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"Igiveihefe Books
for the founding of. a. College, in this. Cqtonyp

'Y&LH°¥JMT¥I£I&SJnrYo

Gift of
George S. Brewster
1915

BRAZILIAN IM^.JVEMENTS.

3$rn?fltatt
IMPROVEMENTS,

MORE PARTICUIARLY

AS REGARDS THE PROVINCE

ESPIRITO SANTO.

BY A WELL-WISHER TO
BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE.

LONDON :
PRINTED FOR 'R1DGWAY, PICCADILLY ; BOOTH, DUKE STREET, PORTLAND
PLACE; WILSON, NEAR THE ROYAL EXCHANGE.

1825.
{Price Two Shillings and Sixpence]

REDFORD AND ROBINS, PRINTERS, LONDON ROAD, SOUTHWARK.

BRAZILIAN IMFSOYEMEMTSj 4c $<?.

"l"Tl3f^'1£CC "in

I he rich and extensive provinces of Brazil
are now completely severed from Portugal*
and, according to all appearances, for ever.
The various divisions constituting this new
empire are independent, and the strength the
central government has already acquired, ren
ders it evident that they are resolved to main
tain the important advantages they have gained.
They now form a new planet in the political
world, and the impotent threats and repinings
of those hitherto opposed to Brazilian emanci
pation, will never shake the orbit in which it
moves, or dim the lustre it already emits.
The Independence of Brazil, like that of
the other sections of the New World, from the
ordinary course and analogy of human affairs,

4
was naturally to be expected. That country
had long ago reached a state of adolescence,
and the emigration of the Royal Family from
Portugal, by which means it was raised to the
rank of a Monarchy and became the seat of
government, gave to it all the strength and
energies of manhood.
From that moment the fate of Brazil was
irrevocably sealed. King John VI. before his
departure for Europe, was sensible that the
separation from the mother-country was inevit
able. Two days previous to his quitting Rio
de Janeiro, and when he was preparing his final
instructions for his eldest son, Dom Pedro,
whom he was about to leave behind him as
his representative, in the character of Regent,
he said to him — Pedro, si o Brazil se separar,
antes seja para ti, que me has de respeitar, do que
para algum desses avenlureiros — " Should Brazil
separate, let her rather be for thee, who wil't
respect me, than fall to the lot of one of those
adventurers." meaning such ambitious men, as
it might be expected, would rise up to contend
for so valuable a prize. Subsequently on bis
arrival in Portugal, and when the separation of

Brazil was less problematical, the King, writing
to his distant son, tells him to " guide himself
by circumstances, with prudence and caution."
(Guia-te pelas circumstancias, com prudencia e
cautela.J Events which no human power could have
controlled, accelerated that emancipation which
the King had foreseen and thus formally sanc
tioned, by authorizing the son to avail himself
of such circumstances as presented themselves,
in order to prevent the country from becoming
a prey to adventurers. An easy and bloodless
transition vested the Sovereignty of Brazil in
the son, now emperor; and his subsequent
conduct has proved that he is deserving of the
confidence his subjects have placed in him.
The country has been preserved from anarchy
and desolation, whilst the Brazilians have
obtained a government suited to their habits
and wants, the only one capable of being a
bond of union among provinces so distant from
each other.
Such an occurrence could not fail to be hailed
as an auspicious era in the commercial concerns
of Great Britain ; indeed in the emancipation

of any portion of the New World from the
fetters imposed during its infancy by the nations
of the Old, a general concurrence of feeling has
prevailed here, during every stage of the mo
mentous contest. Their success has uniformly
been hailed by the British People as a triumph
of the great. principles of freedom which have
raised us to the high rank we enjoy among the
nations of the earth ; and if a regard to esta
blished relations has not allowed us to take an
active or decided part in the fruitless struggle
between the colonies and the parent states, as
freemen ourselves we were impelled to feel a
deep interest in the result ; and now that the
contest is decided in favor of the oppressed,
every consideration of right requires and justifies
the formal acknowledgment of the fact by us as
a maritime power. The only ties which ever
bound Spain and Portugal to America were
those of force. They had no common and re
ciprocal interests — nor were their inhabitants
allied by an union of sympathy, or any bonds
of mutual advantage. The chain that kept
them together is severed — the former colonies
of Spain and Portugal are now independent

nations, and as such they are universally con
sidered and treated, even among the more
punctilious monarchies of Europe.
Once independent, nothing more, was requisite
to Brazil than a central government, such a
one as the people themselves had been accus
tomed to, and capable of holding together
extensive provinces, thinlyr inhabited, and ;sepp.-
rated from, each other by desert tracts of l$ijud,
the want of roads, and various other difficulties.
This advantage was gained by possessing $e
person of Dom Pedro, who, devoting himself
firmly and .sincerely , to , the interests pf tfye
Brazilians, was besides so situated as,pQtit.o
clash with the doctrines professed and sanc
tioned by the European powers. Allied to one
of the latter by marriage, favored and protected
by Great Britain, and enthusiastically pro
claimed sovereign by a grateful people, he was
thus guarded from external enemies, and enabled
to turn the whole of his attention to the im
provement and consolidation of his new empire.
His first object was to bestow upon his
people a Constitution, suited to their, wants,
and his next care to introduce the necessaijy

8
reforms into the courts of justice and the several
departments of the state. He himself set the
example of economy, and in a short time the
public expenditure was reduced more than one
half. A national navy was created, an army
organized, and new life and energy prevailed
throughout the whole country. The few ene
mies of Brazilian Independence who still re
mained in' some of the fortified towns, were
expelled, and every where anarchy and disorder
disappeared. From that moment the Emperor
resolved to devote his time to the improvement
of the country he was called upon to govern,
and among the most important of those plans
already sanctioned, is the one about to be
noticed. The province of Espirito Santo is one of the
most interesting subdivisions of the Brazilian
territory, as well on account of its geographical
position, *as the mineral riches, salubrity of
climate and fertility of soil with which it is
distinguished. It extends upwards of 150 miles
from N. to S. between the rivers Capapuana
and Rio Doce, the former being its southern
and the latter its northern limit. Its width
from E. to W. is estimated at 100 miles ; but

9
the interior has hitherto been so imperfectly
explored, in consequence of the misfortunes the
colony experienced in the first stages of its
settlement, and the strong attitude the Indians
maintained during a number of years, whilst
the attention of the local government was
directed to cares of a more pressing kind, that
little authentic information has been obtained
respecting it.
The geographical position of Espirito Santo
is, consequently, the most advantageous that
possibly can be imagined, being bounded on
the N. by the province of Porto Seguro, on the
W. by that of Minas Geraes, on the S. by Rio
de Janeiro, and on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean.
It is immediately contiguous to the gold dis
trict of Villa Rica, twenty years after its
discovery reputed the richest place on the
globe, and most assuredly it partakes of all
the mineral properties by which the latter
portion of Minas^Geraes has been so long and
so justly distinguished.
This portion of the continent was the first
visited by the Portuguese, it being on record
that Cabral was at Porto Seguro in 1500. It

10
afterwards became a large factory for Brazil
wood and experienced great vicissitudes, owing
to the daring spirit of the Aborigenes, whose
civilization has been rendered more difficult by
the numerous mountains with which their native
district is studded, and the extensive forests
affording them a safe shelter. Here the several
tribes bordering on the ocean have concentrated,
as the white population advanced around and
behind them, clinging as it were to the favored
spot nature had bestowed upon them, and for
which they manfully contended during a long
period of years, till at length the complete su
premacy of the whites reduced them to a few
wandering hordes, at present chiefly infesting
the margins of the Rio Doce and the headlands
of its tributary streams.
Preeminently distinguished by so many ad
vantages, it is singular that the provinces of
Espirito Santo and Porto Seguro should have
remained so long neglected, more particularly
as the Rio Doce, flowing between them, is an
easy and natural outlet for all the productions
raised in Minas Geraes, now brought to the
capital or Babia on the backs of mules, after a

11
tedious and expensive journey of upwards of
two months, according to the relative distances
of the places. This remarkable facility for in
land communication, hitherto so much wanted
in Brazil, was known as early as the year 1573,
When an enterprising adventurer, of the name
of Tourinho, proceeded up the Rio Doce from
its mouth, discovered the mineral riches of
Minas Geraes, collected specimens, and after
wards descended by the river Jequitinhonha, a
copious-stream rising in the vicinity of Tejuco,
which, after passing through the most valuable
diamond districts, falls into the sea on the N.
side of Porto Seguro, where swelled by nume
rous tributary waters, it takes the name of the
River Belmonte.
To the enterprising spirit of the Paulistas,
however, Brazil is indebted for the discovery
and settlement of those rich lands situated in„
the rear of Espirito Santo. Penetrating from
their own capital and impelled by the animating
pursuit of gold, they reached the auriferous
mountain of Villa Rica, after braving dangers
and hardships of every kind. So great was the
value of this discovery that, in 1713, the king's

12
fifth on the gold brought to the district Mint, and
exclusive of what -was smuggled, amounted
to upwards of half a million, and between 1730
and 1750, to a million sterling per annum.
Notwithstanding this great accumulation of
wealth, the valuable line of communication witli
the great mining districts, through the province
of Espirito Santo, and by the means of the
facilities afforded by the Rio Doce, remained
neglected ; one of the hardships arising out of
the colonial policy of Portugal to which the
Brazilians were so long condemned. The
presence of the king among his transatlantic
subjects, however gave rise to a scheme for
opening the navigation of the Rio Doce, when,
in 1819, the royal sanction was obtained for
the formation of a Company for this specific
purpose, and numbers of the most enlightened
natives and foreigners in the country offered to
join in the enterprise, by' becoming subscribers.
Through a strange fatality this magnificent
plan was not then carried into effect, notwith
standing the preparations made and the im
mense utility of the scheme. Sufficient inform
ation was nevertheless obtained to shew that

13
the intervening obstacles could easily be over
come, as appears from several detached surveys
preserved in the public archives, and more
particularly from the testimony of Father
Manoel Ayres de Cazal, in his Corografa do
Brazil, of which Henderson's History of Brazil,
with the exception of some fragments containing
personal narrative, is little else than an abridge
ment and in some instances a most defective
¦ translation. Speaking of the facilities of ren
dering the Rio Doce navigable from the ocean
to the province of Minas Geraes, he states as
follows — " The only natural difficulties of the
river, which present any impediment to its free
navigation, are the Escadinha Falls, met with
in its course between the latter province and
Porto Seguro. They are three in number and
do not extend more than three miles, being
nearly together, so that the construction of a
railway, or any other and less excellent ex
pedient which the government might be induced
to adopt, would connect a conveyance by water
to the coast for the produce raised in the in
terior districts, which at present is sent on the
backs of mules, two or three months being

14
consumed on the journey, and the same period
with the return loads." In furtherance of the
plan, the government recently established five
Indian settlements on the banks of the Rio
Doce, and ordered that amicable relations
should be kept up with the surrounding tribes.
For many years a presidio, with a small gar
rison has been kept up there, for the purpose of
preventing smugglers from bringing gold-dust
down from Minas Geraes. At the entrance is
a good port, accessible to vessels drawing 13
feet water.
Such is the magnificent enterprize reserved
for the days of Brazilian Independence, and
great must be the glory of a monarch resolved
to bestow so inestimable a benefit upon his sub
jects. By an Imperial Grant, made on the 6th
May, 18*25, the navigation of the Rio Doce
is to be opened, and the immense resources
with which Espirito Santo abounds, called into
notice. The population of this province, chiefly con
centrated near the coast, is already considerable,
and the attention which the Brazilian Govern
ment is directing towards its improvement, will

15
ere long carry thither numerous settlers, natives
aswell as foreigners. The bay that bears the same
name is spacious, and has the advantage of safe
anchorage, with water for large ships. The '
entrance is defended by forts, and on the West
ern side of a well cultivated island, fifteen miles
in circumference, is situated the town of Vic
toria, capital of the province. Its appearance
is picturesque, it is well provided with water,
has paved streets, tolerable bouses, and several
churches and convents. The college of the ex-
jesuits is a fine edifice, and is now used as the
government palace.
Villa Velha (Old Town) once the capital of
the province, is built on the skirts of Mount
Moreno, a promontory of a conic form, serving
as a land-mark to sailors. Benevente is another
small town, eligibly situated at the mouth of a
river of the same hame, having a commodious
anchoring place, and enjoying great fertility of
surrounding soil. Almeida is built on an
elevated ground near the embouchure of the
river Reis Magos, from whence a great extent
of ocean is discovered. It was founded by the
Jesuits, whose expulsion has no doubt retarded

16
the developement of the many resources seen in
this province. They have left behind them se
veral good houses, and some works of public
utility. Among the latter is a canal, cut through
an extensive valley, for the purpose of opening
•d communication from the river Jecu, which
falls into the sea 10 miles to the N. of Guar-
apary, and the bay of Espirito Santo, so as
to avoid the dangers of passing round Mount
Moreno to gain the port. Guarapary is an in
creasing settlement placed at the entrance of
the river of the same name, and 5 miles to
the N. of Almeida is Aldeia Velha, chiefly
inhabited by civilized Indians. Itapemerin
stands on the Southern margin of the river of
that name, and, from all appearances, this is
the spot'to which numbers of the new settlers
will flock.
Besides the. above, there are several other
villages and settlements in the province, princi
pally inhabited by civilized Indians, a hardy
and industrious race, when once trained by
proper management and urged on by incentives
to labour. The whole of this coast, as well as
many of the rivers and lakes abound with fish,

17
which is cured for exportation. Some manu
factures of coarse earthenware are to be met
with, as well as of gamellas, or wooden bowls,
used by the gold-washers.
The whole of this interesting district is wa
tered by considerable rivers, flowing to the sea,
and swelled by tributary streams, which inter
sect it in several directions. Most of them are
auriferous, and on their margins smiling valleys,
of the most inviting kind, are seen to extend.
Lofty and luxuriant forests bound them on
every side, and frequently cover the mountains
to their very summit. They abound in game,
and afford ship-timber and ornamental woods
of the most variegated and choice kind. Gums
and resins, with medicinal and other properties,
promise to reward the industry of man, al
though now untouched and unlooked-for. The
indigenous fruits are in the highest perfection,
and most of those of European or Asiatic ori
gin, in richness and flavour exceed the parent
stock. Culinary vegetables and roots, as well
as a variety of other productions of the first
, necessity, may be planted and gathered every
day in the year. The extremes of Summer
B

18
heat are unknown, except immediately on the
coast, and there the air is refreshed by cooling-
breezes. In the interior, the whole year is a
continued Spring. Not a day passes on which
the business of cultivation may not be for
warded. The uninterrupted verdure, the vivid
and richly variegated colours of the flowers,
adorning the ground and frequently tinging the
summit of the loftiest trees, which- appear to
change their form and aspect every month, fill
the most insensible minds with astonishment
and admiration.
Heat and humidity being combined in the
most favoured proportions, vegetation is asto
nishingly quick and prolific. The kidney-bean,
in general use among the inhabitants, usually
yields 250 arid 300 for 1, and in some instan
ces, 400. In rice this proportion is even
exceeded. The plaintain, which may be con
sidered as the staff of life in every country
where it finds a congenial soil and climate, is
here luxuriant beyond example, as are also the
bulbous roots introduced to add to the comforts
of life. The usual return obtained from Indian
corn, is 120 and 130 for 1. Some successful

19
experiments hate been made in the coffee-plant,
which in two years begins to crown the labours
of the husbandman. Several Asiatic spices may
also be seen in the gardens of the curious, in a
most flourishing state.
It is this favoured spot, situated in the heart
of his dominions, that the Emperor of Brazil
bas resolved to rescue from the neglected state
in which it has been sunk for several years, and
open its numerous resources to general enter
prise. To this effect he has pledged his royal
word, and as a commencement in the execu
tion of so useful and magnificent a plan, he has
bestowed an Imperial Grant on six Gentlemen
in England, which sets forth-—" that taking into
consideration the benefits to be expected from
tlie introduction of Capital, Artisans, Miners,
Labourers, and Machinery necessary for the
regular working of Mines, according to the
superior practice and principles adopted in
Europe, his Majesty has thought proper to
grant to the aforesaid permission, through the
medium of a Company, to undertake mining
operations for Gold; Silver, and other Metals in
the Province of Espirito Santo and Mines of

20
Castello, and to decree, that all the parties
therein concerned shall enjoy the full protection
of the laws, and have their contracts, rights
and property secured, without being molested,
or withdrawn from the service of the Com
pany, &c."
The benefits derivable from this grant are
immense. The mineral riches of the Castello
mountains are well known — numbers of adven
turers having amassed great wealth by clandes
tinely washing the sands and pebbles found at the
bottom of the water-courses, where the particles
of gold have gravitated, when torn from the
parent mine by the impetuosity of the torrents.
Some years ago, a feeble attempt was made by the
Government to work these mines, and a party
of soldiers was stationed in the neighbourhood
for the protection of the workmen. They were,
however, abandoned in consequence of the ad-
vance of the Puris and Aimbores Indians, when
the prosecution of the works was left to a more
suitable opportunity. Favoured by the secluded
situation of this district, the Castello mountains
have since been the resort of adventurers, lured
by the golden harvest that surrounded them .

21
The direct access to the Castello Ridge is by
the river Itapemerin, which falls into the ocean
about 8 leagues to the S. of Victoria. From
the mouth of this river to a parallel line with
the range of mountains, the distance is about
12 or 13 leagues, when the course of the stream
diverges to the S. From this landing place to
the mountain's base, the distance by land is 5
leagues, so that, at most, the total distance of,
the mining district from the sea is only about
18 leagues. In ascending this river from the
town, which stands on the southern margin,
two miles above the entrance, beautiful planta
tions of cotton, sugar-cane and coffee extend en
both sides for the space of about six leagues,
after which nothing but the huts of Indians or
woodcutters strike the eye.
The southern point of the Castello Mountains
is near the road intended to lead from Rio
de Janeiro to Ouro Preto, the capital of Minas
Geraes, and traced some years ago by order of
the government, but never opened, The North
ern extreme is about 6 leagues from the Rio
Doce, so that this valuable range of territory
is situated nearlv in the centre of two navigable

22
rivers, with only a short intervening distance
from each. The advantages of such a position
are incalculable, particularly when steam navi
gation is adopted. From some of the mining-
districts in the interior, a troop of laden mules
are three months in coming to the capital or
Bahia, and the same time in returning. During
a large portion of the road, they are compelled
to carry their own corn, and each load usually
costs from five to seven pounds sterling. Inde
pendent of the expence, the caravans frequently
run great risks, even in the vicinity of the
capital. The mules sometimes are immersed
in swamps, or carried away by the impetuous
currents of the rivers they have to cross.
These difficulties and expences will not at
tend mining and agricultural establishments,
formed on the highlands of Espirito Santo,
where the outlets to the sea are quick and easy.
In the possession, therefore, of so many favor
able elements, and enjoying also the immediate
protection and support of a powerful prince,
this valuable district of country will soon attain
a high state of improvement and consequent
opulence. Like all the other rich mining dis-

tricts of Brazil, the Castello Mountains were
discovered by adventurers, and it has only been
after their long and successful efforts, that the
wealth they contain has heen called into public
notice. When once adequate capital is applied
to the development of their varied resources,
the miners from the remote regions of the in
terior, where the first riches have disappeared,
will join the noble enterprize, in hopes of
sharing in the profits that await them. From
the very centre of Minas Geraes, they can
descend in a few days. The Jiquitinhonha rises
in the neighbourhood of Tejuco the capital of
the diamond districts, and passing by Tocaya,
35 leagues distant from the former, enters the
Rio Grande and empties itself into the sea near
Porto Seguro. From Tocaya to the latter port,
the distance has been performed in six, and,
notwithstanding the rapidity of the current, the
same boat returned in fifteen days. In the
whole extent of this line, not a single waterfall
obstructs the passage. The facilities afforded
by the Rio Doce have already been noticed.
The mineral wealth of Villa Rica is now nearly
exhausted, and numbers of its once industrious

24
inhabitants are unemployed, and left in a state
of penury in consequence of the scarcity of pro
visions. They have only to embark on the Rio
Doce, and in one week they can be landed on
the fertile plains of Espirito Santo, where they
would find profuse supplies of provisions, as
well as of iron, and agricultural and mining im
plements, the dearness of which in the interior
has always retarded the progress of these two.
great sources of national and individual wealth
in Brazil.
Perhaps a more brilliant prospect than the
one afforded by the united advantages of this
highly-favored spot, never before beamed on the
enterprise of man, or one more deserving of the
encouragement of the British public. The scope
for the advantageous investment of capital is
also nearly unbounded. The work of civiliza
tion is already far advanced along the secluded
margins of the rivers above noticed, and few
efforts and a trifling expence would reduce the
Indians roving in the interior to a state of in
dustry. By those who have recently explored
the province, they are represented " as tractable
and well-disposed, at present satisfied for their

25
services with any little article of hardware given
to them." Several new settlements of Indians
have, within the last year, been formed on the
Rio Doce by order of government, and with
most of the tribes amicable relations exist.
They require only incentives to labour, when
soon they would be converted into useful mem
bers of society. When trained, they are the
best gold-washers, being endowed with extra
ordinary patience, and extremely quicksighted.
If once concentrated and in the enjoyment of
regular supplies of food, their services may be
turned to immense account, either as miners,
agriculturalists, fishermen, woodcutters, or
bargemen. With such a basis, the establishments about
to be undertaken in the province of Espirito
Santo cannot fail to succeed, if their manage
ment is only confided to suitable persons. One
of the most distinguished men Brazil has pro
duced, speaking on this very subject, expresses
himself as follows. " The resources of the
country are great — the only difficulty is in the
Company knowing how to choose men of
creative minds, possessing theoretical and prac-

26
tical knowledge, accustomed even to great
corporal labour, and who do not bring over
with them the fond recollection of European
pleasures, sensible that they are coming to see
and observe nature as she came out of the
hands of the Creator, or as she remained after
the last great catastrophe — considering them
selves sufficiently well compensated for the loss
of pleasure and luxuries by the simple and en
gaging charms, and often majestic spectacle of
nature, which even herself cannot always wear
a smiling aspect, and by the interest they may
derive from compelling her to open her bosom
to them."
This is the language of truth, uttered with au
evident sincerity of heart, and suggested by an
anxious wish for the success of an enterprise,
which the same individual has pronounced the
most brilliant that possibly can be commenced
in Brazil. Men at the head of such a scheme
must have minds fertile in resources, and be
prepared to meet every disappointment and
redress every casualty that possibly can occur.
On their address and judicious conduct the
concentration of Indian population materiallv

27
depends, and they alone will be accountable for
its preservation. Prudence and foresight must
guide all their actions, and, above all, they
must avoid the errors of the previous adven
turers who braved all kinds of dangers in the
pursuit of mineral riches. Mr. Mawe, the most
enlightened and candid traveller who ever visited
the interior of Brazil, was struck with astonish
ment at the neglected state of agriculture, and
the consequent scarcity of even the necessaries
of life. The whole attention of the people
seemed absorbed in mining pursuits, whilst the
real and substantial means by which alone they
could be supported, were completely overlooked.
In the province of Espirito Santo, therefore,
the plantation and depot of provisions must
accompany all mining speculations, and the
facilities it presents in this respect, may be duly
appreciated from what has already been said.
Liberality and justice will then attract work
men, and the riches with which the earth teems,
both vegetable and mineral, will amply repay
those who are intelligent and courageous
enough to develope them. All consequently
depends on the goodness of the plans proposed,

28
and the careful manner in which they are '
carried into execution. " Reverting back to
this grand affair," says the writer of the letter
above quoted, "clever people — men of capa
cious minds — are alone wanted to explore the
country and lay the foundation of this great
edifice. Nature would seem anxious to hide
her treasures from man, and almost always
covers them with a thick veil, or possibly
rather the Creator wished to compel the human
being to exercise his industry, by placing him
in an immense theatre, with every means to
display his faculties."
In the province of Espirito Santo does this
" immense theatre" open to the enterprise of
man. Every production that can minister to
his wants or indulge his appetite for riches,
may be met with on this interesting spot. The
country is finely wooded, abounds in springs, is
intersected by beautiful valleys, and watered by
valuable streams. In the water- courses, de
scending from the hills, beds of gold are found
in every direction ; but the parent rocks from
which it has been washed are entirely unex
plored. Amethysts, topazes and other precious

29
stones have been picked up, and no doubt when
the interior has been visited by men of science,
many new sources of wealth will reward their
toil. The fruits of the country are remarkable
for their variety and abundance. Those of
Europe and Asia flourish together, besides a
number of other plants, still in their natural
state, which require only the industry of man
to make them be numbered among the comforts
of civilized life.

THE END.

REDFORD AND ROBINS, PRINTERS, LONDON ROAD.

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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