were protected in England under Henry the Eighth
and Elizabeth; but during the Marian persecution and under
the later years of Elizabeth, when Whitgift had succeeded Arch
bishop Grindall, and under the Stuarts, Frankfort, Geneva,
Strasbourg and the Netherlands protected a noble host of Eng
lishmen who refused to change their religion with each new reign.
We Americans laugh at the Vicar of Bray as at a vaudeville
lightning-change artist; but it must be admitted, if we grant the
right of the state to prescribe uniformity in religion and the right
of the King to rule by personal government, that he was merely
a law-abiding citizen ; and as the great Paulet said of himself he
was "a willow, not an oak." What is known as the "New-
England Conscience" guided the mind of Sir Thomas Moore,
the Roman Catholic, and Archbishop Grindall, the Puritan, and
is as old as heroism and martyrdom, but the apology of Green
for the Vicar of Bray type is not convincing to Americans of the
20th century: —
"It is idle," Green says, "to charge Cecil or the mass of
Englishmen who conformed with him in turn to the religion of
Henry, of Edward, of Mary and of Elizabeth with baseness or
hypocrisy. They followed the accepted doctrine of the time that
every realm through its rulers, had the sole right of determining
what should be the form of religion within its bounds. What the
Marian persecution gradually pressed on such men was a con
viction, iiot of the falsehood of such a doctrine, but of the need of
hmitmg It. Under Henry, under Edward, under Mary, no dis
tinction had been drawn between inner belief and outer conform
ity. Every English subject was called upon to adjust his con
science as well as his conduct to the varying nolicv of the state
But the fires of Smithfield had proved th Jt oL'dtnce such as this
could not be exacted save by a persecution which filled all Fn<t
land with horror. While refusing freedom of worsWpf Cel I'^ug
Ehzabeth, was ready to concede freedom of consc j .
this concession we can hardly doubt that the bulk of ^IT'^T ^h '"
went with him. Catholics shared with Protestants the"horm ^"f
the persecution. To Protestantism, indeed, the horror of tl?
persecution had done much to give a force, as it had never h d

before. The number of Protestants grew with every murder
done in the name of Catholicism, but they still remained a small
part of the realm."
Queen Elizabeth showed the "same intellectual contempt ior
the superstition of the Romanist as for the bigotry of the Protes
tant." She wore mourning for the victims of the St. Barthol
omew massacre, but agreed with King Henry of France that "a
kingdom was well worth a mass." She retained eleven of Queen
Mary's council, but added Protestants who had conformed in
that reign, including Lord Parr, Lord Bedford, Sir Thomas
Parry, Edward Rogers, Sir Ambrose Cave, Francis Knollys,
and Sir Nicholas Bacon.
Another striking defence of these Vicars of Bray is the follow
ing from the Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes, who lived from 1588
to 1679:—
"Another doctrine repugnant to Civil Society is that whatso
ever a man doeth against his conscience is sinne and it dependeth
of the presumption of making himself judge of good and evill.
For a man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing; and
as the judgment so also the conscience may be erroneous.
Therefore though he that is subject to no civill law, sinneth in all
he does against his conscience, because he has no other rule to
follow but his own reason, yet it is not so with him that lives in a
Commonwealth ; because the Law is the publique conscience by
which he hath already undertaken to be guided. Otherwise in
such diversity as there is of private consciences, which are but
private opinions, the Commonwealth must needs be distracted
and no more dare to obey the Sovereign Power further than it
shall seem good in his own eyes."
It was in other words an effort to fit every subject to the bed of
Procrustes, and Queen Elizabeth who vowed to "root out" the
Puritans, prosecuted her own subjects for professing the dogmas
of the Protestants she aided in France and Holland. Protes
tantism was her policy, but her faith was not that of even her
own appointee as Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindall,
whom she drove into retirement, for what would now be known
as missionary zeal. On the walls of the English college at Rome
are depicted the sufferings of Papists under the rule of her whom
they call "Bloody Elizabeth." The rule of Calvin was marred by
the persecution of Servetus, who died a martyr in the Roman
Catholic faith.
Yet, because Rev. John Cotton, President Oakes of Harvard
and Rev. Nathaniel Ward, author of the Massachusetts Body of
Liberties, in his "Simple Cobbler of Agawam," opposed general
toleration of those whose doctrines were deemed dangerous in
the theocracy; and, although the Stuyvesant persecutions in
New York were more vigorous, they and their disciples are
singled out and pilloried in the public mind as narrow-minded,
obstinate and ignorant bigots, unique in their generation. The

fault lay in the spirit of the age; and the glory of the Pilgrims,
Roger Williams, Hooker, the Calverts, and Penn, but particu
larly that of William the Silent and Archbishop Grindall, is the
greater because they rose above their contemporaries and
brought about the beginnings of Toleration. The men of Flush
ing, Long Island, and his sister, Mrs. Bayard, deserve honor for
ending the persecutions of Governor Stuyvesant.
Cecil's relative, Robert Browne, while the brilliant advocate
of Toleration and Independency, found it impossible to live in
England under Elizabeth, and adopted the view of Cecil and
Paulet as expounded by Green to save his life. He merely be
came like the Vicar of Bray, a law abiding citizen; but John
Fiske says:
"The flimsiness of Browne's moral texture prevented him
from becoming the leader in the exodus to New England. That
honor was reserved for William Brewster, son of a country
gentleman who had for many years been postmaster at Scrooby.
The office was one of high responsibility and influence. After
taking his degree at Cambridge, Brewster became private secre
tary to Sir William Davison (whose wife was akin to Lord
Francis Bacon and the Lords Dudley and Cecil) and he accom
panied him on his mission to the Netherlands. The feelings with
which the late Queen Elizabeth had regarded Puritanism were
mild compared with the sentiments entertained by her successor.
He could see that in fighting Spain and aiding Dutchmen and
Huguenots she was strengthening the very spirit that sought to
pull monarchy down. In spite of her faults which were neither
few nor small, the patriotism of that fearless woman was superior
to any personal ambition. It was quite otherwise with James.
He was by no means fearless, and he cared more for James Stuart
than for England or Scotland. He succeeded in arraying against
the monarchical principle the strongest forces of English life,
the spirit of nationality, the sentiment of personal freedom, of
Calvinism and out of this invincible combination of forces has
been wrought the nobler and happier state of society in which we
live today.
"The Puritans saw that their only hope lay in resistance. If
any doubt remained it was dispelled by the vicious threat with
which the King broke up the Hampton Court Conference in
1604: 'I will make them conform or I will harry them out of the
land.' This prescribed hypocrisy or migration."
The founders of New England chose migration.
Herbert wrote :
"Religion stands on tiptoe in our land
Ready to pass to the American strand."
Milton says that he perceived that "tyranny had invaded the
church" and that he "who would take orders must subscribe
slave and take an oath withal," and decided against this profes
sion. Elsewhere he laments that the "fury of the bishops" has
8

driven "faithful and free-born Englishmen to forsake their
dearest home" for the "savage deserts of America."
Carlyle says : "One wishes there were a history of Puritanism,
the last of all our Heroisms, but sees small prospect of such a
thing at present. Few nobler heroisms, at bottom, perhaps no
nobler heroism, ever transacted itself on this earth."
About twenty thousand Puritans came to New England; but
there are many Americans today who venerate King Charles as a
martyr because they remember his personal virtues and charm
and forget his treachery, his profanity, his utter failure and de
pravity as a King; just as they fail to differentiate in Arch
bishop Laud his great qualities as scholar and prelate from his
fatal defects as a statesman, devoid of charity and mercy for
those who disagreed with him in matters of religion, but having
the unquestioned right to dictate the doctrines to be upheld in
the pulpits of the State church.
Although the United States of the 20th century have become
cosmopolitan in race, culture and religion. New York having
been so from the first, — even the Hudson River, although visited
by Cabot in 1498, Verazzano in 1524 and Gomez in 1525, having
been named for an Englishman employed by the Dutch, as
Columbus was an Italian employed by Spain, — and although the
Roman Church has grown so powerful that there are four
American cardinals among the princes of the Church, it must be
admitted that in the main the early founders of America in the
broadest sense were British Puritans and Quakers and French
Huguenots who came here for freedom of conscience: and Dutch,
Danish, Swedish and German Protestants and English Episco
palian Royalists who came here for secular purposes in the spirit
of the California Argonauts of 1849: with a minority of others,
including Jews in New York and Newport, and Roman Catho
lics in Maryland and New York, who sought liberty of citizenship
and religion; and many indentured servants and adventurers
who, when not in sympathy with the majority of the ruling
elements of the population, were at times in certain places, nota
bly in Virginia, Marj'land and New York, excluded from partic
ipation in political affairs, like those on the Mayflower who were
not included in the distribution of the land, or accepted as
citizens; and like those in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who
were not members of the ruling church. But finally most of
these who were crowded out of the Old World became useful and
prosperous citizens of the New. Later on came soldiers of Mon
mouth and Scotch covenanters and even followers of the Stuart
Pretenders. Still later Germans from the Palatinate and fugi
tives from Ireland. Some were forced to come through poverty,
sometimes more honorable than wealth; others came through
defeats in war, and through political earthquakes that made old
homes unstable.
Although the Dutch influence in the United States is still
great, and some writers even of British descent, have sought

to make it paramount, and have even tried to transmute the
English blood of Hudson and Penn into Dutch, it must be
admitted that American history is not the continuation of the
History of Holland, which neglected and soon lost its American
colony, but a continuation of the History of England, where the
arrival of thousands of Dutch and Huguenot fugitives had how
ever helped to increase popular sympathy with the Reformation.
As Professor Fisher has said : —
"On the accession of James, there were fresh incentives to
colonization. All through the sixteenth century there had been
a complaint in England of a redundancy of population. Such
were the relations of classes and the state of industry that the
peasant class had to endure much poverty and distress, and the
conviction spread that some relief must be found. Crimes
multiplied to a fearful extent and were not checked by the cruel
character of the penal laws. Under Elizabeth in the protracted
conflict with Spain, and in the wars in the Netherlands, there
had been an outlet for surplus energy, employment for the
restless and adventurous. Now, with various other sorts of
idlers, there were not a few disbanded soldiers from the Low
Countries, for James in his first year suspended hostilities with
Spain, and in the year following signed peace with that country.
The day for the exploits of heroes like Drake and Raleigh was
over. After the period of discovery, and of voyages prompted
largely by dreams of sudden conquests and dazzling riches, the
time had come for more sober and better contrived plans of
emigration. Imagination was still alive, for the New World
was yet to a great extent a mystery. But plentiful experience
of disaster and failure had not been wholly in vain."
The failures of Ribault and Frobisher, the experiences of Sir
Walter Raleigh with Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1578, when Sir
Philip Sidney aided by a subscription of money, with Sir Richard
Grenville in 1584, and John White in 1587; the failures of Gos
nold under the patronage of the Earl of Southampton in 1602,
of Gorges, George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert, in Maine in
1607, demonstrated that colonization was too expensive for
private individuals to undertake ; and both Holland and England
realized that corporations must be organized to make the coloni
zation of the New World successful. The Dutch East India
Company was formed in 1599, the Dutch West India Company
was conceived in 1600, but was not chartered until June 1621,
King James chartered the Southern Virginia Company of the
Londoners and the Northern Virginia Company of the West of
England men in 1606. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company
sent Henry Hudson to explore New Holland and New Nether
lands, and the new charter of the London Company limited its
territory to a point 200 miles north of Old Point Comfort. The
great men in these famous corporations, although few of them
ever saw the New World, were in fact, founders of America, and
10

many of them helped to send settlers to these shores who were
in many instances their own kinsmen.
It is difficult to determine the precise dates that divide our
annals. Even the date of the discovery of the New World is
disputed by the Chinese, Irish, Icelanders, Norse and Welsh;
but Columbus annexed America to Europe and the 12th day
of October, 1492, known not as Discovery Day, but as Columbus
Day, is the date celebrated. Even the date and the place of the
first shot of the Revolution is uncertain as priority is claimed
both by North Carolina and Massachusetts.
Although previous but unsuccessful efforts to colonize the
New World deserve remembrance, and although the Spanish
founded St. Augustine on the 8th of September, 1565, the year
1607 in which the Pilgrims fled to Holland, and Jamestown was
settled and a colony in Maine failed, has become the date which
marks the close of the Period of Exploration, and the beginning
of the Period of Colonization.
It was not until the landing of the Mayflower that new ideas
were planted in America, for the founders of St. Augustine and
Santa Fe were conservatives from Spain, and those at James
town were conservatives from England; and although the
French built "LeFort d'Anormee Berge (Norumbega) on the
Collect Pond on Manhattan Island about 1540 and the Dutch
built four summer shelters for sailors there between 1610 and
1613, New Amsterdam was until 1626 no more than a trading-
post, but a prophecy of the magnificent commercial metropolis
of the continent. Mr. George Rogers Howell in the first pub
lication of the New York Society of Founders and Patriots fixes
these dates definitely and says:
"The claims of England and France, if she had any, were in
abeyance. It is a matter of record that the Dutch visited these
shores from 1614 to 1624 for trading with the natives. But only
for trade. The voyage of the ship, 'New Netherland' from
March to May, 1624 was the first attempt to plant a colony
within the bounds of New York State, and these colonists all
went to Fort Orange (Albany) and Delaware, except those who
may have gone to Connecticut. In 1625 the Hulst settlers all
went to Albany. The settlement on Manhattan seems to have
been in the spring of 1626."
Thus, the first permanent settlements were in Virginia, 1607 :
Massachusetts, 1620; New Hampshire, 1623; New York, 1624;
Maryland, 1634; Connecticut, 1635; Rhode Island, 1636; New
Jersey, 1630-1660; Delaware, 1638; North Carolina, 1653-1660;
South Carolina, 1670; Pennsylvania, 1681.
The French founded Kaskaskia in 1685 and d'Iberville's
patent to colonize Louisiana was granted in 1698. It was not
until 1805 when Rogers and Clark had explored the Columbia
River that much was known with exactness concerning the
great West, which was claimed by conflicting patents. Peary
11

is a successor of Columbus, and the missionaries that civilized
Hawaii are, in one sense, founders of an American colony.
As Georgia was not settled until 1733, and the Louisiana Pur
chase was not made until 1803, and Texas and Alaska, Hawaii,
Porto Rico and the Philippines were likewise not in our original
domain, it is impossible to name one date that marks precisely
the end of the Period of Colonization. It is sometimes given as
1733. To determine this date. Dr. Charles Henry Smith says
of "The Foundation Period of American History:" —
"After a while food became abundant, homes were made
secure, necessities were followed by comforts, luxuries began to
appear and the various amenities and activities of prosperous
civilized life were successfully established in the New World.
The foundation of America had been laid."
Beginning in Virginia and New England about 1648 this
condition was by 1689 fulfilled in all the thirteen colonies,
Georgia, of course, excepted.
Among the foundation stones of Americanism of which Dr.
Smith names the first six, we find : —
1. Religious Liberty: Claimed by many great spirits of
antiquity and by Anabaptists and Mennonites in Holland
forty years before it guided the policy of William, the Silent, in
1577, it was claimed for themselves by Sir Thomas More and
the martyrs: it was the policy of Archbishop Grindall in 1575,
who liberated many prisoners and sought to protect non
conformists but was overruled by Queen Elizabeth: it was
preached by Robert Browne at Norwich in 1581, by the English
baptists in Holland in 1611, ancjl by Leonard Busher in 1614.
In 1620 it was the spirit that ruled under Carver, Brewster and
Bradford at Plymouth, where Capt. Miles Standish was not a
church-member, but probably a Roman Catholic, and where
an asylum was given to Roger Williams, who made it the corner
stone of Rhode Island in 1636. Notwithstanding the relatively
liberal spirit of New Amsterdam before the religious persecutions
of Stuyvesant, and of Connecticut in 1635, where citizenship
did not depend on church membership, this principle was main
tained by the Calverts in their first charter of 1632 and by the
founders of Maryland in 1634 and protected Romanists and
Puritans alike. It took form in the Toleration Act of 1649 when
less than one quarter of the population of Maryland was Roman
Catholic, and this act has been called the formal "beginning of
genuine religious liberty, the principle and practice of which is
the greatest American contribution to the welfare of the human
race." As in 1689 Maryland and Rhode Island disfranchised
Roman Catholics, who from 1562 to 1829 were disfranchised
in England, this condition in 1689 in America was found only in
Pennsylvania and Delaware. The Pilgrim policy of separatism,
and this policy of Religious Liberty were guaranteed to all by
the Federal constitution, which without these principles could
12

never have been adopted; and were specifically included in the
first amendment.
II. State Support of Education: First found in Massachu
setts by the founding of Harvard in 1638 and the General
Education Law of 1647. The remarkable assimilation of alien
immigration in America would have been impossible without
Public Education.
III. Political Liberty and Equality guaranteed by Represen
tative Government; as found in Virginia in 1619, and more free
from aristocratic restrictions in Maryland and New England,
especially in Plymouth, Rhode Island and Connecticut which
did not limit representation by church-membership as did
Massachusetts, or to the gentry as did New York, Maryland
and Virginia.
IV. Written Constitutions: Though later than the brief but
prophetic Mayflower Compact of 1620, which Bancroft called
"the birth of Constitutional Liberty" and which was the first
instance of the "social compact" postulated by philosophers as
the basis of government, though it prudently acknowledged the
sovereignty of King James; and though later, too, than the
Virginia, Massachusetts and Maryland charters, it was the
"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" in 1639 which made the
most vital and specific contribution to the Federal Constitution.
This remarkable document of 1639 was inspired by Rev. Thomas
Hooker's famous sermon on Deuteronomy 1:13-15: "Take you
wise men * * and well known among your tribes and I will make
them rulers over you." He based the foundation of authority
on the consent of the governed which was the principle of the
Mayflower Compact, which spoke of "combining ourselves into
a body politic unto which we promise all due submission and
obedience." Whereas the Compact of 1620 was a vague pre
liminary platform which deferred the enacting of "just and
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitution and offices, for the
general good of the colony," the Orders of 1639 comprised what
the Compact of 1620 predicted, and contained the main prin
ciples of the United States Constitution. It is an indestructible
monument to Hooker, Ludlow and Haynes.
Bancroft says: —
"More than two centuries have elapsed and the world has
been made wiser by the most various experiences; political
institutions have become the theme on which the most powerful
and cultivated minds have been employed, and so many con
stitutions have been framed or reformed, stifled or subverted
that memory may despair of a complete catalogue, but the
people of Connecticut have found no reason to deviate essen
tially from the form of government established by their fathers.
No jurisdiction of the English monarch was recognized; the
laws of honest justice were the basis of the commonwealth;
and therefore its foundations were lasting."
13

It was signed fifty years before the British Declaration of
1689, which was the principal source of the first ten amendments
of the American Constitution.
V. "The institution of African slavery" introduced by Dutch
traders into Virginia in 1619 and although gradually abolished
in the North became so strong in six of the original thirteen
colonies and so entrenched by the constitution, that it led
directly or indirectly to a disturbance of the balance of power
between the states and thus to the Civil War in 1861, followed
by the Emancipation Proclamation and amendments to the
Constitution. In 1910 10.7% of the total population of the
nation were of African descent.
VI. We have already seen that institutions of religion, edu
cation and government had their foundation before the Penn
sylvania Quakers came on the scene. But it remained for them
to make new and important contributions in the direction of
mitigating human suffering.
"They favored the settling of international disputes by
arbitration, not war. Prisons were made reformatories. Cruel
and indiscriminate punishments so common elsewhere were
replaced by humane correction graded to the offense, and the
death penalty was inflicted only for murder and treason, instead
of for two hundred offenses in New York and more than twenty
in Massachusetts and South Carolina. The estates of murderers
and suicides were not taken from their families and appropriated
by the State." It was through the influence of Penn that really
representative government was at last granted to New York.
Like the Pilgrims, Penn abolished primogeniture, but in wills
throughout the colonies eldest sons were often given at least a
double share. Penn in 1697 submitted his plan for the union of
all the colonies, which especially deserves commemoration; but
the founders of Pennsylvania deserve honor for instituting the
first dispensary, the first hospital north of the City of Mexico;
the first attempt to control infection and contagion, the first
lunatic asylum, for that enlightened spirit that spread over the
whole country so that Mr. Bryce could say in his "American
Commonwealth:" "The Americans are conspicuous for sympathy
with suffering and humane treatment of animals and unfortunate
human beings . ' ' Penn and his companions are thus to be counted
with Founders of America, although they came after the fathers
of the earlier colonies like Dr. Fuller of Plymouth who went to
attend the sick in the Bay Colony, and was an angel of mercy
in both. _ Many of the early ministers in New England were also
the physicians of their people; and the mother of Anneke Tans
wife of Dominie Bogardus, was the "trained nurse" of earlv
Manhattan. -^
Although not mentioned by Dr. Smith there are other prin
ciples that should be considered : —
yil. The Freedom of the Press, which did not exist in Great
Britain until 1694. In 1670 Governor Berkley reported forty
U

thousand people in Virginia and added: "But I thank God
there are no free schools nor printing and I hope we shall not
have these for one hundred years." In 1682 Buckner was
arrested for printing the laws. In 1638 Glover's press and
Stephen Daye arrived in Boston. In 1686 William Bradford
was the first printer in Pennsylvania. For printing the laws he
was arrested and put under bonds to await the King's decision.
The first copy of the first newspaper in the colonies ' 'The Boston
News-Letter" appeared April 24, 1704.
VIII. Regular Mails: As republics are formed and practi
cally controlled by public opinion, the dissemination of infor
mation is essential. The first regular stage-coach between New
York and Boston was not started until 1673, and the first coach
between New York and Philadelphia was started in 1732, the
year of Washington's birth.
IX. Respect for Labor: As exemplified by the Pilgrims and
early clergy in the spirit of Tolstoi.
X. No Taxation without Representation: This was claimed
in England in 1265, when as a result of the Baron's War and the
efforts of Simon de-Montfort the representation in Parliament
was extended. It was a principle maintained in Holland in
1477. When Massachusetts abandoned law-making to the
Assistants who chose the Governor and Deputy Governor, the
inhabitants of Watertown in 1631 refused to pay a tax levied
by the Assistants. It was thus a source of contention through
out the Colonial era, and the chief cause of the Declaration of
Independence, for this right of English freemen guaranteed in
1689 had been withheld from the colonists who were not repre
sented in Parliament.
XL Independence and Republicanism won by the Revo
lution :
About fifty years from the founding of Jamestown, or just
before the Restoration of 1660, the Period of Colonization was
practically closed in all of the thirteen colonies, except in their
remoter corners, and except in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the
Carolinas and Georgia. However all of these foundation-stones
had not been put in place as yet in any one of the colonies ; and
primitive conditions and Indian Wars like those of 1676 still
prevailed. But speaking of the whole territory, and remem
bering the high character of the Dutch, Scotch and English
immigration after the Restoration and the Huguenot colonists
who strengthened New England, New York and South Carolina
after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and the
great influence of William Penn and the Quakers, who came
after 1680, it is not erroneous to extend this period to the acces
sion of William and Mary in 1689.
Up to 1640, New England had received about 21,200 immi
grants, over fifty villages had been founded and about forty
churches built. In 1647 the population of New Amsterdam was
about one thousand; and from 2,500, in 1623, the population of
15

Virginia in 1648 had grown to about 20,000, of whom about 400
were negro slaves.
The year 1651, when England and Holland were at war, was
the date of the Navigation Act. The war of 1665-7 between
England and Holland turned New Amsterdam into New York.
War was repeated in 1673 when New York was taken back by the
Dutch, but returned to England in 1674.
Lord Baltimore of the Virginia Company, was in 1622 a mem
ber of the Council of New England. He planted a colony in New
Foundland, which was not successful. It was not until 1625 that
he was converted to Romanism, and he never became a propa
gandist. He announced that the privileges granted to Roman
Catholic priests in their own countries could not be granted to
them in Maryland "without grave offense to the King and
State;" but he founded a colony where his fellow Romanists
could find a safe asylum like other non-conformists, and deserves
the glory he shares with Brewster, Bradford and Roger Williams
of showing the way to toleration: but his hope of founding a
successful and lucrative colony was blighted at first by the
factional quarrels which broke out, as in Rhode Island, between
the different sects. He died before the charter of 1632, but his
son, Cecilius, continued this policy. He was named for the great
Lord Burghley and descended from Sir Thomas Wroth, the
friend of Edward VI., the fellow exile with Grindall in Frankfort,
and the brother-in-law of Lord Rich.
Most of the settlers of 1633 and 1644 were Protestants. After
the Toleration Act of 1649, the protestants defeated the Calvert
Party in 1655, and there was divided rule in 1657 compromised
in 1658, and settled in 1660 when Maryland's population was
from 8,000 to 12,000: but in 1689 the Romanists were disfran
chised. The New England Confederation of 1643 marked a step
in advance, but it broke up in 1684 being designed more for
military than political defense. Between 1652 and 1658, Mas
sachusetts annexed the settlements in Maine and bought the
Gorges title in 1676.
In 1664, the Hartford and New Haven colonies were united
and many from the latter settled in New Jersey. In 1665, Eliza-
bethtown, then a hamlet with only four houses, was the capital
of Goulding's Colony in New Jersey, and the Clarendon Colony
in North Carolina failed. It was not until 1675 that the Fenwick
or Byllynge Colony was established in New Jersey, and three
years latermany Quakers had arrived as settlers and the treaty
of amity with the Indians was concluded there. In 1679 colonies
of foreign Protestants were sent to South Carolina by Charles II •
and Mason's colony of New Hampshire was separated from
Massachusetts. In 1679, the population of New France was
8,515. In 1670, Berkeley reported 40,000 people in Virginia,
2,000 negro slaves, 6,000 white servants.
^^ New_ York was described in 1678 by Governor Andross as
"containing twenty-four towns with two thousand men capable
16

of bearing arms, with religions of all sorts, one Church of Eng
land, several Presbyterians and Independents, Quakers and
Anabaptists of several sorts, some Jews, but Presbyterians and
Independents most numerous and substantial." He enforced
the Navigation Act and promoted close relations with England
so that New York became in spirit the most English of the
colonies as was shown by the strength of the Loyalist cause in
the American Revolution. The royal officials from England
that came to Virginia, Maryland, New York and Boston intro
duced an aristocratic spirit that was at variance with the ideals
of most of the colonists. It was not until 1683 that through the
influence of Penn, a popular assembly was instituted for New
York. Charlestown, S. C, was founded in 1680, the year that William
Penn received his grant of Pennsylvania; but in 1683, at Phila
delphia, there where "only three or four little cottages," and it
was not until that year that New York had the Dongan Charter
of Liberties, which gave toleration to all Christians, Dongan
himself being a Roman Catholic.
In 1682, Sir George Carteret's rights in New Jersey were sold
to William Penn and twenty-three other proprietors, some
Royalists, some Dissenters, some Quakers; and in 1685, the
"Henry and Frances" brought 200 pioneers, followed by many
Scotch during the governorship of Lord Neill Campbell, a brother
of the Earl of Argyle.
In 1684 there were seven or eight thousand settlers in Pennsyl
vania and three hundred and fifty-seven houses and 2,500 people
in Philadelphia, so that William Penn could boast "I have led
the greatest colony into America that ever any man did upon a
private credit: and the most prosperous beginnings that ever
were in it are to be found among us." In three years the growth
was equal to that of the first half century in New York or Ply
mouth Colony.
Lord Cardross established his Scotch Presbyterian colony at
Beaufort, S. C, in 1684.
In 1685, one thousand of Monmouth's soldiers were sent from
their prisons to Virginia and many Huguenots arrived within the
next few years.
Prof. Fisher of Yale, used 1688 as a division of his compact
recapitulation of the history of "The Colonial Era." John
Fiske ends "The Beginnings of New England" in 1689. Sav
age's "Genealogical Dictionary" traces the settlers of New
England to 1692, the date of the Massachusetts charter. The
accession of James II, which was merely the beginning of his
downfall, is the starting point of Macauley ; and the same revolu
tion begins the third volume of Bancroft, who says of it: —
"Although narrow in its principles, imperfect in its details, and
frightfully intolerant toward Catholics, it forms an era in the
history of the liberty of mankind."

17

PART II.
In an age when less than half of our people are descended from
the Founders of America, many false conceptions of them pre
vail, and there are many who still believe in the false "Blue Laws
of Connecticut" fabricated by Peters. It has become fashion
able in certain circles in the United States to belittle the Pilgrims
and Puritans, to forget the great roles they played in history and
to interpret the enforced simplicity of their first homes in the
American wilderness as a sign of inferior social rank and origin,
not as the measure of the self-sacrifice they imposed upon them
selves and their families in their struggle for religious, political
and economic liberty. The sterling qualities of the Dutch
pioneers have been partially forgotten through the amusing
caricatures of Irving.
The Pilgrims are often described even in leading journals and
in post-prandial oratory as ridiculous, ignorant, witch-killing
fanatics, although no witch was ever executed in the Plymouth
Colony. All Puritans are sometimes described as crude plebeians,
although this is disproved by the Winthrop and Hutchinson
Memoirs, Birch's Bacon Memoirs, the Autobiography of Sir
John Bramston and Masson's "Milton." As to witchcraft it
was not only in America that it aroused the superstitious. Sir
Thomas Browne and Sir Matthew Hale were as uncompromising
toward those charged with witchcraft as the Mathers and Haw-
thornes. In the popular mind no distinction is made between the dif
ferent elements of the population in the first settlements. The
more their records are studied, the more certain it is that, al
though many of the first settlers were humble folk, as were the
contemporary ancestors of many British peers of today, that
the leaders in all the colonies were not only great in themselves,
but connected in many ways not only with the highest coteries
of intellectual leaders of English life, but also with the most
aristocratic circles, from the world's point of view, which they
abandoned. Ecclesiastical art was so connected with the religion supported
by those who persecuted their friends and themselves, that they
became iconoclasts; and the hereditary principle had so often
placed unworthy rulers and officials over them that they ignored
the claims of descent, and in noble humility belittled their own
claims to gentility, and gradually abandoned primogeniture
the essential means of keeping wealth centralized. '
The work of such genealogists as Waters, Chester, Somerby
and J. Henry Lea and such authors as Alexander Brown and
Morton Dexter have, however established the armorial rank of
scores of American families; part of whom were still rich but
some of whom came across the sea in poverty, sometimes more
honorable than wealth, and as oppressed and poor as those from
the humbler grades of English life. These, even in America at
18

the first, were seated in church according to their "quality"
but were put on an absolute parity before the law, — although
the infliction of corporal punishment for infractions of certain
laws was limited to those whom even Governor Winthrop called
the "common people," the gentry in such cases being fined and
admonished. Hon. Andrew Sloane Draper says of the Pilgrims :
"How they had been winnowed by repeated separations from
the common herd ! At old Scrooby they had separated from all
the world around them; going from there, the less daring stayed
behind; they had left fully half their number and surely not
the most courageous half, at Leyden; those who started and
became discouraged had returned at the last moment with the
Captain of the Speedwell; the remaining ones were surely cast in
an heroic mould, and the blood of a hundred kings was not more
royal than was theirs."
"Puritans made the fields of Naseby and Dunbar and Marston
Moor grounds which inspire the progress of the human race, for
upon them they taught the Stuart Kings and all the world to
gether the grim lesson that if there are divine rights among men
they are inherent in the people and not in the kings." "It was
to be a softened Puritan character, as exemplified in the Pilgrims
at Plymouth, rather than the austere type, unchanged and
unadapted, as seen in the Ironsides at the Bay, which was to
breathe not only the spirit of Christianity as they interpreted it,
but also of independence, of equality, of liberty, and of nation
ality into American life, and by these great marks to distinguish
it to all the people of the world. The Pilgrim was a Puritan, but
he had taken a post graduate degree."
In 1670 there were fifty towns and about 8,000 people in
Plymouth Colony. Their religious tolerance and broad political
principles have been noted. They purchased lands on mutually
satisfactory terms from the natives sixty years before the famous
treaty of William Penn, and in general the Dutch and Puritans
pursued the same policy. As they converted Indians before the
arrival of Eliot from England, there were in 1675 about 600
praying Indians in Plymouth Colony. Elder Brewster was a
scholar with a valuable library. He had been at the Court of
Elizabeth and travelled abroad in an Envoy's suite. Governor
Bradford, was a linguist, a Hebrew and classical scholar. His
history is marked by force and beauty of style. He was tolerant,
and when Roman Catholics from Canada were his guests at
dinner he served fish on Friday and spoke to them in French, as
he spoke Dutch to occasional guests and envoys from New
Amsterdam. His correspondence with Minuit was "courteous
and kindly," and he entertained de Razier in 1627. It is known
that Capt. Miles Standish was not a member of the church, and
many believe that he was a Roman Catholic. He belonged to a
famous armorial family, as did Governor Winslow, whose benevo
lent portrait with his coat of arms is a sufficient index to his
19

personality and proof of his philanthropy. The Pilgrims re
frained from religious persecution and never punished a single
human being charged with witchcraft. Although they were thus
more tolerant and liberal than the Bay Colony, still they did not
see their way clear, under the Stuarts, to open their doors of
citizenship, at that time, to those who disagreed with them, for
the very conclusive reason that it might have ruined their hazard
ous experiment and driven them eventually from their own
homes. Even Mr. Gardiner, the English historian, admits that
they were wise in this, and that "their own religious liberty
would have been in danger if a population had grown around
them ready to lend a helping hand to any repressive measures
of the home government."
Professor Fisher adds: "For one party to give ecclesiastical
freedom to its adversary at that time was to forge an instrument
for its own destruction."
Union of church and state and theocracy were both doomed,
and the theory of the separatists prevailed. Romanism and
Anglicanism have both enjoyed a wonderful development in
America under the Separatist policy, which the Church of Eng
land Puritans in Massachusetts first opposed and finally adopted
from Plymouth, and which was to become one of the most famous
features of the Federal constitution, and specifically guaranteed
by the first amendment.
The History of Dunmow in Essex records that the body of
Mrs. Lucy Sparhawk who died, not under Mary, but under
Elizabeth, was refused Christian burial because she was a Puri
tan. After legal pressure, however, she was finally buried, but
without signs of respect which were usually given and the ab
sence of which insulted her memory and her friends. It is not
surprising that this surname is found among those of dissenters
and New Englanders. It is not to be wondered at that those
who thus saw the dead bodies of their friends outraged, and had
other friends fined, imprisoned and martyred for their religion,
should become embittered and hate even the sacred symbols of
the State Church as signs of religious persecution. The Spanish
Inquisititon made all Holland protestant, and the English
persecutions turned some who might have been as well-poised as
Milton into half-crazed iconoclasts, who helped to make Puritan
ism unpopular and the Restoration a fact.
In Queen Mary's day a list of the martyrs and their friends
and followers contains such names as Allerton, Brewster Brad-
^T?-''!' '^^V^^L' Coe, Rogers, Sandys, Wyatt, Pierrepont, Sampson,
Bishop Ridley s loving cousin Ralph Whitfield," and Arch
deacon Philpot's custodian of his documents, Adam Winthrop a
connection of the Mildmays; the Wilsons, including the first
minister at Boston, descended from the Dean of Windsor buried
in St. George's Chapel, and like the Sheafes, Tafts, Higginsons
Hookers, Kings and Rawsons also from Archbishop Grindall 's
sister; the Whitfields, descended from the Philpots, Shelleys
20

Sheafes, Wilsons, Ardens, Chaucers, from Sir William Brampton,
Lord Mayor of London and from the uncle of Sir Charles Bran
don, Duke of Suffolk, who married Mary Tudor, Queen Dowager
of France, sister of Henry VIII, and grandmother of Lady Jane
Grey. Margaret Manning, the aunt of Rev. Henry Whitfield
of Connecticut married (1) Thomas Howard, Viscount Bindon,
son of the Duke of Norfolk and a relative of Queen Elizabeth.
As his widow she married (2) Sir Edmund Ludlow, a relative of
the Ludlows of New England, Virginia and New York, akin to
the Pophams, Wallers, Hampdens and Scropes, and among her
descendants were Lt. Gen. Edmund Ludlow, the Parliamentarian
and the Earls Ludlow. The stories of Sir Harry Vane, of Capt.
Geo. Fenwick, of Rev. Hugh Peters and of the fugitive regicides
Whalley, Goffe and Dixwell are too well known to be repeated.
Noble says that Col. Fleetwood, the regicide, died in America,
where many alleged relatives of others of the High Court of
Justice were also settled, like William Throope, William Phelps,
William Jones, Mrs. Knight and Theophilus Whale of Narra-
gansett. Governor Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts was the son of
Capt. Roger Dudley, who fell at Ivry in 1590, fighting for King
Henry of Navarre, and was himself a captain at the Siege of
Amiens. He sealed his will with the arms of the Suttons, Barons
of Dudley. In his youth a page to the Earl of Northampton, he
was afterwards steward of the Earl of Lincoln. His daughter
Mercy, wife of Rev. Benj. Woodbridge, was daughter-in-law to
Rev. John Woodbridge, chaplain of Parliamentary Commission
sent to King Charles I, in 1646-7 at the Isle of Wight. His
daughter Anne Dudley, wife of Governor Simon Bradstreet,
formerly steward of the Countess of Warwick at Lees Priory near
Felsted and Braintree in Essex, referred in one of her poems to
her kinship to Sir Philip Sidney, nephew of Lord Leicester, but
this reference was more modestly omitted in a subsequent edi
tion. Her brother, the Tory governor also claimed kinship with
the Dudleys and Sidneys of the peerage and the claim is ad
mitted by John Fiske, the historian. Recent genealogical re
searches have shown that Governor Thomas Dudley was through
the Purefoys and Dentons a cousin of Sir Fulke Greville, Lord
Brooke, the friend of Sir Philip Sidney and the Greys. The
sister of the second Lord Brooke,' like Lady Frances Gorges,
daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, married into the Hesselrigg,
Gorges, Fenwick, Sheafe and Nicholls connection of Founders of
America. As Lord Brooke who was born in 1554 was assassinated in
1628 and had been one of Queen Elizabeth's courtiers so that
he must have known Davison and Elder Brewster in London,
it is interesting to read his lines on "The Puritans' Departure
to New England" inspired by the sailing of the Mayflower and
the preparations of Winthrop and Dudley:^

21

"As the wise physician
When he discovered death in the disease
Reveals his patient's dangerous condition
And straight abandons what he cannot ease.
With the ghostly physic of a Might
Above all second causes infinite:
So, many grave and great men of estate
In such despaired times retire away
And yield the stern of government to Fate
Foreseeing her remedieless decay;
Loath in confused torrents of oppression
To perish as if guilty of transgression."
Gov. Dudley's grandfather, Thomas Thorne,wasof Northamp
tonshire, and the Visitation of 1619, shows that Nicholas Thorne
of Bristol was grandfather of John Wake, son-in-law of Sir Ed
ward Gorges, and allied with Catesbys, Philpots, Sir Thomas
Pygott and the Marquis Dorset. Nicholas Thorne founded a
grammar school in Bristol, and was the patron of the Cabots.
His son and Michael Lock drew maps for Haklyt, used by
Hudson. He was associated in London with Thomas Middle-
ton, Thomas Parr and Sir Launcelot Thirlkeld, ancestor of
the Dudleys of Yanwith, one of whom was so rigid a Puritan
that he disinherited a son for being a Romanist, and was a friend
of Archbishop Grindall and Bishop May, grandfather of Gov.
Bradford's wife, Dorothy May, and a kin to the Scropes, Nor-
tons, Middletons, Stapletons, Musgraves and Pecks.
One Thomas Thorne married Alice, daughter of Robert Arden,
and the will of John Arden in 1550 names "cousin Thomas
Thorne." Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Wm. Davison, William Brew
ster and John Arden were in the suite of Lord Robert Dudley in
Holland between 1585 and 1587. The Shelleys, from whom so
many Americans are descended, were ancestors of Bramptons,
Ardens, Whitfields, Sidneys, Chaunceys, Sandyses, Copleys,
Boleyns and Queen Elizabeth herself.
In Queen EHzabeth's reign, study the lists of soldiers in the
Netherlands under "the fighting Veres" and Sir Thomas Fairfax
and find Miles Standish, John Mason, John Underbill, Lyon
Gardiner and Thomas Dudley: — read the lives of her great
ministers of State and her courtiers and prelates, look over the
lists of landed gentry, great merchants, lord-mayors and sheriffs
of London, and find many connections with the names found
in Alexander Brown's "Genesis of the United States," Savage's
"Genealogical Dictionary" of the settlers of New England,
Water's "Genealogical Gleanings in England," Stannard's
Some Emigrants to Virginia," Hayden's "Virginia Gene
alogies" and the records of Maryland.
Prof. Fisher speaks of the settlers at Salem as never having
called in question at that time the lawfulness of a national
22

church and describes Laud's policy as being as "petty as it was
inquisitorial and arbitrary, put into action to extinguish Puritan
opinions, and to punish with imprisonment and death all devi
ations from the established ceremonies." "A large number of
men of birth and fortune, residing in different places, after
consultation with one another decided that it was expedient
to lay the foundations of a New England across the sea, where
the principles which they cherished might take root and flourish,
beyond the reach of royal and prelatical despotism." One of
them was John Winthrop who "belonged to an ancient family
and was possessed of a good estate." Like Washington he
was marked by "a certain grave self-control and dignity of
character." "Among his associates were others scarcely inferior
in social standing. Such were the deputy-governor Humphreys
and Isaac Johnson, sons-in-law of the Earl of Lincoln, and also
the steward of his household, Thomas Dudley: the bulk of the
emigrants being of the middle class uplifted by an earnest
religious faith."
Edward Johnson's "Wonder Working Providence" printed
in London in 1658 says of Ipswich founded in 1634 by Rev.
Nathaniel Ward, author of the "Body of Liberties," who was
called cousin by Governor Winthrop, and who was a friend of
Sir Nathaniel Rich, "The peopling of this town is by men of
good rank, and quality, many of them having the yearly revenue
of large lands in England before they came to this wilderness."
Such were a long list in all the colonies, for the tradition that all
the "best blood" is to be found south of Mason and Dixon's
Line is false, and many of the same families sent branches into
different colonies, like the Allertons, Bacons, Bradfords, Brew-
sters, Carys, Lees, Fenwicks, Gookins, Honeywoods, Spellmans,
Stacys, Whitfields, Ludlows, Whartons, Fields, Hubbards,
Reves and Masons.
Richard Lyman of Connecticut, Pres. Chaunler of Harvard,
Mrs. Whiting of Lynn, a sister of Chief Justice Oliver St. John;
Mabel Harlackendon, wife of Governor Haynes of New England
and Dorothy Harlackendon, wife of Deputy Governor Samuel
Symonds, the two latter, both descendants from the steward
of the de Veres and from the Hobarts, had many royal and
noble ancestors, as had many others, whose records have not
been so often printed. Many others, north and south, were
allied or associated with the greatest English families and
intellectual leaders. Macauley has shown that the English
aristocracy was not a caste.
Robert Coe of Stamford and Long Island was a descendant
of the Goldings, and thus a cousin of Arthur Golding, secretary
to Lord Rich and of Margaret Golding, wife of the Earl of
Oxford. Her son, Edward de Vere, the seventeenth Earl,
married a daughter of the Great Cecil, Lord Burghley, who
was akin to Robert Browne the Separatist and Davison the
patron of Elder Brewster. This, "the prodigal Earl of Oxford"
23

sold his estates to the Harlackendens, Holmsteads, Bigges and
other families well known in New England, acting, it is said,
out of pique and grief, because Cecil refused to save the life of
Oxford's cousin, the Duke of Norfolk, who was executed for
his sympathy with Mary Queen of Scots.
If life was unbearable for this descendant of "a hundred
earls" it is not remarkable that humbler folks began to think
of emigration, and that some of his own kinsmen came to these
shores, like the Bladens of Maryland.
Sir Walter Raleigh stated that out of 2,000,000 English people
in 1588 about 200,000 were Puritans, and 20,000 Separatists.
But many more found it easier to conceal their inmost thoughts
and outwardly conform like Robert Browne, the relative of Lord
Burghley, so that under Cromwell there were more Puritans
in England than had been generally known. In the Parlia
mentary struggles we not only find relatives of New Englanders
on one side, and kinsmen of New Yorkers and Virginians on
the other, but many who had friends and connections on both
sides, a tragedy to be repeated two centuries later.
Cromwell became Protector and the tide of migration toward
New England subsided, but the Cavaliers found an asylum
farther south, where famous royalist names are still found;
yet many of the same families were represented in New England.
"The Historical Relation of New England to the English
Commonwealth" was ably treated by Mr. J. Wingate Thornton
in the Congregational Quarterly, Vol. XVI, pages 14, 228, 382
and refers particularly to Cotton, Peck, Hooker, Whitfield,
Lothrop, Nathaniel Ward and others in New England whose
influence was great on both sides of the ocean.
The Ludlows, akin to the great Parliamentary General and
the Earls Ludlow, were prominent in New England, Virginia
and New York. The Mores of the Mayflower were of Norman
descent and their father was a famous Parliamentarian.
Major John Desboro, who married the sister of Oliver Crom
well the Protector, had a brother Samuel who married a daugh
ter of Rev. Henry Whitfield of Guilford, Conn, and returned
to England to become Member of Parliament and Keeper of
the Great Seal of Scotland. Another of the Desboros was early
in Virginia. The Claypooles of Pennsylvania and the Crom-
wells of New York claim kinship with the Protector.
Rev. Robert Peck, Vicar at Hingham in Norfolk, and founder
of Hingham in New England, was the pastor of the Lincolns,
Gilmans and Hobarts in both places. He was through the
Middletons, Musgraves, Nortons and Aunes connected with the
Ridleys, Stapiltons, Dudleys, Ardens, Grevilles and Bradfords
of the Heralds' Visitations, which give his pedigree for twenty
generations. One of his kinswomen was the wife of Sir Thomas
More, Lord Chancellor. Rev. Robert Peck married (2) Martha
Honeywood who was not only connected with Sir Thomas
Honeywood, Sir Harry Vane and the Elizabethan Master of
24

Posts, Sir Thomas Randolph, the patron of the Brewsters at
Scrooby, but was a granddaughter of Mary Waters Honeywood
who with her sister Joyce Hales (mother of Sir James Hales)
and Mrs. Ann Warcop were devoted friends of the family of Sir
William Lock and of Rev. John Bradford the Martyr. Mrs.
Peck was the widow of Rev. James Bacon, a cousin of Lord
Francis Bacon, and mother of Mr. Nathaniel Bacon of Virginia,
whose kinsman was the popular leader of Bacon's Rebellion. Mr.
Peck's nephew was William Peck of Cave in Suffolk who married
Dorothy, daughter of Sir Butts Bacon, Baronet, of this same
great family, as shown by the Visitation of Suffolk of 1664. Mr.
Peck's daughter married Major John Mason, a lietuenant under
Sir Horatio Vere and Sir Thomas Fairfax in the Netherlands, the
Conqueror of the Pequots in 1637 and a kinsman of John Mason,
the partner of Gorges and proprietor of New Hampshire, a con
nection of Edward Randolph, the unpopular royalist of Andross's
day, and of the Masons of Virginia. He was Acting Governor of
Connecticut when Winthrop was in England, and one of the
Patentees to whom King Charles II granted the charter con
cealed in the oak. The Bladens of Maryland were descended
from the Fairfaxes and the de Veres. Ann de Vere, Lady
Sheffield, married John Brock, whose niece married John Reve
of Booking and whose nephew Bartholomew Brock married a
daughter of Sir Ralph Wiseman of Rivenhall, and grand
daughter of Lord Rich. Sir Thomas Wroth, son-in-law of Lord
Rich and ancestor of Cecilius Calvert was a Marian exile with
Archbishop Grindall and Archbishop Sandys. Governor Brad
ford's wife, Dorothy May, was descended from Sir Martin Bowes,
Lord Mayor of London, and Dr. May, Bishop of Carlisle and the
Cloptons, connected with the Stacys, Hobarts and Sir Symonds
Dewes. Harlackenden Bowes, who succeeded to the English
estates of Governor Haynes of New England was a relative of
Mrs. Bradford as was Thomasine Clopton, wife of Governor
Winthrop. The tradition that Rev. John Bradford the martyr, was akin
to Governor Bradford of Plymouth was referred to in an elegy
written at the time of the latter 's death: —
"Now blessed holy Bradford, a successor
Of blessed holy Bradford the confessor.
Is gone to place of rest with many more
Of precious ones whom I might name : great store
And commendation of each one have been given
But what needs that? Their names are writ in Heaven."
"By one that was well acquainted with the worth of the said
Mr. William Bradford" in Morton's "New England's Memorial"
1669. John Bradford and one Cornwall were two of those exe
cuted by Queen Mary for participating in Dudley's Rebellion in
1557. As Governor Bradford and William Bradford the friend of
William Penn and pioneer printer, both used the arms of the
25

Bradfords of Yorkshire, an examination of Yorkshire Visitations
shows affiliations with the Middletons, Pecks, Musgraves, Ogles,
Halls, Walleses, Carrs, Chesters, Ridleys, Fenwicks and Sir
Edward Gray in one pedigree ; and in another with the Amyases
of Wakefield Yorks (into which family John Field, the astron
omer married) the Middletons, Musgraves, Ridleys, Aunes,
Pecks, Williamsons, Fenwicks, Cornwalls, Carrs, Sutton-Dud-
leys, Copleys and Nowells. These Bradfords were related
through the Middletons, Aunes and Pecks to the wife of Major
John Mason. Zacheriah Field served under Major Mason in the
Pequot War and John Field the astronomer was of a family con
nected with the Nowells, Kayes, Savilles and Saltonstalls and
through the Merediths with the Hills, Cookes, Stacies, Munde-
fords and Bramstons and with Sir William Locke, the friend of
Henry VIII, and of Sir Thomas Gresham, the latter a friend of
William, the Silent, and founder of the Royal Exchange. As one
of these Greshams married a daughter of Sir Henry Thwaites
of Lound on the Wolds in Yorkshire near Scrooby (whose wife
was a Saville), while another was the wife of Sir Nathaniel Bacon,
it may yet be proven that Margaret Gresham, grand-mother of
Governor Bradford, was a relative of the great family of that
name who were in such close touch with ancestors of New Eng
landers, Virginians and Marylanders, and did so much for the
commerce and glory of England.
William Gresham, brother of Sir Richard Gresham, Lord
Mayor of London, had an apprentice Otwell Hill, son-in-law of
Sir William Locke. The will of Mr. Hill in 1543 refers to Roch
dale in Lancaster near the reputed birthplace of Bradford the
martyr. The will of Joane Wilkinson, wife of Martin Locke, the
partner of Frobisher, and son of Sir William Locke, was proven
in 1587. It names her cousin Joane Argall, Lady Henry Crom
well, Margaret Yale, my good friend Mrs. Anne Warcuppe, and
my kinsman Ralph Warcuppe."
Like Mary Waters Honeywood and her sister "my good Joyce
Hales," Mrs. Anne Warcuppe, Lady Elizabeth Vane, Mrs. Pier-
pont and Mrs. Wilkinson were devoted disciples of Bradford the
martyr, who sent them messages of farewell just before his death.
Mrs. Wilkinson became one of the Marian exiles on the continent
where Sir William Lock and the Greshams had commercial head
quarters. Dorothy, wife of Gov. Bradford, was a great-grand
daughter of Sir William Wilkinson.
In 1546 Mary Hill married Francis Spellman, one of whose
family Dorothy, daughter of Sir Henry Spellman, the antiquary,
became the wife of Sir Ralph Whitfield. Mary Hill's sister Mar
garet married Sir John Cheke, the tutor of Edward VI. They
were related to the Cookes, Bacons, Cecils, Killigrews, Guil-
fords and Dudleys, and the widow of Richard Hill married (2)
Sir John Mason, the Tudor ambassador to Paris and Brussels.
It was Katherine Spellman, grand-daughter of Richard Hill who
became the wife of Elder Brewster's patron William Davison,
26

who owed much to her influence, until Queen Elizabeth dismissed
him for obeying her command to deliver the order for the execu
tion of Mary Queen of Scots. Bradford and Brewster are thus
the two ends of this chain. Another chain connects thern with
Robert Bradford who was in the employ of Edmund Grindall,
Queen Elizabeth's Archbishop of York, and landlord of Scrooby,
who on his elevation to the See of Canterbury in 1575 was suc
ceeded by his old schoolmate, Edwin Sandys, who was a prisoner
in the same cell with Bradford the martyr, and whose family was
so prominent in Virginia. Grindall and Bradford, the martyr,
were chaplains of Bishop Ridley at the same time and friends of
Sir Thomas Wroth, Sir John Cheke and Alexander Nowell. The
latter became chaplain to Archbishop Grindall, and Dean of St.
Paul's, and educated his nephew Sir John Deane, Grandfather
of Margaret Tyndale, wife of Governor Winthrop. William
Grindall and James Hill of Austerfield married relatives of Gov
ernor Bradford, and Otwell Grindall was baptized there May
1670. Roger Williams was a protege of Sir Edward Coke and cor
responded with Sir William Martin and the Barringtons. He
was born in London, not as usually stated in Wales. Rev.
Ezekiel Rogers of New England was chaplain to Sir Francis Bar-
rington. Such illustrations could be quoted indefinitely.
Mr. Palfrey calls attention to the fact that between 1630 and
1690 there were as many sons of Oxford and Cambridge in New
England in proportion to the population as in the mother
country; and Governor Winthrop states that in 1638 there were
several Oxonians and forty or fifty Cambridge men in the villages
of Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Books in the colonial libraries, scholars like Bishop Berkeley,
at Newport, courtiers like the governors sent from London and
colonists returning from visits to the mother country kept the
new settlements however rude, from losing touch entirely with
the old civilization; but many of the second and third genera
tions in the colonies had less culture than the first. But the
founders of America put conduct above erudition, ability before
pedigree, and education and manhood above rank and the
"guineas's stamp" before Burns was born. They combined
brave doing and high thinking with plain living before Franklin
and Emerson, before Whittier wrote "Snow Bound" or Wagner
preached "The Simple Life." They lived "the strenuous life"
before Roosevelt. They were the ancestors of nineteen-twen-
tieths of the 2,500,000 people of the thirteen colonies who won
their freedom by the Revolution.
In 1674 Governor Andross arrived in New York and in 1686
became Governor of New England. In 1688 New York was
humiliated and inconvenienced by annexation to New England
with the capital at Boston. The demand for the surrender of
the charter in Connecticut and its concealment in the Charter
Oak takes one back to the days of Robin Hood. For the first
27

time the people of New England were ruled by principles and
methods that had driven them from the old. Fiske says: "The
four years from 1684 to 1688 were the darkest years in the history
of New England." This was true of all the colonies. It must be
admitted that Andross and Randolph were able and sincere and
honest, but they were the representatives of obsolete policies
and enforced them with brusque rigor and unnecessary cruelty.
Evelyn's Diary gives an illuminating picture under date of
May 18, 1688 when six bishops protested against the King's
orders to read in churches the royal declaration of liberty of
conscience "not that they were averse to the publishing it for
want of due tenderness towards Dissenters" (including Roman
ists) in relation to whom they should be willing to come to such
a temper as should be thought fit. * * * But that the
declaration being founded on such a dispensing power as might
at pleasure set aside all laws ecclesiastical and civil, it appeared
to them illegal as it had done to the Parliamentin 1661 and 1672.
The King was so far incensed at this address that he with threat
ening expressions commanded them to obey him in reading it
at their perils and so dismissed them."
The news of the Revolution of 1688 was brought to Boston
by John Winslow, who arrived there on the fourth of April 1689,
and announced that William and Mary had been proclaimed
King and Queen of England on the thirteenth day of February
of that year. Fiske says: "There was such rejoicing as had
never before been seen in that quiet town, it was believed that
self government would now be guaranteed to New England."
In all the colonies the old governments were resumed. In
New York, Jacob Leisler, one of her popular heroes, was given
command of the fort, and with patriotic motives assumed the
governership. Nicholson and members of the Stuart govern
ment however disregarded Leisler's authority, and proclaimed
allegiance to William and Mary, so that both factions claimed
the royal letters which arrived in December to Nicholson "or in
his absence to the Preservers of Peace and Order in New York."
Nicholson being absent, Leisler interpreted and held this letter
as a legal sanction of his authority. Although a German, Leisler
had seen military service with the Dutch and was "religiously
and politically in sympathy with William of Orange." He called
together the first American Congress, and by uniting on a mili
tary plan of action in Canada, exercised national sovereignty
independently of the British authorities. Ignored by the Crown,
refusing to yield, through fear of the Papists, French and Indians
and opposing the Androssites now in authority, he was finally
displaced and with his son-in-law Milbourne was judicially
murdered on the sixteenth of May, 1691 by Governor Sloughter
and the New York Council and Assembly. King William sub
sequently removed their attainder and restored their forfeited
estates to their heirs: but the aristocratic party was dominant.
Penn issued his plan of Union in 1697 and Franklin his in 1754.
28

The efforts of King James II to unite the colonies were unpopular
because self-government was not provided. Had an equitable
plan been adopted instead of arbitrary orders of royal councils,
colonial union would have been welcomed as a safeguard against
the Indians and the French.
In Maryland the deputies of Lord Baltimore hesitated to
proclaim William and Mary, but John Coode formed an armed
force of Protestants and took possession of the government.
Although Lord Baltimore's property rights were respected his
political power was annulled, and even his representatives were
forced to consent to the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the
ranks of office-holders as they were in England from 1562 to 1829.
There was great alarm in England at the bold attitude of the
colonists in 1689, a prophecy of 1775.
After years of bitter antagonisms and furious fratricidal battles
in England, hostile factions were now reunited; and as the more
radical elements of the British population had emigrated. Great
Britain became more conservative and kept in via media. The
peaceful accession of William and Mary was the consummation
of the mighty movement that began with Huss and Wycliffe and
Luther, and as Macauley says, the greatest of the European
revolutions because final and followed by stable government.
It practically united England and Holland. Their combined
fleets controlled the high seas. It ended the vassalage of England
to France, and avenged the Huguenots for the revocation of the
edict of Nantes. England was restored to her old place among
nations. The coronation of the great-grandson of William the
Silent as King of Great Britain began a new and glorious epoch
that was continued through the Augustan age of Queen Anne.
As William, the Silent, derived his title from Orange in France
and battled for religious and political freedom and just govern
ment in Holland, and as his successor ruled not only Holland but
England as well, he is one of the heroic founders of American
institutions on whose monument could wreaths be appropriately
placed by descendants of Pilgrims, Puritans, Huguenots, Knick
erbockers, Quakers and Cavaliers.
The fourth of April, 1689, the date on which John Winslow
brought to Boston the news of the Proclamation of William and
Mary which resulted in the imprisonment of Governor Andross
as a representative of Stuart principles, hated, feared but now
utterly destroyed forever, marks another epoch which can be
celebrated by the sons of all classes of Founders of America, for
although still discriminated against, even the Roman Catholics
ceased to be persecuted.
At the accession of William and Mary the old leaders had
nearly all passed away, and the responsibilities of colonial life
were borne by their successors who were natives of the soil.
The population of Massachusetts with Maine and Plymouth
was 44,000, of New Hampshire 6,000; Rhode Island and Provi
dence 6,000; Connecticut 19,000; New York 20,000. New
29

Jersey 10,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware 12,000; Maryland
25,000; Virginia 50,000; Carolina as far south as Florida 8,000 ;
a total Caucasian population of about 200,000.
The Period of Colonization had practically closed.
To England and her colonies, succeeding years brought dis
appointments and discouragements, but the real power became
vested in the House of Commons, the Declaration of Right
guaranteed the dearly bought privileges of the people helping to
inspire the American Constitution and its first ten amendments,
and persecution for religious belief was a horror of the past, ex
cept as we see it today in Armenia and Russia. King William's
insistence on war with France was a part of his European policy
which was forced upon America and resulted in great suffering
from Indian atrocities added to the usual and unavoidable
rigors of war, but it resulted in bringing the colonists nearer
together, and trained native soldiers for the work of the Revolu
tion. There were colonial congresses at Albany in 1694, 1711,
1722, 1748, and 1751 and at New London in 1709 and 1711; though
the most important of these was that at Albany in 1754 which
was dominated by Franklin; but in none of these was there any
effort made toward independence. It was not until the Peace of
Paris in 1763 that Vergennes prophesied that the colonies "will
no longer need England's protection: but will call on them to
contribute towards supporting the burdens they have helped to
bring on her and they will answer by striking off all dependence."

30

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK SOCIETY OF THE ORL ER OF
THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF AMERICA.
1. "The Settlement of New York," by George Rogers Howell, Manii
18, 1897.
2. "The Battle of Lexington," by Hon. John Winslow, I\Iay 1.3, 1897
3. "George Clinton," by Col. R, E. Prime, December 1.5 1902 '
4. "Washington, Lincoln and Grant," by Gen. James' Grant Wilson,
April 6, 1903.
5. ||Early New York," b>' Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt, Januar\ 1.5, 1904.
6. "Thomas Hooker, The First American Democrat," by Walter Seth
Logan, February 19, 1904.
7. "Early Long Island," by Hon. Wm. Winton Goodrich, March 16 1904
8. "Banquet Addresses," May 13, 1904.
9. "Tlie Philippines and The Filipinos," by Maj. Gen. Frederick D
Grant, December 10, 1904.
10. "Some Social Theories of the Revolution," b\ Theodore Oilman,
January 31, 1905.
11. "Banquet Addresses." May 13, 1905.
12. "The Story of the Pequot War," by Thos. Egleston, LL. D., Ph. D.,
December 15, 1905.
13. "Distinctive Traits of a Dutchman," b\- Col. John W Wooman
February 23, 1906.
14. "An Incident of the Alabama Claims Arbitration," b\ Col Ralph
E. Prime, March 23, 1906.
15. "Banquet Addresses and Memoir of Hon Robert B. Roosevelt "
May 14, 1906.
16. "Constitution, By-Laws and Regulations of the Order, and List
of Members of the General Court, with By-Laws, and List
of Members of the New York Society," XoNember 1, 1906.
17. "Some Municipal Problems that Vexed the Founders," by Re\ .
Wm. Reed Eastman, December 14, 1906.
18. "A Vanished Race of Aboriginal Founders," b\ Brig. Gen. Henrj-
Stuart TurriU, U. S. A., February 14, 1907.
19. "List of Officers and Members of the New York Society," Novem
ber 15, 19(17.
20. "The Hudson Valley in the Revolution," b\' Francis Whiting Halse\-,
December 13, 1907.
21. "American Territory in Turkey; or Admiral Farragut's Visit to
Constantinople and the Extra-territoriality of Robert Col
lege." by Ralph E. Prime, LL.D., U. C. L., Februar\- 14, 190,s.
22. "Banquet Addresses," May 13, 19()S.
23. "Some Things the Colony of North Carolina Did and Did First
in the Founding of English-Speaking America," by Wil
liam Edward Fitch, M, 1)., December 1], 190S.
24. "Colonial Legends and Folk Lore," In Hon. John C. Coleman,
January 20, 1910.
25. "The Origin, Rise and Downfall of the State of Franklin, Under
Her First and Only Governor — John Sevier," by William Ed
ward Fitch, M. D., March 11, 1910.
26. "Proceedings on the Dedication of the Tablet Erected to the New
York Society of the Order of the Founders and Patriots
of America, on the Site of Fort Amsterdam at the United
States Custom House, New York City," September 29, 1909.
27. "Banquet Addresses," Ma>' 13, 1910.
2S. "Commodore Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution," by Gen.
James Grant Wilson, D. C. L., October 28, 1910.
29. "Some Aspects of the Constitution," by Joseph Culbertson Clayton,
December 14, 1910.
30. "Early Colonial Efforts for the Improvement of the Indians," b>'
Re\-. Edward Payson Johnson, D. D., February 14, 1911.
~ 31. "Rev. Jonas Clark, Pastor of the Church at Lexington during the
Revolution, Leader of Revolutionary Thought," by Theo
dore Oilman, October 19, 1911.
32. "The Founders of America," by Winchester Fitch, B. L., Januar\-
10, 1912.

^Y