USUI

YAir UNIVERSITY HBRARY

3 9002 07560 7383

h;

1

zosh

Cui Bono ?
O R, A N
INQUIRY, W -fl A T
BENEFITS CAN ArISE
'I,
EITHER TO THE
ENGLISH OR THE AMERICANS,
T H 8
, FRENCH, SPANIARDS, OR DUTCH,
, FROM THE
GREATEST VICTORIES, OR SUCCESSES.
IN T H Z
PRESENT WAJR?
SEING A
SERIES OF LETTERS,
ADDRESSED TO
MP NSIEUR NECKER,
lATE C0MTK0il.EK GXNEKAI. OT THE FINANCES OE FRANCE-

SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED.
f '^ WITH A Pl-AN POK A
I GIENERAL PACIFICATION.
I '
; By yosiAH tucker, d. d.
DEAN OF'<3LOC£STEK.

GLOCESTER:
PRINTED BY R, RAIKES,
FOE T. CADZII,, IN THE STRANBJ
.SOLD AS>SO sy EVANS AND BAZEI.,
IN OI.OCESTER.
M.SCC.&EXXIIt,

LETTEU I,
TO MONSIEUR NECKER,
Cui Bono J ,
SIR,
A Man who has diftinguifhed himfelf
in fuch critical Times as the pre
fent, in the difficult and envied Station of
Controller-General of the Finances of
France, is certain of being attacked, and
as fure of being defended, by Multitudes of
Writers. You have experienced .the Ef-r
fedts of both Parties 3 and are, perhaps,
by this Time, fuffi^cientty cloyed with the
Flattery of the one» and grown callous to
the Cenfures of the other. X^erefof e it is
natural for you to conclude, that when any
A, ? other

4 V C U I B O N O ?
other Writer is bringing your Name again
before the Public, he is only repeating
what you have fo often heard.-— But if
you. Sir, will honour thefe Letters with
a careful Periifal,. you will find hardly
one Thing. in them fimilar to what you
have read before j and yet many of them,
perhaps, not unworthy of your ferious At
tention. As I wifh to treat you witb all the
Refpedb due to your diftinguiflied Charac-'^
ter ; and as my Aim, in the Profecution
of my Subjedt, is entirely the Good of
Mankind; I prefume it is unneceflary,
tho,ugh a: Stranger to your Perfon, to apo
logize for the Liberty I take in thus ad-;
dreffing you. Only let me here be al
lowed to obferve, that I was favoured
with the Correfpondence of your Prede-
ceffor, Monf. Turcot^ both during the
Time he was in Office, and aftef his
Refignation ; — and that I am the fame
Perfon, of whofe Writings Monf. Necker himfelf

Or, AN IN dU I R Y, bfe. 5
himfelf has fometimes condefcended to
make mention ; and more particularly
at that Jundure, when the idle Project
of invading England, became the gene
ral Topic of Converf ation throughout
all Europe.
Setting, therefore, all Apologies a-
fide, and endeavouring to diveft myfelf of
national Partialities, and local Prejudices,
to the utmoft of my Power, I now enter
on the Work propofed, not as an Engllfh
man, but as a Citizen of the World 3 not
as having an inbred Antipathy againft
France, but as the Friend of the whole
human Species.
Whatever were your private Views,
either of Intereft, or of Honour, in pub-
lifhing your Compte Rendu, the Example
you have fet deferves univerfal Commen
dation. And it is greatly to be wifhed,
that it were made a fundamental Law in
all arbitrary Governments, that each Mi-
nifter.

g C U I B O N O ?
niftef , in the grand Departments of Truft
andPower, fhould publifh annual Accounts
of his refpedive -Adminiftration.-— Ac-
<;;ounts I mean, which could ftand the Tefl;
of an open and impartial Scrutiny, free
from thofe falfe Colourings, ahd wilful
Mifreprefentations, with which yours
have been fo frequently and exprefsly
charged J and from which, I fear^you have
not yet been able to clear yourfelf to gene
ial Satisfaction.,
But waving every Thing of this Na-
ture, [becaufe I da not intend to be either
vour Advocate, or Accuferjand taking for
granted, what you do not wifh to conceal,
that the grand Defign of the Government,
under which you live^, in ordering your
Account to be made Public, was to fhew
the World, that France had fo many Re-
fources ftill remaining, as would exhauft
and ruin England in the Progrefs of this.
War; — I will here fuppofe, for Argu
ment Sake, that every Thing has fucceed ed^

Or, A N IN Q.U I R Y, £?>. 7
©d, or fhall fucceed, according to the
warmeft Wifhes of the moft bigotted
Frenchman. Poor England is no more !
Non modo delenda, fed penitus deieta ejl Car
thago ! In fhort, the Lillies of France,
like the Eagles oi Rome, are every where
triumphant i
W^LL, my good Sir, after all this Ex-
pence and Trouble, after fo much Hurry
and Confufion in fubduing this devoted
Ifland, after fuch re,peated Vi<3:ories, and
immortal Fame, — ^wiil you permit us to
reft a while, and to take Breath ?— Aftd
fince th.QFrench Arms havenow raifed their
Nation to this Pinnacle of Glory, Jet us
paufe a little, to view the extended Prof-
,ped: fo far below us ? — This Is all- tbe
Boon I afk, and in granting this, I hope
we fhall be induced to think in the next
Place, [for we have not yet thought upon
the Matter] what would be the inevitable
Confequences of thefe mighty Revolu tions,

C U I B O IvT O?
tions, now fo ardently defired by every
Frenchman, were Providence to permit
them to come to pafs.
Such a Stibje<St is furely of Importaricc,
to'the Welfare' and Happinefs of Man
kind. And this is the Subjeft I propofe
for the enfuing Letter. In the mean
Time, I own I am under a ftrong Temp-
, tation to add ia few Words concerning
the infatuated Condiift of my own Coun
try-men, xkt Englifh, in the fdrmer Wiar ;
as a Warning' arid MeMehto 'to -futui'e
Politicians. ' ' «t _
Almost thirty Years argo, when our
Golonlfts in America we're at leafl
fifty to one voort ih ^Number than the
-Handful of j.Meh, who' Cbuld have in
vaded them ixQvo Cahada,-^! {sy, when
thefe fifty iin<jkunted Heroes, of the true
Englifh Bre&d, pretended to be afraid of
¦one Frenchman— Cmnmon Senfe might have

Or. an in Q,U I R % &c. 9
have taught us to have fufpedted the
Truth of fuch pretended Fcar« j — Com
mon Senfe alfo might have fuggefted the
Expediency of paufing a while, and .lof
examining into Fadts, particularly relat
ing to the Fur-trade, before we , rufhed
into Hoftilities ^on fuch weak and frivo
lous Pretences : — Laftly, Common Senfe
might have told us that it would be bad
Policy to put thefe turbulent and facStious
Colonies above all Controul, [if we. really
thought them worth the keeping] apd of
placing them in that very State of Inde
pendance, which they had ever wifhed
for, and had been conftantly aiming at. —
I fay. Common Senfe. might have fug
gefted all thefe Things, if wc had not
difdained to afk the Advice of fueh a
Counfellor. Nay more; — there was a
Man at that very Time, who remonftrated
ftrongly againft the Abfurdlty, not to fay
Injuftlce of fuch Proceedings. — He fhew-
ed, with an Evidence not attempted to
B be

10 C U I B O N O ?
be invalidated, that the Americans had
not afiigned a fufficient Caufe for going
to War for their Sakes ; — and that their
pretended Dahj^ers of being driven into
the Ssa, or of being put between two
Fires (the conftant Cry and Clamour
at that Jundlure in all our public Papers)
were mere Impofture and Grimace. —
And what is beyond all, he offered to
prove from the Englifh Cuftom -Houfe
Books of Entries or Imports, that the
Quantity of Furs brought into England
from America was almoft double to what
it had been in former Times, inftead of
being monopolized (as was afTerted) by
the French :— Though I muft own, that'
had. this been really the Cafe, it would
have been fomething new in the Annals
of the World, that a great Nation, and a
civilized People, had made War on ano
ther Nation, becaufe the latter had
bought more Skins of Cats, Foxes, Bad
gers, and of fuch" Sort of Vermin, than
. the

Or, AN I N'Q,U I R Y, £5f<v n
the former had been able to do. — Laftly,
the fame Perfon ventured to foretel In the
moft direft Terms, that the driving of
the French from^ the Englifh back Settle
ments would be the Signal to the Colo
nies, to meditate a general Revolt. But
alas ! he was preaching to the Winds
and Waves : — Some would not vouch-
fafe an Anfwer to his Letters ;—
others were pleafed to tell him, that
the American Colonifts were better
Judges of their own Dangers, than he
had any Right- to pretend to be ; — and
that the Refledtions caft upon them for
harbouring Thoughts of Independance,
and of planning Schemes of Rebellion,
were bafe and fcandalous, and utterly
void of Foundation. Moreover, not a few
plainly declared, that whofoever fhould
attempt to ralfe fuch Sufplclons againft
the beft of loyal Subjedls, the faithful
Americans, could be no other than a Spy
in Difguife, and a Penfioner to France.
B 2 , [You,

12 C IJ I B ONO?
[You, Sir, who fo juftly complain, that
the feveral Penfions on the French Lift
amount to the enormous Sum of Twenty-
eight Millions of Livres, or about
jT. 1,272,727. Sterling; — you, I fay, can
befi: tell, whether you have met with the
Name of Tucker among the long Roll
of Englifh Mock Patriots, and French
Penfioners.] Now, as we haVe fuch a recent Example
before our Eyes of thofe fatal Confe-
quences, which might have been prevent
ed by a cool and timely Reflection ; it is
to be hoped, that the like blind, infa
tuated Part will not be adted over again;
— but that the Powers at War will take,
Warning by the paft, and confider, 'ere it
be too late, what would be the EfFe6ts
of the prefent furious Contefts, were they
leven to be crowned with all that Brilliancy
and Succefs, which their own fond Hearts
can wifh, or defire. With

Or, anin QLU I R Y, i^c. 13
With thefe Sentiments, and with jufi
Efteem for your great .Talents, I have the
Honour to be, SIR,
Your nioft obedient.
Humble Servant,

LET-

i^ CUI BONO?
jAu LETTER II.
To MONSIEUR NECKER.
Cui Bono F
s I R, ¦' " '*t':
THE former Letter being only an
Introdudtion, we are now coming
to the main Subjedl. Poor England is
fubdued by the combined Forces of
France and her Allies. Perhaps, indeed,
fhe may not be fo abfolutely conquered,
as to be annexed as a Province to the
French Empire, — neverthelefs fo totally
ruined as to become a Bankrupt, and to
make a moft defplcable Figure both in the
political and commercial World. — Or, if
you would chufe an abfolute Subjedtion
rather than a partial one, the Difference
between the one Condition and the other
is not fo very material, but that this alfo
may be granted for Argument's Sake,
En^and therefore is no longer an inde
pendant

Or, an IN Q,U IRY, 15
pendant State, but a Province to France,
and to be governed by a Vice Roy. of the
grand Monarch ! — Can you afk for more ?
What then is to be the Confequence
of this mighty Change ? — And what Ef-
fedls are to follow, in the Courfeof
Trade, and in the Syftem of Politics,
from this grand Revolution ? — Refpetft-
ing 'trade. It is evident to a Demonftra
tion, that were a Tradefman, or a Shop
keeper to be afked, whether it Is his In
tereft, that his richeft Cuftomers and beft
Paymafters fhould become Bankrupts and
Beggars .•* he would give you a very fhort
Anfwer. Perhaps likewife he would be
tempted to afk in his Turn, — " Do you
" mean, Sir, to infult my Underftanding,
** or to expofe your own Ignorance by
" afking fuch a foollfh Queftion ?" But
it feems, pubjic trading Nations are to
proceed by oppofite Methods, an.i by
Maxims of Trade and Commerce, quite
contrary

,6 CUI BO N- O?
contrairy to thofe of Individuals, Bodies
Politic are to ufe every Effort in their
Power to beggar th6ir Cuftomers fitftj
and to trade with them afterwards, as
the wifeft Courfe : $0 that what would
have been the Height of Folly and Ab
furdlty in th6 one Cafe, hot to fay, Wick-
ednefs and Immor^Ity,^ — is tb be confi
dered in the other ais thtf Depth of Pru
dence, Fore- fight,- Sagacity, Penetration,
or what you pleafe.-^Here therefore, let
us begin our Aetjounts, and feipeh our
Books Defetor ahd Creditor bet#€:en one
commercial Natief'h and another.
The Englifh; \vhen a great and. rich
Pebple, bought vaft Quantities of thfe
choiceft Win'cs and Brandies which
France could . produce ; ahd they were
known to be the beft of Cuftomers by
paying for them in ready Money, 'and even
by advancing Sums aforehand'! — But
wheh thefe Dealers fhall be reduced to
." ' the

O R, A N I N Q. U I R Y, £sfc. 17
the loweft Ebb of Want and Indigence,
— they will buy more Wines and Bran
dies than ever they did, and become better
Cuftomers than they were before. This
is Penetration ! This is Sagacity !
Again, the Englifh, when in great
Profperity, and over-flowing with Riches,
were remarkably vain and oftentatious :
And their Females in particular, (as it was
natural for the Sex) vied with each other
in all the Parade of Finery. Hence they
were induced, and by their Wealth they
were enabled, to buy the richeft Silks and
Velvets, and the moft elegant Gold and Sil
ver Laces, that could be wrought in France :
For iiothing was thought to be too coftly,
pirovided it came from your Country. In
fhort, French Fafhions were the Stan
dard for Drefsj French Cooks taught
the Laws of Eating ; and French Milli
ners, Taylors, Frizeurs, and Dancing-
Mafters prefcribed the Rules of Good-
Breeding and Politenefs. But when thofe
C happy.

,8 C U;I- >B O N O? ,
happj/;, ,wifbed-for ,Tirnes fhall come»
y^h^ J^^gknt^ds to, hp ftripped of all its
._]^iche^,..tjiett tljipfe quondam good Cufto
mers will, buy mor^ Silks, more Brocades,
more Gold, apd' Silver Lace, and rpore
every Thing than ever they did before, —
becaui^; they will have nothing- to pay :
^P^; thf^', iWhcjlp; Tribe., of CxDoks,, Milli-
nersj Xaylors,. Frizeurs, J^erfumers, &c.
,^|^...:"^jiU think, tliemfelve?. fuperlatiyely
haigipy, ip working ;gratis-fo;: the beggared
Engli/h.rr-'r-'This.: agajn is another Speci
men of cppfurpinate Wifdom, and deep
Penetration !
OncE; more, a^id I jhave done.  You
obferve^ in your *., Compte Rendu, .t^t Fo
reigners travelling i^to France import an
nually np lefs a Surn, than; thirty Millions
oCLivres, equal to^ii>363,6361. fterling :
And this, you confidei'.as.fo great an Ac-

. * Page-96, oftbe;Oqgjip]^^ and 99, of ike Englijk
Tranflation,' gu' ifl tioii

Or, AN rNQ,|JIR-Y, ^c ^ig
quifitlon to the Riches of France [Id'^h,
Ithink differently] that you ekultin^y
tell the King, your Mafter, that the iMb-
ney expended by thefe Travellers is one of
the mOft profitable Branches of Comtmerce
In his KIhgdom. Whether it befo, brnot,
one Thing is certain, that Orie-halfat leaft,
if hot Two-thirds of this enormous Sum
is Englifh Money, fperit t^thatR-ace of Be
ing^, whom yOu ih FranceHile Milords Ang
lois, et Miladies Angloifes:^ Therefore, when
thefe new-^rei£b6d Lords and Ladies, who
have at prefent more Money than Wit,
fhafl: be reduced fo Idw, as hbt tq have' One
Sous In their Pockets, I leave you to guefs
how far the French Politefte, either at Pa
ris, or in the Provinces, will be extended
towards theim;-^— and whether fuch penny-
lefs Strangers will be welcome Guefts.
Much more might be added ; but furely I
ha;ve faid enough, as far as Trade or Com
merce is concerhed.  1 will therefore
now proceed to another Shbjedt, — that of
Politics. For the Bleffings which are to
attend this grand, and intended Revolu- ,
C 2 tion.

20 C U I B O N O ?
tion, whenever it fhall happen, will pro
bably be as fignal in the poUtical World,
as in the commercial.
The great Grievance of the Colonies,
and their bitter Complaints againft the
Mother- Country were, that they were
not governed a la Monfr. Locke. For,
to give them their Due, they hardly made
an,Objed:ion to any Thing befides. They
did not pretend to fay, that the Half-pen
ny Tax on News-Papers at firft, or the
Three-penny Duty on Teas afterwards,
were intolerable Burdens in themfelves ; —
but all the Grievance was, that the Par
liament of Great-Britain, and not the
Affemblies of America, had legalized
theni, and ordered them to be colledted.
*' For Man, every Man, every human Mo-
" ral Being, according to the immutable
" Laws of God, and the genuine Voice
" of Nature, is born free, and ought
*' fo to remain, as long as he pleafes, be-
*' caufe he is the Subject of no Govern- ** me nt

Or, an I N Q,U I R Y, &c. 21
*' ment whatever, 'till he himfelf fhall
•• chufe that particular Society, to which
" he intends to belong. Therefore he has
** an UNALIENABLE Right to be Self-
" taxed. Self-governed, and Self-con-
** trolled. And to affert the contrary, is
" to be an Advocate for Tyranny, and to
" be a declared Enemy to the Liberties of
"Mankind.'^ t ¦
Now, Sir, as you know, that this is
the Language of Mr. Locke, and of all
his Difciples, more efpecialiy the Ameri
cans, f^ who have made thefe very Max
ims the Ground of the prefent War, and
of all the Miferies confequent thereupon;
— I afk in the Name of Common Senfe,
what are you about ? And do you really
wifh, that thefe levelling deftru(5tive
Principles fhould be made the Standard of
the Politics of France ? — If fo. What be
comes of the ^Title of your reigning
Prince ? And what Right has Lewis
XVI. to any one Province in his Domini ons ?

22 G U IBO NO ?
bns ? Bcfides,'-if French'^ Men, -^ I 'fhould
rather have faid French-Women [for the
Ladies arfe the Sovereign Judges of vflia't
is right, br wrong, ih the ^Politics of
FrancCi notwlthftanding your Saliqiie
Law ; and 1 ain informed, that Rep^ublica-
w^i'is now the Ton], therefore I fay,
if thofe fpHgh tiy Femalesi- who lead the
Fafhiori, fhould learn from their good Al
lies, the Americans, the edifying LefTon,
that air Taxes ai'e free Gifts, which may
be with-held' at Pleafiire,-*— and that no
Law ' is binding, to which the People
have not confehted, — nay,' that every Indi
vidual hath k natural unalienable Right
tO'infift'on' the Reftoratlon of thefe
PrIvilegeSi 'and to inffift exemplary
Vengeance on the O'ffehders ; — whaC
have you to fay for yourfelf ? And
how can you efcape this general Indig4
nation .^— You, who have paid fo many
Compliments to the Monarch, which
ought to have been addrelTed to his Maf-
ttrs, the People ; — and have infinuated, and

Or, A N IN Q.U I R Y, .&c. 23
and more than infinuated, that whatever
Reformations you propofed to make,
ought to be moft thankfully received by
the Subjefts, as Matters of Grace and
Favour, and not as what they had ia
Right to demand, and to compel theit
Prince to perform. Moreiover, you your
felf have acknowledged, that the Syftem
of Taxation, which you have been con
fidering, is a very bad one, is amazingly
abfurd, and very impoverifhing ; arid
that hardly any one Part thereof is what
it ought to fiie, either in the Manner of
affeffing, or of coll€<Sing, or inthe vari
ous Ways of expending the fame. Now,
after this frank Confeffion, with what
Face can MOnfieur Necker, or can any
of the Minifters of France, who have
countenanced Dr. Franklin, and fup
ported his Caufe, objedt to the bittereft
Remonfttahces of the French Parliaments,
or to the moft violent Outrages of the
People, even were they to break foilli
into open Rebellion ?-^0r will you pre tend

24 C U I B O N O?
tend to fay, that Frenchmen have not at
leaft as juft a Right to throw off thofe
Loads of numerous and abfurdly com
plicated Taxes, under which they have
fo long groaned, as the Americans had
for revolting from under the Britifh Go
vernment, on Account of an Half-penny
Stamp on a News-Paper, or a Three-
Penny Tax on a Foreign Luxury.——
Perhaps indeed, you will fay, and I think
it is the only Thing that can be faid
with any Appearance of Truth, that it is
of little Confequence what political Opi
nions the French Nation fhall imbibe in
Theory, provided there are 200,000 Bay
onets ready pointed at their Breafts to
make them renounce them all in PraSiice.
Be it fo. But this, after all, is a mof^
cruel Infult on an injured People, who
dare not refept; inftead of being any
Apology to them for fuch a Conduft.
And indeed, firft to teach Men the Prin
ciples of Rebellion, and then to condemn
them, if they fhould offer to rebel, is
charadta-

Or. AN INCLUIRY, ^c. 25
charadterlftical of the worft of Beings,
whofe Employment is faid to be, firft to
tempt, and then to punifh. Befides, Sir,
the moft refined Politicians of yoii all
may be miftaken, as to the final Evept of
thofe Things. For Statefmen ought to
have remembered, that there are critical
Junctures, even in the 'moft defpotic
Countries, when Government muft yield
to popular Clamour, and give up the fup
pofed Delinquents, as Vidtims to appeafe
an enraged Mob, or fall a Sacrifice itfelf.
-^Thls being the Cafe, what can be the
prefent Intention of the French Cabinet in
efpoufing the Caufe of the Americans?
And, now that there are fo many Com-
buftibles already heaped together in every
Part of France, are you really refolved
to fet Fire to the Pile, and to blow the
Flames, in order to fhew, how dexte-
roufly you can extinguifh them ^ — A
ftrange Procedure this. — ¦
- But even fuppofing, that no Rebellion,
D or

26 CUI BONO?
or public Difturbarices fliould enfue from
thofe ehthufiaftic Notions concerning the
Nature of G overmen t, which theFrehchMi-
nlftry have everywhere difleminated ; — ftill
there Is another Evil to be apprehended,
of which you and the Minifters feem' at
prefent td be totally ignorant : — The Evil
I mean, is that perpetual Lofs, knd con
tinual Emigration, of French Subjedls to
America, which will certaihly take Place
in Confequence of the flattering Invita
tions, they fhall receive from thence.
When the common People of any Coun
try in Europe fhall be told, that they may
havi? Land in Amer.icd for nothing, and
he their own Landlords ;-^that ther^ they
will be free from Vaflalage and "Services
of every Kind, having neither Tithes, nor
Rents, nor Taxes, to pay; — but to be at
Liberty to do almoft asthey pkafe, {whichf
was very neariy the _ Cafe before the pre
fent war] Is it to be Wondered at, that
Numbes fhould migrate to fuch a Coun
try ? And in Proportion, as a freer Com
munication

Or, AN IN (^U I R Y, ^c. 27
munlcAtioh is opened.vy^itl^ it, by the daily
Arrival of French, and American Ships in
each others Ports, and by their continual
Intercourfe, — Can It be expedted, that
your pew Allies will not decoy, under
one Pretence or another. Numbers of the
moft ufeful liands in Fr*?/?^^ to cultivate^
their Waftes ? Or is there any one Inftance
of their defifting from , thofe Artifices,
when they had. the Power and Oppor
tunity of putting them in Pradtlce ?
Name it, if you can. — But befides all this,
when we farther contemplate the un-
fettled Difpofition of the French Nation,
the moft prone of any to migrate in fearch
of Adventures^; — Surely, it muft be In
fatuation in you all, or fomething worfe,
to encourage that Difpofition in your Peo
ple, which was too flropg before, by
throwing Baits In their Way, to forfake
their own Country, and to fettle in A.me-
rica. — Yet this is refined Wifdom ! This
is found Policy ! How unhappy ani I^
that I do not underftand a Tittle of it1
D 2 However,

28 CUI BONO?
However, Sir, there is one, Circum-'
ftance in your Compte Rendu, which de
ferves the Thanks of every honeft Man,
and real Patriot, Frenchy or Englifh. It
is the faithful fidture you exhibit in your
two Charts; or Maps of the Revenues of
France, and of the arbitrary, partial, and
unequal Modes of affeffihg and coUedting
thera, and of your own honeft, tho' unfuc-
cefsful Endeavours, to corredt thofe Evils
which refult from their deftrudtive Tenden
cy . An Englifhman could hardly have had an
Idea that fuch glaring Abfurdlties could ex
ift, as 2.Vingtieme or Five per Cent. Tax on
the Profits of Induftry and Labour, on the
one Hand, — ora Land- Tax and Capitation
on the other, left loofe to arbitrary Will
apd Plcafure, without any fixt Standard
for regulating the fame : — ko.,- Englifhman
could have no Notion, that the Cufiom-
Houfe Duties on Goods ahd Merchahdifeon
one Side of a Mountain, a River, a Brook,
a Trench, a Wall, a Road, or a Row of
Trees, 'fhould be totally different fromthofe

Or, an in Q.U I R Y, (^c. 29
thofe on the other Side, within the fame
Kingdom : — An Englifliman would think
it very ftrange, that the fat Sheep and Cat
tle deftined for the Ufe of the Capital,
muft firft be brought to fome neigh
bouring Town, there to be exclfed, before
Permiffion could be granted for flaughter-
ing, and bringing them to Market ; — But
above all, he would be ftiocked at the
very Thought, that the Price of Salt [that
great Neceffary of Life, which can hardly
ever be mifapplied ; therefore no Luxury!
fhould be more than thirty Times
dearer at one Place, and in one County
(perhaps a bordering one) than in another,
owing to the great Inequality ofthe refpec-
tive Tax. Thefe Things, an Englifhman
could not have conceived ; — nor could he
have imagined, that fb many Thoufands of
Perfons fhould be employed as inland Cxxf-
tom-Houfe Officers, throughout eVery
Part of France, to prevent Smuggling
from one County to another, on Account
of this Difference of Taxation; — whereas an

30 CUI B O N O?
an equal, and impartial Tax, every where
alik^ [as here in Englan((] would have fur
perfeded the Neceffity of iniploying a fin
gle Man.  1, own. Sir, I ,\^as never
able (tho' I often ^pdeayoured) to make
my Countrymen feel the happy Difference
between their Condition, apd thatof their
.Neighbours, the French, in the great Ar
ticle of Taxation, 'till your Compte Rendu
enabled me to do ix : To you, therefore,
I moft willingly refer them for further
iSa,tisf;;^dlion. ; ¦
Lastly, as you have likewife obferved,
t]iat thefe barbarous Parts of the French
Copftitutlon [your own Words] cannot
be altered or amended, 'till the Arrival of
Peace, I fincerely join in your moft fer
vent Wifhes, that thofe peaceable Times
were immediately come. Nay more, I
will add, what perhaps you do not expedt,
that I hope to be able to prove In my next
-Letter, thatit Is.asmucli the real Intereft
of Great -Britain, that Frajice fhould be
a rich

Or, an in Q.U I R Y, 31
a rich Country, and not a poor one, as I
have already proved, that the great
Riches of England are beneficial to
France, In the mean Time, I have the Honour
to be, SIR,
Your moft obedient.
Humble Servant,

L E T-

32

I

' c U I B O N O ?
LETTER II.
to monsieur NECKER.
Cui Bono?
SIR,
AM not willing to pay fo bad a Com-^
pllment to Monfieur Necker's good^
Senfe, as to fuppofe him not convinced,
that it is the true Intereft of France to have
Great-Britain a rich Cuftomer, and not a
poor one. We are now to reverfe the
Scene, and to confider France as a Cuf
tomer to Great-Britain. And if an equal
Degree of Evidence fhould appear ih Fa
vour of this Side the Queftion, as there
did on the other, — furely nothing lefs than
national Infanity can account for the pre
fent Antipathy between two Nations,
whofe real and true Interefts are ipfepara-
bly the fame. Eng LANS

Or, a N , I N q U I R Y, (^c. 3^ ]
England therefore, according to the
prefent Hypothe^s> is to be fuppofed, to,
be , vidtorious , every where; Her Fleets
ride triumphant on the Seas; and. her
Land Forces are crowned with Laurels;
Whereas a Train of .Misfortunes, or Mifr
condudt, anda Series of bad Difcipline,
or bad Generalfhip, Gpwardicc, or Blunr
ders, or whatever you pleafe, have rednced
France to the loweftrEbb. . [^any in
deed, here in England would greatly re-
jo Ice -at fuch an Event, ahd think ^it the
happj ./Era, from which tb date their
national (Grandeur, and Profperity ,., For
every Country abounds in Smatterers,
who have great Zeal, with little Know
ledge ; and England in particular contains
a Soil and Climate more peculiarly adap.t-
ed to the Propagation of fhallow, half-
thinking Politicians, than almoft any
other upon Earth.]
Among the various Errors, which jjave
difturbed the Intelledts, and perverted the
E Judgment

34 c u i i b N O^?
JuUgmm' of W grelt PEft? of ' Mankind,
t^cr^^Umh^n tiiSh fMl tb the Peace
aiid' k&]^ineft' of th^^ Wbiid; thari the
Gloi^r'fef <S6tiqvft!ft,^^in<l thfe Jealbufy of
rmi.- With the FiWt of thfefe' Nbtions
I iildl ndt hife'ddl^ 'at prqfeht, beciaufe I
BS^- ^Midy deteahtfed freely npori' It ih
ViriOuiParti 6f thy Publitations, and may
prbbibly'tohch oh it agairi, before I odh-
dbde- the pref^iit Treatife.— The Jeahtify
wfTrad^ iis therefore thegreat Objfedt how
biefbre lis'. Prjznd And England iare Rivals
in iTrade,; 4iid England is Jealous. What
therefoi-e is to be &&rie ih fuch ahuhhapJDy
Situation ? And how is this tormentihs:

PaMd'n tb be eith'etihddlged, or refirained .?
— ^Shkll it be gratified at the Expence of
th'6 Peace and Happinefs of Mankind?
-—Or' fhall it be fo diredted and coh-
dui&:ed, a^ to fee ma'de fubfe'rvienf to tEe
Puhlic Good ?
AfTIer confidering, and re-corifidering
this Matter, I caii think but of three
Things,

Or, an I N Q.U ; R Y, i!fe. S$
Things, which can be i?ja,de ,^ppliqa,ble
to the prefent Caft: — The j^j(| is, ,to
gratify this ^(sftruj^ve PafGpp to tbe ]ut-
moft, by knocking every Fr^nchpiaft on
the Head, wherever he can be met with,
by Sea or Land, for the unpardonable
Crime of making Gopds better, orfel^g
them cheaper than th? ,-?»g/^«— The
fecond is a ,Confequ,ence pf the foriper#.
ijamely, Jo kpock aU pyf^ptj^r? pn the
Head* Natives pr Foreigners, yfho Jhzll
dare to buy fuch Goods, i^r^ead of pTji^r-
phafing every Thing a,t the Englj^i Shop :
— The third is, to make better .Gocdsour-
felves, and to fell ^hqm cheaper; — as a
Means of attradling ^ gejneral Courfe of
Trade to pu^fielvef, withput 4oing Vio-
ience to our Neighbours.i— i
The two firft of thefe aiN?, what no
People upon the Face, of the Globe \srill
dare openly to avow. — ^^Yet, it is much ta
be feared, that Motives not altogether
unlike themjj have a fecret Influen<:e on
E 2 the

'36 CUI bono?
the Cobdiidt of Marikind, both nationally,^
and ihdlvidiially, could they be feen ip
their proper Colours, "without Artifice
or Difguife.
BiJT 'happily for the Peace of the
World, fuch Motives are nOt only too
r'T'-—- .. ¦ ¦'-.¦( ¦
bad to be publickly avowed^ but' are
alfo too' dangerous to be attempted in "a
general' Way ; becaufe they' would cer
tainly '' end 'in the Deftritdtion of the Ixe-
ftroyers. The 3d Propofal therefore Is
theonly one, which ought td be reiduced
to Pradiic'e; namely,' 'to -endeavour to rhake
our owp 'poods better, arid to fell 'them
cheaper than oiir Rivals/ Now, Sir, this
isnot orily what we JS«^^^/ ought^to do,
butlave^that itis, what we'adtually'do
perforra in various Inftances ; as I fhall
prefentiy'fet forth :— And therefore our
national 'jealoufy againft France 'k fo
much the' more unreafon^ble arid ab
furd. ¦ My.

Or, J^''N I N Q.U I RY, &c. 37
My fii'fl; P'iroof 'fhall Ke^' brought from
your own 'tburitry^ Sivlfzerldnd itfeff.
iFor there, if ariy where; the Mahufjtdtur^s
of Fra«iri?' riiay be fuppofed tb'have an Ad
vantage over 'the Englifh,' by 'Means of the
-Vicinity" of the~'two Cohntfies to 'each
other, without any Sea, and indeed with
hardly any Land to intervene. And yet.
Sir, you know very well,' that in alf the
Branches bf the Metal Trade, viz. Lead
and Tin,' CSop^er ahd"i§rafsV" IrOh^ ai'hid
Steel, 'the' -J&%/|/% have 'Sri univerfal Supe^-
Tiority's-^Alfo" that iri 'riia'ir^ Articles of
Woolens, of Worfieds, of mixt - Stuffs,
Cottons, and Cotton Velvets, "Camblets,
'&c. SccJ' f^e Englifh are more than a
Match for the Fr^/zc/^ in every Market from
the Lake of Geneva to the Lake of Con-
Jldnce, and to Bafiton the Rhine. More-
Over, as to Chintzes, Calllcoes, and' all
'Kinds of Eafi India Goods, alfo Paper
Hangings,' ^rid fome Sort of Furniture,
fome Kinds of Toys or Trinkets, and all
Kinds of mathematical Apparatufles, ahd
Chlrurg;ical

^38 CUI B O N or
Chirurgical Inftruments, tjie J^rroc/^' can
ha^^y pretend to vie with the Eitglrfh.'m
t^e GoQdnefs, and Cheqpnpfs of tljefe
'^hlnga.—This, S^r, is my ..^r^ Proofi
.^pd furely you will allow, 4bat,, as far as
it goes, it carries Co^vi^tion, alpng
r.BuT 2dly. I will adduce y^«?ier?i:^ itfelfv
j.and, compel it to tie an unwilling Witnes
tp tlie fanie Effedt. — Long before, our
tr^vifty :and i^i^elJi-beloYed Colonies had op^ep-
4y declared for i^nclependance, they vvere
fecretly preparing fpr this grapd Ev(5Pt.
From Year to Year they ; were laying in
larger Stores of fuch Goods as were not of
a perifhable Nature, but cpight b^ wa*:e->
houfed without Lofs or Wafte : Aad;^h-
rlpg ijhe two Years immediately pre<;e^pg^
thqir famous .Non-importation Schenie,,
they ftraiped . every Nerve,^ .apd ftretched^
t}if,ir, Credit to the utmoft, in order tpac-^
^eurnulate the , greateft ,QuaptitIes of , all
Sorts of Englifh Maniifadtures., Unhap pily

Or, anin Q_U iry, e^. 39
^i!y for this credulous Country, they fuc
ceeded but too well in all their Devices,
and contradted Debts to the AmoUht of
4,pob,oool. SterUng. Then they pulled
off the Mafk, and threatened immediate
Deftrudtioft to our very Being, as a trading
Nation, if we dared to require thern to
contribute to the general Expence, which
they had occafioned. ** The Trade of
" the Colonies, Sir, was, the Trade of
** Trades. For all others were nothing,
*« and lefs thdn riothin^, in Cbmparifori
" thereto. Poor England would be rulh-
" ed; the^orts of L6ndari, Brijloh Li^
" verptiol, Glajgow, &c. &c. &c. woUld
** beconie mere Deferts, were it hot for
" the Colonies :-^ Air OUT MariUfadfcures
" at Birmingham, IVohjerfiafnptGft, Mdn^
** chefier, Leeds, Halifax, and ih all the
•* Cloathing Counties, would be entirely
•* at a Stand, and Grafs would grow iri dur
" Streets." — Thefe Calamities would cer
tainly befall us, unlefs the Colonifts fhodld
ftill enjoy the fame privileges as ourfelves, with

40 C. IJ I B O N p?
with many additional ones; — and unlefs
they fliQuldJ;a^e their Prpperty ftfUide-
fended, their Battles fought both by Land
and Sea, and their Wars maintained, wlthr
out being o4//^^^,to,pay a fingle .Sixpence
towards any of r them,.. £^ 4PQre than
they I themfelves. fhpujd chufe to give.

<VJ,.

The Americans having :thus contradted
a Debt of Fpur Millions Sterling, due
,to bur Merchants, and haying at the. fame
Time involvjg^ the Moth^triCojantiy in a
new natlonafPgSt of upwards^ of Fifty
Millions, incurred in their .^ef^ccj be
gan to adt thqir Parts with. lefs Referve*
Their next ?cheme w^sj to. fet up Man u.-^
fadtures of their own, in, Oppofition to
ours, — and alfo. to import^ Manufadtures
from France, from Holland^^znd every
other Country, in order to fuperfede the
Ufe of ours. Andth^n, our Doom was
fixed for ever ] , We were loft and un
done ! . ,. ;. ,'.. ; : WelL'j

Or. a N in Q,U iry,. &c. 41
Well, Sir, all thefe Schemes having
been tried, and tried again, what was the
Confequence ?— Almoft everyone of them
has failed: — And Trade, after fome In
terruption, has, for the moft Part, re
turned into its former Channel. Nay,
French Ships, and other neutral Bottoms
[as long as the Farce of Neutrality could
poffibly be adted] were employed in car
rying jBn/^ Man ufacftures to her rebelli
ous Colonlqs.^ — So that thefe our quondam
Cuftomers, now become moft bitter Ene
mies, inftead of being able to fupply them-,
felves out of their own Stores, or to pnor
cure Supplies frorii other Countries, were
obliged, for their own Sakes, to have Re
courfe again to the Manufadtures of Eng
land: — And that too at anlExpence of at
leaft Forty per Cent, dearer than they
might have purchafed the fame, had they
continued in their Allegiance, and had
known when they were well.
F After

42 CUI BONO?
After thefe Examples, both of Swit
zerland) and of the Colonies, I hope you
donotexp,edt any other. Proofs in Confir
mation of this Point ; — nay, I flatter my
felf, that .both Frencli, and Englifh Readers
are by this Time perfedtly convinced, that
there are feveral Species of Englifh Manu
fadtures both much theaper, and much
more defirable In themfelves, than thofe
of France: Confequently, that we ought
not to be frighted, with that Bugbear any
more, viz. ^ — ofthe French under-felling
us in Foreign Markets ; I mean in fuch
Articles as .thefe above-mentioned.
This being the Cafe, it is furely by no
Means incredible, that the Englifh Manu-
fa(Sures, fhpuH .find a Vent in France,
or . that the French Nation fhould have
a f pecul iara Fohdnefs • for them. 
That 'thefe Mariufadtures are much
.cheaper, hath been proved already by a
Series of Evidence not to be refifted : —
And that they are^alfo more defiralle in
themfelves.

Or, an in Q.U I R Y, isfc; 43
themfelves, that is, better made, more
convenient for Ufe, neater, more elegant
ly finifhed, and In general, better ena
melled, or pollfhed, is confeffed by all,
and more efpecialiy by our own ungrateful
Colonifts, who would have been the laft
of all Men living, to have given a Pre
ference to Englifh Manufadtures, if they
could have known whereto have got better.
The Principles both of Cheapnefs, and
intririftc Goodne/s being thus eftablifhed.
Motives very fufficient in themfelves to re
commend the Ufe of Englifh Manufac
tures to any People, if not too poor to
buy them, — I will now add another In
ducement, which operates on the French
Nation with uncommon Force and Energy ;
and that Is, Novelty, Variety, and Shew.
— The Paffion of wlfhing to be diflin-
guifhedis indeed univerfally implanted in
Human Nature ; and may be made fubfer-
vient both to good, and bad Purpofes, ac
cording as it is applied. But I think it
F 2 muft

44 CUI BONO?
muft be allowed, that the French Nation
poflTefs it in an higher Degree than moft
others. Hence it follows, that as feveral
Species of Englifh Manufadtures are not
oply cheaper, and better, than what can'
be procured elfewhere, — but have like-
wife this farther Advantage, when they
enter France, — that they are foreign, —
therefore novel, — and therefore afford
greater Variety; — 'they have this addi
tional Recommendation, that they attraSi
the Notice of the Beholders more ftrongly
than French Manufadtures of the fame Kind
can be fuppofed to do. Indeed we often
find, that this Paffion for Variety, and for
being dlftlnguifhed thereby, operates fo
powerfully as tofuperfede moft other Con
fiderations. — Were It not fo, how can
you account for that ardent Defire In
many French Ladies to be drelfed In
Englifh Silks, and to wear Englifh Rib
bons, Englifh Gloves, &c. &c. &c. —
whllft our Englifh hsidies are equally un
happy, unlefs they can appear in French ?
'¦:. Nay,

Or, an IN Q.U I R Y, &c. 45
Nay, What elfe can account for that
Cuftom in the Royal Palaces of France,
which appears fo ftrange in our Eyes,
and fo repugnant to our Ideas ? — I mean
the permitting very confiderable Quanti
ties of Englifh Jewels, and various Toys
and Trinkets [Bijouterie d'Angleterre]
to be fold openly, and avowedly as Englifh,
at the Palais Royal in Paris, alfo at
Verfailles, Fontainbleau, &c. &c. even
within the Hearing of the King, if his
Majefty fhould happen to be paffihg by.
That this is, or at leaft. that this was
the Fadt, I appeal to yourfelf, — I appeal
to all the World. — But I have done. For
furely this Part of the Subjedt requires
no farther Illuftration.
Let us therefore now confider, Whe-
ther It be the Intereft of Great Britain
to reduce fuch a Kingdom, and fo difpofed
towards the Ufe of our Manufadtures, to
Want and Beggary, had fhe really the
Power of effecting fuch a Cataftrophe?
— On the contrary. Whether It be not
our

46 CUI BONO?
our true Intereft to promote the Profpe
rity oi France by all juft and honourable
Meaps, for the very fame Reafon, that we
ought to promote our own ?— One, or the
other of thefe Alterpatives muft be right,
and the other wrong. If France fhould
grow poorer, fhe muft be fo much the
worfe Cuftomer to England; — if richer,
probably fo much the better. This Is
fo plain a Cafe, that one would think,
national Prejudice itfelf could not be able
to prevent fuch ah evident Truth from
being univerfally acknowledged, and af-
fented to.,- But as this Denion, the Jea
loufy of Trade, puts on various Shapes in
order to haunt, and terrify Mankind
with dreadful Panics, and groundiefs
Fears, I will endeavour to purfue him
throughout all his Forms, — in or
der to convince the World, if I can,
that Providence never defigned us to be
Beafts of Prey, to bite and devour one
another ; — but, on the contrary, — that
whatever is a fecial Duty in a moral
Senfe,

Or, an in Q.U IRY, 47
Senfe, was likewife intended by our
wife, and gracious Creator, to be our
real, lafting, and national Intereft in a
commercial. And in the Profecution of
an Undertaking of this Nature, I can
not doubt of the warmeft Wifhes of
every Lover of Mankind, and real Pa
triot, French, or Englifh ; more efpeci
aliy of the benevolent Monfieur Necker.
— I therefore here beg his Acceptance of
my beft Thanks for giving me an Op
portunity of purfuing this favourite Sub
jedt ; — and that he would believe me to
be. His obliged.
And devoted humble Servant, J.T.

LET-

48 CUI BONO?
LETTER IV.
Further Confiderations on the Unreafcma-
blenefs of the Jealoufy of Ttade, wh-en
• attempting' to exclude Rivals, and ofthe
Ineffictfcy-of it toward the attaining of
any good End whatever.
To MONSIEUR NECKER.
Cui Bono?
SIR,
FROM the- ©ays of Hesiod to the
prefent Hour, it has been obferved,
that two of a Trade can never agree. The
Catalogue which Hesiod gives of thefe
Contenders is in Part fo ludicrous, that
I cannot fuppofe that Beggars and Ballad-
Singerswere armed byanyLegiflature with
monopolizing, and exclufive Privileges.
Nay, I think it may be inferred from the
Poet's

Or, an I N Ct U I R Y, &c. 49
Poet's own Words, that all Trades were
once free ; elfe, why fhould he declare,
that an Emulation among Tradefmen
was for the Public Good ? Why, I lay,
unlefs that Emulation was permitted to
operate ?
But whether there were exclufive
Companies of Trades fubfifting at that
Jundture, or not, we know that in Pro-
cefs of Time the monopoHzing Spirit pre
vailed almoft every where; fo that no
Opportunity was omitted of eftablifhing
Companies of Reftraint and Exclufion
under one Pretehce or other.
In my late Anfwer to Mr. Locke's
Theory of Government, I have fhewn
[Page 310] that the firft Charters given
to Tradefmen by Gothic Princes, and
their feudal Barons, were Charters of
meer ProteBion. Thefe were greatly
wanted, and very neceffary in a barbarous
AgCj when all Europe was over-run with
G armed

50 C U I B O N O?
arm|;d Men, who were in fadt no better
than Banditti, arid who thought they had
a Right to feize on thofe, and on their
Property, as lawful Plunder, who were
npt protedted. But when a Set of pcrfe-
cuted Artificers were once colledted toge
ther, by Means ofa Charter, into a Place
of Strength and Safety, and. near fome
great Caftle, they were fecurpd from far-
th^Infults; fo that neither the Free
booters of the Prince, nor of the Barons,
dared to moleft them. Alfo being Im
powered to eledt .their own Maglftrates,
and to make By-Laws for their better Go
vernment, they had the Advaptage of
having their Differences decided among
themfelves, and Juftlce adminlftered at
their own D.oors. Now all this was right
and proper; and had thefe Mechanics pro^
ceeded ho farther in the Affair of Incor
poration, and their Defire of Protedtion,
they worild have dorie a fingular Service
both to themfelves, and to Mankind.
But unhappily for the Public, and in the
End

Or, an IN Q.U I R Y, &c. 51
End for themfelves, this would not con
tent them : For they were no fooner fe-
cured In their own Property, and per
mitted to enjoy the Fruits of their Induftry
and Labour, than they began to invade
the Property of others ; and frorii being
perfecuted, they commenced violent
Perfecutors. Under Pretence of making
Regulations for the Good of Ifrade, and
of keeping up the Credit of Manufac
tures, they Introduced Monopolies and
Exclufions without Number; fb that,
were a Colledtlon to be made of all the
Tricks, Artifices, and DIfguIfes which
thefe Men introduced under the Mafk of
Zeal for the public Good, but In Reality
to difcourage Emulation, and to prevent
Rivals in their refpedtlve Trades, per
haps it would exhibit one of the moft
curious Pidtures of human Knavery,
blended with human Folly, that ever ap
peared. But indeed, Sir, you, in France, have
G 2 rendered

52 C U I B O N O ?
rendered this Exhibition unneceffary on
our Part ; confequently all that we have to
do, is to add a few Touches to your capital
Piece. Your Predeceffor, Monfieur Tur
cot, had amaffed together fuch Heaps
of Abfurdlties, copied from the By-ilaws,
and exclufive Reftridtlops of your feveral
Companies of Trades, in order to expofe
both their Knavery, and their Folly, that
I really thought, when he had obtained
a folemn Bed of Juftlce from his Royal
yiii^er 2i.t Verfailles, I2,th of March, 177.6,
for the Abolition of them,-r-Impudence
itfelf would not have been able to have
\yithftood the Force of fuch complicated
Evidence. And I congratulated the Mi-
nifter, who had honoured me with a
printed Copy of the Proceeding, on the
great Vidtory he had gained over the
greateft Enemies of France, Ignorance,
Idlenefs, aPd Fraud; Vidtories of more
real Confequence to the Grandeur and
Profperity of any Kingdom, than all
the Battles won by her moft auguft So
vereigns,

Or, AN IN Q_U I R Y, i^c. , 53
vereigns, or ableft Generals. But alas 1
his Triumph was but fhort; — a fine
Dream [beau Reve'\ as he expreffed It
in a fubfequent Letter, a Phantom, and
no Reality. And the Reward he re
ceived, for attempting 'to do his Country
fuch eminent Service, was to be dif-
carded. Sir, in thefe Particulars [that is, in
the demolifhing exclufive Charters] you
muft allow, that England enjoys a manl
feft Superiority over France. Our exclu
five Corporations, and Companies of
Trades in Towns and Cities, have at pre
fent very little Power of doing Mifchlef,
compared with what they formerly had.
For Men's Eyes begin to be" opened every
where : And the flourifhing State of thofe
great manufadturing Places in England
(the greateft perhaps in the known World,
certainly the greateft in Europe] where
every Man enjoys perfect Freedom to
jSallow that Courfe of Trade, to which his
Genius

54 CUIBONO?
Genius or Circumftances are beft fuited ;
— I fay, this flourifhing State has made
the dullefl of us to feel, that Induftry and
Ingenuity are beft excited by conftant
Emulation ; and that no Man ought to
be armed with the Power of a Law, or
with an exclufive Privilege, to crufh his
Rival. Nay, we can go farther : For we
not only feel, but alfo reafon a little on
this Head: — I fay, a little; for alas! it
is not much. May our reafonlng Facul
ties daily gather Strength, fo that good
Senfe and real Patriotifm may every where
prevail t However, we can even now dif^
cern clearly enough, that the Schemes of
fhort-fighted Tradefmen, In excluding
their Brother-Tradefmen from being their
Rivals, muft end in their own Lofs and
DIfappoIntment ; becaufe fuch Devices
are no other than palpable Cheats put
upon themfelves. Take for Inftance the
following Illuftration. A Set of Mecha
nics, or common Tradefmen, a Baker, a
Butcher, a Shoe-maker, a Carpenter, a
Shop-keepez^„

Or, AN INQUIRY, ife. 55
Shop-keeper, and a Taylor, being met
together In deep Confultation, refolve to
exclude all thofe Interlopers, who not
having ferved regular Apprenticefhips,
dare to manufadture Goods, or, not being
free of Companies and Corporations,
dare to vend them. — Filled with the pa
triotic Refolution of promoting the Good
of Trade (as their cant Phrafe is) the
Baker opens the Affair. He obferves
with great Sagacity, that Butchers, Shoe
makers, Carpenters, Shop-keepers,' Tay
lors, &c, &c. whether free, or not frecy
and whether regularly bred to their re
fpedtlve Trades, or not,, — all alike eat
Bread. Therefore he has no Objedtion
againft Numbers of fuch Tradefmen fet
tling near him, in order that they may
eat his Bread : But as to that impudent,
interloping Fellow [pointing at the poor,
Non-Freeman Baker] who has fet up a
Shbp in his Neighbourhood to take away
his Cuftomers, he is refolved to punifh
him, as a Terror to others. The Butcher comes

56 CUIBONO?
comes next ; and he follows, the Baker ih
the fame Strain ;— and fo on, 'till the
Farce has quite gone round. — And then
at the Foot of the Account thefe wife
Schemers have difcovered, that they
have gained, juft nothing at all ; but oh
the contrary, that by their mutual Exclu
fions, they have damped the Spirit of In
duftry and Emulation both in them
felves, and others.
— Tnijs, Sir, we reafon in England i
And what is much better, in many
Cafes thus we adt. For though In fuch
a Conftitutioh as ours, it is dangerous tb
meddle with antient Charters, even where
their Faults are very apparent, ¦ yet we
frequeritly corredt their bad Effedts, with
out feeming to touch the Foundation.
The Liberty of Trade granted by Adts of
Parliament to Perfons of a certain De
fcription [which Privilege is now ex
tended to all who ferve in the Militia,]
goes a great Way towards defeating the
Projedts^

Or. AN IN Q.U I R Y, ^c. 57
Projedts, and preventing the monopo
lizing MIfchlefs of Ignorant, fhort-
fighted Tradefmen. But above all, our
Courts of Juftlce do, for the moft Part,
favour the general Liberty of the Sub
jedt, wherever they can ; for when
ariy Cauffe of this Nature is brought
before them, the Judges, as well as the
Council, hardly ever fail to obferve. In
fumming up the Evidence, that the
iGround of Complaint furnifhes the
ftrongeft Proof againft tjie Juflice of
the Complainant's Cafe. " Had the
"perfecuted Defendant, fay they, been
" an unthrifty, improvident, or unfkil-
" ful Man; — had he fold his Goods
•• dearer, or made them worfe than the,
** Plaintiffs ;— thefe People would have
" taken no Notice of him ^or fuch
*' Mifdemeapors, potwithftanding theit
" Boafts for the Good of Trade, and
" fot fypportipg the Credit of Manu-
*' fadtures; but would have permitted
V him tp be ruined in Ijis own Way.
H " Whereas

58 C U^ I BONO ?
" Whereas the real Objedtion of his
'« Profecutors is plainly this ; he is more
" careful, more frugal, more dexterous,
« and ingenious than they are: And
" this is the unpardonable Crime, which
** they are nOw profecuting, and wiftiliig
" to punifh."
Now, Sir, as thefe Arguments are juft;
and right ; andas in all thefe: Proceed
ings we prove ourfelves tb be much male
enlightened than you are in France- [I
fpeak of your pradtlcal Knowledge, not
of your theoretical,] furely one might
have expedted, that we fhould have been
able to have extended to the Cafe of
rival Nations, the fame Train di Reafon
lng, which we had fo judicioufly applied
to the Cafe of rival Individuals. But
- alas ! I know; not how it is,, here our
reafonlng Faculties, (wh,ere moft wanted)
totally fail us : And here we feem to be
arrived at our Ne plus ultra: For^ our
Zeal is fo bl^pded, ; that we cahnot alldw the

Or, A N IN Q_U I R Y, ^c. 59
the fame Maxims to be as conclufive in
the one Cafe, as in the other, though
they certainly are. ** What? fays the
" hohefi '£/7g-^/»(««> ought we not to
*' be jealous of the Increafe of the
'* Trade of France, which is our i^/'u^/.^
" Ought we not to prevent her from
** growirig rich, if we poffibly can?
*' Surely we ought ; becaufe-her Riches
"are our Poverty.; and her Poverty is
^ our jRiches. We are therefore, ,the
** natural,' and neceflary Enemies to
"each other; ancjlfo muft remain till
" the^End of Time."—
Thousands, Sir, -arid Tens of Thou-
fands, iiripllcitly admit thefe Fofitlons,
without Examination : Nay, many are
fo ^credulous, as to make them a Part of
their political, and commercial ^Creeds>
though^ notorious Unbelievers ih Things
of a 'better Nature. FOr my Part, I
never wasi and probably never fhall be,
a Convert to fuch Dodtrines. The
H 2 Multitude

6o C U I B O N 07
Multitude may believe what they pleafe ;
but I hope I am a Proteftant of a Ynore
confiftent Texture, than to infcribe Infal
libility to any human Beings whatever.
After having rejedted the Pretenfions of
the Pope and his Conclave, it is hard
if it fhould be expedted, that I fhould
blindly fubmit to the Idle Dedfions of
Ale-houfe Politicians,— or, what is ftill
worfe, to the venal Declamations of
PaFty-Saribblers. Could it indeed be
made to appear, that the Supreme Being
is not able, or if able> is not 'willing, to
govern two fuch large Diftrldts as 'France
and England, with as much Wifdom and
Goodnefs, as our earthly Governors can
make the feemipgly clafhing; Interefts of
different Cities, Towps, or Individuals,
within their own Dominions, to harmo
nize together for tbe Qood of the WhoJe;
— I fhould then be, ihcliped to believe,
that national Antipathies ought to be
encouraged, and that frequent Wars, as
a Confequence thereof, ought to be pro-
' fecuted

Or, AN IN Q.U I R Y, ife. bi
fecuted with unrelenting Vengeance;
But I hope, I have made the contrary to
appear with an Evidence not eafily to be
fhaken, riiuch lets confuted.

;¦ f , ¦

However, I have -not yet exhaufted
my Subjedt : For, in Addition to every
Thing which hath been already advanced,
I now beg Leave to obferve, that even the
-Pretences' for national Jealoufies between
France ar\dEngland, art much kfs'piitt^k
than thofe which might "have ari feh> be
tween any two neighbouring Cbunirles on
the Globe./ Thps,: fctf f 'Example, the
Genius of^- Frenchman, nztiorvaWy Gorifi-
dered, is quick and lively, rapid and de
fultory; that of an Englifhman penetrating
and thoughtful, methodical and corredt.
In the one, F^«cy is predominant ; in the
.vstHlner,. Judgment.: The Frenchmmshrd-
. liant Fancy leads him' to excell in almoft
all the Works of Ornament and Shew :
The Englifhmanss folid Judgment may be
ctraced in the Manufadture of fuch Goods as

6a CUI BONO?
as are fitteft for ,general,Ufe ,^^ Copve-
mmc^f.. A Frenchman wifhes. to flrike
thej Eye of jthe Spedator at th,e firft
Glance ; an Englifhman ftrives to call forth
his Attention to examine the Goodnefs of
^e Wbrk> and the Skill and Contrivance
cf the Workman, n Thefe jObfervatlong
Jsax^e been often .made : Indeed they are
very obvious., Wby then is not ^e pro-
!|»sr,feference, deduced from them? — An
litference of fo much' Confequence to,, the
.B^ce i ! and ,, r; Happinefs of , Mankind ?
^^aiely^ that fuch different Talents and
jC&{»citieS cannot, properly fpeaking, fbe
-Riv^s to each other ; for they adt in .dif-
-ferent Spheres, and tend to differept Ends
and Ufes. Therefore there is fo much
jthe lefs colourable Preteift for national
^aloufy between France ahd En^and^ m-
-fpeiftiRg Trade, ipafmuch as there Oan
"^hardly be a national- Competition between
;them. 1?^ ;...;.:;.:•!'.¦. r-jl-o'-V' ;{^
t . r.'rn ¦ ¦<"¦''>¦ ' -¦''¦ ¦ '. ¦¦> ¦- *'
¦^': Moreover, as the Matter ^vhich we
^ are

Or, an IN Q,U IRY, fej
are now upon, is of fuch vaft Importance
to the Peace and Happinefs of Society,—
I muft yet confider it in another Point <tf
View. — The lUuflration of the Subj^
may perhaps appear to fome Readers to b©
too ludicrous: But as the Obfervatlons an;
juft, and the Confequence very momen
tous, I fhjdl be lefs anxious refpediing any
Cenfure on that Head'. H^e Nuga feria
ducunt. The Province of Monfieicr la Valet,
and of Monf. le Frizeur, and of Made-
moifeUe la Coifeufe, Sec. is to fabricate
with their own Fingers, thofe pretty Be
ings, called Beaux and Belles; — Things,
which for the moft Part owe their Ex
lftence to a lively Conception, and a
fprightly undefinable Je ne fcai quoi.
Confequently ho Syftem of Machines, pro
perly fpeaking, can be ufed, in the For-
hiation of fuch Animalculas, and in giving
them the finifhed Grace. For all depends
.on the; prefent Fancy, Tafte, or Ton. In

^4 CUI BONO?
In a Word, the Mode, or Fafhion is the
great Empire, in which France has
reigned, and probably will always reign
without a Rival. The Cafe of the plod
ding Englifhman is of a quite different
Compledtion. He excells in the Diftri-
bution of, Labour, into diftindl Portions,
and of adjufting each Portion to the Skill,
and Strength, and Age, and Sex. of. the
Perfon to be employed. Moreover he has
hardly his Equal in the Conftrudtlon of
Machines for the various Purpofes of dif
ferent Manufadtures. But he cannot adapt
the Coggs of his Wheels, his Screws, his
Pullies, or his. Levers, his Wind, his
Water, or his Fire-Englnes to the Fabri
cation of Beaux and Belles. ¦ This is an
Affair quite diftindt, and will ever fo re
main : Confequently in thefe Things he^
is neceffarily deficient, Indeed, had It
been poffible for him to have applied his
mechanic Genius, and commercial Ma-
. chines to fuch PurpofeSj there Is no
Doubt to be made but the .S^//;^ Manu
fadtures

Or, AN I N Q.U I R Y, &c. 6^
fadtures of Beaux and Belles would have
been the beft, and cheapeft, and the moft
exquifitely polifhed upon Earth. *
Hence therefore it feems to follow,
that both the French and the Eriglifli ought
to be content with their i*efpedtive Talents,
and not to attempt thofe Things, in the
Execution of which, they will, for the
moft Part, be fure to fail. And if this
Inference be a juft one, it will alfo follow,
that were the two Nations to enjoy a folid
Peace, [which they hardly ever will do,
while this Fiend, the Jealoufy, of Trade, is
fowing Difcord between them] they would
be much the richerj and if the richer, fo
much the better Cuftomers to each other.
In fuch a Cafe, as France ehcreafed in
Wealth, the Frenchman would wifh to en
joy fundry Articles of Ufe and Conveni
ence, which he never would have thought
of in his poor Eftate : And therefore he
would purchafe them (either mediately,
or immediately) at the Englifh Market;
I becaufe

66 C U I BONO ?
becaufe there is the .greateft Choice and
Variety, • and becaufe there alfo he will
j^nd almoft all Kinds . of Manufadtures
made the beft, and fold the cheapeft. On
the other Hand, in Proportion as England
grew richer, the Englifh of both Sexes
would wifh to diftingulfh themfelves in
French Modes and Fafhions, and to im
prove, as- Lord Chesterfield phrafes
it, in thofe Graces, which are not the
-Growth of this Country.
Here then I afk. Is there any Thing,
unnatural in fuch Proceedings ? Any
Thing on either Side difhonourable or
bafe ? Why therefore fuch an Outcry
about the Lofs of Trade ? And what Rea
fon can be affigned for harbouring national
Antipathies againft each other ? Nay, I
will go farther: — Suppofmg that both
Sides kept within certain Limit s^ which it
is the Bufinefs of every wife Legiflature to
regulate,, and , prefcribe ; and fuppofing,
that they did not run into Excefs, what is
there.

Or, AN INQUIRY, ife. 67
there, v.hich the ftrldteft Moralift could
cenfure, or the wifeft Statefman, and moft
enlightened Patriot could wifh to alter, in
the Condudt of either Nation ? Much
more might be. added; but truly I
have faid enough. — At leaft, if by this
Time you> and others, will not acknow
ledge yourfelves Converts to my Dodtrine,
I am fully perfuaded, that you will give
me fome Credit for the Goodnefs of my
Intention, though at the Expence of my
Underftanding. Better pleafed with fuch
a Compliment, than with a contrary one,
I ha.ve the Honour to be.
Your obliged.
And devoted humble Servant, J.T.

I 2 LET-

68 s^ CUI BONO?
LETTER V.
The Cafe fitted between EngUnd and Ame-
rica, Juppo^ng'Englo.nd to be viSlorious,
and the Americans vanquifhed in this
Difpute.
to MONSIEUR NECKER.
Cut Bono?
SIR,
TfNGLAND and America are at War,
and have been fo for a Series of Years,
Immenfe Treafures have been fpent. Tor
rents of BJood fpilt, numberlefs Lives
loft, befides thofe who fell in Battle ; and
Confufion, and all Kinds of evil Works
have' every where prevailed, in order to
obtain, — What? England fays, that fhe
fights to recover th^ Allegiance of her
revolljed Colonies : — And America, that
fhe fights for Independance.
¦ '*' a. '.i ' I DO

Or, A N IN Q_TJ I r y, ife. 69
I DO not here enter into the Queftion,
which Side was originally, or is now to
blame, according to the Terms of the
Englifh Conftitution; — ^^Who are in the
Right, and who in the WrOng in this
unhappy Difpute ? — That is a diftindt
Confideration, foreign to the Subjedt now
before us. My prefent Bufinefs is fini-
ply this : — To enquire. What Benefits or
Advantages are to be obtained by Suc-
ceffes on either Side, fuppofing either
Side to be vidtorious ?
And firft, as to England's recovering
America. England therefore is fuppofed
to prevail ; and the Rebellion to be
fuppreffed.— Nay, that we may not do
Things by Halves, we will fuppofe far
ther, that an Union as complete, and a
Reconciliation as cordial have at laft
taken Place, as ever did. Therefore
Cui Bono ? And what Benefits, when
Accounts are fairly balanced, is England to

JO CUIBONO? /
to. receive from this Return of American
Allegiance ?
Three Things are faid to be the End
and Objedt of our prefent unremitting
Endeavours. First, We propofe to recover our loft
Trade with the Colonies :
Secondly, We hope, that when a
Reconciliation fhall take Place, the Ame
ricans will be perfuaded (though not com
pelled] to bear fome Share in the general
Expences of the Empire.
And thirdly. We conceive, that by
their Submiffion and Obedience we fhall
recover our wonted Renown and national.
Glory. These are all the Motives- real or pre
tended, which can bc affigned for the
Continuance-

*¦

Or, a N I N Q.U I R Y, &e. 71
Continuance of the prefent War. Lei
us therefore examine, each of them fe*
parately; and then we may thq, better
attend to their colledtive Force.

And firft we propofe the Recovery
of our Trade. Trade, Sir, is a very
vague Term ; and may ftand for ahy
commercial Intercourfe between 'Nation
and Nation, or between Man and Man,
however carried on. But, in the Place
before us, the Term muft fignlfy the Ex
portation of Britifh Manufadtures into
America, and the Importation of Ame
rican Produce into Britain. This Ex
portation, and this Importation, it feems,
we have loft : And War and Vidtory are
propofed as the propereft of all Meafures
for the Reparation of our Loffes. Now
it happens very unluckily for the Advo
cates of the prefent War, that both
thefe Propofitions are egregioufly falfe :
— Falfe, J mean. In the Senfe by them
intended. For we have no otherwife loft

72 CUIBONO?
loft our Trade with, America,, than as
both the Americans^ and ourfelves are
become much the. poorer, and there-'
fore fo much the wor& Cuftomers to
each other, by Reafon of thofe enormous
Expences, which the War has oecafioned :
— At the fanae Time,, that; ; the_ Price of
the Goods and Commodities ofthe refpee»
tive Countries is prodlgioufly enhanced; to
the Confumers; — enhanced, I fay, on ac
count of higher Freights, higher Infuran-
ces, and greater Rifques; — rand above all on
accountof thofe vaft Profits which Foreign
ers with their neutral Bottoms gain at pre
fent, by being tl^e fole Agents, Fadtors,
and Carriers between the two Countries.
This beingthe Cafe, and fuch thie Dif-
advantages on both Sides, is it to be won
dered at, that the Trade between England
and America fliould not be at prefent In a
flourifhing Condition? .How indeed
could It be otherwife In Tuch a State
of Things ?— At the fame Time, it is pro per

Or, an in Q.U I R Y, ife. 73
per to afki Will the Continuance of the
War, and thofe mutual Beggaries and
Bankruptcies confequent thereupon ; —
Will thefe Things be a Means of reviving
our Trade, and of making either Side the
richer, or the better Cuftomers? — The
Man who chufes to maintain fuch a Para
dox, is not to bc envied on account of his
Logic. He may fay what he pleafes.
Heretofore it was a Kind of unpar
donable Offence tc endeavour to convince
the Englifh, that their Manufadtures had a
Preference to thofe of other Nations in
point of Cheapnefs. For the Englifh have
a moft unaccountable Propenfity towards
the gloomy and the difmal in their Prof-
pedts concerning Trade. And nothing
feems to pleafe them better, as the cele
brated Lord Chesterfield ufed to fay,
than gravely to be told, that they are
ruined and undone. Therefore his Friend
Lord Bolingbroke grounded all his
K patriotic

^4 CUI BONO? ^ ,
patriotic Plffeftatidns- on this Ver^ Bafisj —
for which .wofthy. Deeds he, and his
Brother Patriots were held in fuch high
Efteem by the good People of England dn-
ririg the longj pacifle> and wealth -creating
Reign [if I might ufe fuch a Term] of Sir
Ri Wal POLE/ as approached almoft to
Adoration* Indeed, long before themi
ruined. and undone, tvas the Burden of the
Song. An Author of fome Repute, one
Joshua Gee, was fo poffeffed with this
defponding Notion^ that he u'fidertook to
demonftf ate by Figures, arid Tables of
Accpunts, that the Balances of Trade were
almoft every where prodlgioufly againft us :
So that accdrding to this comfortable De
monftration, there \^ould not have re
maiped One Shilling in Great-Britain for
thefe 60 Years' laft paft. Yet> Sir, we
have fpept and lavifhed a#ay> fince that
Period, chiefly in uhheceffary arid unprofi
table Wars, upwards &f 155,0003000!.
fterling: — A fure Proof that he was mife- rably

O R, A N I V( (IV IRY, ife. 75
rably deceived in his Calculations; thp' a
moft melanchoUy ReieiStion oh our own
Prudence. ''.¦'.
However, that wliich Reafon, ;and
Argument couldnot do, refpedting Trade,
Experience itfelf has at laft effe<9:ed. For
now the Englifh Merchants and Manu-
¦ fadturers' find and" feel, that their' Goods
at anAmericiin Market (notwlthftanding
all the prefept Difadvaptages they labour ,
under) are allowed to be better a'nd
cheaper, than the like Articles of other
Nations, the Americans being the Judges.
This is a happy Omen, which may tend
to many good Confequences, if properly
Improved. For from hence it undeniably
follows, that the Americans will buy our
Goods, when itis their Interefl, and
when they -ase able fo to do, notwlthftand
ing the bittereft Antipathy they can con
ceive againft us. And I defy any Man to
prove that , they ever did buy our Goods,
contrary to their own Interefts, even du-
K 2 ring

76 CUI BONO?
ring the moft flattering Periods of their
Friendfhip. [One Thing however I
muft confefs, that heretofore they fre
quently bought Englifh Merchandife,
when they knew they were not able, and
never intended to pay for them. And with
thofe very Capitals purchafed Eftates, or
carried on a Trade to the Spanifh Main.
Therefore if this be ^nieant by the Com
plainants, when they lament the Lofs of
the American Trade, I hope we fhall
never recover fuch a Trade for the future :
That is, never truft them tp the fame
Amount. The bad Debts of the Ame
ricans to this Country, long before the pre
fent Difturbances, were great beyond Ima
gination : — much greater than the Sums
owing to England from all the World be
fides.] Moreover we now fee, and know,
that the beft. Produce of America can
find its Way into England, if we give the
befi Price, notwlthftanding thofe Obfta- cles.

Or, anin Q.U I R Y, ife. 77
cies, which Civil Wars, and national
Animofities, accompanied with every
other Difficulty and DIfcouragement, can
throw in the Way. The Tobacco of
thofe revolted Colonies, Maryland, and
Virginia, with the valuable Produdtions
of other Colonies, are now bought and
fold as openly and avowedly, even at
public Audtions, in all our great Sea
ports, as before the War. Therefore
after fuch Proofs, what is it, which we
can wifh for, or defire more ? And If this
be not fufficient fo convinee us, that the
Conqueft of America, — fuppofing it ever
fo feafible, — can be of no Manner of Ufe
in a mercantile View, — I fhould be glad
to knpw, what Kind of Proof will, or
can be thought fufficient ? In a Word,
if daily Experience, and Matters of Fadt
are not able to bring us to a Confeffion,
that our Plan is totally wrong, I know
not what elfe to have recourfe to, but to
declare openly and without Referve, that
/|ve ar? determined to adt both againft
Convidtion —

.y8 C U I B O N O ?
Conyi^ion — and againft our own Intereft,
Tmr^on'^erfuad^iist etiamfi ^erfuaferis.
But we are told in the fecond Place,
" That the Redudtlpn of Amer if a would
j.b,e a Means of perfyadfng the Pespfc iPn
that Side of the Atlantic to^btEstr fomc
J Share, and to contribute fomething to-
..w,ard^ our heavy, national jExpepces,"
.Good! And then the Argument will
r^n fomewhat to the following Effedt j,
though not in;^ fame Words.-r- .. £,,
yv " After we have for formany Years en-
" 'deavoured to fubdue the Bodies of the
" Americans by the Force of Arms, we
*,' will for the future difclaim all fuch
*'rMethcds ; becaufe we intend to fub-
" jugafes their Minds hy the .fuperior
1 Power of our j epchanting lEioquence.,
v" We will tell them,iand.they wilLcer-
" jtajnly believe us, that we have not a
"ujWifh to employ compulfive Meafures
" any more. We nowrenounce, deteft,
jiir'iv « and

Or, a N INQ^U I R Y, ife. jg
" and abjure all Authority and Jurif*-
" di^ioh over them. They fhall enjoy
" their unalienable Rights, bc they what-
" ever they may. They fhall make
" their own Laws, and be their own
" Mafters in every Thing ; and if they
" chufe to pay any Taxes, — for that
" fhall be entirely left to their own Dif-
** cretion, — they fhall tax themfelves.
" But then, after we have made them
** believe all thefe fine Things, we will
" pour upon them fuch an Army of
" well-chofen Tropes and Metaphors,
" as they fhall not be able tb withftand;
«* . — hOtwithftanding they have fo long
*' withftood Ouf Guhs and Bayonets.
" Nay more, — though in the Times of
" their Profperity, when they were
" both rich and able, — they did not
" vouchfafe to defray one-half of their
** own civil and military Expences, —
*' much lefs to contribute a fingle Shll-
" ling towards the Support of ours ; —
** yet when they ftiall become Bankrupt's "and

go C U I ii O N ,0 ?
*« and Paupers, npt ahle to fubfift therii^
" felves, then we will perfuade them to
" give and grant, out of the Abundance
" of their Poverty, rich Supplies both
** for their Ufes, and for ours too. And
*• as this is fo promifing a Scheme, and
" fo fure of Succefs, we will ,. perfevere •
*• in it, and maintain the War, Year af- ¦
" ter Year, coft what It will, till we
*' 'have accomplifhed it."
Sir, in niy younger Days, I had the
lionour of being acquainted with a very
great Man, an original Genius in the
learned World. He ufed to fay, that the
reafbning Faculties of human Beings were
of a Nature fo precarious, that it was
impoffible to enfure the Enjoyment of
them, in all RefpeSls, even for a Day.
A Phrenfy, or fome: other Species of
Infanity, might deprive a Man of the
Ufe and Exerclfp of them, either In
Whole, or in Part, for a fliorter ot a
longer Time, and perhaps for ever. — If

Or, AN INQUIRY, ife, 8i
If fo, fays he, may we not extend the
Obfervation a little farther; and conclude,
from Analogy, that whole Bodies of
Men, large Societies, and even Nations,
may be fubjedt, in fome ReJpeSis, to fiml
lar Maladies, and Fits of Folly ? — No
thing lefs than fome fuch Suppofition can
account for Half the glaring Abfurdlties,
and thofe Inconfiftencies of Charadter and
Condud, which are to be met with in
Hiftory, and which we find in the
Worid. I WILL not take upon me to defend
this eminent Prelate's Mode of accourit-
ing for thofe public Inconfiftencies, and
Contradidtlons of Charader, with a Nar
ration of which Hiftory every where a-
bounds ; but ohe Thing I will be bold to
fay. That were the Englifh, the French, the
Americans, the Spaniards, and the Dutch,
to be afflidted with a Deprivation of their
Senfes, refpeding the Subjed now before
us, they could not give ftronger Sjpeci-
L mens

-,82 C-U K BONO?
i,mepSi«fpational Infanity^ /than they give
/at prefent, l?y perfeveririg In a iSeries of
. abfujtld ^and;.a;ninou?„Schemes, fo very re
pugnant to every Principle of Reafon, J .and
. fo .diametrically o{^ofi,te to their own ef-
. fentlal Jp^prefts.
,.5.jTHEj|tft- Motive ajSigned for pepfifting
in our expenfive Schemes towards the
^ Recoyery of ^ff7^r/f<?,5 Is, ih order to re-
. cover,our,jmtient Glofy.
Glory, Sir, as far as concerns the
.. prefept Cafe, may be v confidered ki a.
; Two-fold View : Firft, The Glory, or
Honour of having ap immenfely extended
Empire: ^,^ And, fecondly, the .Glory or
Charadter, of . being bra.ye and courageous.'
._^,; lF^(,,the former of thefe. fhould be
here meant, then thqre is a moft import
¦ tant ^ Queftion ,fir^, to be deterrained;
Namely, Whether it be for our real Iii-
terefi- znd national Advantage, to, have fuch

Or, a N L N Q, UI R T^ ife. |3
fuch an imratenfolyextehdedyEmpijie, as
we! '< now have, or .lately had ? ' And ' whe
ther ' any Man. .'will.lindertake to ,prove,
l;hat ¦ the Engtifk-> Nation is, - or ^Mf ill; b.e
the happier, the jicher, th^^. ^fef, c^ '
the ftronger, by^ having fuCh an \unmat-
nageable Empire: ?':I fay, all thefe T.hings
muft ;b^previoufly . proved.. — ^ And then it
will be Time enough; rfor us to copfider-,
bow^- fer' 'Our G^cy^is. ; concemed; jpj.fhp
Recovery cof a-.jneffninal. Sovereignty-. oyer
thofe immenfe and diftant Regloru^ '.-^
1 fay, a nominal one ; for at beft it was
no .other^- even ;whsn we wece figji|ing
their: ;jBattles, _: apd , - :^epding , opr , „ bgft
Bl ood b api', Treafure -rin theit t , Caufe :-pp _
§::^? EvePithen wjey^^r^ pot penpijjted.tp
prefs a fingle , Am^Scam on ¦ Shore; tljpugh
ouf .Ships of War in; their JIarbpg.rs
w-ere fiUeld with ;£/^5i§% Sailors -^r^^^ for
theiri Defopce., ^hc; late Governor ..^z^,-
ichirfon.: aflured -me qf this .1 Fad; He
faid, Ker.never would allow a Prefs^ War
rant to be executed in the. Tovyn ql,^ofi(^a
L 2 except

g^ C U I BONO?
except ior apprehending Englifh Deferters i
And he bell6ved the fame Rule prevailed
all over Afntrica. Yet this was the Man,
whbfe'HoUfe the Bofibnians demoHflied,
Stfore the War broke out, '^nd vvhom Dr;
Franklin arid ethers perfecuted with un--
remitting Rage, for being too complai-
farif to the E^zgip Government.— Surely,
furelyi ofit Glory: is deeply concerned; ih
maihtafefiing or recovering fuch a Sove-
reigpty aS this! It is much to our Ho-«
iTbrif ! •
But it feems, the Rules of national
Hkinoiii'and Glory are different ffom all
other Rriles, and mUft not be judged of
tiy the Pririci^lSs of Reafon and Common
Serife. TheDogeof^£%/c^, fia: Inftance,
proceeds annuairy fri great State and
Pomp, to vM^vy the Adriatic Setii^ And
to he fure, a glorious Sight it is to the
Venetians, to fee their Sovereign married
to a Spoufe, fo very tradable, and fo full
of Complaifance : They muft think
themfelves

Or, AN I N d.U I R Y, ife.^ 85
themfelves much the better^ the richer,
the wifer, and the ftronger, by- Means of
this happy Match. However as Cuftom
has given a Saadion to' the; Ceremony ; let
it pafs :-*The Populace pf Venice expefS
it, as their annual Holiday.— Neverthelefs,
were his' Highnefs to proceed ftill far
ther ^-^were he to fail- down the A^it
a fie, and all the Length of the MediterT
ranean in hi? gilded Veffcl of Stat?, with
filken Sails and painted Streamers;—
were he to pafs the- Streights of Gi"
braltar, and to fail into the Mldft of
the gre.^ . Atlantic Ocean, in order, to
marry another Wife, ftill more gentle,
more governable and fub;nifflve :— What
wovfld thof World ;— r-nay, what would
even \!n^ Venetians fay to this addi tiopal
Expence of empty Pomp apd Ceremony?
— Tbe Application is obvious.
As ^o the fecond , Senfe of Glory, per
mit me tp afk, who doth, or who can
accufe our Forces either by Land,, or
Sea,

85 -- C U I 'B ON £)?. ,:.!'
Sea, of the Want of Valour; and nationat
Copsfage?— Indeed' on tMs Head there i&
no ne«d,-that we 'fhould be very; lavIfH'
>> ifti our own :pra4&S'. ¦ Ih a: War of fuch?
fee^gth as the p'pefehti there-is no- Doubt
td'^'^fe*' niade;'-but -that' thei:Mngi^' have
giveniiTome ^Inftances ofi bad ^^ Gondud/r
H%^ perhaps, h riiight add, 'that-we ;did
" not'' always f?el Bald zny i,moib than opr
Neighfeours.— ^Biit-! who is: feorthrow, the
firft^Stoneat us on. that Accountir3-Surely
not the Americ-ans :• — And if . youi* oiwn
\F rench] Relatr&h^ of fome late Engaged
iiieiifff,' efpecialiy -by-Sea, cap be depend^tt
ori; 'hbt the French. -'And a«. to the Ihitch
zndSpaniards f'w^^n: they ^ fhall call ou-r
Bravery or ' Corirage in Queftion (which
the'y ilo not feem at all difpofed' to 'do') it
will'be foon enough thep to retort the
Accufation,' anli'to Vindicate our Honour;
In the mean Time, let it obferved,
that fb- far ffom'acfcufihar us -of national
Timidity or the "Want of Courage, ail
;>tne Nations in £?/r(j/)> unanimoufly blame us

Or, AN IN Q_U I R Y, ife. 87
us for our great Obftinacy, and ftubborn
Perfeverance in this unequal' Conteft.
They do not reproach us as being Cowards,
but as Don ^ixottes, who are determined
to encounter Windmills, in order to ^dif-
play our Valour.
Upon the whole, and in every View,
whether commercial, or fifcal, or even in
point of national HonOur, there is hot the
shadow of ah "Argument to be alledged
for our prefent Condud. "W ere America
this Moment to lay herfelf at our Feet,
and to fubmit tb z Cartr blanche, Y>rovide^
we w'ould take her again into Favour^, —
it is evidently our IhtereB not to accept of
'fuch a Prefent. — Unlefs 'indeed we will
adopt Dr. Franklin's Notion, which he
veiy often publicly- maintained, namely.
That it is the Intereft of the Inhabi
tants of this Country to migrate to
America, and to let this Ifland become
a Defert, or atleaft a Province to that
great Empire. This,

88 CUI BONO?
This, Sir, recalls to my Mind a Cafe
not altogeih^qr^diffimUar to the Point now
before us. Our former Princes, our Ed
wards and our Henrys, fet up a Clairii
to the Throne of France-. T|iey. wifhed
to be Kings of that fine Country, as well
as of England. And, what Is at this Time
of Day a Matter of Worider and Amaze
ment, the Englifli. themfelves, inftead of
oppofing fo ruinous a Syftem, were fo- In
fatuated, as to engage in it, with all their
Might, as if they had been contending for
the Prefervatlon of their own Lives and
Properties. Happily for our , jCountry,
happily, I fay, for Old England, yonr
female Commander, Joan d'ARC,.refcu?d
us at laft from the Danger of being vidot
rious,-:-that Is, , in other. Words, from
being the Authors of our ovvn Ruin.
Has that illuftrious Heroine' left no De-
fcendants behind her? And cannot ycu
find one Joan d'ARC In modern Days to
command- his moft Chrffiian Majefty's
Fleets and Armies, in order to drive "us
back

Or, anin Q.U I R Y,* ife, 89
fcack into our own -Ifland ? Youflpf^j^tit
Commanders, with all their gEl^fSriperi-
orityof Forces^ together- with: jl^elj^w^jmiUt
canst feefe uhequal'tb tke TalkV^'^Wlilit'
Idea- this, pohveys -of- your fuper ¦'¦lexce'I-^
lent^Coutage, OF Cond^li^, *if Gbth^ai*edf
with Out6, -isi not my -Pr^virice ^tb' deter
mine.— R ather thferefotb -let me' clofe ^'ithe"
whole with an Obfervation much more
iiriportaht in itfelf, ahd mdi'6 fiertiriel'f to
my prSfenr Stlbjed'. - '' Thete' Was a' P^FlHci
in bur Anrials, when tHe E^/j/'^'tnoulhf
themfelves the hioft unfortunate of Men,
by being driven out of France, becaufe
they fuppofed that'fricfi Loffes were irre
trievable^ . ;Hoyyever,Time and Refledlon
have reconciled them to their Fate : And
they:; ; :hav^ learrit by Experience (what
they would not learn from Reafon) that
they were happy in being defeated ; be
caufe they were, during all their former
Contefts, catching at the Shadow, and
lofing the Subftance : — Sacrificing the
Teal Interefts of their own Country to the
;-i vl ^ empty

ga C U I B O N O?
erapty Name pf foreign Acquifitions.
Yeti Sir, France was not 3000 Miles off;
nor could the Healthinefs, the Pleafant-
uefs, . the Soil, the Climate, the Prp-
dDdions,.the Genius pf the People, their
'J'empers> Numbers, or the Riches 0f the
two Gpuntrips, France and America* Jbear
a, Comparifpn vifith each other.
In thefe lafl. Sentiments, I am very
fi»re, that Monfieur Necker, and every
Firenchman, indeed every impartial Man,
will entirely concur with.
Your moft obedient.
Humble Servant,

1/ E T-

Or.; AN IN Q.U I R Y, ife. 91
LETTER VI.

V.

An Inquiry, what Benefits will accrue to
America, fttpp(fing her io obtain her
utmofi Wifhes of Independance in th
Profecution qfthe prefent War.
TO MONSIEUR NECKER. i ,
Cui Bono?
S I Ry
AFTER having fhewn, that kng-
land could not poffibly be a Gainer,
but muft neceffarily be a Lofer by the
Redudion, or Conqueft, or Recovery, or
Subriiifiiion of America [call it by what
Name you pleafe] we are now to reverfe
the Scene, and to fuppofe, that America,
with the Affiftance of her great and good^
Allies, fhall reduce England to the moft
abjed State of Poverty and Want. Ame
rica, grateful America, triumphs oyer her
M 2 former

92 . cui bono ?
former Protedrefs, and exults on her
Riilns. - -^he is a rifing Empire, without
Bifhops ! without Nobles ! without Kings.
Th.i,s,,-<Sii|", youikhow is the Language of
¦that s^Ci^-J^ljr^tjedr Republican, Dr. Price.
But perhaps you have never "yet been '
told the,-^ame of the original Author
of that prophetic Sentence: It was your
own 'iPrgdeG~effor, 'the late Monfieur
TuR'GOT. [Now he is dead, I am at Li- ; ,
berty to declare If^. A Iri 'a- Letter of his,
dated Paris i8th of February iyyy, and
fent to Glocefler, under a mo/l patriotic
Covpr, he fays, ^ Je fais des Vaux pour
la Liber te des Am'ericalns, parceqite- ce
fera ie. Premier Exemple dun grand Peuple,
' que fiait ni Rois, ni Nobleffe. [What In-
fatuallon !^ , ffe himfelf beipg,' as I am
.infornifed, of a rioble Family, of antlppt
Extradion.J But however th.ey may be,
,as Dr. Price, when he went, to Paris,
converfed with Monfieur Turcot, it Is
probable, that he learnt this excellent-
Aphorifm froni' him. For In his famops
Pamphlet

Or, an in dU IRY, 93
Pamphlet in Favour of America, he
adopted this very Expreflion, with a
little Embellilhment of his own, without
Bifliops. [Though, as Bifhops and Pref-
byters are fometimes ufed In Scripture,
as fynonimous Terms, ^ere. Doth Dr.
Price really mean to difapprove of all
Kinds, or of every Kind qf fuper int ending
Care, however limited, as inconfiftent
with the Liberties of the Chrifiian
Church ? This by the by] But to re
turn : England being thus laid low, and
humbled to the Duft, and the American
Stripes interlaced with the Lillies of
France, every where triumphant ; — What
is next to come to pafs ? — Why truly,
after this total Separation, the Mafs
of the People on the other Side of the
Atlantic, will begin to awake out of
their goldep Dream, and refled on, their
prefent Situation, by comparing it with
the paft. They will, do this the fooner,
be;caufe all their Fears and Dreads about
that fell Monfter, the tyrannical Power of

94 C U I B O N 0>
of England, will then be at an End ; and
the -Hob-g<ibiing Spedres of Racks and
Chains, and Tortures, -and Deaths, and
raw Heads, .and bloody Bones, will af
fright no longer, Confequently being
totally at Eafe from that Quarter, they
•*?ill turn their Eyes to another, and will
not faii to recoiled the fine Things that
had been promlfed them by their artful
ii«<^ers; in Order to engdg>d them in this
Qaacifei.; Great, lEdeed, aiad glorious were the
Things that hadbeen promifed ! They
were to be the hapjpieft of all happy Peo
ple, pfovid'ed they would fliafce off the
galling Yoke of Britain, and affert their
Hnalienable Birtlhrlghts, their native hide -
fendancs. When that happy Day fhould
cori^e, all Grievances, and all Complaints
would ceafe for ever. The Peorle of
America were to be blefled with a Lock'ian
G'Gvtsrnment, the only juft one, the only
free one upon Earth : Confequently the
only

Or, an in Q.U I R Y, ife. 95
only one fit and proper for a free People,
fuch as the Americans, to make Choice of :
Becaufe every Man would be his own Le-
giflatdr, his own Judge, and his own Di-
redor, in fuch an equal, and free Re
public: And then no Man would be
compelled to pay more Taxes, or oiher
Taxes, than he himfelf fhould previoufly
agree to. — ^In a Word, ail Jealoufies, and
Difcords, and Fadions, would be ba-
nifhed frooi fuch a State ; and Harmony
and Concord, Peace and Friendfhip, every
where prevail.  -Thefe Honours and
Bleffings were referved for America I
Well, the heavy Yoke of Britam
being thus thrown off [Oh may Britons
have the Wifdom, and the Fortltude-neVer
to yoke with the Americans again as Fel-
low^Subjeds, on any Terms whatever] It
is natural to afk. What have thefe Re
volters gained by iheir long-wifhed-for
Change, after fb much Parade and Bl after?
•^They have gained, what neceflarily fol
lows.

96 CUI BONO?
lows, .the Breach of Promifes never in
tended to be fulfilled (If indeed fuch Ac
quifitions can be callpd Gains,) they have
gained a general Difappointment, mixt
with Anger and Indignation. For now
they -find, that all the fine Speeches and
^alluring Promifes of their patriotic. Lea
ders, meant nothing at all,— but to, a-
mufe, and to deceive. Now they feel,
that the little Fingers of their new
fangled Republican Governors, are heavier
than the whole Body of the lirpited,
and mild Conftitution of: Old. England :
And , as they defpifed,. apd rejede,(i' [like
the Frogs In the Fable] the Government
of one King Log, they are now gbligfid to
fubmit to the Tyranny of an -hundred
Kins: Storks. - .- . "
• o • -..:i\\ a:;: v''.".T
¦ Hence Difcontepts, Complaipts, ahd
Clamours will; apd muft arife from every
Quarter, as long as the DIfappointqd have
Topgues to. fpeak, or Voices to be. heard-
And as the Example of the former Mal
contents,

Or, a N IN Q.U I R Y, ife. 97
contentSj^v^hen under the Englifh Govern
ment, with their pretended ¦ Lift of
Grievances, willbe frefh in their, Memo
ries ; they will avail themfelves of fuch
Precedents, by turning their own Artil
lery uponthem, and^attackijjg them with
their own Weapons. Indeed nothing can
be more juft than fufch a Species" of Re
crimination; — efpecialiy when it is far
ther confidered, that the Provocation in
this latter Cafe, will be, on all Accoimts,
infinitely greater than ih the former ; for
make the mofi of the Evils, ^yhich the
Americans fuffered when under iheJElnglifh
Government, and caricature them as much
as you pleafe,-^ftill, what were they ? —
Mere Dwarfs and Pigmies in Comparlfon
to thofe Tyrannies and Oppreffions, of. a
gigantic Size, which the Mafs of the Peo
ple have already felt, and will continue
to feel under their new Mafters. Ahd
the Refledion, that the very Men, who
formerly pretended; to be their Deliverers
and Defenders, have pulled off the Mafk,
N and

98 \^' ¦ -C ^ U I ^' ^ ¦ O N O ?'^
andr are' at Bft;,betoiBte"^tr rekl TyfaHts
and) O^pfeffors^r wiH'fadiiia pecuUsff Sting
to-iiMS>ykmt^ Ipidigpatiori.
JftaAcEiwe may juftly cOnclud«j that
thfe! Abmieatiy patri^tit Orators, > who are
to figijue > away in future Times at their
Liberty* Trees, arid 6«h^ 'Places of public
ReBtiezvotis, will ddcfoihs, and exclaim
mbift vehemently (iatfdiriiieed nioft juftly)
fomewhat to the folfii\4irig Effed.
** When this devoted Couritry was trn-^
** der tiiePrbtedtori of £>7g-/a«<y,-^A Prb-^'
" te^^oh alas 1 nevfer to-^fee obtained any"
" tSotei-^our Governraents w'ere 'as free
" as the Nature of Mart, arid our peculiar
** Situations WOQld admit. We had ho
"-Reftralhts'laid bhusi-biMf f^idh as our'
" Parent State thouglit to be tlnavoida-
" ble, fuch as fhe dieertled^necefllTy ; by
" Way of compenfating in fon:i^ Degree
" for thofe "mariifdld ' Benefits, Favours,
".and Protedions, we received ffom her, -
"'^ ¦'- " without

Or, , A N I N Q.U I-R Y, ife. 3 99
without our contributing a Farthing to
wards the general Charge. Nay more,
the Reft raints themfelves were chiefly
^nr^nal: > For yOil all khow, that we con
tinually evtaded them, when it wa« our
intereft fo to do : And out indulgent
Mother- Country kindly winkedat thefe
Evafions ; fo that in Reality "^^they were
nO.Reftraints to^us. But nOw,-^Oh
fad Reverfe, Tkhw are we changedl And
what are we now come tol We are ac
tually become Lthe Slaves of our Fellow"-
Subjeds, who have duped and cheated
us moftigregioufly, and now l^ugh atour
Credulity. They now rule us with a
Rod of iron, apd make us ^^ khow and
feel, that their Reftraints, Orders, and
Regulations, are not like the former
opes, to be difperifed with at Pleafure,
or to be evaded with Impunity, but to
be rigoroufly^ enforced, and pundually
obeyed. — Woe be to the Mah who ftiall
tranfgrefs : Fines, and Imprifonments,
corporal Punifhmepts, and evep Death
N 2 « itfelf

xoo -: , C U I B O N Oi
'* itfelf may b? his Portion, As to the
** Prornifes of a free and equal Republic,
" and, the Bleffings of a Lockiah Com-
" mon^ Wealth jl — they are all forgot, and
.'¦'. out of Date : Indeed it now plainly ap-
*' pears, that they were never intended to
" , be remembered any longer, than whilft
*• they might ferve as Footftools to our
*• .preCent Rulers, to. mount into Power.
: ** For now we are gravely told, that th?
** Times will not bear fo lax a Syftem, as
" that every Man fhould br his own Le-
f**>giflatQr, Governor^ and Controller.
** The Times requiriei- that the Reins of
"Government fhouldlxbe .held, with a
*' tighter, and a ftronger Hand than here-
" tofore : And that v^hofoever fhall pre-
" fume to take undue Liberties with thefe
" rifing States, fhall find to his Coft, that
< «.' they bear not the Sword in vain.
"Hence it comes to pafs, » that wc
"now hear from them for the firfi Time,
" that it is our Duty to refped the Go-
" vernment

O R, A N IN oLiri R Y, IOS
" verPment uuder which we live; apd
** that peither the Liberty of the Pref^
** nor the Liberty of Speech fhall be ip-
" dulged to that Degree, as to be inju-
" rious to the public Safety ; — meanipg
" thereby, their owp Power and Dignity.
" Thus do thefe Mep, who heretofore
" never ceafed to fpeak Evil of Digni,-
" ties, and to invent and propagate
** thoufands of Lies and Calumnies, a-
'« gainft the beft and mildeft of Govern-
" ments ;— ^thus do they now refufe us
" the poor Confolation of complaining
" againft their unjuft and tyrannical Pro,-
** ceedings. The Word, inimical to At
" merica, fo often in their Mouths, and
" in the Mouths of their Runners and
" Informers, is a new-coined Word, un-
" known to our ancient Laws, and ut-
** terly unknown to us till the black
** Reign of thefe Repribllcan Inquifitors.
«« — They indeed, after the Example of
" their bloody Predeceffors, the Inqulfi-
" tors of Spain, have ereded it into a
*« Kind

joa C ,U I. B ON O ?

Kind of StaT£-HeresV, which is to
** fighify whatever, they plqafe; and tl^ere-
«' fore to ferVe them as p. commodious
" Engine for wrecking their Malice on
** -all, who dare to oppofe> or, even to ceu-
'^^ fure their wicked Deeds. . , j.,
" Formerly it was pretended, tkat
" we fhould have had no Fadions apd
** Divlfions among us, were It not . ffir
** thofe falfe Brethren,, who were con-
" tinually endeavouripg to enflave us
" with the Chains of England. — Thofe
^'Chains are broken afunder; — never to
" be joined again. But arc our Animo-
" fiiies therefore at an End ? And are
'** there no Fadions and Jealopfies reigij,-
" ing among us at this Jundure ?— So
" far frOm it, that the evil Spirit. of
"Difcord Was never fo rife, as it is at
*' prefept. It has infeded every Part of
" America from one End to the other.
*' We for Inftance, the Subjeglj forfoot}^,
** of this free and equal Republic, have
"juft

uTi

Or, an I N Q.U I R Y, £«f.. ,03
" juft Caufi to. complain : Becaufe we
" have been cheated, bubbled, and' be-
" trayed. But as to our iriiperious Maf-
" ters, the Authors of our Ruin, wHat
" Kind . of Complacency, or Concord,
" do they enjoy anpibrig themfelves ? —
" None at all:— For we know, that they
*' are jealous of each other's iPower: We
" know, that they are planning Schemes
" to fupplant, and citcunivent : — And
*' that they niake Ufe of every Engine,
*• whefhier .of Force or JFraud, of Bri-
*' bery or Terror, if pradicable, in or-
" der to compafs their Ends, and crufh,
" their Rivals. And as to that ill Blood,
** and thofe Antipathies which formerly
" fubfifted, bet ween the. Northern,, and
" the Sopthern, Colonies: — Are they
" cooled ? Are they aflwaged ^nd moide-
** rated fince ouir late Revolution ? No,
" they are not,: On the contrary, all for-
" mer Diflikes and Averfions are fo
" *''
" heightened and inflamed, by this very
" Meafure, and by Criminations, dnd
" Recri-

104 C U 1 , fe O N p.>
" Recrlmlriatlons in Confequence there-
" of, as tb threaten a Civil War. Nay
" more, it -is well known, , that moft of
"our States had fonie Clairiis upbri each
" other, apd that they frequently c.om-
*^ plained of hiutual ' ^dlncroachmerits,
** and reciprocal Ufurpations"^ (which
" neverthelefs , Wpire reftrairicd within
" Bounds, and pi"evented from breaking
" out into open Violence, by the Awe
" of the Mother-Countty ;) —'Inhere-
" , fore how is ^ the Cafe,' at preferit ?
" Why truly, ',,^ow., thatTiich, Reftraints
"are removed, thefe dbrriiant Claims
<* have broken biit' afrefhj and evei-y Re-
" prodch is renewed with redbubTed Ran^
" cour, and a greater Thirlt of ^Revenge :'
" —^9, that in fad, w'e are little better
**^ than' in a State bf War, though we
" feeriiingty Wear* the Appearapces ' of
" Peace.
't In fhort, our rNative Country", is by
" no Means become defirable even to our-
" felves

Or, AN I,NQ,UIilY, ife. 105
' felves, much Iqfs to. others., It- was
* once an Afylum to tlie reft' of the
* World. But now it is not a Place of
* Safety even to its natural-born Inhabi-
'„ tants. Alr9:^dy great Numbers . Jiave
' left it, to return to, Europe, tlie Coufl-
* try of their Fore-fathers: And; ftUl
' greater, have migrated into tlie diftapt
'back Countries,', bordering on, tlje
' Lakes j there to commence new Settlq-
^ ments, and new Governments. -Thjs
* they fay, they, have as good a Ri^ht ,t,o
* do, as we had to break loofe from tte
* Government of England, which had^o
• lonj? proteded and defended us :¦ — Yes,
.-,- : '. 'i . .\ ...... ,/j •-yi^^-J'^ -¦ J^'i" "¦ -
* they add, apd much better, ., cp account
* of thofe fuperior 'Obligations, which
* we had been under to the mildeft and
* and moft beriencept Goverpnient upon
* Earth. And to fhew that they. are in
¦',.,.¦• . " ¦ .'- .'"1; '' '
' earheft, they let us at' Defiance ; and
* even threaten to invade us (according as
* an ¦£»g'/^ Patriot had long agb_ fore-
* told) with a riuhierous "Bo6y of Ca-
O ' " valry.

ib6 ^ -CUI BO N X)? '
" valry, afterthe Mstniier of 'the ^^/«:
" arid £ttr(?p^^i« Tartars : — ^^Well knowing
^** that we ate pot able to invade them.
** Among the mariy'Bleffings we for-
** merly enjoyed, one was, that we might
" fleep' peaceably iri our Beds, without
** Fear of being preffed either - tb; the
" LaPd,- or Sea Service ;— even in De-
** fence of our owp Country againft the
** Yor,ces of France or Spain, or any other
" foreign Power :— The Parent State
" having kindly undertaken to do all thefe
** Things for us, at an .Expence of Blood
** and 't'reajrure, really .aftonifhing : — So
** that unlefs a military Life was our own
^* Choice, ' and agreeable to our own In-
'* clinations, not a Man of us was coin-
-\- :¦ ¦ -": '"¦'¦¦ :>:. '. '¦¦ ¦ ."" 0"'- "
*' pelled tolezvehisFzrm, his Trade, his
" Fiiheries, or his Merchandife, to com-
: 'j'Ji":.''!!'", >- ,. ..:¦ j3i . -'.'¦- - ¦¦
" mence a Sailor, or a Soldier, for the
" public Service. But , pow we muft be
«* enrolled in the Militia, whether we .will
." or no : and take t^e Field at the Word
< "of

Or, A N I N Q_y IR Y, ife. 107
" of Command. The fame .Hardfhips
" attend us in the Sea Service : We are
" no longer our own Mafters even in our;
" own Houfe^, and in. our. own,^ Beds..
" The Lap^uage, now is, that each Rif- »
" public muft prpvid? a proportionate.
" Number of Ships of War, Frigates,
" Cruifers, and Guarda-Coftas for its own
" Protedion. Thefe are new Dodrines
" to us Jbiericans: We never heard them
" before, thefe bleffed Times,
** The Freedom, and Encouragement
" of Trade was another, grand Pretence
" fo.r engaging us in the late Revolt. In
" this Affair,, as in all others, we were
^' made to believe ftrange Things, which .
" Experience now tells us had no Foun-
" dation:. For now we know and feel,
" when .it is. too late, that the, parent
" State. vvas lb far from, planningSchemes
" for our Impoverifhment, that, on the
" contrary, fhe was continually devifing
" Ways and Meaps for our Enrichment,
O 2 " even

io8 ' XUI B^ O N O?
" ex^eiri!' fbmetiiries'^tb'' her own Lofs,-^^"^
" By gi^antlrig us feveral Monopolies a-
. " gklrift herfelf ¦ For E^xample, ftie laid" '
"Ifeavy' Britiih' oti the Iron of othfer
" d^vft^i^res, • (though k faw, and necef- ',
"^TaPjr^Wife^iar^fbr h'eri l^appfadui^es)
"/aridS^feXem^ted -Ariteried from paying
"raiwy.'^ii She did' the^ -feme by foreign
" Heirip,' and even ^eied a very great
"riBdrirfty- for 'the Growth" and Importa-
** tion of ours. '-'- -^The^ fame Courfe -fhe
" took refpeding our Pitch and Tar,
" ari'd^Mdito, and Lu'hiber, and feveral
" o^her Articles :'Sd that vvhilft foreign
"^ Materials were loaded and difcOiiraged
*' vt>ii:h heavy Duties, burs were' fed and
" nurfed'by generous and great 'Bounties.
,-, J . 'jJ ,', -¦ ¦- '" --1-7--.— -J.'' .'^^••• ¦¦•
"" Arid as to Tobacco', fhe granted fuch
"ari-abfdl lite Monopoly "of it to' America,
" I's'i^jpt' bnly to prbhibit the'Tobaccos
" cf %Teigri Growths, ^but even tb^^for-
' "'bid' the ^Cultivation of Tobacco 'at
''^r'Home.'' Moreover, in regard to' our
«= Plfliericis,- * and all the Product ihei'eof, w flie

Or, a t^ IN QJtJ I J< Y, 'ife. 109
""flie~grarited us almbft" every Favour
"^'and Iridiilgerice, wKicli fhe had granted
""to her own People ;-:r^and, if ftie Had
"cbnudcfed our advantageous' Situation,
"perhaps more than fhe Herfelf wpuld
"^ h^ve iri tended.— By^t "to 'fay, the Truth
"at once, when we.^ were jinited tp her,
J.T' J^ '^j ¦ -g;-:i3:* .bnxi/j'. . ." ^-.
*' fhe regarded us as per favourite Cml-
** dren, for whom nie thought fhe could
** never do eriougli, and therefore treated
" us with a "peculiar, and dlftlnguifhed
" Fondnefs, becaufe we were fo diftant
" from her. In one Word, in almoft
** every Inftance, where the Interefts of
" England, znd of Ameriba feemed^ to
" clafh, fhe gave America the Prefe-
*' rence.
** Yet, my fellow Citizens of Ame-
" rica, thii was the Tyrant, the bloody
" and cruel Tyrant, whom we were
" taught to regard, as plotting our Ruin
" and Deftrudlon :•— »This was fhe, who
" wasTepf^nted..to us underthe moft
' .= • . ; ts odious

no CUI BONO?
*« odious Colours, and in the worflL of
V Charaders. How fatal have been
¥ our Miftakes! and what Puniflimentdo
;.:.^rl ¦:>;.. '¦ ,Gr\- . " . . ¦¦¦'-'¦''.'''
" thefe Men deferve for leadine; . us Into
*' them ! — They never let us know the
"- Truth of l^ads, till it was tbo late :
" But ufed us as Tools to ftab our heft
", Friend and Bencfadrefs,— rbecaufe ihe
'/.ftood in the Way of their ufurping
" Greatnefs : — And alas! in being Tools
t' to them, vve haye comniitted a Kin(|
''^ of Self-Murder op ourfelves! ,
.^" J Will pur great and good Allies the
" F.r,{nch ,npw ¦ compepfate ¦¦ for thefe
" iWfongS; af>d,-Lofl'es,? Will they give
" Bounties and Draw-backs, exclufive
"Privileges, and Monopolies in our Fa-
"vvour, apd..to their- own Hurt? No,
^*; they will.:not. For now their own
"..Ends are anfwered, in deri-ioliflilng the
,M ;Po^y.er of England, by our ^ Afiiftahce,
" they have no farther Need of our Help
"and Service. And we may ftiift for
" ourfelves.

Or, AN IN Q.U I it Y, m
" oUrfelves^ia's wellas wetan. In fhort,
"they now turn the Tables on us, and
"ferve us as we ferved the Englifh. By
** their Inuendoes they gives us plainly
** to underftand, that though they loved
** the Trcafoh, they hat^d the Traitor,
" Nay farther, we were taught to he-
" lieve, that when we had once gained our
"favourite Objed, Independance, we
" fhould be enabled both to luy, znd Jell
*' to much greater Advantage than we did,
** or , could do before. O ye Americani^
" tell if you can. Is this now the Fad ? —
** And after we have tried cveryMarket in
" Europe, are we not obliged to return
** to the Englifh again for every ufeful Ar-
_", tide [tho' not for Gewgaws and Bau-
** bles] as .to our laft Refource? We
" now find by Experience, that they feil
.** better, and cheaper Goods ; and that
" they can give longer Credit.— In regard
** to this laft Article, long Credit, there
'* was a Time, when it might b 3 truly
" faid.

„2 e jUrl, .B,OvfI>j[^ q?:>
" faid, that zll jimefficd |Jfaded on ,t^
." Credit of Englifh Capitals. .Our^'^eir
*f chants bpu^t Englifh fj,oo^f 9P, jiopg
" Credit : And if Remittances were made
¦ ¦J ¦,..-, , .¦ L;fr^'..r!i ¦;;:;¦- .'. ••
" to Ewg'iij'a^, within; twelve Mon thsj It
" was deemed good Pay ;-7rxf yi^\J}^XWfi
*' Years, not very bad : And many
"relied on the Patlcnqe.pf their Eng-
** lifli Creditors, fo fa.r as to rpake no
*^ Payment before three Years: were -ex-
** pired. [Not to mention ; thofe ^wbo
** never intended any Payment at, all . j; In
*« the mean (Time, when thiefe Goods
*' were difpofed of in ..^^fflzmcg, jto what
" ;Ufe waithe Money therearlfing, igene-
^* rally applied by ovm American- k'&en-
" turers ? -^ — ^ It was lent outat an totereft
** of Eight, per Cent. ; — or it was erii-
•" ployed in carrying on a Trafic to the
•** Spanifh Main, where the Gains were
1" Twenty 'per Cent. ; — or in the Purchdfe
;" of landed Eftates in our owhPro\finces;
" ^ — fo that all this while, our 'A'm^t*icdn
*• Adventurers were grovvirig rich arid
' " great

Or, AN INQ,UIRY, ife. 113
" great, at the Expence of their Englifh
" Creditors. But how are the Times al-
" tered within a few Years } Our Euro-
" pean Correfpondents .l)oth in France,
** and in other Countries, now exped,
" that w^ fhould tru^ them, iuftea4 of
" their ^trufting us :¦ And it . is , looked
"upon, as a peculiar Indulgence, when
", they condefcend to allow us f^xJMonths
"Credit, inftead of 18 Months, or tw.o
" Years. On the other Hand, we find
** alio. by dear-bought Experience, that
the E»g-/^ gave a better Price for .our
American Produce of every Kind, than
** vye can obtain [in Times of Peace] any
" where elfe; — and that their Pay was in-
" finitely better, being indeed frequentjy
"advanced, before the Goods arrived in
" England. Yejt thefe generous Cprre-
** fpondents, and kind Benefadors, were
" the very People, whom our prefent
"Rulers reprefented to us, as the moft
*' khavifh, thfe moft perfidious", over-
' * '¦  V " reaching

tt

\,

-„4 CUIBONO?
•' Veaclilng^ and dimoneft Traders ih the
** naercaritile World. O may we never
" "meet with worfe Pay-mafters, or more
'^' difhoneft t)ealers than they laave bfeen !
¦'-'-¦ H' BYri- afeoVe all, our TAxes ! ^es, our
" T-Ax^sZ-i-FoV the'£%/?M'"Legift^ture
"I'aid'On'ui a riabft exor'bitaht,''" and
** gflev&tts iTax of'3d.'6ri a l^buhdbfTea,
" arid'O^khf^alfpenny ^farrip ori'a News-
" Paper':'' This, to be fiire, was a. moft
" Intolerable BuirdSn ; — a very fufficient
^* Caufe for' revolting frohi under the Pref-
" fure of fuch a'^pke! But now, — What
*' iS It \ye . p^y ? — Nay rather,^— 'What
'' is it we' do not pay ?,  Alas J there Is
^ haValy one Article either of live, pr dead
" S'fock, or "of the produce of tJie Earth
^i- an^ VSS^aters,-' o'r the JRefult of our In-
" duftryarid Labour, that Is exempt'from
** the i angs of thefe devouiihs: Locufts ?
" They tax every .Thing ; ' and; yet they
" fay, ' that ' alt^his 'is not enough ; and
¦ ' " ' ' ' " that

Or,, AN I N Q^U I R Y, ife. 115
" that more muft ftill be laid op : In
" 'fhbf t, America is mortgagefl^' fbr Ages
" to come, with afbebt of M'fllioris upbn
" Millipns, in order .to obtain",— What ?
" Why truly, that a .Set of ungrateful
" Upstarts might be exalted into
" power, to infult theii" Bpt'ters, andto
" .bepomei the Prlpces, and P'riricefi^s of
" tl^Is once fr^e Couptry."
Much more, $jr^ hijght have been
added to the fanie Effed .: (A,nd niany, of
the prefent jHeads might haye bee^ greatly
enlarged upop. But I api perfuadgd, ^hat
you will thipk |his Speeinien tp be fuffi
cient for proving, ap,d illuftrating my
grand Subjed, — namely. That the Affie-
ricans, as well as tjie other Powers, are
adipg direfSly contrary .to their own In
terefts in the prefent Copteft. They are
purfuing their own Ruin, by attempting
our Dowpfall and Peftrudion. S9 .^lia^t
if they fhall fucceed, we fhall .be the
P 2 Gainers,

ii6 C U I. B O N O?.
Gainers, ar^d they the Lofers. A firange
Metamprphofi,s this, whgrein every Thing
is inverted. Antipodes undoubtedly there
are in the patural World ! But Antipodes
in the moral, political, and commercial,
is a new Phcenomenon, referved for the
Statefmen and Politicians of the prefept
Age. ' In regard to the Truths of, the
Fads, which are advanced in the above
futuro American patriotic Speech [as far
as the Favours and Bounties of England
are concerned] they are indifputabie, and
canriot be controverted. Refpeding the
little Strokes of Oratory, they are of nb
Cbnleqiience; but rriay be admitted, or
rejeded; according as my Readers may
thirik proper. One Thing however. Sir,
you will, I prefunie, moft readily allow,
thatnothing is more common, than for
MenVwiien any dariing Scheme has failed,
mutually to accufe each other, and to
throw the Blame any where, from off
themfelves. ;
The

Or, A.n. 1 N Q,U I R Y,'£5ff. 117
The Americans will be found under
this Predicanient 5 they will be difap-
pointed, greatly chagrined, and univer
fally difcontented: So that when they
fhall be no longer conneded with Eng
land, they will vent their Reproaches
againft . each other, for' having been
the Authors of their refpedive Suffer
ings. To fum up all, they will fulfil
Horace's Remark, which he made fo
long ago :
*' Virtutem incolumem' odimus,
" Sublatam ex oculis quxrimus invidi."
As to the future Grandeur oi America,
and its being a rifing Empire, under one
Head, whether Republicari, or Monar
chical, It is one of the Idleft, and moft
vifionary Notions, that ever was cop-
ceived even by Writers of Romance.
For there is nothing in the Genius bf
the People, the Situation of their Couh-
^ try.

ii8 C U I B O .N O?
tVy, or the isTature of their difFereht
Climates, which tends to" CP'untenance
fuch' a Suppofi tipn . On" • the" ' cpntrary,
every jf^rpgnoftic' that can be fornied from
a Contemplation of their rriutual Antipa
tMes, andclafhlpg Interefts, their Diffe-
rehce of Governments, Habitudes, and
Manners, — plainly indicates, that the
'^mericarts will h^ye no Center..of Union
amopg them* ; an^ no Commm Inter efi .tp
purfue, when the Power and Goverprnept
of England are fipally removed. More
over, when th? Interfediops and Divl
fions pf ,^|^?i,i:. Country by great Bays of .
the Sea, and by vaft Rivers, Lakes, and
Ridges pf Mountains ;-— and . above all,
when thofe immenfe inland Regions, be
yond the Back, ^ettlexneht?^ which are
^iil unexplprpd., are .taken Ipto the A,c-
count, they form the higheft Probability
that the Americans never cap he united
into one cpmpad Empire, upder any
Species of Government whatever. Their Fate

Or, AN IN Q^U IRY, . no
Fate feems to be,— a disui5I;ited. JPe^j-
PLE, till the End of Time. In fl|ojE;|,
the only probable Suppofition, that can
be formed of them at '/prefent is this ; —
That being fo very jealous in their Tem-
persi\ fo fufpibiQ»5, aai-ty^rUftful of each
other, they will be divided, and fubdi-
\Aidefi into little Common- Wealths, or
Principalities, according to the above-
mentioned natural Divlfions, or Bounda
ries of their Country ; and that all of
them in general, will be more intent on
profecuting their own internal Difputes
and Quarrels, than defirous to engage in
external Wars, and diftant Conquefts.
They will have neither Leifure, nor In
clination, nor Abilities for fuch Under
takings.  t
This Subjed might be greatly en
larged upon, and placed in various
|,ts.. But as I have already put ypur
Patience

I20 CUIBONO?
Patience tb the Trial, T will purfue
it no farther;'^ ahd-haVe the Honour
to be. Your obliged.
And devoted htimble Servant, J. T.

LE T-

[ 121 ]

LETTER VII.
A Plan for a general Pac^ation y mth
Remarks.
To MONSIEUR NECKER.
SIR,
WE are now come within Sight
of Land. One Letter more
will bring me to the End of my epifiolary
Voyage. — Indeed, Peace is the Haven
for which I am fteering, and to which
I wifh to arrive, and to lay up my little
Bark. Nor can fuch an Objed be unac
ceptable to you, if you are the fame Per
fon, as undoubtedly you are, who recom
mended that excellent Maxim to your
Sovereigp ; * " That no fort of Con-
*' quefts, apd no Kind of Alliances do
* The wprds are here a little paraphrafed, but
the Senfe is flriftly preferved. See the Campe Rendu.
Page 68, and the Tranflation, page if..
Q^ " con"

122 A PLAN OF
" contribute to the real Welfare and
*« Graijd^ur of a State, fo much as a
" conftant and judicious Attention to
* " Agriculture, Manufadures, and the
" Arts of Peace." In this therefore, as
we are both agreed, kt us en,deavour to
lend a keiping Hand to each other in this
good Work,
Perhaps indeed the Obfcurity of the
Agent [I mean myfelf, not you] may be
feme Prejudice againft liftening to Pro-
pofals coming from; fuch a Quarter. . Be
it fb; but neverthelefs it ought not^ to
tally to difcourage well-meant^ Endea
vours. For I remember tb have read.
That when the Artifts at Rome found
theif Tackling for ralfing a vaft antient
Column, to be too long by an Inch or
two, ahd Were at a Lofs' how topToceed,
they liftened to a Boy among the Crowd
of Spedators, who cried out. Wet the
Ropes, and they will fhrink. By follow
ing his Advice, they effeded their Un
dertaking;

PACIFICATION. 123
dertaking^; and the Pillar was placed on
its Bafe, and ftands upright to this Day.
Yet I never heard that thefe Artifts were
cenfured, or that they dcferved Cenfure,
on that Account. Befides, all the
Powers now at war .are become moft
heartily fick of their; prefent military
Scenes ; among whigh Number I will
venture to include .the JDz/Zc/^ and Spa
niards, as well as the French, En^fh,
and Americans : For their Cafes are ex
adly parallel. Indeed all Sides are, at
laft, moft thoroughly convinced, that
they have been fighting for ' a Shadow j
—-or rather, for what is much worfe
than a Shadow, a Subfiance of a very
pernicious, and deftrudive Quality. Ne
verthelefs. Pride, national Pride, is of
fuch a Nature as to prevent them from
making this frank Confeffion. The La
bours therefore of an Individual, however
obfcure, may not be entirely thrown away
in fuch a Cafe : He may fuggeft fome
thing, which has not occurred to wifer
0^2 Heads,

124 A PLAN OF
Heads, or he may be the Means of bring
ing all Sides the nearer to each other,
without either Party feeming to yield, or
to make the firft Advances.— But be that
as it ihay ; and if his Labours fhould be
again difregarded, as they have often
been; the very Defire of doihg Good;
and the mens confcia reSli are in them-
fdvts no fmall Confolation. A Machia-
yellian Politician i^ hot to be envied.
Scheme for a "general Pacification, with
Remarks' thereupon.
L Let all the Countries and Places,
which have been taken during the*War,
be mutually reftored, and as, nearly as
poffible in the fame Condition that
they were in, before the War began.
Tills Rule fhould extend to every Part
of the Globe ; unlefs to fuch Places, as
fhall be otherwife difpofed of In, or hy
the following Treaty. IL Let

PACIFICATION. 125
II. Let the Countries between the
Rivers Penobfcot and CoHneBicut, cion-
taining almoft all the Provinces of I^ew-
Hampfhire, Majfachufets, Rhode-Ifiand,
and CommSticut, be ceded to ihte Ahie-
rican Republicans in full Right.
III. Let the American Loyalifts enjoy
the Diftrid from the River ConneMicuf
to Hudfons .River, together writh Long
Ifland, znd Staten Ifland. ' ' ¦
IV. Let all the Countries irotA -Hud
fons River to the Northern Boundary^ of
North CaroHna, cohtaihihg Part of the
Province of New Terkj all the Jtrfeys;
all Pennjylvania, all the three Lower
Counties, ahd all Maryland and Vir
ginia, be ceded for ever to the Republican
Americans. By this Partition or Divi-
fioh, they will be put iri immediate
^PofiTeffion of nine Provinces out of thir
teen, for .wh^ich they contended. In
thefe

12.6 A FLAN OF.
c ' ¦¦' . '
thefe they will be independent of Great-,
Britain, and Great-Britain independent
of them.
.. V. Let ^he Loyaliflfs retain the three
remaining Provinces, namely, j^: North-^
Carolina, South-Carolina,^ znd Georgia.,'
^,y.L As the/ Provinces of New-^Tork,
N.qr^i ¦ 1 ^^ SmtJi-Carolinay '; and Georgia,'
will thus become Afylums, apd Plaoes of
Safety, for the loyal Refugees to retire
to» — ^let the famq regal, and mixt Govern- *
ment be reftored ta each, as -;obtained
heretofore.. But let it be ftlpulated, that
tl^is Government fhall continue no longer'
than for ten Years feom the Date of the-;
Treaty : At the Expiration of which;.
Term; let the Affembly of each Province
be at full Liberty to chufe any Forni
they fhali think proper. ' . * '
¥11. Let the Eafiern Floridas be ceded t'

PACIFICATION. 127
to Spittn, together with the Fortrefs of
ixibraltar, provided his Catholic Majefty
will give the Ifland of Porto-Rico in
Exchange : A Place of as little Ufe to
them, as Gibraltar is to England.
VIII. Let the Iflap^ of Minorca he
ceded to the Houfe of ^ufiria, as an in
termediate Depofitory between the Ports
of Triefie, in Dalmatia, and Ofiend, in
Flanders. But let the whole Ifland, with
all the Ports and Fortrefi!es thereunto be
longing, be confidered as one general free
Port, or common Magazine, wherein no
Duties are to be paid either on Exporta
tion, or Importation : And where alfo
the Ships of all Nation's, military as well
as riiercantile,. fhall befafeand free to go
in and out, to load and unload, to careen,
and refit at Pleafure, without Moleftation
of any Kind ; — only paying the neceffary
Charges to the refpedive Tradefmen,
Ship-Carpenters, &c. &c. IX. Let

128 A PL A.N O. F
IX.i Let the Emperor oi Germany i-P-
vite tHe Powers at War to fepd Deputies
to hie^^t at Bruffels, or at any other cop-
venlept City in Auflrian Flanders, there
to treat, on the Me^ns of- procuring a
general : Pacification : And if Peace cap
be obtajhed On the above Terms, or op,
ariy other more acceptable to the cop-
tending Parties,— let the great Powers'
of Germany, the Emprefs of Rujfia, and
the Kings of Sweden and Denmark, kiA
lemnly guarantee the fame.
. REM ARK S.
Remark I. The a^ove Plan for a ge»
•neral Pacification is not offered as the
very befi in the Nature of Things, - but
only as the mbll feafible, .and the llkelleft
.'to be adopted by the opppfite contending
Paftles. For when there are-fo many dif
ferent Prejudices to -be encountered,
the Man who hopes to fucceed in any
Degree, muft fteer.fuch a niijddle Courfe,-,
as that all may be gratified in fome Re
fped, ^

PACIFICATION. 129
fpeds, though hot to the full Extent of
their extravagant Wifhes.
The v6ry beft Syftem [beft I mean in
Behalf of England^ would have been.
To have thrown up all foreign Ppmi-;
nions at once ;— ahd to have trufted folely
to the Gobdnefs and Cheapnefs of our
Manufadures, and to the Idhg Credit we
can give, for procuripg therii a /^^«^ ih
thefe [abdicated] GOvernriiehts, as well as
in other Countries. — In the next Place to
have relied on the Strength of our "great .
Capitals, ' ahd on the commanding In
fluence of good Price, and good Pay, for
purchafing all Sorts of Goods and Com
modities from every Nation under Hea
ven : — And in the third^ Placcj to have
kept our Sfrength both by Land and Sea,
well cohoentred ori our own Coafts, not
dlflipated by foreign Expeditions, always
ready at Hand for. our Defence againft
.Invaders. iThis, I fay, would have been
t]|ie beft, and the wifeft Scheme; — nay
R more

130 A P L A N O F
more, this ' is the only Scheme, to
which we ourfelves muft have Recourfe
in Times of the greateft Difficulties, and
Dangers. A plain Proof, that there is
no need at any Time to recur to any o-
ther Meafure ! Neverthelefs, when Man-
kind have been long kept in Darknefs,
or after they have wilfully blind-folded
themfelves for Ages paft, they muft be
treated according to the Nature of their
Cafe. For their Eyes are too weak to
bear the full Glare of Day at once : Light
therefore muft be let in upon them by
Degrees. And as this Confideratlon is
of Weight, permit me to ufe it as an
Apology for not offering a better Syftem
than the foregoing. *
Remark II. We-r-e. Minorca to be put
into the Hands of the Houfe of Aufiria,
as propofed in the foregoing Plan, 'and to
be made a common Magazine, and a ge
neral free Port for all Nations, much Gopd
might redound thereby to the whole poll- tical

PACIFICATION. 131
tical and commercial Worlds; apd it is
hard to fay, what great Evil could refult
from fuch a Meafure. For, in the firft
Place, as his Imperial Majefty wants fuch
a Port, to be a Kind of intermediate De
pofitory betw een Flanders and Dalmatia, —
a Hint of this Nature properly fuggefted,
might be a powerful Inducement with him
to offer his Mediation for compofing the
prefent Differences, and to propofe one
of his Towns in Flanders for affembling
a Congrefs. In the fecond Place, po Power, of
Potentate, or even Individual, could be
hurt by the opening of fuch a general Mart
for all Nations to refort to. For as all
would have equal Liberty both of Ingrefs,
and Egrefs, all would be benefitted In one
Degree or other, fome more, or fome
lefs ; — but none could be ~hurt : — Cer
tainly the Englifh conld not be injured;
becaufe they would enjoy the fame Li
berty, which they have at prefent, with
R 2 great

132 A PLAN OF,
great additional Advantages, without a
Shilling Expence, — and, what is ftill
more, without excitipg the Fears and
Jealoufies of other Powers. The Ruffian
Empire would be bepefitted, becaufe
fuch ah interniediat,e Depofitory between
the Extremities of that vaft Empire [that
is, betw-een Peterfburgh and Afoph, if the
Turks will permit a free Navigation
through the Dardanels] wopld anfwqr
much the fame End to her, as it would
to the Houfe of Aufiria. And as to
France, Spain, Italy, and every Side of
the Mediterranean, not to mention the
North of Europe— rit Is obvipus to the
moft common Apprehenfiop, that all
Ijbefe Countries wppld derive cpnfiderable
Advantages from; fuch an Inftltution;
and that Fr^«r^: in. particular would be
benefitted abpve the reft; becaufe fhe
would have the moft Goods and Mer
chandife to be expofed to Sale at this
Emporium, and the feweft Wants to be
fupplied; confequently the lefs to pur
chafe.

P A C I F J C A T I O N. 133
chafe ; and the greater would be ike Ba
lance in her Favour. ,
^dly. The Poffeffion of fuch a Spot as
Minorca, by the Hopfe oi Aufiria, could
give no juft Umbrage to any Naval
Power. For though the Head of that
Houfe were ever fo defirous of ralfing a
naval Force, it w;ould h^ impoffible^ for
him to accompllfli his Wifhes, with only
three fuch Ports zs Ofiend, Makon^ znd
Triefie, and thofe almoft one thoufapd,
miles diftant from each other. There
fore Peace and Coinm,erce muft always
be his only Views, as far as Minorca
would bc concerned, whatever military
Schemes might be formed ip other
Refpeds. /ifthly. Trade therefore being the only
Objed capable of being purfued in this
Cafe, his Imperial Majefty might main
tain a fufficient Garrifon at a very finall
Expence,— perhaps, indeed, at none at
all.

134 A PLAN O F,
all. For as this general Emporium
would attrad to it the Adive arid In
duftrlous from every Country, fuch
Numbers would fettle on the Ifland, as
Would render it populous like an Hive of
Bees. Therefore a very moderate Ex-
cife, or inland Duty on the Home Con-
fumpiidn of the Inhabitants, ^would fully
defray- the Charges of the Civil Govern
ment [if judicioufly laid on] and probably
riiaiPtain a Garrifon of 2500 Men bdfides : '
I mean after the Manner that the Auf-
trian Troops are cloathed, fed, ahd paid,
—hot according to the Expences of Eng-
Troops, and Garrifons.

phfy. Whatever Benefits other
Countries would obtain by opening the
Communication here propofed, — the Be
nefits to the Kingdom of Hungary will
ftill be greater. This fine Country is
allowed by all to be one of the moft
fertile upon Earth ; yet it has hitherto
laboured under two fuch Difficulties, as
have

:P A CI F I C A T I O N. 135
have rendered it in a Manner a Terra in
cognita to the commercial World. The
one is, the feudal Syfiem, which ftill
reigns there, and in the neighbouring Pro
vinces, to a greater Degree than in any
other Part of Europe, Poland excepted.
Now, Sir, a feudal Baron, with his
hundred Vaffals on his Eftate [Slaves in
Effed] doth not ufe and confume as many
of theNeceffaries and Conveniences, much
lefs the Elegancies of Life [that is, in a
commercial View, he and his mlferablc
Dependants are not fo good Cuftomers]
as a French Nobleman with 25 Tenants,
or an Englifh Gentleman with 15. And
as his Imperial Majefty is abolifhing all
thefe flavifh Tenures, as faft as he can,
and as the Nature of the Cafe will per
mit ; — this will in Time open new Sources
of Commerce and Riches, much more
beneficial than the Difcovery of new diftant
Countries, or the Colonization of remote
Deferts. Thefecond Inconvenience which
Hungary laboured under, was the Want of

136 A PLAN OF
of fome Communication with' the reft of
Europe, by Means ofa commodious Port.
This Evil' will be remedied to agreat De
gree by the Meafure here propofed ; for the
Eftablifhment of an Emporium zt Minorca,-
where the Prbduce and Manufadures of
all Countries might be depofited' and ex
changed, will operate nearly the fame, as
if Hungary wzs moved.ont of its Place, and
brought more contiguous to thofe Coun
tries, or that thofe Countries were placed
nezrer to Hungary : — I fay, the commer
cial Effeds would be much the fame.
And then the Riches of Hungary, by
Means of a regular, -Cv^ell-direded Cir
culation of Induftry and Labour, would
become the Riches of fuch Countries ; —
more efpecialiy of the great commercial
Countries of France znd ^England:: — ^And
the Riches of France and England, for the
very fame Reafon, wOuld beccme the
Riches of Hungary : — That Is ih plain
Englifh, one Nation v/ould become fo
much

PACIFICATION. 137
much the better Cuftomer to the other,
by being fo much the Richer. — —
This mutual Circulation of Labour
and Induftry, is that grand fundamental
Truth in the Science of Politics and
Commerce, which never can be too
much inculcated. O ! what Oceans of
Blood would it have faved in every Age,
had it been duly attended to !
Remark III. The only Affair in the
Revolt of the Colonies, in which the
Honour of England Is truly concerned,
is, to fecure fome Place of Retreat and
Safety to the loyal Americans, from the
Rage of their blood-thirfty republican
Perfecutors. The foregoing Plan has, I
hope, fufficiently provided for their Se
curity. — Indeed, as their only Crime was
the doing their Duty, and being faithful
to thofe Engagements which they owed
to the mildeft Government upon Earth ;
— the Time will come, when even thelr
S Perfecutors

138 A PLAN OF
jPerfecutors will look upon thefe , Loy
alifts with different Eyes : They will
confider them, as having been their moft
faithful Monitors, who would have faved
their finking Country, had good Sepfe, and
fotind Policy — not to mention a Word
about good Faith, Honour, and Con
fcience, — been fuffered to prevail. Per
mit me likewife to add, that when the
Hand of Time has laid low the Author
of thefe Papers, already preffed with
Years and Infirmities  perhaps, Monf
Necker himfelf may vouchfafe to fay :
" What a Pity, that the Dean of
" Glocester's Advice had not been
" more attended to ! His Obfervatlons
" were juft; — that the War in which
" we all engaged fo deeply, and .which
" we cherifhed with fuch unthinking
" Zeal, has been produdlve of great and
" lafting Evils to all ; to France in
*• particular ; and of no Good to any."
BtJT as it will be immaterial to my felf

PACIFICATION. 139
felf whether you will condefcend to take
Notice of my Writings or not, I enjoy
a prefent Satisfadion, when I confider
you as my Fellow-Labourer in the good
Work of Peace. Many Paffages In your
Book evidently befpeak you to have a
generous Concern fOr the whole Human
Race, and to be patriotic in the beft Senfe
of that Word, A Friend to Mankind.
Ever ambitious of being related in Af-
fedion to all of that Charader, I have
the Honor to fubfcribe myfelf, with the
greater Pleafure, SIR,
Your moft refpedfpl.
And moft obedient humble Servant,
glocester, t T'TTPKFR

S 2 POST"

[140 ]

POSTSCRIPT.

THIS Moment an Account is
ai^rived, that the brave Cornwallis
with his little Army has been obliged
to fubmit to the uhlted Force of fuperior
Numbefs. ' I am at a Lofs what to fay
on this Occafion. — To congratulate my
Country on being defeated is contrary
to that Decency which is due. to the
Public. And yet, if this Defeat fliould
terminate in a total Separation from
America, it Wbuld be one ' of the hap-
pleft Events, that hath ever happened
to' Great Britain. — I have no Right to
copgratulate you on this VIdory, much lefs

POSTSCRIPT. 141
lefs to condole with you^ though Con
dolence would have been by far the pro-
perer Compliment. Time will fhew
what you have got, and what we have
lofi, by the Progreffes of the prefent
War. The Englifh have been too long
in the Habit of ufing the difadvdntageous
Lever ; It will now be the Turn of the
French to ufe it.- France, without Co
lonies, or Foreign Dominions, is almoft
invulnerable ; but whenever ffie is feized
with the epidemical Madnefs of having
diftant Colonies, ffie will be as vulnerable
as her Neighbours.

FINIS.

Lately publiflied by the fame AUTHOR,
ATREATISE on GOVERN
MENT, in three Parts . Part I .
The Notion of Mr. Locke and his Fol
lowers, containing the Origin, Extent,
and End of Civil Government, examined
and confuted. Part II. The true Bafis
of Civil Government, fet forth, and
afcertalned. Alfo Objedions anfwered;
different Forms compared ; and Improve
ments fuggefted. Part III. England's
former Gothic Conftitution cenfured and
expofed ; Cavils refuted, and Authorities
produced; alfo the Scripture Dodrine,
concerning the Obedience due to Gover
nors, vindicated, and illuftrated.
Printed for T. Cadell, in the Strand,
' ' London.
Of whom may be had.
All the Author's Political and Com
mercial TREATISES.
His Theological and Polcrr.ical Tracts
are printed for, Meffrs. Rivington,
in St. Paul's ChurchhTard.