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CABLE TRANSFERS UPON VIENNA DIRECT. ..yy ^s«_»= l^M^fr LZ_iJL_ :_.-_» ___ ,-* /"j*. — y^3 — £*¦** ' " ' *¦ '-' '- t , .___ J- '*-*- =s * ~ % c ^vi' ^ n 1 fff ^^^ jr^gF " rjg ^^i_ * - ~j,~ '- "- ^ — t — rr - i - pc,* *% ^ff< ~ __ ~ _£. ja--- .AtiL M =% _\J____t_--l£^-J, — __r I'-n^J: »_£. a - _ ~J: ;r c_..______z_-__ ^ .1* __=___£_ o nrs: JIE7! *^* ___& -£rfsn___ngg53jB*^= ^^=-^253 -__u '-j_.--._-_- 1 _ ; i±.__!__ =_r— _ I V ^H^^fi.^1 :* ''j*ii h>.A-*_SS>r*. APPLETONS' HAND-BOOK AMERICAN TRAVEL. fjtotteit m& (&Mttxu four* INCLUDING NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND, MASSACHUSETTS, MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, VERMONT, AND THE BRITISH DOMINIONS. BEING A GUIDE TO NIAGARA, THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, THE ALLEGHANIES, THE CATSKILLS THE ADIRONDACKS, THE BERKSHIRE HILLS, THE ST. LAWRENCE, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, LAKE GEORGE, LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG, SARATOGA, NEWPORT, CAPE MAY, THE HUDSON, AND OTHER FAMOUS LOCALITIES ; WITH FULL DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF THE CITIES, TOWNS, KITERS, LAKES, WATEKFALLS, MOUNTAINS, HUNTINGS AND FISHINQ GROUNDS, WATERING-PLACES, SEA-SIDE RESORTS, AND ALL SCENES AND OBJECTS OF IMPORTANCE AND INTEREST WITHIN THE DISTRICT NAMED. WITH MAPS, AND YABIOUS SKELETON TOTJRS, REVISED FOR SUMMER OF 1873, WITH APPENDIX. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON" AND COMPANY, 549 & 551 BROADWAY. LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, SON, AND MARSTON. 1873. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, Bt D. APPLETON & COMPANY, in the Office of the Librarian of Congfess, at Washington. ErR.8p TO TIIE TRAVELLER. This is a companion-volume to the ZIand-Book. of Travel, Western Tour, and the Hand-Book of Teavel, Southern Tour. Each of the three parts of the work is a separate and complete volume, and all of them together form a general guide to every portion of the United States. The plan of this hook is very simple, and will be readily understood by the aid of the Table of Contents and the Index. All the great lines of railroad which converge toward the seaboard at New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, are minutely described; together with all the local roads, summer resorts, and points of interest, to be found in the Eastern and Mid dle States. These States comprise the oldest, wealthiest, most populous, and most picturesque portions of the Union ; and, having once familiarized himself with the method on which the Hand-Book has been prepared, whether he wishes to visit Boston, Philadelphia, Niagara Falls, the Adi- rondacks, Lake George, the Hudson Eiver, or any similar well-known locality, the traveller can select his route beforehand, distribute his time, and choose his stopping-places. All scenes and objects of interest which can claim his attention are carefully pointed out ; and the same method is extended to such portions of the British Provinces as possess attractions for the tourist. The cost of travelling by rail in the Eastern and Middle States is about three cents per mile. Children under twelve years of age are generally charged for at half price, and those under five years of age are passed free. Sleeping-cars are run on all through-trains, and on most of the lines may be engaged in advance for the entire distance to be travelled. From $2 to $3 per day (24 hours) in addition to tho regular fare, is generally charged for the use of sleeping-cars. The average speed on express trains is about iv TO THE TRAVELLER. thirty miles an hour. Travel on steamboats is somewhat less expensive, and less expeditious, than by rail. The charge, at first-class hotels throughout the United States, is from $4 to $4.50 per day. Board by the week is generally to be had at a lower price. The cost of meals while travelling may be estimated at from $2 to $3 per day. The best hotels in the various cities and towns are designated in their proper places in the body of the Guide. In Canada, the railway fares are about the same as in the States, and the same rules prevail ; but the hotel and restaurant charges are consider ably lower. At the best hotels in the leading cities board is only $2.50 to $3 per day, and less by the week. It is the custom in America to deliver baggage to a person known as the baggage-master, who will give in return a " check " for every piece, on presentation of which the baggage is delivered. Baggage may be checked over long routes in this way, and the traveller, no matter how many times he changes cars or vehicles, has no concern about his trunks. The compa nies are responsible if the baggage should be injured or lost, the check being evidence of delivery into their hands. The traveller, arriving at the station, should first procure his ticket at the ticket-office, and then, proceeding to the baggage-car, or proper station of the baggage-master, have his trunks checked. The baggage-master usually requires the travel ler to exhibit his ticket before he will check the trunks. Arriving at his destination, the check may be handed to the hotel-porter, always in wait ing, who will procure the various articles, and have them sent to the hotel. The traveller in the United States, by the system now in vogue, is almost entirely relieved from any care or concern about his luggage. It is not necessary to fee porters and waiters in the States, as it is in Europe, but the practice has some slight and irregular observance. The traveller is free to do as he pleases in the matter. Nothing of the kind is ever demanded. In all large cities there are coaches or omnibuses at the station on the arrival of every train, which connect directly with the prin cipal hotels. A small charge is made for this conveyance, which, in some cases, is paid to the omnibus porter, and in others is regularly charged to the traveller in the hotel bill. Travellers from abroad will understand that the present currency in the United States, with the exception of California, is exclusively bank notes. These are issues of the national Treasury, commonly known as green-backs, and the notes of the national banks. They are taken every where without hesitation, and serve every practical purpose of coin. All prices are understood to be in this currency, which is at a discount for gold ; or, as tho phrase is here, gold is at a premium — now (April, 1873), TO THE -TRAVELLER. v of about twelve per cent. In the British Provinces, the circulating medium is coin, or tho notes of the local banks, which are at par. In California, gold and silver are generally used, though bank-notes are coming into circulation. As regards outfit, it is important for the traveller that he should be dressed with sufficient warmth. Our climate is very changeable, and the traveller had better suffer at noonday under too much clothing, than ex pose himself at night, in storms, or to sudden changes of the atmosphere, with too little. One should wear woollen under-clothing, and always have a shawl or extra wrapping of some kind. The traveller's own judgment will suggest to him that strong suits of gray or brown are more convenient and suitable than darker colors. Full tables of distances accompany the description of each route in this volume, but, for hasty reference, the following summary will be useful to the traveller, especially if he proposes to extend his travels to the leading cities of the West : Distances, Via To Cincinnati. S61 miles. 758 " 992 " 667 " 691 " 1,065 miles. 1,098 " 1,384 " 1,008 " 978 " 961 miles. ¦758 " 899 " 1,020 " 823 " 1,898 miles. 1,513 " 1,317 " 1,842 " 1,292 " 800 " 494 " "Pan-handle" Route. To St. Lome. Pennsylvania Central Railway. To Chicago. New York Central & Hudson Eiver Railway. Erie and Lake-Shore & Michigan Southern Railways. To Omaha. To San Francisco. In the preparation of this volume, the design has been to make it a complete guide to the Eastern and Middle States ; but, apart from the value it may possess to the traveller, it is hoped that it will bo found useful as a general gazetteer of the country it purports to cover. vi TO THE TRAVELLER. Much care has been taken to make the Hand-Book accurate and com plete in every particular, and the present edition has been carefully revised for the summer of 1873, every part of the book being corrected and brought up to date. Notwithstanding this, however, so great is the complexity of the task, some errors will probably be found in it, and some omissions. It is hoped that the detector of these will call them to the attention of the Editor, in order that he may correct them in future editions. Communi cations should be addressed to the Editor of Appletons' Hand- Book of Tkavel, care of D. Appleton & Co., New York. *** In addition to the Hand-Book of Teavel, the traveller will need a copy of Appletons' Railway Guide, published semi-monthly, with time tables corrected to date, price twenty-five cents. CONTENTS. NORTHERN AND EASTERN TOUR. l'AdS THE UNITED STATES 1 Census Returns of Population, 1870 2 NEW YORK 5 New- York City 6 Long Island 31 Brooklyn 31 Trips through Long Island 85 Route I. — Trip up the Hudson, by Steamer 38 By Hudson River Railway 60 " II. — New York to Albany, via New York & Harlem Railway. 51 " HI. — Albany to Saratoga, Lakes George and Champlain 52 " IV. — To the Adirondacks 58 " V. — Albany to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, via N. Y. Central Railroad 62 Branch Routes on the New-York Central Railroad 66 " VI. — Albany & Susquehanna Railway " 75 " VII. — Erie Railway and Branches 76 " VIII.— Hudson to Rutland, Vt 84 " IX.— Troy to Castleton, Vt 85 Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railway 85 Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railway 85 Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railway 86 New York & Oswego Midland Railway 66 SEW JERSEY 87 Route I. — New York to Philadelphia, via New Jersey Railway 87 " II. — New York to Philadelphia, via Camden & Amboy Railway 90 " III. — New York to Long Branch, Atlantic City, and Philadelphia. . . 91 " IV. — Jersey City to Easton, Pa., Delaware Water-Gap, etc., via Cen tral Railway of New Jersey 93 * V. — Jersey City to Easton, Pa., via Morris & Essex Railroad 95 " VI. — Jersey City to Piermont 97 " VII. — Jersey City to Paterson 97 " VIII. — Philadelphia to Cape May, via West Jersey Railway 98 " IX. — Philadelphia to Manunkachunk and Delaware Water-Gap, via Belviderc Delaware Railway 99 viii CONTENTS. FASH PENNSYLVANIA 100 Philadelphia 101 Route I. — Philadelphia to Harrisburg, via Pennsylvania Central Railway ... 118 " II. — Philadelphia to Reading, Pottsville, and Williamsport, via Phila delphia & Reading, and Catawissa Railways 125 " III. — Philadelphia to Erie and the Oil Regions, via Philadelphia & Erie Railway, Atlantic & Great Western Railway, Lake Shore Railway, etc 128 " IV. — Philadelphia to Bethlehem, Easton, Allentown, Wilkesbarre, Le high and Wyoming Valleys, Scranton, etc., via North Penn sylvania, Lehigh Valley, Lehigh & Susquehanna, and con necting Railways 133 " V. — Philadelphia to the Erie Railway at Binghamton 136 " VI. — Easton to Harrisburg and the Cumberland Valley 139 " VII.— To Gettysburg, Pa., and Elmira, N. Y 140 CONNECTICUT 144 Route I. — New York to New Haven, New London, Stonmgton, etc 144 " II.— Bridgeport to Pittsfield, Mass 152 " III. — New Haven to Lake Memphremagog and the White Mountains, including Hartford, Springfield, etc 153 " IV. — New Haven to Brattleboro, Vt., White Mountams, Quebec, Montreal, etc., etc 157 " V. — To White Mountains, via New London 158 '• VI. — Waterbury to Providence, R. 1 159 RHODE ISLAND 161 Route I. — Stonington, Conn., to Providence 162 " II. — Waterbury to Providence 164 " III.— Providence to Bristol 164 " IV. — Providence to Newport 1 64 " V. — Providence to Worcester, Mass 165 MASSACHUSETTS 167 Boston 168 Route I. — New York to Boston, via New York & Boston Express Line.. . . 178 " II. — New York to Boston, via Shore Line, Stonmgton & Provi dence 180 " III. — New York to Boston, via various Steamboat Lines 180 " IV. — New York to the Housatonic Region, etc 180 " V. — New York to the White Mountains, Franconia Mountains, etc., via Connecticut River Railway 185 " VI. — New London to White Mountains, Lake Memphremagog, Quebec, Montreal, etc., etc 188 " VII. — New London to Worcester and Fitchburg 189 " VIII.— Boston to Plymouth, Now Bedford, Cape Cod, etc ] 90 CONTENTS. ix MASSACHUSETTS— (Continued). taob Route IX. — Boston to Bellows Falls and Lake Champlain 193 " X. — Boston to the White Mountams, Green Mountains, Adirondacks, Lake Memphremagog, and Canada 194 " XI. — Boston to Portsmouth, N. H., Portland, Me., and Eastern Massa chusetts 1 195 " XII. — Boston to Lawrence, White Mountains, Portland, Me., and to the North 199 " XIII.— Boston to Albany 201 " XIV.— Boston to the Hoosac Tunnel 201 Vermont and Massachusetts Railway 202 NEW HAMPSHIRE 203 Route I. — To the White Mountains, Lake Memphremagog, and Canada. . . . 203 The White Mountains 207 " II. — Boston to the White Mountains, via Boston & Maine and Do ver & Winnipiseogee Railways, Steamer on Lake, etc. . . . 214 " III. — Boston to Montpelier, Vt., Green Mountains, Adirondacks, etc. . 216 " IV. — Boston to Bellows Falls and Lake Champlain 218 " V. — Boston to Portsmouth, N. H., etc., to Quebec, and all parts of Maine, via Eastern Railway and connections 219 " VI. — Portsmouth to Manchester, to the White Mountains, Green Moun tains, Lake Champlain, etc., via Concord and Dover, and con necting Routes 221 " VII. — To the White Mountains at Gorham, and to the St. Lawrence River, via Grand Trunk Railway 221 VERMONT 222 Route I. — New York to Green Mountains, Lake Memphremagog, etc 222 " II. — Boston to Montpelier, Green Mountains, Montreal, etc 226 " III. — Boston to Bellows Falls, Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Can ada, etc 230 " IV. — New York to Rutland, Green Mountains, Lake Champlain, and Canada 232 MAINE 235 Route I. — Boston to Portland, and all parts of Maine 236 " II.— To the White Mountains, Canada, and the West 238 " III.— To Augusta and the Valley of the Kennebec 239 " IV.— To Bangor and the Valley of the Penobscot 241 " V. — Brunswick to Farmington 243 Places of Interest, Lakes and Mountains, not on any Railway Route 244 THE BRITISH PROVINCES 247 Route I. — Quebec to Montreal, Toronto, and the West 219 Quebec 249 Montreal 252 Route II. — Through Canada from Buffalo to the West 257 x CONTENTS. THE BRITISH PROVINCES— (Continued). *aoh Route III — Trip down the St. Lawrence 258 Trip up the Saguenay 264 New Brunswick 266 Nova Scotia 268 Trip to the Upper Lakes 2*1 Cape Breton 271 Skeleton Tours 272 Appendix 275 Index 28S APPLE TONS' HAND-BOOK OF AMERICAN TRAVEL. THE UNITED STATES. The territory of the United States, without including the recently-ac quired possession of Alaska or Eussian America, covers an area of 2,963,G66 square miles — not much less than the entire Continent of Europe, including all its outlying islands. This extreme extent of territory gives every vari ety of climate, products, and geographical features; and, with the means of rapid communication at the command of the traveller, a few days' time suffices to pass from the cold regions of the North to the warm latitude of the Gulf, or from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The extreme length of the United States proper is 2,700 miles from north to south, and its breadth 1,600 miles from east to west, and the entire frontier line exceeds 10,000 miles ; to which must be added the great unexplored Territory of Alaska, which extends to sixty-six degrees north latitude, or nearly to the Arctic Circle, embracing over 600,000 square miles. Divisions. — The United States is divided into thirty-seven States and twelve Territories, the District of Columbia, which was ceded by the State of Maryland as the seat of the U. S. Government, having been made a Territory by Act of Congress in the winter of 1871. The States, for convenience of reference, have always been divided into arbitrary sections, according to their geographical position. Population. — The total population of the United States, according to the last census (of 1870), is 38,750,033. The figures of this census have just been published, and are used throughout the work in the present revision. The following table shows the population of the several States and Territories, together with that of the geographical groups into which they are divided : 1 1 THE UNITED STATES. THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES Maine (Me.) 626,463 New Hampshire (N. H.) 318,300 Vermont (Vt.) 330,552 Massachusetts (Mass.) 1,457,351 Rhode Island (R. I.) 217,338 Connecticut (Conn.) 537,418 Total 3,487,422 THE MIDDLE STATES. New York (N. Y.) 4,374,703 New Jersey (N. J.) 905,794 Pennsylvania (Pa.) 3,519,601 Total 8,800,098 THE SOUTHERN STATES. Virginia, (Va.) 1,224,830 West Virginia (W. Va.) 462,032 North Carolina (N. C.) 1,071,135 .South Carolina (S. C.) 705,169 Georgia (Ga.) 1,195,338 Florida (Fla.) 189,995 Kentucky (Ky.) 1,321,001 Delaware (Del.) 125,015 Total Maryland (Md.) 780,894 Alabama (Ala.) 996,988 Louisiana (La.) 726,927 Texas (Tex.) 810,218 Mississippi (Miss.) 834,984 Arkansas (Ark.) 483,179 Tennessee (Tenn.) 1,257,495 .12,285,200 THE WESTERN STATES. Ohio (O.) 2,662,330 Indiana (Ind.) 1,673,941 Minnesota (Minn.) 436,058 Illinois (111.) 2,539,638 Michigan (Mich.) 1,184,296 Wisconsin (Wis.) 1,055,167 Iowa (Io.) 1,191,720 Total '. 13,655,813 The District of Columbia (D. C.) 131,706 Missouri (Mo.) 1,719,978 Oregon (Or.) 90,922 California (Cal.) 556,615 Kansas (Kas.) 379,497 Nebraska (Neb.) 123,160 Nevada (Nev.) 42,491 TERRITORIES. New Mexico . Washington. . Utah Colorado Montana Wyoming. . . . Total. 91,852 23,901 86,786 39,706 20,594 9,118 Dakota Idaho Arizona Indian Territory, estimated Alaska estimated 14,18114,998 9,658 17,00062,000 389,794 EE CAPITULATION. Eastern States 3,487,422 Middle States 8',80o',098 Southern States 12 285 200 Western States 13^655',813 District of Columbia 131 706 Territories 389,'794 Total 38,750,033 2 THE UNITED STATES The population of the country is largely and steadily augmented by immigration. Prom 1847 to 1860, 2,598,214 immigrants arrived, and since the close of the late war the number of arrivals has averaged two hundred and fifty thousand a year. They come mainly from Germany and the Brit ish Isles. Government. — The Government of the United States is a confederation ofthe several States, delegating a portion of their power to a central government, whose laws are always paramount to State authority. The governing power is divided into legislative, judicial, and executive. The executive power is vested in a President and Vice-President, elected by the people, who hold their office for four years. The legislative power is exercised by a Congress composed of two branches, a Senate and House of Eepresentatives ; the former representing the several States in their sovereign capacity, and the House of Eepresentatives the people of each State. The members of the national legislature are respectively known as Senators, members of Congress, and delegates, or Territorial members. The Congress is held annually at Washington. The judiciary consists of a supreme court, nine circuit and numerous district courts. The Supreme Court is composed of a chief and eight associate justices. Por each cir cuit there is a circuit judge, who must reside therein, and for each dis trict a district judge. Each judge of the Supreme Court is assigned to one of these circuits, and must attend at least one term of the court in the circuit to which he is assigned, once in two years. All the judges of the U. S. Courts are appointed by .the President, with the concurrence of the Senate, and hold their offices during life or good behavior. History, eto. — The earliest settlements within the present territory of the United States were made by the Spaniards in Florida, about 1565 ; but, as this State was not acquired till 1819, it is usual to date the commence ment of the settlement of the colonies which formed the foundation of the present Union, from the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. New York was settled by the Dutch, in 1614; Massachusetts, at Plymouth, in 1620; and New Hampshire and Maine, in 1623. Washington, D. C, is the capital of the United States, and New York its chief commercial city. Next to the latter, the most important cities are Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Now Orleans, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, San Fran cisco, Buffalo, Pittsburg, Detroit, Cleveland, Charleston, Mobile, Savannah, Louisville, Albany, and Providence. The military history of the nation is properly divided into four periods or epochs, known respectively as the War of the Eevolution, the War of 1812, the War with Mexico, and the Eebellion. The first of these closed with the surrender of Comwallis at Yorktown, October 19, 1781. The 3 THE UNITED STATES. War of 1812 is conspicuous for the battles of Lundy's Lane and New Or leans, the former of which was fought July 25, 1814, and the latter, January 8, 1815. The war with Mexico commenced May 8, 1846, and virtually closed with the occupation of the city of Mexico (September 20, 1847) by the United States forces under General Scott. The late Bebellion com menced with the attack on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, April 11, 1861, and closed with the occupation of Eichmond and the surrender of Generals Lee and Johnston, April, 1865. The leading military movements which have at different times been car ried on within the territory of the United States will be found briefly re corded in the chapters descriptive of the localities in which they occurred, as will also the leading subjects of interest throughout the country. New Yoke.] NEW YORK. [New York. THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN TO UR. NEW YOEK. The first State in the Union in popu lation, in wealth, and in commercial im portance, exceeded by none in the fer tility of its soil and the healthf'ulness of its climate, unsurpassed in the variety and beauty of its natural scenery, and in its historical associations, New York is appropriately called the Empire State. Its length from east to west is 335 miles, and its breadth about 300 miles, embracing an area of 47,000 square miles, or about 30,000,000 acres. The earliest settlements within the State were made by the Dutch, at Fort Orange (Albany), and at New Amster dam, now New York City. This was in 1614, five years after the voyage of Hendrick Hudson up the waters of that river which now bears his name. In 1664 the colony fell into the posses sion of the English, was recaptured by the Dutch in 1673, and finally came again under British rule in 1674, and so con tinued until the period of the Revolution. Many stirring events occurred within this territory during the wars between France and England, in 1690, 1702, and 1744, and through all the years of the War of Independence. These events the traveller will find duly chronicled as he reaches the various locations where they occurred, in the course of our intended travels. Every variety of surface and every char acter of physical aspect are found within the great area of New York ; vast fer tile plains and grand mountain-ranges, meadows of richest verdure, and wild forest-tracts, lakes innumerable and of infinite variety in size and beauty, water falls unequalled on the continent for ex tent and grandeur, and rivers matchless in picturesque charms. We need not now recount these wonders, as our ram bles will afford us, by-and-by, abundant opportunity to see them all in turn and time — the peaks and gorges of the Adi rondacks and the Catskills, the floods of Niagara, and the ravines of Trenton, the pure placid waters of Lake George, the mountain-shores of Champlain, the deer-filled wildernesses and the highland passes of the Hudson, and all the intri cate reticulation of cities, towns, villages, villas, and watering-places. The principal cities of the State are the metropolis New York, Brooklyn, Buf falo, Albany, Troy, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, Elmira, etc. Though originally settled by the Dutch, and in the social features of many por tions of its extended territory still par taking largely of the characteristic traits of that people, the constant and increas ing infusion of New England and of for eign population has contributed to give to New York a more thoroughly cos mopolitan character than is enjoyed by any other State or people of the Union. The internal improvements of the State are vast and important. Among the most prominent public works are the Erie Canal, 364 miles long, completed in 1825, at a cost of $7,000,000. This work, with its numerous branches and feeders, em bracing a system of artificial communica tion of nearly 1,000 miles, constitutes by far the most important line of public works on the continent. But New York has natural advantages greater far than canal or railway alone can bestow. She has 365 miles of lake coast, 206 miles of interior lake, and 245 miles of river navi gation. 5 New Yoke Citt.] NEW YORK. [New Yoke City. NEW YOEK CITY. The city of New York, the largest and most important city of the Western Con tinent, is situated at the mouth of the Hudson River, on New York Bay, in lat itude about 41°, longitude 74°. The city md county are identical in limits, and occupy the entire surface of Manhattan Island ; Randall's, Ward's and Black- well's Islands, iu the East River; and Bedloe's, Ellis's, and Governor's Islands, in the bay — the last three being occupied by the United States Government. Manhattan Island, on which the city proper stands, is thirteen and a half miles in length, with an average breadth of one and three-fifths miles, forming an area of nearly twenty-two square miles, or four teen thousand acres. The islands in the East River and the bay make four thou sand additional acres. New York Island is bounded on the north by Harlem River, on the east are East River and Long Island Sound, with its clusters of beautiful islets, and on the west the Hudson River. A rocky ridge originally ran from the southern point of the island northward, sending out several jagged spurs, which, after branching irregularly for several miles, culminated in Washington Heights (two hundred and thirty-eight feet above tide-water), and in a sharp, precipitous promontory, one hundred and thirty feet high, at its northern extremity. Most of the lower portion is composed of al luvial sand-beds. The city proper extends from the southern extremity (Battery Point), and is compactly built for a distance of about six miles, and irregularly, on the east side, to Harlem, four miles farther. On the west side, it is almost solidly built to about Fifty-second Street, and thence ir regularly to above Bloomingdale (Sev enty-eighth Street), whence extend the refreshing greenness, and long lines of country-seats and elegant suburban resi dences of Manhattanville and Washing ton Heights. The harbor of New York is one of the finest and most beautiful in the world. The outer bar is at Sandy Hook, eighteen miles from the Battery, and is crossed by two ship-channels, which arc from twenty-one to thirty-two feet deep at low, and from twenty-seven to thirty-nine feet at high tide, admitting vessels of the heaviest draught. The Narrows and the rivers surrounding the city are very deep, with strong tidal cur rents, keeping them in winter almost constantly clear of ice. The history of the city of New York is somewhat remarkable. Scathed by war, fire, riot, and pestilence, its growth from a village of 1,000 inhabitants, in 1656, to 1,000,000 at the present day — its vast public works, its magnificent buildings, its leagues of roaring thoroughfares, and its colossal commerce — afford an imposing monument of the speed with which a youthful people may stride to opulence and power. As the steamer from abroad enters New York Bay from the sea, and sails between the villa-crowned shores of Statcn and Long Islands, through that contracted passage known as the Nar rows, on the left are seen the massive bat tlements of Fort Richmond, and the wa ter-battery of Fort Tompkins, on Staten Island. These fortifications are quite new, are. constructed of gray-stone, mounted with guns of huge caliber, and are among the most imposing objects that first greet the vision of the passenger from the water-waste. The water-battery is the most fort-like in appearance, but, in the event of a fleet of iron-clads undertaking to force an entrance, would probably prove more vulnerable than the batteries on the heights, from which a continuoua volley of plunging shot could be directed with as much effect as from Gibraltar ot any stronghold in the world. Opposite, on the Long Island shore, is the formidable Fort Hamilton, which numbers in its armament several of the celebrated Rodman guns, whose iron spherical shot of one thousand pounds would prove disagreeable to almost any iron ship-of-war that floats ; and also the old, round, red Fort Lafayette, isolated in the waves, more famous as a rebel prison than as a fortress. Passing amid these noble guardians of the harbor, with a fleeting glimpse of the foam-fringed neck of Coney Island, the panorama of the great island-city of the Western Hemisphere is at once unfolded. To the left is Bedloe's Island, a mers 8 A il, W ITH ALL THE iSfEST MFROYEMiSNTS . , h eSMPLHfl SjUIDI.TO STRANG; IRS., fixing the distances irrrn G& Sail in 7AM3t Grdes mowing distinctly titt Hotels Ji/Mr JfuSdirtqs.Steam&^seRmBoafa llarvi Boundaries, & FZaces ofjimaxement. k ® |||>Printed for Appletcm/s HaruL-BooKof Travel. D sag B 6 H /A fefcd So 12 iNs d M W \% g^BEjgjjoB -%>& ¦^Je^ is §£k :>^ ¦T JB-fttWWf M" M^ .->. vwym.m 1 ;' 9| mfthiw. AA Q wis w. | f'Tioston 'Ferry 'ummm •¥ mi*- »/ / 3 /%UMapT^dix.uJFdifitcS^i:!r^-moT^iJ-i\it7iLeHfj-s&J^n-t£rciindifyt^t / A_j_c mildews, Betth ,RS. Depots, st Qft'tce: Gen* Hospital. City Hall.- teemout Teuiple. Natural His torySo c New Post OiVirx' Masonic Hall J-tee Oily Hospital PLnn£fc Chi-aiuo Bouse H Churches * Schools SI UmlRoads . Horse.RailR^ ____-_-_ Mounda/yefWards 10 11 12 14. Um\ ^%^yyl^MVW: - -^^ ilUit. li fell J ffr New Tokk City.] NEW YORK. [New York Citt. bank in the water, almost made for the convenience of the United States Govern ment in the construction of a fort. An other island-fort (Ellis's Island), smaller and more insignificant, stands still far ther toward the Jersey shore ; and then, well round the point of Governor's Isl and, stands old Fort Columbus. Pass ing beyond the westerly point of Gov ernor's Island, in the upward sweep to a North Eiver pier, the entire length of the empire city is spread out to view. There are to be seen the crowd of sail upon the rivers, the puffing and busy tugs, the numerous ferry-boats, " the forests of masts," the showy flags of the lofty sig nal-station, Trinity spire, looming up so nobly, the dome of the City Hall, the well-known Castle Garden, and the crowded Brooklyn and Jersey shores. The early history of the city of New York is involved in no inconsiderable degree of uncertainty. The Norse or Northmen, as is affirmed by Scandina vian records, visited these shores, which were then known as part of the ancient Vineland, as early as 1014. The gen erally acknowledged commencement of European civilization in this part of the newly - discovered continent, however, commenced with the arrival, in the bay of New York, of Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman in the service of the Dutch East India Company, who arrived at the site of the present city, September 3, 1609. He afterward sailed up the river which now bears his name in a vessel called the Half Moon. In 1614 an ex pedition under Captains Black and Chrisr tianse arrived, and commenced the set tlement of the future city. At the close of that year the future metropolis of New York consisted of a small fort, on the site of the present Bowling Green, and four houses, and was known as " Nieuw Amsterdam." As late as 1648 it con tained but 1,000 inhabitants. Iu 1664 it was surrendered to the British, and, passing into the hands of the Duke of York, was thenceforward known as New York. In 1677 it contained 384 houses. In 1700 the population had increased to about 6,000. Eleven years subsequent ly, a market for slaves was opened in Wall Street ; and in 1725 a weekly paper, the New York Gazette, the fifth newspaper published in the colonies, made its first appearance. On June 28, 1776, the Brit ish army and fleet entered the bay of New York, and effected a landing on Stateu Island. Crossing the Narrows, they encountered the American forces near Brooklyn (August 22d), and fought the battle of Long Island. For eight years succeeding this battle, New York remained the headquarters of the British troops. The British forces evacuated the city November 25, 1783, which has since been known as Evacuation Day, and is annually celebrated. Within ten years after the War of Independence, New York had doubled its population. In 1807 the first steamboat to navigate the Hudson was built. The completion of the great Erie Canal followed in 1825, and the Croton Aqueduct in 1842, since which time the progress of the city, in spite of fire and pestilence which have often visited it, has been rapid and per manent. Among the few historical localities and objects of interest which the rapidgrowth of New York, and the constant change incident to war, increase in population and trade, have left for the contemplation of the citizen and stranger, the following will be found best worthy attention. Broadway, as the representative street and leading thoroughfare of the past, as well as of the present city, furnishes the best field for observation, and the Battery the best point from which to start on our antiquarian tour. Bowling Green in the times of the Dutch was the court end of the town ; that part of Broadway then called the " Heere Straas," in contradistinction to the Heere Wegh, which was the name of the highway beyond the walls, was al ready a popular part of New Amsterdam, aud no doubt presented the most pleasing features of the town. On the opposite or cast side ofthe street for a short distance, measured by its present length, seems to have been inhabited by the humbler and poorest classes, being mainly composed of hovels and small shanties. In front (south) of the Green, was the Parade, which also served as the market-place. The Bowling Green was first enclosed in 1732. The row of six buildings facing the Green on the south, and extending 7 New Yoke Citt.J NEW YORK. [New York Oitt, from State to Whitehall Streets, cover the site of the old Dutch and English forts. The old Government House, which served as the Custom-House subsequent to 1790, stood here until 1815, when it was taken down to make room for the present build ings, which at that date were considered the finest private residences in the city. The Kennedy House, No. 1 Broadway, named after the Hon. Archibald Kennedy, then collector of the port, afterward Earl of Caselis of the Scotch peerage, who built it in 1760, is one of the most inter esting relics now left standing. It occu pies the site of the " Kocks Tavern," built by Peter Kocks, au officer iu the Dutch service, and an active leader in the Indian war of 1643. In colonial times it was the heart of the highest fashion in the colony, having been successively the resi dence and headquarters of Lords Corn- wallis and Howe, General (Sir Henry) Clinton, and General Washington. Ar nold occupied No. 5 Broadway, and in Clinton's headquarters his treasonable projects were concerted. Fulton died in a room in the present Washington Hotel, then No. 1 Marketficld Street. It was then (1815) used as a boarding-house, and was kept by a Mrs. Avery. Since 1849 it has been occupied as a hotel. The freight-shed just north of the Ken nedy House stands ou the spot occupied during colonial times by the "Burns Coffee-House," and upon or near the site of the Dutch Tavern of Burgomaster Mar tin Crigier. Subsequently (1763) it was known as the " King's Arms." In 1765 General Gage held his headquarters here. During the British possession of the city, the traitor Arnold lodged here. It served in turn as boarding-house, tavern, and beer-garden, being last known as the Atlantic Garden, when it was numbered 11 Broadway. Previous to the present century, Chancellor Livingston resided at No. 5 in this block. On the southerly corner of Morris Street stood the residence or parsonage ofthe Dominie Megapolensis. This after ward became the property of Balthasar Bayard, kinsman of Governor Stuyvesant, who erected a brewery on the premises, near the river-shore, the access to which was by a lane on the preseut line of Mor ris Street. North of and adj oining Morris Street was the old Dutch burial-ground, the first established on the island. It extended along Broadway between one hundred and two hundred feet. Above Morris Street, little is known of the ap pearance of Broadway during the colonial times, the fire of 1776 having swept every vestige of a landmark away. Oyster Pasty Alley — now Exchange Place — west of Broadway, was originally an obscure path leading to a small redoubt connect ed with the city fortifications. The Con gress Hall, or Town Hall, which also in cluded the Law Courts and Prison, stood at the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, the site of the present United States Treasury. Here Washington was inau gurated the first President, April, 1789. Washington's farewell interview with his officers took place at France's Tavern, corner of Pearl aud Broad Streets, long since removed. Where the Mechanics' Bank now stands, south side of Wall Street, be tween Broad and William Streets, Hamil ton wrote " The Federalist." Opposite the City Hall the "'Sun building," long known as " Tammany Hall," covers the spot where Lcisler aud Milbournc were killed, May 16, 1601. It formed the boundary of what was then known as Bookman's Swamp. The old Dutch Church in Fill ton Street is an object of much interest. Until with in a few years past, adjoining the old church in Liberty Street, stood the Sugar- House Prison. It was founded in 1689, and occupied for the purpose of sugar- refining till 1777, when Lord Howe used it as a place of confinement for American prisoners. Wallabout Bay, Long Island, now within the corporate limits of Brook lyn, was used for a similar purpose about the same time, but we must not travel so far now. Washington Irving's birthplace stood in William Street, between John and Fulton Streets. The site is now covered by wholesale stores, but can be readily found by the enterprising or curious. South of St. Mark's Church, between Second and Third Avenues,, stood Gov ernor Stuyvesant's house, on what was then his " Bowerie Farm." lt was pulled down — when is not accurately known. The old Walton House, No. 326 Pearl New York Cmr.] NEW YORK Street, erected by Walton, in 1754, is one of the few old structures remaining in the city. HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, AND CLUBS. Hotels. — On arriving in a city where one cannot at once proceed to a home, the first thought that suggests itself to any one is, " Where shall I go ? " and in New York the only difficulty in answering the question lies in the embarrassment con sequent upon too many desirable places, for the unsurpassed excellence of its hotel accommodations is known the world round. Thereis no place where the traveller can find more solid comfort, combined with the most sumptuous elegance, or, if neces sity or inclination call for economy, where comfort and attention can be secured at a smaller outlay. To those who object to a, hotel life, and who intend passing any length of time in the city, a very large number of boarding and lodging houses afford an opportunity of almost unlimited choice, from the elegantly-ap pointed suites of apartments in the fash ionable and exclusive localities to the modest room in a cheaper locality. To those who are so occupied by business as to be necessarily absent from their regular meals, the most pleasant and con venient course is to stay at some hotel kept upon the European plan — taking fur nished rooms, and eating at some one of the numerous restaurants with which the city abounds, several of the most promi nent of which will be mentioned hereafter. One hundred and fifty-three hotels are given a place in the City Directory, and among such a number it would seem as if all tastes could be suited. From among them we have selected the most popular of each class, and our readers may con fidently rely upon polite attention at any of those we mention, though the expense is often greatly modified by the class of room occupied. In our list we first men tion the more fashionable and higher- priced hotels, afterward naming a few of those that are principally frequeuted by business-men and country merchants. The Albemarle is a quiet house on the European plan, situated at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-fourth Street. The Astor House, at the lower end of the Park, has a front ou Broadway, cx- [New York Cm tending from Vesey to Barclay Street, and is now conducted exclusively upon the European plan; a change much re gretted by its old customers. Tho " jBrevoort," 11 Fifth Avenue, cor ner of Eighth Street (Clinton Place), (Clarke & Waite), is on the European plan. It is large, well kept, and in a desirable location. The Clarendon (60 Union Place), cor ner of Seventeenth Street and Fourth Ave nue, is a very fashionable house, of spe cial repute among English travellers. It is kept by Charles H. Kerne. The Coleman House (Robert B. Cole man & Co.) is on Broadway, corner of Twenty-seventh Street. It contains about 200 rooms, and is kept upon tho Euro pean plan. The Everett House (William B. Bur roughs) is ou the corner of Seventeenth Street and Fourth Avenue, fronting on Union Square. It is on the European plan. The FifthAvenue Hotel (Darling, Gris wold & Co.) fronts on Madison Square, and occupies the entire block from Twenty-third to Twenty-fourth Street. It is admirably kept, and has accommo dations for 1,100 guests. The Qramcrcy Park Hov.se (Curtis Jud- son) is in East Twentieth Street, fronting on Gramercy Park. It is essentially a fam ily hotel, and has a very pleasant location. The Slurtevant House (Messrs. Lewis & George S. Leland) is a favorite resort of both straDgers and citizens. A fine family hotel, kept on the American plan. Located on Broadway, between Twenty- eighth and Twenty-ninth Streets. The " Grand Central " is an hotel of very large capacity, just completed, be ing enlarged from what was recently known as the Southern Hotel, and origi nally as the La Farge House. It is situ ated on Broadway, between Bleeckcr and Amity Streets. The Madison Park Hotel, Twenty-sec ond Street, Broadway, and Fifth Avenue, is a first-class, quiet family house. The Hoffman House (Mitchell & Reed), 1114 Broadway, between Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Streets, is another fash ionable hotel on the European plan. The Metropolitan (Purcell & Co.), cor ner of Prince Street and Broadway, is one of the largest and best hotels in the city. 9 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York. Citr. The New York Hotel (D. M. Hildreth & Co.) occupies the whole square bounded by Broadway, East Washington Plaoe, and Waverley Place. It is very popular among Southerners. The St. Cloud (Rand Brothers, Euro pean plan) is on the oorner of Broadway and Forty-second Street. It is farther up-town than any other first-class hotel in the city, and possesses superior ac commodations for families. The St. Denis (Mosher & Reed), corner of Broadway and Eleventh Street; the St. Elmo, Twenty-ninth Street and Broad way; the St. George, Twentieth Street and Broadway; and the St. James (Elias Hitchcock), corner of Broadway and Twenty-sixth Street, are all first-olasa houses kept upon the European plan. The St. Nicholas (S. Hawk), Broadway, between Broome and Spring Streets, is large, well kept, and very popular. The Westminster (Palmer & Ferrin), 119 East Sixteenth Street, is a noted hotel, on the European plan, and is habitually fre quented by many distinguished persons. In addition to the above, are a number Oi family hotels, which bear a deservedly high reputation, such as the Irving House (George P. Harlow), 49 East Twelfth Street; Lenox House (James Slater), 72 Fifth Avenue ; Spingler House (F. II. 0rvi3, 5 Union Place; Union Place (li. C. Fling), 58 East Fourteenth Street ; Union S/ma'e (A., J. Dam & Co.), 18 Union Place ; Wubworth House (D. P. Peters) 63 Fifth Avenue ; aud the Westmoreland (George Roberts), Union Place, corner of East Seventeenth Street. Business Hotels. — In the lower part of the city, surrounded by the wholesale houses, are a number of hotels, the charges in all of which are moderate, aud which are principally supported by country merchants. Among the most popular are Hang's, 251 Canal Street; Srandreth (William J. Kerr), corner of Broadway and Canal ; Continental, 442 Broadway ; Cosmopolitan, corner of Chambers Street and West Broadway ; Fart's, 241 Canal Street ; French's, 1 Chatham Street, opposite the City Hall ; Merchants' (Clarke & Schenck), 41 Cort- ' landt, and National (Arthur T. Halliday), 5 Cortlandt Street ; Park, G.W. J. Wright, 12 Beekman Street ; Prescott House (David 10 liexter), 531 Broadway; Stevens House (Allen & Bodwell), 25 Broadway ; and United Slates (George N. Terry), 198 Wa- ter Street. It is impossible to give a correct scale of prices ; but it is safe for any one to be prepared to pay well if good accom modations are desired in fashionable lo calities. Ia the down-town hotels good rooms can be had, without board, from f 1 to $2 per diem. Restaurants. — The city is filled witt restaurants, and the ordinary traveller requires no guide to find them ; for, wherever he may turn, a short walk will bring him to one. But, as many ladies do not know where they oan go with com fort, it may be well to mention a few of the leading places where accommodations are especially provided for them. Iu the first place, with every hotel on the Euro pean plan is connected a restaurant, and any lady can, with propriety, visit any of these alone, if the house itself is first- class. In the Astor House is a fine restaurant, Bigot, 42 Fourteenth Street, between Fifth Avenue aud Broadway, keeps a ladies' restaurant, which is quiet and respectable. A. Iauch keeps a well-known and pop ular place at 864 Broadway, a short dis tance above Union Square. Delmonico's, in Fifth Avenue, corner of Fourteenth Street, is the largest and most elegantly-appointed restaurant in New York. The New York Restaurant (L. A. Geyer), 734 and 736 Broadway, opposite the New York Hotel, is pleasantly located and admirably kept. Parker's, Broadway and Sixth Avenue, between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Streets, has for some time been favorably known as a gentleman's eating-house. An excellent ladies' department has re cently been added. E. SolarVs, in University Place, corner of- Eleventh Street, is noted for its din ners and suppors. " Overton & Blair's," Tenth Street, near Broadway, is among the cheap and popu lar eating-houses for both sexes. Of the leading restaurants frequented by business men, Delmonico keeps three i one at the corner of Broadway and Cham- New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. bers Street; one in Broad Street, near the Stock Exchange ; and the third, No. 2 South William Street. Crook, Fox & Nash keep a popular place at No. 39 Park Row. Rudolph has two restaurants in Broad way ; one below Lispenard Street, and the other below John Street. There are very many other capital places of the same kind ; but enough have been mentioned to afford an ample opportu nity to make a selection. Clubs. — The clubs of New York are very numerous ; and some of them, being of great wealth, own elegant buildings, the exterior being about all with which the ordinary traveller can delight his sense of the beautiful ; though, if he happens to have any friends among the members, he can obtain the entree sub ject to certain conditions. Among the most prominent of these clubs are the Century, 109 East Fifteenth Street ; City, 31 East Seventeenth Street; Manhattan, 96 Fifth Avenue; Travellers', 222 Mfth Avenue; Union, corner of Fifth Avenue and West Twenty-first Street; aud Union, League, Madison Avenue, corner of East Twenty-sixth Street. CONVEYANCES. Once comfortably settled in the city, the visitor naturally inquires " where to go and how to get there ? " but we will give an inverted answer, and, after de tailing the different means of communi cation, will name the places of amuse ment, the churches, and the parks, and will then visit the principal buildings, streets, and avenues. In a city like New York, where dis tances are so great, and where the city proper is surrounded by broad and deep rivers, the means of communication must be numerous and varied in their charac ter. Within the city proper are omni buses, haehvey and livery coac/bes, hor-se- cars, aud, to the more remote portions, eteam-cars. Omnibuses, formerly very numerous, have, by the introduction "of street rail ways, been greatly reduced in number, and at present there are but seven lines in the city, as follows : 1. From South Ferry to Thirty-second Street via Broad way and Fourth Avenue, 2. From South Ferry to Thirtieth Street depot, N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. via Broadway, Twenty-third Street, and Ninth Avenue. 3. From. South Ferry to Tenth Street Ferry and Dry Dock via Broadway and Eighth Street. 4. Wall Street Ferry to Fortieth Street via Broadway and Madi son Avenue. 5. From Fulton Ferry to Forty-third Street via Broadway and Fifth Avenue. 6. From the Jersey City Ferry to the Williamsburgh Ferry via Broadway, Bleecker, and Second Streets. 7. The free line of the Erie Railway from the corner of Twenty-third Street and Broadway to the ferry foot of Twenty- third Street, Hudson River. With the exception of the Second Street line, which is eight cents, and the last-named line, fares are ten cents for each person. Horse, Street Railways. — This mode of conveyance has now become thor oughly popularized throughout the Uni ted States, aud has come to be consid ered indispensable in our principal cities. The routes of the different street rail roads are given below, fares in all cases being five cents for each adult, except where otherwise stated. Central Park, North and East River (Belt Line), Western Division. — From Fifth Avenue entrance, Central Park, via Fifty-ninth Street to First Avenue ; thence to Fourteenth Street, then through Fourteenth Street, Avenues C and D, and several minor streets, to Grand Street and. East River; thence down South, Water, and Front Streets to South Ferry, at the Battery. Second Avenue. — From Harlem, through Second Avenue to Twenty-third Street, First Avenue, Allen, and Grand Streets, Bowery, Chatham, and Pearl Streets, to Peck Slip, East River, returning through South and Oliver Streets, Bowery, Grand, and Chrystie Streets, to Second Avenue, thence to Harlem. TIdrd Avenue. — This is a direct route from the Astor House through Park Row, Chatham Street, Bowery, and Third Avenue, to Harlem — a route eight miles in length. Fourth Avenue. — This road belongs to the New York and Harlem Railway, aaad runs from foot of East Thirty- fourth Street past the Grand Central Depot, on Fourth Avenue, to the Astor 11 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. House. A branch extends through Madi son Avenue to Central Park. Fare six cents. Broadway. — From Central Park to Astor House, through Seventh Avenue, Broadway, University Place, Houston, and Canal Streets, to West Broadway, and thence through Barclay Street to terminus ; returning by same route, ex cept that Church and Greene Streets are substituted for West Broadway and Wooster Streets. Branch to corner of Broome Street and Broadway. Sixth Avenue. — From Central Park to Astor House, through Sixth Avenue, Car mine, Variek, and Canal Streets, West Broadway, and Vesey Street. Branch to corner of Canal Street and Broadway. Seventh Avenue. — Central Park to As tor House through Seventh and Green wich Avenues, Macdougal, Thompson, and Canal Streets, West Broadway, Bar clay, and connecting streets; returning through Church and Sullivan, instead of Barclay and Macdougal Streets. Eighth Avenue. — From ManhattanviDe (One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street) to Astor House, through Eighth Avenue, Hudson and Canal Streets, West Broad way, and Vesey Street. Branch to corner Canal Street and Broadway. Fare above Fifty-ninth Street five cents additional. Ninth Avenue. — From corner of Fifty- first Street, through Ninth Avenue, Washington and Fulton Streets, to cor ner of Fulton Street and Broadway. Central Park, North and East River (Belt Line), Eastern or Tenth Avenue Division. — From Central Park, through Fifty-ninth Street, Tenth Avenue, West Street, Battery Place, State and White hall Streets, to South Ferry. These may be called the grand trunk lines, either running the entire length of the city or connecting with through-lines. The shorter lines, whose general direc tion is the same, as nearly as the shape of the island permits, but which are not so long, are — Avenue __?. — From Thirty-fourth Street Ferry, through Avenue A, Fourteenth Street, Avenue B, Second Street, Avenue A, Essex Street, East Broadway, Chat ham Street, and Park Row, to the lower end of City Hall Park ; returning, passes through the same or parallel streets. 12 Dry Dock and East Broadway. — From Fourteenth Street and Avenue B, along Fourteenth Street, Avenue D, Eighth Street, Lewis and Grand Streets, East Broadway, Chatham Street, and Park Row, to the Astor House. Dry Dock and East Broadway Com pany (Avenue D Line). — The route of this road is so nearly identical with the pre ceding one as only to be of interest to those living along its line. We have now disposed of all the street horse-railway companies, except those known as the cross-town lines, which are five in number. As it would consume too much space to designate the details of their respective routes, we will content ourselves with giving their termini, and the principal streets through which they pass. Bleecker Street and Fulton Ferry. — This road connects the Fulton Ferry (foi Brooklyn) with the Twenty-third Street Ferry of the Erie Railway on the Hud son River. Running from Twenty-third Street and the Hudson River, it passes through Fourteenth, Hudson, Bleecker, and Crosby, to corner of Canal, where it divides ; about two-thirds of the cars proceed by way of the City Hall aud Beekman Street to Fulton Ferry. The other third turn off at Canal Street, and run to the ferry by way of Bowery and Franklin Square. Grand and Corllandl Street Femes. — This road connects the Grand Street Ferries (for William sburgh) with the Jersey City Ferry, Cortlandt Street, by as direct a route as the topography of the city will permit. Grand Street. — This is an almost air line, from the Williamsburgh Ferry, at Grand Street, to the Jersey City Ferry, at Desbrosses Street (near Canal Street), and traverses the entire length of Grand Street. Forty-second Street and Grand Street Ferry. — This road is quite a long one, and pursues a somewhat devious route from the Weehawken Ferry, at the foot of Forty-second Street, Hudson River, to the Grand Street Ferries for Williams burgh. Houston and Prince.- — Runs from foot of East Seventeenth Street (East River) through Avenue C, Third Street, First New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York Citt. Avenue, Houston and Washington Streets, to foot of Duane Street, Hud son River ; returns through Duane, Greenwich, Charlton and Prince Streets, Bowery, Stanton and Pitt Streets, and Avenue C. Twenty-third Street Line runs straight across-town from river to river, connect ing on the west with Erie Railway. There is yet one street railway to be mentioned, and that is the Elevated Railway through Ninth Avenue and con necting streets, from Thirtieth Street to the Battery. The track is perched upon iron pillars, and the motion origi nally was communicated to the cars by means of an endless chain, connecting with engines, placed under the side walk, at intervals of half a mile. This plan not proving satisfactory, small dummy engines have been placed on the track. A second track will be ne cessary before the road can be exten sively used. Thougu not an enjoyable means of lo comotion, the cars of the Third, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Avenues, and of the Broadway lines, will give a trav eller who wishes to obtain an idea of the city, as it is, aud at the same time to economize time and money, more satis faction than any other that he could select, for they pass in their routes among the business houses and residences of almost every class of people. The hackney-coaches and livery-car riages are very much the same as those of other large cities, and the amoun.t a person pays rests in a great measure with himself. If he sends to a livery- stable, he is charged according to the time he uses the conveyance and its character. If he takes a hackney-coach, he is not compelled to pay more than is authorized by the municipal law, which not only fixes the rates of fare, but pro vides that a card having these rates shall be prominently posted in every carriage. If, as is often the case, a driver attempts to be extortionate, an appeal to the first policeman will soon bring him to terms. Suburban Communication, by means of trunk lines of horse-cars, has already been noted, but this is altogether too slow, and of inadequate capacity to ac commodate the large population in the upper part of this island, and the ad joining county of Westchester ; and consequently frequent " accommodation trains " are run on the railroads entering the city from the north, arriving and departing at intervals of not more than fifteen to thirty minutes each, and stop ping every two or three miles at the little stations with which the lines are dotted. There are three of these roads, " The New York Central and Hudson River," " The New York and Harlem," and "The New Y'ork and New Haven," all entering the city by the same track, and having their terminal stations, in the Grand Central Depot, at the corner of Forty-second Street and Fourth Ave nue. These roads need no further mention here, as they have been treat ed under the general head of " rail roads." FEEEIES. The ferries connecting New York with its adjacent cities and towns are twenty- six in number, as follows : To Astoria. — Foot of East Ninety-sec ond Street, to which the most available means of access are the Second and Third Avenue Railroads. To Brooklyn. — Catherine Slip to Main Street. From 5 a. m. to 9 p. m. every five minutes ; from 9 to 12 p. M. every twenty minutes. Reached by Second Avenue cars, and cars of Eastern Di vision of Central Park, North and East River Railroad, known as "Belt Line." Fulton Street to Fulton Street. — From 3 A. M. to 12 p. m. every three minutes; from 12 to 3 A. M. every fifteen min utes. Reached by Fifth Avenue stages, Bleecker Street cars, and the cars of the Eastern Division of the Bolt Line. Jackson Street to Hudson Avenue.— From 5.30 __. M. to 10 P. m. Reached by cars of Eastern Division of the Belt Line. Wall Street to Montague Street. — From 5 A. m. to 8 p. M. every five minutes; from 8 p. m. to midnight every twenty minutes. Reached by Madison Avenue stages and cars of Eastern Division of the Belt Line. South Ferry. — Whitehall Street to At lantic Street. From 5 A. m. to 11 r. m. every twelve minutes ; from 1 1 P. sr. to 5 13 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York Cut, a. m. every half hour. Reached by Twenty - third Street, Fourth Avenue, and Eighth Street lines of stages, and by the cars of both divisions of the Belt Line. Hamilton Ferry. — Whitehall Street to Atlantic Dock. From 7 a. m. to 6.30 P. M. every five minutes ; 6.30 P. M. to 9 P. M. every fifteen minutes ; from 9 P. M, to 7 a. m. every half hour. Reached by same conveyances as South Ferry. New Chambers Street to Bridge Street. —From 5 a. m. to 10 p. M. every fifteen minutes. Reached by Second Avenue cars, and cars of the Eastern Division Belt Line. To Brooklyn, E. D. (Williamsburgh). — Peck Slip Ferry. — Roosevelt Street to Broadway. From 5 a. M. to 8 p. m. every ten minutes ; from 8 P. m. to 5 a. m. every twenty minutes. Reached by cars of Eastern Division Belt Line. East Houston Street to Grand Street. Reached by Houston Street cars, and cars of Eastern Division Belt Line. Grand Street to Grand Street, and Grand Street to Broadway. Reached by cars of Belt Line, and of both Grand Street lines. To Greenpoint. — East Tenth Street and East Twenty-third Street to L Street. Reached by cars of the Eastern Division Belt Line, East Broadway cars, and by Eighth Street stages. To Hunter's Point.— East Thirty-fourth Street. — From 4.30 A. M. to 12 p. m. every fifteen minutes ; after 8 p. M. every thirty minutes. Reached by the Fourth Avenue cars, and the cars of the Eastern Division Belt Line. From James Slip every half hour. Reached by the cars of the Eastern Division Belt Line. To SiatenIsland(TLOmTj]dnsvi\le, Staple- ton, and Vanderbilt Landings. — From Whitehall Street (at Battery). — From 5 A. m. to 9 p. M. every hour ; then at 11.45 p. M. The 5, 7, and 9 a. m., and the 1, 4, 5, and 6 p. m. boats connect with the trains of the Staten Island Railway. Reached by same conveyances as South ferry. Elm Park, Factoryville, Port Rich mond, and Snug Harbor.— From Pier 19, Hudson River, between Cortlandt and Dey Streets, 7.30, 9.30, and 11 a. m., and 12.30, 2, 4, 5, and 6.30 p. m. Reached 14 by cars of Ninth Avenue and Western Division Belt Line Railroads. To Jersey City. — Cortlandt Street to Montgomery Street. — From 7 A, m. to 10 P. M. every ten minutes ; from 10 p. M. to 12 p. M. every fifteen minutes ; from 12 p. m, to 4 A. m. every thirty minutes ; from 4 a. m. to 7 a. m. every fifteen minutes. Reached by the cars of the Western Di vision Belt Line, of the Grand and Cort landt Street line, and by the Broadway and Second Street line of stages. Desbrosses Street to Exchange Place. — This ferry lands in Jersey City, at the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot. Reach ed by Grand Street, Houston Street, and Belt Line Railways. To Pavonia. — From Chambers Street, Hudson River, to Long Dock, from 1 A. M. to 7 P. M. every fifteen minutes; from 7 P. M. to 1 a. M. every half hour. Reached by cars of Western Division of Belt Line. Twenty-third Street to Long Dock. — Connects with all trains on the Erie Railway. Reached by Bleecker Street cars, and Erie line of Twenty-third Street stages. To Hobokcn.— Barclay Street to Henry Street. Reached by Ninth Avenue cars, and cars of Western Division Belt Line. Christopher Street to Henry Street.— From 7.45 a. m. to 7.30 p. it. every fif teen minutes. Reached by cars of Hous ton Street and Western Division Belt Line Railroads. To Weehawken, — Foot of West Forty- second Street. From 6 A. si. to 9 p. m, every twenty minutes. Reached by Grand and Forty-second Street cars, and by Western Division Belt Line. To Fort Lee and Pleasant Valley. — From Pier 51, Hudson River, between Christo pher and West Tenth Street. Runs only in summer. Reached by Houston Street cars, and Western Division Belt Line To Fort Lee, Shady Side, Bull's Ferry, and Pleasant Valley. — From Spring Street (North River). Four times a day in summer ; iu winter 10.30 A. M., and 4.45 p. m. Sundays 10 a. m. aud 4.30 p.m. Reached by Houston Street cars, and Western Division Belt Line. To Communipaw. — From Liberty Street (North River). Reached by cars of West ern Division Belt Line, New York City.] NEW YORE. [New York City. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. There probably is no city in the world more abundantly furnished with places of amusement than New York, and proba bly there is nowhere a greater variety of entertainments, to suit all tastes, from the lecture-rooms of the scientific aud educational institutions to the cellar con cert-halls of Chatham Street. Those mentioned in this book can be classed as opera-houses, legitimate theatres, va riety theatres, museums, concert-halls, lecture-rooms, Ethiopian minstrels, and the circus. There are three opera-houses, named, respectively, Academy of Music, French Theatre, and Grand Opera-House. The Academy of Music is at the corner of Fourteenth Street and Irving Place, a short distance east of Broadway. It is the home of Italian opera in New York, and is also used for grand balls and large public gatherings. The French TJieatre is on Fourteenth .Street, about one hundred feet west of Sixth avenue. It is, as its name indi cates, especially designed for French ar tistes, but it has been closed for many months ; and is now being thoroughly remodelled, preparatory to its reopening as Feclder's Lyceum for high' tragedy and comedy. The Grand Opera-House, one of the handsomest buildings in the city, is at the corner of Eighth avenue and Twenty- third Street. Besides being one of the largest and most elegant places of amuse ment in the United States, it is noted for the care which the management bestows upon the scenery and stage appointments. It is only occasionally occupied by au opera troupe, being chiefly used for dra matic representations. The legitimate theatres are seven in number. Booth's Theatre, at the corner of Sixth Avenue and Twenty-third Street, was built expressly for the production of Shakespearian and other plays of the highest class, and during the regular sea son is devoted exclusively to that pur pose. Mr. Booth bestows the greatest care upon all the appointments of the plays presented; scenery, costumes, and stage furniture, being of the most accu rate description. The building is of the finest Concord granite, is in the Renais sance style of architecture, and is con sidered one of the finest structures in New York. The Bowery Theatre, in the Bowery, below Canal Street, seats over 3,000 people. To suit the tastes of its pe culiar audiences, the performances are always of a strikingly sensational char acter. The Fifth Avenue Theatre, formerly on Twenty-fourth Street, is now located at Nos. 728 and 730 Broadway. It is a charming little theatre, devoted to light comedy, and is one of the most fashion able resorts in the city. Niblo's is entered from Broadway, above Prince Street, through the Metro politan Hotel. With the exception of the Bowery, it is the oldest theatre in the city, but is still as popular as when first opened. It was destroyed by fire iu May, 1872 ; but, before the end of the year, a grander and more beautiful edifice had taken the place of the former one. The owner of the theatre ia understood to be Mr. A. T. Stewart. The Olympic, on Broadway, above Houston Street, has passed through the hands of a number of managers, aud is not noted for adhering especially to any particular class of performances. It was in this theatre that Mr. Sothern made his reputation as Lord Dundreary, and it was also here that Mr. Jefferson became prominent as a comedian. The Stadt Theatre, in the Bowery, be tween Bayard and Canal Streets, is a large building used for German theatrical and operatic performances. Wallack's, corner of Broadway and Thirteenth Street, is devoted to legitimate comedy. The company is always good, the plays mounted with the greatest care, and the audience refined and cultivated. Until within a very short time it has had no rival in these respects. The Union Square Theatre is situated on the south side of Union Square, near Broadway, and is an elegant little box in all respects. It was opened only last year, but has already taken its place among the most popular of the light comedy theatres. Union League Theatre. — This is a beautiful private theatre, in the Union League Club Building, corner of Twenty. 15 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. sixth Street and Madison Avenue. Until recently it was only used for amateur performances, but is now occasionally thrown open to the public. There are but two regular variety theatres, the Theatre Comique, and Tony Pastor's, where burlesques, fancy specta cles and sensational plays are offered to the public. Tony Pastor's " Opera House," as it is called,' is on the east side of the Bowery, below Houston Street, and for several years has been the most steadily popular place of amusement on the Bowery. It is almost invariably crowded at every performance. The entertainment is of the same character as that at the Globe. The Tlicdlre Comique, Broadway, op posite the St. Nicholas Hotel, is of the same character as Tony Pastor's. To the curious, the museums of New York furnish few attractions, though the probability is that, in course of time, the museum at the Central Park, which at present is almost iu an embryo state, will become an institution worthy of the name. At present the small collection of specimens is in what is known as the Armory, a short distance from the Fifth Avenue entrance. Wood's Museum, Broadway, corner of Thirtieth Street, has a fair collection of curiosities and quite a number of wild ani mals. Connected with it is a theatre, in which dramatic performances are given every afternoon aud evening. This mu seum is the only legitimate successor of the famous " Barnum's." The Museum of Anatomy, ouBroadway, above Houston Street, is of more interest to the medical student and practical anat omist than to the casual visitor. To a sensitive person, unaccustomed to the wards of a hospital, it is a perfect cham ber of horrors. The reputable concert-halls are of two classes, those known as "gardens," aud those used only for occasional musical entertainments. Of the fiist named, the Central Park Garden and the Atlantic Garden are the best known and the lar gest. The Central Park Garden is a large frame building at Central Park terminus of the Seventh Avenue and Broadway Railroads. In the rear is an open-air 16 promenade, which is called a " garden." Every evuning during the summer season choice music is rendered by a fine or chestra to large audiences, who, seated around small tables, can enjoy the music, and at the same time partake of any of the delicacies provided at a first-class restaurant. It is frequented by people of all classes. The Atlantic Garden is in the Bowery, next door to the Bowery Theatre. It is conducted on the same principle as the Central Park Garden, but is seldom fre quented by any but Germans. There are many others of u. similar class scattered through the city. Steinway Hall, on Fourteenth Street, east of Broadway, is the leading hall for concerts, and is the favorite with the leading musicians, as it is not only an elegant room, but possesses fine acoustic properties. The hall of the Cooper Institute, Apol lo Hall, Irving Hall, Trenor's Lyric Hall, and many others, are used from time to time for concerts, lectures, etc. Two first-class places of Ethiopian en tertainment are open all the year round: ' " Dan Bryants," Twenty-third Street, near Sixth Avenue, and " Birch, Wam- bold, and Backus, San Francisco Min strels," on Broadway, opposite the Metro politan Hotel. The performances consist of delineations of negro peculiarities, singing, and dancing. Persons wishing to enjoy a hearty laugh cannot do better than to visit either of these places. The New York Circus was on Four teenth Street, nearly opposite the Acad emy of Music, but is now burned out. There is still another class of places of amusement which it is difficult to place under any distinct head, as they combine the attractions of music, dan cing (not ballet), gymnastics, eating, drinking, and out-of-door exercise. They are known by the name of " Gardens," which in some respects they merit, but they possess so many other attractions, that the garden, or alfresco department, is one of the least thought of. These gar dens are very numerous, and are, as a rule, located in the upper part of the city, in Hoboken, and in Jersey City; among them are the Liou Park Garden, on Eighth Avenue ; Jones's Wood, on the New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. East River, reached by Second qr Third Avenue cars ; Lanman's Park, on Third Avenue ; Elm Park on the Bloomingdale Road, and Funke's Park, foot of Sixty- seventh Street, East River. These gar dens are principally frequented by Ger mans, though the natives of the United States and other countries are gradually falling into the German custom of devot ing their holidays to this kind of pleasure. CHURCHES. There are 333 places of public worship in New York City, as follows: Baptist, SO ; Congregational, 5 ; Friends, 3 ; Jew ish, 27; Lutheran, 13; Methodist Epis copal, 45 ; Presbyterian, 55 ; Protestant Episcopal, 73 ; Reformed (Dutch), 18; Ro man Catholic, 39 ; Unitarian, 3 ; Univer salist, 4; and of miscellaneous creeds, 18. A few of the leading churches of each denomination are mentioned below, and strangers may always be sure of receiv ing polite attention, and of being shown to the best available seats. Baptist. — Calvary, 50 West Twenty- third Street ; R. J. W. Buckland, Minis ter. Fifth Avenue, West Forty-sixth Street, near Fifth Avenue ; Thomas Arrai- tage, Minister. Freewill Baptist, 104 West Seventeenth Street ; C. E. Blake, Minister. Madison Avenue, corner East Thirty-first Street; Henry G. Weston, Minister. Murray Hill, Lexington Avenue, corner East Thirty-seventh Street ; Sidney A. Corey, Minister. Tabernacle, 162 Sec ond Avenue ; J. R. Kendrick, Minister. Congregational. — Church of the Pil grims, 365 West Forty-eighth Street ; Seymour A. Baker, Minister. New Eng land, West Forty-first Street, near Sixth Avenue ; Lyman Abbott, Minister. Tab ernacle, Sixth Avenue, cor. West Thirty- fourth Street ; J. P. Thompson, Minister. Friends. — East Fifteenth Street, corner of Rutherford Place. Twentieth Street, East Twentieth Street, near Third Ave nue. Twenty-seventh Street, 43 West Twenty-seventh Street. Jewish Synagogues. — Temple, Fifth Ave nue, cor. East Forty-third Street. Adas Jeshurun, West Thirty-ninth Street, near Seventh Avenue. Adereth El, 135 East Twenty-ninth Street. Beth Cholim, 138 West Thirty-eighth Street. Beth El, 248 West Thirty-third Street. Lullieran. — Gustavus Adolphus, 91 East Twenty-second Street. Holy Trin ity, West Twenty-first Street, near Sixth Avenue ; G. F. Krotel, Minister. Luther an, Avenue B, corner East Ninth Street ; F. W. Foehlinger, Mmister. St. James, 216 East Fifteenth Street; A. C. Wede- kind, Minister. St. Luke's, 318 West Forty-third Street; G. W. Drees, Minis ter. Methodist Episcopal. — Eighteenth Street, 307 West Eighteenth Street. Fifty-third Street, 231 West Fifty-third Street. For ty-third Street, 253 West Forty-third Street. John Street, 44 John Street. Ladies' Five Points Home Mission, 61 Park Street. Rose Hill, 221 East Twen ty-seventh Street. St. Paul's, Fourth Avenue, cor. East Twenty-second Street. Trinity, 248 West Thirty-fourth Street. Twenty-fourth Street, 359 West Twenty- fourth Street. Presbyterian. — Brick, Fifth Avenue, cor. West Thirty-seventh Street ; Gardi ner Spring, Mmister. Church of the Cov enant, Fourth Avenue, cor. East Thirty- fifth Street; George L. Prentiss, Minis ter. Fifth Avenue, cor. East Nineteenth Street ; John Hall, Minister. First, Fifth Avenue, corner West Eleventh Street ; W. M. Paxton, Minister. Fortieth Street, East Fortieth Street, near Lexington Ave nue ; John E. Annan, Minister. Forty- second Street, 233 West Forty-second Street ; W. A. Scott, Mmister. Fourth Avenue, 286 Fourth Avenue ; Howard Crosby, Minister. Lexington Avenue, cor. East Forty-sixth Street ; Joseph San derson, Minister. Madison Square, Madi son Avenue, corner East Twenty-fourth Street ; William Adams, Minister. Rut gers, Madison Avenue, cor. East Twent}'- ninth Street ; N. W. Conkling, Minister. Twenty-third Street, 210 West Twenty- third Street; H. D. Northrup, Minister. University Place, corner Tenth Street ; A. H. Kellogg, Minister. Protestant Episcopal. — Calvary, Fourth Avenue, cor. East Twenty-first Street ; E. A. Washburn, Rector. Christ, Fifth Ave nue, cor. East Thirty-fifth Street ; F. C. Ewer, Rector. Du St. Esprit, 30 West Twenty-second Street ; A. Verren, Rec tor. Grace, 800 Broadway ; Henry Pot ter, Rector. St. Alban's, Lexington Ave nue, corner East Forty-seventh Street; 17 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. C. W. Morrill, Rector. St. Ann's, 7 West Eighteenth Street ; Thomas Gallaudet, Rector. St. George's, Rutherford Place, corner East Sixteenth Street; Stephen H. Tyng, Rector. St. John's, 46 Varick Street ; S. H. Weston, Rector. St. Mark's, Stuyvesant Street, near Second Avenue ; J. H. Rylance, Rector. St. Pauljs, Broad way, corner Vesey Street ; B. I. Haight, Minister. St. Thomas's, Fifth Avenue, corner West Fifty-third Street ; W. F. Morgan, Rector. Trinity, Broadway, cor ner Rector Street ; and the Chapels of St. Paul's, St. John's, and Trinity Chap el ; Morgan Dix, Rector ; F. Ogilby, Assistant Minister. Trinity Chapel, 15 West Twenty-fifth Street; C. E. Swope and C. T. Olmsted, Assistant Minis ters. Transfiguration, East Twenty-ninth Street, near Fifth Avenue ; G. H. Hough ton, Rector. The services at Trinity and Trinity Chapel are conducted in the English cathedral manner, with full choir of boys. Christ Church is Ritualistic, and St. Al- ban's represents the most advanced views of the Ritualists. St. George's Church is the largest and most influential of those belonging to the " Low Church " portion of this denomination. Reformed (Dutch). — Collegiate, Lafa yette Place, corner East Fourth Street; North Dutch, cor. William and Fulton Streets ; Fifth Avenue, cor. West Twenty- ninth Street ; Lecture-room, West Forty- eighth Street, near Fifth Avenue ; Thom as Dewitt, T. E. Vermilye, T. W. Cham bers, Ministers. North Dutch, J. L. Mc Nair, Missionary ; 103 Fulton Street. South, Fifth Avenue, cor. West Twenty- first Street; E. P. Rogers, Minister. Washington Square, Washington Square, east corner Washington Place ; Mancius S. Hutton, Minister. Roman Catholic. — St. Ann's, 149 Eighth Street, T. S. Preston, Priest. St. Francis Xavicr, 36 West Sixteenth Street ; J. Loy- zance, Priest. St. Patrick's Cathedral, cor. Mott aud Prince Streets ; Most Rev. John McCloskey, Archbishop ; Very Rev. William Starrs, Vicar-General; T. S. Preston, Chancellor; F. McNeimy, Sec retary ; P. F. McSweeney, J. H. McGean, and J. Kearney, Priests. St. Peter's, cor ner Barclay and Church Streets ; William Quinn, Priest. St. Stephen's, 149 East 18 Twenty-eighth Street ; E. McGlynn, Priest. St. Vincent de Paul, 127 West Twenty- third Street; Annet La Font, Priest. Most Holy Redeemer (German), 165 Third Street ; M. Leimgruber, Priest. St. Francis Savier is the Church of the Jesuits. Unitarian. — All Souls, Fourth Avenue, cor. East Twentieth Street ; H. W. Bel lows, Minister. Messiah, East Thirty- fourth Street, cor. Park Avenue ; Henry Powers, Minister. Third, West Fortieth Street, near Sixth Avenue ; 0. B. Froth- ingham, Minister. Universalist. — Third, 206 Bleecker St. ; D. K. Lee, Minister. Fourth, Fifth Ave nue, cor. West Forty-fifth Street ; E. H. Chapin, Minister. Our Saviour, 65 West Thirty-fifth Street; James M. Pullman, Minister. The following churches will be found especially attractive to the stranger, either on account of their architect. ural beauty, the character of the ser vices, or the associations connected with them : Trinity (Episcopal), Broadway, at the head of Wall Street. It is built of solid brown-stone, from foundation to spire, with the exception of the roof, which is wood. The walls of the church are fifty feet in height, and the whole edifice is generally recognized as one of the most elegant and cathedral-like on this conti nent. The height of the steeple is 284 feet. The graveyard of old Trinity occu pies nearly two acres of ground (or it did so at one time), and within it are many venerated tombs. Among them, those of Alexander Hamilton, who was shot by Aaron Burr; of Captain Lawrence, the hero of the " Chesapeake ; " of the un fortunate Charlotte Temple, and of many other distinguished people. The chief monument in the graveyard is that erected to the memory of the American patriots who died in British prisons while the city was under British rule. It is a very simple shaft of brown stone, resembling the monumental crosses often found in European cities, and, in purity of Gothic architecture, surpasses the church itself. Trinity is the oldest organized church in the city. The first edifice was destroyed by fire in 1776, and was rebuilt in 1790. It was afterward New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. (in 1839) pulled down. The present no ble structure was finished and conse crated iu 1846. The viewfrom the lookout in Trinity tower is the finest that can be afforded in the city of New York. It ex tends from the Highlands of New Jersey (aud, in clear weather, from Sandy Hook), far up into the Palisades, and up among the picturesque islands that throng the throat of Long Island Sound. The per quisite received by the sexton is merely nominal, and no stranger should quit the metropolis without making this famous ascent. St. Paul's (Episcopal), corner Broad way and Vesey Street. The oldest Epis copal Church iu the city is St. Paul's, which, like Trinity, is surrounded by the graves of a generation passed away. It is a ehapel of Trinity. Iu the churchyard are monuments of great interest, among them the splendid obelisk in memory of Robert Emmet, and the monument to George F. Cooke the actor, erected by Edmund Kean. Most interesting of all, is the monumentto General Montgomery, which is built into the wall of the church fronting Broadway. Grace Church (Episcopal), Broadway, corner of Eleventh Street. The most prominent object on Broadway is Grace Church, which, standing just at the point where that street deflects to the left, appears to block the way. It gracefully lifts its decorated, white, and slender spire above the gayety and worldliness below. The architecture, with, that of the adjoining rectory, is light and pleas ing. St. George's (Episcopal), corner Ruth erford Place and East Sixteenth Street. This is an elegant specimen of the purest Romanesque, or Byzantine, order of archi tecture, aud, with its two lofty towers looking to the east, and immense depth and height of wall, is certainly entitled to the first rank among the religious edifices of America. It is built of solid brown- stone, was erected in 1849, and its origi nal cost, including the adjoining chapel and rectory, was $280,000. The interior was completely destroyed by fire on the 14th of November, 1865, but was imme diately refitted, and it now — unsupported ay any visible columns either to gallery or roof — presents an appearance of re fined yet sumptuous magnificence. Its length from the rear of the chancel-recess to the outer walls of the towers is 150 feet, and its width, from inner wall to wall, 75 feet. The height from the ground to the peak of the roof is 100 feet — to the top of the towers about 245 feet. J'he ceiling, though of the simple, open order, is one of the most striking and effective features of the interior. The staining of the upper or loftier sections is a marvel of beauty and art, as are also the rose windows over the chancel. Christ (Episcopal), corner Fifth Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street. This church is built of brown-stone, but has no windows. It is lighted by glass domes, and the in terior is elaborately and splendidly paint ed. The Church of the Transfiguration (Episcopal) is situated on the north side of Twenty-ninth Street, just east of Fifth Avenue, and, with its adjoining chapel aud rectory, more interesting from its quaint irregularity and air of seclusion than for any architectural pretensions, Indeed, it may be said to have no archi tecture at all. The original edifice was erected about fourteen years ago. From time to time, as the congregation grew iu numbers and wealth, additions were made, by appending a little chapel at this end, a porch at that end, and a wing at the side, until finally the original build ing itself disappeared, and gave place to another equally quaint and plain. It is known as the "little church round the corner." The principal feature of the Interior is the picture, directly behind the pulpit, of the Ascension, a copy from Raphael ; aud the entire interior is in keeping with the picturesqueness of the church as seen from the street. Trinity Chapel (Episcopal), Twenty- fifth Street, near Broadway. This is au elegant church, extending from Twenty- fifth to Twenty-sixth Street. The service is choral. St. Thomas's (Episcopal) is a very ele gaut church in all its appointments, cornel of Fifth Avenue and Fifty-third Street. Tabernacle (Congregational) Sixth Ave nue, corner 'West Thirty-fourth Street. The style of this church is Gothic, and its interior arrangements are in perfect 19 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. accord with its elegant exterior. The pulpit and organ screen are beautifully carved. St. PauVs (Methodist Episcopal), Fourth Avenue, corner Twenty-second Street, is one of the finest churches in the city. It is in the Romanesque style, aud is built entirely of white marble. Brick Church (Presbyterian), Fifth Avenue, corner West Thirty-seventh Street. This is a large church, and is particularly interesting as the successor of the " Old Brick Church," which once stood on Park Row, at the corner of Beekman Street. Rev. Dr. Spring, the pastor, is the oldest clergyman in New York. University Place (Presbyterian). Uni versity Place, corner Tenth Street, is handsomely built of stone. Over the main entrance is a fine Gothic window. First Presbyterian, Fifth Avenue, cor ner West Eleventh Street, is also a fine stone building. Washington Square (Dutch Reformed), East Washington Place, fronting Wash ington Square. This church is built of rough granite in the Gothic style, having two towers. The interior is striking, and the carved work of the pulpit, etc., is very fine. St. Patrick's Cathedral (Roman Catho lic), corner of Mott and Prince Streets, will accommodate two thousand people. The exterior is unattractive, but the in terior is quite striking. The ceiling is very lofty, aud is supported by massive pillars. Church of the Most Holy Redeemer (Roman Catholic), 165 Third Street, near Avenue A, is a German church, which cost over $100,000. It is in the Byzan tine style of architecture, and has a su perbly-ornamented interior. The col umns supporting the roof are of white marble, and the spire is two hundred and sixty-five feet iu height. St. Stephen's (Roman Catholic), 149 East Twenty-eighth Street, extends from Twenty-eighth to Twenty-ninth Street. It is a very large church, and possesses the most expensive and elegant altar in the country, while the paintings with which it is adorned are exquisite works of art. St. Peter's (Roman Catholic), Barclay, 20 corner of Church Street, is one of the oldest churches in the city. The Unitarian Church of the Messiah, occupying a commanding site at the northwest corner of Thirty-fourth Street and Park Avenue, was only completed in April, 1868. The architecture may be best expressed as the Rhenish-Gothic style. It is built of brick, with gray sandstone trimmings, and covers a space, including the chapel, of eighty by one hundred and forty-five feet. The en trance, on Thirty-fourth Street, is of light- colored stone, elaborately carved, and a little gem as a piece of architecture. Immediately adjoining the Church of the Messiah, and occupying the avenue block between Thirty-fifth and Thirty- sixth Streets, is the larger and more elab orate Presbyterian Church of ihe Cove nant. Its dedication dates three years prior to that of its neighbor. It is of the Lombardo-Gothic style of architect ure, and, in many of its characteristics, is worthy the attention of the student in that branch of art. It faces the avenue, and is built of rich gray-stone. The new Jewish Synagogue, on Fifth Avenue, corner of East Forty-third Street, is worthy of study, as the purest example of the Moresque style of architecture in this country. The churches here specified are but a very small proportion of those worthy of a visit, and the tourist will find iu his walks through the city elegant churches in every quarter. St. Patrick's Cathedral, Fifth Avenue, corner Fifty-first Street, is now slowly building. It was projected by the late Archbishop Hughes, who laid the cor- ner-stone in 1858. The ground occu pied (extreme length, 332 feet; general breadth, 132 feet, with an extreme breadth at the transepts of 174 feet) is the most elevated on Fifth Avenue, there being a gradual descent both toward the south, aud toward Central Park, on the north. A stratum of solid rock — which in soma places is 20 feet below the surface, necessitating a, cutting into steps to receive the mason-work — supports the foundations, which are of immense blocks of stone, laid by derricks in cement mor tar. The first base-course is of Maine granite. The material above the base- New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. sourse is of white marble — a highly crys talline stone, productive of very beautiful effects, especially in the columns and elaborations of the work. The style of the building is decorated Gothic. The height of the two towers will be 328 feet each. PARKS AND PUBLIC SQUAKES. The great boast and pride of New York is its Central Park, a rectangular area of 843 acres, extending from Fifty-ninth to One Hundred and Tenth Street, aud from Fifth to Eighth Avenue. The first surveys for the park were commenced in June, 1856, and, in the fourteen years which have elapsed since that time, the swamps, bowlders, and rugged spurs of bare rock, which then existed, have been transformed into a scene of rare beauty : swamps have been changed into beautiful lakes ; the bare rocks have been covered with earth; large trees now stand where theu all was desolation ; bowlders and spurs have been changed to mounds and hills ; the level portions have become lawns of emerald, and the very defects which once seemed fatal have, by means of engineering skill, become the most attractive features. With admirable forethought, the de signer of the park provided for the in evitable business transportation across its width, by means of four sunken roads, or subways, so that they do not interfere in any way with the beauty of the sce nery or the pleasure of visitors. The Old and New Reservoirs consti tute prominent features of the park. The former is 1,826 feet in length, and 835 feet wide, and has a capacity of 150,000,- 000 gallons. The latter, constructed at the time of the park, is a gigantic work, and, considered in connection with the Croton Aqueduct and the admirable wa ter system of New York, is worthy the attention of every stranger. The area of this vast basin is 106 acres, and its capacity over 1,000,000,000 gallons. The nearest approach is by the gates at Nine tieth and Ninety-sixth Streets, on the Fifth Avenue. The summit of the reser voir walls serves as a pleasant prome nade, and commands a fine view. The gate-houses are massive structures of granite. The Lakes are among the most at tractive features of the park; they are five in number, and embrace an area of 43i acres. The largest is a beautiful sheet of water, lying between Seventy- second and Seventy-ninth Streets. Upon its surface are numerous pleasure-boats, which, in summer, are generally filled with gayly-dressed visitors, and, with the beautiful swans, produce a charming ef fect. The Mall is a delightful promenade, perfectly level, and terminating in the Terrace. It is provided with seats, and it is here that the free, open-air concerts are given. It always presents an ani mated appearance. Descending from the Terrace which forms the upper part of the Mall, and the plateau which it traverses, the visitor is conducted by a flight of stairs to the Lake. The Ramble, covering an area of 36 acres of sloping hills, extends from the Old Reservoir to Central Lake. It abounds in pleasant, shady walks, and is much frequented by park visitors. The Stone Arch, on the western slope of the Ramble, is much admired. The Cave and the Tunnel are also objects of inter est. The Belvedere is located upon the rocky point at the southwestern corner of the small reservoir, on the highest ground in the Ramble. As the name indicates, its object is to afford to visitors a suitable place from which to obtain comprehen sive views of the park. The style of architecture is different from any thing in this country, and, as some portions are left open, the whole presents an entirely different appearance from every point of view, the general effect being that of a cluster of quaint houses around a tower, such as is often seen upon the Rhine. A due regard to the laws of architectural harmony has been observed, and there is no such extent of front, or altitude of tower, as would tend to dwarf the other structures in the park. The tower, on the southeasterly extremity of the building, is so located as to be in the central line of the Mall, and is there fore the first and most prominent object upon which the eye rests, as one walks up the Mall toward the lake. It com mands attractive views of the whole of 21 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. the lower park and of the expanse of the two reservoirs, together with glimpses of many of the most beautiful spots iu the upper park. Every convenience will be afforded to visitors to avail themselves of the advantages of the Belvedere. The Museum is contained iu a castel lated structure formerly occupied as a State arsenal, near Fifth Avenue and Sixty-fourth Street. The art collection is small, but of much promise. Here, during the winter months, are housed the few animals which it is intended shall form the nucleus of a future Zoological Garden. The Green, Play-ground, Dove cot, and the Knoll, are all frequented spots. In the upper park are the ruins of the redoubts used in the Revolutionary War, guarding McGowan's Pass, where there was some sharp fighting. In the north eastern portion is still to be seen a part of the " Old Boston Road," the first road ever made out of New York on the east side of the island. There are about ten miles of carriage ways, six of bridle-paths, aud thirty of foot-paths in the park, and additions are constantly being made to them. The refreshment - saloons, bridges, shelters, arches, and, in fact, all the architectural features of the park, are in perfect har mony with the scenery. The means of conveyance to the park are the Third Avenue, Broadway, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Avenue cars, and by the Belt Line. Once at the park, car riages are found at the entrances for hire, and also the Central Park omnibuses, which are so constructed as to afford every passenger a good view, only carry as many as can comfortably sit in them, and charge twenty-five cents for each passenger. In each trip they pass through all those portions of the park accessible by carriages, stopping at the most desirable points for views. Mount Morris Square is an abrupt hill, rising from a plain where there are no other hills. It has an area of about twenty acres, "heads off" Fifth Avenue at One Hundred and Twentieth Street, and extends as far north as One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Street. Hamilton Square, fifteen acres in ex tent, is bounded by Sixty-sixth and Sixty- 22 ninth Streets, and Third and Fourth Ave nues. Reservoir Square extends from Fifth to Sixth Avenue, between Fortieth and Forty-second Streets, aud has an extent of several acres. The granite " Distribut ing Reservoir" of the Croton Aqueduct stands on the portion bounded by Fifth Avenue. Madison Square is six acres in extent, and lies between Twenty-third and Twen- ty-sixth Streets, and Madison and Fifth Avenues. The Fifth Avenue Hotel, Hoff man House, and many other fine hotels, the Union League Club-house, and nu merous elegant private residences, sur round this, which is one of the most fashionable squares in the city. On the west side, at the junction of Broadway and Twenty-fifth Street, stands u, monu ment to General Worth. Tompkins Square, between Avenues A and B, and Seventh and Tenth Streets, contains between ten and eleven acres, and is paved in concrete, being used as a mili tary parade-ground. Sluyvesant Square is divided in the centre by the passage of the Second Av enue. It extends from Fifteenth to Sev enteenth Street. Saint George's Church (Rev. Dr. Tyng) is upon the west side of this park. The enclosure consists of three acres, and was presented by the late P. G. Stuyvesant to the church. Gramercy Park, on Twentieth Street, a little to the northeast of Union Square, is a charming ground, belonging to the owners of the elegant private homes around it. Lexington Avenue and Ir ving Place are iu the immediate vicin- ity. Union Park was at one time one of the most aristocratic portions of New York. It is of an oval shape, forms the cen tre of Union Square, aud is bounded by Fourteenth aud Seventeenth Streets, Broadway, aud Fourth Avenue. It ia filled with trees, has a fountain in tho centre, as have almost all the parks, and is generally thronged with people passing to aud fro, or resting under the trees. At its lower eastern extremity is the bronze equestrian statue of Washington by Henry K. Browne, and a companion stat ue of Lincoln has been erected at the lower western extremity. It is sur- New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. rounded by elegant hotels and resi dences, which are rapidly yielding to the pressure of business, and becoming re placed by stores. Washington Square (Parade-ground) is a pleasant down-town park, a little west of Broadway, with Waverley Place and Fourth Street on the north and south sides, and upon the east the grand mar ble edifice of the New York University and Dr. Button's beautiful Gothic church. A fountain occupies the centre of these grounds, which embrace about nine acres. This square was originally the " Potter's Field " of New York, and it is estimated has received the remains of over 100,000 beings. During the winter and spring of 1871, Fifth Avenue was extended to Laurens Street, crossing and bisecting this park, and opening another artery through the city. The City Hall Park has almost ceased to exist as such, and is now more a res ervation for public buildings. It is a, triangular piece of ground, containing about nine acres. It contains at its up per end the City Hall, New Court-house, and several other public buildings. The lower end has been sold to the United States for the site of the new Post-Office, which is now in process of erection. Bowling Green, bo called from the fact that, previous to the Revolution, it was used as such, is near the Battery, at the commencement of Broadway. It is of an oval form, surrounded by an iron railing, and is the oldest public ground in the city, having served as the Dutch parade-ground and market-place. It was enclosed in 1732, and was once the central point of the most aristocratic neighborhood in the city. The Battery was once a most beautiful spot, and the favorite promenade of all classes. About ten acres in extent, and at the most southern point of the island, at the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers, it was surrounded by the most elegant private residences, while un der its shady trees both rich and poor could enjoy the magnificent view of the bay and the bracing sea-air. Connected with it was a fortification, which still ex ists under the name of Castle Garden, having been first a fort, then an opera- house, and now a receiving depot for immi grants. The limits of the Battery are now iu process of extension ; though not yet finished, much has been done within the past year to restore this spot to its original beauty. PUBLIC AND PROMINENT BUILDINGS, AND PLACES NOT OTHERWISE CLASSIFIED. MUNICIPAL. City Hall, in the Park, is a white mar ble building, one of the finest in the coun try. The library, Governor's room, etc., etc., are all worth visiting. The New Court-house, in the rear of the City Hall, is a fine building of white marble. The Chambers Street portico is to have a row of Corinthian columns, and when completed will be the most beauti ful in America. The dome is to be like that of the Capitol in Washington. There are several other city buildings in the Park of no particular interest. The Tombs is a granite prison occupy ing the entire square bounded by Centre, Leonard, Elm, and Franklin Streets. It is pure Egyptian in its architecture. City Arsenal, Seventh Avenue, corner of Thirty-fifth Street, is a large brick build ing, pierced for musketry, and so ar ranged that it could easily be defended agamst a mob. Washington Market, foot of Fulton Street, on the Hudson River, is the rep- ' resentativ'e market of the city. Here, es pecially on a Saturday morning in sum mer, we will find, radiating from the mar ket building as a centre, miles upon miles of market-wagons, extending upon both sides of the convergent streets. The crowd of eager buyers and sellers, and the clamor of drivers and vehicles, form the most exciting scene that New York ever presents. The Distributing Reservoir ofthe Croton Aqueduct, Fifth Avenue, from Fortieth to Forty-second Street, is of granite, in the Egyptian style of architecture. NATIONAL. Cuslom-House. — -Wall Street, cor. of William. This building, at one time, was known as the Merchants' Exchange, famous for the great granite plinths of the columns that support the pediment 23 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York CiTi. of the front elevation. Its dimensions are a depth of 200 feet, a frontage of 144 feet, and a rear breadth of 171 feet. Its height to the top of the central dome is 124 feet. Beneath this dome, in the interior of the building, is the Rotun da, around the sides of which are eight lofty columns of Italian marble, the su perb Corinthian capitals of which were carved in Italy. They support the base of the dome, and are probably the largest and noblest marble columns in the country. The Sub-Treasury and Assay-Office is a white marble building at the corner of Nassau and Wall Streets. It was con structed for, and long used as, the Custom house of the port of New York, now removed to the neighboring premises formerly known as the Merchants' Ex change. The building is a handsome and imposing one, and is a fine specimen of the Doric order of architecture. It is 200 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 80 feet high. The main entrance ou Wall Street is made by a flight of eighteen marble steps, while on Pine Street, in the rear, the acclivity of the ground brings the entrance almost on a level with the street. The old Federal Hall used to stand on this same site, and the spot is rendered classic from its being that whereon Washington delivered his inaugural address. Standing at the comer of the Treas ury, a person beholds an extraordinary scene. At the head of Wall Street, on Broadway, the lofty spire of Trinity tow ers far above us ; looking down, we can, through the vista of banks and brokers' offices, catch a glimpse of Brooklyn and the East River ; a turn of the head, and narrow, busy-thronged Nassau Street stretches out like a gorge of brick and stone, while a glance down Broad Street gives a view of a series of elegant build ings on either side of the way, for a block aud a half. Chief among these is the handsome edifice mainly occupied by the Board of Brokers, on the right-hand side looking down. The Post-Office, at the corner of Nas sau and Liberty Streets, is an irregular, unsightly, and uncouth edifice, moulded from an old Dutch Church, which, iu the - time of the Revolution, was used by the English as a cavalry-stable. 24 The New Post-Office, which is now building at the lower end of the Park, will, when finished, be one of the most magnificent buildings in the city. EDUCATIONAL AND CHARITABLE. The New York University occupies a grand Gothic edifice of white marble, upon the east side of Washington Square, Wooster Street, corner Waverley Place. This structure is a fine example of pointed architecture, not unlike that of King's College, Cambridge, England. The chap el — in the central building — is, with ita noble window, 50 feet high and 24 feet wide, one of the most beautiful rooms in the country. The whole edifice is 200 feet in length, and 100 feet deep. It was founded in 1831. A valuable library and philosophical apparatus are attached to the University. Columbia College, on Fiftieth Street, near Fifth Avenue, is an ancient estab lishment, having been chartered by George II. in 1754, under the title of King's. Col lege. Until within a few years back, it Occupied a site in Park Place. The green lawns adjoining its old site have long since been built over. The college has a president and twelve professors, a library of 20,000 volumes, and a museum. The College of the City of New York, in Twenty-third Street, corner of Lexing ton Avenue, is a Gothic structure well suited to the purpose for which it is de signed. It is a part of the common- school system, and is free. Rutgers Female College is immediately opposite the Distributing Reservoir, on Fifth Avenue. It was removed to its pres ent locality only a short time ago, and has proved very successful. The building, or series of buildings, were originally erected for dwellings — as, indeed, the two end buildings are at present occupied, the College using the central portion. The General Tlieological Seminary of the Episcopal Church occupies the entire square bounded by Ninth and Tenth Ave nues, and Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets. The College of St. Francis Xavier (Ro man Catholic) was founded in 1850. It is on Fifteenth Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The Union Theological Seminary, New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. founded in 1836, is at 9 University Place, just above the New York University. Ladies of the Sacred Heart, Manhattan- ville. (See " Places of Interest above Cen tral Park.") Five Points House of Industry, 155 Worth Street, and Five Points Mission, 61 Park Street, face each other on what was once the moat dangerous and vilest portion of the city. *Roman Catholic Orphan Asylums (Girls), corner Prince and Mott Streets ; (Boys), Fifth Avenue, corner Fifty-first Street. These are both large and pros perous institutions, as are many others of a similar character. Those located above the entrance to Central Park are described in "Places of Interest above Central Park " (page 26). New York Institution for the Blind. This is a large aud handsome building on Ninth Avenue, between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Streeta. The pupils are of two classea — those whose circumstances enable them to pay for their board and -tuition, and those who are poor. The expenses of the latter are borne by the State. Visitors received on Wednesdays from 9 A. M. to 5 p. M. St. Luke's Hospital, on Fifth Avenue, corner of Fifty-fourth Street, is one of the most noticeable objects on the avenue. Mellevue Hospital (City) is at the foot of East Twenty-sixth Street, and is the largest hospital in the city. OTHER PLACES AND BUILDINGS OF INTEREST. The Kennedy House, No. 1 Broadway, facing the Bowling Green, was, during the Revolution, successively the residence of Lord Comwallis, General Clinton, Lord Howe, and General Washington. The Corn Exchange, located at the up per end of Whitehall Street, was arected a few yeara ago. It is. built of brick, is a noble structure, and will amply repay a visit of inspection. The Slock Exchange and Gold Room are in Broad Street, below Wall Street. The Equitable Life Assurance Com pany's Building, at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway, is built of granite, and is probably the most solid and sub stantial structure iu the city. Doric ia the pattern of the lower stories, compos ite of those immediately above, and the 2 upper part is finished in the renaissance or Mansard roof style. The entire build ing has a frontage of 87 feet on Broad way, is 187 feet deep on Cedar Street, and is 137 feet high. The Park Bank, one of the most strik ing fronts on Broadway, and New York Herald Building, which holds the same place in regard to the newspaper offices of the city, are both built of white marble. They occupy the site of the old " Barnum's Museum," on Broadway, at the foot of the Park, oppo site " old St. Paul's." New York Life Insurance Company Building, at the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, is one of the handsomest structures iu the city. The exterior of the building is very imposing. It is of pure white marble, in the Ionic order of architecture, the design having been suggested by the Temple of the Erecthe- us, at Athens. The chief entrance is highly ornamented, and the entire cost was about one million dollars. The Freight Depot of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroads is in Hudson Street, below Canal Street, occu pying the site of St. John's Park. This de pot, besides being notable for its immense size, is surmounted by the great "Van- derbilt Bronze," the largest in the world, and illustrating the entire life of Corne lius Vanderbilt. Stewart's Retail Store is the largest in the world. It occupies the entire square bounded by Ninth and Tenth Streets, Broadway and Fourth Avenue. It is built of iron, and is considered fire-proof. The Mercantile Library, Clinton Hall, is in Eighth Streeet near Broadway, and in the immediate vicinity of the Cooper In stitute, the Astor Library, and Bible House. It was founded in 1820, and was first opened at 49 Fulton Street. This building was originally known as the Astor Place Opera-House, and was the stone of the great Macready riota in 1848. The Astor Library, on Lafayette Place near Astor Place, was founded by John Jacob Astor, who endowed it with the sum of $400,000. The building, erected in 1853, 65 feet by 120, was enlarged iu 1857 by the addition of auother building corresponding in aize to the original. It is of brick, ornamented with brown-stone 25 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York Cirr. in the Romanesque style, and cost $140,- 000. The Library Hall is 50 feet high, and approached by a flight of 38 marble steps. The collection of books consti tutes one of the largest and most valua ble public libraries on the continent. Open daily (except Sundays and holidays), from 9 to 5 o'clock. The Cooper Institute ( Union) occupies a magnificent brown-atone edifice oppo site the Bible House on Astor Place, at the point where the union of the Third and Fourth Avenues forms the Bowery. Its main front, 143 feet long, is on Eighth Street. It was founded by the generous munificence of Peter Cooper, au eminent merchant of New York. It is devoted to the free education of the people in the practical arts and sciences, and was pub licly opened in November, 1859, with over 2,000 students, and contains a free reading-room and library. One of its departments is a School of Design for women. The basement is devoted to the purposes of a lecture-room. The build ing cost about $600,000. The Bible House is a conspicuous edi fice, occupying the space bounded by Third and Fourth Avenues and Eighth and Ninth Streets. It has a street front age of 700 feet, and is six stories high. The principal entrance, on Fourth Avenue, has four columns, surmounted by a cor nice. It is built of brick, and cost $300,- 000. It is the property of the American Bible Society, and here all the operations of that important organization are car ried on. Upward of 500 operatives are employed. The New York Historical Society build ing is on the corner of Second Avenue and Tenth Street, is fire-proof, is built of stone, and contains a library of rare books, per taining to the history of the country ; also medals, coins, etc., the Nineveh Marbles, Dr. Abbott's Egyptian Collection, and many other objects of interest. New York Society Library, No. 67 Uni versity Place, contains the oldest and one of the most valuable collections of books in the city. The "Public Library," com menced 1700, during the provincial gov ernorship of the Earl of Beflamont, formed the nucleus of the present library. The National Academy of Design — the chief art institution of America — was 28 founded in 1826, since which time it haa steadily advanced in Influence and use fulness. It occupies a prominent locale at the corner of Fourth Avenue and Twenty-third Street, fronting on the lat ter. The front is constructed of West chester County marble, banded with grey- wacke.; is in the Gothic style of architect ure of the thirteenth century, and pre sents a unique and pleasing appearance. Ycrung Men's Christian Association Building, directly opposite the Academy of Design, on the southwest corner of Fourth Avenue and Twenty-third Street, is the building of the Young Men's Christian Association. Its dimensions are 175 feet on Twenty-third Street, 83 feet on Fourth Avenue, and 97 feet at the rear. The material is New Jersey brown-stone, and the yellowish marble from Ohio, in almost equal parts. The building con tains twenty-five apartments in all, in cluding gymnasium, library, lecture- rooms, offices, etc., and has cost about $300,000. Park Avenue, as that portion of Fourth Avenue is called which is arched to per mit the passage of the Harlem cars, is very beautiful, the centre of the av enue, beneath which the road passes, being laid out as a auccession of grass- plats and flower beds. Broadway, from the Battery to Union Square, is lined with splendid stores. Fifth Avenue, above Twenty-third Street, presents a succession of elegant residences and churches. Stewart's Palace. — Of all the splendid buildings on Fifth Avenue, none will probably ever be so famous as the mar ble palace of Mr. A. T. Stewart, at the corner of Thirty-fourth Street. It is the most costly and luxurious private resi dence on the continent. It is built of white marble, and cost over $2,000,000. For prominent Club-Houses, seep. 11. For Churches, see page 17. For Places of Amusement, see page 1 5. For Parks, etc., see page 21. PLACES OP INTEREST ABOVE CEN TRAL PARK. The following places are reached by what is known as the Bloomingdale Road, which is merely a continuation of Broad way. New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. The Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane (Lunatic Asylum), and the New York Orphan Asylum, are in the upper part of the island, on the line of one of the pleasautest drives about New York. It occupies a most attractive and com manding site on West One Hundred and Seventeenth Street, near Tenth Av enue. The principal building is 211 feet in length, and four stories high. The Orphan Asylum, on Bloomingdale Road, near Seventy-fourth Street, is 120 feet long by 60, and has nine acres of ground attached, commanding a fine view of the river on either side. The following places are reached by the Bloomingdale Road, also by the drive through Central Park and Harlem Lane, to the Bloomingdale Road at One Hun dred and Twenty-fifth Street, and by Hud son River Railway, or Eighth Avenue cars, to One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street (Manhattanville). Stages beyond. Manhattan College, a large and flourish ing Roman Catholic institution in Man hattanville. Convent of the Ladies of ihe Sacred Heart. — This convent and school for young ladies is beautifully situated on a hill at about One Hundred and Thirtieth Street. It is surrounded by park-like grounds, and has one of the most charm ing little chapels in the country. Sheltering Arms. — An infant asylum of the Epiacopal Church, ia situated on One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Street. The Colored Orphan Asylum ia a large and handaome building, near One Hun dred and Forty-third Street. The Deaf and Dumb Asylum occupies a conspicuous locale at Fanwood, West One Hundred and Sixty-second Street, near Bloomingdale Road (Washington Heights). It is reached by the cars of the Hudson River Railroad. The principal building, 110 by 60 feet, aud five stories high, has accommodation for between 200 and 300 pupils. Admission daily from 12 to 4 o'clock, p. m. The New York Juvenile. Asylum, One Hundred and Seventy-fifth Street, near Tenth Avenue and High Bridge, is a no ble charily. '^Audubon Park is on the Hudson Riv er; foot of One Hundred and Fifty-fourth •.Street. It is one of the most charming collection of private residences in the country. It was formerly the resideuce of Audubon the naturalist, and his house still remains. For Fort Washington, One Hundred and Eighty-first Street and Hudsou River, Fort Tryon, One Hundred and Ninety- fifth Street and Hudson River, and King't Bridge, see "Trip up the Hudson," page 39. High Bridge, by which the Croton Aqueduct is carried across the Harlem River, can be reached in a variety of ways, for which see page 29. The material employed in erecting this magnificent structure — the most impor tant connected with the Croton Aqueduct — is granite throughout. It spans the whole width of the valley and river, from cliff to cliff, at a point where the latter is six hundred and twenty feet wide, and the former a quarter of a mile. It is composed of eight arches, each with a span of eighty feet, and the elevation of the arches gives one hundred feet clear of the river from their lower side. There are, besides these, a, number of arches rising from the ground, with an average span of forty-five feet each. The water is led over the bridge, a distance of one thousand four hundred and fifty feet, in immense iron pipes, as great in diameter as the stature of a tall man, and over all is a pathway for pedestrians. On the lofty bank at its southern end, the offi cers of the Croton Aqueduct are con structing an immense reservoir for the supply of the upper portion of the city, which is too high ground to receive a supply from the level of the aqueduct. The water will be raised into this reser voir by powerful engines. From this point is to be had a most comprehensive and beautiful view of the city, the isl ands in the East River, -Long Island, the Harlem River, and Spuyten Duyvel Creek, and the elegant farms and villas of West chester County. CEMETERIES. Calvary. — Newtown L. I. Two miles from East Tenth Street Ferry.* * Reached from ferries 1> v horse or steam railways, or both ; an inquiry at any of the ferries will afford the stranger information as to his best route. 27 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. Cypress Hills. — Myrtle Avenue and Jamaica Plauk Road, five miles from the Williamsburgh ferries.* Evergreen. — Between Cypress Hills and Williamsburgh.* Greenwood. — Gowanus Heights, Brook lyn.* Lutheran. — Jamaica turnpike near Middle Village, L. I. Four miles from Williamsburgh ferries.* Mount Olivet. — On the old Flushing Turnpike, near Maspeth, 3} miles from Williamsburgh ferries.} Trinity Church. — From Hudson River to Tenth Avenue, between One Hundred and Fifty-third and One Hundred and Fif ty-sixth Streets. ART GALLERIES, ETC. Academy op Design.— Fourth Avenue, corner of Twenty-third Street. This is the chief art institution of America, is considered a very beautiful building, and contains a central hall, picture-galleries, and sculpture-room, lecture, reading, li brary, and council-rooms. Goupil's (Knoedler's), corjier of Fifth Avenue and Twenty-second Street, Schaus's, 749 Broadway, and Snedecor's, 768 Broadway, are well-known art em poriums. There are a number of fine private col lections in the city, to which access can only be had through an introduction from a friend. SHORT PLEASURE EXCURSIONS. Astoria, L. I. — Academy, gardens, etc. (See " Trip up the East River.") Reached by ferries. (See Ferries.) Babylon.— Fishing, etc. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 2.) Bay Side. — Clams and beautiful sce nery. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 3.) Bedloe's Island. — Fort. (See "Trip down the Bay.") BlackweWs Island. — Reformatory Insti tutions. (See " Trip up the East River.") * Reached from ferries by horse or steam railways, or both; an inquiry at any of the ferries will afford the stranger information as to his best route. t Reached by ferries, street -cars, and gtages. 28 Brighton. — Fashionable resort. (See " Staten Island," " Trip down the Bay.") Brushville. — Popular resort. (See "Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) Cedarmere. — Home of William C. Bry ant — beautiful scenery. (See "Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) College Point. — Summer resort. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 3.) Coney Island. — Bathing. (See "Trip down the Bay.") Croton Dam. — The head of the Croton Aqueduct. Reached by steamer on the Hudson, by N. Y. Central aud Hudson River Railroad to Croton Station, and by Harlem Railroad to Croton Falls, thence by private conveyance. (See "Trip up the Hudson.") East Hampton. — Retired bathing. (See "Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) Ellis Island. — Fort. (See " Trip down the Bay.") Fire Island. — Fishing, bathing, and boating. (See " Trips through Long Isl and," No. 2.) Fishitig Banks. — During the season, special popular excursions by steamers are of almost daily occurrence. They convey passengers to the best localities for sea-fishing, furnishing all the necessa ry conveniences. (See ¦ advertisements in the papers.) Flatbush. — Battle-ground. (See "Trips through Long Island," No. 4.) Flushing. — Botanical Garden, etc. (Set " Trips through Long Island," No. 3.) Fordham. — Westchester County. A pleasant place, the seat of one of the leading Roman Catholic colleges iu the country. Reached by Harlem Railroad, or by private conveyance. Fort Lee. — Popular resort. (See "Trip up the Hudson.") Reached by ferry, which see. Fort Hamilton. — Large fortification on Long Island, five miles from the city. (See " Trip down the Bay.") Glen Cove. — Fishing, boating, etc. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) Governor's Island. — -Fortifications. (See " Trip down the Bay.") Gravesend. — Fishing and shooting. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 4.) Great Neck. — Clams. (See " Trms through Long Island," No. 3.) Greenpoint. — Bathing and Fishing. New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. (See "Trips through Long Island," No. Greenwood Cemetery. — (See Brooklyn.) Reached by street cars connecting with ferries. Hell Gale. — Dangerous tideway. (See " Trip up East River.") Hempstead. — Stewart's new village for working-men. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) High Bridge of the Croton Aqueduct across Harlem River. — One of the finest bridges in the world. Reached by Third Avenue Railroad, Eighth Avenue Railroad, Harlem Railroad, and connecting stages, by private conveyance, or by Harlem River excursion steamers, which touch at several East River slips, commencing at Peck Slip. The Eastern Division Belt Line Railroad pasaea all theae slips. By taking this route, the visitor obtains a fine view of the city, and of the islands iu the East River. Hoboken and Weehawken, N. J. — Two charming summer resorts on the Hudson River, opposite the city. The Elysian Fields are in Hoboken, and it waa at Weehawken that Burr killed Hamilton. Reached by Hoboken ferriea, which aee. At Seacaucus, on the plank-road from Hoboken to Pateraon, and about five milea from the former point, are the race course of the Hudson County Association, and the training-stables of Colonel Mc- Daniels. Hyde Park. — (See "Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) Islip. — Bathing, boating, and fishing. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 2.) Jamaica. — Union race-course, beauti ful bay. (See "Trips through Long Isl and," No. 1.) . Jerome Park. — A fashionable and beau tiful race-course in Westchester County, near the Harlem River. Reached by pri vate conveyance or Harlem Railroad. Persons visiting this park can secure a most charming drive, by going by the way of King's Bridge, and returning by Macomb's Dam Bridge, at Harlem. They will thus ride nearly the whole length of Spuyten Duyvel Creek and the Harlem River, and pass through the most beauti ful suburbs of the city. Long Branch, N. J. — Fashionable wa- terhig-place. (See New Jersey, Route iii.) Reached by steamer from pier 32, North River, to Monmouth, thence by rail. Patchogue. — Bathing, boating, etc. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 2.) Paterson, N. J. — Beautiful falls. (See New Jersey, Route vii.) Quogue. — Fishing and bathing. (Set " Trips through Long Island," No. 1.) Randall's Island. — Juvenile Reforma tory Institutions. (See "Trip up East River.") Rockaway Beach. — Bathing, fishing, etc. (See "Trips through Long Island," No. 2-) Ronkonkoma Pond. — Boating and fish ing, etc. (See " Trips through Long Isl and," No. 1.) Slaten Island. — Fine drives, beautiful views, etc. Reached by ferries from New York and Brooklyn. (See Ferries ; also see " Trip down the Bay.") Throgg's Point, L. I.ySee " Trip up the East River.") Ward's Island. — Emigrant hospitals, etc. (See " Trip up the East River.") Whitestone. — Summer resort. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 3.) Willetts Point. — Summer resort. (See " Trips through Long Island," No. 3.) •For all places between New York and Albany, see " Trip up the Hudson." Note. — To obtain the latest informa tion in reference to the time and place of departure of railway trains, see Apple- tons' Railway Guide. For steamers, see " Mackey's Office Directory," which can be found in every hotel and large busi ness house in the city. TRIP DOWN THE BAT. The more easily and logically to notice the islands in the harbor, and in the East River, we have concluded to make two trips in our own steamer, touching at these points, and informing our readers how they can reach the same points in a less direct manner. We will start from the Battery, and first stop at — Governor's Island, opposite the Battery. It is scarcely more than a mile in circum ference, yet it contains Fort Columbus, Castle Williams, a powerful water bat- tery, aud a United States Arsenal. It is now used as a receiving depot for 29 New York City.] NEW YORK. [New York City. recruits, but the fortifications are heavily mounted with sea-coast guns. Access is secured by means of small boata, which can be hired at Whitehall, by the post and ordnance-barges which leave the barge-house on the Battery, and by the Government steamer, which makes two trips a day from Whitehall pier, next to the South Ferry. The barges are only used by the officers and their friends. We will now turn toward the Jersey shore, and run over to — Ellis Island, an insignificant point ris ing but httle above the water, and hardly large enough to hold the fort upon it. The same Government steamer that runs to Governor's Island touches here also. The nearest approach by small boats is from the pier of the New Jersey Rail road, Jeraey City. We now turn toward Staten Ialand, stopping at — Bedloe's Island, another island fort larg er than the one last mentioned, and, though insignificant in appearance, likely to prove a serious impediment in the way of any hostile war - vessel. The Government steamer above mentioned stops here also. The hours of the steamer can always be obtained at the Governor's Island barge- house on the Battery. Having thus paid our respects to the islands under the control of the United States Government, we will run over to — Staten Island, the largest in the harbor, where we will find splendid scenery, hand some villas, and charming rides. We will find Brighton, Tompkinsville, and other beautiful villages, and we will visit " The Sailor's Snug Harbor," a home for worn-out sailors, and the " Marine Hos pital." The Staten Island Railroad, thir teen miles in length, runs from Vander- bilt Landing to Tottenville, with stations at Garretson's, New Dorp, Court-House, Gifford's, Eltingville, Annadale, Hugue not, Prince's Bay, Pleasant Plains, and Richmond Valley. On the heights is Fort Richmond, and below it, on the lower shore, the water battery of Fort Tompkins commanding the "Narrows," as the channel between Staten and Long Islands is called. Di rectly opposite, on Long Island, are Fort Hamilton, and Fort Lafayette, the cele- 30 brated "prison fort," during the rebel lion. Brighton ia a very fashionable resort, and visitors will find " St. Mark's," " Pa vilion," and "Belmont Hall," first-class hotels. Elm Park, a popular resort, is on the Jersey side of the island. Staten Island _3 reached from New York by two lines of ferries — for which, see Ferries. The lower or Jersey-facing side of the island is best reached by tak ing the boat which leaves Pier 19, North River, and plies through the Kills, as the long aea-inleta separating the island from Jersey are termed. By this route we pasa the neat and pleasant buildings of Sailor's Snug Harbor. The shores of the island facing the Kills are garnished with even more fine country-seats than the other side, and the waters are favorite offings for our yachtmen and boating-par ties. We will conclude our trip down the bay by a visit to — Coney Island, which was once the only fashionable sea-bathing resort for New Yorkers. Its nearness to the city, and the increased facilities for reaching it, -soon popularized it to such an extent that the " exclusives " found it necessary to seek more remote and expensive places. It is the great resort of people of moder ate means, who can spare a few hours from their business for recreation, and is reached by boats from Pier 1, North Riv er, and by cars which connect at Brook lyn with all the ferries. As the boats are the favoritea 'with the noiay element of the frequenters of the island, and are often overcrowded, it is better for family parties to take the cars, which do not go to the same portion of the island as the boats. The boats, however, are not as crowded in the morning trips aa in the afternqon onea. Fort Hamilton, on the Long Ialand shore of the Narrowa, is a splendid forti fication and a pleasant resort. It is reached by street cars from Brooklyn, and by the Coney Island boats. TRIP UP THE EAST RIVER. To secure a view of the islands and shores of the East River, take a steamer New York City.] NEW YORK. [Brooklyn. from Pier 24, at Peck Slip, foot of Beek- man Street, for Glen Cove, L. I. Blackwell's Island is the first one passed. It extends from opposite the foot of East Forty-sixth Street to East Forty-eighth Street, and upon it are located the luna tic asylum, almshouse, penitentiary, charity-hospital, small-pox hospital and workhouse, all built of granite, quarried on the island by the convicts. The " Crazy-man's Fort," at the upper end of the ialand, ia worth a viait. The steamer Bellevue leaves the foot of Twenty-sixth Street, East River, daily at 10.30 A. M., and 1.30 p. M., for Blackwell's, Ward's, and Randall'a Ialauds — fare 15 cents. No one is allowed to visit either of these Isl ands without permits, which may be pro cured at the office of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Corrections, cor ner of Eleventh Street and Third Ave nue. Hell Gale, long the terror of all steam ers and vessels coming to or leaving the city by way of Long Island Sound, is the next object of interest, though by the labora of years it has been shorn of most of its dangers, and all the resources of engineering skill are being used to render it perfectly safe. It is a collection of rocks in the channel, opposite the mouth of the Harlem River, which offer so much opposition to the flow of the tide as to cause a succession of whirlpools and rap ids. Ward's Island divides the Harlem from the East River. Upon it are lo cated the emigrant hospital and other buildings, and inebriate asylum, and luna tic asylum. ^(For means of access, see Blackwell's Island.) Randall's Island, the last of the group, is separated from Ward's Island by a nar row channel. It is the site of the House of Refuge, hospitals, schools, and other charities provided by the city, for desti tute and abandoned children, and is well worth a visit. Means of access the same as those for Blackwell's Island. The picturesque villages of Astoria and Flushing are soon in sight upon the Long Island shore. The academy and botanic gardens of the former are worthy a visit, and an interesting feature of its location is the singular whirlpool of Hell Gate, which is strongest and most turbident at this point. It is reached by ferry — (see Ferries). Throgg's Point is only reached by pri vate conveyance. It is the termination, at Long Island Sound, of Throgg'a or Throgmortou'a Neck, and, from the sum mit of the bold headland, which divides East River from the sound, a noble pros pect is obtained. The little archipelagoes of green and rocky islets gleam brightly in the sunshine, or appear aud disappear strangely in the foggy morning, and, with the broken and wooded Westchester shore, eight or ten miles away, form a sunrise or a sunset acene in the spring or fall of the year, which has often attracted the pencils of our most prominent sketch- ers. The fishing among these islands is also most excellent, especially for sea-bass and blackfish. Fort Schuyler, on the point, and Pel ham Bridge — both interesting and roman tic localities — may likewise be embraced in this excursion. LONG ISLAND. Long Island, part of the State of New York, is 115 miles in length, and, at some points, twenty miles in breadth ; bounded by the Atlantic on the south, and by Long Island Sound on the north. The upper part of the island is agreeably diversified with hills, though the surface is, for the most part, strikingly level. The coast is charmingly indented with bays ; and de licious fresh-water ponds, fed by springs, are everywhere found on terraces of vary ing elevation. These little lakes, and the varied coast views, give Long Island pic turesque features, which, if not grand, are certainly of most attractive and win ning character, heightened by the rural beauty of the numerous quiet little towns and charming summer villas. Along the lower shore of the island, which is a net work of shallow, land-locked waters, ex tending seventy miles, fine shooting and fishing are to be had. Hotel and board ing-house accommodation is abundant. BROOKLYN. The city of Brooklyn is the second iu size in the State of New York, and the third in the Union, but is considered as 31 Brooklyn.] NEW YORK. [Brooklyn. being, in fact, a part of the city of New York, since a great portion of its inhab itants transact all their business in New York ; while the majority of the manufac tories, etc., located within its limits, are but the workshops of New York firms. It embraces Brooklyn proper, designated Western District (W. D.), and Williams burgh, Green Point, and Bushwick, known as the Eastern District (E. D.). South Brooklyn and East New York are out lying portions of the city, which are rapidly growing. It is divided from New York by the East River, and is connect ed with it by numerous ferries, all of which are mentioned under the head of "Ferries," in the description of New York, where they can be referred to. Brooklyn was settled in 1 625, near Wall- about Bay, by a band of Walloons ; and, during the Revolutionary War, was the scene of events that give great interest to some of its localities. On the Heights, back of the city, the battle of Long Island (August 26, 1776) was fought, and the Americans defeated, with a loss of 2,000 out of 5,000 men. Brooklyn is known as the " City of Churches," and it merits the appellation, from the fact that within its limits are 230 places of worship, while several oth ers are building ; but it is also a city of residences, and, while filled with hand some houses, it has not many notable places of business. Hotels. — There are but few hotels, the principal ones being the Pierrepont House, corner of Montague and Hicks Streets, and the Mansion House, 117 Hicks Street. Street Railroads. — The street railroads of Brooklyn afford means of communica tion to all parts of the city. All of them have their termini at the ferries ; and all either start from, or connect with, the Fulton Ferry. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND PROMI NENT BUILDINGS. Tive United States Navy Yard is situated on the point of land between the East River and the Wallabout, in the northeast portion of Brooklyn proper. It occupies nearly forty acres of ground, and contains property worth many mill ions of dollars. There are ship-houses for vessels of the largest class, with work shops, and every requisite for an exten. sive naval depot. At almost all timea representative vessels of every kind used in the Navy may be- found at thia yard ; while the trophies and relica preserved at thia point are of great interest to visit ors. A large dry-dock has been con structed here, at an expense of about $1,000,000. The United States Naval Lyceum, an interesting place, also in the Navy Yard, is a literary institution, found ed in 1833 by the officers of the Navy connected with the port. One of the most interesting objects at the Navy Yard ia the receiving-ship North Carolina, the representative of that class of huge mea- of-war, now superseded by monitors and small steamers. Reached by cars from all the ferries. Marine Hospital. — On the opposite side of the Wallabout, half a mile east of the Navy Yard, is the Marine Hospital, a handsome granite building, located in the midst of extensive grounds. It has a capacity for 500 patients. Reached by the same lines of cars as the Navy Yard. The Atlantic Dock is located at the other end of the city, about a mile below the Brooklyn terminus of the South Ferry, within what is called Red-Hook Point, the outside pier extending some 3,000 feet on the "Buttermilk Channel." This channel, now of sufficient depth to float ships of the deepest draught, is said to have been so shallow in the days of the Revolution, that at low tide the cows would sometimes wade over to " Gover nor's Island." The dock is a very exten sive work, and worthy the attention of strangers. The company was incorpo rated in May, 1840, with a capital of $1,000,000. The basin within the piers containa 42-J- acres, with sufficient depth of water for the largest ships. The piera are of solid granite. Many of the ware houses and buildings in this neighbor hood are of enormous size and capacity. The best approach from New York is by the Hamilton Ferry. (See " Ferries," New York.) The Water-Works. — Within the past few years Brooklyn has been, for the first time, supplied with water from any source, except wells and cisterns ; aud the com pletion of the water-works was the occa- Urooki.yn.] NEW YORK. [Brookl/h. sion of a general celebration. The sources whence the water is obtained are Rock- ville reservoir and othera, iu the vicinity of Hempatead. From thence it is con veyed by an open canal to Jamaica reser voir, and thence through a conduit to Ridgewood reaervoir, and the reservoir on Flatbush Avenue, opposite Prospect Park. From these reservoirs it is dis tributed throughout the city. Home for Aged Indigent Females, 221 Washington Avenue, corner of De Kalb Avenue. — It is one of the oldest and best endowed institutions of the kind in the United States, and ia handsomely located in the middle of a plat of ground occu pying half a block. Long Island College Hospital. — This is a large and elegant building, with grounds enclosed, on Henry Street, near Pacific Street. It is a fine institution, and is lib erally endowed. The City Hall, at the junction of Court and Fulton Streets, is one mile distant from the ferry. It is a handsome build ing in the Doric style, and is built of white marble from the Westchester quarries. Its length is 162 feet, and its height to the top of the cupola is 253 feet. Cost, $200,000. The County Court-house, fronting on Fulton Street, in the immediate vicinity of the City Hall, is an imposing edifice, though seen to poor advantage. It is 140 feet wide, and extends 315 feet back to Livingston Street. It is in the Co rinthian style of architecture, and cost $543,000. Kings County Jail is in Raymond Street. It is a heavy-looking, castellated Gothic edifice of red sandstone. The Stale Arsenal and City Hospital are also in the vicinity. The Post-Office is in Washington Street, north of Myrtle Avenue. The New Mercantile Library is on Mon tague Street, near Court. It is a hand some specimen of Gothic architecture. The Long Island Historical Society Rooms are in the Mercantile Library Building, and are full of interesting rel ics. The Academy of Music is opposite the Mercantile Library. It possesses no spe cial architectural merit, but has handsome interior decorations. The Packer Collegiate Institute is a large and handsome institution for the education of young ladies. It ia on Jo- ralemon Street, near Court, and its chapel is often used for lectures, readings, etc. The Polytechnic Institute is a beautiful modern edifice, devoted to the education of young lads. It is on Livingston be tween Court and Boerum streets. churches, A few of the most prominent churches are — Baptist: First, Rev. H. M. Gallagher, Nassau, near Fulton Street. First, of Williamsburgh, cor. of South Fifth and Fifth Streets, Rev. Mr. Brackett. Congregational : Clinton Avenue, Rev. W. Ives Buddington, Clinton Avenue, corner Lafayette Avenue. Church of the Pilgrims, Rev. R. S. Storrs, Jr., Henry, corner Remsen Street. Plymouth, Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Orange, north of Hicks Street. This ia the great attraction of Brooklyn, and, though it haa sittings for 2,500 persons, is always densely crowded. Dutch Reformed: Church on the Heights, Rev. Zachary Eddy, Pierrepont, near Mon- roe Place. This is a remarkable build ing. Its interior is exceedingly beau tiful, and is said to have been modelled after the earliest Christian Church, built by the mother of Constantine. Methodist Episcopal, De Kalb Avenue : Rev. W. H. Wardell, De Kalb Avenue, near Franklin Avenue. St. John's, Bedford Avenue, corner Wil son Street, Rev. J. A. M. Chapman. A new Methodist Episcopal church on Willoughby, near Carleton Street, was completed in 1870, and ia one of the handsomest in the city. Presbyterian: Lafayette Avenue, Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, Lafayette Avenue, corner of Oxford Street. Classon Avenue, Rev. Joseph T. Dur- yea, Classon Avenue, corner of Monroe Street. Second, Rev. Mr. Kennedy, Clinton, near Fulton Street. Protestant Episcopal : The Church of the Holy Trinity, Rev. Charles H. Hall, Rector, corner of Clinton and Montague Streets Grot Rev. Benjamin H. Paddock, 33 Brooklys.] NEW YORK. [Brooklyn. Rector, Brooklyn Heights, Grace Court, comer Hicks Street. St. Ann's (New), Rev. Noah Hunt Schenck, Rector, Clinton, corner Livings ton Street. St. John's (Old), Douglass Street, corner Seventh Avenue. (New), Fronting Pros pect Park, Rev. Alexander Burgess, Rector. Christ, Rev. E. H. Canfield, Rector, Clinton, corner Harrison Street. Roman Catholic : St. James's Cathedral, Right Rev. John Loughlin, Bishop ; V. Rev. John F. Turner, Rev. Thomas J. Gardner, and Rev. Eugene McSherry, priests, Jay, corner Chapel Street. St. Mary's, Star of the Sea, Rev. Eu gene Cassidy, and Rev. Michael J. Good win, Priests, Court, corner Luqueer Street. St. Patrick's, Rev. Edward G. Fitzpat- rick, and Rev. Michael Moran, Priests, Kent Avenue, corner Willoughby Avenue. St. Paul's, Rev. R. J. McGuire, Rev. Edward O'Reilly, and Rev. William Lane, Priests, Court, corner Congress Street. St. Peter's and St. Paul's, Rev. S. Ma- lone, Rev. John N. Campbell, and Rev. John Fagan, Priests, Second, near South Second Street. A new cathedral is building for the Archbishop, which is to occupy the en tire block bounded by Greene, Lafayette, and Vanderbilt Avenues, and Claremont Street. When completed, it will, with the exception of the new cathedral in New York, be the largest and handsomest ecclesiastical building on the continent. Unitarian : The leading Church is the Church of our Saviour, Rev. A. P. Put nam, Pierrcpont, corner Monroe Place. Universalist : Church of the Redeem er, Rev. E. C. Bolles, Greene Avenue, near Carlton Avenue. Many of the other churches are equal ly attractive with those which have been named, but enough have been given to afford a visitor an ample choice. TARKS, CEMETERIES, AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. Prospect Park is to Brooklyn what Central Park is to New York. It is over 600 acres in extent, and is yet in its in fancy. It is noted for beautiful distant views, and fine groves of forest-trees. 34 Excavators are now at work upon a spot which will soon ' be transformed into a lake of fifty acres' extent. The largest and most beautiful fountain in America will throw its waters heavenward, and all that artistic and engineering skill can ac- compliah will be done to make it a credit to the country, and a spot of rare beauty. The well recently completed is said to be the largest in the world, and is one of the most important features of the park. The outer wall is fifty feet in diameter, two feet thick, and fifty-four feet high. The inner curb or wall is thirty-five feet in di- ameter and two feet thick, having a depth of ten feet. The masonry, as seen from the top of the structure, is a marvel of neatness and solidity. The water surface in the well is thirteen feet above high-tide level, and the depth of water in the well is fourteen feet. The pump is the Worth- ington patent, and, with a pressure of forty pounds, is capable of raising one million gallons of water, every twenty-four hours, a height of 176 feet. In case of any accident to the Brooklyn Water works, this well has more than the ne cessary capacity to supply the park abundantly with water. The special work of the well will be to supply the pools at an elevation of 133 feet, aud from the pools the water ia conducted to the lake. The main entrance is at the junc tion of Park, Flatbush, and Vanderbilt Avenues, aud is especially fine. It is a large circle, called the "Plaza," in the centre of which stands a statue of Abraham Lincoln. Reached by cars from any of the ferries. Washington Park (Fort Greene) is ou an elevated plateau, to tho northeast of the City Hall, between Myrtle and De Kalb Avenues. During the Revolutionary . War, it was the site of extensive fortifi cations, of which the ruins of Fort Greene are now all that remain. It is pleasantly shaded, and commands an extensive view. There are several other smaller parka. Greenwood Cemetery is in the south part of Brooklyn, at Gowanus, about three miles from Fulton Ferry lauding. Access is had by the ears, which pass the cemetery gates every fifteen minutes throughout the day. Free entrance is al lowed to persons ou foot during week days, but on the Sabbath none but the Brooklyn.] NEW YORK. [Long Island proprietors of lots and their families, and persons with them, are admitted ; others than proprietors can obtain a permit for carriages on week-days. Office, 30 Broad way, New York. This cemetery was in corporated in 1838, and contains 242 acres of ground, about one-half of which is covered with wood of a natural growth. These grounds have a varied surface of hills, valleys, and plains. The elevations afford extensive views ; that from Ocean Hill, near the western line, presents a wide range of the ocean, with a portion of Long Island. Battle Hill, in the north west, commands an extensive view of the cities of Brooklyn and New York, the Hudson River, the noble bay, and of New Jersey, and Staten Island. From the other elevated grounds in the cemetery there are also fine prospects. Greenwood is traversed by winding avenues and paths, twenty miles in ex tent, which afford visitors, with sufficient time at their disposal, an opportunity of seeing every part of this extensive ceme tery. Several of the monuments, original in their design, are very beautiful, and cannot fail to attract the notice of stran gers. Those to the memory of Miss Can- da, of the Indian Princess Dohumme, and the "mad poet," McDonald Clark, near the Sylvan Water, are admirable ; as also are the memorials to the pilots and to the firemen. The proceeds arising from the sale of lots are devoted to the preserva tion, improvement, and embellishment of the cemetery. Visitors, by keeping the main avenue, called The Tour, as indi cated by guide-boards, will obtain the best general view of the cemetery, and will be able to regain the entrance without diffi culty. Unless this caution be observed, they may find themselves at a loss to dis cover their way out. To the east of Greenwood, distant about four miles, are the cemeteries of the Evergreens and Cy- fress Hills. Wallabout Bay is between the Navy Yard and Williamsburgh (Brooklyn, E. D.j, and is a most unattractive place. It is interesting as being the place where were stationed the Jersey and other prison ships of the English during the Revolu tionary War, in which, it is said, 11,600 American prisoners perished from bad air and ill-treatment. In 1808 the bones of the sufferers, which had been washed out from the bank where they had been slightly buried, were collected and de posited in thirteen coffins, inscribed with the names of the thirteen original States, aud placed in a vault beneath a woodeu building erected for the purpose, in Hud son Avenue, opposite to Front Street, near the Navy Yard. Clinton Avenue is the most beautiful street in Brooklyn, it is lined with fine residences, and is a delightful place for a drive. Fort Hamilton, one of the most power ful fortifications in the harbor, is reached by cars from Brooklyn, and by the boat down the bay. It is so situated as to command the narrows from the Long Isl and Shore. Fashion Race-course. — This celebrated course is a short ride from Brooklyn. It ia reached, by private conveyance from New York, via Thirty-fourth Street Ferry and the road to Flushing. TRIPS THROUGH LONG ISLAND. The Long Island Railroad runs from Hunter's Point to Greenpoint, on the Sound, at the eastern end of Long Island, with branches from Minneola to Locust Valley, and from Hicksville to Northport, and Manor to Sag Habor. It is reached by the Hunter's Point Ferries from James Slip aud Thirty-fourth Street, New York, and by street cars from Brooklyn. Jamaica is the first station, ten milea from Hunter's Point. It is an interesting old town on Jamaica Bay, settled in 1656. The Union Race-course is in this county. Brushville (" Queen's " Station) is three miles from Jamaica, and is an attractive resort during the summer. Hyde Park, the next station, formerly the seat of Hon. George Duncan Ludlow, is where, in 1818, William Cobbett com posed his English Grammar. Hempstead Village, in the township of North Hempstead, 2 1 miles east of Brook lyn, was originally bought by the Dutch, in 1640, who gave the place its name Hemsteede (homestead), since corrupted to Hempstead. It was afterward (1684) settled by New-Englanders, who came hither by way of Stamford. It contains as Long Island.] NEW YORK. [Long Island. two hotels, and a population of nearly 2,000. The park is prettily laid out. The Rev. Richard Denton, and his son, Daniel Denton, the historian, were among the first settlers of Hempstead. Hempstead Plaius-w&s an open space of 12,000 acres, embracing the New Market Race-course. Seven thousand acres-of this plain were recently purchased by Alexander T. Stewart, and upon it he ia building a town for the purpose of affording, to peo ple of small means, homes at reasonable prices. Success Pond, famous for its perch-fish eries, and Lakeville, a httle village which has sprung up on its margin, are both in the town of North Hempstead. Cedarmere, the residence of William Cullen Bryant, is near the pretty village of Roslyn, which is about half-way be tween Hempstead and Glen Cove, ou the Glen Cove Branch. It is a spot of great thosgh quiet picturesque beauty, over looking Hempstead Bay, and the Connec ticut shore across the Sound. Many of the charming terraced spring-water lakes, of which we have spoken already as among the pleasant and unique features of the Long -Island landscape, are found within the domain of Cedarmere, and in the neighborhood of Roslyn. Within a pleasant stroll of Mr. Bryant's residence is Hempstead Hill, said to be the highest land on Long Island. This fine eminence overlooks the Sound and inlets on the one hand, and the ocean-beach on the other ; at its base the village of Roslyn is nestled among green trees and placid lakelets. Roslyn is the residence of Joseph W. Moulton, author of a "History of New York." It is also reached by steamer from Peck Slip, Pier 24, East River. Glen Cove, six miles from Hempstead, is a pleasant place for a quiet day's en joyment, and has a good hotel. It is also reached by steamer from Peck Slip, Pier 24, East River. Oyster Bay, or " Syossel," Huntington, Centreport, and Northport, villages on Long Island Sound, are all reached by the Northport Branch. Riverhead and Mattituck, near the ter minus of the main line, are also aummer resorts. Greenport, the terminus of the road, 94 miles from Hunter's Point, about six 36 houra' ride from New York, is a delight ful little watering-place. By connecting here with boats across the Sound to New London, Conn., this forma the shortest route between New York and Boston. Rockaway Beach can be reached by this route, by leaving the road at Jamaica, and riding eight miles in a stage over a good road. The South Side Road is near er. (See " Trip No. 2.") Quogue, on Shinnicock Bay, a place of resort for fishing and bathing, is reached by Sag Harbor Branch, now completed to that point. East Hampton, one of the quietest of all quiet places, is on the south shore of Long Island, about 15 miles from Montauk Point, the eastern extremity of the island. It has no hotels, but many families will entertain visitors (for a consideration). There is very fine surf-bathing. For a person tired of noise and travel, this is a desirable place. Reached by stage from Riverhead, and from Bridge Hampton ou Sag Harbor Branch ; also by steamer from Peck Slip to Sag Harbor, thence by six or seven miles' staging. Ronkonkoma Pond is situated about the centre of the island, and is a most pecu liar sheet of water. Just three miles in circumference, it has neither inlet nor out let : for four years its waters steadily fall, and then for four years they rise again, and thia peculiarity haa always existed. The pond is full of the most delicious fish, and upon its banks are several inns, where boats, fishing-tackle, etc., can be procured. The nearest station is Lake land distant about two miles. The South Side Railway ia the next in importance. Its terminal station is at the foot of South Eighth Street, Brooklyn (E. D.), reached by Grand and Roosevelt Street Ferries from New York, and by street cars from Brooklyn. It extends to Patchogue, 54 milea from New York. Jamaica haa already been mentioned in " Trip No. 1." Woodsburgh (17 miles) haa aprung up aince January 1, 1870. It contains a num ber of pretty cottages, and the Pavilion, the beat hotel on Long Island, kept by James P. M. Stetson. There is fine still Long Island.] NEW YORK. [Long Island water and surf-bathing within half a mile — carriages free. Time from New York, 1 hour 16 minutes, over a very pleasant road. Far Rockaway and Rockaway Beach are respectively 20£ and 21-J- miles from New York, and are regarded as one place. The beach is very fine, looking out upon the Atlantic. The principal village ia at Far Rockaway, where there are a number of amall hotels, the best being the Na tional and United States. At the Beach are the Bay View and Sea View hotels, and the commodious refreshment-rooma provided by the Railway Company. There are six trains daily from New York. Babylon is a small village, resorted to for ita fishing. Fire Island is a long, narrow slip of sand, in the great South Bay, about 35 miles from New York, and is reached by steamer across the bay from Bayside, the first station beyond Babylon. It contains •two hotels, but possesses no advantages except a very fine beach, fresh ocean- breezes, sailing, and auperb fishing, the bluefish being very plentiful in this vicin ity. Persona deairing the pleasures of riding and driving can find good board ing on the Long Island shore, across the bay. Good hotel on the island. Islip , 43 miles from New York, is pleas antly situated on Great South Bay, and is a favorite resort during the Bummer months. The Pavilion is the leading hotel. Patchogue, the terminus of the road, is a regular " New England Village " of about 3,000 inhabitants, on the south ahore of Long Island, about three miles from that long, narrow bay, some four miles wide, which runs the whole length of the ialand, and is only separated from the Atlantic by a breakwater of sand about 200 yards wide. Sweetser, in his " Book of Summer Resort," says : " There are two or three pretty good hotels in the place ; but, if you can get in, go to Mrs. Willett's," and then eulogizes her farm house. This place is also reached by four miles' staging over a pleasant road, from Medford, on the Long Island Railroad (Bellport Station), about 56 miles from •SBSl New York. The third route is the short line of the New York and Flushing Railroad, extend ing from Hunter's Point to Great Neck, a journey of one hour and thirty minutea. It ia -reached by the Jamea Slip and Thirty-fourth Street Ferriea from New York, and by atreet cars from Brooklyn, Flushing, forty minutes' ride from Hun ter's Point, is a favorite auburban re treat for New-Yorkers. It is situated af the head of Flushing Bay, at the entrance of Long Island Sound, aud is noted for the celebrated Linncean Botanic Garden. Though the railroad is more expeditious, the traveller will find the boat which leaves Peek Slip, Pier 24, East River, a pleasanter means of conveyance, as will be seen by referring to the " Trip up the East River." College Point, Whitestone, and Willetts Point, all pleasant resorts, can be reached by private conveyance from Flushing, or by steamer from Pier 26, East River. Bay Side, four miles beyond Flushing, is a delightful place for a day's excursion ; the scenery is beautiful, and the bay is famous for its clams — a roast or a chow der, served up in primitive style, being one of the features of the place. A pleasant way of gohig to Bay Side is to take a private conveyance from Flushing, where carriages can be procured at moderate rates. Great Neck, the terminus of the road, is celebrated for its clams. The Coney Island Railroad, from Fultou Ferry to Coney Island, is the last and shortest trip ; it passes through the scene of one of the most memorable events of the Revolutionary War, the battle of Long Island. Flatbush is about five miles from Brook lyn, has a flourishing educational institu tion and several churches, but its princi pal interest consists in that it was in this immediate vicinity the Battle of Long Island was fought (August, 1776). The thoughts of the tourist on the quiet plains of Long Island will revert with interest to that eventful night when the British troops, under Sir Henry Clinton, Lord Cornwallia, and General Howe, made their silent, unauapected march, from Flatlands through the swamps and passes, to Bed ford Hills, stealing upon the rear and al most surrounding the patriot linea — " thai 37 Up the Hudson.] NEW YORK. [Fort Lee. able and fatal soheme, which oost the Americans the deadly battle of Long Isl and, with the loss of nearly 2,000 out of the 5,000 men engaged." The surprise of the attack, the obstinacy of the con flict, the bold retreat, and the loss Of the city of New York, to which it led, make this battle one of the most romantic epi sodes in the history of the Revolution. Gravesend, the Long Island terminus of the Coney Island Railroad, ia a small but handsome place. Its shores abound with clams, oysters, and fowl, and are much resorted to. Coney Island. (See "Trip down the Bay. , HOUTJE I. TRIP UP THE HUDSON.- -(By Steamer.) The Hudson received its name in honor of Hendrick Hudson, a Dutch navigator, who discovered it, and ascended its wa ters for the first time in his vessel, the Half Moon, in 1609. It ia alao known as the North River, which name was given to it by the original Dutch colonists, to distinguish it from the South (Zuyd), as they called the neighboring floods of the Delaware. Its source is in the mountain- region of the Adirondacks, in Essex Coun ty, cast of Long Lake, in the upper por tion of New York, whence it flows in two small streams — the one from Hamilton and the other from Essex County. These waters, after a journey of forty miles, unite in Warren County. Its head-waters are nearly 4,000 feet above the sea-level. The course of the Hudson varies from south by east for some distance, but at length drops into a straight line, and con tinues thus nearly southward, until it falls into the Bay of New York. Its entire extent is about 325 miles ; its navigable length, from the sea to Albany, is nearly half that distance. Its breadth, near the head of steamboat navigation, varies from 800 to 900 yards ; and at the Tappan Bay, twenty miles above the city of New York, it widens to the extent of over four miles. Ships of the first clasa can navigate the river aa far as Hudson, 117 miles, and small sailing-craft may reach the head of tide-water (150 miles) at Troy. To the Hudson belongs the honor, not only of 38 possessing the finest river steamboats in the world, but of having borne upon its waters the first steamboat that ever succeeded, when Robert Fulton ascended the river in the Clermont, in 1807, exactly two centuries after the first voyage of Hen drick Hudson in the Half Moon. The visitor or tourist up the Hudson has every possible facility for seeing ita various points to advantage ; he can pro ceed either by steamer or by railway, morning, noon, or night. The former ia much the more desirable during the sum mer months. The boats of the day-line start from piers foot of Vestry and Thirty- fourth Streets, at 8.45 and 9 a. m. ; and those of the night (People's line), from foot of Canal Street, N. R., at 6 p. m. No Sunday boat on either line. If the traveller accompany us up the Hudson, he will take passage in one of the splendid steamers already mentioned, which leave New York every morning and night. Passing in full view of the city of Hoboken, and village of Weehawken, on the New Jersey shore (see page 29), we shortly reach the " Palisades." These grand precipices, rising in many places to the height of 300 feet, follow, in un broken lino, as far as the great bay of the river, called the Tappan Zee, a dis tance of twenty miles. They do not wholly terminate, however, until we reach Haver- atraw, a distance of thirty-six miles from New York. The rock is trap, columnar in formation, somewhat after the fashion of the famous Giant'a Causeway, in Ire land, and of Fingal's Cave in Scotland. Hull's Ferry, opposite Ninetieth Street, New York, now lies upon our left. It ia a favorite summer resort for excur sionists from New York. In the hot months, the ferry-boat3, continually plying thither at a fare of only 12-J- cents, are thronged with passengers. -Blooming'dale, now absorbed by the city, but once a suburban village, six milea from the City Hall, lies on the right The Orphan Asylum here, with its fine lawns sloping down to tiie river edge, forms a conspicuous feature of the land scape. _Port H_.ce, ten miles up the river, and opposite One Hundred and Sixtieth Street, New York, now calls us back agair Fort Washington.] NEW YORK. [Y0NKEE8. to the western shore. It crowns the lofty brow of the Palisades, 300 feet above the river. A fortification, called Mount Con stitution, stood here during the Revolu tion ; and here it was attempted, by com mand of the Continental Congress, to ob struct the navigation of the river by every art and at whatever expense, " as well to prevent the egress ofthe enemy'a frigates, lately gone up, as to hinder them from re ceiving succors." A large force of Amer icans, in retreating from Fort Lee, were overpowered, and either slain or taken prisoners by a greatly superior body of Hessian troops. For t Ylra__________.g-t©n, another spot of deep historical interest, atands on a steep projecting cliff, between One Hundred and Eighty-first and One Hundred and Eighty- fifth Streets, New York, nearly opposite Fort Lee. It fell into the hands of the enemy, November 16, 1776, and the gar rison of 3,000 men became prisoners of war. Two days after, Lord Cornwallis, with 6,000 men, crossed the river above, at Dobb's Ferry, and attacked Fort Lee. The garrison there, then commanded by General Greene, made a hasty retreat to the encampment of the main army, under Washington, five miles back, at Hacken- sack. All the baggage and stores fell into the hands of the enemy. The fort was a strong earthwork, of irregular form, covering several acres. Some twenty pieces of ordnance, besides small arms, bristled upon its walls, though its strength lay chiefly in its position. The very spot where the old fort once stood, as well as all the region round, is now covered by the peaceful and fragrant lawns and gar dens of elegant villa residences. Just be low the high grounds once occupied by Fort Washington ( Washington Heights), and close by the river, is the promontory of Jeffrey's Hook. A redoubt was con structed here as a covering to the chevaux- de-frise in the channel. The banks of this work are still plainly to be seen. Above Fort Washington, on the same side of the river, was Fort Tryon. The site now lies between One Hundred and Ninety-fifth and One Hundred and Ninety-eighth Streets, New York. Not far beyond is the northern boundary of Manhattan Isl and — the little waters, famous in history and story aa Spuyten Duyvel Creek. King's Bridge, built in 1693, by Frederick Phil. lips, marks the meeting of the waters which flow from the East into the North' River, and form the Island of Manhattan. Hard by (Two Hundred and Seventeenth Street) was a redoubt of two guns, called Cock Hill Fort ; and upon Tetard's Hill, across the creek, was Fort Independence, a square redoubt with bastions. Upon the heights on each side of King's Bridge a bloody fight took place between the British and American forces, January, 1777. The heights command an extended and picturesque view. There waa still another military work here, strengthened by the 'British in 1781, and named Fort Prince. Blount Saint Vincent. — Fif teen miles from New York ia the seat of the Convent of St. Vincent, under the charge of the " Ladies of the Sacred Heart." Among the buildings is the cas tellated structure known as "Fonthill," the celebrated residence of Edwin For rest, the tragedian. After his divorce he sold it to the "Ladies of the Sacred Heart," who have erected suitable addi tional buildings, which are now used as a convent and academy for young ladies. The group of buildings presents a striking but not very pleasing appearance from the river. Yonkers — (Hotel, Getty House), seventeen miles up the river, is an ancient settlement at the mouth of the Neperan, or Saw-mill River. Since the openiDg of the Hudson River Railway, it haa become a fashionable suburban town of New York, as the short distance thence permits pleas ant, speedy, and cheap transport by land or water. Yonkers was the home of the once famous family of the Phillipses, of which was Mary Phillips, the first love of General Washington. The Manor House, a spacious edifice of stone, built in 1682, is still to be seen. The existing front was added in 1745. It ia now occu pied by ita present owner, Mr. Wood- worth, who has preserved its interior construction with scrupulous care. East of the Phillips manor-house is Locust Hill, where the American troops were encamped in 1781. In 1777 a naval action occurred in front of Yonkers, be tween the American gunboats and the British frigates Ross and Phoenix. Eastings.] NEW YORK. [Tarrytown. Hastings, three miles north of Yonkers, is a thriving httle village ; the . vicinity containa many beautiful resi dences. It has large marble-yards. EiolVb'*. Ferry, two miles yet be yond, and still upon the eastern bank of the river, is an ancient settlement, with a new leaven of metropolitan life, like all the places within an hour'or two's jour ney from New York. The village has a, pleasant air, lying along the river-slope, at the mouth of the Wisquaqua Creek. Its name is that of an old family which once possessed the region and established a ferry. Remains of military works still exist at Dobb's Ferry. Zion Church is an old and interesting edifice. JPierimont, on the western shore, marks the sinking of the Palisades. It was once the main and now is a branch terminus of the Erie Railroad. It takes . ts name from its pier, one mile long from the shore to the channel of the river, which is here three miles wide. It (the pier) marks the boundary line between •New York and New Jersey. Communi cation is had with the eastern shore by ferry to Irvington. Between Dobb's Fer ry and Irvington is Nevis, once the home stead of Colonel James Hamilton. It contains many reminiscences of Hamilton, among which is Washington's last por trait, by Stuart. In the immediate neigh borhood of Nevis is the residence of Mr. Cottinet, built of Caen stone, and said to be the most elegant house on the Hud son. Three miles S. W. of Piermont is the old town of Tappan, interesting as having been one of the chief of Washington's headquarters during the Revolution; and aa the spot also where Major Andre was imprisoned and executed. The home of the commander-in-chief, and the jail of the ill-fated officer, are still in good pres ervation, though the latter house has been somewhat modified in its interior ar rangements of late years, to suit its pres ent occupancy as a tavern, under the style and title of the " 'Seventy-six Stone House." The old Dutch church, in which Andre was tried, stood near by, but it was torn down in 1836, aai a new one "eared upon its site. The spot where the execution took place (October 2, 1780) is within a short walk of the Old Stone 40 House, in which the prisoner waa con- fined. Irvington & " Sunnyside." — Irvington, four miles above Dobb's Fer ry, on the right bank, was once called Dear- man, and waa rechristened Irvington, in honor of the late Washington Irving, whose unique little cottage of Sunnyside is close by, upon the margin of the river, hidden from the eye of the traveller only by the dense growth of the surrounding trees and shrubbery. It is a pretty stone cottage, the eastern side embowered in ivy, the earlier slips of which were pre sented to Irving by Sir Walter Scott, at Abbotsford, and were planted by Irving himself. The original house was built by Wolfert Acker, in the days of the Dutch governors, and bore over the door the in scription " Lust in Rust," the meaning of which is " pleasure in quiet." Irving has made this house the subject of one of the sketches in his work entitled " Wolfert'a Roost." WyacJ--, a healthful and charming summer residence, is on the west side of the river, above Piermont, reached by ferry from Tarrytown. A railroad from Piermont was opened May 21, 1870. Tarrytown, twenty-six miles from New York, is a prosperous little town on the eastern bank of the Hudson. It has many attractions, historical, pictorial, anil social ; elegant villas, chiefly occupied bj New York gentlemen, having gathered thickly around it, as about all this part of the river's margin within the past feff years. A short distance up Mill River is the quiet little valley of Sleepy Hollow, the scene of some of Irving's happiest fancies. Carl's Mill and the bridge over the brook are still standing. The princi pal objects of interest in the village are those connected with Irving's life and memory, the Old Dutch Church, and Christ Church, where Irving always attended ser vice, of which he was a warden at the time of his death, and in which a hand some tablet has been erected to his mem ory. The Old Dutch Church was built in 1615, and is near where Ichabod Crane, the village schoolmaster, encountered tho "headless horseman," and but a few yards from the spot where Andr6 was captured. During the Revolution, Tarrytown wit- Sing Sino.] NEW YORK. [Haverstraw. nessed many stormy fights between those lawless and marauding bands of both British and Americans, known as " Skin ners " and " Cowboys." . It was upon a spot, now in the heart of Tarrytown, that Major Andre was arrested, while return ing to the British lines, aft* a visit to General Arnold. At Greensburg, three miles east of Tarrytown, is a monument to Isaac Van Wart, one of the captors, who died in 1828. Upon a high promontory below Tarry town stands the " Paulding Manor," the residence of Philip R. Paulding. It is one of the fineat specimens of the Pointed Tudor style of domestic architecture in the United States, and is the most con spicuous dwelling to the eye of the trav eller on the lower Hudson. Sing Sing (33 miles) is on the right bank, and in its acclivitous topog raphy, upon a slope of 200 feet, it makes a fine appearance from the water. The greatest breadth of the Hudson, nearly four miles, ia at this point. Many fine country-seats crown the heights of this pleasant village. It is distinguished for its educational establishments ; for its vicinage to the mouth ofthe Croton River, whence the city of New York-derives its abundant supply of water ; and for being the seat of the State Prison. The name is derived from an Indian word, meaning " Stony Place." The great Croton Aque duct at this point is especially interesting, being carried over the Sing Sing Kill by an arch of stone masonry 88 feet between the abutments, and 100 feet above the water. The Slate Prison is located on the banks of the Hudson, nearly three-quar ters of a mile south of the village. The buildings are large structures, erected by the convicts themselves, with material from the marble and limestone quarries which abound here, and which many of them are continually employed in work ing. The prisons form three sides of a square. The main edifice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and five stories high, with cells for 1,000 occupants, 869 of which were filled in 1852. In 1861 over 1,300 were confined here. ' The female prisoners are lodged in a fine edifice, some 30 or 40 rods east of the male department. The prisoners are guarded by sentinels, instead of being enclosed by walls. The whole area covered by the establishment is about 130 acres. The railway passes through and beneath the prisons, but from the river they are seen to advantage. Kockland _Lal__e, the aource of the principal ice aupply of the city of New York, and the headwatera of the Hackensack River, ia an oval lake, 150 feet above the level of the Hudson, and is directly opposite Sing Sing. It is upon what is known as Verdrieleges' Hook, a commanding height, with such a decep tive appearance, viewed from the river above and below, of a grand headland, that it has been christened Point-no- Point. Intervening hills hide the lake, and the village upon its banks, from the traveller, but its site is marked by a col lection of dwellings and ice-houses clus tered round the pier, whence the ice ia shipped by barges to New York. Crotoin. ( Teller's) .Point, a promi nent headland dividing Haverstraw Bay from the Tappan Zee, four milea above Sing Sing, is noteworthy for its famous lake which supplies fhe metropolis with water. The dam is 250 feet long, 40 feet high, and 70 feet thick at the base. The capacity of the lake is 500,000,000 gal lons, and it discharges 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 daily. Another and much larger reservoir is now nearly completed, and it is anticipated that, when it is fin- ished, all danger of a short supply of water, caused by continued dry weather, will be obviated by the immense reserve collected at this point. The dam can be reached by carriages from Sing Sing, from Croton, and from Croton Falls on the Harlem Railroad. The great bay above Croton Point is called Haverstraw Bay, on the western shore of which are the following points of interest : Elavcrstraw, a pretty little vil lage, where, upon what is known as "Treason Hill," stands the house of Joshua Hett Smith, where Andre and Benedict Arnold met to arrange the terms of the surrender of West Point. It is of stone, with a piazza in front, and stands on the hill-side beyond the flats. Above Haverstraw is a line of limestone clifl about half a mile in length and very valu able, producing a million bushels of lime 41 Grassy Point.] NEW YORK. [Caldwell s Landinq every year, besides stone for rough ma sonry, and for macadamizing roads. Grassy _P©tnt is a little village two miles above Haverstraw ; and one mile above this is Stony Point, the site of a fort during the Revolution. The fort was captured by the English, June 1, 1779 ; was stormed and recaptured by General Anthony Wayne, July 16, 1779, and was then abandoned to the enemy for want of sufficient force to hold it. The present light-house and bell-tower mark the site of the magazine of the old fort, and are always pointed out. Verplarack's Point, on the east side, is the spot at which Hendrick Hudaon's ahip, the Half Moon, first came to anchor after leaving Yonkers; Topo graphically, Verplanck's Point may be described as a peninsula, gradually rising from a gentle surface, until it terminatea at the river, in a bold bluff of from forty to fifty feet elevation. A small fortifica tion, called Fort Fayette, once existed on the western extremity of Verplanck's Point, many remains of which are yet distinctly visible. It was captured by the English June 1, 1779. _Pce__c_.___i.ll, forty- three miles, ia one of the most .interesting places on the Hudson. It ia near the mouth of the Peekskill or Annsville Creek, which en ters the Hudson a short distance above. The town was settled by John Peek, in 1764, an early Dutch navigator of the Hudson, who, as popular tradition runs, mistaking this creek for a continuation of the main stream, ran his boat aahore, and commenced the future town. In 1797 Peekskill was the headquarters of General Putnam, where, on the 7th of August, he hung the British spy, Palmer. The oak-tree on which Palmer was hung ia, we believe, still standing. The Van Cortlandt House, in the vicin ity, is an object of interest, as the an cient seat of an ancient family, and as the temporary residence of Washington. Near by is a venerable church, erected in 1767, within whose graveyard there is a monument to the memory of John Paulding, one of the captors of Major Andre. A pleasant ride from Peekskill is to Lake Mahopac, u, fashionable sum mer resort for the pleasure-seekers of New York. (See page 51.) Lake Mohen- 42 sick, about six miles east of Peekskill, and 900 feet above the Hudson, ia a tributary of the Croton. It has a circum ference of about, four or five miles, and is famed for its magnificent views. Caldwell's Landing, oppo site Peekskill, at the foot of Dunderberg Mountain, three miles above Stony B»int, was long a calling-place for the river steamers. The passengers for Peekskill, opposite, were then always landed at Caldwell. This spot is memorable for the search so seriously and actively made for the treasure which the famous pirate Captain Kidd waa aupposed to have secreted at the bottom of the river here. Remains of the apparatus used for this purpose are still seen, in bold, black relief, at the Dunderberg Point, as the boat rounds it, toward the Horse race. At Peekskill the river makes a audden turn to the west, which _3 called the race. We have now reached the highlands, and the scenery from this point to New- burg ia said to equal and in some places to surpass that of the Rhine itself. On our left is Dunderberg Mountain, and at its base a broad deep stream, called Fort Montgomery Creek, which, a short distance from its mouth, makes its de scent to the river in a beautiful cascade. On its south aide stood Fort Montgom ery, and on its north side Fort Clinton. In October, 1777, they were both captured by the English, and the chain which had been stretched across the river at this point removed. Near thia point is Sinnipink Lake, or bloody pond, as it is sometimea called, from its waters having become discolored by the blood of the slain who were thrown into it, during an engage ment in the Revolutionary War. It is now one of the sources from which the ice for New York is brought Anthony's Nose is a rocky promontory on our right, which rises to the height of 1,128 feet, the base of which has been tunnelled by the railway a length of 200 feet. Two miles above is Sugar- Loaf Mountain, with an elevation of 865 feet. Near by, and reaching far out into the river, is a sandy bluff, on which Fort Independence once stood. Farthei tV'EST Point.] NEW YORK. [West Point. on is Iona Island, and in the extreme dis tance Bear Mountain. On the west side of the river, below West Point, the Buttermilk Falh are seen descending over inclined ledges, a dis tance of 100 feet. In the heart of the Highland pass, and just below West Point, on the west bank, is Cozzens's, a spacious and elegant sum mer hotel, which comes most charmingly into the pictures of the vicinity. It is accessible, as is West Point, at the same time, from the railway on' the opposite side ofthe river, by a steam-feny from Garrison's Station (51 miles from New York), between Peekskill below and Cold Spring above. The concourse of sail sometimes wind-locked in the angles of this mountain-pass presents a novel sight. . Constitution Island, with the Rocky plateau of West Point, now bars our view of the upper portion of the High land passage. Rounding it, we come into that wonderful reach of the river, flanked on the west by Cro'nest and But ter Hill, or Storm King, and on the east by the jagged acclivities of Breakneck and Bull Hill, with the pretty village of Cold Spring beneath. Constitution Isl and, called, prior to the Revolution, Mar- telear's Rock, was fortified, together with West Point, in 1775-76. The remains of the magazines and other portions of the fort are still standing. West Point. — Hotels, The West Point (T. Cozzens), on the Post, and Coz- zens (Sylvanus T. Cozzens), 1-J miles below. West Point (51 miles), on account of its famous military school and historical associationa, and for its varied scenic attractions, is one of the most charming places on the Hudaon. The hotels, though well kept, are not large enough always to accommodate those desiring board ; and those intending to make a stay there, en route to or from New York, would do well to order rooms in advance. Cozzens's was first opened in 1849, since which time the late Lieutenant-General Scott was accustomed to make it his summer headquarters. The United Slates Military Academy, established in 1802, will first attract the visitor's attention. The buildings em brace the barracks, with accommodation for 250 cadets ; a large stone building for cavalry exercises, a laboratory, observa tory, chapel, hospital, mess-building, and quarters for officers. The academy is of stone, 275 feet long by 75 feet wide, and three stories high. The United Statea lands (2,105 acres) were purchased, and control over 250 acres in extent, was ceded dv New York to the General Government in 1826. Among the objects of interest to be seen in and around the academy buildings are Revolutionary relics, cannon captured in the Mexican War, and a brass mortar taken from the British at Stony Point. Tiie Chapel is an interesting edifice, rendered more so by the associations connecting it with the obsequies of Lieutenant-General Scott, who died at West Point, May 29, 1866. The afternoon military exercises on the Plain afford a characteristic and striking phase of West Point fife. Kosciusko's Garden and Monument are on the river-bank near the camp-ground. The monument is of white marble. It was erected by the corps of cadets in 1828, and cost $5,000. Near Kosciusko's Garden is a fine spring, said to have been discovered by Kosciusko himself. An attractive path leads from here to the North Wharf, called Chain Battery Walk The ruins of Forts Clinton, Putnam, Webb, and Wyllys, are sometimes visited. From the walla of Putnam, on Mount Independence, 600 feet above the river, a view ia obtained which will Well repay the labor of reaching it. The visitor will delight his eye at all points, whether he gaze upon the superb' panorama of the river as he sits upon the piazza of the hotel, or as he looks upon the scene from the yet loftier eminence above, crowned by the ruins of ancient fortressea. The Robinson House, occupied by Ar nold at the time of hia treaaon, and whence he made his escape to a British v-esael, the Vulture, lying near by, is on the opposite (east) bank of the Hudson at the foot of Sugar-Loaf Mountain. An excursion to West Point from New York and return will occupy one day. By steamer, landing at eleven o'clock a.m., and return steamer at two ; or by Hudson River Railroad, station at Garrison's, op posite, connected by ferry. To go by steamer and return by rail gives more time at the Point and varies the excursion, 43 Cold Spring.] NEW YORK. [FisnKiLL Landing. Cold Spring is two miles north of Garri son's Station, on the Hudson River Rail way. It has large founderies and ma chine-shops. Cro'nest, above West Point, on the same side of the river, casts its broad shadow upon us as we continue our northward voyage. This is one of the highest mountains found in the Highland group. Its height is 1,428 feet. It is the scene of Rodman Drake's poem of " The Culprit Fay." Butter Hill ("Boterberg") ia the next mountain-crest, and the last of the High land range upon the west. It is 1,529 feet high. Between Cro'nest and Butter Hill, and in the laps of both, is a lovely valley, re plete with forest and brook beauties, called Tempe. Cold. Spring and "Under- cli_0T." — Cold Spring is one of the most picturesque of the villages of the Hud son, whether seen from the water, or from the hills behind, or in detail amid its little streets and villa homes. It is built upon a steep ascent, and behind it is the massive granite crown of Bull Hill. This noble mountain overshadows the beauti ful terrace upon which the poet Morris lived in the rural seclusion of " Under- cliff" for many years. It is scarcely possible to find a spot of sweeter natural attractiona than the aite of Undercliff, look ing over the pretty village to the castel lated hills of West Point, acrosa the blue Hudaon to old Cro'nest, or northward beyond the Newbitrg Bay, to the far-away ranges of the Kaatskill. Near Cold Spring is the celebrated foundery of R. P. Parrott, the inventor of the Parrott gun. Beyond Cold Spring, and still on the east bank of the river, the Highland range is continued in the jagged preci pices of the Breakneck and Beacon Hills, in height, respectively, 1,187 and 1,685 feet. These mountains are among the moat commanding features of the river scenery. Corn-wall Standing is a rugged and picturesque little place, on the west bank. Back from the landing ia the pleaaant village of Canterbury. " Idleicild," Mr. Willia's romantic home, occupies a lofty plateau above, and 44 north of the village. It is easily reached by either the Newburg or Cornwall road. Wew Windsor, between "Idle- wild " and Newburg, and once the rival of the latter, is a straggling hamlet of Revolutionary memory. Washington es tablished his headquarters at New Wind sor, June 23, 1779, and again in 1780. His reaidence, a plain Dutch houae, haa long since passed away, as haa alao the famous "Temple of Virtue." Plum Point, on the west side, has some resi dences. Ff cwl>nrg, with a population of nearly 15,000, and its social and topo graphical attractions, is one of the largest and most delightful towns on the Hud son. Rising, as it does, rather precipi tously from the water to an elevation of 300 feet, it presents a very imposing front to the voyager. The higher grounds are occupied by beautiful resi dences and villas. The place was origi nally settled by emigrant Palatines, in 1798. It has immediate railway commu nication westward up the Quassic Creek, via Chester (20 miles), by the Newburg branch of the Erie Railway. It is a place of considerable trade, and has some extensive manufactories. The home of the lamented landscape garden er and horticultural writer, Downing, was here. Newburg was the theatre of many interesting events in the War of the Revolution. Washington's Headquarters, an old gray stone mansion, built by Mr. Haabrouck, in 1750, stand a short dis tance south of the village. It was here the Revolutionary army was finally dis banded at the close of the war, June 23, 1783. Apart from the historical interest connected with the site, it commands a fine view of the great pass of the High. lands. It ia owned by the State. The principal hotela are the Powelton and Orange. The Wharton House was used during the Revolution as a barracks. Many of the scenes in Cooper's novel of " The Spy " are laid in Newburg. It is reached by ferry from Fishkill Landing. Fishkill landing, 60 miles from New York, and oppoaite Newburg, like that village and all the region round, abounds in natural beauties and elegant residences. It is a email place, with a population of 1,800. It lies in the lap New Hamburg.] NEW YORK. of a lovely, fertile plain, which reaches back from the landing to the base of a bold mountain-range. A portion of the Continental army was encamped here. The village of Fishkill is situated on a creek of the same name, five miles east of the river. Two miles northeast of Fishkill Land ing is the Verplanck House, interesting as having once been the headquarters of Baron Steuben, and the place in which the famous Society of ihe Cincinnati was organized in 1783. Matteawan, a manu facturing point, is about a mile from the landing. Low Point, three miles above Fishkill Landing, is a small river hamlet. New Hamburg comes next, near the mouth of Wappinger's Creek, and a little north is the village of Marl borough, with Barnegat, famous for its limekilns, two milea yet beyond. B?*ong]_i_keepsie (75 milea) ia one of the largest towns between New York and Albany. Its population is 22,000. It contains about twenty churches, four banks, and three or four newspapers. It has a variety of manufactories ; and the rich agricultural region behind it makes it the depot of a busy trade. College Hill, the former site of the boys' school, half a mile northeast, is a commanding ele vation, overlooking the river and the region around. The Exchange ia the leading hotel. The Vassar Female Col lege, which is one of the finest in the country, occupies a commanding posi tion a short distance back of the town. Poughkeepsie was founded by the Dutch in 1705. It is symmetrically built upon an elevated plain half a mile east of the river. It has no historical associations of especial interest. Prof. Morse, the in ventor of the electric telegraph, and Ben son J. Lossing, author of the "Field Book of the Revolution," resided here. [See Appendix — Lake Mohonk.] New Paltz Landing, on the opposite side of the river, is reached by ferry. Hyde JParl__, 80 milea above New York, is a quiet little village on the east side of the river, in the midst of a coun try of great fertility, and thronged with wealthy homesteads and sumptuous villas. It is named after Sir Edmund Hyde, Lord Cornbury, one of the early provincial governors. Placentia, once the home of Paulding, is near by, and commands a magnificent view of the river windings far above, even to the peaks of the dis tant Kaatskilla. Staatsburg ia upon the railway five milea above. __j_.on.dout, near the mouth of Ron- dout Creek, ia the terminua of the Dela ware and Hudaon Canal, and connects with Rhinebeck by ferry. It has extensive manufactories of cement, and a popula tion of 7,600, chiefly Germans and Iriah. Kingston, two miles above Ron- dout, is a thriving and pleasant place. It was settled by the Dutch (1663), about the time of the settlement of Albany and New York. It was burnt by the British (1777). The first Constitution of New York was framed and adopted in a house still standing here. It was the birth place of Vanderlyn the painter. He died here in 1853. HMnebeck Standing, 90 miles from New York, is on the railway oppo site Kingston, and is connected with that village by a ferry. The river presents some attractive views at this point. The village of Rhinebeck is two milea back from the landing. It was founded by William Beekman in 1647. The Beekman House is one of the best specimens of an old Dutch homestead to be found' in the valley of the Hudson. Sangerties and T ivoli, the one on the west and the other on the east bank of the river, next attract our atten tion. Saugarties is a picturesque and prosperous manufacturing village, at the debouche of the beautiful waters of Eso- pus Creek. Rokeby, the estate of Wil liam B. Astor, is a short distance south of Barrytown. Between Barrytown and Tivoli are Annandale and Montgomery Place, the seats of John Bard and Edward Livingston. Passing Maiden, on the left, and Ger- mantown, on the right bank, we reach Oakhill Station, the point of departure on the Hudson River Railway for Kaats- kill. Opposite Maiden stands Clermont, the seat of the late Chancellor Livings ton. At Annandale is a beautiful little church on the border of a fine park, built by Mr. John Bard, as a free chapel for the inhabitants of the neighborhood ; and near it is " St. Stephen's College," built by 45 Kaatskill.] NEW YORK. [Kaatskill. the same gentleman, as a training-school for young men about to enter the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York. Of Montgomery Place, Mr. Lossing, in his " Hudson," says : " Of all the fine es tates along this portion of the Hudson, this ia said to be most perfect in its beauty and arrangements." It was built by the widow of General Montgomery, who here passed fifty years of widowhood. Kaats__o.ll, or Catskill, lies at the mouth of the Kaatskill Creek, on the west bank cf the Hudson. The aite of the town is somewhat elevated, and commands extensive views of the river and distant hills. The banks of the creek abound in varied and attractive scenery, and are an nually the resort of city artists, bent on obtaining fresh studies. Here the la mented Cole painted his " Course of Em pire " and " Voyage of Life." The Pros pect Park Hotel (a new hotel, recently erected), by Beach & Co., affords excel lent accommodation for those visiting Kaatskill village. The Catskill House, op posite the stage-office, is also a well-kept house. This is the spot where we leave the river to visit the celebrated kaatskill mountains, there being immediate connection be tween the landing and the Mountain House by stage-line. — Fare, $2. The Kaatskills are a part of the great Appalachian chain, which extends through the eastern portion of the Union from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Their chief ranges follow tho course of the Hud son River for 20 to 30 miles, lying west of it, and separated by a valley stretch of 10 to 12 miles. These peaks lend to the landscape, of that part of the Hudson from which they are visible, its greatest charm. The Mountain House is reached by a pleasant stage-coach ride, which usually occupies three hours. Bloom's Half-way House affords refreshment for atage-passengers. Two miles from the summit the coach stops at Sleepy Hol low, a spot usually conceded to be the site of Rip Van Winkle'a famous nap. Here a house of refreshment has recently been built ; it is known as the " Rip Van Winkle House." The Mountain House is an excellent one, combining all the com- 46 forts and many of the luxuries of more pretentious establishments. The last three miles of the journey to the hotel is up the side of the mountain, made easy by a good winding way. Moses Rock. — The path leading to this retired spot is passed on the left of the road, a short distance south of the hotel. A most superb view of the Hudson River and valley, and of the mountain-ranges of New England in the diatance, is had from the piazza of the hotel In favorable weather the cities of Albany and Troy can be seen with tho aid of a good glass. North Mountain furnishes a pleasant ramble for the visitor at the Mountain House ; the best view is obtained from Table Rock, three-quarters of a mile north of the hotel. South Mountain ia another favorite ramble, commanding a view of the Kaaterskill Paas. The Two Lakes, north and south, are reached in a short stroll from the hotel, being on the direct road to the falls. They afford good fishing. The Kaaterskill or High Falh are two miles west of the Mountain House, easily reached by stage, or boat on the lake. The Laurel House commands an excellent view of the falls, and of Round Top and High Peak, in the immediate neighbor hood. The descent of the first cascade is 180 feet, and of the second 80 feet; below these is another fall of 40 feet, making the total descent 300 feet. The Kaaterskill has a devious and rapid course of eight miles to the Kaatskill, near the village. To see the falls to the best ad vantage, the visitor should descend the winding stairs leading from the platform of the hotel, and spend an hour or two in exploring the gorge and glen below. Re- freahmenta, if desired, can be aupplied from the dizzy height by means of bas ket and rope. Mr. Scutt, the proprietor of the falls, resides at the Laurel House, and personally provides for the wants of visitors. Guides to the falls and to the neighboring Cloves are furnished at tho Laurel House; a charge of 25 cents is made to each passenger for showing the falls. This branch of the Kaaterskill comes from the waters of the two lakes on the plateau above ; and, aa the supply ha3 to be economized in order that the cascade"! Kaatskill.] NEW YORK. [New Lebanon Springs. may look their best when they have com pany, the stream is dammed, and the flood is let on at proper times only. We have now peeped at all the usual " sights " of the region ; but there are other chap ters of beauty, perhaps yet more inviting. Let the tourist, if he be adventurous and is a true lover of Nature, fohow the brook down from the base of the cataracts we have just described, into the principal clove; then let him ascend the main stream for a mile over huge bowlders, through rank woods, aud many by-cas cades, which, if smaller, are still more picturesque thaSl those "nominated in the bond ; " or, let him descend the creek two miles, sometimes by the edge of the bed of waters, and, when that is impracticable, by the turnpike-road, which traverses the great clove or pass. At every turn and step there will be a new picture — sometimes a. unique rapid or fall, sometime3 a soaring mountain- cliff, sometimes a rude bridge across the foaming torrent, sometimes a little hut or cottage, and at last, as he comes out tow ard the valley on the east, the humble village of Palenville. This portion of the Kaatskills is that most preferred by ar tists for study, and the. inns at Palenville are often occupied by them, though they offer but little inducement to the ease and comfort-loving tourist to tarry. Another nice excursion from the Moun tain House is a ride along the ridge five or six miles, to the entrance of the Stony Clove (Bear's Gap), and thence through the wilderness of thia fine pass. The Mountain Home, at Tannersville, is a de sirable stopping-place for visitors to this region. High Peak, the most elevated of the Kaatskill summits, towering 4,000 feet high, should certainly be climbed, in order to see the region fairly. It is six miles west of the Mountain House, is a long and toilsome journey for many, but it well repays for the labor of reaching it. The Mountain House, seen from High Peak, looks like a pigmy in the vale. Plauterkill Clove is another grand pasa on the hills, five miles below the Kaat erskill passage. A mountain - torrent, full of beauties in glen, and rock, and cascade, winds through it. To visit the Kaatskills comfortably, three days will suffice for the journey thence by rail from New York, for the stay, and the return to the city. Not less than four, however, ought to be thus in- vested, if one would make sure of a sat isfactory dividend ; and if a week i3 at command, so much the happier he who commands it. Hudson . — Hotels : Tiie Hudson House, Worth House. — Paaaing Mount Merino, about four milea above Kaatskill, the city of Hudson, 115 miles from New York, is next reached. It was settled in 1784 by Quakers from New England. The main street (Warren), which runs through the heart of the city from east to west, terminates at the river extremity in a pleasant little park called Promenade Hill, on a bold promontory, rising abrupt ly 60 feet above the water; while the other terminus climbs to the foot of Pros pect Hill, an elevation of 200 feet. From these heights the views of the Kaatskills, on the opposite side of the Hudson River, and of the river and city of Hudson, are incomparably fine. It ia at the head of sloop navigation on the river. It contains a fine court-house of marble, several ele gant church edifices, and a Female Semi nary, which occupies the former Lunatic Asylum. It is the terminus of the Hud son and Boston Railway. Population 13,000. ]\ew ILcDanon Springs have fine medicinal properties, and are much resorted to during the summer months. The route thither from Hudson is by the Hudson and Boston Railroad to Chatham, and there change cars. The manufacture of thermometers and barometers is exten sively carried on here. There are ample accommodations for the traveller at thia favorite watering-place, in a well-appoint ed hotel, a water-cure establishment, etc., pleasantly perched on a hill-slope, over looking a beautiful valley. There are pleasant drives all around, over good roads, to happy villages, smiling lakelets, and inviting spots of many characters. Trout, too, may be taken in the neighbor hood. The water of the Spring flows from a cavity 10 feet in diameter, and in sufficient volume to work a mill. Its temperature is 72°. It ia aoft, and, pleaa- antly auited for bathing uses, is quite tasteless and inodorous. For cutaneous 47 Columbia Springs.] NEW YORK. [Albany, affections, rheumatism, nervous debility, liver-complaint, etc., it ia an admirable remedial agent. Columbia Hall is the best hotel. These Springs may also be reached from the Harlem Railroad. (See Routes II, and VIII.) The Shaker Village, with its unique features of aocial life, ia worth viaiting. The settlement is two milea from the Springe, and is situated in a charming valley, richly skirted by woods. The Herbery for the vegetable-curing process, in which the Shakers are so proficient, and many of the farms, are well worth the attention of strangers. Columbia Springs, five miles from Hudson, is a summer resort of great value to invalids, and of interest to all. In the immediate neighborhood, more over, there is a pleasant lake, offermg all the country charms of boating and fish ing. The hotel here is large and well appointed. The Claverack Falls, some eight miles off, should not be overlooked by the visitor. The falls have a clear leap of nearly 90 feet. Athens ia a httle village, with a population of 2,000, directly opposite Hudson, and connected with it by a steam- ferry. It ia also the terminus of a branch of the New York Central Railroad from Schenectady. Stockport and Coxsaclirie are bustling and thriving little places imme diately beyond Athens. Kinderliook -Landing. — The village of Kinderhook, about five miles eaat of the landing, on the east side of the river, ia the birthplace of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States. His estate of " Lindenwald," where he spent the last years of his life, is situated two miles south. of the village. New Baltimore and Coeymans are now passed on the left, and Schodack and Cas- tlcton on the right. Two miles below Al bany, at a place called Renwood, is an im mense stone dike, built by tho Govern ment in 1832, at the cost of $250,000. Albany. — Hotels : Tive Delavan House, Stanwix Hall. Albany was founded by the Dutch, first as a trading-post, on Castle Island, directly below the site of the present city, in 1614. Fort Orange was built where the town now stands, in 1623 ; and, next 48 to Jamestown in Virginia, was the ear liest European settlement in the original thirteen States. The town was known aa Beaver Wyck, and aa Williamstadt, before it received its present name in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany, after ward James IL, at the period when it fell into British possession, 1664. It was char tered in 1686, and made the State capital in 1798. It is divided into 10 warda, and had a population in 1870 of over 69,000. It has a large commerce, from its poaition at the head of sloop navigation and tide water upon the Hudson, as the entrepot of the great Erie Canal fromHhe west, and the Champlain Canal from the north, and aa the centre to which many routes and lines of travel converge. The boats of the canal are received in a grand basin con structed in the river, with the help of a pier 80 feet wide and 4,300 feet long. Albany, seen from some points on the river, makes a very fine appearance, the ground rising westward from the low flats on the shore to an elevation of some 220 feet. State Street ascends in a steep grade from the water to the height crowned by the State capitol. The water-worka, built 1852-'53, at a coat of $1,000,000, are worth seeing. Among the public buildings are the Capitol, the Slate-house, the City Hall, the Hospital, the Penitentiary (a model prison), the Almshouse, and more than 50 church edifices. Of the latter, the ca thedral (Immaculate Conception), on Ea gle Street, and the Church of St. Joseph, ou Ten Broeck Street, corner of Second, are the most prominent structures. The cathedral has sittings for 4,000, and a powerful organ. The stained windows, by Gibson, of New York, are among the finest specimens of art in the country. The Capitol occupies the west side of the public aquare, the State-house and City Hall the east. The latter, completed December, 1832, is built of marble, sur mounted by a dome, from which a fine view is obtained. The Stale Library, ad joining the Capitol, has upward of 60,000 volumes. The Dudley Observatory, found ed by the munificence of Mrs. Blandina Dudley, was erected at a cost of $25,000, and has been further endowed to the amount of $100,000. It standa on Ob- aervatory Hill, near the northern limits. Albany.] NEW YORK. [West Troy. The State Arsenal, on Eagle Street, is a large, gloomy structure, in the castellated style. The University of Albany was incor porated in 1852. The Law Department ia now one of the beat in the Union. The Medical College, which was founded in 1839, is a prosperous establishment, with au extensive Museum. The Slate Normal School was organized successfully in 1844, for " the education and practice of teach ers of common schools in the science of education and the art of teaching." The Albany Institute, organized 1791, for sci entific advancement, has a library of 9,000 volumes. Admission through a raambsr. The Young Men's Association, 38 State Street, has a collection of 12,000 volumes ; the Apprentices' Library, 5,000. Tho edifice on Slate Street, where are de posited the public collections in Natural History, and in Geology and in Agricul ture, is moat interesting. The Orphan Asylum and other benevolent establish ments of this city are well worth the consideration of the tourist. The dis tinguished sculptor, E. C. Palmer, resides here. His studio, No. 5 Fayette Place, is frequently visited by strangers. In the northern part of the city, ex tending from Broadway to the river, sur rounded by large and beautiful grounds, ia the Van Rensselaer Manor House, one of the most attractive town residences in the State. It is over two hundred yeara since the mansion of the first Patroon was built upon this spot, and some portions of the present house were built in 1765. Above the city ou the flats is the Schuyler House, an exceedingly plain and antiquated dwelling. It was here that Colonel Peter Schuyler, the first Mayor of Albany, the Indian commissioner, who took four sachems of the Mohawks to Eng- bnd, and presented them to Queen Anne, resided. After his death, hia own aon Phillip lived in the house, which in the summer of 1759, eighteen months after h;.3 death, was destroyed by fire. It was immediately rebuilt, portions of ths origi nal walls still remaining. Trains leave Albany, for New York, by the Hudson River and Harlem Railways, almost hourly ; for the west, by the Cen tral, and for Boston by the Western (Mass.) Railway, several times each day. For Saratoga and the north, one express 3 through-train leaves early in the morn ing. The great Railroad Bridge across the Hudaon is a massive structure, and entirely obviates those delays formerly incidental to ferrying passengers and freight. Day boats down the Hudson at 7-J a. M., and night boats at 8 p. M. To Kaatskill, steamers daily. CS_reenlsi!S-__, the former terminus of the Hudson River Railway, is immedi ately opposite. It is now connected with Albany by bridge. It is incorpo rated, and includes Bath and East Albany Population, 4,000. Troy. — Hotels : American Hotel, Mansion House, Troy House. Troy is a large and beautiful city of 46,471 inhab- itanta, aud including auburban aettlementa 80,000. It stands upon both banks ofthe Hudson, at the mouth of the Poestenkill Creek, 148 miles from New York, and six from Albany. It is built upon an allu vial plain, overlooked on the east side by the classic heights of Mount Ida, and on the north by the barren cliffs of Mount Olympus, 200 feet high. These elevated points command superb views of the city and its charming vicinage, and of the great waters of the Hudson. Troy lies along the river for the length of three miles, and extends back a mile from east to west. It boasts many fine churches and public buildings, and several hand some private mansions and cottages ; among the former the Episcopal churches of St. Paul and St. John are best worthy notice. The Female Seminary, estab lished in 1821, and the Rensselaer Poly technic Institute, are flourishing institu tions. It has extensive manufactures, and enjoys a large and growing trade by river and rail. Four main lines of rail way meet at this point, viz. : the Hudson River, the Troy and Boston, the Schenec tady and Troy, and the roads which are united in one depot by meana of the Union (city) Railroad. Cars leave Troy for Greenbush (six miles) every hour. Horse-cars to Albany, Cohoes, Lansing- burg and various neighboring points. 'West Troy, a suburb of Troy, on the other side of the river, ia a rapid ly-growing place. The inhabitants are employed principally in manufactures. A fine macadamized road leads from West Troy to Albany, a. distance of six 43 West Troy.] NEW YORK. [Albany. miles. Horse-cars to Albany every fif teen minutes. The Watervliet (U. S.) Arsenal, in West Troy, haa a large and constant supply of small-arms, and vari ous munitions of war. This is one of the most important of the national de pots, and is worthy the attention of the traveller. It was built in 1814, and occu pies 100 acres of ground. Green Island Village, near West Troy, has an exten sive car and coach factory. Oakwood and Mount Ida Cemeteries are worth vis iting. The former is in Lansingburg, and occupies a beautiful site overlooking the city. * By the Hudson River Railway. The journey by the Hudson River Railway, 144 milea, to Albany, though less popular with pleasure-travellers during the heats of summer than the steamboat route, is nevertheless p- most interesting one. The road lies un the eastern bank of the river, touching its waters continually, and ever and anon crossing wide bays and the mouths of tributary streams. Great difficulties were surmounted in its mountain, rock, and water passage, and all so successful ly and so thoroughly, that it is one of the securest routes on the continent. Opened 43 miles to Peekskill, September 29, 1S49, and opened through, October 8, 1851. It has eight tunnels, with an aggregate length of 3,595 feet. The total amount expended in building and equip ping the Une was §12,700,000. With its heavy business, its history is happily free from any considerable record of collision or accident. This is owing as much to the vigilant management and the admirable police as to the substantial character of the road itself. The flag-men are so stationed along the entire line, at inter vals of a mile, and at curves and acclivi ties, as to secure unbroken signal commu nication from one end to the other. Six through express trains daily from Thirti eth Street depot. Time, 4-J to 5J hours. Stations. — Manhattan, 8 miles; 152d Street, 9 ; Fort Washington, 10 ; Spuyten Duyvel, 13; Riverdale, 14; Mt. St. Vin cent, 15; Yonkers, 17; Gleuwood, 18; Hastings, 21 ;.Dobb's Ferry, 22 ; Irvington, 24 (ferry to Piermont, terminus of Pier mont Branch of Erie Railway) ; Tarry- 50 town, 27 (ferry to Nyack) ; Scarborough, 31 ; Sing Sing, 32 ; Croton, 36 ; Cruger'a, 37 ; Montrose, 41 ; Peekskill, 43 ; Fort Montgomery, 47 ; Garrison's, 51 (ferry to West Point) ; Cold Spring, 54 ; Cornwall StatioD, 56 ; Fishkill, 60 (ferry to New burg, terminus of Newburg Branch of Erie Railway) ; Low Point, 64 ; New Ham- burgh, 60 ; Milton Ferry, 71 ; Poughkeep. sie, 75 ; Hyde Park, 80 ; Stattaburg, 85 ; Rhinebeck, 90 ; Barrytown, 96 ; Tivoli, 100 ; Germantown, 105 ; Catskill Station, 111; Hudson, 115 (connects with Hud son & Boaton Railway); Stockport, 119; Coxsackie Station, 123; Stuyvesant, 125; Schodack, 132; Castleton, 135; East Al bany, 144 ; Albany (connects with New York Central and Albany & Susquehanna Railways) ; Troy, 150 (connects with Troy & Boston and with Rensaelaer & Saratoga Railways). * There are several celebrated iron- founderiea in Troy, and manufactoriea of stoves and machinery. It is famous for ita laundries, and has the largest linen, collar and cuff manufactories in the United States, employing thousands of young women. There is a fine Roman Catholic College at Troy. Rensselaer Park, reached by horae-ears, haa a fine half-mile race-track. Lansingburg is a thriving suburb of Troy. It has among other manufactoriea a large brush-factory. Cohoes is an important manufacturing city on the banks of the Mohawk, which affords fine water-power. The fall* are very beautiful, Melrose.] NEW YORK. [Lake Mabopac, ROUTE II. NEW YORK TO ALBANY. Via N. Y. & Harlem Railway. This route extends from the heart of the city of New York to the State capital, skirting in its course the eastern portions of all those counties lying upon the Hud son and traveraed by the river railway. The diatance between the termini ia 151 miles, seven miles longer than that of the Hudson River. The stations and towns upon the Harlem road are, for the most part, inconaiderable places, many of them having grown up with the road. The Gountry paased through is varied and picturesque in surface, and much of it is rich agricultural land. It does not com pare with the river route iu scenic at tractions. Stations. — Twenty-sixth Street Sta tion ; Forty-second Street, 1£ miles ; Harlem, 5 ; Mott Haven, 6 ; Melrose, 7 ; Morrisania, 8 ; Tremont, 9 ; Fordham, 10; Williams Bridge, 12 (Junction of the New York and New Haven Road) ; Bronxville, 16 ; Tuckahoe, 17 ; Scarsdale, 20 ; Hart's Comers, 21 ; White Plains, 24 ; Kensico, 26 ; Unionville, 29 ; Pleas- autville, 32 ; Chappaqua, 34 ; Mount Kis- co, 38 ; Bedford, 40 ; Katonah, 43 ; Golden Bridge, 45 ; Purdy's, 47 ; Croton Falls, 49 ; Brewster's, 53 ; Dykman's, 56 ; Town er's, 59 ; Paterson's, 61 ; Pawlings, 65 ; South Dover, 71 ; Dover Plains, 78 ; Was- saic, 82 ; Amenia, 86 ; Sharon Station, 89 ; Millerton, 94 ; Mount Riga, 97 ; Bos ton Corners, 100 ; Copake, 106 ; Hills dale, 110; Bains, 113; Martindale, 116; Philmont, 120; Ghent, 126; Chatham Four Corners, 128 (junction with railway route from Albany and from Hudson for Boston); East Albany, 151 miles, con nects with Troy and Greenbush Railway. On leaving the city streets, the road passes under a considerable extent of tunnelling and continued bridging acrosa thoroughfares, and reachea the extremity of the island and city of New York at Harlem, where it crosses the Harlem River into Westchester County. Melrose (7 milea) ia where the Port Morria Branch to Long Ialand Sound, 2 miles long, diverges. The Spuyten Duy vel and Port Morris Railway, to be com pleted within the year, will intersect at this point. Fordham (10 miles) ia noted for its fine Roman Catholic College. It can also be reached by private conveyance from New York. It is from thia station that Jerome Park is reached. Williams IBridge (12 miles) is at the junction with the New York and New Haven Road. One mile beyond is Woodlawn, one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the vicinity of New York. WUite Plains (24 miles) is inter esting as the scene of important events iu the Revolution. Au eventful battle was fought here, October 28, 1776. A residence of Washington (in which there are some attractive relics) is yet stand ing in the vicinage. Chappaqua, Mount Eis co, and ___Scd__brd, are summer resorts for New-Yorkers. Katonan (43 miles) is named after an Indian chief who once owned the land in the vicinity. It has grown up since 1847, when the first house was built, and is now quite a pretty place. Croton Falls (49 miles), upon the river which supplies the great Croton Aqueduct to the city of New York, are worth seeing. Passengers for Lake Ma hopac, 5 miles distant, take stage here. ILafke Mahopac. — Hotels : Greg ory's, Baldwin's, and Tlvompson's. This pleasant summer resort lies in the west ern part of the town of Carmel, Putnam County. The lake is nine miles in cir cumference, is about 1,800 feet above the sea, and is 14 miles from the Hudson at Peekskill. It is one of the principal sources of supply to the Croton, and is the centre of a group of 22 lakes, lying within a circle of 12 miles' radius, all of which, with two exceptiona, are feedera of the Croton. Though the landacape has no very bold features, and but little to detain the artist, yet its quiet waters, its pretty, wooded islands, the romantic resorts iu its vicinage, the throngs of pleasure-seeking strangers, the boating and fishing, and other rural sports, make it a most agreeable spot for either a brief visit or a long residence. There are many attractive localities of hill and wa ter acenery around Mahopac. The pleas ant hotels are well filled during the season 51 Brewster's.] NEW YORK. LbARATOGA Springs. by boarders or by passing guests. It is a nice retreat to those whose business in the great city below forbids their wander ing far away. Brewster's (53 miles) is noted for its iron-mines, the product of which is largely shipped to Pennsylvania, to be used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process. The Boston, Hartford and Erie Railway will intersect at this point (see Route VI. of Connecticut). _Pawiings (65 miles). All trains stop for refreshments. ©over Plains (78 miles) is 20 miles east of Poughkeepsie, and is sur rounded by much pleasing landscape. It ia a flourishing village, containing several churches and a number of stores. Amenia (86 miles) is a pleasant village, containing the Amenia Seminary, a fine preparatory school for Yale and other colleges ; several churches, a bank, and a number of stores. This is the point of departure from this road for Sharon, and the splendid scenery of the Housaionie Region, described in Route II. of Connecticut. Millerton (94 miles) is the junc tion of the Western Connecticut Railway, and is to be the junction of the New York, Housatonic, and Northern Railway. This is the point of departure for Salisbury. Sostomi Corners (100 miles). One-half mile north of this station, on the east, is a gorge through which the east and northeast winds sometimes sweep with great fury. Copake (106 miles) ia within half a mile of the Bash-Bish fall, and ia in the vicinity of other charming scenery (see page 163). Hillsdale (110 miles) is also de lightfully situated, being surrounded by superb scenery. 'Chatham (128 miles) ia the junc tion of the Boston and Albany Railway \see Massachosetts), and the road to Lebanon Springs (see Route VIII.). Albany (151 miles) (see page 48). Troy (157 miles) (see page 49). 52 ROUTE III. ALBANY TO SARATOGA, LAKES GEORGE AND CHAMPLAIN. Via Rensselaer and Saratoga (Consolidated) Saihoay. Stations. — Troy Union Depot ; Green Island, 1 mile ; Waterford, 4 ; Albany Junction, 6 ; Mechanicsville, 12 ; Balls- ton, 25 ; Saratoga, 32 ; Gansevoort, 48 ; Moreau, 49 ; Fort Edward, 52 ; Dunham's Basin, 57 ; Smith's Basin, 61 ; Fort Anne, 65 ; Comstock's Landing, 71 ; Junction, 73 ; Lake Champlain Junction, 77; Fairhaven, 79; Hydeville, 81; Castleton, 84 ; West Rutland, 91 ; Rut land, 95. BSallston Spa ia upon the Kay aderosseras Creek, a small stream which flows through the village, 2'5 miles from Troy, and 7 miles from Saratoga Springs. Ita mineral watera, which were discovered in 1769, are celebrated for their medici nal qualities, although not so popular as they were formerly, those of Saratoga being now generally preferred. A flour ishing seminary has been established near the centre of the village on the site of the former Sans-Souci Hotel. The village has railway connection with Schenectady, dis tant 15 miles. Long Lake, a famous fish ing-resort, is five miles distant. Saratoga Springs. — Hotels : the most desirable hotels are the Union Hall, the Clarendon, and Congress Hall, Besides these houses, there are many of less fashion and price, and numerous pri vate boarding-houses, where one may live quietly at a moderate cost. The prices ofthe principal hotela are $4.50 per day. Attached to the Union is an opera-house, capable of seating 1,500 persons, billiard- rooms, baths, etc. Fine bands of music perform on the broad, shady piazzas, and in the ballrooma at the dinner and eve ning hours. Route. — From Boston by the Western Railway, 200 milea to Albany ; or, from New York, by the Hudson River line or steamboats, 144 miles to Albany, or 150 miles to Troy. From either place, by the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railway, through Ballston Springs. The short ride from Troy to the Springa ia a most agreeable one. The route Saratoga Springs.] NEW YORK. [Saratoga Springs. crosaes and followa the Hudaon and the Mohawk Rivera, to Waterford, at the meeting of these waters, four miles above Troy, and near the Cohoes Falls — a much- admired and frequented resort upon the Mohawk — thence continuing upon the west bank of the Hudson, eight miles far ther to Mechanicsville. It afterward crosses the canal, passea Round Lake, and enters Ballston Springs. During the summer, a car, on the Hud- eon River Railway express trains from New York, passes through to the Springs without change. Passengers via Albany for the Springs change cars at Albany. Saratoga has been for many years one of the most famous places of summer resort in the United States, frequented by Americans from aU sections, and by for eign tourists from all parts of Europe. During the height of the season the ar rivals frequently outnumber a thousand in a single day. There is nothing re markable about the topography or sce nery of Saratoga ; on the contrary, the 6pot would be uninteresting enough but for the virtues of its waters and the dis sipations of its brilliant society. The vil lage streets, however, are gratefully shaded by fine trees, and a little respite from the gay whirl may be got on the walks and lawns of the pretty rural ceme tery close by. The springs, from which the fame of Saratoga is derived, however much fashion may have since nursed it, are all in or very near the village. There are many different waters in present use, but the most sought after of all are those of the Congress Spring. This apring was discovered in 1792, though it was long before known to and esteemed by the In diana. After the Congreas watera, which are bottled and sent all over the world, the springs most in favor and use at Saratoga are the Empire, the Hathorn, the Colum bian, the High Rock, the Red, the Pa vilion, and Putnam's. The Excelsior, Minnehaha, Star, and Saratoga Springs, are also popular. The Empire Spring, the most northerly one in the village, has grown greatly in repute of late years. The Hathorn Spring, recently discov ered, is now one of the most popular. The High Rock Spring, not far from the Empire, is much esteemed both for its medicinal virtues and for the curious character of the reck from which it is sues, aud after which it ia named. It was first known by the discovery of Sir Wil ham Johnson, in 1767. This singular rock has been formed by the accumulated deposits of the mineral substances (mag nesia, lime, and iron) held in solution by the carbonic acid gas of the springs. The circumference of the rock, at the surface of the ground, is 24 feet 4 inches, its height 3 feet, with an aperture of nearly one foot diameter. The centennial an niversary of its discovery was celebrated August 23, 1866. The Seltzer Spring is newly opened. In the immediate vicinity of the springs is pointed out the spot upon which the battles of Saratoga and Stillwater were fought in 1777. The Alpha and the Omega of the daily Saratoga programme are to drink and to dance — the one in the earliest possible morning, and the other at the latest con ceivable night. Among the out-door di versions is a jaunt to Saratoga Lake, an attractive resort six miles distant. The lake is nine miles in length and very nearly three in width. The marshes around it prevent access, except here and there. Moon's and Abell's Lake Houses are well-kept houses, with conveniences for boating, fishing, etc. Snake Hill is the name given to an eminence upon the eastern side of the lake. During the summer a line of stages runs between the village and the lake. The Indian Camp, Circular Railway, and Archery Ground, are immediately south of Congresa Spring, and the Victoria Walk. The peculiarity of the Camp ia that the In dians are almost all white, and of marked Milesian features. The village has two newspaper offices, several churches, and a resident population of 8,000, which is increased to nearly 30,000 during the months of July and August. The trip from Saratoga to Lake Lu zerne is one of the pleasantest in the State. (See page 60.) 53 Glen's Falls.] NEAV YORK. [Lake George. Leaving Saratoga by railroad, we will pursue our northward journey as far as Glen's Falls, on the upper Hudson, whence Lake George is reached by a stage-ride of nine miles. The wild and rugged landscape ia in striking contrast with the general air of the coun try below — there, quiet, pastoral lands ; here, rugged rock and rushing cataract. This is a spot trebly interesting, from its natural, its poetical, and its historical character. The passage of the river is through a rude ravine, in a mad descent of 75 feet over a rocky precipice of 900 feet in length. Within the roar of these rapids were laid some of the scenes in Cooper's story of the " Last of the Mo hicans." They are generally associated with our romantic memoriea of Uncas and Hawkeye, David Duncan, Haywood and his sweet wards, Alice and Cora Munro. The village built up round these falls was almost wholly destroyed by fire in May, 1863. It was, at that time, one of the most attractive little places in the State, and has been rebuilt in such a manner as to even exceed its former beauty. The inhabitanta number nearly 5,000, and are principally engaged in manufacturing pursuits. Marble of fine quality ia quar ried here. When within four milea of the lake, we pass a dark gleg, in which lie hid den the storied waters of Bloody Pond, and close by is the historic old bowlder, remembered as Williams's Rock. Near this last-mentioned spot, Colonel Williams was killed in an engagement with the French and Indians, September 8, 1775. The slain in this unfortunate battle were cast into the waters near by, since called Bloody Pond. It is now quiet enough, under its surface of slime and dank lilies. Our road from the falls descends to the lake shore, the gleaming floods and the 54 blue cliffs of Horicon closing in the dis tance. The first broad view of the beau tiful lake, seen suddenly as our way brings us to the brink of the highlands, above which we have thus far travelled, is of surpassing beauty, only exceeded by the thousand-and-one marvels of delight which we afterward enjoy in all the long traverse of its famous waters. ILaltc G-eorge. Caldwell, at the aouthern end of Lake George (the Indian name of which was Horicon), ia the ter mination of our rids. Here we find two excellent hotels, the Lake House, and the Fort William Henry Hotel, besides sev eral smaller ians. At these hotels every convenience is afforded for boating, fish ing, etc. Fort William Henry Hotel stands upon the. site of the old fort of that name, while the ruins of Fort George, about a mile to the southeast, are visible from the piazza of the Lake House, which commands also a fine view of French Mountain and Rattlesnake Hill, and of the islands and hills down the lake. The passage of Lake George, 36 miles, to the landing near the village of Ticon deroga, and four miles from the venerable ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, ou Lake Champlain, is made by the steamer Min- ¦nehalia, the trip down to the fort and back occupying the day very delight fully. Leaving Caldwell after breakfast, we proceed on our voyage down the lake. After passing the fine residence of Mr. Cramer, the first spot of especial interest which we pass is Diamond Island, in front of Dunham Bay. Here, iu 1777, was a military depot of Burgoyne's army, and the scene of a skirmish be tween the garrison and a detachment of American troops. North of Diamond Isle lies Long Island, ia front of long Point, which extends into the lake from the east. Harris's Bay has between the north side of this point and the mountains. In this bay Mont calm moored his boats and landed in 1757. Doom, or Fourteen Mile Island, is passed in the centre of the lake, some 12 miles north of Caldwell. Putnam's men took shelter here while he went to ap prise General Webb of the movements of the enemy, at the mouth of the North- west Biy. Upon the island is Derrom's Lake George.] NEW YORK. [Lake George. Hotel. A small pleasure-steamer named the Ganouskie makes regular morning trips to the island from Caldwell. In the afternoon it can be chartered for excur sions. It was built on the lake. North west Bay liea iu one of the moat beauti ful parts of Lake George, juat beyond Button Landing, where there is au in viting place to sojourn, called the "Mo hican House." Four miles from Bolton, on the east, is an hotel called Trout Pavilion. There is no village, but visitors at the hotel enjoy the very best fishing, on the lake. The Eneat fiahing-grounda of Lake George are in that part of the waters which we have already passed, in the vicinity of Bolton Landing, Shelving Rock, and thence to Caldwell, though fine trout and bass are freely caught from one end of the lake to the other. The bay extends up on the west of the Tongue Mountain some five miles. On the east side of the bay, the Tongue Mountain comes in liter ally hke a tongue of the lake, into the centre of which it seems to protrude, with the bay on one aide and the -main pasaage of the waters on the other. On the right or east shore, in the neighbor hood, and juat as we reach the Tongue and enter the "Narrows," is the bold semicircular palisades called Slielving Rock. Passing this picturesque feature of the landscape, and, afterward, the point of the Tongue Mountain, we enter the Narrows at the base of the boldest and loftiest shorea of Horicon. The chief peak of the hills here is that of Black Mountain, with an altitude of 2,200 feet. The islands of this lovely lake number more than 300. The water is wonderfully clear, and is 400 feet deep. This is the most beautiful part of the lake, and by enthusiastic wri ters is said to be unsurpassed for beauty by any of the famed lakes of Switzerland or Scotland. Sabbath-Day Point. — Emerging from the Narrows, on the north, we approach a long projecting strip of fertile land, called Sabbath-Day Point — so named by General Abercrombie, from his having embarked his anny on the spot on Sun day morning, after a halt for the prece ding night. The spot ia remembered also as the scene of a fight, in 1756, between the colonists and a party of French and Indians. The former, sorely pressed, and unable to escape acrosa the lake, made a bold defence and defeated the enemy, killing very many of their men. In 1776 Sabbath-Day Point was again the scene of a battle between some American militia and a party of Indians and Tories, when the latter were repulsed, and some 40 of their number were killed and wounded. This part of Horicon is even more charm ing in its pictures, both up and down the lake, than it is in its numerous historical reminiscences. On a calm sunny day the romantic passage of the Narrows, as seen to the southward, is wonderfully fine ; while, in the other direction, is the broad bay, entered as the boat passes Sabbath- Day Point, and the summer landing and hotel at " Garfield's," soon to be ab ruptly closed on the north, by the huge precipices of Anthony's Nose on the right, and Roger's Slide on the left. This pass is not unlike that of the Highlands of the Hudson as approached from the south. Rogers's Slide is a rugged promontory, about 400 feet high, with a steep face of bare rock, down which the Indians, to their great bewilderment, supposed the bold ranger, Major Rogers, to have passed, when they pursued him to the brink of the precipice. Two miles beyond is Prisoner's Island, where, during the French War, those taken captive by the English were eon- fined ; and directly west is Lord Howe's Point, where the English army, under Lord Howe, consisting of 16,000 men, landed previous to the attack on Ticon deroga. We now approach the termina tion of our excursion on this beautiful lake, and in a mile reach the steamboat landing near the village of Ticonderoga, whence stages run a distance of three miles, over a rough and romantic road, to Fort Ticonderoga — following the wild course of the passage by which Horicon reaches the waters of Lake Champlain — a passage full of bold rapids and striking cascades. Time is given visitors to see and ex plore the picturesque ruins of the fort, to dine at the hotel, and to return to Cald well by the steamer, iu time for tea. Fare for the round trip, $2. Postponing our visit to Fort Ticonde- . 55 Whitehall.] NEW YORK. [Ticonderoga. roga, until we reach it in out trip up Lake Champlain, we will return to Fort Ed ward, on the Saratoga and Whitehall Rail way, to which point we have already fol lowed it in our visit to Lake George. To Whitehall the country is exceed ingly attractive, much of the way, in its quiet, sunny valley beauty, watered by pleasant streams, and environed in the distance by picturesque hills. The Cham plain Canal is a continual object of inter est by the way; and there are also, as in all the long journey before us, every where spots of deep historic charm, if we could tarry to read their stories — of the memorable incidents which they wit nessed, both in French and Indian and af terward in the Revolutionary War. In the valley regions of the Hudson, which lie between Albany and Lake Champlain, are many scenea famoua for the struggles between the colonists and Great Britain — the battle-grounds of Bemis Heights aud Stillwater (villages of the upper Hudson), and of Saratoga, which ended in the defeat of Burgoyne and his army. Three miles north of Moreau Station we pasa Fort Edward, the scene of the murder of Jane McCrea by the Indians ; and, twelve miles farther on, Fort Anne, a pleasant village of Washington County, on the canal. Remains of the fortifica tion from which the place is named, and which waa erected during the French War of 1750, are still to be seen. Whitehall, 77 miles north of Al bany, was a point of much consideration during the French and Indian War, and through the Revolution. Iu former times 56 it was called Skenesborough. It is at the south end or head of Lake Champlain, within a rude, rocky ravine, at the foot cf Skene's Mountain. The Champlain Canal to Troy terminates here. Pawlet River and Wood Creek, which enter the lake here, furnish abundant water-power ; pop ulation, 4,500. There is nothing in the vicinage to delay the traveller. From Whitehall we can cither continue our journey down Lake Champlain, 156 miles, to St. John, or proceed by railway through Vermont, via Castleton, Rutland, Bur lington, etc., to Rouse's Point, and thence to Montreal. The boat or lake route ia preferable, as affording greater variety and more attractive scenery. LAKE CHAMPLAIN. Lake Champlain, one of the most im portant and attractive features of tho northern tour, lies between New York and Vermont, in latitude between 43° 30' and 45° 6' north. It variea in breadth from half a mile lo 10 miles, and in depth from 50 to 280 feet. Its principal tributaries are the Saranac, Au Sable, and Winooski, and its principal outlet the Sorel or Richelieu River, through which it dis charges into the St. Lawrence, 50 miles below Montreal. The name is derived from that of Samuel de Champlain, who discovered it in 1609. Navigation open from May to November. One of the U. S. mail steamers leaves Whitehall on the ar rival of trains from Albany, etc. The nar rowness of the lower part of Lake Cham plain gives it much more the air of a river than a lake. For 20 miles the average breadth does not exceed half a mile ; and at one point it is not more than 40 roda across. It afterward becomes quite wide ; but whether broad or narrow, the voy age, in large and admirable boats, over its mountain-environed waters, ia alwaya a pleasure fo be greatly enjoyed and hap pily remembered. On the east rise the bare peaks of the Green Hilla of Vermont, the bold Camel's Hump leading all along the line ; and on the west are the still more varied summits and ridges of the Adirondack Mountains in New York. Ticonderoga , the point where the lake widens and becomes a lake in fact as well as in name, is the site of Fort Ticonde roga, of which the ruins only are visible, Mount Independence.] NEW YORK [Plattsburq. was erected by the French in 1756, and called by them " Carrilkm." It was origi nally a place of much strength ; its natural advantages were very great, being sur rounded on three sides by water, and hav ing half the fourth covered by a swamp, and the only point by which it could be approached, by a breastwork. Fort Ticonderoga was one of the first strongholds taken from the English in 1775, at the commencement of the Rev olutionary War. Colonel Ethan AUen, of Vermont, at the head of the Green Mountain Boys, surprised the unsuspect ing garrison, penetrated to the very bed side of the commandant, and, waking him, demanded the surrender of the fort. " In whose name, and to whom ? " ex claimed the surprised officer. " In the name of the great Jehovah aud the Con tinental Congress ! " thundered the in trepid Allen, and the fort was immediately surrendered. It was afterward, however, easily re duced, by an expedient adopted by Gen eral Burgoyne — that of placing a piece of artillery on the pinnacle of Mount De fiance, on the south side of the Lake George outlet, and 750 feet above the lake, aud entirely commanding the fort, from which shot was thrown iuto the midst of the American works. Mount Independence lies in Vermont, opposite Ticonderoga, about a mile distant. The remains of military works are still visible here. Mount Hope, an elevation about a mile north of Ticon deroga, was occupied by General Bur goyne previous to the recapture of Ticon deroga, which took place in 1777, nearly two years after its surrender to the gal lant Allen. Crown IPoimt, thirty-five miles from Whitehall, was the site of Fort Frederick, erected by the French in 1731. Its history is strikingly similar to that of Ticonderoga. In 1759 the English took possession of this whole region, and in 1775 the fort was taken by Ethan Allen at the time he captured Ticonderoga. Opposite Crown Point is Chimney Point, at the mouth of Bullwaggy Bay. iPort Henry, forty-four miles from Whitehall, is surrounded by some of the prettiest scenery on the lake. It is an attractive place. Westport, fifty-five milea, and Essex, sixty-five miles from Whitehall, are gates to the Adirondack region, as are Crown Point aud Port Kent. -Port Kent, ninety milea from Whitehall, is where tourists leave the boat and take the stage for Keeseville, in visiting the Au Sable Chasm, which is described in the "Trip to the Adiron dacks." The most interesting feature of the town is the old stone mansion of Colonel Elkanah Watson, on the hill near the lake. From this vicinity, whether on land or on water, the landscape in every direction ia striking and beautiful. _ -Burlington, Vt., ia on the east side of Burlington Bay. The first per manent settlement waa made in 1 783. In 1865 the townahip waa divided into the city of Burlington and the town of South Burlington. The view of the city, aa ap proached from the lake, is very fine, as it is built upon ground which rises from the lake-shore to a height of 367 feet in the distance of a mile, the summit being crowned by the university buildings. The city ia handsomely laid out, aud many of the residences and churches are notice able for their beauty. The University of Vermont, located here, was incorporated in 1791, and or ganized in 1800. The corner-stone of the dormitory was laid by General La fayette in 1825, and in 1865 the Agri cultural College was united with it. The view from the dome of the principal building is superb, including Lake Cham plain and the mountains of Vermont, and the Adirondacks, over sixty peaks being in sight. There are numerous places of in terest in the vicinity, and many beautiful drives. Green-Mount Cemetery, where Ethan Allen was buried in 1789, affords a fine view ofthe Winooski Falls and village. The shaft of granite which marks Allen's grave is to be surmounted by a statue. The lumber-trade of Burlington ia very great. The only large hotel ia the Amer ican. The depot of the Vermont Central, Vermont and Canada, near the wharf, ia an elegant building, and should by all means be visited. IPlatts hiirg. — Hotel: " Fou- guet's." Terma $3.00 per day. Twenty- four milea above Burlington, and on the opposite shore, is the pleasant village of 57 Plattsburg.] NEW YORK. [Ad Sable. Plattsburg, where the Saranac River cornea in from its lake-dotted home, at the edge of the great wilderness of northern New York, 30 miles westward. Plattsburg is connected with Montreal by the P. & M. Railway. Cumberland Bay, into which the Saranac enters, was the Scene of the victory of McDonough and Macomb over the British naval and land forces, under Commodore Downie and Sir George Provost, familiarly known as the Bailie of Lake Champlain. Here the American commodore awaited the arri val of the British fleet, which passed Cumberland Head about eight o'clock in the morning of September 11, 1814. The first gun from the fleet was the signal for commencing the attack ou land. Sir George Provost, with about 14,000 men, furiously assaulted the defences of the town, while the battle raged between the fleets, in full view of the armies. Gen eral Macomb, with about 3,000 men, most ly undisciplined, foiled the repeated as saults of the enemy, until the capture of the Britiah fleet, after an action of about two houra, obliged the English to retire, with the loss of 2,500 men, and a large portion of their baggage and ammunition. Twenty-five miles farther we reach Rouse's Point, on the west side of the lake. This is our last landing before we enter Canada. It is the terminus of the Lake Champlain Railway to Ogdensburg, 118 miles. Railways from the Eastern States through Vermont come in here, and are prolonged by the Montreal and Champlain road to Montreal. If the traveller toward Canada prefers to con tinue his journey otherwise than via Plattaburg, or Rouse's Point, he may go on by steamboat to the head of navigation in these waters to St. John's, and thence by Lachine to Montreal. (See Canada, for the tour of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario from Quebec via Montreal to Niagara.) ROUTE IV. TRIPS TO THE ADIRONDACK RE GION. In the northern portion of the State of New York is a wilderness as large as the entire State of Connecticut, and known under the general name of the " Adiron- 68 dack Region," though in different portions it ia called by various names indicating apecial localities, such as " Brown's Tract," which is the most southerly por. tion ; the " Saranac region," in the north- east, and the " Long Lake," or " Adiron dacks," in the central and northwestern portions. The " Chateaugay Woods " and "Lake Pleasant" regions are the namea applied to other portions. There are over a dozen different routes by which this wilderness may be entered, all of which are given further on, though we shall pursue the most popular, that by the way of Lake Champlain. IPort Kent (for which see page 57) is the gateway by which we propose en tering thia maze of wooda, lakea, rivers, aud mountaina. We will leave the boat and at once take the atage over the plank road to Keeseville, where we will stop with the Boynton Brothers at the Adiron dack House, and visit one of the greatest natural wonders on the continent — The Walled BJanks of the Au Sable, which are described as follows in Swoetzer's " Book of Summer Resorts;" "About a mile and a half from Keeseville, the Au Sable River makes a leap of some 30 feet, into a semicircular basin of great beauty ; a mile farther down, another precipice, greatly resembling Niagara in general contour, dismisses the river to a course 150 feet below, amid the wildest scenery. Following the stream, now rapidly nar rowing, deepening, and foaming, yet farther down, we come to the chasm — a section fully rivalling in grandeur any thing east of the Rocky Mountains. At the narrowest point in the river, where a wedged bowlder cramps the channel to a width of little over five feet, a great curi osity is noticed, in that the walls of the river, varying hereabouts from 90 to 125 feet in height, appear on one side inclined and worn, as though some great torrent had swept over them ; while the opposite wall stands erect and jagged. Still lower down, toward the lake (Champlain), the walls stand apart about 50 feet, m6re than 100 feet high, descending quite to the water's edge in a sheer perpendicular line, and extending this Tiia.mmnt.li canal with occasional windings, for more thar half a mile." Source op tue Hudson.] NEW YORK. [Saranac Lakes. Source of the Hudson. — One of the greatest attractions of this section of the wilderness ia the source of the Hudson River, which is in Essex County, in the Indian Pass, a savage gorge in the wildest part of the Adiron dack Mountains. The springs which form the source are found at an elevation of 1,800 feet above the sea, in rocky re cesses, in whose cold depths the ice of winter never melts entirely away. Here, in the centre of the Pass, rise also the springs of the Au Sable, whose waters reach the Atlantic, through the mouth of the St. Lawrence, hundreds of miles from the mouth of the Hudson; and yet so close are the springs of the two rivers, that the wildcat, lapping the water from the one, may bathe his hind-feet in the other. The main atream of the Au Sable flows from the northeast portal of the Pass, the Hudson from the southwest. It is locally known as the Adirondack River, not taking the name Hudson until after passing through Lakes Henderson and Sandford. Having laid aside your ordinary trav elling and donned your backwoods cos tume, leaving behind all baggage not ab solutely necessary, you will take the stage at Keeseville for a 56-mile ride over the plank-road to Baker's, or Martin's, on the Lower Saranac, where you are joined by your guide with his shell of a boat, in which you are to make your explorations ; for travelling in the Adirondacks is al ways by boat, its recesses being pene trated in every part by connecting lakes and streams, an occasional short portage being all the land travel necessary. The Saranac I>akes. — We have now reached the Saranac Lakes, about a dozen of the wonderful links in the chain of mountain waters in upper New York. They lie principally in Frank lin County, and are most easily reached by the route we have followed. There is a little village and an inn or two at this point, and here guides and boats, with all proper camp-equipage for forest-life, may be procured. For this route the tourist must engage a boatman, who, for a compensation of two or three dollars per day — the price will be no more if he should -have extra passengers— will pro vide a boat, with tent a&d kitchen appa ratus, dogs, rifles, etc. The tourist will supply, before starting, such stores as coffee, tea, biscuit, etc., and the sport by the way, conducted by himself or by his guide, will keep him furnished with trout and venison. If camp-life should not please him, he may, with some little in convenience, so measure and direct his movements as to sleep in some one or other of the shanties of the hunters, or of the lumbermen found here and there on the way. The tent or bark shanty in the forest, however, is preferable. Returning from St. Regis, and back via the Upper to the Middle Saranac, we continue our journey, by portage, to the Stony Creek ponds — thence three miles by Stony Creek to the Racquette River — a rapid stream, with wonderful forest vegetation upon its banks. This water followed for some 20 miles brings us to Tupper's Lake — the finest part of the Saranac region. Tupper's Lake is the largest of this chain, being seven miles long, and from one to two miles broad. The shores and headlands and islands are especially picturesque and bold, and at this point the deer is much more easily found than elsewhere in the neighbor hood. Below Tupper's Lake — the waters commingling — is Lough Neah, another charming pond. The chain continues on yet for miles, but the Saranac trip, prop er, ends here. This mountain-voyage and the return to Lake Champlain might be made in a week, but two or three, or even more, should be given fo it. It is seldom that ladies make the excursion, but they might do so with great delight. The boatmen and hunters of the region are fine, hearty, intelligent, and obliging fellows. Hammond, in his excellent work, " Hills, Lakes, and Forest Streams," gives an excellent route from Dannemora, in Clin ton County, via Chazy Lake, Bradley's Pond, the Upper Chateaugay, Ragged Lake, Indian and Meacham Lakes, Big Clear Pond, St. Regis Lake, to the Upper Saranac. Leaving the Lower Saranac, we will pass pleasantly along some half-dozen miles — then make a short portage, the guide carrying the boat by a yoke on the back, to the Middle Saranac — there we may go on to the upper lake of the same 59 Adirondack Mountains.] NEW YORK. [Lake I_uz___._n_, name, and theuce by a long portage of three miles to Lake St. Regis. These are all large and beautiful waters, full of pic turesque islands, and hemmed in upon all sides by fine mountain-ranges. Trout may be taken readily at the inlets of all the brooks, and deer may be found in the forests almost at will. The Adirondack Moran- tains. — The Adirondack region em braces the eastern portion of the plateau which forms the Wilderness of Northern New York. It may be reached by private conveyance over a rude mountain-road from Pottersville, above Lake George, or more conveniently from Crown Point village, just beyond the ruins of Fort Ti conderoga, on Lake Champlain. The distance thence is aome 30 miles, and requires a day to travel, either to Root's, on Schroon River, or to John Cheeney's, in a different direction, some 6 miles from the lower works, and 20 from Long Lake. The tourist in this region will move about by land more than by water, as among the Saranacs; for, although the lakes are numerous enough, it is among and upon the hills that the chief attractions are to be found. The ac commodations, though still rude enough, are much better than in former years. Stopping at either of these points, as head quarters, he may make a pleasant journey down Lake Sandford near by, on one side, and upon Lake Henderson on the other hand. In one water he ought to troll for pickerel, and in the other cast his fly for trout; and upon both enjoy the noble glimpses of the famous moun tain-peaks of the Adirondack group, the cliffs of the Great Indian Pass, of Mount Colden, Mclntyre, Echo Mountain, and other bold scenes. It will be a day's jaunt for him afterward to explore the wild gorge of the Indian Pass, five miles distant ; another day's work to visit the dark and weird watera of Avalanche Lake; and yet another to reach the Preston Ponds, five miles in a different direction. He will find, indeed, occupa tion enough for many days, in exploring these and many other points, which we Dannot now catalogue. In any event he must have two days to do the tramp, par excellence, of the Adirondacks, to visit the summit of Tahawus, or Mount Marcy, 60 the monarch of the region. Tahawus is 12 miles away, and the ascent is extremely toilsome. The Adirondacks (named after the Indian nation which once inhabited these fastnesses) lie chiefly in the county of Essex, though they extend outside the limits of that county. Mount Marcy, or Tahawus, " the Cloud Splitter," is 5,467 feet high. Mount Mclntyre has an ele vation almost as great. The Dial Moun tain, McMartin, and Colden, are also very lofty peaks, impressively seen from the distance, and inexhaustible in the attrac tions which their ravines and waterfalls present. Blue Mountain, Dix's Peak, Nippletop, Cove Hill, Moor Mountain, While Face, and other grand peaks, be long to the neighboring range called the Keene Mountains. White Face ia the most northern, and, except Mount Marcy, the loftiest of the wilderness crests. Long ILahe is one of the most im portant features of this region. It is 10 miles long. The Racquette River enters its head, and affords an approach to the most beautiful of all the Adirondack waters, the Racquette and Saranac Lakes. Lake Pleasam t. — To reach Lake Pleasant and the adjoining waters of Round, Piseco, and Louis Lake — a favorite and enchanting summer resort aud sporting-ground — take the Central Railway from Albany, 33 miles to Am sterdam, thence by stage or carriage to Holmes's Hotel, on Lake Pleasant. The ¦ride from Amsterdam is about 30 miles. The stage stops overnight at a village, en route. Mr. Holmes's house is an ex cellent place, with no absurd luxuries, but with every comfort for which the true sportsman can wish. It ia a delight ful summer home for the student, and may be visited very satisfactorily by ladies. The wild lands and waters here are a part of the lake region of Northern New York, of which we have already seen something on the Saranacs, and among the Adirondacks. The Saranac region is connected with Lake Pleasant by intermediate waters and portages. The deer and other game are abundant here in the forests, and fine trout may be taken in all the brooks and lakes. Lake Pleasant and its picturesque surround ings lie in Hamilton County. lake -Luzerne is 25 miles from Routes.] NEW YORK. [RoOTES. Saratoga, on the Adirondack Company's Railroad, which, when completed, will extend to Lake Ontario, near Cape Vin cent, opening to the world the immense iron and lumber regions of the State. It runs from Saratoga straight up the moun tain, ascending 700 feet in the first 6 miles. It is a most picturesque route, and in one place it passes over a trestle-work 1,310 feet long. It crosses the Sacandaga by a bridge between 400 and 500 feet long, and 96 feet high. It passes near Corinth Falls, where the Hudson, with a width only of 50 feet, makes a leap of 60 over the precipice. The lake itself is beautiful, and the visitors at Rockwell's Hotel generally number about 150. In addition to the standard amusements of fishing, hunting and boating, picnics are greatly in vogue among the guests. The Northern Wilderness of New York is similar in its attractions to the wilder ness in the upper part of the State of Maine. The following synopsis of routes to the different parta of the Wilderness, gleaDed mainly from Alfred B. Street's excellent work, "Woods and Waters," will be found useful to the traveller in that region: Seme <>f the Principal •Boutes into the Northern "Wilderness from Eastern, Southern, and Western I^few York, I.— INTO THB CHATEAUGAY WOODS. 1. From Plattsburg to Dannemora State Priaon, and Chazy Lake, 25 or 30 miles. 2. From Rouse's Point to Chateaugay Four Corners and Chateaugay Lakes. n.— INTO THE SARANAC REGION. 3. By steamboat to Port Kent (or steamboat or railroad to Burlington, op posite), on Lake Champlain. Thence by post-coach to Keeseville (Essex County), 4 miles. From Keeseville, 16 miles, to Baker's Saranac Lake House, 2 miles short of the Lower Saranac Lake ; or to Martin's, on the banks of the Lower Sar anac; or to Bartlett's, between Round Lake and Upper Saranac Lake, 13 miles from Martin's. The Keeseville road is a good travelling road, planked from Keese ville to Franklin Falls, 30 miles from Keeseville. At the village of Au Sable Forka, 1 2 miles from Keeseville, the visitor can turn off into a road through the village of Jay, intersecting the Elizabethtown road, abou_ 12 miles from Baker's. This road leads through the famous Wliite Face or Wil mington notch. [See Appendix.] 4. By steamboat to Westport, on Lake Champlain. Thence to Elizabeth- town, and thenee to Baker'a or Bartlett'a, or to Martin'a. Thia route is about the same distance as the Keeseville route, but the road is by no means so good. HI. - INTO THE ADIRONDACK, RAC- QUETTE, AND HUDSON RIVER RE GIONS. 5. From Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, to Root's, about 20 miles. From Root's to the Adirondack Lowet Works, 20 miles ; thence to Long Lake, 20 miles. From the Lower Works to Adirondack village or Upper Works, by water (through Lake Sandford), 10 or 12 miles ; by road, same. From the Upper Works to Mount Tahawus (Mount Marcy), 4 miles, and 3 miles to top. From the Upper Works to the famous Indian Pass (the most majestic natural wonder, next to Niagara, in the State), 4 milea. From the Indian Pasa to Scott's, on the Eliza bethtown road (through the woods, with scarcely a path), 7 miles ; . thence to Ba ker's (over a road), 14 miles. 6. From Glenn's Falls to Roots, over a good road, 30 miles, viz. : From Glenn's Falls to Lake George, 9 miles ; thence to Warrensburg, 6 miles ; thence to Chester, 8 or 10 miles ; thence to Pottersville, 6 or 8 miles ; thence to Root's, and thence to Long Lake, or the Lower or the Upper Works ; or from Pottersville to the Boraa River, 15 miles. 7. From Carthage, in Jefferson County (by way of the Beach Road), to Long Lake, 40 or 50 miles ; thence to Pendleton, 10 miles ; thence to Hudson River Bridge, about 5 miles ; thence to the Lower Work3, about 5 miles. Can drive the whole distance from Carthage to the Lower Works. 8. From Fort Edward to Glenn's Falls and Lake George ; thence to Johns- burg ; thence to North Creek ; thence ta 61 Routes.] NEW YORK. [ScHENECTADr. Eagle Lake or Tallow Lake (the middle of the three Blue Mountain Lakes). From North Creek to Eagle Lake, 20 miles. 9. By road from Saratoga Springs to Lake Pleasant and Pisco. IV.— INTO THE JOHN BROWN TRACT REGION. 10. From Utica by railroad to Boone- ville ; thence to Lyonsdale" and Port Ley den, 7 miles by stage-road; thence to Deacon Abby's place, 5J miles, over a good road ; thence to Arnold's (over rather a poor road, although passable by wagon), 14 miles. 11. From Utica by railroad to Boone- ville; thence to Booth's mills, 11 miles, over a good wagon-road ; thence to Ar nold's by pack-horses (sent by Arnold to Booth's mills), 14J miles, over a rather rough road. 12. From Utica by railroad to Alder Creek ; thence by road to the Reservoir Lakes. 13. From the village of Prospect (Oneida County, reached by railroad), through Herkimer County, to Morehouse, in Hamilton County. 14. From Ogdensburg to Potsdam, on the Racket River, by Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad; thence to Colton by stage, 10 miles ; thence to the foot of the Little Bog at McEwen's, on the Racquette River, 12 miles, by private conveyance, over a good road ; thence by boat 1 J miles,' to Bog Falls ; thence a short portage on east side of river ; thence to Harris's place, 4^ miles, opposite the mouth of the Jordan River ; thence 3 J miles by wagon-road to John Ferry's ; thence 3 miles farther on, same road, to Foot of Moose-Head Still Water ; thence through the latter, 6 miles ; thence 9 miles to Racquette Pond ; and thence 5 miles to Big Tupper's Lake. ROUTE r. FE03I ALBANY TO BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS 'AND POINTS OF INTEREST NEAR THE ROAD. Via N. Y. Central and Hudson River Railway Branches and Connections. Stations. — Main Line to Buffalo. — Al bany, Schenectady, 17 milea (junction with Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R.). Amster- dam, 33. Fonda, 44. Palatine Bridge, 55 62 (stages for Sharon Springs). Fort Plain, 58 (stages for CherryValley and Coopers town on Otsego Lake). St. Johnsville, 64. Little Falla, 74. Herkimer, 8] (stage for Richfield Springs). Frankfort, 86. Utica, 95 (connects with Utica, Chenango, and Susquehanna Valley Railroad, and with Utica and Black River Railroad, via Trenton Falls). Rome, 110 (connects with Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg Railroad). Verona, 118. Oneida, 122 (connects with New York and Midland Railroad). Canastota, 128. Chittenango, 134. Syracuse, 148 (connects with "Old Line," via Canandaigua, and with Oswego and Syracuse Railroad). Jordan, 165. Port Byron, 173. Clyde, 186. Lyons, 193. Newark, 199. Palmyra, 206. Fair- port, 218. Rochester, 229 (junction with " Old Line " via Canandaigua ; with Ni agara Falls and Suspension Bridge Divi sion ; with Rochester Branch, Buffalo Division of Erie Railway ; and with Roch ester and Charlotte Railroad). Chili, 239. Bergen, 246. Byron, 253. Batavia, 261 (junction with Canandaigua, Batavia, and Tonawanda Branch with the Batavia and Attica Railroad, and with Buffalo Division, Erie Railway). Corfu, 273. Buffalo, 298. This great route traverses from east to west the entire length of the Empire State. It has two termini at the eastern end, one at Albany, and the other at Troy, the branches meeting, after 17 miles, at Schenectady. It then continues in one line to Syracuse, 148 miles from Albany, when it is again a double route for the' remain der ofthe way : the lower line, via Auburn and Canandaigua, being looped up to the other at Rochester, about midway be tween Syracuse and Buffalo. The upper route is the more direct, and the one which we shall now follow. The great Erie Canal traverses the State of New York from Albany to Buffalo, nearly on the same line with the Central Railroad. Schenectady. — Hotels : Carlcy (late Eagle), Given's Hotel. At Schenec tady the railways from Albany and Troy meet, and the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad diverges. By the road access is had to Saratoga (see page 52), to Lakes George and Champlain (see pages 54 and 56), and to the Adirondacks (see page 58). Schenectady is upon the right bank of the Mohawk River. It is one of the oldest Palatine Bridge.] NEW YORK. [Syracuse. towns in the State, and is distinguished as the seat of Union College, founded in 1795. The council-grounds of the Mo hawks once formed the site of the present town. A trading-post was established by the Dutch as early as 1620. In the winter of 1690 a party of 200 Frenchmen and Canadians and 50 Indiana fell at midnight upon Schenectady, killed and made captive its people, and burned the village to ashes — 69 persons were then massacred, and 27 were made prisoners. The church aud 63 houses were destroyed. It was afterward taken in the French War of 1748, when about 70 people were put to death. Population upward of 10,000. Leaving Schenectady, the road crosses the Mohawk River and the Erie canal, upon a bridge nearly 1,000 feet in length. Palatine ESridge (55 miles) is where visitors to Sharon Springs take the Btage. (See Sharon Springs, page 66.) JFort Plain (58 miles) is two miles from old Fort Plain of Revolutionary memory. It is a flourishing village, and is in the vicinity of aome fine atone quar ries. A regular line of stages runs from thia point to Cherry Valley and Coopers town. (^Seepage 66.) St. Johnsville (64 miles) is a large and prosperous manufacturing town on the banks of the Mohawk. There is fine scenery in the vicinity. ___.it tic Palls (74 miles) is remark able for a bold passage of the Mohawk River and Erie Canal through a wild and most picturesque defile. The scenery em bracing the river, rapids, and cascades, the locks and windings of the canal, the bridges, and the glimpses far away of the valley ofthe Mohawk, are especially beau tiful. Herkimer (81 miles), the county- seat of Herkimer County, ia a flourish ing manufacturing village. It is noted for its fine paper-mills, which are worth a visit. Utica (95 miles) is a large and hand some city on the south bank of the Mo hawk. It stands upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, and was incorporated as a village in 1817. The State Lunatic Asy lum is situated here, and consists of several stone edifices. The City Hall is a handsome building, and many of the churches, dwellings, stores, etc., are note worthy. The Erie Canal passes through the city ; the Chenango Canal terminates here ; it ia the terminus of the Utica, Clienango and Susquehanna Railroad (Utica to Binghamton), and of the Utica and Black River Railway, by which Tren- ton Falls are reached. (See page 66.) Utica has many extensive manufactures. Koine (110 miles) is at the junction ofthe Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg Railroad, and of the " Black River " and " Erie " Canals. It is the summit level between the Hudaon and Lake Ontario, the Mohawk flowing through its east part and entering the former, while Wood Creek, only three-fourths of a mile west of the Mohawk, flows into the latter. It ia a flourishing place, and containa several fine buildings, the handsomest of which is the seminary. It is one of the best lumber-markets in the State, and possesses an excellent water-power. Rome occupiea the site of Fort Stanwix and Fort Bull, famed in the early history of the State as two of the strongest fortifioations on the then northern frontier. Verona (118 miles) is a amall village on Oneida Lake. Oneida (122 miles) is on the shore of Oneida Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, abounding in fish, and surrounded by some of the most fertile and highly-cultivated laud in the State. The New York and Oswego Midland Railway crosses the line of the Central at this point. Chittenango (134 miles), lies at the entrance of the deep, narrow valley through which the waters of Cazenovia Lake- find an outlet by way of Chitte nango Creek. The village is noted for ita iron and sulphur springs, which were once very popular, but are now frequented principally by invalids, who are deriving great benefits from the fine medicinal qualities of its waters. There is an ex cellent physician in charge of the springs, and there are hotol accommodations for 100 guests. Syracuse. — Hotels : The Globe, the Syracuse, the Onondaga. At Syra cuse, 148 miles from Albany, the Central road connects by rail with Binghamton, on the Erie route, and with Oswego, 35 miles northward. The " Old Line " via Canandaigua also diverges at this point. It is pleasantly situated on the south end 63 Rochester.] NEW YORK. [Batavia. of Onondaga Lake. The most extensive salt-manufactories in the United States are found here. It is famous, too, as the meeting-place of State, political, and other conventions. Incorporated as a village in 1825, and as a city in 1848. It has a population of over 43,000. Between Syracuse and Rochester are seven flour ishing towns, the names and distances of which may be aeen by referring to the list of stations at the head of thia chapter. Uochester. Hotels : The Osboi-n (new), the Brackett, and the Congress Hotel, are among the many excellent houses here. Rochester ia the largest and most im portant city upon our present route be tween Albany and Buffalo, its population being 62,424. It was settled in 1812, and named after Colonel Nathaniel Roch ester. It is the seat of the Rochester Uni- tersity, founded by the Baptists in 1850. There is also here a Baptist Theological Seminary, founded in 1850. The Roches ter Atheneeum has a library of 14,000 volumes. Among its picturesque attrac tions, are the Falls of the Genesee, upon both sides of which river the city is built. The Mount Hope Cemetery, in the vicinity, is also a spot of much natural beauty. St. Mary's Hospital is an imposing edifice of cut stone, with accommodation for 1,000 patients. The Western House of Refuge, for Juvenile Delinquents, a State institution, a very extensive establish ment, of brick, is about one mile from the centre of the city. The cut-stone aqueduct by which the Erie Canal is carried across the Genesee River is worthy of notice. Rochester is connected by railway with the New York and Erie route at Cor ning, and with Niagara Falls direct, by the Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls division of the New York Central road (see page 69), and by the Rochester and Charlotte Railroad and connecting steamboats, with all ports on Lake Onta rio. This ia abo the point of reunion of the old with the main line of the Central Railroad. The Genesee Falls are seen to the best advantage from the east side of the stream. The railroad car3 pa83 about 100 rods south of the most southerly fall on the Genesee River, so that passengers in crossing lose the view. To see the scene 64 properly, the visitor will cross the bridge over the Genesee above the mill, and place himself immediately in front of the fall. This railway bridge is 800 feet long and 25 feet high. Some distance be yond, a stairway conducts to the bottom of tho ravine, whence you may pass in a boat, or pick your way along beneath the spray of the tumbling floods. The walls of this gorge are of slate-stone ; they rise to a height of more than 800 feet, and, in the many and sudden turnings of the way, offer a grateful succeasion of noble picture3. These falls have three perpen dicular pitches and two rapids ; the first, great cataract ia 80 rods below the aque duct, the stream plunging perpendicular ly 96 feet. The ledge here recedes up the river from the centre to the sides, breaking the water into three distinct sheets. From Table Rock, in the centre of these falls, Sam Patch made his Ia_}t and fatal leap. The river below the first cataract is broad and deep, with occa sional rapids to the second fall, where it again descends perpendicularly 20 feet, Thence the river pursues its course, which ia noisy, swift, and rapid, to the third and last fall, over which it pours its flood down a perpendicular descent of 105 feet. Below this fall are numerous rap ids, which continue to Carthage, the head of navigation on the Genesee River from Lake Ontario. Of the five stations between Rochester and Buffalo, there is but one which we need notice. BSatavia (261 miles) ia noted for its wide streets, pleasantly shaded by rows of beautiful trees, and for its cultivated society. It ia something of a railroad centre, as will be seen by referring to its railroad connections in the list of stations. Within the year 1869, a superb public edifice — the State Institution for the Blind — has been erected at this place. In architectural beauty, and perfection of internal arrangement, it is said to bo the best building of its class in the State, Oak Orchard Acid Springs. — There are nine of these springs issuing from the earth within the limits of a circle 50 rods in diameter, three of them coming from the same mound within ten feet of each other. Curious to say, the water of no two is alike. They are 12 miles Buffalo.] NEW YORK. [BrFEALO, northwest of Batavia, and are reached by a road from that place. S_>u_liilo, the third city in size in the State of New York, had, at the time of the census of 1870, a population o_ 118,050, which shows an increase cf 36,921 aince 1860. It ia situated at the mouth of Buffalo Creek and head of Ni agara River, at the eastern end of Lake Erie, and possesses the largest and finest harbor on the lake. It is also the termi nus of the Erie Canal, the New York Central Railroad, and numerous other lines of road connecting it with all parts of the country. The city has a water-front of about 5 miles, half of which is upon the lake and half upon the Niagara River. A portion of the river-front is a bold bluff about 60 feet above the level of the river, and the more elevated portions afford fine views of the city, Niagara River, Canada shore, the lake, the bay, and the hilly country to the southeast. Buffalo, in the main, is handsomely built. Its streets are broad and straight, and for the most part laid out at right angles. Main, Niagara, and Delaware Streets are especially worthy of mention. The streets in the more eleva ted portions of the city are bordered with a profusion of shade-trees, and the more important avenues have many fine resi dences. Shade-trees adorn the public squares, five in all, named respectively, Niagara, Lafayette Place, Franklin, Wash ington, Delaware Place, and Terrace Parks. Among the principal public build ings are the City Hall, Penitentiary, U. S. Custom-House and Post-Office, Court- House, Jail, State Arsenal, and Market- Houses. The Young Men's Association Building and 70 churches, of which St. Paul's and St. John's (Episcopal), St. Joseph's Cathedral (Roman Catholic), the North, Central, and Delaware Street Churches (Presbyterian), and the New Universalist Church, are especially worthy of notice. Among the prominent literary, educational, and charitable institutions of Buffalo, are the Buffalo University, and Medical School, chartered in 1846; the Young Men's Association, with a library of 20,000 volumes ; the Grosvenor Libra ry, liberaUy endowed ($30,000), by Seth Grosvenor, formerly an opulent merchant of New York ; the Episcopal Church Charity Foundation, a fine building over looking the outlet of Lake Erie into Ni agara River ; the Stale Normal School, a large and imposing edifice. The new State Insane Asylum, to cost $500,000, has been located in Buffalo, and ia to be built immediately ; the Buffalo Female Academy, on Delaware Street; the Buf falo and St. Vincent's Orphan Asylums ; the City and Marine Hospiitals, the latter founded in 1 833 ; the Hospital of the Sis- lers of Charily, etc. The city has ex tensive manufactures of iron, being sec ond only to Pittsburg in that important branch of industry. The position of Buffalo, at the foot of the great chain of lakes, makes it the great entrepot through which nearly three- fourths of the commerce between the East and the great Northwest must pasa, and an idea of the magnitude of the lake commerce may be formed from the fact that, in 1870, the total number of veaaela employed was 5,343, of which 641 were steamera with a tonnage of 142,474. The aggregate tonnage waa 680,462. The leading hotels are the Mansion House and Tifft's Hotel, on Main Street ; the Western, Hotel, on the Terrace; the Genesee House, on Genesee Street; the Courier House, on Erie Street ; the Revere House, near Niagara Depot ; Bonny's Hotel, corner of Washington and Carrol Streets, and Bloomer's Hotel, on Eagle Street. Among the places particularly worthy of a visit are the spacious passenger depots of the Central and Erie Railroads, and the immense freight depots of the same roads, also the piers, the canal basin, and some of the iron-works. No tourist should leave Buffalo without crossing the Niagara River and visiting the ruins of Fort Erie, where an old soldier is to be found who is still able to point out all objects of interest, and to amuse the vis itor with personal reminiscences of the War of 1812. As thia is the scene of the last Fenian invasion of Canada, ha will probably find something to say about that. Buffalo has immediate connection with Niagara Falls (22 miles), five times daily, via Black Rock and Tonawanda. The foregoing description is taken main ly from Lippincotts Gazetteer. Having lioiv finished a trip over the main line of 65 Sharon Springs.] NEW YORK. [Trenton Falls. the road, we will take up the diverging routca in the order in which we passed them, merely omitting the Saratoga route, which has been already described. BRANCH R 0 UTES ON THE NEW YORE CENTRAL RAILROAD TO POINTS OF INTEREST. Sharon Springs. — At Palatine Bridge, 55 milea from Albany, tourists take the stage over the hills to Sharon Springs, a 10-mile ride over a good plank- road. A curious feature of these apring3 ia the existence of five different kinda of water issuing from apertures near each other. They are white sulphur (very similar to the Virginia White Sulphur Springs), magnesia, blue sulphur, chalyb eate, and pure water. The waters are pure and clear, aud, although they flow for one-fourth of a mile from their source with other currents, they yet preaerve their own diatinct character. The fall here ia of aufficient force and volume to turn a mill. It tumbles over a ledge of perpendicular rocks, with _. descent of some 65 feet. The principal hotels are the Pavilion (the largest), and the El- dridge, both good houses. Sharon may also be reached by Albany and Susque hanna Railroad. (See page 75.) Cherry Valley is near Sharon, and may be found mentioned below. TKIP TO OTSEGO LAKE. Leaving the railroad at Fort Plain (58 miles from Albany), and taking a stage for Otsego Lake, over a beautiful road, the traveller passes through the clasaic grounds of Cherry Valley, now a pretty little village, and a place of great intereat as the scene of one of the most atrocious massacres that have ever disgraced any war. Here, in August, 1778, the Tories and Indians fell upon the unprotected settlers, and, without making any distinc tions of age or sex, either killed or took captive the entire population. Cooperstown, the former resi dence of James Fenimore Cooper, is beautifully situated at the south end or outlet of Otsego Lake. High up in the mountains, with a clear bracing atmoa- 66 phere, in the midst of the most beautiful scenery, and provided with good hotels, it is a charming summer resort. ©tscgo ILahe, upon which Coop erstown is situated, is the source of the main branch of the Susquehanna River. It is 9 milea in length, from 1 to 2 in width, and ia surrounded by hills of at least 400 feet in height. The waters are clear, the fishing, swimming, aud boating excellent, aud, to add to the interest of the spot, it has been immortalized iu Cooper's " Leather Stocking," many scenes in which will be recognized by the tourist. Canaderaga, a smaller lake, is in the same county (Otsego). These places may bs reached by Albany and Susquehanna Val ley Railroad. (See page 75.) TRIP TO KICHFIEH. SPEINGS. Rich-field is a quiet yet pleasant resort, where a few weeks can be passed with great benefit and enjoyment. It is 22 miles west of Sharon, near the head of Canaderaga, or Schuyler's Lake, and is within a, few milea' ride of Cooperstown and Cherry Valley. It is noted for its springs, and possesses the advantages of beautiful drives and walks, fine boating, bathing, and fishing, and a good hotel, the Spring House, within the limits of which the springs are situated — is reached by the Utica, Chenango and Susquehanna Railway (from Utica to Binghamton). TRIP TO TEESTTON FALLS. At Utica there are two divergent lines. The southern, called the "Utica, Che nango and Susquehanna Railway," runs through a beautiful country and passes a number of prosperous villages, the prin cipal of which are Watervitle (22 miles), Sherburne (43 miles), and Norwich (54 miles). The northern, or "Utica and Black River Railway," then, is the one we will take for our purposed trip. Trenton .Falls (17 miles) is the place, above all others, where it is a lux ury to stay — which one ofteneat revisits, which one most commends to atrangers. "In the long corridor of travel between New York and Niagara, Trenton," says Mr. Willia, "is a sort of alcove aside — a aide scene out of earshot of the crowd — a recess in a window, whithei Trenton Falls.] NEW YORK. [Trenton Falls, you draw a friend by the button for the sake of ehit-chat at ease." Trenton Falls is rather a misnomer, for the wonder of Nature which bears the name is a tre mendous torrent, whose bed, for several miles, is sunk fathoms deep into the earth — a roaring and dashing stream, ao far below the surface of the forest, in which it is lost, that you would think, as you come suddenly upon the edge of this long precipice, that it was a river in aome in ner world (coiled within ours, aa we in the outer circle of the firmament), and laid open by aome Titanic throe that had cracked clear asunder the crust of this "shallow earth." The idea is rather as sisted if you happen to see below you, on its abysmal shore, a party of adventurous travellers ; for at that vast depth, and in contrast with the gigantic trees and rocks, the same number of well-shaped ants, dressed in the last fashion, and running at your feet, would be about of their ap parent size and distinctness. Trenton Falls are upon the West Can ada Creek, a branch of the Mohawk, 17 miles from Utica. The descent of the stream, 312 feet in a distance of 2 miles, is, by a series of half a dozen cataracts, of wonderful variety and beauty. Every facility of path and stairway and guide, for the tour of the Trenton ravine, has been provided by Mr. Moore, who has for many years resided on the spot, and has been always its Prospero, and its favorite host. A walk of a few rods through the woods brings the visitor to the brink of the precipice, descended by secure stair ways for some hundred feet. The landing is a broad pavement, level with the water's edge, often, in times of freshet, the bed of foaming floods. Here is commanded a fine view of the outlet of the chasm, 45 rods below, and also of the first cascade, 37 rods up the stream. The parapet of the First Fall, visible from the foot of the stairs, is, in dry times, a naked perpen dicular rock, 33 feet high, apparently ex tending quite across the chasm, the water retiring to the left, and being hid from the eye by intervening prominences. But in freshets, or after rain, it foams over, from sue side of the gorge to the other, in a broad amber sheet. A pathway to this fall has been blasted at a considerable cost, under an overhanging rock and around an extensive projection, directly beneath which rages and roars a most violent rapid. The passage, though at first of dangerous aspect, ia made secure by chains well riveted to the rock wall. Passing to the left, yet a few rods above, we come to Sherman's Fall, 35 feet high, so named in memory of the Rev. Mr. Sherman, whose account of the spot we are now closely following. He was one of the earliest pioneers of the Trenton beauties, and it was by him that the first house, called the " Rural Resort," for the accommodation of visitors, was built. The fall has formed an immense excavation, having thrown out thousands of tons from the parapet rock, visible at the stairs, and ia annually forcing off alaba at the west corner, against which it inces santly forces a section of its powerful aheet. A naked mass of rock, extending up 150 feet, juts frowningly forward, which is ascended by natural steps to a point from which the visitor looks se curely down upon the rushing water8. Leaving thia rocky shelf, and passing a wild rapid, we come suddenly in sight of the High Falls, 40 rods beyond. This cascade has a perpendicular descent of 109 feet, while the cliffs on either aide rise some 80 feet yet higher. The whole body of water makes its way at this point — divided by intervening ledges into sepa rate cataracts, which fall first about 40 feet ; then, reuniting on a flat below, and veering suddenly around an inclination of rocky steps, they plunge into the dark caldron beneath. The Rural Retreat, 20 feet above the summit of the High Falls, is readily reached by a flight of stairs. The opening of the chasm uow be comes considerably enlarged, and a new variety of scene occurs. Mill-Dam Fall, 14 feet high, lies some distance beyond, reaching across the whole breadth of the chasm. Ascending this fall, the visitor comes to a still larger platform of level rock, 15 rods wide at low water, and 90 in length, lined on each side by cedars. At the ex tremity of this locality, which is known as the Alhambra, a bare rock 50 feet in height reaches gradually forward from the mid-distance ; and, from its shelving top, there deacenda a perpetual rill, which forms a natural shower-bath. A wild 67 Skeneateles.] NEW YORK. [Taghkanic Falls. cataract fills the picture on the left. Here the wide opening suddenly contracts, and a narrow aperture only remains, with vis tas of winding mountain, cliff, and crag. Near by is a dark basin, where the waters rest from the turmoil of the wild cascade above. In this vicinage is an amphi theatre of seemingly impossible access, replete with ever-new surprisea and de lights. Yet beyond is the Rocky Heart, the point at which the traverse cf the ravine usually ends, though, despite the difficulties aud dangers of the way, even ladies frequently penetrate beyond, as far as the falls at Boon's Bridge, the terminus of the gorge. The scene at Trenton varies much, ac cording as the drought or freshet dries or fills the stream, and paasages are easy enough at one time, which are utterly im practicable at others. It is difficult to say when the glen is the most beautiful, whether with much or with little water. The John Brown Tract of the Adiron dacks is reached by taking this (Black River) road to Alder Creek, 10, orBoons- ville) 18 miles beyond Trenton Falls. (See page 66.) THE OLD LINE OR " ATJETJEN' " EOAD. Stations. — Syracuse, 148 miles from Albany ;Marcellus, 158; Skeneateles, 165 ; Auburn, 174 ; Cayuga, 185 ; Seneca Falls, 190 ; Waterloo, 193 ; Geneva, 200 ; Phelps, 208 ; Clifton Springs, 212 ; Shortsville, 217; Canandaigua, 223 (junction of Canandaigua Br. N. Y. C. R. R.) ; Victor, 233 ; Pittford, 234 ; Rochester, 242. • Skeneateles, 165 miles, is a manufacturing point of some importance. It lies at the foot of Skeneateles Lake, a charming water 16 miles long, with pic turesque shores, and good supplies of trout and other fish, A steamboat plies on the lake during the summer. Auhurn, 174 miles, the capital of Cayuga County, is delightfully situated near Owasco Lake, a beautiful sheet of water ' 1 2 miles in length, which finds its outlet through the town. It is well laid out, and the streets are pleasantly shaded. The State Prison is a massive stone struc- ture. The Theological Seminary and A c- ademy are prominent institutions. The former, founded in 1821, has a fine li brary. Genesee Street is the principal 68 business thoroughfare. Auburn was long , the residence of the late Wm. H. Sew ard. The principal hotels are the Ameri can, National Hotel, and Exchange. ©waseo ILake is a favorite resort of the residents of Syracuse and of Au- burn, which is its nearest railroad station, being distant 7 miles. It is a beautiful sheet of water, upon which plies a little steamer between Moravia and Owasco Village. At the former is the Moravia House, and at the latter the Skidmore. Terms, $2.50 per day. Board can also be had at farm-houses. Cayuga (185 miles) ,is the point where the railroad cvossea Cayuga Lake by a bridge, over a mile in length. The tourist should leave the cars at this point, if he would not miss seeing one of the wonders of America, Taghkanic Falls. Taking the boat up the lake (south), the first landing is Springport, where the present Emperor of the French lived for some time while in this country. The next stopping-place, Aurora, claims the honor of being the prettiest town in the country. The last landing is called "Frog Point," or Trumamburg, the nearest approach to our destination. (The following description is condensed from Sweetser's " Summer Resorts.") Taghkanic Falls. — The tour ist may land here, visit the falla hurriedly, and get back to the wharf in time to take the same boat, after it has completed its trip to Ithaca and returned hither. A wiser course, however, will at least be lo spend a day at the falls. Leaving the boat, you find a stage ready to convey you up the steep hill (1 mile, 25 cents) to the Taghkanic House, just in front of Tagh kanic Falls, the highest in New York State. Mr. J. S. Halsey is landlord here, and has the reputation of keeping an ex cellent country hotel Terms $2.50 pef day, $14 per week. P. O. address, Tru- mansburg, Tompkins Co., N. Y. Halsey or Taghkanic Creek flows through a rich and flourishing country, until, about a mile and a half from the lake, it reaches a rocky ledge rising some 50 or 60 feet in height, directly~in its bed. But the stream has succeeded in excavating for itself a channel from 100 to 400 feet in depth, and 400 feet across at its lower extremity. Through this chasm the Ithaca.] NEW YORK. [Suspension Bridge. waters hurry on to the precipice, where they fall perpendicularly 215 feet into a rocky basin, forming a cataract more than 50 feet higher than Niagara. The jagged rock-rift, through which the river rolls before it makes the plunge, ia aome 200 feet in depth, the rocky channel be coming a triangle at the brink. At the bottom of the fall the ravine is upward of 400 feet perpendicular height. " The fall is in truth," says Dr. George B. Cheever, who visited the place in 1859, "the Staubbach of Switzerland most absolute ly reproduced, and of concentrated beau ty and grandeur." Sthaea, at the head of Cayuga Lake, and the principal town on its bor ders, is 38 miles from Cayuga. In its immediate vicinity are 15 waterfalls, vary ing from 30 to 160 feet in height, 5 of them being 100 feet or more. The cele brated Cornell University is situated at this place. It can also be reached by the Cayuga division of the Erie Rail way. Seneca Falls (190 miles) is pleasantly aituated at the outlet of Sene ca Lake, and is the first stopping-place after resuming the cars at Cayuga. Geneva (200 milesl is a flourish ing city of between 7,000 and 8,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of Hobart College (an Episcopal institution found ed in 1823) ; also of the Medical Insti tute of Geneva College, and the Gene va Union School. The site of Geneva ia admirably chosen on the banks of Seneca, which is one of the largest and most beau tiful of the lakes of Western New York. It is 40 miles long, and from two to four wide. It is very deep, and never freezes over. Steamboats run between Jeffer son, at the south end of the lake, and Geneva, at the north end. Watkins Glen, one of the natural wonders of the Slate, is situated at the southern extremi ty of the lake. As the most convenient approach is via Elmira, it is described in the Eric Railway Route. (See page 76.) Clifton Springs (212 miles) is a very popular watering place, the springs being noted for their beneficial effects in cutaneous and bilious disorders. CamaiMlaigiia (223 miles), at the junction of the " Canandaigua Branch R. R. from Rochester to Elmira," of the " Canandaigua, Black Rock and Tona wanda R. R.," and of the " Old line of the N. Y. Central," is a beautiful town, at the north end of Canandaigua Lake, 29 milea east of Rochester. Incorporated in 1815, it now contains 6,000 people. The lake is about 15 miles in length and ia well stocked with fish. At Rochester the " Old " and " Main " linea are reunited. NIAGARA FALLS AND SUSPENSION BRIDGE BRANCH. Stations: EEockester, 229 milea from Albany ; Brockport, 240 ; Albion, 260; Medina, 269; Lockport, 285; Sus pension Bridge, 304 ; Niagara Falls, 309. Though this is called a branch, it is in fact the continuation of the main trunk line, and the main line from Rochester to Buffalo the branch, as by far the greater portion of the freight and passengers never go to Buffalo. __>_.ockport, Monroe County, ou the Erie Canal, 17 miles west of Roches ter, is famous for its pump-manufactures. Aihiom (260 miles), the seat of jus tice of Orleans County, is a place of con- aiderable trade, with a population of 2,000. Medina (269 miles) is a thriving manufacturing village. ILockport, 21 miles east of Niag ara Falls, is a thriving town in the midst of a rich agricultural region. It is fa mous for its limestone quarries and its manufacture of flour. Its population in 1870 was nearly 13,000, since which time it has constantly been increasing. It is situated at that point of the Erie Canal where it descends by ten double locks from the level of Lake Erie to the Gen- esee Level. These locks may be seen from the windows of the cars. By means of these locks an immense water-power is obtained, the water drawn from the Erie Level being used over and over again before it is Teturned to the canal at the Genesee Level. Tho roar of the great cataract can be heard here in favorable conditions of the atmosphere. Suspension -Bridge is a small village at the American end of the Sus pension Bridge, which spans tSe river two miles below the Falls. The total length of the bridge, from centre to centre of the 69 Suspension Brihge.] NEW YORK. [Niagara PalL3. towers, is 800 feet ; its height above the water, 258 feet. The first bridge, which was built by Mr. Charles EUett, was a very light and fairy-like affair, in compar ison with the present substantial struc ture. The bridge, as it now stands, was constructed under the direction of the late John A. Roebling, at a cost of $500,- 000. The towers are 66 feet high, 15 feet square at the base, and 8 feet at the top. The bridge is supported by four cables, each being nine and a half inches in diameter, and composed of 8,000 wires. It waa first crossed by a iocomotive March 8, 1855. Twenty-eight feet below the floor of the railway tracks a carriage and foot way ia suspended. Thia bridge ia used at present by the New York Cen tral, the Erie, and the Great Western (Canada) roads. Having examined the bridge, we will now cross it to the oppo site shore. Taking a carriage at our hotel, on the American side, we may " do " the Canadian shore very comfort ably between breakfast and dinner, if we have no more time to spare. The reg ular price of carriage-hire at the livery stables is one dollar per hour. Make your contract when you engage, as overcharges are fashionable. On the plank road, going and returning, the toll is five cents ; at the bridge, for each foot-passenger, going and returning the same day, 25 cents, or 12£ each way. If the passenger does not return, the bridge toll is still 25 cents. For each carriage (two horses), going and returning, 50 cents for each passenger, and 50 cents besides for the carriage. A plank-road leads from the opposite terminus of the bridge to the Clifton House. At the bridge ia ahown a basket in which Mr. Ellett, his wife, and other ladies and gentlemen, crossed over the river on a single wire, about one inch in diameter. A perilous journey across such a gorge, and at an elevation in the air of 280 feet ! Two or three persons thus crossed at a time, the basket being let down on an inclined plane to the cen tre of the towers (this was during the building of the first auspension bridge), and then drawn up by the help of a wind lass to the opposite side. The usual time in crossing was from three to four m inutes. By the means of this basket the fives ol four men were once saved, 70 when the planks of the foot-bridge were blown off in a violent storm, and they were suspended over the river by only two strands of wire, which oscillated, with immenae rapidity, 60 or 70 feet. The basket waa eent to their relief, at a mo ment when the hurricane grew less fear ful, and they descended into it by means of a ladder, one at a trip only, until all were released from their terrible position. The exploits of Blondin and Leslie, with which our readers are all doubtless fa miliar, have since thrown these ventures far in the shade. The Monleagle, at Sus pension Bridge, is a fine hotel. De Veaux College for Orphans, an institution founded and endowed by the late Stephen De Veaux, of Niagara Falls, is located a short dis tance from the bridge. It is under the control of the Episcopal Church of that diocese. The building is a large one, of stone. The land and property bequeathed by Mr. De Veaux have so rapidly in creased in value, that the present income is ample for all expenditures, Niagara _Palls. — Hotels: upon the American side of the river, the Cat aract House and the International Hotel are most excellent homea for the tourist ; on the Canada aide, is the Clifton. The falls are situated on the river of the same name, a strait connecting the floods of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and di viding a portion of the State of New York on the west from the Province of Ontario. The cataracts thus lie within the terri tory both of Great Britain and the United States. They are some 20 miles below the entrance of the river, at the northeast extremity of Lake Erie, and about 14 miles above its junction with Lake Ontario. The River Niagara (signifying in the Iroquois language " Thunder of Waters ") takes its rise in the western extremity of Lake Erie, and after flowing 33^ miles enters Lake Ontario, which is 334 feet below Lake Erie. The waters for which the Niagara is the outlet cover an area of 150,000 aquare milea — floods so grand and inexhaustible as to be utterly uncon- scious of the loss of the hundred mill ions of tons which they pour every hour, through succeeding centuries, over these stupendous precipicea. The Approach. — The best approach to Niaqara Falls.] NEW YORK. [Niagara Falls, the Falls is that most usually taken, viz., by the American shore. "The descent of about 200 feet, by the staircase, brings the traveller directly under the shoulder and edge of the American Fall, the most imposing scene, for a single object, that he probably has ever witneaaed. The long column of sparkling water seems, aa he stauda near it, to descend to an immeas urable depth, and the bright sea-green curve above has the appearance of being set into the sky. The tremendous power of the Fall, as well as the height, realizes his utmost expectations. He descends to the water's edge and embarka in a ferry boat, which tosses like an egg-shell on the heaving and convulsed water, and in a' minute or two he finds himself in the face of the vast line of the Falls, and sees with surprise that he has expended hia fullest admiration and astonishment upon a mere thread of Niagara — the thousandth part of its wondrous volume and grandeur. From the point where he crosses to Table Rock, the line of the Falls measures three- quarters of a mile in length ; and it is this immense extent which, more than any other feature, takea the traveller by sur prise. The current at the ferry sets very strongly down, and the athletic men who are employed here keep the boat up against it with difficulty. Arrived near the opposite landing, however, there is a slight counter-current, and the large rocks near the shore serve as a breakwater, be hind which the boat runs smoothly to her moorings." It is from the American side of the river that access is had to the hundred points of interest and surprise in the fa mous Goat Island vicinage, with its con necting bridges, its views of the Rapids, of the Cave of the Winds, of the scene of Sam Patch's great leap, and of its bold overtopping tower ; and in other neigh borhoods of the Whirlpool, of the Chasm Tower, and the Devil's Hole. A totally different and not leaa wonder ful gallery of natural master-pieces is opened upon the Canada shore — the mighty Horseshoe Fall ; the noble pano rama from the piazzas of the Clifton House, the Burning Spring, the historical village of Chippewa, and the battle-field of Lundy's Lane, Bender's Cave, etc. Goat Island. (American side.)— Leav ing the Cataract House, take the first left- hand street, two minutes' walk to the bridge, which leads to the toll-gate on Bath Island. This bridge is itself an ob ject of wonder, in its apparently raah and dangeroua position. It is, however, perfectly safe, and iB crossed hourly by heavily-laden carriages. The Rapids, as seen on the way to Goat Island, are impressive. The river descends 51 feet in a distance of three- quarters of a mile by this inextricable turmoil of waters. It is one of the most striking features of the Niagara scenery. Standing on the bridge, and gazing thence up the angry torrent, the leaping crests seem like " a battle-charge of tempestuous waves animated and infuriat ed against the sky. Nearer the plunge of the Fall, the Rapids become still more agitated, and it is impossible for the spec tator to rid himself of the idea that they are conscious of the abyss to which they are hurrying, and struggle back iu the very extremity of horror. This propen sity to invest Niagara with a soul and human feelings is a common effect upon the minds of visitora, in every part of its wonderful phenomena. The torture of the Rapida, the clinging curves with which they embrace the small rocky islands that live amid the surge ; the sudden calm ness at the brow of the cataract, and the infernal writhe and whiteness with which they reappear, powerless, from the depths of the abyss — all seem, to the excited im agination of the gazer, like the natural effects of impending ruin — desperate resolution' and fearful agony on the minda and frames of mortals." Chapin' s Island is upon the right of tho bridge, within a short distance of the American Fall. It is named in memory of a workman whose life waa imperilled by falling into the stream, aa he was laboring upon the bridge. Mr. Robinson went gallantly and successfully to his re lief in a skiff. The Toll Gate is upon Bath Island, where baths, warm and otherwise, are ac cessible at all times to visitors. A fee of 25 cents paid here gives you the freedom of Goat Island, during ail your stay, be it for the year or less. Near this point are Ship and Big Islands. There is here u, very extensive paper-mill. Crossing 71 Niagara Falls.] NEW YORK. [Niagara Falls. another small bridge, we stand upon Iris Island. (See Prospect Tower.) The only place of habitation here is a house at which the traveller can supply himself with refreshments of all inviting kinds, and store his trunks with every variety of samples of Indian ingenuity and labor. The place is called the Indian Empo rium. Three routes over the island di verge at this point. The principal path followed by most visitors is that to the right, which keeps the best of the sights, as Wisdom always does, until the last, af fording less striking views of the Falls than do the other routes at first, but far surpassing them both in its grand finale. This way conducts to the foot of the isl and, w hile the left-hand path seeks the head, and the middle winds acroaa. Tak ing the right-hand path, then, from the Toll Gate, we come, first, to the centre Fall, called The Cave of the Winds (see Termination Rock), mid-distant nearly between the American and the Horseshoe Falls. This wonderful scene is best and most securely enjoyed from the spacious flat rock beneath. The cave ia 100 feet high, and of the same extent in width. You can pass safely into the recess behind the water, to a platform beyond. Magi cal rainbow pictures are formed at this spot ; sometimes bows of entire circles, and two or three at once, are seen. At the foot of Goat Island the Three Profiles form an object of curious interest. These profiles, seemingly some two feet long, are to be seen, one directly above the other, as you look across the first sheet of water, directly under the lowest point of rock. They are sometimes called the Tliree Sisters. Luna Island is reached by a foot-bridge, from the right of Goat Island. It has an area of some three-quarters of an acre. The effective rainbow forms, seen at this point, have given it the name it bears. A child of eight years once fell into the torrent at this point, and was lost, to gether with a gallant lad who jumped in to rescue her. Riddle's Stairs, on the west side of the island, was named after Nicholas Biddle, of United States Bank fame, by whose order they were built. " Make us something," he ia reported to have said to the workmen, " by which we may descend and sec what is bslow." At the base of these spiral stairs, which are secured to the rocks by strong iron fasteninga, there are two diverging paths. The up river way, toward the Horse shoe Fall, _3 difficult, and much obstruct ed by fallen rocks ; but down the current a noble view is gained of the centre Fall or Cave of the Winds. Sum Patch's Leap. — It was upon the west side of Goat Island, near Biddle's Stairs, that the renowned jumper, Sam Patch, made two successful leaps into the watera below, saying, as he went off, to the throng of spectators, "that one thing might be done as well as another ! " The fellow made one jump too much, within the same year (1829), over the Genesee Falls, at Rochester. Reaseending tho Biddle Stairs, we come, after a few rods' travel, to a resting-place at a little house, and thence we go down the bank, and, crossing a bridge, reach Prospect (Terrapin) Tower. Thia preca- rioualy placed edifice, which aeema to have " ruahed in, aa foola do, where angels fear to tread," is on Iria Island, very near the edge of the precipice, above which it rises some 45 feet in the air. From the top, which is surrounded by an iron railing, a magnificent scene is presented — a pano rama of the Niagara wonders — the like of which can be seen from no other point Here a register for visitors is kept. The Horseshoe Fall — always marvel- lous from whatever position it is viewed — forms the connecting link between the scenes of the American and Canadian sides of the river. This mighty cataract is 144 rods across, and it is said by Prof. Lyell that fifteen hundred millions of cubic feet of water pass over its ledges every hour. One of the condemned lake ships (the Detroit) was sent over this fall in 1829, and, though she drew 18 feet of water, she did not touch the rocks in passing over the brink of the precipice, showing a solid body of water, at least some 20 feet deep, to be above the ledge. We shall return to the Horseshoe Fall from the Canada side. Gull Island, just above, is an unap proachable spot, upon which it is not like ly or possible that man has ever yet stood. There are three other small isles seen from here, called the Tliree Sisters. Near the Three Sistera, ou Goat Island, is the spot Niagara Falls.] NEW YORK. [Niagara Falls. remembered as the resort of an eccen tric character, and called, after him, the Bathing-Place of Francis Abbott, the Her mit. At the head of Goat Island is Navy Island, near the Canada shore. It was the scene of incidents in the Canadian rebel lion of 1837-38, known as the McKenzie War. Chippewa, which held at that period some 5,000 British troops, is upon the Canadian shore, nearly opposite. It was near Fort Schlosser, hard by, that, about this period, the American steam boat Caroline was set on fire, and sent over the falls, by the order of Sir Alan Mc- Nab, a Canadian officer. Some fragments of the wreck lodged on Gull Island, where they remained until the following spring. Grand Island, which contains 11,000 acres, was the spot on which Major M. M. Noah hoped to assemble all the He brew populations of the world. Near the ferry there was once an observatory or pagoda, 100 feet high, from which a grand view of the region was gained. This apot is called Point View. The Whirlpool. — Three miles below the Falls (American side) is the Whirl pool, resembling in its appearance the celebrated Maelstrom on the coast of Norway. It is occasioned by the river making nearly a right angle, while it is here narrower than at any other place, not being more than 30 roda wide, and the current running with such velocity as to rise up in the middle 10 feet above the sides. This has been ascertained by measurement. There is a path leading down the bank to the Whirlpool on both sides, and, though somewhat difficult to descend and ascend, it is accomplished almoat every day. The Devil's Hole is a mile below the Whirlpool. It embraces about two acres, cut out laterally and perpendicularly in the rock by the side of the river, and is 150 feet deep. An angle of this hole or gulf comes within a few feet of the stage- road, affording travellers an opportunity, without alighting, of looking into the yawning abyss. But they should alight, and pass to the farther side of the flat projecting rock, where they will feel themselves richly repaid for their trouble. Into the Devil's Hole falls a stream known by the unpoetical name of the Bloody Run. i Chasm Tower, three and a half milea below the Falls, is 75 feet high, and com mands fine views (seen, if you please, in all hues, through a specular medium) of all the country round. A fee is required. Bender's Cave is midway between the Suspension Bridge and the Clifton House. It ia a recesa six feet high and twenty in length, made by a decomposition of the limestone. Table Rock exists now only in name, and the sort of posthumous interest which attaches to the spot where it stood. The grand overhanging platform called Table Rock, and the fearful abysmal scene at the very base of the mighty Horse shoe Fall, once constituted one of the cardinal wonders of Niagara. This fa mous rock fell in 1862, but the vicinity ia still a place much resorted to by visitors at the Falls. If one would listen to the terrible noise of the great cataract, let him come here, where the sound of its hoarse utterance drowns all lesser sounds, and his own speech is inaudible to him self. Termination Rock occupies a recess behind the centre of the Horse-Shoe Fall, reached by the descent of a spiral stair way from Table Rock, the traverse for a short distance of the rude marge of the river, and then of a narrow path over a frightful ledge and through the blinding spray, behind the mighty Fall. Before de scending visitors should make a, com plete change of toilet for a rough costume more suitable for the stormy and rather damp journey before them. When fully equipped, theirt ludicrous appearance ex cites for a while a mirthful feeling, in singular contrast with the solemn senti ment of all the scene around them. This strange expedition, often made even by ladiea, haa been thus described : " The guide went before, and we followed close under the cliff. A cold, clammy wind blew strong in our faces from the mo ment we left the shelter of the staircase, and a few steps brought us into a pelting fine rain, that penetrated every opening of our dresaes and made our foothold very slippery and difficult. We were not yet near the sheet of water we were to walk through ; but one or two of the party gave out and returned, declaring it was impossible to breathe; and the 73 Niagara Falls.] NEW YORK. [Niagara Falls, rest, imitating the guide, bent nearly double to keep the beating spray from their nostrils, and pushed on, with enough to do to keep sight of his heels. We ar rived near the difficult point of our prog ress ; and in the midst of a confusion of blinding gusts, half deafened, and more than half drowned, the guide stop ped to give us a hold of hia skirts and a little counsel. All that could be heard amid the thunder of the cataract beside us was an injunction to push on when it got to the worst, as it was shorter to get beyond the sheet than to go back ; and with this pleasant atatemeut of our dilem ma, we faced about with the longeat breath we could draw, and encountered the enemy. It may be aupposed that every peraon who haa been dragged through the column of water which ob- structs the entrance to the cavern behind this cataract, has a very tolerable idea of the pains of drowning. What is wanting in the density of the element is more than made up by the force of the con tending winds, which rush into the mouth, eyes, and nostrils, as if flying from a water-fiend. The ' courage of worse behind ' alone persuades the gasp ing sufferer to take one desperate step more." The Museum, near Table Rock, con tains more than 10,000 specimens of minerals, birds, fishes, and animals, many of which were collected in the neighbor hood of the Falls. Admittance — which includes the use of the dress and admia- aion to the Cave of the Winds, 50 cents. The Burning Spring is near the water, two miles above the Falls. The carbon ated sulphuretted hydrogen gas here gives out a brilliant flame when lighted. The height of the American Fall is 164 feet, that of the Canadian or Horseahoe, 150 feet. The former ia 900 feet across, the latter 1,900. The roar of the waters has been heard at Toronto, 44 milea away, and yet in some states of wind and atmosphere it is scarcely perceptible hi the immediate neighborhood.- Niagara presents a new and most unique as pect in winter, when huge icicles hang horn the precipices, and immense frozen piles of a thousand fantastic shapes glit ter in the bright sunlight. Father Hen nepin, a Jesuit missionary, was the first 74 Europcrui who ever saw Niagara. Hia visit was in 1678. In 1869 a suspension bridge, 1,268 feet long, for carriages and pedestriana, was completed just below the falls, connecting the village of Niag ara Falla with Clifton. It is 150 feet above the water. In the vicinity of Niagara ia Lewis- ton, seven milea diatant, at the head of navigation on Lake Ontario — and di rectly oppoaite Lewiaton ia Queenstown. Queenstown is well worthy a visit from the sojourner at the. Falla, and affords a most delightful drive. It is historically as well as pictorially interesting. Here General Brock and his aide-de-camp Mc Donnell fell, October 11, 1812. Brock's Monument, which crowns the heights above the village, is 185 feet high, sur mounted by a dome of nine feet, which is reached by a spiral flight of 250 steps from the base inside. The remains of Brock and his comrade he in stone aarcophagi beneath, having been removed thither from Fort George. Thia ia the second monument erected on the spot, the first having been deatroyed by Lett, in 1840. Routes : From New York, via Hudson River or Hudson River Railroad to Al bany, 144 miles ; from Albany to Buffalo, via N. Y. Central R. R., 298 milea ; from Buffalo, by Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Lewiston R. R., 22 miles. Total, 464 miles. Same to Rochester, 373 miles; and thence by Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara R. R., 77 miles. Total, 450 miles. From New York, via New York and Erie R. R., to Buffalo, 422 miles ; Buffalo (as above), by Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Lew- iston R. R. (to Niagara), 22 miles. Total, 444 miles. From New York, by New York and Erie R. R. to Elmira, 274 miles; from Elmira to Niagara, by Elmira, Can andaigua, and Niagara Falls R. R., 166 miles. Total, 440 miles. From New York to Albany, by Hudson River, 144 miles ; thence to Troy, six milea. Rail way from Troy to Whitehall, 65 miles; from Whitehall by steamer on Lake Champlain, to St. Johns, 150 miles ; St. Johns to La Prairie Railroad, 15 miles; La Prairie, by steamboat on the St. Law rence to Montreal, nine miles ; from Montreal (Grand Trunk Railroad and other lines to Niagara), railroad and steam boat, 436 miles. Total, 727 miles. Schoharie.] NEW YORK. [BlNGHAMTOJf. ROUTE VI. ALBANY AND SUSQUEHANNA RAIL WAY. This road, which runs from Albany to Binghamton, on the Erie Railway, ia of considerable importance ; and the great contest between the Erie and Central roads, known as the "Erie War," waa caused by a desire on the part of each of these roads t3 obtain possession of the line. Stations. — Adamsville, 6 miles from Albany ; Slingerlands, 7 ; New Scotland, 11; Guilderland, 14; Knowersville, 17; ' Duapesburg, 24 ; Quaker Street, 27 ; Es- perance, 31 ; Schoharie, 36 ; Howe's Cave, 89 ; Cobleskill, 45 ; Richmondville, 50 ; East Worcester, 57 ; Worcester, 62 ; Schenevus, 67; Maryland, 70; Junction Central and Schoharie Valley, 75 ; Colliers, 76; Emmons, 79; Oneonta, 82; Otego, 90 ; Wells's Bridge, 95 ; Unadilla, 99 ; Sid ney, 103; Bainbridge, 108; Afton, 114; Harpersville, 120; Tunnel, 127; Osborn Hollow, 132; Port Crane, 135; Bing hamton, 142. Schoharie (36 miles) connects with Schoharie Valley and Middleburg and Schoharie Railroad, and stages for Gilboa, Moresville, Roxbury, Livingston- ville, Preston-Holiow, Cooksburg, Dur ham, and Oak-Hill. This station, like Howe's Cave, is in the midst of caves and lakes. Howe's Cave is but 3 miles dis tant, while within 2 milea ia Ball's Cave, which ia large and intereating. A stream which may be explored in a boat runa through it for a considerable distance. In the course of this stream are several falls. There are many other caves worth visiting in the vicinity ; also a pretty little body of water called Utsayantha Lake. The principal hotels are the Mansion and the Franklin, $2 50 per day. Carriages, guides, etc., may be procured at either of them. BBowe's Care (39 miles). The limestone region of this part of the State is filled with caves, from the largeat of which this station takes its name. This cave, which waa discovered by Lester Howe in 1842, is entered from a point about 50 feet below the Cobleskill, and contains several chambers — its length be ing probably about 4 miles, though some persons have claimed for it a length of 20 miles. Like all large caves, it has one large chamber called "the Chapel." It also possesses a narrow passage, through which the visitor must crawl upon all- fours, and a subterranean lake or rather pool of pure water, 30 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 10 feet deep. The distant mur mur of an invisible river and waterfall may be heard by the attentive liatener. The cavern ia full of wonderful beautiea. Not far from thia cave there once ex isted a heap of small flat stones, 4 rods long, 1 or 2 wide, and from 10 to 15 feet high. It was thrown up by the Indiana, who, influenced by aome superstition or tradition, never passed it without adding a stone. Some years since the owner of the land destroyed this monument, using the stones for a fence. There is a hotel at the station, where guides, costumes, etc., can be procured. Cohieskiil (45 miles'). The Shar on Springs and Cherry Valley Branch diverges here. (See page 66.) Colliers (76 miles), a small village on the Susquehanna River, connects with Cooperstown by Cooperstown Rail road. Two trains daily from Albany and from Binghamton. (See Cooperstown, page 66.) BSainhridge (108 miles), a flour ishing village. In 1852 a steamboat was built here to run on the Susquehanna to Lanesboro, 30 miles. Stages run from this place to Norwich, Greene, Oxford, Coventry, and Guilford. Afton (114 miles). Visitors to Val- lonia Springs take stages here. Valloraia Springs is a little village some 600 or 700 feet above the level of the Susquehanna River, and about 1 mile distant from it, a little to the east of the centre of Broome County. It pos sesses fine mineral waters, and ia in the midst of splendid scenery, while in the vicinity are fine hunting and fishing. The hotel is the Spring House. It ia reached by Albany and Susquehanna Railway to Afton, thence by stage. -Binghamton (142 miles). See page 80. 75 Dunkirk.! NEW YORK. [Dunkirk, ROUTE VII. ERIE RAILWAY AND BRANCHES, New York to Dunkirk. This great route claims especial admi ration for the grandeur of the enterprise which conceived and executed it, for the vast contributions it has made to the facilities of travel, and for the multiplied and varied landscape beauties which it has made so readily and pleasantly ac cessible. Its entire length, from New York to Dunkirk on Lake Erie, is 460 miles (including the Piermont and the Newburg branches, it is 497 miles), in which it traverses the southern portion of the Empire State in its entire extent from east to weat, paaaing through count less towna and villagea, over many rivera, now through rugged mountain -paaaes, and anon amid broad and fertile valleys and plaina. In addition, it haa many 76 branchea, connecting its stations with other routes in all directiona, and open. ing up new stores of pictorial pleasure. The road was first commenced in 1836. The first portion (46 miles, from Piermont to Goshen) waa put in opera tion September 23, 1841, and on May 15, 1851, the entire line to Lake Erie waa opened amid great rejoicings and fes tivities, in which the President of the United States and other distinguished guests of the company assisted. Four daily trains leave for the West on this route, from the foot of Chambers Street, and foot of Twenty-third Street, North River. Stations. — Rutherford Park, 10 miles; Passaic, 12; Paterson, 17 (junction of Newark Branch) ; Ridgewood, 22 ; Ho- hokus, 24; Allendale, 26; Ramsey's, 28; Suffern's, 32 (branch to Piermont); Ramapo, 34 ; Sloatsburg, 36 ; Southfields, 42 ; Greenwood, 44 ; Newburg Junction, 46 (junction of Newburg Branch); Turner's, 48; Monroe, 50; Oxford, 52; Chester (Greycourt), 54 (junction of Warwick aud Newburg Branches); Goshen, 60 (junction of Montgomery Branch); Hampton, 64; Middletown, 67 (junction of Unionville Branch) ; How ell's, 71; Otisville, 76; Port Jervia, 88; Lackawaxen, 111 (junction of Honesdale Branch); Mast Hope, 117; Narrowsburg, 123; Cochecton, 131 ; Hancock, 164; Deposit, 177; Susquehanna, 193; Great Bend, 201 (junction of Delaware, Lacka wanna and Western Railway) ; Kirkwood, 206; Binghamton, 215 (junction of Syra cuse and Binghamton, and Albany and Susquehanna Railways) ; Owego, 237 (junction of Cayuga Diviaion of Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway); Barton, 249 ; Waverley, 256 (junction of Lehigh Valley Railway) ; Chemung, 261 ; Wellsburg, 267 ; Elmira, 274 (junction of Elmira and Wiflamsport Railroad, and Canandaigua Division Northern Central Railway); Big Flats, 284; Corning, 291 (junction of Rochester Division and Corn ing, Blossburg, and Tioga Railway) ; Paint ed Post, 293; Addison, 302; Rathbone- ville, 307 ; Adrian, 323 ; Hornellsville, 332 (junction of Northwestern Diviaion) ; Alfred, 341 ; Audover, 350 ; Genesee, 358; Philipsville, 366; Belvidere, 370; Hins dale, 390 ; Olean, 395 ; Carrollton, 408 (junction of Bradford Branch) ; Great Val Suffern's Station.] NEW YORK. [Newburg Junction. ley, 411; Salamanca, 414 (junction of Atlantic and Great Western Division); Cattaraugus, 429 ; Dayton, 438 ; Perrys- burg, 441; Forestvffle, 452; Dunkirk, 460 (connects with Lake Shore Line). The first 31 milea of the Erie route lie through the State of New Jeraey, from Jersey City, opposite New York, to " Suffern's," and consists of parts of three different railways, though used of late years for all the general business of the Erie road, and with its own broad gauge and cars. The original line of the road is from Suffern's eastward, 18 miles, to Piermont, and thence 24 miles down the Hudson River. This route is now employed only for freight and for local travel. It leads through a rude but not uninteresting country, with here and there a fine landscape or an agreeable village. Passing then through the New Jersey towns (see chapter on New Jer sey, page 98), we begin our mention of places and scenes of interest on the Erie route at the New York State line. SulEera's Station (32 miles) is where the original Piermont and the present Jersey City linea meet. The Ramapo Valley commences at this point, and in its wild mountain-passea we find the first scenes of especial remark in our journey. Fine hill-farms surround ua here, aud on all our way through the re gion ofthe Ramapo for 18 milea. J&amapo (34 milea) ia near the Torn Mountain, the chief attraction of the Ramapo Gap, which ia aeen on the right, near the entrance to the valley. Thia ia hiatoric ground, sacred with memories of the movements of the Revolutionary army, when it was driven back into New Jersey from the Hudson. Washington often ascended to the summit of the Torn Mountain, to overlook the movementa of the Britiah. On one such occasion, ancedote says that he lost his watch in a crevice of a rock, of which credulity afterward heard the ticking in the percola tions of unseen waters. Very near the railway at Suffern's the debris of old in trenchments are still visible, and marks of the camp-firea of our French allies, of the period, may be traced in the woods op posite. Near by is an old farm-house, once occupied by the commander-in-chief. The Ramapo is a great iron ore and iron manufacturing region, and it was here that the chain which was stretched across the Hudson, to check the advance of the English ships, was forged, at the spot once called the Augusta Iron-Works, now a poetical ruin by a charming cas cade with overhanging bluff, seen close by the road, on the right, after passing Sloatsburg. The Ramapo Brook winds attractively through the valley, and beautiful lakeleta are found upon the hill tops. There are two such elevated ponds near Sloatsburg. Sloatshurg (36 miles) is one of the points from which to take a stage for Greenwood Lake, which can also be reached from Chester and from Monroe. Greenwood Lake, — Hotel : The Windermere House. To Greenwood Lake, sometimes called Long Pond, is a very agreeable jaunt from the metropolis, whether for the pure air of the hills, the pleasant aspects of Na ture, or for the sports of the rod and the gun. Greenwood lies iu Orange County, 8 milea aouthwest of Chester, in the midst of a very picturesque mountain- region. It is a beautiful water of seven miles in extent, and all about it, in every direction, are lesser but scarcely less charming lakes and lakelets, some of which, in a ride or ramble over the coun try, delight the eye where least dreamed of. Such an unexpected vision is Lake Macopin, and the larger waters of the Wawayandah. The last-mentioned lake is situated in the Wawayandah Moun tains,, about 3£ miles from the New York and New Jersey boundary-fine. The word Wawayandah signifies winding stream, and is very characteristic of the serpen tine course of the outlet of this lake tow ard the Wallkill. Wawayandah is almost divided by an island into two ponds, and thus gets its home name of "Double Pond." It is very deep, and abounds in fine trout. This varied hill and lake neighborhood presents in its general air an admirable blending of the wild rugged- ness of the great mountain-ranges and the pastoral aweetneas of the fertile valley landa, for it poasesses the features of both, though of neither iu the highest degree. Newhurg Junction (46 miles) is the junction with the branch 77 Turner's.] NEW YORK. Port Iervis. road to Newburg. (See Newburg, page 44.) Turner's (48 miles) posaesses aome interest to the hungry traveller, from the fact that it is one of the principal eating- places on the road. All trains stop here for meala. It haa the reputation of being the most picturesque station on thia sec tion of the line. The view from the hill north of the station is superb, the Hudson River with Fishkill and Newburg being in sight. The following lakes are near the station, the most remote, "Truxedo," be ing within 6 miles : "Ramsey's," "Round," " Little Long," " Mount Baslia," and " Slaughter's." [See Appendix.] Monroe (50 miles) is connected with Greenwood Lake by a stage-line. From Monroe onward through Oxford, Chester, Goshen, Hampton, Middletown, Howell's, and Otisville, to Port Jervis (or Delaware), we are in the great dairy re gion of Orange County, New York, which sends a train of cara laden with milk daily to the New York market. A very charm ing view is seen south from the atation at Oxford, led by the cone of the Sugar Loaf, the chief hill feature of the vicinage. ©reycourt, formerly called Chea- terville (54 miles), is the point where the branch road from Newburg, on the Hud son River, to Warwick, 29 miles, inter sects the main line. From this point, as well as from Sloatsburg and Monroe, pas sengers for Greenwood Lake (8 miles) take stage. HSiddlctown (67 miles) is a flour ishing town in Orange County, having a population of over 6,000 inhabitants, va rious grades of schools and academies, churches of every denomination, and man ufactories of all descriptions. It is gen erally conceded to be the handsomest vil lage on the line of the Erie Railway. HIo well's (71 miles) is where the picturesque scenery seen all the way on ward to Port Jervia commences. Otisville (76 miles). On approach ing Otisville, the eye is attracted by the bold flanks of the Shawangunk Mountain, the passage of which great barrier (once deemed almost insurmountable) is a mira cle of engineering skill. A mile beyond Otisville, after traversing au ascending grade of 40 feet to the mile, the road runs through a rock-cutting 50 feet deep and 78 2,500 feet long. Thia paaaed, the summit of the ascent ia reached, and thence we go down the mountain-aide many sloping miles to the valley beneath. The scenery along the mountain-slope ia grand and picturesque, and the effect is not lessened by the bold features of the landscape all around — the rugged front of the Shawan gunk, stepping, like a colossal ghost, into the scene for one inatant, and the eye anon resting upon a vast reach of un tamed wilderness. In the descent of the mountain the embankment is securely supported by a wall 30 feet in height and 1,000 feet long. Onward the way in creases in interest, until it opens upon a glimpse, away over the valley of the moun tain spur, called the Cuddeback ; and, at its base, the glittering water ia aeen now for the first time, of the Delaware aud Hud son Canal, whoae debouche we have looked upon at Kingston, in our voyage up the Hudson River. Eight miles beyond Otis ville we are imprisoned in a deep cutting for nearly a mile, which prepares us for the brilliant surprise which awaits us. The dark passage made, and yet another bold clash through rooky cliffs, and there lie suddenly spread before us, upon our right, the rich and lovely valley and waters of the Neversink. Beyond, sweeps a chain of blue hills, aud at their feet, terraced high, gleam the roofs and spires of the village of Port Jervis; while on ward, to the south, our eye first beholds the floods of the Delaware. Crnymard (81 miles), surrounded by beautiful scenery, has a good hotel, and first becamea summer resort in 1870. JPort Jervis, formerly Delaware, as the station was called, is the terminus of the eastern division, one of four great sub-sections into which the road is divided. It is a point which should not pass unnoticed by the tourist who can spend several daya in viewing the route. The vicinage ia replete with pictorial delights, and with ways and means for rural sports and pleasures. Charms of climate and of scenery, with the additional considerations of a pretty village and a most excellent hotel (the Delaware House), have made Port Jervis a place of great and continuous summer resort and tarry. The Falls of tiie Sail- kill, 6 miles distant, are reached by stage, Shohola.] NEW YORK. [Deposit, This stream, after flowing sluggishly for some miles through level table-land, is here precipitaied over two perpendicular ledges of alate-roc'c — the first',.-' ab ut _:0 feet, and t_ie second about 60 fee! — into a wild gorge. The brook still continues, dashing and foaming on for a quarter of a mile, over smaller precipices, and through chasms scarcely wide enough for the visitor to pass. The beetling cliffs that form the sides of the gorge are sur mounted and shaded by cedars! and hem locks, that lend a peculiarly sombre air to the scenery. The sojourner here should not omit a tramp to the top ol Point Peter, which overlooks the village. At Port Jervis commences the second division of the road which carries us on ward, 104 miles farther, to Susquehanna. The canal keeps us company, nearer or mere remote, for some miles, and by-and- by we cross the Delaware on a fine bridge of 800 feet, built at a cost of $75,000. The river, from this point, ia Been, both above and below, to great advantage. Here we leave Orange County and New York for a little incursion into the Key stone State, for which privilege the rail way company pays Pennsylvania $10,000 per year. The canal, and its pictures and incidenta, are still the most agreeable features of our way, though at Point Eddy we open into one of the wide basina ao striking in the scenery of the Dela ware. Shohola (107 miles). We are now among some of the greatest engineering successes of the Erie route, and some of its chief pictorial charms. Here the road lies on the mountain-aide, aeveral feet above the river, along a mighty gallery, supported by grand natural abutments of jagged rock. It is a pleasant scene to watch the flight of the train upon the crest of this rocky and secure precipice ; and the impressiveness of the sight is deepened by its contrast with the peace ful repose of the smiling meadow-slopes on the oppoaite side of the river below. Upon three milea along this Shohola sec tion of the road no less than $300,000 were expended. At Lackawaxen there is a charm ing picture Of the village, and of the Del aware, bridged by the railway and by the grand aqueduct for the passage of the canal, supported by an iron-wire suspen sion bridge. This is the -point of junc tion of the Houesdal;- Branch. WarrotvaSjurg (123 milea from New Vork) lias a g..ol hotel. .Beyond Narrowsburg, for some miles, the traveller may turn to his newspaper or book for occupation awhile, as the scenery here presented is not so particularly interest ing as that which we have lately wit nessed. Some compensation may be found in recalling the stirring incidents of Coop er's novel of " The Last of the Mohicans," of which this ground waa the theatre. At Callicoon, a brook full of wild and beautiful passages and of bright trout enters the Delaware. SSancock (164 miles) is one of the most important places of this division of our route, aud in every way a pleasant spot for sojourn. At ©eposit (13 miles beyond Han cock) we bid good-by to the Delaware, which we have followed so long ; refresh ourselves at the restaurant, and pre pare for the ascent of a heavy grade over the high mountain-ridge which separates it from the lovely waters of the Susque hanna. As the train descends into the valley there seems no promise of the wonders which are awaiting us, but they come suddenly, and before we are aware we are traversing the famous Cascade Bridge, a solitary arch, 250 feet wide, sprung over a, aark ravine of 184 feet in depth. No adequate idea of the bold spirit and beauty of the scene can be had from the cars ; in deed, in the rapid transit, it is often passed before the traveller is aware of its approach. Since the above appeared in a previous edition of this work the bridge has been transformed into a high embankment by filling the ravine beneath the arch. The Cascade Bridge crossed, the view opens almo3t immediately at the right — deep down upon the winding Suaque- hanna, reaching afar off amid a valley and hill picture of delicioua quality, a fitting prelude to the aweet river-scenea we are henceforth to delight in. Thia first grateful glimpse of the brave Sus quehanna ia justly esteemed aa one of the finest pointa on the varied acenery of the Erie Railway route. It may be looked at 79 Susquehanna.] NEW YORK. [Owego, more leisurely aud more lovingly by him who tarries to explore the Cascade Bridge hard by, and the valley of the Starrucca, with its grand viaduct, which we are now rapidly approaching. The Starrucca Via duct is one of the greatest engineering achievements of the entire route. It is 1,200 feet in length, and 110 feet high, and has 18 grand arches, each 50 feet span. The cost was $320,000. From the vicinity of Susquehanna, the next station, the viaduct itself makes a most effective feature in the valley views. A httle be yond the viaduct, and just before we reach the Susquehanna station, we cross a fine trestle bridge, 450 feet long, over the Cannewacta Creek, at Lanesborough. We are now fairly upon the Susque hanna, not in the distance, but near its very marge, and, anon, we reach the end of the second grand division of our route, and enter the depot of Susquehanna. Susquehanna (193 miles from New York) ia an important railroad sta tion and manufacturing point. Just be yond the Susquehanna depot we crosa to the right bank of the river, and, after two more milea' ride, yet amidst mountain- ridges, we reach Great Send (201 milea). The village of thia name lies close by, at the base of a bold, cone-shaped hill. Leaving Great Bend, we enter upon the more cultivated landscape of which we lately spoke, and approach villages and towns of great extent and elegance. Near HOrkwood, the next station, 6 miles from Great Bend, there stands an old wooden tenement, which may attract the traveller's notice as the birthplace of the Mormon prophet, Joe Smith. ___> i n g h a ni t o n . — Hotels : American, Lewis, Exchange, Spaulding's. Binghamton (215 miles from New York) is, with its population of about thirteen thousand people, one of the most important places on the Erie route, and indeed in Southern New York. It is a beautiful town, situated upon a wide plain, in an angle made by the meeting of the Susquehanna and the Chenango Rivers. Binghamton was settled in 1787 by Mr. Bingham, an English gentleman, whose daughters married the brothers Henry and Alexander Baring, the famous Lon don bankers. The State Inebriate Asylum 80 is located here. The Chenango Canal, ex. tending along the Chenango River, con. nects Binghamton with Utica, 95 miles distant ; and it is also the junction of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Rail way, the southern terminus of the Syra cuse and Binghamton Railroad, 80 milea long, and of the Albany and Susquehanna Railway, for which, and the pleasant places along its line, see page 75. Owego. — Hotels: Ahwaga, Park, Central, and United Stales. Owego (237 miles) is another large and handsome town, almost rivalling Bing hamton in beauty and importance. It was settled in 1791, and incorporated in 1827. Owego is surrounded by a land scape not of bold but of very beautiful features. Many noble panoramas are to be seen from the hill-tops around, over looking the village and the great valley. The Owego Creek, which enters the Sus quehanna here, is a charming stream. Just before its meeting with the greater watera, it passes through the meadow and at the base of the hill-slopes of " Glenmary," once the home of N. P. Willis, and now one of the Meceas of the vicinage, to which all visitora are won by the charms and spells the fancy of the poet has cast about it. It was here that Mr. Willis wrote his famoua "Letters from under a Bridge." Population, 6,000. There are 7 churchea, and, besides the hotels already mentioned, several smaller ones. The buainess of the place ia chiefly commercial, though there ia aome manu facturing. At thia point the Susquehanna ia spanned by a fine iron bridge, about 1,150 feet long. The .Cemetery, situated opposite the village, on the north side of the Susquehanna River, is upon an emi nence about 200 feet high, and com mands a number of fine views. The Cayuga division of the Delaware, Lack awanna, and Western Railroad diverges here, some 30 miles, to Ithaca, on Cayuga Lake. (See Ithaca, page 69.) The Southern Central Railway. [For particu lars concerning thia road, which opens a new route from Lake Ontario to the sea board, and connects with the various rail ways penetrating the Pennsylvania coal- regions, see Appendix, page 281.] Elmira.] NEW YORK. [Dunkirk. JElsmira. — Hotels: Rathbun House and Hathaway House. Passing the half dozen intermediate stations, we reach Elmira, 274 miles from New York, and 37 from Owego. This beau tiful town is the largest inland city on the line of the road, with the same charming valley-nest and the same environing hill- ridges as Binghamton and Owego. It waa settled in 1788, and, in 1860, had a town population of 14,000. Its present popu lation is estimated at 20,000. The Elmira Female College is a large and prosperous institution of a high literary standard. There is at this point a popular water-cure. The Newton Creek and the Chemung River, near the junction of whoae waters Elmira is built, lend a picturesque beauty to the vicinage. The Canandaigua Divis ion of Norlliern Central Railway diverges here, aud connects the town with Roches ter, Niagara Falls, and the Canada fines. Thia road affords one of the pleasantest summer routes from New York to the Falls of Niagara, and enables the tourist to visit Watkins Glen, one of the natural wonders of the country. (See page 83.) The Pennsylvania Northern Central Rail road connects with lines leading to Phila delphia, Baltimore, and Washington. The Chemung Canal also connects Elmira with Seneca Lake, 20 milea diatant. The Junc tion Canal leada from Elmira to the coal fields of Pennsylvania. Two other rail roads are building, having a terminus at Elmira — the Lehigh Valley road, having connections with New York and Phila delphia, and the Utica aud Elmira Rail road. Two daily and three weekly news- papers are publiahed in Elmira, the Daily and Weekly Advertiser, the Daily and Weekly Gazette, and the Saturday Review. The Advertiser haa a large circulation at home and through the surrounding coun ties, and possesses an establishment that is a model in every way. Five milea beyond Elmira our route liea over the Chemung River. The new State Prison, authorized to be built by the Legialature of 1869, haa been located in Elmira. Corning (291 milea) is an impor tant point on the Chemung River. The feeder of the Chemung Canal extends hither from Elmira. It is the depot of the Corning and Blossburg Railroad, which connects it with the coal-beds of Pennsylvania. Incorporated, 1848. Pres ent population, about 8,000. At Corning terminates also the branch road to Roch ester (90 miles), and Buffalo, via Avon -. Springs, 142 milea. Hormellsville (332 milea). Here we enter upon the fourth division of the Erie route; it is yet 128 miles to Dunkirk. The country through the rest of our way is comparatively new, and no important towns have yet grown up within it. Pictorially, this diviaion is the least attractive of the whole route, though beautiful scenea occur at intervals all along. Beyond Hornellsville we enter the valley of the Caniateo River. Almona and Alfred lie upon the banks of thia charming stream. Reaching Tip Top Summit (the highest grade of the Erie road, being 1,700 feet above tide-water), we commence the de scent into the valley of the Genesee. The country haa but few marka of human habitation to cheer its lonely and wild aspect, and for many milea onward our way continues through a desolate forest tract, alternated only by the stations and little villages of the road. Beyond Cuba Summit there are many brooks and glens of rugged beauty. Passing Olean, on the Alleghany River, we come into the lands of the Indian Reservation, where we fol low the wild banks of the Alleghany, be tween lofty hills as wild and desolate as itself. Salamanca (414 miles from New York) is important as the junction of the Erie and Atlantic and Great Western Railways, which unitedly form the great thoroughfare of travel between New York and Cincinnati and the Great West. At Cattaraugus, 428 miles from New York, and 31 from Dunkirk, we traverse a deep valley, where the eye is relieved, for a lit tle while with scenea of gentler aspect than the unbroken forest we have long traversed, and are to traverse still. Three milea beyond Perrysburg we catch glimpaes o'f the great Erie waters, toward which we are now rapidly'apeeding. Yet a few milea and we are out of the dreary woods, crossing again through the more habitable lands which lie upon the lakes. Dunkirk, — Hotel: Tiie Eastern. Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, is the western terminus of the Erie road, connecting with 81 Bam.] NEW YORK. [PoMAflg, the Lake-Shore line from Buffalo to the West. It is a port of entry, and possess es a safe and commodious harbor. Dun kirk has a large trade, which is steadily in creasing, and, as the branch road from CarroUton has opened up a. route to the coal-regions of Pennsylvania, it bids fair to become an important coal-depot. We have reached our destination within the State (New York), and refer our travelling friends to Route III of Pennsylvania for further information. BRANCHES TO BUFFALO. There are two branch roads to Buffalo, and, from their importance, we will take them up before mentioning the other branches, which, from their geographical position, should precede them. VIA CORNING. Stations. — Corning, 291 milea from New York ; Painted Poat, 2 miles from Corning ; Cooper's, 5 ; Campbell'a, 9 ; Sa- vona, 14; Bath, 20; Avoca, 28; Wal- laee'a, 31 ; Liberty, 35 ; Blood'a, 40 ; Way- land, 46 ; Springwater, 50 ; Conesua, 57 ; South Livonia, 61 ; Livonia, 65 ; Hamil- ton'a, 67 ; Avon, 76 ; Caledonia, 83 ; Le Roy, 90 ; Stafford, 95 ; Batavia, 100 ; Al exander, 108; Attica, 111 ; Darien, 117; Alden, 123 ; Town Line, 128 ; Lancaster, 132; Buffalo, 142. I2ath (20 miles from Corning, and 311 from New York) is a thriving manu facturing town, surrounded by a rich and populoua agricultural country. It is the county seat of Steuben County. Avon (76 milea from Corning) ia beautifully aituated on the right bank of the Genesee River, about 18 milea from Rochester. It ia upon a terrace, 100 feet above the river, and command8 a beauti ful view in all directiona. Some 2 milea from the village are two mineral springs, which are considered as very beneficial to Invalids suffering from rheumatiam, indi- geation, or cutaneoua affectiona. The hotel accommodations are capital, the Knickerbocker being the principal house. A railway, 16 miles in length, connects it with the flouriahing villages of Geneaeo, Cuylerville, and Mount Morris. Avon ia connected with Rochester, 18 .miles dis tant, by a branch road. (For Rochester, seepage 64.) 82 Batavia (100 miles from Corning) is also on a branch of the New York Cen tral Railroad. (See page 64.) Attica (111 miles from Corning) is a prosperous village, and ia the June. tion of Corning Branch with the Hornells ville Branch (or Buffalo division Erie Railroad), and a branch of the New York Central Railroad. __3u__faio, the" terminus of the line, Is, by this route, 433 miles from New York, (For Buffalo, see page 65.) VIA HORNELLSVILLE (stjm.a__o division). Stations. — Hornellsville, 332 milea from New York ; Burns, 340 ; Canaseraga, 344 ; Garwood's, 346 ; Swain's, 349 ; Nunda, 356 ; Hunt's, 358 ; Portage, 362 ; Castile, 366 ; Gainesville, 368 ; War3aw, 375 j Dale, 381; Linden, 385; Attica, 392; Griswold, 395 ; Darien, 398 ; Alden, 403 ; Town Line, 409 ; Lancaster, 412 ; Check. towaga, 415; Buffalo, 423. Hornellsville (332 miles). (Set page 81.) Nunda (356 miles) is a beautiful and prosperous manufacturing village. Shortage (362 miles) ia a village of great interest, and no traveller who can spare the time should fail to stop here for a few hours at leaat. It is situated on the Genesee River, and is remarkable for its waterfalls and glorious scenery, as well as for the aqueduct of the Genesee Valley Canal, and the great railroad tres tle-bridge. The Portage Falls, three iu number, are each of sufficient beauty and grandeur to repay one for a visit. About three-quarters of a mile below the villago are the Upper, or Horseshoe, Falls, hav ing a vertical descent of 70 feet. Next come the Middle Falls, a quarter of a mile below. They are the most impoaing of the three, the river falling in one un broken sheet 110 feet into a chasm formed by perpendicular ledges of rock. The action of the water has worn a cave or hollow in the west bank, which is called the Devil's Oven. In time of high water, this cavern is filled with water; but, when the river is low, it is large enough to hold 100 people. The river, for 2 miles below the Middle Falls, pur- sues a devious course between vertical walls, the channel being very narrow. It Gainesville.] NEW YORK. [Watkins Glen then runs down a series of steps in the rock, passes under a rock, and descends to a narrow passage some 15 feet in width. It falls vertically 20 feet, and, recoiling from the base of the rocks, turns nearly a right angle in its course, and falls into a deep hole overhung with rocks. The Sugar-Loaf is a point of rock 100 feet in height, and 15 feet in diameter, which, at a bend in the river, rises abruptly from its centre, dividing its swift current in two portions. The greatest height of the vertical bank on the west side is 380 feet. The Aqueduct, by which the Genesee Valley Canal crosses the river, is visible from the railroad bridge, it being located farther up the river, running parallel to it on the east side, and passing under the railroad bridge at a considerable elevation above the bed of the river. The Trestle Bridge, by which the rail road crosses the river, is the largest wooden bridge in the world, and is sus tained by 13 stone piers. The trestle- work rises 234 feet above the piers (which themselves are far above high-wa ter mark), and ia 800 feet long. There is enough lumber in the bridge to build a large village, and the cost was over $175,000. The construction is auch that any timber in the bridge can be removed at pleasure and replaced by another, with out injury to the structure. The two upper falla can be aeen from the bridge, but no adequate idea can be formed of their grandeur until they are aeen from below. There is a good hotel at the bridge, and alao one at Portageville, 14. miles distant CJainesvillc (368 miles) possesses a large female seminary on the Mount Holyoke system. It is principally inter esting from its proximity to Silver Lake, where the alleged sea-serpent was said to have been seen in 1865. Warsaw (375 miles) is situated in a deep valley, about a mile from the station. It is the county seat of Wyoming County. Attica (392 miles). (See page 82.) Buffalo (423 miles). (See page 65.) QTHES BRANCH AND CONNECTING ROADS. Having disposed of the routes to Buf falo, we will return to the eastern line of the State, and take up the connecting and branch roads in their order. Branch to Piermont and Nyack. — This branch runs from Suffern's to Pier mont and Nyack, and was originally the main Une. (See page 40.) Branch to Newburg and Warwick. — This branch runs from Greycourt (Ches ter). For Newburgh, see page 44. War- wick is a small village in Orange County. Montgomery Branch. — From Goshen for Montgomery and Guilford, two flour ishing villages noted for their dairies. Unionville Branch. — From Middle- town to Unionville, 14 miles. Honesdale Branch. — Frpm Lackawax- en to Honesdale. Delaware, Lackawanna, and West ern Railw at.— Connects at Binghamton. This road passes through the " Delaware Water-Gap." (See page 137.) Albany and Susquehanna Railway. — Connects at Binghamton. (Seepage 75.) Syracuse and Binghamton Railway. — This is a road 80 miles in length, con necting the Central and Erie Roads. Cayuga Division Delaware, Lacka wanna, and Western Railway. — Two daily trains run from Owego to Ithaca, on Cayuga Lake, whence Taghkanic Falls, and other points of interest on Cayuga Lake, can be reached by steamer, be sides the 15 waterfalls which are in the vicinity of Ithaca. (iSee pages 68 and 69.) Lehigh Valley Railway, at Wells- burg, connects with Lehigh Valley Rail way, which runs through some wild scen ery and through the mining regions of Pennsylvania. (See Pennsylvania.) Elmira and Williamsport Railway connects at Elmira. (See Pennsylvania.) Canandaigua Division Northern Cen tral Railway, connects at Elmira. Stations. — Horseheads, 6 miles ; Pine Valley, 10; Millport, 13; Havana, 19; Watkins, 22; Starkey, 33; Penn Yan, 45 ; Hall's, 55 ; Gorham, 58 ; Hopewell, 63 ; Canandaigua, 69. Watkins (22 miles) is the first sta tion of interest. It is at the head of Seneca Lake, and is connected with Ge neva (see page 69) by a daily line of steam ers. Its great attraction is its celebrated chasm and water-falls, known as Watkins Grlen, a natural curi osity, which was considered by Secretary S3 Havana.! NEW YORK. [New Lebanon. Seward of such interest that he brought the whole Diplomatic Corps to visit it on the occasion of that tour in which he showed them some of the wonders of this country. This glen is nothing more nor less than a vertical rift or gorge in a rocky bluff some 500 or 600 feet.in height. It opens abruptly upon Franklin, the princi pal street in the village, about half a mile from the hotel. First entering a huge amphitheatre, to which there is no appar ent exit, the visitor looks up at the rocka towering above his head, and then followa the path to the western end, where he finds that; instead of meeting, the walls of rock overlap each other, leaving a nar row passage through and up which he passes by a steep stairway to the First Glen. This is a narrow gorge, about half a mile in length, through which runa a stream, along the bank of which a narrow path haa been cut. In the warmeat weather a cool shade prevails here, the overhanging rocks, with their fringe of trees, nearly meeting far above his head. At the up per end is a waterfall some 70 or 80 feet in height. Ascending a staircase, which may al most be termed a ladder, to the top of this fall, the Mountain House, as the re freshment-saloon is called, is reached. A Bhort rest ia taken here, and then the Second Glen, which is oval in form, with perpendicular walls, and through which the stream runs quietly, spread over a smooth and shallow bed. There are three more glens filled with wild and pictu resque beauties, though in ascending them iu their numerical order, the banks and cascades continually diminish in height. The great attraction of the Fourth Glen is the Rainbow Fall, behind which the path passes. On returning to the village, the visitor will do well to make a digression at the Mountain House, and climb to the aummit of the mountain, whence a splendid view of Seneca Lake and the surrounding country can be obtained. The popula tion of Watkins is about 3,000, and, of ita four or five hotela, the Jefferaon House and the Fall Brook House are the best. Havana, three miles from Wat kins, is a- thriving village, and haa a glen very aimilar to that at Watkina, though not so well known. 84 IPenn Tan (45 milea) haa a popu lation of about 2,500, and ie a prosperous place. It is at the north end of Crooked (Keuka) Lake, and is connected with Hammondsport by a steamboat line. It has ample hotel accommodations. Crooked Lake (hereafter to be called Keuka) is a very beautiful sheet of water, about 18 miles in length, and very narrow, its greatest breadth being l\ milea. At the foot, or north end, it di- videa into two forks, the one 8 and the other 5 milea long. Between these forka ia a point of land of rare beauty. This lake is a favorite resort of those who have once visited it. Hammondsport is at the head of Crooked Lake. It is the centre of a fine grape-growing and wine-making dis trict, and has good hotels. It ia reached by steamer from Penn Yan. Canandaigua (69 miles) is the terminus of the road. (See page 69.) Corning, Blossburg, and Tioga R. R. runs south from Corning 47 miles, to Blossburg, in the Tioga Valley, in the coal- regions of Pennsylvania. Atlantic and Great Western Rail way. — This road leaves the track of the Erie at Salamanca, and runs west through the oil-regions of Pennsylvania, and across the State of Ohio to Cincinnati. ROUTE VIII. FROM HUDSON TO RUTLAND, VT. Via Hudson & Boston and Bennington & Rutland Railways. Stations. — Hudson, Claverack, Mellen- ville, Pulver's, Ghent, Chatham Four Corners (connects with Harlem Railway), Chatham, 7 miles from Chatham Four Corners ; New Lebanon, 19 ; Lebanon Springs, 20 ; Stephentown, 25 ; Berlin, 36; Petersburg Junction, 47; Rutland, 114. Hudson, 115 miles from New York via Hudson River Railway. (See page 47.) Chatham Four Corners, 131 miles from New York, is where the Hudson & Boston Railway connects with the Harlem, the Boston & Albany, and the Bennington & Rutland Railways. New Lebanon (19 miles) is a cele brated Shaker settlement. (See page 48.) New Lebanon Springs.] NEW YORK. [OGDENSDCEa. New .Lebanon Springs (20 miles.) (See page 47.) IPeterskurg function (47 miles) ; connections are made here with the Troy & Boston Railway, by which the celebrated Hoosic Tunnel can be reached. This is the last station in New York. (For the remainder of this route see Route IV of Vermont.) ROUTE IX. TROY TO CASTLETON, VT. Via Troy Boston and Rensselaer & Saratoga Railways. Stations. — Troy ; Lansingburg, 4 miles ; Grant's, 9; Schaghticoke, 13; Valley Falls, 14; Johnsonville, 17; Buskirk's, 2] ; Eagle Bridge, 23 (connects with Rutland & Washington Railway). Cam bridge, 29; Shushan, 34; Salem, 41; Rupert, 49 ; Pawlet, 56 ; Granville, 59 ; Middle Granville, 61 ; Poultney, 67 ; Castleton, 84. ____ansingbiirg (4 milea) is a thriving manufacturing town upon the Hudson River. It haa considerable river trade. Schaghticoke (13 milea) ia a manufacturing town on the Hooaic River, which furnishes a fine- water-power. Eagle Bridge (23 milea) ia the junction of the Troy & Boston and Rens selaer & Saratoga Railways. Salem (41 miles) is the semi-capital of Washington County, and is situated upon White Creek. From this station the road makes a detour into Vermont, and runa near the boundary for some miles until at Granville it again cornea into New York for a ahort distance, finally leaving the State near Poultney. Castleton, Vt. (84 miles), is a manufacturing town at the junction of thia road with the Saratoga and Castleton Railway. It ia the seat of a Seminary and a Medical College. ©THER ROUTES. OGDENSBURG & LAKE CHAMPLAIN RAILWAY. Thia road, 118 milea in length, runa from Rouae'a Point, on Lake Champlain, to Ogdensburg, on tho River St. Law rence. Ogdensburg is a flourishing com mercial town of about 8,000 inhabitanta. Being on the frontier, it is one of the points around which public interest cen tres on the occasion of every threatened Fenian invasion of Canada. ROME, WATERTOWN, AND OGDENS BURG RAILWAY. This road extends from Rome, on the New York Central Railroad, to Ogdens burg, on the St. Lawrence, a distance of 142 miles. It is connected by branches with Oswego, Sackett's Harbor, Cape Vincent, and the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railway, and in its courae skirta the weatern and northweatem edge of the Adirondack region. Kome is 110 miles from Albany, on the New York Central Railway. (See page 63.) BSichland (42 miles from Rome) is where the Oswego Branch, 29 miles in length, diverges. IPicrrepont Manor (54 miles) is the terminus of the stage line to Sack ett's Harbor, 18 milea. Sackett's Harbor ia aituated about 8 milea from Lake Ontario, on the south side of Black River Bay, the best harbor on the lake. Sackett's Harbor, in the War of 1812, was a naval station of great importance, and has since been a military post. The trade of the place is on the decline, and the short line of railway by which it was reached has been torn up and abandoned. Watertown (72 miles) is on the south side of the Black River, which is at this point 180 feet wide, and affords a valuable water-power, there being a vertical fall of about 25 feet, beaides three or four milea of rapida below the town. The branch to Cape Vincent, 25 milea in length, divergea here. Cape Vincent ia the point where the St. Lawrence River leaves Lake On tario. There is a ferry here to Kings ton, on the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. Be SSalb Junction (123 miles) is where the branch for Potsdam and the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railway divergea. Ogdensburg (142 miles.) Oswego.] NEW YORK. [StRACUSS. OSWEGO AND SYRACUSE _5.il. This road is the most northern division of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and West ern Railway, which runs from Jersey City to Oswego, although known by four different names, having originally been built by as many different compa nies. This division is 35 miles long. ©sweg©, the northern terminus, is the largest city on Lake Ontario, hav ing a population of over 21,000. It has naturally a fine harbor, formed by the mouth of the Oswego River, and this harbor has been greatly improved by two piers, one 1,259 and the other 200 feet in length. Its shipping and grain in terest is very large, and, with the excep tion of Rochester, there is more flour manufactured here than in any city in the country. The river has a fall of 32 feet withm the city limits, thus affording an unsurpassed water-power. The city is handsomely built, and ia laid out with broad streets crossing at right angles. Oswego was settled by the French, who built a fort here soon after the settle ment of Quebec, aince which time It haa alwaya been a military post, Fort Onta rio, on the east side of the river, now standing upon the site of a fort erected by the English in 1775. Oswego is not only the terminus of the road we are describing, but also of the Oswego branch of the Rome, Water- town, Ogdensburg, and Oswego Railway, of the New York and Oswego Midland Railway, and of the Oswego Canal. Syracuse (35 miles) is the junc tion of thia road with the New York Central and with the Syracuse, Bing hamton, and New York R. R. (For de scription, see page 63.) SYRACUSE, BINGHAMTON, & NEW YORK RAILWAY. This road, is now a division of the Del aware, Lackawanna, and Western Rail way, forming the connecting link, 80 miles In length, between the Oswego Diviaion and Pennsylvania portion of the line. Stations. — Syracuse connects with N. V. Central and Oswego & Syracuse Rail- 83 ways ; Jamesville, 7 ; Lafayette, 14 ; Apu. lia, 19; Tully, 21; Preble, 26; Homer, 33; Cortland, 36; Blodget's Mills, 40; State Bridge, 45 ; Marathon, 50 ; Lisle, 57 ; Whitney's Point, 69 ; Chenango Forks, 69, connects at Chenango Forka with trains both ways, for Greene, Ox ford, ' Norwich, and other placea in the Chenango Valley ; Binghamton, 80, con- necta with Erie Railway, Albany and Suaquehanna Railway, and Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway, for which, see Pennsylvania Routes. The last link in the chain is the Morris and Ea- aex Diviaion, for which, see New Jeraey, Route V. NEW YORK & OSWEGO MIDLAND RAILWAY. This road, when completed, which will be within the summer of 1878, will be a continuoua road 400 milea in length from Jersey City to Oswego, and crossing Orange, Ulster, Sullivan, Delaware, Madison, and Cayuga, and the great midland countiea of New York. Work i8 progressing rapidly, and upward of 262 milea, in discon nected sections, were in operation at the end of 1872. Stations. — Oswego, Seneca Hill, 6; Battle Island, 9; Fulton, 11; Ingall's Crossing, 16 ; Pennellville, 19 ; Caughde- noy, 23 ; Central Square, 26 ; West Mon roe, 80 ; Constantia, 33 ; Bernhardt Bay, 38; Cleveland, 40; West Vienna, 43; North Bay, 47 ; Fish Creek Station, 60 ; State Bridge, 53 ; Durhamville, 56 ; Onei da, 67 (connects with New York Central Railway) ; Oneida Community, 61 ; Ben- nett's Corners, 62 ; Cook's Cornera, 64 ; Munnsville, 66 ; Pratt's Hollow, 71 ; Mor- risville Station, 73; Eaton, 76; Smith Valley, 80 ; Earlville, 84 ; Smyrna, 88 ; Sherburne Four Corners, 91 ; Junction U., C. & S. V. R., 92 ; North Norwich, 94 ; Norwich, 99 (connects with Utica, Che nango & Susquehanna VaUey Railway) ; Lyon Brook Bridge, 105; Oxford, 109; Guilford, 114 ; Guilford Centre, 116 ; East Guilford Junction, 121; Sidney Plains, 124. It will connect with every road running between New York and the West. New Jersey. 1 NEW JERSEY. TNew Jerset. NEW JERSEY Settlements were made in this State ot Bergen, by the Dutch, soon after their arrival in New York. In 1627 a Swedish colony Was founded near the shores of the Delaware, in the southwestern part of the State. A droll account of the quar rels of these Swedish folk with the Dutch men of New Amsterdam may be found in "Diedrich Knickerbocker's" solemn " History " of the New Amsterdam colo nists. New Jersey ia one of the original thirteen States. She did her part nobly iu the long War of Independence, and her historical record is of the most event ful and interesting character—the famous battles of Trenton, of Princeton, and of Monmouth, at all of which Washington was present and victorious, occurred within her limits. Morriatown waa the winter camp of the American army in 1776 and 1777. New Jersey ia bounded on the north by New York, on the east by the Atlan tic Ocean and Hudson River, south by Delaware Bay, and we3t by Delaware River. It ia 163 milea long, and from 40 to 70 milea wide, and inoludea an area of 8,235 aquare milea. Though amall in ex tent, New Jeraey yet preaents many nat ural attraetiona to the traveller.' Her sea-eoaat abounda in favorite bathing and sporting resorts, much visited by the citizens of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Among theae aummer haunts are Cape May, Long Branch, Sandy Hook, Atlantic City, Deal, Squam Beach and Tuekerton. In the southern and central portions of thia State the country is flat and sandy ; in the north are some ranges of pictureaque hills, in- terapersed with charming lakes and ponds. Some of the Alleghany ridges traverse New Jersey, forming the spurs known as Sohooley'8 Mountain, Trowbridge, the Ramapo, and Second Mountaina, In the northwestern part ofthe State are the Blue Mountaina. The Neversink Hills, on the Atlantic side, rising nearly 400 feet, are usually the first and last land aeen by ocean Voyagera as they approach and leave New York. The celebrated Paliaade Rocks of the Hudson River are in thia State, New Jeraey lies between New York and Philadelphia, and hence Is the great highway of travel between those two cities. There are two routes commonly travelled, known respectively as the New Jersey and the Camden and Amboy, and both belong ing, since 1871, to the Pennsylvania Rail road Company. There is a third route over the New Jersey Southern Railway, formerly known aa the Rarilan and Delaware Bay Railway, but thia ia not much travelled. During the summer months steamers con nect the two cities by the "outside" or ocean route. RO UTE I. NEW YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. Via the Ntw Jersey Railway. This route passea over the New Jer sey, Philadelphia, and Trenton Railroads. Traina leave New York (by ferry acroaa the Hudaon, from the foot of Desbroasea Street to Jeraey City) several times each day. Distance, 90 milea. Time, three and one-half hours. STATioNS.—Jersey City, 1 mile ; New ark, 9 ; Waverley, 12 ; Elizabeth, 15 ; Linden, 17 ; Rah way, 19 ; Uuiontown, 23 ; Metuchin, 27 ; New Brunswick, 32 ; Dean's Pond, 39 ; Kingston, 45 ; Princeton, 48 ; Trenton, 58 ; Bristol, 69 ; Comwells, 74 ; Tacouy, ¦ 80 ; Kensing ton, 86 ; West Philadelphia, 90. Tho sr Jersey City.] NEW JERSEY. [Waverlet region through which thia line passea is populous and opulent, and covered with towns, villages, and villas ; for 20 or 25 miles from each terminus, over which the two cities spread their suburbs, the crowded local trains are passing and re passing continually. Jersey City. — Hotels : American, 9 and 11 Montgomery Street, Fisk's, near the ferry, and Gallagher's, on Greene Street, hear Montgomery. Jeraey City is on the Hudaon, oppoaite the city of New York, with which it ia connected by numerous ferries. Practically it is a portion of New York, a large portion of its inhabitants having their places of busineaa in that city. Being alao one of the principal gatewaya of the metropolis, it is the greatest thoroughfare in the country. The present population ia about 83,000. Jersey City is the New York terminua of all railwaya from the south, and of all from the west except the New York Centra! and Hudson River Railway. It is also the terminus of the Morris Canal, and ia the berth of the Cunard and Wliite Star linea of transatlantic steamers. The steamers of the Bremen and Hamburg lines aail from Hoboken. (For Hoboken, see page 29.) The Hudson River forma the eaatern boundary of the city, while on the south ia a water front on New York Bay, an indentation at the eastern point being called Communipaw Cove, which ia to be filled up for buaineas purposes. Below thia cove and beyond the depot of the Central Railway of New Jersey, which is on the south side, lies that portion of the township of Bergen, known as Communi paw, described by Irving in his " Knick erbocker's History of New York," but now noted for its extensive and admirably conducted slaughter-houses, known as " abattoirs," where the animala are killed by puncturing the baae of the brain with a aharp lance, causing inatantaueous and painless death. These abattoirs are re markably free from the usual disagree able concomitants of places devoted to this purpose, and are well worth vis- ting. Three miles from the ferry is (he suburb, known as Claremont, which ia merely a collection of private resi dences ; and one mile farther is Green ville, the site of the New York Bay 88 Cemetery, from which fine views of the bay are obtained. It ia alao the aite of many beautiful villaa. Continuing in this direction, we come to Saltersville, Ba- yonne, and Centreville, once distinct vii- lagea on the line of the Central Rail way of New Jeraey, but now rapidly be coming integral parts of the city. They have not lost their rural air, and are full of beautiful villas and residences. The streets of Jersey City are broad and handsome, intersecting each other at right angles. The churchea are numer ous and beautiful, and the school facili ties are good. Water is supplied by an aqueduct, the reservoir being on Bergen Hill. The water-works are at Belleville. Newark. — Hotel, Newark. — New ark, nine miles from New York and 78 from Philadelphia, was settled in 1666. It is built on an elevated plain, upon the right bank of the Passaic River, foul miles from its entrance into Newark Bay, and is regularly laid out in wide streets, crossing at right angles. Many portions of the city are very elegant, and in its most fashionable quarter are two charm ing parks, filled with noble elms. Broad Street, its main thoroughfare, is a splen did avenue. Among its principal public edifices are the Court-House, the Post- Office, the Custom-House, and City Hall, and many handsome churches. Of the literary institutions, the most noteworthy are the Library Association, the Stale Historical Society, and the New ark Academy. From the grounds attached to the Academy an extended view of the Passaic valley is had. Newark is distinguished for its manu factures of jewelry, carriages, and leather, It has upward of 550 manufactories. Enormous quantities of lager-beer are made in this city. The Newark and Bloomfield Railway, a branch of the Mor ris and Essex, connects with the pleasant Buburban towna of Roseville, Bloomfield, and Mont Clair. The vicinity has maDj pleasant drives and walks. Population, 105,542. Waverley ( 1 2 miles). The grounds of the New Jersey State .Agricultural Society are located here. Elizabeth (15 miles) ia the hand somest city in the State, and is growing with wonderful rapidity. It _b noted foi Elizabeth.] NEW JERSEY. [Princeton. its broad streets, beautiful churches and dwellings, and the wealth of its residenta. It is the greatest coal-shipping port in the Union, and is noted for its oil-cloth and other manufactoriea. It has two daily and three weekly papers, of which the principal is the Herald. Population, 20,974. The Elizabeth River empties here, and the New Jersey and the Central Railviays intersect at thia point. The Slieridan House ia new and handsomely furniahed. _Lind.cn (17 milea) ia laid out for suburban residences, and is the summer residence of many New-Yorkers. Hon. Ferd. Blancke'a model farm is here. ISahway. — Hotel, De Graw's. Rahway (19 miles) lies on both aides of the Rahway River. It is noted for its manufacture of carriages, stoves, hats, earthenware, etc. A large portion of the vehicles made here are for the Southern market. It was settled in 1720. Popu lation, 10,000. One mile south, the Perth Amboy and Woodbridge Branch diverges. _Perth Amboy. — Hotel : Brigh ton House. Perth Amboy (27 miles) is one of the oldest cities in the State, having received its charter one day before the city of New York. It has always been a port of entry. It is much frequented during the summer for its sea-breezes, and a mineral spring near the city. The fire-brick manu factured here are considered the best in the United States, and a large trade is done in exporting kaolin and other fine clays. It is connected with Staten Island and South Amboy by ferry. Population, 5,000. Hew Brunswick. — Hotels : Railroad, City, and Bull's Head. New Brunswick (32 miles), founded 1770, is pleasantly situated at the head of steam boat navigation on the Raritan River. This ia the seat of Rutgers College and Sclwol, and also of a Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church, known aa Hertzog Theological Hall. The moat prominent buildiuga are the Couri-House and other County Buildings, occupying a square in the centre of the city. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, in which a fine chime of bella is about to be placed, St. James's Methodist Episcopal, and other churches. A new Masonic Hall has been commenced, which is to cost $100,000, and will contain a large public hail. There are numbera of manufactoriea here, one of which ia noted for the superior quality of the hosiery it produces. The city is, from ita location, very healthy, the hill3 of red-shale upon which it is built afford ing natural drainage. The drives in the vicinity are pleasant and picturesque. The streeta on the river are narrow and crooked, and the ground low; but those on the upper bank are wide, and many of the dwellings are very neat and even elegant, being surrounded by fine gardens. From the site of Rutgers College on the hill there is a wide prospect, terminated by mountains on the north and by Raritan Bay on the east. The Delaware and Raritan Canal extends from New Brunswick to Borden- town, on the Delaware River, 42 miles. This canal is 75 feet wide and 15 feet deep, and ia navigable by sloops and steamboats of 150. tons. This fine work cost $2,500,000. The railway here crosses the Raritan River. Population, 15,000. Monmouth Junction. At this point the Freehold and Jamesburg Railway diverges to the southeast, and the Kingston and Rocky Hill Railway to the northwest. IPrimceton, built ou an elevated ridge two and a half milea north of Princeton Junction, 48 milea from New York, ia a pleaaant little town of literary and historical interest. It is the seat of Princelon College, one of the oldest and most famous educational establishments in the country. It was founded by the Presbyterians at Elizabethtown, 1756, and removed to Princeton in 1757. The college buildings, including the chapel, dormitories, and the halls of the literary societiea, form a group of venerable look ing structures, the principal of which, known as Nassau Hall, is a spacious edifice, 176 feet by 50 feet, and three stories high.' The Hall stands in the centre of handsome grounds fronting on Main Street. Peale's picture of Wash ington, in the College Library, is an ob ject of considerable interest. Here also is the Tlieological Seminary of the Pres byterian Church, founded in 1812. About one and a quarter miles south of Prince ton is the battle-ground where was fought 89 Trenton.] NEW JERSEY. [Bristol. the memorable conflict of January 3, 1777, between the American forces under General Washington, and those of the British * under Lieutenant-Colonel Maw- hood, in which the latter were van quished. The house in which General Mercer died, near the Trenton turnpike, is still pointed out. Trenton. — Hotels: Trenton House, American House, Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, ia on the left bank of the Delaware, 30 milea from Philadelphia and 58 from New York. The city is regularly laid out, and haa many fine atorea and handaome dwellinga. The Stale-House, which ia 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, is built of stone, and stuccoed so as to resemble granite. Its situation on the Delaware is very beautiful, commanding a fine view of the river and vicinity. Here is the Stale Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1S48, and also the State Penitentiary, State Arsenal, and Normal Schools. White Hall, used for barracks by the Hesaiana in 1776, ia still to be seen on the south aide of Front Street. Trenton haa three daily and three weekly newspapers, twenty-four churchea, and a city and State Library, in both of which are many rare and valuable booka and manu scripts. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, forming an inland navigation from New Brunswick, passes through Trenton to the Delaware at Bordentown. It is sup plied by a navigable feeder, taken from the Delaware, 23 miles north of Trenton. It was completed in 1834, at a cost of $2,500,000. This canal passes through the city, and connects it with New York and Philadelphia. The Belvidere and Delaware Railroad runs hence, 63 miles, to Belvidere, on the Delaware River. (See Route IX.) Trenton waa first set tled by Phineas Pemberton and others about 1680, and was named in 1720 after Colonel William Trent, Speaker of the House of Aaaembly. ' The Battle of Trenton was fought December 26, 1776. On Christmas night, in 1776, and during the moat gloomy period of the Revolutionary War, General Wash ington crossed the Delaware with 2,500 men, and early on the morning of the 26th commenced an attack upon Tren ton, then in possesaion of the British. 90 So sudden and unexpected was the as sault, that, of the 1,500 Hessian troops encamped there, 906 were made prison; ers. This successful enterprise revived the spirit of the nation, as it was the first victory gained over the Hessian soldiers. General Washington immediately recross- ed the river with his prisoners. About the 1st of January he again crossed below the city, and fired upon it from the south side of Asaunpink Creek. Leaving hia camp-fires burning, by a rapid movement he marched to Princeton, and fought the battle of January 3, 1777. Trenton waa aelected aa the State cap ital in 1790, and incorporated in 1792. Ita present population ia about 23,000. Here the traveller can take the Branch Road, six miles to Bordentown, and thence by Camden and Amboy line, or continue, as we now do, by Philadelphia and Trenton route. Bristol, Pennsylvania (69 miles), founded in 1697, is a beautiful village on the west bank of the Delaware, nearly op posite Burlington. The Delaware division of the Pennsylvania Canal, which commu nicates with the Lehigh at Easton, termi nates here in a spacioua basin on the Del aware. It has a valuable mineral spring. Daily communication with Philadelphia by boat. Population, 3,500. Frankford, Tacony, and Kensington, are within the corporate limits of Phila delphia, aud are thefre described. R O UTE II. NEW YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. Via Camden and Amboy Route. From Pier No. 1, N. R., New York, daily (Sundays excepted) for South Amboy, by steamer 30 miles, and thence by rail. Stations. — New York, South Amboy, 30 miles ; South River, 38 ; Spotswood, 40 ; Jamesburg, 44 ; Prospect Plains, 46 ; Cranberry Station, 48; Hightstown, 51; Windsor, 54 ; Newtown, 57 ; Bordentown, 64 ; Burlington, 74 ; Beverly, 77 ; De- lanco, 79; Palmyra, 84; Camden, 91; Philadelphia, 92. In the summer season no more delight ful journey can be made than the first 30 miles of our present route acrosa the lovely bay and harbor of New York, to South Amboy, paat the villaged and vii. South Amboy.] NEW JERSEY. [Camden. Iaed shores of Staten Island and the Rari tan River. (See " Trip down the Bay," page 29.) South Amboy (30 miles) is the steamboat landing-place, and the northern terminus of the Camden and Amboy Rail road. It is at the mouth of the Raritan River, at the entrance of Raritan Bay. Upon arriving here, passengera are trans ported in a short space of time from the steamboat to the railroad cara ; and, after a alight detention, proceed on the journey up a steep ascent from the river, and soon enter a deep cutting through the sand-hills. The road is then continued through a barren and uninteresting region of country toward the Delaware at Bor dentown. Jamesburg (44 miles). Junction of Freehold and Jamesburg Railroad. Bordentown (64 miles) is situated on a steep sand-bank, on the east side of the Delaware. The principal objects of in terest here are the extensive grounds and mansion formerly occupied by the late Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain. Al though in a commanding situation, the view is greatly obstructed from the river. This is a favorite resort of the Philadel- phiana during the summer season. The Delaware and Raritan Canal here con nects with the Delaware River. A branch road, 6 milea long, on the bank of the canal and river, unites this town with Trenton. Bordentown was incorporated iu 1825, and has a population of 6,000. The extensive car-shops, locomotive- works, and general depot of auppliea of the Camden and Amboy road, are at Bordentown. Burlington. — Hotels : City, Bel- den's. Burlington (74 milea) is a port of entry on the Delaware, 19 miles from Philadel phia. Burlington College, founded by the Episcopalians in 1846, ia located here, and there are besides, upon the banks of the river, two large boarding-schools, one for each sex. Burlington is connected with Philadelphia by steamboat, and is a place of great summer reaort thence. It was settled in 1667, was originally called New Beverly, and has a population of 6,000. A branch road to Mount Holly, 6 miles. Beverly, built on the banks of the Delaware since 1848, has now a popula tion of 1,500. It ia a auburb of Phila delphia, diatant 15 milea. Camden ia at the terminua of our route, upon the east bank of the Delaware River, immediately opposite the city of Philadelphia, with which there is constant communication by ferry. It is the termi nus also of the West Jersey and Camden and Atlantic Railroads. It was chartered in 1831, and already contains over 20,000 inhabitants. The vicinity abounds in fruit and vegetable gardens. (See "Philadel phia and Vicinity.") ROUTE III. NEW YORK TO LONG BRANCH. AT LANTIC CITY, AND PHILADELPHIA. Via New Jersey Southern Railway (formerly "Raritan and Delaware Bay Railway"), Long Branch and Sea-Shore Railway, and Camden and Atlantic Railway. This is a pleasant and expeditious sum mer route to Red Bank, Long Branch, Deal, Squan Beach, Tom'a River, and Atlantic City. From Pier No. 28, N. R., by steamboats to Sandy Hook and Port Monmouth, and thence by rail. The New Jersey Southern Railroad (from Port Monmouth), and the Long Branch and Sea-Shore Railroad (from Sandy Hook), being now under one management, a junction has been made at Long Branch, and a Union Depot built. For summer travel, the route via Sandy Hook is preferable. Stations (on New Jersey Southern Rail road). — Navesink, 22 miles (stages for' Navesink, Riceville, and New Monmouth) ; Middletown, 23; Red Bank, 26 (stages for Rurnsom, Fair Haven, Port Washing ton, Little Silver and Newman Springs) ; Shrewsbury, 28 ; Eatontown Branch, 30 ; Oceanport, 31 ; Branchport, 33 (stages for Deal and Mechanicsville) ; Long Branch, 34 (atagea for Deal and Pleasure Bay) ; Shark River, 36 (stages for Squan Beach) ; Farmingdale, 39 (Junction of Freehold and Jamesburg Railroad — atagea for Point Pleasant) ; Squankum, 41 ; Bricks- burg, 47 (stages for Burrsville and Point Pleasant) ; Manchester, 55 ; Tom's River (branch), 62 (stages for Cedar Creek, 91 Port Monmouth Pier.] NEW JERSEY. [Long Branch. Forked River, Waretown, Baraegat, Tuck- erton, and Manahawkin) ; Whitings, 61 (junction of branch to Camden, known as the " Atco Spur " cr " Atco Branch) ' '; Woodmansie, 68 ; Shamong, 73 ; Atsion, 94 (junction of Camden and Atlantic). On Long Branch and Sea-Shore Rail road. — Sandy Hook, 20 miles ; Highlands, 24 ; Sea Bright (Rumsom), 26 ; Atlantic- ville, 29; Long Branch, 30 (stages for Deal and Pleasure Bay). B*ort Monmouth IPier, the terminus of the New Jersey Southern Rail road, and Sandy Hook IPier, the terminus of the Sea-Shore Railroad, are each 20 miles from New York by steamer. The trip from New York affords to the traveller a charming series of views of the upper and lower bays, with their numer ous islands. There is good fishing at either pier. Highlands oi" Navesink (24 miles from New York, via Sandy Hook). — These are well-known bluffs, extending from Sandy Hook to Raritan Bay, and are also known as the " Neversink Hills." The highest point, "Mount Mitchell," is 282 feet above the level ofthe sea. These high lands are usually the first land seen on ap proaching New York from the ocean, and the last to sink beneath the horizon on leaving. There are two lights, about 100 feet apart: the Southern, a revolv ing " Fresnel," 248 feet above the water, being the best on the Atlantic coast. This is a very attractive resort, there being good fishing and bathing, ro mantic walks and fine scenery, with two good hotels, " Thompson's Atlantic Pa vilion," and " Sclienck's Hotel," besides numerous cottages. The Neptune Club- Housc is in this vicinity. Hotels open from about the first of June until autumn. The Red Bank boat touches at the wharf daily during the summer. Heed Bank (26 milea via Port Mon mouth, and 38 milea via Sandy Hook) is a remarkably pretty town, on the Shrews bury River, famed among artists for its lovely views. It possesses, among its other attractions, sailing, boating, fishing, and bathing. Shell-fish of all kinds abound, and it is in the vicinity of aome of the finest oyster-beds in the world. Being within easy drive of Long Branch (8 miles), over excellent roads, many sum- 92 mer visitors who wish to be within reach of that fashionable resort, and yet away from its noise and excitement, pass their time here. The Globe, Atkins, and French's Hotels are open all the year round. Terms, $2.50 to $3.50 per day. Reached also by daily boats from foot of Warren Street, New York. ©ceamport (31 miles) is so near Long Branch as almost to be a portion of it. It is here that the Dunbarton House, a fashionable hotel, is located, and here, too, are to be found numerous private boarding-houses, at prices from $8 to $15 per week. It is 4 milea from the beach. Chamberlain's " National" Trot ting Park, in the preparation of which $250,000 waa expended, is on the outskirts of the village. This park was finiahed in the summer of 1870, and, it ia claimed, far aurpasses any thing of the kind in the United States. Long Branch (30 miles via Sandy Hook, and 35 via Port Monmouth), the most attractive of all the sea-side resorts in the vicinity of New York, is famed for its bathing, its sea-breezes, its shell-fish, and its hotels, as well as for the pleasant resorts in its immediate vicinity. Its proximity, both to New York and Phila delphia, and its consequent ease of access, contribute greatly to ita popularity. The drives are over good roads, which are well cared for, and lead in most cases to desirable localitiea, one of the favorite places being Mineral Spring, about 2 miles diatant, near Oceanville. On the drive to Eatontown, is " Turtle Mill," which was running during the Revolution, and ia still in operation. The Park, upon the bluff, Newman Springs, and the wreck ing-station, with life-car and apparatus, should all be visited. Among the hand some summer residences at the Branch are those of Messrs. John Hoey, General Grant, Lester Wallack, and J. W. Wallack. The largest hotels are as follows : Continental, south of the depots, 700 feet front, with a portion running back 260 feet. It haa a capacity for 800 to 1,000 guests. Terms, $3 to $5 per day. Stetson House, about 1 mile south of the depots. Capacity, 600 to 800 gueata. Terms, $5 per day. Metropolitan, about 300 yarda from the Sea-Shore Railway depot. Ca. pacity, 600 guests. Terma $3 to $5 per Pleasure Bay.] NEW JERSEY. [Atlantic City. day. Mansion House, near the Continental, Capacity, 300 to 400 guests. Terms, $4 per day. Howland's Hotel, north of the Stetson. Capacity, 300 guests. Terms, $3 to $5 per day. These hotels are all provided with fine bands during the season. Among the other hotels are the Pavilion, United States, Clarendon, Atlantic, Cooper Cottage, and Charles Jackson's Cottage. Fare, $1 — or $1.50 for the round trip. Among the places of interest in the vi cinity of Long Branch are : -Pleasure Bay, distant about 1 mile. It is on the Shrewsbury River, and is a favorite place with persons fond of boating, fishing, etc. It is noted for its oysters, crabs, etc. The principal hotel is the New York Hotel. Heal is 5 miles south of the Branch. It has two hotels, Halhaway's and Abner Allen's, with an aggregate capacity for 650 guests. Shark Silver (36 miles from New York on the railroad) is a short distance south of Deal. It is a favorite place for picnic parties from Long Branch, and is noted for its oysters, which possess a pe culiarly fine flavor. The village is reached by stage from the railroad station of the same name, which ia 4 miles distant. Passengers for Squan Beach leave the train at Shark River, and take stage. Farming dale (39 miles) is a thriving village, the junction of the Free hold and Jamesburg Railroad. Around it lie extensive beds of marl. The well- known beds of the Squankum Marl Com pany lie 2 miles to the south, where the marl is dug by a powerful steam-drege. Tom's Hiver, on the Tom's River Branch Railroad (62 miles from New York) is one of the prettiest villages on the coast. It is situated at the head of Bamegat Inlet, about 6 miles from the beach. The opportunities for sailing, boating, bathing, and fishing are excel lent. A new Hotel, to accommodate 300 gueata, is being built ; and it ia expected the natural advantages of the place will attract many visitors. In the fall the place is much sought by sportamen, it being a favorite resort of wild duck and geeae. Whitings (61 miles from New York) ia the junction of the Pemherton aud New York Railroad, which, in con nection with the Camden and Burlington County Railroad, will furniah a new, ahort, and very attractive route between Phila delphia and New York, via Long Branch. Atco (formerly Jackson Junction), (93 miles). Thia ia the junction with the Camden and Atlantic Railway, from Phila delphia to Atlantic City. CAMDEN AND ATLANTIC RAILWAY. This road, which is 60 miles long, ia the connecting link between New York, Philadelphia, and Atlantic City. The only stations of importance are its termini. In the following list of stations, the dis tances given are those from Cooper's Point, at Camden, which is 1 mile from Vine Street Ferry, Philadelphia. The distances from New York can be found by adding 93 miles to the distance of any station from Jackson Junction. Stations. — Cooper's Point, Haddonfield, 7 miles ; Ashland, 10 ; White Horse, 12; Berlin, 17; Atco, 19; Jackaon Junc tion, 20; Waterford, 23; Spring Garden, 25 ; Winslow, 27 ; Hammonton, 30 ; Da Costa, 32 ; Ellwood, 37 (stage daily to Tuckerton, Manahawkin, Barnegat, Wire- town, Forked River, Cedar Creek, etc.) ; Egg Harbor, 41 (stage daily to May's Landing and Tuckahoe — tri-weekly to Cape May, and Court-house) ; Pomona, 47 ; Absecon, 52 (stage daily to Leed's Point, Somera's Point, etc.) ; Atlantic City, 59. Camden. — (See page 91.) Atlantic City. — Hotels : The United States, Surf House. Atlantic City (60 milea from Philadel phia, and 133 from New York) may be reached from the former city twice daily by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad. It haa fine accommodation for bathing, and is a place much resorted to by visitors from Philadelphia. The aeason at Atlantic City and Cape May opens about July 10th, and closes September 15th. ROUTE IV. FROM JERSEY CITY TO EASTON, PA., DELAWARE WATER GAP, WILKES- BARRE, ETC. Via Central Railway of New Jersey. From foot of Liberty Street, New York (Pier 15, N. R.), to Jersey City, and thenoo by rail, via Bergen Point. 93 Jersey City.] NEW JERSEY. [Clintos. This road forms the first link in the great chain of roads known as the " Allentown Line." It also with its connections forms a direct route to all parts of Central and Northern Pennsylvania, as well as South ern New York. Stations. — Pier 15, N. R. ; Jersey City, 1; Bergen Point, 8; Elizabeth, 13; Roselle, 16; Cranford, 17; Westfield, 20; Fanwood, 22 ; Plainfield, 24 ; Dunnellen, 27; Bound Brook, 31; Somerville, 36; Raritan, 37 ; North Branch, 41 ; White- house, 46 ; Lebanon, 50 ; Clinton, 52 ; High Bridge, 54 ; Spruce Run, 58 ; Junc tion, 59 ; Asbury, 62 ; Valley, 64 ; Blooms- bury, 67 ; Springtown, 69 ; Phitlipsburg, 74; Easton, 75. jersey City and suburbs have already been described under the head of Route I. Bergen Point (8 miles) ia the southern extremity of the peninsula be tween Newark Bay and the Kills, and is an extremely desirable place of residence for businesa-men, being connected with Jersey City Ferry by horse-cars and dum my. The steamers to the south side of Staten Island, to Elizabethport, and to Newark, also stop here, thus (including the trains on the Central Railway of New Jersey) affording communication with the city of New York between fifty and sixty times every day. Bergen Point boasts of numerous beautiful residences and churches, and, though the elevation of the land ia not particularly great, afforda a series of comprehensive and beautiful views. New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Elizabeth, and Newark, Newark Bay, and beyond it Eagle Rock, New York Bay, its islands, and the broad aalt marshes of New Jersey, can all be seen from the sum mit of the hill. Hotel, Latourette House. Newark Bay is crossed from Bergen Point by a pile bridge more than a mile in length, which is provided with an iron draw of two spana of 75 feet opening each. Elizabeth (13 miles) has been de scribed in Route I., though the fact was there omitted that the shipments of coal from Elizabethport, which is within its corporate limits, were among the largest in the country. Roselle (15 mileS) is a town of suburban residencea, Hotel : Mansion House 94 Cranford (17 miles) ia a pleasant village on Rahway River. ¦Westfield (20 miles) is a prosper ous town of over 2,000 inhabitants. Scotch Plains, Fanwood (22 miles), is a favorite summer resort. Just north of the village is a beautiful stream called Green Brook. Plainfield (24 milea) ia a prosper ous place, aurrounded by a level and fertile country, near a ridge which is the con- tinuation of Orange Mountain. It is a pleasant place, and has many summer visitors. To the north (on the right hand of the traveller) is Washington's Rock, a, point near the top of the range of hills, from which Washington often watched the movements of the enemy, the view being very extended, since between these hills and the eastern coast the country is level. On a clear day the spires aud masts of New York, and all the interven ing New Jersey towns, can be seen. The rock ia opposite a point on the railway two miles from Plainfield, and may be distinguished by the extensive clearings and the hotel in the vicinity. BJumuellen (27 miles). Here the road makes a curve and runs directly west. Bound Brook (31 miles) ia on the Raritan River, at the mouth of the brook from which it takea its name. Here the Raritan Valley ia reached. Somerville (36 miles) ia a flourish ing village on the Raritan River. There are many fine views and drives in the vicinity, and copper-ore has been found in the neighboring mountains. The South Branch Railroad diverges at this point to Fleminglon, where it connects with a branch of the Belvidere Delaware R. R. running to Lambertville, on the Delaware. Haritan (37 miles) is a village noted for its manufactures. The North Branch diverges here. ¦White-house (46 miles) is a thriv ing village. The hill on the left, near the village, is named Pickle Mountain. Lebanon (50 miles) has a popula tion of about 800. The railroad here enters a fertile limestone country. Clinton (52 miles) is a large village, having two or three hotels and a number of milla. It ia noted for ita limestono quarries High Bridge.] NEW JERSEY. [Summit, High Bridge (54 miles) is where the road crosses the South Branch of the Raritan by an embankment 1,300 feet long and 105 feet high, which was built at an expense of $180,000. The view from this embankment ia remarkably fine. The Taylor Iron Works, at this place, are noted for the manufacture of car-wheels and axles. Spruce SSun (58 miles) is at the opening of a gap in the ridge, called " Spruce Run Valley," through which the road enters the valley of the Musconet- cong River. Junction (59 miles), a little south west of the village of New Hampton, is in Hunterdon County, 16 miles north west of Flemington. This ia the southern terminus of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway of Pennsylvania, which leads through the Delaware Water Gap to Scranton, Great Bend, Bingham ton, and the North. Asbury (62 miles) and Valley (64 miles) are small atationa in the Mus- eonetcong Valley, and are in the midst of most beautiful scenery. Bloomsbury (67 miles) is pleas antly situated on the Musconetcong River, on the boundary-line of Warren and Hunterdon Counties. From this point the road passes along the side of the Po- hatcong Mountain into the Pohatcong Valley. PMllipsburg (74 miles). Ho tels : Rennets, Reese's. This is an im portant iron-manufacturing town on the left bank ofthe Delaware, oppoaite Easton, Pa., with which it ia connected by three bridges. Here connectiona are made with the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company Railroad, the Belvidere Delaware and Le high & Susquehanna Railways. Easton (75 miles). (See Route IV., Pennsylvania, p. 134.) ROUTE V. FROM JERSEY CITY TO EASTON, PA., AND DELAWARE WATER- GAP. Via Morris and Essex Division of Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway. This road, like the Central of New Jersey, is one of the first links of the chain of roads running to the West, the eastern terminus of which is practically Jersey City, though the actual terminua is in Hoboken. Like the Central, it runa to Phillipaburg and Easton, but it takes a more northerly course, and with its branches afforda a means of access to the lake and mountain regions of Northern New Jersey, as well as with the net-work of railways through the mineral regions of Pennaylvania. Stations. — Foot of Barclay Street and foot of Christopher Street, New York, to Hoboken, by ferry. Hoboken, 1 mile ; Newark, 9 (connects with Newark and Bloomfield Railway for Bloomfield, Mont- clair, etc.); Orange, 13; South Orange, 15; Milburn, 19; Summit, 22; Chatham, 25 ; Madison, 27 ; Morristown, 31 ; Den- ville, 38 (connects with Boonton Branch for Boonton, 44 miles from N. Y.) ; Rock away, 40 ; Dover, 43 (connecta with Ches ter Railway for Succasunna, 49, and Ches ter, 56 miles from N. Y.) ; Drakesville, 48; Stanhope, 53; Waterloo, 56 (con necta with Sussex Railway for Andover, 62, and Newton, 67 miles from N. Y.) ; Hackettatown, 62; Waahington, 71 (con nects with Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway for the North) ; Broad way, 76 ; Stewartsville, 80 ; Phillipsburg, 85 (connecta with Belvidere Delaware Railway) ; Eaaton, 86 (connecta with Le high Valley Railway for Bethlehem, Al- lentown, Mauch Chunk; and also with Lehigh and Susquehanna Railway for Mauch Chunk, Wilkesbarre, and Scran ton, and all points in the Pennsylvania coal regions). Hoboken (1 mile) haa been de- aoribed in the chapter on New York, page 29. Newark (9 miles). (See Route I.) ©range (13 miles) has a population of about 5,000. It is a flourishing sub urban town, is connected with Newark by horse-railway, and is very largely peo pled by peraona doing buainess in New York. Milburn (19 miles) is where the road passes round the extremity of Orange Mountain, the grade at this point being 80 feet to the mile. Summit (22 miles) is the crest of the mountain, and is noted for the extent and beauty of its views. 95 Chatham.] NEW JERSEY. [Lake Hopatcong. Chatham (25 miles) is a handsome village on the Passaic River, having a population of about 3,000. As far as this place the road has passed through a succession of beautiful gardens. Madison (27 milea) ia a proaperous and rapidly-growing village, and ia the point where the road first enters the bor ders of the mountain-region, which con tinually grows more pictureaque as the traveller proceeds westward. The Drew Theological Seminary is located at this point. Convent Station (29 miles) is the site of an extensive Roman Catholic convent and school. Morristown (32 miles), the capi tal of Morris County, is splendidly situ ated on the Whippany River, standing upon a plain surrounded by hills. It ia noteworthy aa having been, during the Revolution, the headquarters of the American army on two occasions. The house occupied by General Washing ton and the ruins of a fort in the rear of the Court-house are still pointed out. The town contains a fine public square, court-house and several churches. Pop ulation, 4,000. Speedwell Lake is not far from the hotels. Uenville (38 milea) ia where a branch six miles in length leads to Boon- ton. It is a small village, and has one hotel. Boonton (44 miles), the terminus of the Boonton Branch, is an important maufacturing town on the Rockaway River, the Morris Canal also passing through it. It is particularly noted for its iron-manufactory, which consists of a blast-furnace, a rolling-mill, and a nail- factory, forming in the aggregate an un usually large and complete establishment. The town is in a very mountainous region, and from ita high location is viaible for many miles. Bockaway (40 milea) haa a popu lation of between 5,000 and 8,000, and ia an extensive iron-manufacturing town on the Rockaway River and Morria Canal. It ia located in the richeat portion of the iron-regions of New Jersey. Hover (43 miles), like Boonton and Rockaway, is Bituated on the Rockaway River and Morria Canal, and like them ia supported by its iron-manufactories, pos- 96 sessing forges, rolling-mills, founderies, steel-furnaces, and spike-factories. It ia in the centre of the " Lake Region," and has two good hotels, Mansion House and Stickle House. Though there are other stations nearer to some of the places of interest, Dover, on account of its supe rior hotel and livery accommodationa, ia the general headquartera. Distances are: Schooley'a Mountain, 20 miles; Lake Hopatcong (Brookland Pond), 6 miles ; Long Pond, 10 miles ; Green Pond, 30 miles ; and Senecawana (Budd's) Lake, 7 miles. The road to Chester ( 13 miles ) branches here. Succasunna (49 miles) ia on the Cheater Branch. Chester (56 milea) ia the terminus of the Chester Branch. It haa a popula tion of about 300, and ia in the midst of retired and pleaaant aurroundings. Sum mer board may be had at the Young Ladies' Institute at reaaonable ratea. __>rakesviile (48 miles) is on the Morris Canal, 1 2 miles northwest of Mor- ristown. It is but four miles from thia station to Lake Hopatcong. Stanhope (53 miles) ia on the Morria Canal and Muaconetcong River, and containa a mill and several iron- forges. Three miles to the south of it is Bndd's Lake, a beautiful circu lar lake of pure mountain-water, deep, clear, and well filled with fish. Hotel, the Forest-Grove House, from which the whole lake is visible. The atmosphere is bracing, and the class of visitors at the hotel very select. Lake Hopatcong (Brookland Pond), a very beautiful sheet of water, much larger than Budd's Lake, lies a few milea to the north of Stanhope, and is the source of the Muaconetcong, one of the affluenta of the Delaware, aud a feeder of the Morris Canal. The Indian name means "Stone Water," a name given on account of a causeway of stone from one of the islands to the shore, built by the Indians, but now covered by water. Opposite the island once stood an Indian village. The scenery around the lake ia varied and beautiful, and the aurface of the water is dotted with islands. A few yards from the hotel is Southard's Peak, from which the Dela- Watekloo.] NEW JERSEY. [Piermont. ware Water-Gap and the Bloomfield Mountains are both visible. A small steamboat plies upon the lake. The hotel, the Lake Hopatcong House, haa not very extenaive accommodationa, but has a fashionable class of habitues. The lake is 720 feet above tide-water. It can be reached from Stanhope or Dover, or from Andover or Newton on the Sussex Railway. Waterloo (56 milea) is where the Sussex road to Newton connects. The "Andover" and "Tar" Iron-mines are both in Newton townahip. Hackettstown (62 milea) is on Muaconetcong Creek, near the Morria Canal, about 50 milea north of Trenton. It is noted for its flouring-mills. There are two hotels, the American and the Warren House. There is a large semi nary at Hackettstown, under the charge of the Methodists. Population, 2,000. Schooley's Mountain (2| miles from Hackettstown) ia a noted and popular resort. The drives in the vicin ity are delightful, and the hotels, the Bel mont House, and Heath House, are good. The mountain itself is an extensive ridge, upon one portion of which is Budd's Lake. Its height is about 1,100 feet above the sea. Springs, containing muriate of soda, of lime, carbonate of magnesia, silex, and carbonated oxide of iron, are near its summit. From New York it is reached by the route we have indicated, and alao by private conveyance from Dover or any other of the atations in ita neighborhood. Visitora from the South proceed via Philadelphia and New Brunswick, con necting with the New Jersey Central Rail way at Bound Brook, and from this line as above.Washington (71 miles) is the junction with the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway for the Delaware Water-Gap and the splendid mountain scenery of Northeastern Pennsylvania. Broadway (76 miles), and Stew- artsville (89 miles), are two thriving villages. Phillipsburg (85 miles) has al ready been described. (See page 95.) -Has ton (86 miles). (See Route IV., Pennsylvania.) ROUTE VI. JERSEY CITY TO PIERMONT. Via Northern Railway of New Jersey. This road runs parallel to the Hudson River, behind the Palisades, and at a dis tance of from two to three miles from the river, lt serves aa a meana of acceas to the auccession of pretty auburban towna be tween Jeraey City and Piermont, on the Hudaon, and along the Hackensack val ley. The distances given in the following list of stations are from the depot in Jersey City, aud ia reached by the ferries from the foot of Chambera Street and Twenty-third Street : New Durham, 6 milea ; Grauton, 8 ; Ridgefield, 9 ; Leonia, 10 ; Englewood, 12 ; Highland, 15 ; Te- nafly, 16 ; Cresskill, 17 ; Closter, 18 ; Norwood, 20 ; Tappan, 22 ; Upper Pier mont, 23 ; Piermont, 24. The road passes through the celebrated Bergen Tunnel, which ia over a mile in length. lLeonia (10 milea) ia where pasaen- gers for Fort Lee leave the road. The other atations on the road are of the general character indicated in the in troductory remarks. Piermont (24 miles), the former terminus of the Erie Railway, and now the terminus of one of its branches, haa been described in the " Trip up the Hud son." (See p. 40.) ROUTE VII. JERSEY CITY TO PATERSON AND THE NEW YORK STATE LINE. Via Erie Railway, New Jersey Division. This road ia reached from New York by ferry from foot of Chambera Street and foot of Twenty-third Street. As it runs almost entirely within the limits of the State of New York, it has, with the exception of the following places, been described as Route No. VII. of New York. Stations. — Jersey City, 1 ; Rutherford Park, 10; Passaic, 12; Paterson (junc tion of Newark Branch), 17 ; Ridgewood, 22 ; Hokokus, 24 ; Allendale, 26 ; Ram sey's, 28. 97 Passaic Falls.] NEW YORK. [Cape Mai. Paterson and the Passaic Falls. — Paterson (17 miles), the capi tal of Passaic County, is finely situated on the right bank of the Passaic River, immediately below the falls. It was founded in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton, in the cotton interest, and many of its cotton-factories are now quite extensive. In point of population, it is the third city of tho State, in manufactures the second. One of the most extensive silk-milla in the United States is located here, employ ing nearly 800 hands. It is connected by bridges with the village of Manches ter and with Newark by a branch railway. There are two large locomotive-manu factories here which do a hcavv business. In 1860 the population was 19,586. It is now over 33,000 and is rapidly grow ing, the rate of increase having been greater between 1860 and 1870 than in the preceding ten years. The Passaic Falls were originally but 70 feet in height, but have been raised to 90 by a dam at the top, by which they are converted into a powerful agent to drive the machinery of the numerous manufactories in the vicinity. The falls are still very beautiful and attractive. The remaining stations are not partic ularly noticeable, until reaching the State of New York. (For the portion of the Erie road in that State, see New York, Route VII.) HACKENSACK BRANCH. This -branch of the Erie Railway di verges, after passing through the Bergen Tunnel. Its total length is but 14 miles. Stations.- — Carlstadt, Woodbridge, Lo- di Junction, and Hackensack. Hackensack, the chief town of Bergen County, is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Hackensack River, from which it derives its name, 13 miles north by west of New York. It contains about 250 dwellings, and several church edifices. RO UTE VIII. PHILADELPHIA TO CAPE MAY. Via West Jersey Railway. Tins road connects Philadelphia with Cape May, but lies wholly within the State of New Jersey. It runs through an un- 98 interesting section of country, and no tourist is at all likely to stop at any of the stations between ita terminal points. Stations. — Camden, Gloucester, 3 miles ; Westville, 5 ; Woodbury, 8 ; Mantua, 11 ; Barnsboro', 13 ; Marlboro', 15 ; Glass- boro', 18 (junction of branch to Salem and Bridgeton) ; Fisherville, 21 ; Frank- linville, 24 ; Crane's, 26 ; Malaga, 28 ; Lake, 29 ; Forest Grove, 33 ; Viueland, 35 ; Millville, 40 ; Manumuskin, 46 ; Belle- plain, 53 ; W'oodbine, 56 ; Mount Pleas- ant, 59 ; Seaville, 62 ; Swain, 66 ; Miller- ton, 73; Rio Grande, 75 ; Bennett's, 78; Cape May, 81. Cape IvJtay is the extreme south- em point of New Jersey, forming, with Cape Henlopen, in Delaware, the gate through which Delaware Bay enters the Atlantic Ocean. The beach is over 5 miles long, and, being firm and hard, makes a splendid drive. The bathing is fine, and all the usual amusements of a watering-place are provided for the guesta. The hotels, cottages, etc., are on a small piece of land, about 250 acres in extent, which is known as Cape Island. Cape May has always been a favorite resort for Southerners, and is also popular with Western people, besides being tiie place, of all places, for Philadelphians. The princi pal place of resort in the vicinity is Cold Spring, 2 miles north of the beach, on the line of the railroad, which affords a pleasant drive and picnic-place. No ho tel accommodation yet at thia apring. The hotels are huge affairs, and very well kept, besides being numerous. The load ing houses are the Stocklon House, Con gress Hall, Columbia, United Slates, and West Jersey. There are also the follow ing : Delaware House, Atlantic Hotel, Cen tre House, Washington Hotel, Tremonl Ho tel, National Hotel, City Hotel, Sherman House, American Hotel, and Merchants' Hotel. Route. — From Philadelphia, as above stated. From New York, every evening by steamboat. [See Appendix — New Jersey.] Trenton.] NEW JERSEY. [Manunka Chunk. ROUTE IX. PHILADELPHIA TOMANUNKA CHUNK AND DELAWARE WATER- GAP. Via Belvidere Delaware Railway. This road followa the northern bank of the Delaware River from Trenton to Ma nunka Chunk. Trains on thia road con nect with trains from Philadelphia, which is regarded as being, in point of fact, its southern terminus. Taking Phdadelphia, then, as a point of departure, the dis tances are as followa : Stations. — Trenton, 30 miles ; Asylum, 34 ; Greensburg, 36 ; Washington's Cross ing, 39 ; Titusville, 41 ; Moore's, 43 ; Lam- bertville, 46 (junction of the Flemington Railway) ; Stockton, 50 ; Bull's Island, 53 ; Point Peasant, 65 ; Tumble, 67 ; Frenchtown, 62; Milford, 65; Holland, 68 ; Riegelsville, 72 ; Carpenterville, 75 ; Phillipsburg, 81 (connecting with Lehigh Valley, Lehigh & Susquehanna, Morris & Essex, and New Jersey Central Railways) ; Martin's Creek, 87 ; Belvidere, 95 ; Ma nunka Chunk, 98 (connects with Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad). Trenton (30 miles). (See page 90.) Washington's Crossing (39 miles) is the point where General Wash ington made the celebrated passage of the Delaware, when he surprised and defeated the Hessians at Trenton. I_ambertviile (46 miles) is the largest town in Hunterdon County, hav ing a population of over 3,000. It pos sesses a fine water-power, which supplies a number of mills, factories, machine- shops, locomotive-works, car-shops, etc. It is connected with the Central Railroad, of New Jersey, by the Flemington Rail way for the lakes and mountaina of New Jersey. Phillipsburg (81 miles). Con nections are made here with the Central Railway of New Jersey, and with all the roads to the north and west radiating from Easton, Pa. (For description of Phillipsburg, see page 95.) Belvidere (95 miles) ia situated on both side3 of Pequest Creek, where it empties into the Delaware. It has a fine water-power, is a considerable manufac turing place, and haa a population of over 2,000. Manunka Chunk (98 milea) is the junction with Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway, to the Delaware Water-Gap, Erie Railway, and northern connections. (See Pennsylvania, Rout* V.) 89 Pennsylvania.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Pennsylvania. PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania is, in point of popula tion, the aecond State in the Union, and In all reapecta one of the most important and interesting. A very singular fact in her history— singular because it has no parallel in the annals of any other mem ber of the American Union — is, that her territory was settled without war or blood shed. The doctrines of peace and good will, taught by William Penn and his associates, when they pitched their tents upon the sunny banks of the Delaware, long served, happily, as a .charm over the savage natures of their Indian neighbors. We have no record of battle and siege in the story of thia State, from the time of the firat settlement at Philadelphia, in 1682, until the date of the French and Indian War in 1755. During this year the famous defeat of Braddock, in which Washington, then in his early youth, dis tinguished himself, occurred at Pittsburg. In 1763 the massacre of the Conestoga Indians took place in Lancaster County. In 1767 the southern boundary of the State, which has since become famous as Mason and Dixon's line, waa made. Penn- aylvania ia memorable iu the annala of the American Revolution, in which ahe played a conapicuoua part. Upon her aoil occur red the important battles of Brandywine and Germantown (1777). The traveller will seek here also for the scenes of those celebrated events, the masaacrea of Wyoming and Paoli. Valley Forge was the chief headquarters of General Wash ington, and is made yet more interesting by the memory of the sufferings there of the patriot army during ita winter encamp ment in 1777-78. Philadelphia was the national capital until 1789 — a period of nearly ten years — and here the earliest American Congresses assembled. The 100 memorable revolt, called the Whiskey In surrection, happened in Pennsylvania, in 1794. Among the great men whom thia State has given to the Republic, we may cite the honored namea of Franklin (though born in Boston), Robert Morris, Fulton, Rush, aud Rittenhouse, James Buchan an, Thaddeus Stevens, etc. Pennsylvania furnished upward of 360,000 troops for the national defence in the war of 1861-'65. The landscape of Pennsylvania ia ex tremely diveraified and beautiful. One- fourth of her great area of 46,000 square milea ia occupied by mountain-ranges, sometimes reaching an elevation of 2,000 feet. These hills, links of the great Al leghany chain, run generally from north east to southwest, through the eastern, central, and southern portions of tho State. The spur of this hill-range ia called South Mountain, where it rises on the Delaware, below Easton. Next, as we go westward, come the Kittatinny, or Blue Mountains, and the Broad Moun tains, south of the North Branch o_ the Susquehanna. Across the river is the Tuscarora. South of the Juniata are the Sideling Hills, and, lastly, come the Al- leghanies, dividing the Atlantic slope from the great Missiaaippi valley region, West of the Alleghanies, the only hill- ranges in the State are the minor ones called the Laurel and the Chestnut ridges. Thia belt of mountains extends over a breadth of 200 miles, enclosing numberless fertile valleys, many charm ing watera, and the greateat coal-fields and iron deposits in the Union. Penn sylvania cannot boast the marvellous lake scenery of the Empire State ; indeed, she haa no lakea, if we except the great Erie watera which wash the shore of the north- Pennsylvania.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. west corner of the State. For this want, however, the charms of her many pictu resque rivers fully compensate. Her val leys are even more inviting and beautiful than her mountains. The Delaware, the Lehigh, the Wyoming, the Schuylkill, and the Lackawanna, abound in scenic attractions. RIVERS. The Susquehanna, the largest river of Pennsylvania, and one of the most beau tiful in America, crosses the entire breadth of the State, flowing 400 miles in many a winding bout, through moun tain-gorges, rocky cliffs, and broad, cul tivated meadows. (See Susquehanna River, page 142.) The Juniata is the chief affluent of the Susquehanna. It enters that river from the acclivities of the Alleghanies in the west, through a mountain and valley country of great natural attractions. (See Juniata River, page 121.) The Delaware flowa 300 miles from its sources in the Catskill Mountains to the Delaware Bay, forming the boundary be tween Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and afterward between New Jeraey and Dela ware. It is one of the chief features of the varied scenery of the New York and Erie Railway, which follows its banks for 90 miles. (See Erie R. R., page 76.) Lower down, its passage through the mountains forms that great natural won der of the State, the Delaware Water- Gap. (See Delaware Water-Gap (page 137). The navigation of the Delaware is inter rupted at Trenton, New Jersey, by falla and rapida. Philadelphia is on this river, about 40 miles above its entrance into Delaware Bay. The river was named in honor of Lord De La Ware, who visited the bay in 1610. The shores of ihe Dela ware and ita smaller tributaries are fine gunning-grounds m the autumn months. Reedbirds and rail are found in great abundance. The Lehigh is a rapid and most pictu resque stream. Ita course is from the mountain coal-districts, through the famous passage of the Lehigh Water- Gap, below Mauch Chunk, to the Dela ware at Easton. Its length is about 90 tides. The Schuylkill flows 120 miles from the coal-regions north, and enters the Dela ware five miles below Philadelphia. We shall review it as we call at the towna and placea of interest upon its banks. The Alleglmny and the Monongahela Rivers — one 300 and the other 200 miles in length — unite at Pittsburg and form the Ohio. The Youghioglieny is a tributary of the Monongahela. The Lackawanna is another mountain- stream, which takes its rise in the north east part of the State, and it falls into the north branch of the Susquehanna River, 10 miles above Wilkesbarre. The val ley of the Lackawanna is noted for its rich coal-mines. PHILADELPHIA.* Philadelphia, the largest city as to area in the United States, and, in point of population, second only to New York, lies between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, five miles above their junction, and nearly 100. miles, by the Delaware Bay and River, from the Atlantic. Its precise latitude is 39° 67' north, and longitude 75° 10' west, being 136 miles northeast of Washington City, and 87 mile3 southwest of New York. The site of the city ia so low and level, that it does not make a very impressive ap pearance from any approach. But the elegance, symmetry, and neatness of its streets, the high cultivation and the picturesque character of the higher sub urban land to the northward, fully com pensate for this want. In the most densely- built section, streeta extend from river to river, and are croaaed by other streets at right angles. This portion of the city covers an area of nearly nine square miles, and embraces Cheatnut and Market Streeta, Second and Seventh, Third (the Wall Street of Philadelphia), and other leading thoroughfares and business marts of the city proper. Within this area are lo cated the Exchange, State-House, Post- Office, Custom-House, the large banking- houses, insurance and newspaper offices, warehouses, wholesale stores, etc. The entire length of the city north and south is 20 miles, and from east to west 8 miles, and, with ita rapid growth west of * For routes to New York, see New Jew- sey. 101 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. the Schuylkill, it will soon exceed even these magnificent dimensions. The city, as originally incorporated (1701), was bounded by the rivers Dela ware and Schuylkill, and Vine and South Streets; but in 1854 the adjoining dis tricts of Spring Garden, Penn, Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Richmond, on the north, West Philadelphia, etc., on the west, and Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, on the south, were consoli dated with the city, into one municipal government. Within this area are over 300 milea of paved streets, and more buildings than in any other city in the country. The hiatory of Philadelphia, though of more recent date than that of many other American citiea, ia both interesting and eventful. To William Penn ia almost universally credited the first settlement and foundation ofthe city (1682), though local record is by no means clear on that point. In the year 1681 the first set tlers arrived from London, in the ship " Sarah and John," Captain Smith. Wil liam Penn, accompanied by a colony of English Friends, or Quakers, in 1682, planned and settled Philadelphia after a regular purchase from the Indians, ratified by treaty in due form. However this may be, certain it is that the sobriquet of the " City of Brotherly Love," which it now bears, was given to it by Perm him self. At the time of Perm's arrival, the site of the city was owned and oc cupied principally by Swedes, whose claims were subsequently disposed of to Penn, in exchange for lands on the Schuylkill, near what was then called "Swedes' Ford." The original plan of the city was made by Thomas Holmes, and surveyed in 1683. The first house recorded to have been erected was that built by George Guest, and subsequently known as the "Blue Anchor" Tavern. This atood near the mouth of Dock Creek (northweat corner of Dock and Front Streets), then known as " Sandy Beach." The first daily newspaper published in the country waa published here. It was called the American Daily Advertiser. It was established by Mr. Dunlop in 1771, and first issued aa a daily in 1784, by D. C. Claypole, who sold out to Zacharia Poulson. In 1840 it was merged in the 102 North American. The Weekly Mercury was firat iaaued December 22, 1719. No atriking events mark the history of Philadelphia down to the days of the Revolution. The first Congress as sembled here, as did also subsequent Congreaaea, during the continuation of the war. The Declaration of Indepen dence was signed and issued here, July 4, 1776. The Convention which formed the Constitution of the Republic as sembled here, May, 1787. Here resided the first President of the United States, and here, too, Congress continued to meet until about 1797. The city was in pos- session of the British troops from Septem ber, 1777, to June 11, 1778, a result of the unfortunate battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In 1844 riots broke out between the Protestant and Catholic population in the northern and southern suburbs. The military were called out and quiet re stored, but not until several Catholic churches had been destroyed, and many lives lost. The streets running north and south arc named numerically from the Delaware — thus, 1st (or Front), 2d, 3d, 4th, etc. The streets running east and west are numbered from First (or Front) Street, east and west. (In the old part of the city, Front Street being the bank of the Delaware, no mention is made of east and west in the numbering.) Those running north and south are numbered from Market Street each way. A marked peculiarity is observed with regard to the numbering of the buildings, which, though somewhat novel to strangers, is easily understood, and generally approved. It consists in allowing a hundred num bers for each aquare : thua, if one ia ad vancing west, the first figure or figures of the first house, after crossing a street, is the name of that street : thus, if you have pasaed Sixteenth Street, the first house upon the right, or north side, is 1,601 ; upon the left, or south side, 1,602 ; and so numbered regularly, until Seven teenth Street is passed, when it is 1,701 north, and 1,702 south side. In like manner the streets running north and south are allowed 100 numbers for every aquare they are diatant from Market Street, either north or aouth. Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia Thus, you are told that a friend resides at 1,511 North Twentieth Street, the number itself informs you that his house is twenty squares west of the Delaware, and fifteen squares north of Market Street, and the fifth house from the corner. This plan is also very convenient iu going about the city, as, whenever one can see a number — and they are uaually very conspicuous — he can calculate his exact distance from Market Street or the Delaware. Fourteenth Street is usually called Broad Street. It is very wide, aud when fully completed will extend in a straight line, and of equal breadth, about 23 miles, and is the longest street in the city. The Opera-House, Union League Club, La Pierre House, aria very many of the finest residences, are upon this street, which is also the most fashionable drive and promenade within the city. The census returns made for the sev eral decades will best illustrate the growth of the city in population aud trade. In 1684, it contained 2,500 in habitants; in 1777, 21,167; in 1790, 42,520 ; in 1800, 70,287 ; in 1810, 96,- 287 ; in 1820, 119,825 ; in 1830, 167,325 ; in 1840, 258,037 ; in 1850, 408,762 ; in 1860, 565,529. The population, as was ascertained by the census of 1870, was 684,023. Its present annual increase ia estimated at 25,000. A week well employed will auffice, in moderately favorable weather, to show the visitor the principal objects of inter est in and around Philadelphia, though a fortnight might be profitably spent there. To thoae desirous of " doing it," as the phrase goes, in the shortest possible time, the street-cara offer the cheapest, and, all things considered, the most ex peditious means. For a complete list of the several main and branch roads and routes, of which there are twenty-two, under the control of nineteen companies, the stranger had better consult the City Directory, published annually, and to be found at all the hotels. As these routes are frequently miles in length, and are laid, in many casea, through the principal thoroughfarca and afreets, the stranger is enabled to see many of the objects de scribed in these pages, without so much as moving from his seat. HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, AND CLUBS. Hotels. — The hotels of Philadelphia, though neither so numerous nor ex tensive as thoae of New York, are never theless conspicuous for the comfort of their internal arrangements aud the excellence of their cuisine. Among the most desirable are the following : The Continental, on Chestnut and Ninth Streets, opened in 1860, has a repu tation second to no hotel in the United States. Under the proprietorship of Messrs. J. E. Kingsley & Co., its well- deserved reputation has been fully sus tained. The Chestnut Street front, 200 feet long, is of Pictou sandstone, six stories high, and is much admired. The La Pierre, at the intersection of Chestnut and Broad Streets, has been recently refurnished throughout, and is now one of the most elegant housea in the country. It is in the immediate neighborhood of the Union League Club- rooms, and the Opera-House,. and has ac commodations for upward of 300 guests. The Girard House, on Chestnut Street, opposite the Continental, is a commodi ous, handsomely-furnished, and well-kept house, with an excellent table, and a corps of attentive and obliging waiters. The Colonnade Hotel, on Chestnut Street, and the American, on Chestnut, near Fifth Avenue, are popular houses, at medium prices. Charges at the Continental and La Pierre, $4.50, at the Girard §3.50 per day, at the Colonnade, §3.00. Furnished apartments in private houses are readily obtained by those desiring them. The best locationa are to be found in Chestnut Street above Twelfth Street, in Arch Street, and in and around Franklin, Penn, and Logan Squares. Furnished apartments, with good board, can be had at about one- half the hotel rates. Restaurants. — Of late, the restaurant haa become a feature of Philadelphia life, though in so essentially a domestic and home community it will be long be fore it becomes fashionable. Clubs. — The Union League of Phila- '._<_, on Broad Street, corner of San- som, offers the greatest attractions to gentlemen visiting or making a stay in the city. Files of the leading European 103 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia and American magazines and journals are to be found here. Attached to it ia the best refectory in Philadelphia. No more elegant place to beguile an hour can be found in the city. Upward of one hundred and seventy-six thousand dollars were expended on the construction of this building, an amount which has been largely increased by outlays subsequently made to repair the damages caused by the fire of September 6, 1866. The list of members numbers now about 2,000. A member's introduction and tickets will secure the viaitor the privilege of the club for one month. CONVEYANCES. Street Railways. — Philadelphia has the most complete system of city pas senger railways on the continent. The linea are 22 in number. By the uae of transfer or " exchange " tickets almost any point within the city limits can be reached by rail at a uniform fare of nine cents, single fares seven cents. The Merchants' Exchange is the principal car station. Hacks, etc. — (Fares regulated by law.) One passenger, with trunk, valise, car pet-bag, or box, distance not exceeding one mile, 50 cents. Distance over a mile, and not exceeding two miles, 75 cents. Each additional passenger, 25 cents. If the distance be over two miles, each additional mile, or part of a mile, 25 cents, in addition to the sum of 75 cents for the first two miles, and for every ad ditional passenger 25 cents. If engaged by the hour, with the privilege of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required, $1 per hour. In case of dispute, call a policeman, or apply at the mayor's office. FEKBIES. There are six ferry lines running to md from Philadelphia, as follows, viz. : West Jersey. — Market Street, Philadel phia, to Market Street, Camden ; fare, five cents. Camden and Philadelphia. — Market Street, Philadelphia, to Federal Street, Camden ; fare, five cents. Camden. — South Street, Philadelphia, to Kaign's Point, Camden; fare, five centa. 104 Gloucester. — South Street, Philadel phia, to Gloucester, N. J. ; fare, five cents. Red Bank. — South Street, Philadelphia, to Red Bank, N. J. ; fare, ten cents. Cooper's Point. — Vine Street, Phila delphia, to Cooper's Point ; fare, five cents. Shakamaxon. — Fare, five cents. Besides these ferries, numerous steam ers ply on the Delaware, affording easy and pleasant communication during tho summer between Philadelphia aud Arling ton, Chester, Delanco, Trenton, Burling- ton, Bristol, Newcastle, Tacony, Bridge port, etc. BRIDGES. There are nine bridges in and near Philadelphia. The following are best worthy a visit, viz. : Iron Bridge, across the Schuylkill, at Chestnut Street. It was commenced September 19, 1861, and completed July, 1866, and is the first cast-iron bridge built in the United States. It is 390 feet long, 42 feet wide, and 40 feet above high water. It is 1,200 tons' weight, and cost half a million dollars. The Fairmount Suspension Bridge ia an elegant structure, built (1841) by Mr. Ellet, and closely resembling the N iagara suapenaion bridge, waa the first of the kind in this country. The Market Street Bridge is of wood, resting on atone piers. It was erected in 1798, and cost §300,000. It is in contemplation to bridge the Schuylkill at every alternate street. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. Theatrical exhibitions were introduced into Philadelphia in 1754. The first per formances were held in a store-house in Water Street, near Pine. Subsequently a suitable building waa erected in South Street, but it waa not until 1791 that the theatre (since removed) on Chestnut Street, west of Sixth Street, was built. In 1809 the Olympic (now Walnut Street Theatre) was built, since which time the drama may be said to have flourished. The Academy of Music (Opera-House), on Broad and Locust Streets, is one of the most complete establishments of its kind in the United States. The first story ia of brown-atone and the rest of pressed brick, with brown-stone dressing. The front, on Broad Street, is 140 feet, and presenta a substantial appearance. Its extent on PHILADELPHIA.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. Locust Street is 268 feet. The auditori um is 102 feet deep, 90 feet wide, 70 feet high, $nd has aittings for upward of 3,000 persons. The firat-claas seats num ber 1,692, and are divided into the par quet, parquet circle, balcony, first tier, boxes, and six proscenium-boxes. The foyer, or retiring-room, in the second atory front, is a handsome apartment, supported by sixteen Ionic columns. The chandelier in the centre has 240 lights, and is much admired. The Academy was firat opened January 26, 1857. The Walnut Street Theatre is at the corner of Walnut and Ninth Streeta. It was built in 1809 as the " Olympic," and enlarged and remodelled in 1865. Arch Street Theatre is in Arch Street, above Sixth. The New Chestnut Street Theatre is a commodious and well-ar ranged establishment. It fronts on Chest nut Street, west of Twefth Street. The Musical Fund Hall, 806 Locust Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, is a favorite concert and lecture room. It waa erected in 1824, and cost $27,500. It has seats for 2,500 persona. The other places of amusement are : Carncross & Dixey's Opera-House (Ethiopian), Eleventh Street, above Chestnut ; Duprez cb Benedict's Opera-House (Ethiopian), Seventh Street, below Arch, late Theatre Comique ; Concert Hall, 1221 Chestnut Street; National Hall, 1226 Market Street ; the Assembly Buildings, south west corner of Chestnut and Tenth Streets, and the American T/ieatre, Walnut near Eighth Street. The American Museum, corner Ninth aud Arch Streets, has a good dramatic company. A fine German theatre waa built in the course of the year 1870. There are several other halla, concert and lecture rooms, in the more remote parta of the city. The Gymnasium, under the manage ment of Profeasor Lewis, ia open daily at the northeast corner of Arch and Ninth Streets. Choice seat3 at aU the above places can be secured at the leading ho tels up to 01 p. M. each day. . O-ITjEOIIES. The wish of the city's founder, Penn, that every one might worship God accord ing to the dictates of his own conscience, seems to have boon most scrupulously carried out by its citizens. Religious societies have multiplied exceedingly, and church edifices have kept pace in increaae. Theae now number 293 against 159 in 1848, of which 81 belong to the Preabyterian denomination, 63 to the Epiacopsd, and 35 to the Roman Catholic. But 13 belong to the Friends or Quakera. We enumerate thoae only beat worthy the atranger'a attention : The Cathedral Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, on Logan Square, Eighteenth Street, ia built of red-stone, and is the largest and moat imposing church edifice in the city. The plan of the edifice is that of the modern Roman cruciform churches, having a nave in the centre. It was commenced in September, 1846, from designs by Le Brun, and opened for wor ship in 1862. The front portico was de signed by Notman, and is much admired. The dome rises to a height of 210 feet. It has a fine organ and fresco paintings. The altar-piece, by Brumidi, is conspicu ous for its fine coloring. The Church of St. Mark (Episcopal), on Locust Street, near Sixteenth Street, is a beautiful Gothic edifice of light-red sandstone, with a tower and steeple of admirable grace. It waa erected in 1849, from designs by Notman. St. Paul's (Episcopal), on Third Street, is also a noted church. Christ Church, on Second Street. abovexMarket, with ita lofty spire, is a very interesting object in its ancient and quaint aspect. In the steeple, which ia 196 feet high, ia a fine chime of bella. It waa commenced in 1727, and completed in 1753. This church was organized in 1695, and, until the erection of the pres ent building, worship was conducted in a log chapel. The communion service, pre sented by Queen Anne in 1708, is unique. Washington attended this church. The Church of the Incarnation, south east corner of Broad and Jefferson Streets, the corner-stone of which was laid July 28, 1866, is a, handsome edifice. It is of Liperville granite, relieved by corners of Pictou stone. The new Baptist C7mrch,.at the corner of Broad and Spruce Streeta, ia a very beautiful building. The Church of Calvary (Presbyterian), 105 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia, in Locust Street, and the Baptist Church in Broad and Arch Streets, are of sand- Etone, with imposing towers and apirea. We may also mention among the church es of the greatest architectural inter est, St. Stephen's (Episcopal), on Fourth Street, below Market, built 1823, in the Gothic style, and the Catholic Church of the Assumption, St. Jude's, the Presbyte rian churches upon Arch and Eighteenth Streets, and upon Arch and Tenth Streets ; the Church ofthe Nativity, and the Baptist churches on Chestnut and Fifth Streets. St. Peter's Church, at the interaection of Pine and Third Streets, is a venerable edifice, founded 1758, and finished 1761. In the yard ia a monument to Commodore Decatur. In the towers of St. Peter's, St. Stephen's, and of Christ Church, there are chimes of bells. The Swedes' Church, Southwark, in the vicinity of the Navy- Yard, should not be forgotten by the visitor. It is the oldest church edifice in the city,, having been erected in 1700. Previous to that year, the site upon which it stands was occu pied by a log building, which served both aa a place of worahip, and a block-house to protect against Indian attacks. This building, which constituted the original Swedes' CAwc/i, was erected in 1677, four years before the arrival of Penn. In the yard of tho present edifice is the grave of Wilson the ornithologist. The meeting-houses of tho Friends are interesting only from association. The first, erected in 1685, has long since been torn down. Previous to that the meet ing of the Friends took place near the Treaty-Ground, at Shackamaxon (1681). That on the corner of Arch and Fourth is best worth a visit. Next to the Swedes' Church it has the oldest burying-ground in the city. William Penn spoke over the grave of the first person buried here. The building on Arch Street, corner of Fifth, ia interesting as having been built and used by the "Fighting Quakers" of the Revolution. It is now occupied as the Apprentices' Library. St. Andrew's Church, on Eighth Street, near Spenee, has an imposing fasade. It is copied from the Temple of Bacchus at Taos, and is considered the most perfect specimen of the Grecian Ionic order in the city. 106 PAEKS AND PtJBLtO SQTJAKES. Fairmount Park. — Twenty-five yeara ago, the city became the owner of " Lem on Hill," a finely-wooded tract of about seventy acres, lying immediately contigu. ous to the small plot occupied by the Fair- mount Water-worka and gardens ; but it waa only after thirteen yeara that the Lem- on-Hill Park waa opened, from which time (1856) may be dated the practical be ginning of the present Fairmount Park. This Park now contains an area of sixteen hundred and eighteen acres, in cluding the water area of the Schuylkill River (two hundred and seventy acres) within its boundaries. The grounds lie on both sides of thia beautiful stream, extending, on the east ern or cityward side, from old Fair- mount, in a northeasterly direction as far as the Wissahicko'n, and stretching, on the weatern aide, from a point nearly opposite Fairmount to the Falls of the river at Manayunk. The eastern portion of the park com prises only three hundred and fourteen acres, and, with the exception of the ground immediately around Fairmount proper, consists of a narrow belt of land running directly along the river-bank. Upon the western side of the river, however, the park extends upward and backward from the stream, and embracea a wide and varied landscape of hill and dale, woodland, meadow, and lawn, in an area of one thousand and thirty-four acres. This portion of the park is eapecially fortunate in having been laid out original ly by enlightened taate and akill aa pri vate country estatea, and under culture many years before it finally passed by purchase or gift into the ownership of the city. The last, and perhaps, so far as scenic attractions are concerned, the most valu able addition to this part of the park, is the eighty-acre plot known as " George's Hill," which was recently presented to the city by its proprietors, Mr. and Mias George. From the top of this hill a magnificent panoramic view ia obtained, not only of the river to its mouth, and the entire park, but of the city, and the surrounding landscape for many miles in all directions. Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. Fairmount Park is all natural land scape and water view. In it no structural effects are needed other than the bridges which will cross the river here and there, and a few rustic pavilions, or similar fan ciful additions to the rural ensemble. The finest roadway in the park is '' Vista Drive," which ia remarkable for the varied and romantic beauty of its views. It winds for some seven miles through the entire length of the park, along the sides of the western hills over looking the river, and presents a series of natural vistas of land and water scenery. The Fairmount Water -works are worthy special notice. They supply a large por tion of the city with water, arc on the east bank of the Schuylkill, about two miles northwest from the heart of the city, occupying an area of 30 acres, a large part of which consists of the " mount," an eminence towering for above the falls and river below, and about 60 feet above the most elevated ground in the city. The top is divided into four reservoira, capable of containing 26,896,636 gallona, one of which is divid ed into three sectiona for the purpose of filtration. The whole ia aurrounded by a beautiful gravelled walk, from which may be had a fine view of the city. The reser voirs contain an area of over six acres ; they are 12 feet deep, lined with stone, and paved with brick, laid in a bed of clay, in strong lime cement, and made water-tight. The power necessary for forcing the water into the reservoirs is obtained by throwing a. dam across the Schuylkill ; aud by means of wheels mov ed by the water, which work forcing- pumpa, the water of the river is raised to the reservoirs on the top of the " mount." This dam is 1,600 feet long, and the race upward of 400 feet long and 90 wide, cut in solid rock. The mill-house is of stone, 238 feet long and 66 wide, and capable of containing eight wheels, and each pump will raiae about 1,250,000 gallons in 24 hours. The water raised by these pumps is sufficient, not only for the reser voirs above-named, but also for the re aervoir corner of Corinthian Avenue and Poplar Street, which is 124 feet above high water, and has a capacity for 37,500,000 gallons. The wards of the city, numbered from 1 to 10, are supplied with water by these works ; the first four drawing their quota from the Corinthian Avenue Reservoir; the other six from the Fairmount Reservoirs. The Schuylkill Water-works arc above Fairmount, at the foot of Thompson Street, and supply the llth, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th wards, distributing the supply from the Schuylkill Reservoir, which has a capacity of 9,800,000 gal lons. It is at the corner of 26th and Master Streets, 124 feet above high water. The Delaware Water-works, foot of Wood Street, on the Delaware River, supply the wards numbered from 16 to 20 inclusive. The reservoir for these works is 117 feet above high water, and has a capacity of 9,400,000 gallons. The 24-A Ward Water-works are on the Schuylkill, opposite Fairmount. They have no reservoir, the stand-pipe acting as a presaure and supply regulator. Thia atand-pipe is a, beautiful tower, which ia an ornament to the city, and from which a superb view may be secured. An immense basin, just finished near George's Hill, supplies all the higher por tions of the city with water. Washington Square, a little south west of the State-House, is finely or namented with trees and gravelled walks, is surrounded by a handsome iron railing with four principal entrances, and is kept in exellent order. During the War of Independence upward of 2,000 American soldiers were buried in this spot, which went by the name ofthe " Potter's Field." No traces of their graves can now be seen, lt was made a public square and promenade in 1815. It is very celebrated for containing every, or nearly every tree that will grow in this climate, whether indigenous or otherwise. There is a map of the square showing the position of each tree. In summer it is wonderfully variegated and very beautiful. There is no other spot of land on this continent containing so great a variety of forest-trees within an equal space. Independei, It iquare, in the rear of the State-Hoiisie, was purchased by the Provincial Assembly in 1782 for the erec tion of State buildings, etc. It is en closed by a solid brick wall, rising three or four feet above the adjacent streets, surmounted by an iron railing. The 1-07 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia, entire area ia laid off in walks and grass- plots, shaded with majestic trees. It was within thia enclosure that the Declara tion of Independence waa first publicly read, July 4, 1776, and at the present day it ia frequently uaed aa a place of meet ing for political and other purposea. The buildinga facing thia square on Walnut Street occupy the site ofthe "Old Prison," the "British Provost" ofthe Revolution. The new Court-House has been erected near the northwest corner of the square. Franklin Square, between Race and Vine, and Sixth and Franklin Streets, is an attractive promenade, with a fountain in its centre, surrounded by a marble basin ; it is embellished with a great va riety of trees. Penn Square, at the intersection of Broad and Market Streets, ia now divided into four parts by Market and Broad Streeta being cut through it. It waa formerly the site of the old water-works. Logan Square, the largest in the city, ia on Eighteenth Street, between Race and Vine Streets. The Sanitary Fair was held here, June, 1864. The great Roman Catholic Cathedral fronts the square. Rittcnhouse Square ia between Eigh teenth and Nineteenth Streeta and Wal nut and Locust Streets. The palatial residence of Mr. Joseph Harrison fronts this square, which is the aristocratic quarter of the city. Jefferson Square is embraced within Third and Fourth, Washington Avenue and Federal Streets. Hunting Park, on the York Road, con tains 43 acres, and a fine avenue of tulip poplars. Philadelphia has few monuments wor thy special observation. That erected to perpetuate Penn's Treaty with tive Indians is the most noteworthy. It standa on Beach Street, above Columbia Avenue. PUBLIC AND PROMINENT BUILDINGS AND PLACES NOT OTHERWISE CLAS SIFIED. .... i MUNICH^ w> The most interesting object in Phila delphia, and the one most frequently visited, js the Stale-House or Independ ence Hall. It fronts on Chestnut Street, und, including the wings, which are of modern construction (1813), occupies the 108 whole block, extending from Fifth to Sixth Street. The centre edifice waa built by Edward Woolley, from designs by Governor Andrew Hamilton. It was commenced in 1729, and completed in 1734, at a coat of £5,600. In the fol- lowing year it waa occupied by the Gen eral Assembly, who continued ita occupa tion until the removal of the seat of gov ernment to Lancaster, in 1799. Iu 1740 two wings were erected, which were con nected with the main building by an ar cade, with stairs leading to the upper rooms. At a later period there were added at the Fifth and Sixth Street cor ners oblong wooden buildings or sheds, which were uaed for storage and other purposes. The old wings and arcade were torn down in 1813, and the present two-story edifice was erected on their site. The City Hall, corner of Fifth Street, was erected in 1790, and the County Court-House commenced in 1789, and finished in 1791, an addition to it be ing made in 1797. In the east room of the State-House, known as Independence HaU, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress, and publicly proclaimed from the stepa on the same day. The room presents now the same appearance as it did at that time in furniture and interior decora tions. It contains a statue of Washington, portraits of William Penn, by Henry In- man ; of John Hancock, of Marquis de la Fayette, by Sully ; of Baron Steuben, Commodore Porter, Roger Sherman, and numerous other pictures, aud many curi ous Revolutionary relies. Descriptive catalogues of the pictures can be ob tained of the superintendent, at the Hall. Admission daily, from nine o'clock until two. Here alao is preserved the old " Liberty BeR," imported from England, but which, aa the visitor ia informed, " got cracked by the stroke of a hammer in trying the sound." It waa recaat by Iaaac Morria, and was the first bell in the United Statea rung after the passage of the immortal Declaration. It bears the following inscription : " PROCLAIM LIBERTY THROUGHOUT THE LANK TO ALL THE PEOPLE THEREOF." A small bell, made from the filings of the original, is to be seen in the rooms of Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia, the Historical Society, Athen_eum Build ing. The Statue of Washington is wrought in wood, and was executed by Rush, of Philadelphia. Near it is a piece of stone, said to be a part of the step of the bal cony upon which John Nixon stood while reading the Declaration of Independence. Up-stairs, over Independence Hall, is the " Lobby," famed in colonial days as the ecene of many a sumptuoua feast. In it were confined the American officera cap tured at the battle of Germantown. The original ateeple, having become much de cayed, was taken down in 1774, twenty- six years before the removal of the Gov ernment to Washington, and the present one erected in 1828. In front of the main entrance of Independence Hall is a statue of the Father of his Country, which has recently been erected, the expense being defrayed by contributions from the children of the Public Schools. The statue ia by Bailley, and is pronounced a superior work of art. The Slate Arsenal is at the corner of Sixteenth and Filbert Streets. The Sol diers' and Sailors' Home has suitable quar ters in the building. To the Home ia attached a library of 3,000 volumes for the use of the inmates. The City Arsenal is on Race Street, below Broad. The Cuslom-Hcm.se, formerly the United Statea Bank, on Chestnut Street, between Fourth and Fifth Streets, is a chaste spe cimen of the Doric order of architecture, modelled after the Parthenon at Athens, with the omiasion of the colonnadea at the aides. The Chestnut Street aud Li brary Street fronts have each eight maa- aive columnB. It was commenced in 1819, and completed in about five yeara, at a cost of half a million dollars. The United States Mint is on Chestnut Street, corner of Juniper Street, and fronts on the former 122 feet. It is built of white marble, in the atyle of a Grecian Ionic temple, and compriaes several dia tinct apartments. The corner-stone of the present building waa laid in 1829 ; the edifice cost $200,000. Coining is among the most interesting and attractive of processes to those who have never witnessed such operations. The collec tion of coins preserved here is among the largest and most valuable in the Union, Visitors are admitted during the morning of each day, Sundays excepted, from 9 to 12 o'clock, on application to the proper officera. The United States Navy- Yard is located on Front Street, below Prime, 1£ milea aoutheaat of the State-Houae, and con- tains within its limits about 12 acres. It is enclosed on three sides by a high and aubatantial brick wall ; the eaat aide fronta on and is open to the Delaware River. Entrance from foot of Federal Street. The yard contains every prepa ration neceaaary for building vesscla of war, and haB marine barracks, with quar ters for the officers. The sectional float ing dock in this yard, built in 1850, cost nearly one million dollars. Admission daily from 10 a. m. to 5 P. M. League Island, a tract of land on the Delaware, waa accepted in 1 867, by act of Congress, as the permanent site of a new Navy Yard, but aa yet haa not been occupied for that purpoae. Nearly opposite the Navy- Yard, ex tending to the Schuylkill River (Gray's Ferry Road), is the United Stales Naval Asylum., founded in 1835, and constructed of white marble, with a front of 380 feet. The grounda are extensive, and tastefully laid out. Application for admission should be made at the gate. For Post-Office and Sub-treasury, see Merchanta' Exchange. The United Statea Government has two araenals in the neighborhood of Philadelphia ; one on Gray's Ferry Road, south of the Naval Aaylum, the other near Frankford. The latter haa one of the largest powder-magazinea in the United States. Applications for admis sion are received by the commandant of the poat. educational and charitable. Girard College is situated on Ridge Avenue, in a northweat direction from the city proper, about two milea from the State-Houae. It waa founded by Stephen Girard, a native of France, who died in 1831. He bequeathed $2,000,000 for the purpoae.of erecting suitable buildings "for the gratuitous instruction and sup port of destitute orphans." The site of the edifice and grounds embrace an area 109 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philacelphia. of 42 acres, and crown the summit of a slope at once commanding and attractive. The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1833. 'The buildings were completed in 1847, and the institution went into operation January 1, 1848. Thaeentral, or college building, is 218 feet long, 160 broad, and 97 feet high, and is a noble marble struc ture, of the Corinthian order. Six other buildings, each 125 feet by 52, and three Stories high, flank the main edifice on either aide. The library is in the central building, to the right of the main entrance. A statue of the founder, said to be a truth ful likeness, stands at the foot of the grand stairway of the college. Underneath the statue hia remains are interred. The easternmost building embraces four separate and complete dwellings for the several officers of the college. The number of orphans at present in the col lege ia 407. An Infirmary was added in 1859-60. The whole ia enclosed by a atone wall 10 feet high, which ia in singular contrast to the splendid edifice within. The whole cost of the ground and structure was $1,933,821.78. Permits to visit the college and grounds may be obtained at the principal ho tels, of the Secretary, or of the Direc tors. Principal entrances on the north and south fronts. Clergymen are not admitted. The University of Pennsylvania is an immense and magnificent building, occu pying a portion of the old Almshouse grounds, and fronting ou Woodlands Street. The University waa founded as a charity school and academy in 1745, erected into a college in 1755, and sub sequently into a university in 1797. In 1798, the trustees of the university pur chased from the State what was then the President's (United States) House. This building was enlarged in 1807, and oc cupied until the present edifice was erect ed, in 1872. The University embraces four departments, viz. : the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical, and the Law. The medical department, which is one of the most prominent schools of medicine in the country, has a European as well as local reputation, and graduates from this institution are regarded with great favor in the French, English, aud German uni versities. The College of Philadelphia 110 waa instituted hi 1749, and was the firat medical college in the United Statea. In 1779 its charter was abrogated ; and tho University of Pennsylvania, which had been first established (1744) as an acade my, was organized. In 1789 the charter and privileges of the college were re- atored by the Legislature, and in 1791 the two institutions were united as the Uni versity of Pennsylvania. It has a large and valuable library, and an extensive and valuable anatomical collection. Thia institution is largely indebted for its es tablishment and success to Drs. William Shippen and John Morgan, whose por traits adorn its walls. Jefferson Medical College, situated in Tenth Street, below Chestnut, was estab lished in 1825, and was originally con nected with the college at Canonsburg, but ia now an independent institution, The number of pupils averages about 300 annually. It has an anatomical museum and lecture-room, open to visitors. The College of Physicians, instituted in 1787 and chartered 1789, is one of the principal sourcea from which proceeds the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. The College Hall is located at the north east corner of Locust and Thirteenth Streets, and contains a large and valuable medical library. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, in Filbert Street, above Seventh, estab lished in 1821, was the first regularly or ganized institution of its kind in the country. The hall was built in 1832. Besides these, Philadelphia has an Eclectic and Homoeopathic Medical Col lege, a Female Medical College, College of Dental Surgery, and several other prom inent medical institutions. The Polytechnic College of Pennsyl vania, on West Penn Square, Market Street, is organized on the plans of the Industrial Colleges of France and Ger many, and comprises a Scientific School, and six Technical Schools. It was in corporated in 1853. The Wagner Free Institute, the gift of Professor Wagner, is near the corner of Columbia Avenue and Thirteenth Street. The fine residences of Edwin Forrest and Thomas J. Mackenzie are in the neigh borhood. The hospitals, asylums, and other char- Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. Ities of the city, number more than 100. The following are the most noteworthy : The Pennsylvania Hospital, ' in Pine Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, is an admirable inatitution, founded in 1751. It contains an anatomical muaeum and a library of more than 10,000 volumes. In the rear of the lot, fronting on Spence Street, is a small building, which formerly contained West's celebrated picture of Christ Healing the Sick, presented to thia institution by its author, and now in the Insane Asylum. Admission, Monday and Thursday afternoons. The corner stone of the east wing was laid May 28, 1755 ; the weat wing waa erected in 1796, and the centre in 1805. A statue of Penn stands in the lawn facing Pine Street. The County Almshouse, situated on the weat aide of the Schuylkill, facing the river opposite South Street, is an im mense structure, consisting of four main buildings, each 500 feet front, covering and enclosing about 10 acres of ground. The site is much elevated above the bank of the river, and commands a fine view of the city and surrounding country. Connected with the Almshouse is a hos pital with accommodations for 600 patients. Pennsylvania Insane (Asylum) Hospi tal, West Philadelphia, between West chester and Haverford roads. It con tains male and female departments, and was first opened in 1841. The grounds attached to it embrace 114 acres. The main front ia 430 feet long. Christ Heal ing the Sick, by West, is on exhibition here. Visitora admitted every day, ex cept Saturday and Sunday. The Market Street (W. P.) cara run direct to the Hos pital. . The Hospital of the Protestant Epis copal Church in Philadelphia is at the corner of Huntingdon and Front Streets. The hospital buildings are, excepting only Girard College, the most imposing range of buildings in the city. They are fine specimena of the Norman Gothic Style of architecture, but are not entirely completed, though there is already ac commodation for over 200 patients. All who can be accommodated are admitted, irrespective of creed, color, or nation ality. The United States Marine Hospital, founded 1835, has a handsome situation on the east bank of the Schuylkill, below South Street. It is for the use of invalid seamen and officers disabled in the ser- vice (see U. S. Naval Asylum, page 109). The Pennsylvania Institute for t/ie Deaf and Dumb is situated on the corner of Broad and rine Streets. The present building was erected in 1825, from de signs by Haviland, at a cost of $80,000. Pennsylvania institution for ihe In struction of the Blind. This ia not an asylum, but a school, in which the unfor tunate persons for whose benefit it waa founded are instructed iu useful trades, in music, and in the usual branches taught in schools. The exhibition of the acquirements of the pupils is given every Wednesday afternoon at 3.30 p. m. From 2.30 to 3.30 the workshops are open to inspection. Visitora are charged a trifling admissiou fee, which is devoted to a fund, from which outfits are pur chased for graduating pupils. The in stitution is located at the corner of Twentieth and Race Streets, and is reached by the Race and Vine, Arch Street, and Seventeenth and Eighteenth Street Railways. The Preston Retreat, another famous charity, the bequest of Dr. Jonas Preston, occupies the square bounded by Twen tieth, Twenty-first, Hamilton, and Spring Garden Streeta. Admission daily. The House of Refuge is on Twenty- second Street and Girard Avenue, in the rear of the Penitentiary; the House of Correction is at Bush Hill; and Wilts Hospital is on Race Street, opposite Lo gan Square. literary and scientific. There are upward of 20 public libra ries in Philadelphia, containing 300,000 volumes. The Philadelphia Library, sometimes called the Franklin Library, founded in 1731, through the influence of Benja min Franklin and the members of the "Junto," atanda on South Fifth (No, 125), near Chestnut Street. The first importation of books was received Oc tober, 1732. In 1744 the Union Library Company was incorporated with it. The corner-stone of the present library build- 111 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia mg was laid August 31, 1789. Over the front entrance is a marble statue of FrankUn, executed in Italy, by order of William Bingham. The library is rich in early printed works, and works on American history. Valuable donations of books have been made by William Logan, Samuel Preston, Robert Barclay, and William Mackenzie. The number of volumes, including the Loganian Library, Is 90,000, and ia increasing at the rate of 2,000 annually. Admission free from 10 o'clock till sunset. The Mercantile Library was founded in 1821, and after two removals ia now lo cated i» a fine building on 10th Street near Chestnut. Library numbers over 50,000 volumes. Open from nine A. it. to ten p. m. daily. The Athenceum, on Sixth Street, corner of Adelphi, is generally visited by stran gers. This institution was established February 9, 1814, and opened in the fol lowing month, over " Cary's book-atore," southeast corner of Chestnut and Fourth Streets. The corner-Btone of the present edifice was laid November 1, 1845, and the hall opened in 1847. Cost $50,000. The second story containa a library, news and reading rooms, and a chess-room. The library numbers 25,000 volumes. In a hall in the third story of the Athe nceum is the Library of ihe Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The Apprentices' Library, corner of Fifth and Arch Streets, has 25,000 vol umes. It was founded in 1821, and is open to the youth of both sexes. Friends' Library, 304 Arch Street, has 10,000 volumes. Law Association Library, Court-House, aoutheaat corner of Cheatnut and Sixth Streeta, organized 1862; 8,000 volumea. The American Philosophical Society, founded iu 1743, has its hall at the south west corner of South Fifth and Chestnut Streets. It owes its origin mainly to the efforts and influence of Franklin, Governor John Penn, and the. active members of " the Junto," a once celebrated scientific association, organized in 1727. The site of the present building was donated by the State (1785), and the building erected and occupied in 1790. It has a library of 80,000 volumes, and a choice collection of minerals, fossils, and ancient relics. 112 The Committee-Room should be visited. For admission to the hall, apply to tho librarian. The Franklin Institute, situated at No, 155 Seventh Street, below Market, waa incorporated in 1824. Ita membera are very numeroua, composed of manufac turers, artists, mechanics, and persona friendly to the mechanic arts. The an nual (October) exhibitions of thia Insti tute never fail to attract a large number of visitors. It haa a library of about 10,000 volumes, and an extensive reading- room, where most of the periodicals of the day may be found. Lecturea are given on Tuesday and Thursday of each week, from October to April. Strangers admitted on application to the secretary. The Academy of Natural Sciences, founded 1812, incorporated 1817, ia well worthy a visit. The present building, which is at the intersection of Broad and Sansom Streets, in the immediate vicinity of the Union League aud La Pierre House, was commenced May 25, 1839 and enlarged in 1847-1853. The main hall is 45 feet by 28, with spacious gal leries. The library is one of the most complete of its kind in the United States, containing over 30,000 volumes. The Collection of Ornithological Works and Specimens is especially rich, as ia also the Cabinet of Botany. The Cabinets of Geology and Mineralogy are also very complete. The entire collection of the Museum embraces over 200,000 speci mens. It ia ahortly to be removed to more commodious quarters on Tenth Street, above Cheatnut, whore au elegant building ia to be erected. Admission by members' tickets on Tuesday and Friday afternoons. Tickets also of E. Parish, 800 Arch Street. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, founded for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of local history, especially iu relation to the State of Pennsylvania, has its rooms in the upper floor of the Athe- n_eum Building, corner of Sixth and Adel phi Streets. It has caused to be pub lished a large amount of information on subjects connected with the early history of the State, and ia now actively engaged with similar pursuits. Here are pre served an original portrait of Penn, be lieved to be the only one in existence, Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia the belt of wampum preaented to Penn, by the Leni-Lenap6 sachems, at the famous treaty in 1682, and other interesting relics. Its library, though small, contains many valuable works. The collection of offi cial documents relating to the early French Revolution preserved here num- bera 1,000. The medical hiatory of the American Revolution, known as the " Potts Papers," and the original manu script report of Mason and Dixon's sur veys, are also kept here, together with many other objects of great interest to the antiquarian. An antique clock by Fromantell, of Amsterdam (1659), is worthy of notice. The whole number of volumes, bound and unbound, is 18,470. Open every Monday (July and August excepted). ART GALLERIES. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, founded in 1805, and incorporated in 1806, has sold the building formerly accupied by it on Chestnut Street, and its collections are now stored away, awaiting the magnificent gallery being erected for it on Broad and Cherry Streets. It pos- sesaea a very valuable collection, pic tures, casta, and statuary. Among the more prominent picturea are, Death on the Pale Horse, and Christ Rejected, by West ; and the Dead Man Restored, by Washington Allaton. The Relief of Ley den, by Wittkamp, is also a fine picture. There are alao highly-meritorious works from the pencda of Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Hamilton, Rothermel, Bonfield, Williams, Ruaaell, Smith, Moran, Lewis, Leslie, and othera. The Academy is especially rich in the productions of early .American painters, many of which it owns. The School of Design for Women, es tablished in 1850, is on Penn Square and Filbert Street. prisons. The prison or penitentiary system of Philadelphia, first adopted in 1794, and perfected in 1829, reflects lasting credit on its projectors. The Eastern Penitentiary, in the north west part of the city, is situated on the property once known as Cherry Hill, on Coates Street, corner of Twenty-fifth Street, and south of Girard College. It covers about 10 acres of ground, is surrounded by a wall 30 feet high, and in architecture resemblea a baronial castle of the middle agea. It ia con- atructed and conducted on the principle of strictly solitary confinement in Beparate cella, and ia admirably calculated for the aecurity, the health, and, ao far aa ia con sistent with ita objecta, the comfort of ita occupanta. It waa finished in 1829, at a cost, including the purchase of the site, of $600,000. The average number con fined here yearly is 350. Previous to the erection of this penitentiary, the old Wal- nut Street Prison was used for the custody of convicts. The County (Moyamensing) Prison, sit uated on Passyunk road, Moyamensing District, below Tenth Street, is a spacious Indo-Gothic building. It is constructed of Quincy granite, is three storiea high, and presents an imposing appearance. It is appropriated to the confinement of per sons awaiting trial, or those who are sen tenced for short periods. It is managed by a board of 15 inspectors. Admission by ticket. The Debtors' Prison, adjoining the above on the north, is constructed of red sandstone, in a style of massive Egyptian architecture. It is no longer used aa a debtors' prison. The House of Refuge ia aituated on Parish Street, between Twenty-second and Twenty-fourth Streets, near Girard College. City office, northeast comer of Arch and Seventh Streets. Visitors ad mitted Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoons. Every needful facility for visiting the above prisons will be fur nished on application at the Mayor's office, or to Mr. Richard Vaux, No. 520 Walnut Street. OTHER BUILDINGS AND PLACES OF INTEREST. The Girard National Bank, on Third Street, below Chestnut, is a stately edi fice, originally built for the first United States Bank (1795-'98). It was the first public building with portico and columns ever built in Philadelphia. The design ia copied from that of the Dublin Exchange. After the closing of the "Bank of the United States," this building was occupied by the banking-house of Stephen Girard until tho time of his death. The north 113 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia, end of the first floor is now occupied by the City Treasurer, and the south end by the bank. The Philadelphia Bank, an imposing granite structure, is on Chestnut Street, between Fourth and Fifth. It was char tered in 1804. This edifice, aa well aa that of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank adjoining, are among the finest banking- houses in the city. The First National Bank is a solid granite structure, on Chestnut Street, near Third. The Merchants' Exchange, situated be tween Dock, Walnut, and Third Streets, is of white marble. It is a beautiful structure, aud, of its kind, one of the finest in the country. The Board of Brokers and Commercial Association have rooms here. The Merchants' Reading- Room, in the rotunda of the second story, is ornamented with designs in fresco. One of the most striking buildinga in the city ia the office of the Public Ledger, corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streeta, which holda the same relation to the newspaper offices of Philadelphia which the Herald does to those of New York. The Bank of North America, on Chest nut Street, built of brown-stone, in the modern Florentine style, is worthy of no tice as having been the first bank estab lished in this country, December, 1781. The rooms of the Numismatic Society of Philadelphia are at 524 Walnut Street, facing Independence Square (former num ber 927 Market). The new hall of the Horticultural So ciety, south of the Academy of Music, is a handsome edifice, completed in 1870. The numerous Markets of Philadelphia are many of them worthy of special notice, for their great extent and admir able appointment, and will amply repay the visitor. The largest are ou Market Street, or near it, in the intersecting streets. They are nearly all of an orna mental, yet solid, character. The Mercan tile Library was originally a market-he _,se. OLD PHILADELPHIA. After visiting the more important pub lic works and buildings of the city, and the objects and pointa of interest in its vicinity, a stroll in the Old District, or what was once " the city " of Philadelphia, 114 will well repay tho strauger. Among the relics of the past still left undisturbed by the march of improvement, is the Penn Cottage. It is located in Letitia Street, which is not a street, but a narrow, dingy court or lane, opening out from Market Street, between First and Second. It is thought to have been the first .brick build ing erected in Philadelphia, and was the residence of William Penn during his first visit to the city (1682-'83). ¦ Since then it has been successively occupied as a tavern, bakery, and cigar-store, and ia now used as a lager-bier saloon and Gast- haus by Adam Best, whose sign-board, embellished with a foaming tankard, sur. mounts its humble doorway. It is still in a good state of preservation, but is almost lost to view in the maze of buildings which surround it. The Slate-Roof House, another interest ing old landmark, until recently atood on the corner of Second and Gothic Street (Norris Alley), and immediately opposite the Old Bank of Pennsylvania. The year of ita erection ia uncertain. William Penn and hia family occupied it in 1700. It waa aold to William Trent, the founder of New Jersey, in 1703. In it John Penn, " the American," was born. There Gener als Forbea and Charlea Lee died. It was also occupied at different times by Adams, Hancock, De Kalb, and other distinguished men. Arnold also occupied it while mili tary governor of this city in 1778. It was removed, to make way for the new Corn Exchange. Soon not a relic of the early days of Pennstown will be left. On Third Street, between Willing's Alley and Spence Street, the Washington, Hall oc cupies the site of the old Bingham man sion. Penn's country residence (palace) was at Pennsbury Manor, above Bristol. Here was the famous Hall of Audience. Carpenter's Hall, south of Chestnut Street, below Fourth, ahould be visited. Here assembled the first Congress of the United Colonies. It is a plain brick build ing of two stories, surmounted by a cu pola. Loxley's House (home of Lydia Darrack, and headquarters of the British army) is now a clothing-store. The Indian Queen Hotel, where Jeffer son resided, still stands at the corner of Front and Market Streeta. Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. Hultslieimcr's New House, where Jeffer son penned the Declaration of Indepen dence, is still standing, at the southwest corner of Market and Seventh Streets. The chamber is frequently visited, and should continue to be, as long as it stands. Solitude, once the country residence of John Penn, is on the west bank of the Schuylkill, and may be seen not far from the falls, by the visitor at Fairmount. It is built of rough-cut stone. The Grave of Franklin is at the south east corner of Arch and Fifth Streets. For the purpose of affording to passers-by the privilege of looking upon the resting- place of this great man, iron palings have been substituted for the brick wall of the cemetery, opposite the grave. The Elm-Tree, under which the famous treaty between Penn and the Indians was made, was blown down in 1809. A chair made from the wood is preserved in the collection of the Historical Library Association. cemeteries. Philadelphia can boast a larger num ber of beautiful cemeteries, perhaps, than any other city of the Union. First and most attractive among them is Lau rel Hill. This beautiful rural burying- ground, the second in respect to age, and by many esteemed the first iu point of beauty in the Union, is situated on Ridge Avenue, near the "falls" of the Schuylkill, on the east bank of that pic turesque stream. It is easily reached by the street-ears from any portion of the city, or by boat up the Schuylkill from Fairmount. The bank, upon which a great portion of the original Laurel Hill is laid out, and many of the finer monu ments are erected, is 110 feet high, and commands a most charming view of the river. No more fitting or beautiful spot for a cemetery is to be found in the country. Old (North) Laurel Hill was founded in 1835, and laid out by John Jay Smith, Esq., President of the present Laurel Hill Company; it embraced ori ginally but 20 acres. The surface ia un dulating, prettily diversified by hill and dale, and adorned with a number of rare and beautiful trees. The irregularity of the ground, together with the foliage, shrubs, and fragrant flowera, which here abound, with an extensive and diveraified view, make the whole scene highly im pressive. The additions to the cemetery-grounds embrace more than 130 acres, and are respectively known as "Central" and " South Laurel Hill." Approaches to the different portions of the entire ceme tery lead from Ridge Avenue, which bounds it on the east. The western or river front extends more than a mile in length. North Laurel Hill, being the oldest and most finished, should be visited first. The group near the main entrance, known as " Old Mortality," by Thorn, is finely executed and will com- mand attention. The Chapel on the brow of the hill, a little to the right of Old Mortality, is a Gothic structure with a large stained-glass window. Improve ments are being made hereabouts which will add much to the beauty of the ground. The Superintendent's bell ia close by the chapel. Opposite the chapel is the monument to General Hugh Mercer, who fell at Princeton, and not far off ia the tomb of Commodore Hull. The remains of Commodores Murray, La- valette, and Hassler are also near by. The vault of Dr. Kane, the Arctic ex plorer, is underneath the brow of the hill, overlooking the Schuylkill, and is cut from the solid rock. Among the more prominent monuments recently erected at Laurel Hill are those to General F. Pat terson, Henry P. Voorhees, Mr3. Kemp- ton, and Miss Bailey. The last, which is of Aberdeen granite, is much admired. The granite obelisk to Charles Thomson, perpetual Secretary of the Continental Congress, and the Hassler monument, are both fine specimens of art. Godfrey, the inventor of the quadrant, Judge Con rad, the author of " Jack Cade," Dr. R. M. Bird, and Brown, the novelists, Joseph C. Neal, the author of the " Char coal Sketches," and Joseph S. Lewis, the projector and builder of Fairmount Water-works, are all buried here. But the great attraction of Laurel Hill, and that which preeminently distinguishes it among other public burying-grounds, is its unique garden landscape, and the profusion of valuable trees, shrubs, and flowers, which adorn and beautify it. Among the former, of more than ordi- 115 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. nary interest are some cedars of Leb anon, the firat which bore fruit in the United States, and noble specimens of the weeping ash which thrive finely. Admission every day, except Sunday, from uine o'clock until sunset. No tickets are necesaary except to drive in, and these are occasionally furnished on application to the secretary or treasurer at 524 Wal nut Street, Philadelphia. Glenwood, at the intersection of Ridge Road and Islington Lane, is prettily situ ated on the ridge which divides the watera flowing into the Delaware from those fall ing into the Schuylkill. It contains 21 acres. Office, 16 North Seventh Street. Mount Vernon, on Ridge Avenue, op posite Laurel HiU, will repay a visit. It has a handsome entrance. Monument Cemetery, situated on Broad Street, in the vicinity of Turner's Lane, about three miles from the State-House, waa opened in 1838, aud now contains many handsome tombs. Office, 141 North Sixth Street. Ronaldson's Cemetery is in Shippen Street, between Ninth and Tenth. Odd- Fellows' Cemetery, Twenty-fourth Street. and Islington Lane, contains 32 acres, and is interaected by spacioua avenues. Woodlands, on the Darby road, beyond the Schuylkill, though comparatively a new cemetery, has many attractions, and commands some fine views. It ia 80 acrea in extent. Mount Moriah, on the Darby road, in the southweat part of the city, ia an at tractive place. The burying-grounds attached to the Swedes' and Christ Churches, and the Fiends' Burial-Ground, at the junction of Arch and Fourth, contain some inter esting monuments. (Sec Churches.) The vicinity of Philadelphia abounds in pretty romantic spots, and picturesque drives and walks. Laurel Hill and neighboring cemeteries, Girard College, and the famous water-works at Fair- mount, have already been described. After visiting Fairmount, the visitor should extend his ride up the Wissahickon Creek, a stream remarkable for ita ro mantic and beautiful scenery, which falls into the Schuylkill about five miles above 116 the city. It has a regular succession of mill-dams, which in the aggregate amount to about 700 feet. Its banks, for the most part, are elevated and precipitous, covered with a dense forest and diversi fied by moss-covered rocks of every va riety. The banks of the beautiful Wis sahickon afford one of the most delight ful drives in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The route is via Ridge Avenue past Laurel Hill, to Manayunk, and thence via Wissahickon road. A charming trip may be made from Fairmount by steamer up the Schuylkill to Mount Pleasant, Laurel Hill, etc. The scenery along the shores of the Schuylkill River is famous for its varied beauty. Excursion-boats every hour daily during the summer months. Ou leaving Fairmount an extensive view of the west front of the city is presented, embracing the Gas-works, the Suspension Bridge, Penitentiary, and Girard College, and several handsome private mansions, among which are Solitude, more fully no ticed in our brief sketch of old Phila delphia, Egglesfield, and Sweet Brier. Fountain Green, on the eastern bank, was until late years a rural spot of much beauty. Nearly opposite to this are seen the ruins of the Lansdowne Manor-house. This old relic, built by John Penn, and interesting as the headquarters of General Washington during the War of Inde pendence, was almost entirely deatroyed by fire a few yeara ago. It is now in the hands of a land company. A fine view is had from the site. The boats on the river call at Mount Pleasant landing, and afford opportunities for pasaengera to viait the neighborhood. The Schuylkill Viaduct, three milea northwest from the city, is 980 feet in length, and is crossed by the Reading Railroad. Moore's Cottage, an old white cottage building, which stands on the west bank of the Schuylkill, above the Reading Railroad bridge, and opposite Peter'a Island, ia pointed out as having been once the residence of Tom Moore the poet, and the spot where he wrote his poem — "Alone hy the Schuylkill a wanderer roved, And dear were the flowery hanks to his eye." PniLADELPniA.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Philadelphia. This is traditionary, however, and ia doubted by many early settlera and local historians. It is known that Moore visit ed Philadelphia ; but that he had any fixed abode, or even temporary residence iu this locality, is extremely doubtful. From the landing at Laurel Hill (four milea) that beautiful ground and the adjoining cemeteries on Ridge Avenue are easily accessible. The Falls of the Schuylkill (four miles) are seen to advan tage from the boat. Manayunk, seven miles from the centre of the city, ia a large manufacturing place. It is indebted for its existence to the water-power created by the improvement of the Schuylkill, which servea the double purpoae of rendering the stream naviga ble, and of aupplying hydraulic power to the numerous factoriea of the village. It is reached by street-ears on Ridge road, aa well aa by the boat on the river, and may beat be visited in connection with the cemeteries, the falls on the Schuylkill, and the Wissahickon, which lie between Manayunk and the city on the same route. Barlram, the elegant country-seat of Andrew M. Eastwick, Esq., will well re pay a visit. It is on the west bank of the Schuylkill, only a few miles above its junction with the Delaware, and is easily reached by Gray's-Ferry road, or by the Darby car-line. The Old Bartram Mansion, which oc cupies the centre of the present grounds (garden) was built by John Bartram in 1731. It is in good preservation, and affords a fine specimen of the prevailing style of country-houae architecture at that day. It is of atone, and occupies an eminence commanding an extended view of the Schuylkill winding to its juncture with the Delaware at League Island. During the occupancy of Philadelphia by the British, the building was used as headquarters by some of the British officers, and thus escaped damage. It Was a favorite resort of Washington, and was frequently visited by Jefferson, Frank lin, and other distinguished persons. Here resided William Bartram, son of the origi nal proprietor, and distinguished as one of the leading botanists and writers on bot any and ornithology in the country. Here, and in the adjoining garden, Alex ander Wilson and Thomas Nuttall pur sued many of their life-long scientific labora. Wilson's eliamber, in the man sion, is still pointed out. The Botanic Garden, adjoining, is the pride of Bar tram. It was pronounced by the lament ed Downing " the most interesting garden in America to every lover of trees." In 1815 it came into the possession of the late Colonel Robert Carr, who served in the War of 1812, and in 1850 it waa pur chased by its present owner. Whitehall is that portion of the city on the line of the Central Railway, ten miles from the depot. On the left of the road, surrounded by an extensive lawn, ia Haverford College, belonging to an asso ciation of Friends. Near by is the birth place of Benjamin West. Villa Nova, a short distance farther on, is the seat of a Roman Catholic college. Penn's Rock, a mile-stone, raised by William Penn, and bearing his coat-of- arms, is still standing on the road to Haddington. On this rock, tradition says, " Penn and his wife ate their dinners," while the founder of the city was engaged in laying out the Haverford road. Germantown, now included in the twenty- second ward of the city, was laid out in 1684, and consists mainly of one long street. It is six miles north from Chestnut Street, and may be reached every fifteen minutes by city railroad and steam-cars. The street-car route lies up Eighth Street and Germantown road, and terminating at Mount Airy. The battle of Germantown was fought October 4, 1777. Washington's headquarters, on Market Square, and Button-ball Tret Tavern, are still to be aeen. Here are fine cricketing and base-ball grounds. Chew's House is a noteworthy object. Many handsome private residencea are aeen from the Germantown road. Nice- town, through which the street railway passes, is a pleasant rural village, in habited mainly by Germans and Swiss. Greenwich Point, about three miles be low the city, and Gloucester Point, directly opposite, are favorite places of resort through the summer season. Ferry from South Street, Philadelphia. Camden, New Jersey, opposite Phil adelphia, is the terminus of the Camden and Amboy, the Camden and Atlantic, 117 Philadelphia.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Paoli Mid West Jersey (Cape May) Railways. It was incorporated in 1831, and is a place of considerable trade and manufac ture, and has a population of over 20,000. Four steam-ferry lines connect it with Philadelphia. (See Ferries.) Red Bank, on the Jersey shore of the Delaware, five miles below Philadelphia, has some interesting historical associa tions. Here (at Fort Mercer) a battle was fought, October 22, 1777. The embank ment and trenches of the fort are still seen. The house of Whitehall, the Tory Quaker, and Count Donop's grave, are both pointed out. Opposite Red Bank, on Great Mud Island, is Fort Mifflin. A marble monument, 15 feet high, erected October 22, 1829, to commemorate the battle, stands within the northern line of the fort. Lying between Forts Mercer and Mifflin is League Island, the accepted site of the new Navy-Yard, not yet estab lished. Chestnut Hill affords a pleasant drive or ride. It is within the corporate limits, 12 miles north of the State-House, and can be reached by the Philadelphia, Ger mantown, and Norristown R. R. Whilemarsh is interesting as the scene of a skirmish following the battle of Ger mantown, and as the headquarters of Washington. It is situated in a beautiful little valley north of Chestnut Hill, 14 miles from Philadelphia, and 6 from Ger mantown. Norristown, the county seat of Mont gomery County, is on the left bank of the Schuylkill, 16 miles from Philadelphia. It is the seat of justice of Montgomery County, and contains a fine Court-House of marble, and prison buildings. The Schuylkill ia here spanned by two bridges, which connect Norristown with Bridge port. Westchester is a beautiful suburb of Philadelphia, finely situated on elevated ground, 22 miles west of the city. The Court-House and Military Academy are worthy of notice. Reached by cars almost hourly, either on Westchester and Phila delphia Railway, via Media, or on the Central Railway, via Paoli. 118 ROUTE I. PHILADELPHIA TO HARRISBURG ALTOONA, AND PITTSBURG. Via Pennsylvania Central Railway. Station s. — Philadelphia ; Paoli, 20 miles ; Westchester Int., 22 (Junction of Westchester and Philadelphia Railway) ; Downington, 33 (connects with Chester Valley Railway) ; Coatesville, 39 ; Parkes- burg, 45 ; Christiana, 49 ; Gap, 62 ; Lea- man Place, 58 (connects with Strasburg Branch); Lancaster, 70; Dillerville, 71 (eastern terminus of Columbia Branch) ; Landisville, 77 (connects with Reading and Columbia Railway) ; Mount Joy, 82 ; Elizabethtown, 88 ; Col. Branch Int., 96 (western terminus of Columbia Branch) ; Middletown, 97 ; Harrisburg, 107 (con nects with Northern Central, Cumberland Valley, Lebanon Valley, Philadelphia, and Erie, and Schuylkill, and Susquehanna Railways); Marysville, 113 (point of de parture for Erie Railway); Duncannon, 122; Newport, 135; Mifflin, 156; Lewis- town, 168; Mount Union, 193; Hunting don, 204 (connects with Huntingdon and Broad Top Railway) ; Tyrone, 224 (con nects with Tyrone and Clearfield and Bald Eagle Valley Branches) ; Altoona, 239 (connects with Branch to Holidaysburg) ; Gallitzin, 250 ; Cresson, 253 (connects with Ebensburg Branch); Summerhill, 266 ; Conemaugh, 274 ; Johnstown, 277 ; New Florence, 290 ; Blairsville Int., 301 (connects with Indiana Branch) ; Latrobe, 314; Greensburg, 324; Irwin's, 333; Wall's, 341; Brinton's, 343; Pittsburg, 355. This fine Hne constitutes one of the great highways from the Atlantic to the Mississippi States. It extends 355 miles from the city of Philadelphia through the entire length of Pennsylvania, to the Ohio River at Pittsburg, connecting there with routes for all parts of the Southwest, West, and Northwest. Through-trains (13^ hours to Pittsburg) run, morning, noon, and night. Philadelphia station, corner of Thirty-first and Market Streets. _P»oli (20 miles), the scene of an action (September 20, 1777^ between the American forces, under General Wayne, and a detachment of British troops, under DOWSIKGTON.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Columbia. Gray, better known as the Paoli mas sacre, from the fact that a large number of the Americans were killed after they had laid down their arms. A monument, erected September, 1817, marks the spot. The scenery beyond Paoli, through the limestone valley of Chester County, is picturesque. Chester is famous for its highly-cultivated farms and extensive dai ries. Two miles beyond Paoli the West chester Railway intersects the main line. !>o vrning'toii (33 miles) is a pretty rural village, on the north branch of the Brandywine Creek. Waynesburg Branch diverges. It is the western terminus of the Chester Valley Railroad, a short line, traversing one of the most beautiful val- leya on the continent. A fine view of this valley is had from the windows of the cars on the Central Road. Chad's Ford, 15 miles distant, was the scene of the engagement known aa the Battle of Brandy-wine. The Birmingham Friends' Meeting-house, where the conflict raged hottest, is farther up the stream. Coatcsville (39 miles) is delight fully situated, and is a thriving place. Near here the road crosses the west branch of the Brandywine, ou a bridge 850 feet long and 75 feet high. Parkcs 1_>M.rg (45 miles), in Chester County, contains several large machine- shops, an hotel, and a population of 600. It is a large depot for lumber and coal. On the north side of this bridge is located a large iron-foundery. The town grows fast, and now (1873) has probably 1,500 inhabitants. It has good hotel accommo dations. CJirls liaxia (49 miles) has an active trade, an iron foundery, and a machine- shop. It waa the scene of a riot in 1851. C3 n j* (52 miles) has an active trade in coal and lumber. It is Darned from its location, being in the gap through which the road runs in passing from the Chester to the Pequea Valley. The scenery in the vicinity is attractive. Lcamnn Place (58 miles) is the junction of the branch road to the flourish ing village of Strasburg. .Lancaster (70 miles) is prettily situated near the Conestoga Creek, which is crossed in entering the city. It was incorporated in 1818, waa at one time the principal inland town of Pennsylvania, and was the seat of the State govern ment from 1799 to 1812. In population (20,000) it now ranks as the fifth city in the State. It is pleasantly situated in the centre of a rich agricultural region, ia well built, and has many fine edifices, public and private. The Court-House is an im posing edifice in the Grecian style of architecture. Lancaster is the seat of Franklin and Marshall College, organized in 1853, by the union of Marahall with the old establishment of Franklin College, which was founded in 1787. Fulton Hall, an edifice for the use of public assemblies, ia a noteworthy structure, as are some of the church edifices. The oldest turn pike-road in the United States termi nates here, 62 miles from Philadelphia. Besides the large locomotive-works, one of the sources of prosperity of Lancaster ia in the navigation of the Conestoga, in a series of nine locks and slack-water pools, 18 miles in length from the town of Safe Harbor on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of the Conestoga Creek. With the help of Tidewater Canal to Port Deposit, a navigable communication is opened to Baltimore. The Ephrata Springs and the Moravian Village of Litiz are reached from Lancaster. The principal hotels are Michael's and the City. Dillerville (71 miles) is the eastern terminus of the Columbia Branch. (Jolumilteia, 12 miles from Lancas ter, and about the same distance from Mid dletown, ou the Columbia Branch Railway, ia aituated on the left bank of the Susque hanna, and is the western terminus of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railway. A part of the town occupies the slope of a hill, which risea gently from the river, and the buainess part of the town lies along the level bank of the river, for the convenience of shipping lumber, which is the great trade of the place. The scenery from the hills in the vicinity is highly pleasing. The broad river, studded with numerous islands and rocks, crossed by a long and splendid bridge, and bounded on every side by lofty hills, makes a bril liant display. A fine bridge, more than a mile in length, crosses the Susquehanna to Wrightsvule. In 1865, during the in vasion of Pennsylvania by the Confed erates, this bridge was burned by the 119 Landisville.] PENNSYLVANIA, [Harrisburg. Union troops, but has since been rebuilt. Population, 6,500. jdandlsville (77 miles) is at the crossing of the Reading and Columbia Railway. Mount Joy (82 miles) is situated in a rich and populous district ; it has two churches and a aeminary. Population about 4,000. 31-.tl«_Ietowi_. (97 milea), at the mouth of Swatara Creek, on the Susque hanna River, nine miles east of Harris burg, has a population of 2,500. It is one mile west of the intersection of the Columbia Branch, of which it is the western terminus. The Union Canal ter minates here. JKarrislniirg (107 miles). — Hotels — The Lochiel (formerly Herr's), on Mar ket Street, is the leading house; Bol ton's (formerly the Beuhler House) ia a commodious, well-kept house, on Market Square ; the Jones House is also a centrally- located and well-ordered establishment. This city is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Susquehanna. It waa laid out by John Harria in 1785, previous to which date it was known as Lewiston, and still earlier as Harris's Ferry. In 1791 it was made a town. In 1812 it was made the capital of Pennsylvania; and ou the 19th of March, 1860, it was incor porated into a city, with six wards. It now haa a population of about 23,000. The State-House occupies a picturesque and commanding position upon a natural eminence, a little north of the centre of the city ; and from its dome a fine view is obtained of the wide and winding river, its beautiful islands, its bridges, and the adjacent ranges of the Kittatinny Mountains. It contains the State Library, and on the grounds is erected a beautiful monument to the deceased soldiers of the Mexican War. Adjoining the State-House, or capitol building, are two brick edifices, the one on the right being occupied as the Land, the other as the State Department. The Arsenal building stands south of the former edifice. Among the other promi nent buildings are the Court-House, and the Old and New School Presbyterian churches. The former is a handsome edifice of stone, fronting on the Capitol Square. The Court-House 13 a stately 120 brick edifice, surmounted by a dome, and stands on Market Street, opposite the Lochiel House. Front Street is a hand some, wide avenue, overlooking the Sus quehanna, and affords the most attractive promenade in the city. Here are many of the finest residencea in the city. Harris Park, at the interaection of Front Street and Washington Avenue, is usually visited by strangers. At the crossing of State and Second Streets is a fine brown shaft erected to the memory of the soldiers of Dauphin County who fell in the late war. Harris's grave and tree occupy the centre of the enclosure. Facing it is the Harris Mansion, now owned and occupied by Hon. Simon Cameron, ex- Secretary of War. The extensive rolling- mill and works of the Lochiel Iron Com pany are near the town. There are also steel-works of large capacity. During the war Harrisburg was threatened by the Con federates ; and would probably have been captured, had it not been for the destruc tion of bridges acroas the Suaquehanna, and the conaequent hinderance to the in- vaders. The earthworks thrown up for the defence of the city are still visible from the railroad. From Harrisburg diverge the following railways : Cumberland Valley Railway to Carlisle (18 miles) ; Chamberaburg (52 milea) ; Hagerstown, Md. (74 miles). This road is replete with interest growing out of the rebel raids during the late war. (From Newville, on this line, stages run to the Sulphur Springs.) The Lebanon Valley Railway (branch of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad) to Lebanon (26 miles), and Reading (54 miles), and the Northern Central Railway south to Balti more, Md., and north to Elmira and Canandaigua, N. Y., excepting 40 milea of the Philadelphia and Erie Railway from Sunbury to Williamsport. This road connecta at Lebanon with Pine Grove and Lebanon Railway to Pine Grove (24 miles), also with Lebanon and Cornwall Railway to celebrated Iron Ore Mountains (6 miles). Passengers for Gettysburg can either take the Cumberland Valley line (52 miles) to Chambersburg, and thence by stage, or the Northern Central to Hanover Junction (39 milea), and thence by rail (30 miles) to the battle-field. The latter ia the most expeditious and generally-travelled Doncannon.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Tyrone Cm route. There is a detention of one hour at Hanover Junction on the morning train from Harrisburg. Two days will suffice to make this trip comfortably. (See Get tysburg, page 141.) About five miles above Harrisburg tha railroad crosses the Susquehanna on a splendid bridge 3,670 feet long, the view obtained from the centre of the bridge being one of the finest on the line. The Cove Mountain and Peter's Mountain are seen near Cove Station, 10 miles west of Harrisburg. From this point to within a short distance of Pittsburg the scenery ia superb, and in places grand beyond description. Biuicaiutaa (122 miles) is the point of departure for the Juniata Valley, which is followed for about 100 miles to the base of the Allcghanies. Here are situated very extensive iron-works. T___.e Jfainiata. — This beautiful river, whose course is closely followed so many miles by the Pennsylvania Central Railroad and Canal, rises in the south central part of the Keystone State, and, flowing eastward, falls into the Susque hanna about 14 miles above Harrisburg. The landscape of the Juniata is in the highest degree picturesque, aud many romantic summer haunta will be found among ita valleys ; though at present very little tarry ia made in the region, from ita attractions being little known, and the comforts of the traveller being as yet but inadequately provided for. The mountain background, as we look continually across the river from the cars, is often strikingly bold and beautiful. The little Juniata, which with the Franks- town branch forma the main river, ia a stream of wild, romantic beauty. The entire length of the Juniata, including its branches, is estimated at nearly 150 miles, and its entire course is through a region of mountaina in which iron-ore is abun dant, and of fertile limestone valleys. The Raystown Branch, which rises in the southwest part of Bedford County, enters the Juniata near Huntingdon. Newport (135 miles) is located at the confluence of the Little Buffalo Creek with the Juniata. Five miles farther ou ia Millerstown, near the confines of Perry County. The passage of the Juniata through the Great Tuscaroia Mountain, one mile west of this station, is worthj of notice. From the point of Law's Ridge, along the face of which the line runs weat ot Perrysville, a fine view of Mifflin ia ob tained. Mifflin (156 milea), the county seat of Juniata County, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the Juniata. It ia a flourishing place, and ia four milea east of the wild spot known as the "Long Narrows." ILewislowi! (168 miles) is the best point from which to visit the Juniata. It is at the outlet of the valley of Kishi- coquillas, once the camping-ground of Logan, the Indian chief. The National Hotel has good accommodation. Mifflin and Centre County Branch connects here. Mount Union Station (193 miles) is at the entrance of the gap of Jack's Mountain. Three miles beyond is the famous Sidling Hill, and still west the Broad Top Mountain. SSnmtimgtlon (204 miles)— Exchange Hotel — is a place of some an tiquity, having been laid out previous to the Revolution. It was named after the Countess of Huntingdon. This is another good point from which to aee the beauties of the Juniata. The Huntingdon and Broad Top Railway to Broad Top Moun tain (24 miles), and Mount Dallas (44 miles), joins the main line here. From Mount Dallas to Bedford Springs by cars, six miles. __Bec_.-fi_Hi.tll Springs, located one mile from the village of Bedford, on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, and reached by the route above indicated, ia an attractive place for invalid summer resort. The water contains carbonic acid, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, and muriate of soda. Excellent hotel accommodation for visitors. At _Peter__!>ii_rg', seven miles weat of Huntingdon, the railroad parts company with the canal, and follows the Little Juniata, which it again leaves at Tyrone City. Tyrone City (224 miles)— Ward House — at the mouth of Little Bald Eagle Creek, is famoua for ita manufactures of iron. The line heie enters Tuckahoe Valley, noted for its iron-ore. A branch (Bald Eagle) road extends 81 milea, 121 Altoona.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Rlairsvu.'-.. through Bellefonte and Lock Haven. At Lock Haven (55 miles) it connects with the Philadelphia and Erie Railway to Wil- liamsport. The Tyrone and Clearfield branch alao extenda 24 milea to Phillips burg, and to Clearfield, 43 miles. Altoona (239 miles), at the head of Tuckahoe valley, and at the foot of the Alleghanies, is important to every trav eller, as the best point at which to make a short stay, aa well for refreahment aa for observation. No tourist should be willing to pass through this region ex cept by daylight, so as not to miss the views in crossing the mountains, deacribed below. The Logan House has complete accom modation for 500 guests. The workshops of the railway company are the most extensive in the State. In 1856 the town contained but one log house. It has now a population of nearly 11,000. A branch road extends eight miles to Hollidaysburg, whence stages run to Bedford Springs, 27 miles. Tbc Alleghanies. — At Altoona the western-bound traveller commences the ascent of the Alleghanies. In the course of the next 1 1 miles some of the finest views and the greatest feats of engineering skill on the entire line are to be seen. Within thia diatance the road mounta to the tunnel at the aummit by so steep a grade that, while in the ascent double power is required to move the train, the entire 11 milea of deacent are run without steam, the speed of the train being regulated by the "breaks." At one point there ia a curve as short as the letter U, and that too where the grade is so ateep that in looking across from side to side of the curve it seema that, were the tracka to be laid contiguoua to each other, they would form a letter X. The road huge the aide of the mountains ; and from the windows next to the valley the traveller can look down on houses and trees dwarfed to toys, while men and animala seem like anta from the great elevation. Going we8t, the left-hand, and, going east, the right-hand aide of the cara is the beat to enjoy the acenery. The aummit of the mountain ia pierced by a tunnel 3,670 feet long, through which the train passes before commencing to descend the western slope. 122 Grallitzin (250 milea), the first sta tion after passing through the tunnel, ia named after a Ruseian prince who settled at Rosetta, Cambria County, in 1789. Cresson Springs (253 miles), on the summit of the Alleghanies, is a pleasant summer resort. The village is 3,000 feet above sea-level, and is much esteemed by invalids for the purity of ita air. The hotels and cottages have ac commodation for upward of 2,000 per sons. The Mountain House is well kept In descending the mountain from this point the remains of another railroad are constantly seen, sometimea above and sometimea below the track. This old road was merely a system of inclined planes by which loaded canal-boats were carried over the mountain, the boats be ing built in sections which were separated at the foot of the mountains and joined together again after making the portage. The stream, which is almost constantly in sight during the descent, ia the Cone- maugh, which ia crossed by a stone via duct at Horseshoe Bend, near Conemaugh Station (274 miles), the terminus of the mountain division of the road. From Cresson Springs there is a branch to Ebdensburg (12 miles), the county town of Cambria, and a place of note. Johnstown (277 miles), at the junction of Stony Creek with Conemaugh River, commands some attractive scenery The Cambria Iron- 1 Vorks, seen to the righ ; of the road, are among the most exten sive in the country. This is one of the most thriving towns in the State, num bering now (1873,) 6,000 inhabitants. Ii has several fine churches. The Scott and Foster Hotels are the beat. Juat beyond, the road takes leave of the Conemaugh, after following its course' fifty milea from the slope of the Alleghanies. ESlaireville Intersection (301 miles) is where the branches to Blairsville (3 miles) and to Indiana (19 miles), and from Blairsville to Alleghany City (64 miles), diverge. One mile east of the sta tion is the celebrated cutting in the Saddle Rock mountain. From this point the Central forks and runs by the two in dependent routes to Alleghany and Pitts burg. The north branch follows the course of the Conemaugh and Kiskimin- etaa to their junotion with the Alleghany Greensburg.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Pittsburg. River, which it crosses, and, keeping closely on its western side, unites again with the southern branch at Alleghany City. The southern branch goes to Greensburg, through Latrobe, and from it, via Brinton'a and Wilkinsburg, entera Pittsburg. On the south branch the road passes Qrecnsburg, 324 miles from Philadelphia and 31 from Pittaburg, ia the county Beat of Weatmoreland County, and a thriving trading-point. Linea of stages connect it with neighboring towns in Pennaylvania and Maryland. In the yard of the Presbyterian Church, seen as you enter the town, is a monument to Major-General Arthur St. Clair, a British officer in charge of Fort Legonier at the close of the French War. Penn Station and Manor, a short distance weat of Greenaburg, are interesting as having formed part of the Penn estate. Brinton's (343 miles). Here the Connellsville branch joins the main line. Braddoek's Field, the battle-ground on which General Braddock was defeated by the French and Indiana (July 9, 1755), is in the neighborhood, nine milea from Pittsburg. The point where Braddoek's army croaaed the river in their march ou Fort Du Quesne is seen to the left of the line west of Brinton'a. Wil-kinsttu-rg (7 milea eaat of Pittsburg), a thriving town of 1,000 in habitants, having a number of stores and good hotel accommodations. The north branch passes Saltzburg, Kiskiminetaa, Leechburg, and crossea the Alleghany at Freeport, running thence along the river to Alleghany City. The Meadville Railroad keeps on the east side, so the traveller haa the option of landing either at Pittsburg or Alleghany. Over either route he passes over a country most beautiful and picturesque. Saltsl>urg, on thia route, ia a place of consequence, growing rapidly, and an important station on the road. Ki-iliiminetas is a thriving town of 2,500, situated on the river of the same name. Iieecl-fhnrg. and Freeport are small placea, but important depots on the route. The only other places necessary to mention are the small villages of Vernon, on the east, and Sharpsburg, ou the west side of the river. _Pittsl>nrg (355 milea). Hotels, the Monongahela House, Union Depot, St. Charles, and Merchants' Hotel. Pittsburg is at the head of the Ohio River, at the confluence of the Alleghany and the Monongahela. It ia aituated in a diatrict extremely rich in mineral wealth, and the enterpriae of the people haa been directed to the development of ita re- aources, with au energy and auccesa sel dom paralleled. The city of Pittsburg also enjoys, from its aituation, admirable commercial facilitiea, and has become the centre of an extensive commerce with the Western States ; while ita vicinity to in- exhauatible iron and coal minea has raised it to great and merited distinction as a manufacturing place. The internal reve nue returns show that the amount of cap ital invested at this point amounts to over $200,000,000. The city was laid out in 1765, on the site of Fort Du Quesne, subsequently changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of Eng land's prime minister, William Pitt. The city charter was granted in 1816. Pitta burg is connected with the left bank of the Monongahela by two bridgea, 1,500 feet long, which were erected at a coat of $102,000. Five excellent bridges cross the Alleghany River, connecting Pitts burg with Alleghany City. It is usual to speak of extensive manufactories aa being in Pittaburg, though they are not all within the limita of the city proper, but are distributed over a circle of five miles' radius from the Court-House on Grant's Hill. Thia apace includes the citiea of Pittsburg and Alleghany, the borougha of Birmingham and Lawreneeville, and a number of town3 and villages, the manu facturing establishments in which have their warehouses in Pittsburg, and may consequently be deemed, from the close connection of the general interests and business operations, a part of the city. The stranger in Pittsburg will derive both pleasure and instruction by a viait to aome of ita great manufacturing eatab- lishments, particularly those of glass and iron. The immense extent of these manufac tures, and of the coal and oil trade of the city, can be realized when it becomes 123 Pittsburg.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Pittsburg known that actual meaaurement shows that, in the limita of what is known throughout the country as Pittsburg, there are thirty -five miles of manufactories of iron, of glasa, of steel, of copper, of oil, of woods, of cotton, and of brass, alone, not to include manufactories in other mate rials, nor including any of less grade than manufactories of chains in iron, or ploughs in wood. A measurement of the ground also showa that these thirty-five miles of factories are so closely contigu ous that, were they placed iu a single row, each factory would have but about 400 feet of front space for its workings. These factories are 475 in number. At the present time the coal-trade of the city amounts to about $10,000,000 annually, and there are in the vicinity of Pittsburg 103 coUeries, the value of whose lands, houses, improvements, cars, etc., amount to about $11,000,000. Oil is another great staple, and there are in Pittsburg fifty-eight refineries, in which is invested a capital of nearly $8,000,000 in buildings and machinery, and, in the tanks and barges necessary to the carrying on of the business, nearly $6,000,000 more. The oil-trade of the city for the five years from January, 1SG3, to January, 1868, amounted to about $56,000,000, or an average of about $11,000,000 annually. During those five years the entire exportation of petroleum from the United States was 217,948,692 gallons, and the shipments east from Pittsburg was 132,396,179 gallons, show ing that Pittsburg supplied over sixty per cent, of the whole foreign exportation of petroleum in the period cited. As nearly as can be ascertained, one- half of the glass factories of the United States are located at Pittsburg, where there are forty firms engaged in the man ufacture of glass, who run sixty factories producing the various descriptions of green, window, flint, and lime glass, em ploying over four thousand workmen, and producing between four and five millions' worth of glass. In iron and steel Pittsburg claims and maintains to be the great market of the country. The exact money market of this great trade has always been difficult to arrive at. Much of the iron is shipped by Tail to various points, and much by 124 river. By figures we have at command of the shipments of plate, bar, sheet, and rod iron and steel from Pittsburg in the year 1865, it would seem that there were exported, by rail alone, to twenty-four different States, over 143,000 tons, and 180,000 kegs of nails to twenty different States — these railroad exportations, it must not be forgotten, are not probably half the manufacture — that of castings there were shipped by rail alone 5,143,008 pounds in 1864 to twenty-two different States, and that by one railroad alone there were received, in 1861, into the city, 1 07,000 tons of pig-iron and blooms, ex clusive of the yield of six or eight fur naces running in the city of Pittsburg, and the imports by river and other rail roads. It is estimated that, of shipments made from Pittsburg, at least as much ia sent by river as by rail. There are over thirty iron-rolling mills in Pittsburg, six steel-mills, and between fifty and sixty iron-founderies. These figures but feebly indicate the full extent of the great iron and steel trade of the city, which has greatly increaaed since the yeara to which the above figures apply, and ia expand ing year by year. The American Iron- Works of Jones and Laughlina' cover seventeen acres of ground, giving employment to 2,500 hands, and contain twenty-five engines, aggregating 2,750 horse-power. The works contain a machine-shop ; a nail- factory 166 feet by 65, two stories in height ; a blacksmith-shop, 40 by 75 feet, containing eight fires ; a 600-pound steam- hammer, and other mechanical necessa ries ; a foundery 125 feet by 85 feet, with an air-furnace and two cupolas, having a melting capacity of fifty tons, in which foundery all the machinery for the works are cast ; a pattern and carpenter-shop 40 feet by 140, and two rolling-mills, one 280 feet by 130, and the other 325 feet by 185. There is also a spike, bolt, and nut factory 50 feet by 125 ; also an an nealing-house, 60 by 20 feet, for sheet- iron; also a store-house, 375 feet by 30. There also several blast-furnaees attached to the works, located on the opposite side of the river. The -city proper has a population of 86,000, and including its suburban Pittsburg.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Pittsburg. towns, which in 1871 were incorpo rated with it, the number wiU fall little short of 180,000. The city is divided into 22 wards, and contains 173 church edifices, among which are several of large size, surmounted by lofty spires. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Paul, at the corner of Fifth and Grant Streets, is an imposing edifice of brick, with a fine tower. The First and Third Presby terian and the First Baptist Church, are also handsome structures. The Court- House, facing the cathedral, is a solid stone edifice, surmounted by a dome. The Custom-House and Post-Office is a commodious stone building, and there are several large and substantial public school-houses. The Mercantile Library Hall, costing over $250,000, and the new City Hall, costing $750,000, are nearly completed. But the iron-rolling mills, oil-refineries, and other extensive manu factories in the vicinity, constitute the absorbing interest and most character istic feature of the, town. In the vicinity of the city proper there are four ceme teries. They are named and located as follows, viz.: Alleghany Cemetery, adjoin ing Lawrenceville ; St. Mary's Cemetery, on Greensburg Pike ; Hilldale Cemetery, adjoining Alleghany City; and Mount Union Cemetery, adjoining Manchester, in McClure township. The street-cars connect the city proper with all objects worth visiting in the suburbs. Pittsburg has direct railway communication with the principal cities East and West by means of the Pennsylvania Central; Pittsburg, Columbus, and Cincinnati; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Rail ways, and with Lake Erie by the Pitts burg and Cleveland and Pittsburg and Erie Railways. The Alleghany Valley Railway to Kittanning (44 miles) ; and Mahoning (55 miles) ; Franklin (123 miles) ; and Oil City (131 miles); and the Pittsburg and Connellsville Railway to Connellsvifle (57 miles), and to Uniontown (72 miles), also diverge here. Boats daily up and down the Ohio River during the season of navi gation. There are several places in the vicinity of Pittsburg which, as they may be considered parts of one great manu facturing and commercial city, are en titled to notice here. Alleghany City, opposite to Pittsburg, on the west side of the Alleghany River, ia the moat im portant of them. The elegant residences of many persons doing business in Pitts burg may be seen here, occupying com manding situations. It had a population in 1870 of 53,180. Here is located the Western Theological Seminary of the Pres byterian Church, an institution found ed by the General Assembly in 1825, and established in this town in 1827. Situated on a lofty, insulated ridge, 100 feet above the Alleghany, it affords a magnificent prospect. The Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church, established in 1826, and the Alleghany Theological Institute, organized 1840 by the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, are also located here. The Western Penitentiary is an immense building, in the ancient Norman style, situated on the "common" of Al leghany City. It was completed in 1827, at a cost of $183,000. The UnitcdStates Arsenal is located on the left bank of the Alleghany River, within the city limits. Birmingham is another considerable suburb of Pittsburg, lying about a mile from the centre of the city, on the south side of the Monongahela, and connected with Pittsburg by a bridge, 1,500 feet long, and by a ferry. It has important manufactories of glass and iron. Manchester, now a part of Alleghany, is two miles below Pittsburg, on the Ohio. Here is located the House of Refuge, in corporated in 1850. The Passionist Mon astery is near here. The United States Marine Hospital is yet below. East Liberty, five miles from Pittsburg, on the line of the Central Railroad, ia a thriving suburb, containing aome fine res idences, and affording a delightful drive to and from the city. The capacious edifice of the Western Pennsylvania Hos pital, erected in 1860, at Dixmount, is seen in approaching the city on the Pitts burg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railroad. ROUTE II. PHILADELPHIA TO READING, POTTS- VILLE, AND WILLIAMSPORT. Via Philadelphia & Reading, and Catawissa Railways. Stations. — Philadelphia and Reading R. R., Philadelphia: Manayunk, 7 milea; 125 Routes.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Reading Conshohocken, 14 ; Norristown, 17 (Con nects with Philadelphia, Germantown & Norristown, and Chester Valley Railways) Port Kennedy, 21 ; Perkiomen June, 25 (connects with Perkiomen Railway to Swenkville) ; Phcenixville, 27 ; Royer's Bridge, 32 ; Limerick, 34 ; Pottstown, 40 (connecta with Colebrookdale Rail way to Mt. Pleasant, 13 miles) ; Douglas- ville, 44 ; Birdsboro', 48 (connects with Wilmington and Birdsboro' Railway); Reading, 58 (connects with Lebanon Val ley Branch, Columbia and Reading Rail way, Lancaster and Reading Branch, and E. Penn. Railways). Leesport, 66; Mohrsville, 68 ; Hamburg, 75 ; Port Clin ton, 78 (connects with Little Schuyl kill, and Catawissa Railways). Auburn, 83 (connects with Schuylkill & Susque hanna Railway). Landingville, 86 ; Schuyl kill Haven, 89 (connects with Mine Hill & Schuylkill Haven Railway). Pottsville, 93 (connects with Port Carbon and Schuylkill Valley Railways). Catawissa Railway : Port Clinton, 78 ; Tamaqua, 98 ; E. Mahanoy Junction, 102 (connecta with Schuylkill Railway). Quakake, 106 (connects with Lehigh Valley Railway). Summit, 109 ; Girard, 113; Mahanoy, 117; Ringtown, 122; Beaver, 129; McAuley, 135; Mainville, 138; Catawissa, 145; Rupert, 147 (con- nects with Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railway). Danville, 154 ; Mooresburg, 160; Milton, 170 (connects with Philadel phia & Erie Railway). Watsontown, 175 ; Dewart, 177 ; Montgomery, 181 ; Muncy, 185; Williamsport, 187 (connects with Northern Central Railway). The passenger station in Philadelphia is at the corner of Callowhill and Broad Streets. The Philadelphia and Reading road runs through the valley of the Schuylkill, a distance of 58 miles to Reading, and thence 35 miles to Potts ville, and connects the great anthracite coal-fields with tide-water. It was opened in 1842, and haa cost upward of $16,000,000. It has aeveral tunnela and numerous fine bridges. In leaving the city by this line, the fine atone bridge over the Schuylkill is crossed in full view of Laurel Hill, Fairmount Park, and other objects of interest al ready noticed in our sketches of the vi cinity of Philadelphia. 126 W orristown (17 miles) is the cap. ital of Montgomery County, and haa a pop. ulation of about 1 1 ,000. The town ia neatly and substantially built, and is especially noted for its Court-house, which is built of a light-gray marble. The town con tains 11 churches, three boarding-schools, 14 factories, mills, etc., the county prison, and supporta four newspapers. It is the eastern terminus of the Cheater Valley Railway. Valley Forge (23 miles) is mem orable as the headquarters of General Washington during the winter of 1777. The building he occupied is still standing near the railroad, whence it can be seen. -Phoenix-vine (27 miles) is noted for its rolling-mill and furnaces, supposed to be the largest in the Union. It haa a population of over 7,000. Within the township limita are minea of copper and iron. Near here the railroad paasea through a tunnel nearly 2,000 feet in length. It waa here that the iron for the dome of the Capitol at Waahington waa made. _Pottstotrn (40 miles) is prettily situated dn the left bank of the Schuyl kill, It was incorporated in 1815, and has a population of 6,000. The houses, which are built principally upon one broad street, are surrounded by fine gar dens and elegant shade-trees. The scenery of the surrounding hills is very fine, es pecially in the fall of the year, when the foliage is tinged with a variety of rich autumnal tints. The Reading Railroad passes through one of its streets, and crosses the Manatawny on a lattice bridge, 1,071 feet in length. Steading (58 milea) ia the third city in the State in manufactures, and the fourth in population. It was founded iu 1748 by William and Richard Penn. The plain on which Reading is built rises gradually from the Schuylkill River, and is enclosed on the East by Penn's Mount, which is several hundred feet high, and forms a part of the South Mountains. Among the most striking buildings in the city is the Court-house, a splendid build ing, 200 by 220 feet, with a portico, sup ported by six columns of red sandstone. The Episcopal Church, on North Fifth Street, is budt of sandstone, and has a steeple 180 feet high. This church is Hamburg.] considered one of the handsomest in the State. The German Lutheran is also a beautiful church, with a spire of 210 feet. The immense furnaces, mills, railroad- shops, etc., at this point give employment to more than 1,200 men. The capital em ployed is over $3,000,000, and the annual value of the manufacturea exceeda $18,- 000,000. The principal placea of interest in the vicinity of Reading are: The' Mineral Spring, one mile and a half to the east ; Andalusia Hall, one mile north, where there are fine accommodations for board ers, and the W/iite-House Hotel, a mile and a half to the southeast, and about 300 feet above the river. While Spot ou Penn's Mount, 1,000 feet above the river, is famed for its view. There are numer ous hotels in Reading, the leading one being the Mansion House, one of the best kept in the State. The population is but h. trifle over 34,000. The Lebanon Valley, Reading and Columbia, and East Pennsylvania Railroads connect here. IKainburg (75 miles) is at the foot of the Blue Mountain. Port Clinton (78 miles) is a pleasant place, at the mouth of the Little Schuylkill. This is the point of junction with the Little Schuylkill and Catawissa roads. Auburn (83 miles) is the connec tion of the Schuylkill and Susquehanna PENNSYLVANIA. [WlLLIAMSPORT. Schuylkill SSavera (89 miles), on the banks of the Schuylkill, is in the midst of a very interesting landscape re gion. The Mine HiU branch road (dis tance 24 miles) comes in here from the great coal-district. Pottsville (93 miles) is the ter minus of the Philadelphia and Reading route. It is upon the edge of the great coal -basin, in the gap by which the Schuylkill breaks through Sharp's Moun tain. The annual yield of the Schuyl kill coal-field is between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 tons. This enormous product annually reaches market through the Read ing Railway and Schuylkill Navigation Companies' fines. The city, commenced in 1825, has already a population of 1 1,000. The Cathedral, Town-Hall, and Jail, are worthy of notice. The mountains which surround Pottsville are too rugged and sterile for cultivation, and the town relies for its prosperity upon the mineral wealth in the vicinity. The Port Carbon and Schuylkill Valley railways connect at this point. To pursue his journey over the wild and attractive Catawissa Route, the trav eller will retrace his way to Port Clin ton, 12 miles, or take the Schuylkill Val ley road to Tamaqua, 17£ miles. . Tamaqua (98 miles) is beautifully situated on the Little Schuylkill, in the midst of a rich coal-region. The popula tion is over 5,000. IE. Mahanoy Junction (102 milea) is the point of intersection with the Schuylkill Railway. Qnakake (106 miles) is the junc tion of the Lehigh Valley Railway. Catawissa (145 milea) is iu the midst of a varied and beautiful scenery, and the views from the surrounding hill tops are superb. The Susquehanna is a good hotel. The Lackawanna and Blooms burg Railway intersects the Catawissa road at Rupert, two miles west of this place. Danville (154 miles) has a popula tion of between 8,000 and 10,000, and, be ing surrounded by mines of iron and coal possesses unrivalled advantages for the manufacture of iron. The Montour Irou-Worka are noted for their railroad iron. The Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railway connects this place with Wilkes- barre and Scranton. Milton (170 miles) is the largest town in Northumberland County. It is the junction of the road with the Phila delphia and Erie Railway, the track of which it followa to Williamaport. Wiliiamsport (197 miles) is tho principal town on the west bank cf the Susquehanna River. It is the capital of Lycoming County, is handsomely laid out, and contains a number of fine build ings. The population, according to the census of 1870, was 16,030, and the city itself is ranked as one of the great buaineaa centrea of the State. It ia espe cially noted for ita lumber manufactories, which are about fifty in number. Thirty of these are saw-mills, with an aggregate annual capacity of 225,000,000 feet of lumber. The great boom in the Susque hanna at this point will hold 300,000,000 127 Routes.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Renovo, feet of lumber at one time. Within two miles of the city are fine quarries of black marble, said to be almoat inexhaustible, and the only quarries in the Middle, Western, or Southwestern States. The Dickinson Seminary is a noted educational institution. Among the hotels the Herdic House, the City Hotel, and the American Hotel, rank as first class. The Northern Central. Railway (see page 140), aud the Philadelphia and Erie, pass through this place. RO UTE III. FROM PHILADELPHIA TO ERIE AND TIIE OIL REGIONS, AND ACROSS NORTHWEST CORNER OF PENN SYLVANIA. Via Philadelplda and Erie Railway, Atlantic and Great Western Railway, Lake Shore Railway, and their connections. This road properly commences at Sun- bury, and was originally known as the Sunbury and Erie Railway. Passengers by this route pasa over the Pennsylvania Railway to Harrisburg, and thence to Sunbury over the Northern Central Rail way. In the following list of atations the distances given are from Philadelphia : Sunbury, 163 miles (connects with Northern Central and Shamokin Rail ways); Northumberland, 165 (connecta with Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Rail way) ; Lewiaburg, 172 ; Catawiaaa Junc tion, 175 ; Milton, 176 (connecta with Cattawiasa Railway) ; Wataontown, 180; Dewart, 183; Montgomery, 187; Muney, 191 ; Williameport, 203 ; Newberry, 205 ; Linden, 208; Jeraey Shore, 215 ; Wayne, 223 ; Lock Haven, 228 (connecta with Bald Eagle Valley Railway) ; Whetham, 243; Renovo, 255; Keating, 267; Sin- nemahoning, 280 ; Driftwood, 283 ; Ster ling, 292 ; Cameron, 296 ; Emporium, 301 ; St. Mary's, 323 ; Ridgeway, 332 ; Wilcox, 347 ; Kane, 356 ; Wetmore, 361 ; Sheffield, 371; Pattonia, 378; Warren, 385 ; Irvineton, 390 (connects with Oil Creek and Alleghany Railway) ; Youngs- ville, 393 ; Pittsfleld, 396 ; Garland, 400 ; Spring Creek, 406 ; Columbua, 411 ; Corry, 413 (connecta with Atlantic and Great Western, Cross Cut, and Oil Creek Rail ways) ; Lovell's, 417 ; Concord, 419 ; Union, 424 ; Waterford, 432 ; Jackson's, 128 438 ; Erie, 451 (connects with all roads passing through or terminating at Erie). In the following description only the principal stationa will be mentioned : Sunbury (163 miles) is pleasantly located on the east bank of the Susque hanna, and is the point of intersection of the Philadelphia and Erie, the Nortliern Central, and the Shamokin Railways. No_rt-__un_.berlan.4l. — The west branch of the Suaquehanna unitea two milea above Sunbury with the main or north arm ; and the village, the "pleaaant- est of all the region round, is built upon the point formed by the confluence of the two waters. The quiet, cultivated air of Northumberland, and ita excellent hotel ( Central) will attract the not over-hurried traveller. From this point to Williams- port the river scenery is very fine. A pleasant detour may be made from this point over the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railway to the Wyoming valley. Milton (176 miles). Junction with Catawissa Railway. (See page 127.) Williamsport (203 miles) haa already been deacribed. (See page 127.) JLocM-iaven (228 miles) is one of the great centres of the lumber-trade, the annual amount of logs received in the boom on the West Susquehanna at this point being about 400,000,000 feet, which, when standing, covered about 100 square miles. The scenery in the vicinity is deacribed aa charming. In the town are many handaome reaidences, and three good hotela : the Fulton House, the Irvin House, and the Montour House. The population is between 6,000 aud 8,000. Besides the Philadelphia and Erie and the Bald Eagle Valley Railroads, the town is connected with the " Bald Eagle Crosa Cut," a feeder of the Pennsylvania Canal. ____.cno'vo (255 miles) is a creation of the railroad. It is situated in a beautiful valley, surrounded by mountains. The air of the place ia exceedingly healthy, and it is said that a fog is an unheard-of thing. This valley combines in itself beauty, healthy location, fertility, and fine trout-fishing. The construction-shops and founderies of the railroad company are located here, while in the vicinity are five fine veins of bituminoua coal. The Cameron.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Irvinetos, population, now about 1,500, ia rapidly increaaing. Cameron (298 miles) is a small village, with a large hotel, and is owned by the Cameron Coal Company. This company own, and are now working, several veins of rich bituminous coal, which is particularly suitable for the generation of gas. For the next forty mile3 the road passes through what, until its construction, was an unknown land, evon to ita neareat neighbora — a favorite refuge of outlawed crimiivala. It is the section of country known as the " Great Horseshoe of the Alleghany," which in ita circuitoua and rocky course encompassed and isolated it. The railroad has now changed all thia, and ita mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming known and developed. EZmporiura (301 miles) ia an en tirely new town, having sprung from the merest village into existence aa a town aince 1863. It is the county-seat of Cam eron County, and ia rapidly growing. It is situated in the narrow valley of the Driftwater, a tributary of the Susque hanna, the sides of which rise abruptly from 700 to 1,000 feet. This place haa been built up and aupported chiefly by ita large lumber interest. The vicinity is abundant in salt water, and in one well which has been bored the water waa found equal to the best Salina water. It is therefore probable that the salt manu factures will become leading features of the region. St. Mary's (323 miles) is sur rounded by numerous veins of the richest bituminous coal, which are being worked by energetic companies. There are alao veins of iron-ore and fire-clay, and an abundance of fine timber. There are two religious houses here : St. Mary'3 Convent of Benedictine Nuns, and St. Mary's Pri ory, a Benedictine monastery. The con vent ia the oldeat of the order iu the United Statea, and ia called the " Mother House." The hotels at St. Mary's are the Alpine House, the St. Mary's, the Luhr House, and the Franklin House. Kijlgeway (332 miles) was laid out ia 1843, and ia a small but prosperous town. It is built on both sides of Clarion River, iu a picturesque location. The large hemlock-forests iu the vicinity will . probably cause it to become the site of numerous tanneries. As throughout all this region, there are fine veins of bitu minous coal. Population, 1,000. Hotel: The Hyde House. Wilcox (347 miles) is noted as the site of the largest tannery in the world. Hotel : The Wilcox House. Kane (356 miles) is where the road leaves the " unknown land," or " Wild cat Country." It is situated on what ia called the Big Level, an undulating table land four to eight milea in width, and 50 to 60 in length, from northeaat to south- weat, forming the boundary from north to aouth of the great coal and oil region of Northwestern Pennsylvania. Kane ia at the narrowest point in this level, and is the summit whence trains deacend by heavy gradea to Lake Erie and to the Atlantic. It is designed to make this one of the principal places on the road A fine hotel, repair, and locomotive shops, are now in operation. In view of the fu ture prosperity of the place, and ita be coming a popular summer resort, exten sive hotel parks have been laid out, and also a public park of 600 acres. By the terms of the deeds conveying these parks, the original forest-trees are never to be cut down, nor can the land ever be de voted to any other purpose. The hotel has accommodations for from 300 to 400 guests. Sheffield (371 miles) is noted for its immense tannery. Warren (385 miles), on the Alle ghany River at ita junction with the Cone- wango, ia one of the handaomest towns in the State, having wide rectangular streets. It contains the Warren County buildings, an academy, and, as both riven- are navigable, it has an extensive boa\ trade. It is the site of extensive tanner. iea, has an abundance of light aandstone for building-purposes, and lies betweea the coal and iron, and the oil regions of Pennaylvania, having communication with both. The Dunkirk, Warren, and Pitta burg Railway paeses through this place. Irviiieton (390 miles) is the junc tion of the Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railway, formerly Warren and Franklin Railroad, which leads directly into the oil regions; described under the head " Oil Regions," at the end of this route. 129 CORRY.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Meadville Corry (413 miles) is the junction of the Philadelphia and Erie, Atlantic and Great Western, and Buffalo, Corry, and Pittsburg Railways. It came into exist ence as the result of the discovery of oil, the first building ever erected there being a small eating-house, in August, 1861. It promisea to become an important manu facturing town and railroad centre. Erie (451 milea) opposite Preaque Island, formerly a peninaula, is the Lake Erie terminus of the road. It is a flour ishing place, with a large trade, and pos sesses a fine land-locked harbor 3£ miles in length, and one in width, with a depth of water varying from 9 to 25 feet. This is one of the United States naval stations. The population is about 20,000. It con tains a fine court houae, an academy, sev eral hotels, and twelve churches. The Erie Extension Canal connecta the city with the Ohio River and Beaver Canal, and afforda a fine water-power, which ia uaed for a number of manufactories. Within a few years it has become one of the principal places for working Lake Superior iron, and haa extensive rolling- mills. It is supplied with water which is forced by powerful engines to the top of a tower over 200 feet high, whence it ia distributed by mains. The pressure is so great that, by affixing a pipe to one of the street fire-hydrants, water can be thrown over any building in the city. It was from Erie that Perry's fleet sailed on the occasion of his memorable victory. The Erie and Pittsburg Railway and the Lake S/iore Railway connect with the Philadel phia and Erie at this point. The Reid House is the principal hotel. It is hand some, large, and well kept. NEW YOKE TO OniO. Via Lake Shore Railway. This road passes along the southern shore of Lake Erie from Buffalo, N. Y., to Toledo, Ohio, crossing Pennsylvania. The stations in New York were not mentioned in the chapter on that State, as the only two of importance, Buffalo and Dunkirk, were described, the former in Route V. of New York, and the latter in Route VII. of New York. The only atation of note in Pennsylvania is Erie, which is described above. (For the re- 130 mainder of this road, see Hand-Book, Western Tour, Route II.) NEW TOBK TO OHIO. Via Atlantic & Great Western Division of Erie Railway. This great line extends from the city of New York to Cincinnati, Ohio, crossing the northwestern corner of the State of Pennsylvania. The portion in New Yoik has been deacribed in Route VII. of New York. The stations given below are those from the junction with the Erie Railway, to the Ohio State line. The distances given are from the New York City. Stations. — Salamanca, 41 5 miles; Red House, 420 ; Steamburg, 425 ; Randolph, 431 ; Kennedy, 438 ; Jamestown, 448 ; Ashville, 454 ; Panama, 458 ; Freehold, 465; Columbus, 471; Corry, 474 (con necta with Philadelphia and Erie, and Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railwaya) ; Union, 486; Mill Village, 493; Miller's, 498 ; Cambridge, 502 ; Venango, 505 ; Sasgertown, 510; Meadville, 516 (Junc tion of Franklin and Oil City Branch); Sutton's, 524 ; Evansburg, 529 ; Adama- ville, 534 ; Greeneville, 542 ; Clarkaville, 548 (connecta with Erie and Pittsburg Railway). Salamanca (415 miles) ia the junction with the Erie Railway (for de scription, see New York, Route VII.). Jamestown, N. "ST. (448 miles), ia at the outlet of Chautauque Lake, upon which there is a small steamer which runs to Maysville, 21 miles dis tant. The lake furnishes water-power for several mills, manufactories, etc. The population is between 3,000 and 4,000. This is a popular summer resort. Freehold (465 miles) is the first station in Pennsylvania, and ia on the north boundary of the State, 15 miles from Warren. Population, 2,000. Corry (474 miles) connects with Philadelphia & Erie and Alleghany River Railways. Venango (505 miles) is on French Creek, along the banks of which are sev- eral of the principal wells in the oil re gion. Meadville (516 miles) is a flourish ing city, and the centre of a large trade with the oil region. It is one of the Clakksville.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Oil Creek. oldest towns west of the Alleghanies. It lies on the west bank of French Creek, at one time called Venango River. It is the seat of Alleghany College, founded in 1816, and of the Western Theological Siminary, founded in 1844. Among the more prominent edifices are eeveral churches, a State arsenal, and an acad emy The Franklin and Oil City Branch road to Reno and Oil City, 36 miles, comes in here. The McHenry House ia the leading hotel, and ia well kept. Popu lation, 7,000. Glarksvillc (546 miles) is the junction with the Erie and Pittsburg Rail way, and ia the laat station in Pennsyl vania. (For continuation of this Une, see Ohio, in Western Tour.) OIL REGIONS. The Warren and Franklin Railway, now consolidated with the Farmer's and Oil Creek Railway to form the Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railway, was not opened until 1866, previous to which time access to this region was only had from the North by way of Corry. The routea at present are : From New York via Atlantic and Great Western to Corry and Meadville: From Philadel phia via Philadelphia and Erie to Irvine- ton, or to Corry : From Pittsburg via Alle- ghany Valley Railway to Franklin, Reno, and Venango City, connecting at Frank lin with the Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railway. The most celebrated oil-wells, aa yet diacovered and operated on the American Continent, arc located in the western part of Pennsylvania, principally in Venango, Crawford, and Warren Counties. ' ©il Creelf, which has become celebrated as the site of the richest oil- producing region of the continent at the present day, is a tortous mountain-stream, taking its rise iu the northern part of the State of Pennsylvania, near the south line of Erie County, and, with its tribu taries, waters Crawford and Warren Counties, and, after a course of about thirty miles through these counties, empties into the Alleghany River, seven miles above the town of Franklin. The valley through which Oil Creek takes its course ia narrow, and flanked on each side by high and rugged hills, on the top of which are broad fields of excellent farming-land. The scenery on Oil Creek at one time, no doubt, waB quite pictu resque; but now the bottom-lands are dotted with tall derricks, wooden engine- houses, and iron smoke-stacks. Petroleum, under the name of " Seneca oil" — so called from the tribe of Indiana of that name who once inhabited the country — became early of great impor tance to the settlers, both as a medicine and for burning and lubricating pur poses. The greater portion of the oil was obtained from two natural springs. One of these was in the immediate neigh borhood of Titusville, on the lands now owned by the " Watson Petroleum Com pany" of New York, and on the spot where now standB the old "Drake Well." The other spring was on the farm of Hamilton McClintock, within four milea of the mouth of Oil Creek. During the year 1853, Dr. F. B. Brewer, of the firm of Brewer, Watson, & Co., conceived the idea of collecting surface-oil by meane of absorbing it in blankets, and wringing the oil out. Great quantities were collected in this novel manner, and used for burn ing-purposes in the lumber-millB of the Oil Creek region. The oil produced from the oil springa became so necessary and useful as to suggeat the formation of an oil company, in 1854, called "The PeDn- sylvania Rock-Oil Company." Thia waa the firat oil company ever formed, and preceded the sinking of any well, or be fore such a thing was suggested. Al though Profeseor Silliman, of New Haven, had in 1854 analyzed the rock-oil, and pronounced upon its properties, no fur ther developments of- any importance took place until the winter of 1857, when Colonel E. L. Drake, of Connecticut, arrived at Titusville. He was the first man who attempted to bore for oil. He was obliged to go 50 miles to a machine- shop every time his tools needed repair ing ; but, after many delays and accidents, on the 29th day of August, 1859, at the depth of 69 feet 6 inches, he struck a vein of oil, from whn.h he afterward pumped at the rate of 35 to 40 barrels per day. This ia now known aa the "Drake Well." It was the first well ever sunk for oil, and yielded the first 131 Oil Creek.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Oil Cm, petroleum ever obtained by boring. One experiment followed another in rapid sue- cession, until the different farms on Oil Creek became centres for oil operations. The Barnsdell, Mead, Rouse, aud Crosley wells were opened in 1860. In 1861 nu merous wells were sunk in the since fa mous localities known as the " Mclll- heny," " McOlintoek," "Tarr," and " Buchanan " farms. Tho Empire and the Sherman Wells were opened in 1862, and the Delameter Well in the following year. In fact, a complete furor of folly and speculation, arising mainly from geo logical ignorance, aeema at that time to have seized hold of the public mind, and It ia not hazarding much to say that more money changed from the hands of fools to the pockets of sharpera in that " oil fever" period, than the Government reve nues for any one year. The great exoitement which prevailed, during the first few years subsequent to the discovery of oil in groat quantities, has entirely aubsided, and the busineaa ia now oarried on in a systematic nianner. OIL CHEEK AND ALLEOHANY EIVER BAILWAY. This road runs in a curve through the heart of the oil region from Irvincton on the Philadelphia and Erie Railway, to Corry On the same road at its junction with the Atlantic and Great Western Railway. Stations.— Irvineton, 390 miles from Philadelphia; Cobham, 9 milea from Ir vineton ; Tidioute, 15 ; East Hickory, 23 ; Jamison, 28 ; Tionesta, 30 ; Stewart, 35 ; Eagle Rock, 38 ; Oleopolis, 41 (connecta with Oil Oity and Pithole Branch Rail way, 7 milea long); Rockwood, 47; Oil City, 50 (connects with Franklin Branch of Atlantic and Great Western Railway); Rouseville, 54; Rynd Farm, 55 ; Tarr Farm, 56 ; Columbia, 56 ; Petro leum Centre, 57 ; Pioneer, 59 ; Shaf fer, 61 ; Miller Farm, 62 ; Titusville, 68 ; Hydetown, 71; Tryonville, 76; Spartans- burg, 86 ; Corry, 95 milea from Irvineton and 474 from N. Y. FBANKLIN BEANOH OF ATLANTIC AND GBEAT WESTEEN EAILWAY. Thia Branoh, 36 mile3 in length, haa Dut three atation3 of importance, Mead ville, 516 milea from New York, Franklin, 132 28 mlle3 from Meadville, and Oil City, 36 milea, where it connecta with the Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railway, and the Al. leghany Valley Railway to Pittsburg, and the Jameatown and Franklin Railway, which connecta the routea centring at Franklin, with the Pittsburg and Erie Railway. It is not necessary to refer to more than one or two of the principal places in this region, as they are all of the same general oharaoter, and are entirely devoid of interest, except such aa ia the result of the oil business. Meadville was described under the head " Atlantic and Great Western Division of Erie Railway." (Seepage 130.) Franklin ia the great railroad centre of the region from whence all the main linea diverge, and ia also connected with Pittsburg by a line of email ateamera running on the Alleghany River. It ia the county-aeat of Venango County, and occupiea the site of Fort Franklin, at the confluence of French Creek with the Alleghany River. The town was laid out in 1795, and ia substantially built on high land. Population nearly 6,000 The Exchange ia the principal hotel. (For railway connections, see lists of atations abovo.) ©il City, the centre and chief city of the oil region, ia on the Alleghany River, at the mouth of Oil Creek, which here enters the Alleghany, and ia spanned by a bridge. It will afford the visitor, in a few short rambles, the beat opportunity of witneaaing the varied operations of obtaining, refining, barrelling, shipping, and generally manipulating the precious petroleum. It ia not perhaps the moat attractive place to puraue hia researches — for the odor and aspect of every thing are smoky, oily, and dirty. Oil Creek derivea ita name from a spring from which large quantities of bituminoua oil are obtained— the Indians valuing it highly. It is claimed that when, by treaty, the Seneca nation sold the western part of the State, they made a reservation around this spring of one mile square. For about a mile above Oil City, on the right-hand side of the stream, the bank rises in au abrupt bluff, at the foot of which a very substantial road haa been constructed. The city is built ou TlTOSVlLLE.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Bethlehem. the flats that run along the base of the high bluffs, and has but one street. Directly across the creek, on Cottage Hill, fine dwellings have been erected. (For means of aocesa, consult tablea of railroada, page 132.) TFittlsville, 28 miles east of Mead ville, and 27 miles south of Corry, by the Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railway, is in Crawford County. It is one of the moat important towns in the oil region, and contains three banka and several churchea and hotels. Of the last-named inatitutions, the Crittenden and Bush are the beat. Thia ia another good point from which to visit the oil wells and refineries which abound on the creek, both above and below the town. Reno (4 miles from Franklin), on the Alleghany River, has obtained great promi nence in connection with the oil business Of this region. Here large quantities of oil are received, and shipped by river and rail. The view of the river at this point preaents a characteristic phase of life in the oil region. The trains usu ally atop long enough to afford a good view of the town and river from the train. It ia a atation of the Alleghany Valley Railway, 129 miles from Pittsburg. Venango City, 132 miles from Pittsburg, is the terminus of the Alle ghany Valley Railway. ROUTE IV. PHILADELPHIA TO BETHLEHEM, EASTON, ALLENTOWN, WILKES- BARRE, LEHIGH AND WYOMING VALLEYS, SCRANTON, THE DELA WARE WATER- GAP, THE ERIE RAILWAY AT WAVERLY, GREAT BEND AND LACKAWANNA, AND THE PENN HAVENS MOUNT CAR MEL BRANCH OF THE LEHIGH VALLEY RAILWA Y. Via North Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley, Lehigh and Susquehanna, and connecting Railways. NOETH PENNSYLVANIA RAILWAY. Stations. — Philadelphia : Fisher's Lane, {; Green Lane, 5; Old York Road, 7; Abington, 10; Fort Washington, 14; Ambler, 15; Fenllyn, 17; Gwynedd, 18; North Wales, 20 ; Lansdale, 22 (connects with Doylestown Branch) ; Hatfield, 25 ; Souders, 28 ; Sellersville, 32 ; Quakertown, 38 ; Coopersburg, 44 ; Centre Valley, 46 ; Hellertown, 50 ; Bethlehem, 54 (connects with Lehigh Valley and Lehigh and Sus quehanna Railways). The depot of this road, in Philadel phia, is corner of Berks and America Streets. The first fifteen miles of its length Is now within the corporate lim its of PhUadelphia, and any places of interest have already been mentioned under the head of Philadelphia. Gwynetld (18 miles) ia a Welsh settlement, with a population of about 2,000. Near it ia a fine tunnel, which ia one of the most extensive and costly works on the whole line. A single mile coat over $300,000. -Lanstlale (22 miles) haa a good hotel. The Branch to Doyle3town di verges here. Sellersville (32 miles) Is where the road crosses Landis Ridge, which divides the watera of the Schuylkill and Dela ware Rivera. From the aummit one mile weat of the atation a fine view of Lime- atone Valley and Quakertown is obtained. Mellertowm (50 miles) haa exten- aive iron and zinc minea, occupying the aitea of the old Moravian farms. Au ex tended view of the hills akirting the Le high valley ia obtained in thia vicinity. Settled in 1856. Slethlehe m, upon the Lehigh River, 54 milea from Philadelphia, and 87 milea from New York, ia a delightful place to make a short stay en route. It is tho principal seat of the United Brethren, or Moravians, in the United States, and waa originally settled under Count Zinzen- dorf in 1741. The village contains a stone church, 142 feet long and 68 feet wide, and capable of seating 2,000 per sona. It is the site of Lehigh University, which was inaugurated September 1, 1866. Thia university was founded by Hon. Asa Packer, who gave the land upon which It is located (56 acres) and in ad dition the aum of $500,000. The aite is admirably choaen upon a declivity of the Lehigh Mountain range. It ia surrounded by forest-trees, and has an unobstructed view of twenty milea. The Moravian Boys' School stands near the church, aud there is also a Moravian Female Seminary, of high repute, founded in 1788. 183 Bethlehem.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Allentown. The old Moravian buildings for the most part still remain, and the principal ones, which are built of atone and stand in Church Row at the foot of Broad Street, are in a good atate of preaervation. Waahington in hia retreat acroaa the Delaware removed his hospital and sup plies to this point, and the Moravians gave up these buildings for the use of the government. The banner which the " Single Sisters " of Bethlehem gave to Count Pulaski is now in the rooms of the Historical Society at Baltimore. Bethle hem is noted for its iron and zinc manu factories. It has several good hotels, among which the Suu, established in 1808, is the best. Population, 4,512. The Lehigh Valley and Lehigh and Sus quehanna Railways connect with the North Pennsylvania at this point. These two roads run parallel to each other from Easton to Pittston, generally on opposite banks of the Lehigh River. We give below the atationa on each of these, but in our description shall confine ourselves to the Lehigh Valley Railway, which we shall follow to Waverly on the Erie Rail- waypuaking a digression at Penn-Haven junction. We shall then return to Pitts- ton and follow the Lehigh and Susque hanna Railway to Scranton and Green Ridge. The Delaware Water-Gap and the road to Great Bend will be described in Route V., with which connection is made at Scranton. The distances given are from Easton, unlesa otherwise stated. To obtain distance from New York, add 86 milea. For distance from Philadel phia, add 54 milea. LEHIGH VALLEY EAILWAY. Stations. — Easton; Lime Ridge, 7 miles; Frecmansburg, 9; Bethlehem, 12 (connects with North Pennsylvania Rail way); East Pennsylvania Junction, 17 (connects with East Pennsylvania Rail way) ; Allentown, 17; Furnace, 18; Catasauqua, 20 (connects with Cata- gauqua and Fogleeville Railway) ; Ho- kendauqua, 21 ; Coplay, 22 ; White Hall, 24; Laury'a, 26; Rockdale, 29; Slatington, 33 ; Lehigh Water Gap, 35 ; Parryville, 40 ; Lehighton, 42 ; Mauch Chunk, 46; Penn-Haven Junction, 53 (connects with branches to Hazeltou and Audenried and Mount Carmel) ; Rock- 134 port, 61; Mud Run, 64; Hickory Run, 66; Tannery, 69; White Haven, 71; Fairview, 86 ; Newport, 92 ; Sugar Notch, 97; S. Wilkesbarre, 100; Wilkesbarre, 101 ; Plainsville, 106 ; Pittston, 110 ; L. & B. R. R. Junction, 111; Falls, 122; McKune'a, 126; Tunkhannock, 134; Meshoppen, 148; Wyalusing, 166; To- wanda, 186 ; Waverly Junction, 206 (connecta with Erie Railway). Easton (86 milea from New York and 66 miles from Philadelphia) is one of the great railroad centres of the country. It is the western terminus of the Central Railroad of New Jersey (see Route TV., New Jersey), the Morris and Essex Rail road (see Route V., New Jersey), and the Morris Canal. The Lehigh Valley Rail road and the Lehigh Coal Navigation Company's Railroad and Canal extend from here to the coal regiona. By the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, it ia con nected with Philadelphia below, and with Belvidere, the Water-Gap, and the Lacka wanna coal regions above (see Route IX., New Jersey). The Allentown route, from Allentown through Harrisburg to Pitts burg, connecta it with all pointa west. The town is located at the junction of the Delaware, Lehigh, and Bushkill Riv ers, and is regularly laid out. On the east is Lafayette College on Mount Lafayette, a richly-endowed institution, with a full staff of profeaaore, an extensive library, and a fine mineral cabinet. Durham Cave ia near here, and Mount Jefferson is an ab rupt peak in the centre of the town. At Easton are extensive iron manufactoriea, aa well aa mills, distilleries, etc. There are several fine bridges, one of which, of iron, 500 feet long, is particularly notice able. Easton has two banks and eight newspapers, is one of the most flourishing towns in Pennsylvania, and has a popu lation of 10,000. Lime Kidge (7 milea) ia on the Lehigh River, and ia noted for its beauti ful scenery. A short distance below the station is Smith's Island, a favorite pio- nic ground. Bethlehem (12 miles), junction with North Pennsylvania Railway. (See page 133.) Allentown (17 miles) haa two stations, one known as Allentown, the other, aa East Pennsylvania Junction. It Catasauqua.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Penn Haven Junction is a beautiful city, and ia built upon au eminence between Jordan Creek and the Lehigh River. The streeta are well laid out, and many of the houses are very pretty. It has large iron and other manu factories, and is at the junction of the East Pennsylvania Railroad, to Reading, with the road now under conaideration. " Big Rock," 1,000 feet in height, ia near the city, as are also several mineral springs. There are several hotels, the best of which is the American. Population, 13,884. Catasauq.ua, (20 miles) has a pop ulation of about 4,000. It haa a large manufacturing intereat, being especially noted for ita large blaat-furnacea, one of which turna out 250 tona of iron per week, a yield acarcely equalled elaewhere. The Catasauqua and Fogleville Railway, which comes in here, was built to bring coal and iron from the mines in the vicinity. Slatington (33 miles) ia in the moat extensive slate region ever discov ered. The slate on the capitol at Washing ton, half an inch in thickness, came from thia place. The village is charmingly lo cated about one-half mile from the station, and is a pleasant summer resort. I_i-Siigh Water-Gap (35 miles) or " The Gap " aa it is familiarly known, is where the road crosaea Lizard Creek, a email stream, that opens a path for the Lehigh River through Blue Mountain. Through this gap a distant view of the Lehigh Mountains can be obtained from the cars. The scenery i3 wild and inex- preaaibly grand. -Lehighton (42 miles) ia on the Lehigh River, at the mouth of Mahoning Creek. The old Moravian Cemetery stands on a hill, from which may be had a fine view of the Mahoning Valley, and at the foot of which twelve settlera were mur dered by the Indiana in 1775. AtWeisse- port, on the opposite side of the river, formerly stood Fort Allen, built by Wil liam Penn. There are here extensive iron works. Its site is occupied by the Fort Allen Hotel. Mauch Chunk (46 miles), on the Lehigh, is noted as being in the midst of some of the wildest and most picturesque scenery in America, the town being sur rounded by mountaina rising abruptly from 700 to 1,000 feet. It is situated in he midst of extensive coal-beds, and its principal traffic is in " black diamonds." One of its most notable features is the inclined railroad up Mount Piagah, and the Gravity road connected therewith. The coal-mines are situated nine milea back from the Lehigh River, and the coal ia brought this distance with no other mo- tive power than that of gravity. The empty cars ascend Mount Pisgah oy means of an inclined plane with a sta tionary engine at the top (ascent 700 feet in 2,340) ; the cars then, over a down ward grade, proceed by their own weight to Sumnit Hill, and thence to the mines in the valley. The loaded cara, by other inclined planes, are lifted to the Summit, and then run by gravity the entire dia- tanee to the river, where they are discharged into waiting boats. Small pleasure-cars for the use of travellers make thia trip once a day, the jaunt being both novel and of great intereat. Time required about three houra. The view from Mount Piagah ia remarkably fine, and the approach to the town on the Gravity road, which lies far below, huddled in among the hills, ia very pic- tureaque. The atreet scenea in Mauch Chunk are very quaint. The town is but one atreet wide, and the valley ia ao narrow that the houses are crowded up against the hill-sides, with outhouses and gardens perched above the roofs. Beaides aacending Mount Piagah and viewing the coal-mines, the tourist will do well to visit Moer's Falls on Moer'a Creek, near the " Turn Hole " in the Lehigh River. They are three in number, being respectively 40, 70, and 35 feet high, and Prospect Rock, near the Manaion Houae. The Man sion House is the principal hotel. Penn Haven Junction (53 miles) is surrounded by the wildest scenery. It is at the mouth of Quakake Creek, and is at the junction of the branches to Mahanoy and Mount Carmel and to Hazle. ton and Audenried. The first of these, 46 miles in length, intersects the Catawissa Railway at Quakake, and the Shamokin Valley and Mine Hill Railway at Mount Carmel. The road to Hazleton and Auden ried crosses the mountain opposite the station, to the coal-mines. The inclined planes by which it descends the mountain can be seen from the cars. Near here the road crosses the Lehigh by an iron 135 R'HlTEnAVEN.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Scranton, bridge, from which can be seen the tun nel of the Lehigh and Sasquehanna Rail way. "Whitehaven (71 miles) has a population of about 1,500. The road here crosses the river, affording a good oppor tunity to see the large dama at thia point, which are usually filled with immense numbers of logs. Thia town is called after Whitehaven in England, remark able for having the deepest coal-mine in the world. .Fairvievr (85 miles) is the summit of the mountain, and the descent to the Wyoming Valley commences. HcW IPort (92 miles) is near the top of the mountain, and affords a per fectly magnificent view of the Wyoming Valley. The Susquehanna is visible for more than 20 miles, from its entry through Lackawannock Gap near Pittston, to its departure through Nanticoke Gap near Shickshinny. Solomon'a Gap, where the Lehigh and Susqehanna Railway formerly crossed the mountain by a series of in clined planes, is also visible. These planes are only used now for heavy coal- trains. Wllkesharre (101 miles) is sit uated on the Susquehanna River, in the Wyoming Valley. It is reached by tho following railroads : Lehigh Valley, Lehigh and Susquehanna, and Lackawanna and Bloomsburg.. .(For description, see page 138). Pittston (110 miles) is the point where this road intersects the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railway. (For descrip tion, see page 138). Tunkhannock (134 miles), the county seat of Wyoming County, ia at the mouth of Tunkhannock Creek, on the Susquehanna River, and la a thriving place of 1,000 inhabitants. Towanda (180 milea) ia the laat station in Pennsylvania. It ia at the mouth of Towanda Creek, on the Suaquehanna, and haa a population of about 2,000. "Waverly Junction (206 milea) is the point where thia road connecta with the Erie Railway. (See Route VII. of New York.) LEHIGH AND SUSQUEHANNA EAILWAY. Stations.— All the stations of note on this line have been described in the ac- 136 count of the Lehigh Valley Railway as far as Pittston, wjere the two roads diverge. The remaining stations on thia line are Spring Brook, 113 miles from Easton, Minooka, 116, Scranton, 119 (connects with Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail- way); Green Ridge, 120 (connecta with Delaware and Hudson Railway). Scranton, formerly called Lacka wanna (119 miles), is an important man ufacturing town, being especially noted for its immense iron-worka and its great coal-trade. It waa incorporated aa a city in 1866, and is handsomely laid out with broad streets. It boasts of 24 churches and 4 academies, besides numer ous handsome residences, fine stores, etc. It is the junction of the Delaware, Lacka* wana and Western, the Lehigh and Susque- hannna, and the Lackawanna and Blooms burg, Railways. Paasengers for Ring- hampton, via the Erie Railway, take the traina northward ; and for the Delaware Water-Gap, the- traina southward on tho D., L. and W. Railway, which ia described as Route V. Passengera for Lackawanna take the L. and B. Railway, which ia also described in Route V. UOUTE V. FROM PHILADELPHIA OR NEW YORK, TO THE DEL AWARE WATER- GAP, TO THE ERIE RAILWAY AT BINGHAMTON. AND TO SUNBUR7 ON THE PHILADELPHIA AND ERIE. Via Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western, Lackawanna and Bloomsburg, and Pennsyl vania Coal Company's Railways. DELAWAEE, LACKAWANNA, AND WEST ERN EAILWA1. This line of road, and under four differ ent names, extends from Jersey City to Os wego, on the shore of Lake Ontario, crossing the States of New Jersey, Penn sylvania, and New York. The portion in New Jersey known as the Morris and Es sex Railway has been described in Route V. of New Jersey. Tho portion in New York is known as the Oswego and Syracuse Di vision (page 86), and the Syracuse, Bing hamton and New York Division (page S3). This road is reached from New York Manunka Chunk.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Dunning. by the Morris and Essex Railway, which connects at Washington, 71 miles from Jersey City, and by the Central Railway of New Jersey which connects at Wash ington by a branch from New Hampton, or " Junction Station." (See Route IV. of New Jersey.) The connection from Philadelphia is by the Belvidere Delaware Railway described as Route IX. of New Jersey. The dis- tances given are from New York. To obtain the distance from Philadelphia, add 1 6 miles to the distance from New York. Stations. — Manunka Chunk, 82 miles ; Delaware, 84 ; Mount Bethel, 87 ; Water- Gap, 92 ; Stroudsburg, 96 ; Spragueville, 101; Henryville, 104; Oakland, 109; Forks, 115 ; Tobyhanna, 122 ; Gouldsboro, 128 ; Moscow, 136 ; Dunning, 139 ; Scran ton, 149 (connects with Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railway, and Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's Railway) ; Clark's Summit, 156; Abington, 159; Factory ville, 164 ; Nicholson, 170 ; Hop- bottom, 176; Montrose, 183; New Mil- ford, 190; Great Bend, 196; connects at Great Bend with the Erie Railway, and with the line to Lake Ontario. Manunka Chunk, K. J. (82 miles), is the junction of the Belvidere Delaware Railway. Within Bight of the station the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railway passes through the Ma nunka Chunk Mountain by the Voss Gap Tunnel, about 1,000 feet long, and through which also runs a small stream of water. Delaware, N. *S. (84 miles), is the last station in New Jersey, the road cross ing the Delaware into Pennsylvania over a long bridge. All trains stop here for "meals. Mount Bethel (87 miles) is at the verge of the celebrated " Delaware Water- Gap," and may fairly be said to be under the shadow of the " Blue Mountains." From this point the scenery is grand be yond description. Delaware Water-Gap (92 miles) is where the Delaware River forces its way through the Blue Mountains, after a journey of about 200 milea through a v/ild, rugged, aud romantic country. It riaes from two aourcea in the Catakill Mountains, the two branches uniting at Hancock, on the Erie Railway ; thence it forms the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania as far as Port Jervis, on the Erie road, where it turns to the southwest and runs along the baae of the Kiltalinny or Blue Mountain, until it finds a passage through this Gap. The Gap is about two miles long, and is a narrow gorge between walls of rocks aome 1,600 feet in height, and so near to each other at the southeastern entrance as hardly to leave room for the railroad. Among the numerous places of inter est is Moss Cataract, where a small stream of water, tumbling down the moss-covered side of the Kittatinny Mountain, scattera its spray in all directions. Lover's Leap (for this, like most other well-known re sorts in the United States, poaaeases the original) afforda a fine view. Prospect Rock ia at the end of a weariaome climb of two miles, but once reached repays the visitor with the finest and most extensive view in the vicinity. The mountain on the right of the track is " Jersey Moun tain," that on the left " Kittatinny. " Above the station, on the mountain from which it takes its name, standa the Kitta tinny House, a good hotel. Aa the road emergea from the Gap, it crosses Broad- head's Creek, and passes through a cut in " Rock Difficult, " so called from the difficulty in making a passage through ita flinty mass. Strondsbnrg (96 miles) is the first station beyond the Gap. Two miles from the station and three from the Gap is a pleasant summer resort, the Highland Dell House. Spragueville (101 miles). Here the ascent of Pocono Mountain, the east ern slope of the Alleghany range, com mences, the grade for 25 miles being at the rate of 65 feet to the mile. Oakland (109 miles). Just beyond this station the road passea through the Pocono Tunnel near the top of the moun tain, a point from which the view, extend ing more than 30 miles, is most sublime. Tobyhanna (122 miles) is the point where the descent of the western slope of the mountain commences. Moscow (136 miles) is in the midst of a lumber-district. Game and trout abound in the vicinity. Its hotels are Moscow and Delaware, Lackawanna and Western. Dunning (139 miles) ia a small 137 Scranton.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Wilkesbarre. village. The railroad which is here seen on the opposite side of Roaring Brook is the Pennsylvania Coal Company's Railroad which extends from Pittston on the Sus quehanna to Hawley on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, where it connects with the Hawley Branch of the Erie Railway from Lackawaxen. Scranton (149 miles) connects with Lackawanna and Bloomsburg and Dela ware and Hudson Canal Company's, and Pennsylvania Coal Company's Railways. (See page 136.) Factory ville (164 milea) ia a thriving village, having several mills. Great Bend (196 miles). Here the road connects with the Erie Railway, the track of which it follows to Bingham ton to connect with ita northern diviaiona. (See Route VII. of New York, aud pages 83 and 86.) LACKAWANNA AND __LOOMS__T.BG KAIL- WAY. This road is operated as a branch of the one just described. The distances given below are from Scranton. For dia- tancea from New York, add 147 miles. For distances from Philadelphia, via Belvidere Delaware Railway, add 165 milea. Stations. — Scranton ; Lackawanna, 6 miles ; Pittston, 9 (connects with Lehigh and Susquehanna and Lehigh Valley Rail ways) ; Wyoming, 13 ; Kingston, 17 ; Plym outh, 20 ; Nanticoke, 25 ; Hunlock'a Creek, 27 ; Shickshinny, 32 ; Hick's Ferry, 87 ; Beach Haven, 41 ; Berwick, 43 ; Lime Ridge, 50 ; Bloomsburg, 56 ; Rupert, 58 vconnects with Catawissa Railway) ; Cata wissa Bridge, 60 ; Dunville, 68 ; Chulasky, 71 ; Northumberland, 80 (connects with Philadelphia and Erie, and Northern Cen tral Railways). This road traverses the celebrated Wy oming valley throughout its length, and therefore, before commencing the descrip tion of the principal towns, we will give a brief notice of the valley. The Wyoming Valley is about 25 miles long and 3 miles wide, being formed by two parallel ranges of moun tains ; averaging, on the west, about 800 and on the east 1,000 feet in height. It is reputed one of the most beautiful on the continent. The Wyoming Massacre 138 took place in this valley on the 3d of July, 1778, and, as in the Cherry Valley massa ere, the victors spared no one, killing all their priaoners. Pittston (9 miles) ia where thia road interaects the Lehigh Valley and Lehigh and Susquehanna Railways. It ia on the Susquehanna, just below the mouth of Lackawanna Creek, from which point it follows the river to Northumberland. West of the town are the Lackawannock Mountains, filled with rich coal-mines, which here find an outlet. A prominent , object of interest in the vicinity is Camp bell's Ledge, a point from which a charming view of the valley is obtained. Hingston (17 milea) ia opposite Wilkesbarre, with which it ia connected by a bridge. Within its limits is the site of " Fort Forty," where the Wyoming Valley massacre took place, the spot being marked by the Wyoming Monument, an obelisk of granite 62|- feet high, with appropriate inscriptions. In thia town ship there still exista, on the north aide of Toby's Creek, about 150 feet from the bank, and half a mile from, the Sua- quehanna, a defensive mound which was erected by some race who inhabited the country even before the Indians, who had no traditions concerning their buildera or their deaign. Wilkesbarre (18 milea), on the opposite bank of the Susquehanna, the largest town in the valley, was settled in 1773. Its broad, well-shaded streets add much to its attractions, while from the facta that 9 or 10 large coal-minea here find a place of shipment, and that there are a number of manufactoriea in active operation, ita importance aa a buainess" centre ia by no means inconsiderable. A bridge across the river connects it with Kingston. The population is 10,000. Its attractions to the touriat cona_8t in ita charming vicinage, and the hiatori- cal interest connected with it. In the rear of the town is Prospect Rock, from which a good view of the valley caB be obtained. The Lehigh VaUey, Lehigh and Susquehanna, and Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railways, afford ample means of communication with the eea board. The leading hotela are the Wyoming and Phcenix Houses. One of the prin cipal resorts in the vicinity of Wilkes- Plymouth.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Lyons barre is Harvey's Lake, which aboundg in fish, and around which is capital hunting. There is a hotel here, called the Lake House. Plymouth (20 miles) is not far from the Wyoming Falls of the Susque hanna, about the middle of the valley. Nanticoke (25 miles) ia a little coal village, near the southern eStremity of the valley. Looking northward from the hills on the east side of the river near here, a beautiful view of the Wyoming is pre sented, and the scenes below, from the banks of the river and the canal, are moat varied and delightful. Two or three milea below, is Jessup's, a. very coay, lone inn, upon the weat ahore, whence are seen striking pictures of the river and its bold mountain-banks both above and be low. The hills in all thia vicinity are impressively bold and lofty, making the comparatively narrow channel of the river seem yet narrower, and enhancing the quiet beauty of the many verdant islands which stud its waters. Shickshinny (32 miles), at the out let of the valley, is a little place in the midst of a rugged hill and valley country. The Bank of Wapwollopen, on the east shore, is the barren peak of its namesake mountain. All the streams from Nanticoke down are adorned with cascades of great beauty, aud abound in trout, and the river with salmon. From this point there is a little of especial interest to the tourist, ex cept the fine river and mountain scenery along the entire length of the road, the towns all posseaaing the aame character istic iron manufactories and coal-minea. Kupcrt (58 miles) is the point of connection with the Catawissa Railway. (See Route II.) Danville (68 miles) is also on the Catawissa Railway. (For description, see page 127.) Northumberland (80 miles), the terminus of the road at its junction with the Philadelphia and Erie Railway, has been described on page 128. ROUTE VI. EASTON TO READING, HARRIS BURG. AND THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. Via " Allentown Line," consisting of the Le high Valley Railway, and the East Penn sylvania and Lebanon Valley Branches of Vie Philadelphia and Erie Railway connect ing with tiie Cumberland Valley Railway. The diatances given are from Easton, which is 85 milea from New York, until the Cumberland Valley Railway ia reached, when diatancea are given from Harrisburg, which ia 182 milea from New York, 107 from Philadelphia, and 248 from Pitts burg. Stations. — "Allentown Line," Lehigh Valley Railway, Easton ; Lime Ridge, 7 miles ; Freemansburg, 9 ; Bethlehem, 12 (connecta with North Pennaylvania Rail way) ; Allentown, 17 ; East Pennsylvania Railway, Emaus, 23 ; Alburfis, 29 ; Sham rock, 32 ; Topton, 34 ; Bowera, 37 ; Lyons, 38 ; Fleetwood, 42 ; Blandon, 45 ; Temple, 48; Reading, 53; LebanonValley Railway, Robesonia, 66; Womcladorf, 68; Myers- town, 75; Lebanon, 81; Palmyra, 91, Hummelatown, 98 ; Harrisburg, 107 (connects with all Railways passing through Harrisburg). Stations. — Cumberland Valley Rail way, Harrisburg, Shiremanstown, 5 milea ; Mechanicsburg, 9 ; Kingston, 13 ; Middle sex, 15; Carlisle, 18; Good Hope, 23; Alterton, 26 ; Newville, 30 ; Oakville, 35 ; Shippensburg, 41 ; Scotland, 47 ; Cham- bersburg, 52 ; Marion, 58 ; Greencastle, 63 (connects with daily stages to Mer- cersburg and Waynesboro', Pa.); State Line, 68 ; Morgantown, 70 ; Hagerstown, 74 (connects with Baltimore and Ohio Railway and with stages to Martinsburg, Hancock, and Frederick City, Md.). Easton (see page 134). H. _.___. e Ridge (7 miles). (See page 134.) BSethlehein (12 miles). (Seepage 133.) Allentown (17 miles). (Seepage 134.) Alburtis (29 miles). A branch road to the mines intersects at this point. Lyons (38 miles) is a small village. It is the only place at which express trains stop between Reading and Allen- 139 Reading.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Hagehstown. town. Numbers of visitors resort to this place during the summer. The hotels are the American, and Lyons House. From ' here to Reading the road passes through a handsome and exceedingly fertile section of country. About 1-J miles from Lyons is Kutziown, an old and well-known town, beautifully situated iu a' rich farming district, and the seat of the Keystone State Normal School. Population, 1,700. JKeadiirag (53 miles). (See p. 126.) "Wermer_.vi!le is nine miles from Reading, on the line of the road, to the eouth of which on the mountains is Ep hra- ta Springs, a very popular resort for in valids. Near the springs is an extensive water-cure called the Hygiene House. Womelsdorf (68 miles), one of fhe largest towns in Berks County, ia within one mile of the road. Near it is a large and beautiful spring, where a fine hotel has been built, which is a favorite resort for picnic parties from Harrisburg and Reading. The South Mountain House is much frequented. Lebanon (81 miles), on the Swata- ra River, is the capital of Lebanon County, aud is a large and prosperous place. Seven miles south of the town are the Cornwall Ore Banks, which are three hills formed of masses of iron-ore, and called Grassy, Middle, and Big Hill. It haa been estimated that Big Hill contains 40,000,000 tona of ore above the aurface ofthe ground, yielding 70 per cent, of pure iron to the ton. Veins of copper are found among the iron, and aix miles from Lebanon a quarry of fine gray marble has been opened. Population, about 7,000. EEuimmelstown (98 miles) is a pretty village on the Swatara River. A large cave to the south of the village is an interesting place to visit. The first cham ber is 400 feet in length, at the end of which there is a descent of twenty feet to the principal cavern, which is aome four milea long, and possessea all the usual featurea- of limeatone .caves. Harrisburg (107 miles) is where the traveller changes cars. If he is going west, he takes the Pennsylvania Central ; if north or south, the Nortfiern Central ; if bound for Chambersburg and the Cum berland Valley, he takes the Cumberland Valley Railway. (For description, see Route I., page 120.) 110 CUMfiEELAND TALLEY EAILKOAD. Carlisle is a beautiful and interest ing town, with a population of 7,000. It lies in the limestone valley country, be tween the Kittatinny and the South Mountains. Dickinson College (Method ist), which is located in Carlisle, is one of the most venerable and esteemed insti tutions in Pennsylvania. General Wash ington's headquarters were here in 1794, at the time of the Whiskey Rebellion. Some years before, Major AndrS was a prisoner of war in Carlisle. It was shelled by the rebela during their invaaion of the State (July, 1863). Carlisle Springs, four miles north of the town, is a place of pleasant summer resort. Chambersburg ( 52 miles ) is pleasantly situated, surrounded by a highly-cultivated country, forming part of the limestone valley which extends along the south base of the Blue Mountain. Conechocheague Creek flows through the town. It reaches from Philadelphia, via Harriaburg, or from Baltimore by the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, to Fred erick ; thence by Btage to Hagerstown. Hotel, Brown's. Hagerstown (74 miles), capital of Washington County, Maryland, with a population of about 5,000, is a prosper ous place, 26 miles northwest of Freder ick, from which it may be easily reached by stage. It is pleasantly situated on the west bank of Antietam Creek, nine miles from the Potomac River. It is well lo cated in the midst of a fine agricultural district, is well built, and contains several substantial edifices. The Washington is the principal hotel. The Baltimore and Ohio Railway connects at this point. ROUTE VII. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, TO GET TYSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, AND TO ELMIRA, NEW YORK. Via Northern Central Railway. Tnis road, having neither of its termini in Pennsylvania, crosses the State from north to south, and is essentially a Penn sylvania route. In the following descrip tion no especial mention will be made of any except Pennsylvania towns. The dis tances are given from Baltimore. IIanoyeb Junction.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Gettysburg. Stations. — Baltimore (connects with railways diverging from Baltimore) ; Relay, 7 milea (connects with Western Maryland Railway) ; Timonium, 12 ; Cockeysville,15 ; Monkton, 23 ; Parkton, 29 ; Freelands, 35 ; Glenrock, 42 ; Hanover Junction, 46 (connects with Hanover Branch, and Get tysburg Railway) ; Glatfelters, 49 ; York, 57 (connects with Wrightsville, York, and Columbia Railway) ; Goldsborough, 72 ; Bridgeport, 84 (connects with Cumber land Valley Railway) ; Harrisburg, 85 (con nects with Pennsylvania Central, Lebanon Valley, and Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railways); Marysville 91; Dauphin, 93; Clark's Ferry, 99; Halifax, 106; Millers- burg, 111; Georgetown, 122; Trevorton Junction, 126; Selin'a Grove, 133; Sun bury, 138 (connects with Philadelphia and Erie Railway) ; Williamsport, 178, (con nects with Catawissa Railway) ; Trout Run, 192; Ralston, 202; Canton, 218; West Granville, 225 ; Troy, 231 ; Colum bia X Roads, 236 ; Elmira, 256 (connects with Erie Railway and with branches for Rochester and Niagara Falls). Hanover «_T unction (46 miles) is the first station in Pennsylvania which we shall mention. Its principal importance lies in tho fact that it is the junction of the Gettysburg Branch road, 30 milea in length. Gettysburg, the county town of Adams County, and the western terminus of the Gettysburg Railway, ia pleasantly situated on _. gently rolling and fertile plain, surrounded by hills, from which ex tensive viewa of the village and adjacent country are obtained. It is 69 milea from Harrisburg, and 76 from Baltimore, via Hanover Junction. It ia reached from New York in one day, by the Jersey Central Railway to Reading, and thence, via Columbia and York. The principal hotel ia the Eagle, which has accommo dation for about 80 guests. The Lu theran Theological Seminary, founded in 1826, and the Pennsylvania College, are among the most prominent institutions of the place. The former has a fine library. A mineral spring, possessing valuable medicinal qualities, forms one of the novel and attractive features of the place. The water is said to resemble that of the celebrated Vichy Springs in Germany. A great battle was fought on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, 1863, between the Union forcea, under General Meade, and the Confederate army, under General Lee, . in which the latter was defeated, with a loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of 23,000 men. A day, well employed, will suffice to show the stranger, at Gettysburg, tho battle-field and cemetery, while a second and third may be spent in visiting the springs and the several objects of intereat in and round the village. The best ap proach to the battle-field is that by the Baltimore turnpike, which leads south- wardly from the village directly to Ceme tery Hill, distant half u, mile from the Eagle Hotel. Cemetery Hill forms tho central and most striking feature at Get tysburg. Here General Howard estab lished his headquarters ; upon this point the heaviest fire of the enemy was con centrated ; and here is most appropriately located the National Cemetery, where are interred a large number of the Union soldiers who fell during the engagement. It was known as Cemetery Hill long be fore the battle, the eastern slope of it having been encloaed and used aa the vil lage burying-ground. Tho view from the creat of the hill ia open and extended, af fording every facility for following the movements of the respective armies. The Village Cemetery, sometimea called the Citizena' Cemetery, in contradistinction to the National or Soldiers' Cemetery, which adjoins it, is entered through a lofty arched gateway from the Baltimore road. Fol lowing the main avenue southward, a short walk brings the visitor to a circular lot, almost covered with stones, which are to be used in the construction of a vault. They present an aspect at once striking and suggestive. They cover the spot selected by General Howard on the morn ing of the engagement as his headquar ters, and the heaviest fire of the rebel batteries, numbering nearly two hundred guns, was concentrated. The marble monument erected to General Gettys, the founder and early proprietor of Gettyaburg, occupiea a prominent poaition on the right of the avenue between the entrance and this lot. Standing on Cemetery Hill, the visitor has the key to the position of the Union forces during those eventful " three days of July." Cemetery Hill proper is 141 Tore.] Pennsylvania. [SUSQUEHANNA RlTEB. the termination of the ridge which runs southward, between the roads leading re spectively to Taneytown and Emmettsburg. Westward the horizon is bounded by the long range of the " South Mountain," be yond which lie Chambersburg and Hagers- town. Iu the same direction, a little to the right, and rather more than a mile distant, is the Seminary, near which be gan the battle ofthe 1st, which terminated so disastrously to Reynolds's corps. From Seminary Ridge, General Lee opened a furioua bombardment of the Union posi tion on Cemetery Hill. On the gateway to the Cemetery are inscibed the names (eighteen in number) of the States repre sented by those buried within. The monu ment, the foundation of which waa laid November 19, 1863, was dedicated July 4, 1868. It is 60 feet high, and crowned with a statue of Liberty. At the base of the pedestal are four buttresaes, sur mounted with allegorical statues, repre senting War, History, Peace, and Plenty. The monument occupies the crown of the hill, and around it, in semicircular slopes, are ranged the dead, each State being represented by a separate section. The divisions between the States are marked by alleys and pathways, radiating from the monument to the outer circle, the coffin-rows being divided by continuous granite blocks about six inches high, upon which are inscribed the name and regiment of each soldier, aa far as aacertained. Between Emmettaburg pike and Cemetery Hill lies the scene of Pickett's bloody and disastrous charge, in which, 18,000 men are estimated to have been engaged. Following Cemetery Ridge, and keeping before him Round Top Mountain, a short walk will bring the visitor to one of the moat intereating apots on thia famoua battle-field. This is a bunch of wood to which a few of the boldest and bravest of Pickett's charging column, on the 2d July, attained. Seminary Ridge, College Hill, Gulp's Hill, Round Top, and Little Round Top, are generally visited ; and Willoughby Run, where General Buford's cavalry held in check the rebel column under Hill for nearly two hours, is pointed out. York (57 miles) is ten miles south- west of the Susquehanna, upon the Codo- nis Creek, 28 miles south-southeast of Harrisburg, and 92 from Philadelphia. 142 With all these cities, and with yet other points, it is connected by railway. The Northern Central Railway unites at York with the Wrightsville, York, and Columbia Railway. The Continential Congress met here in 1777, during the occupation of Philadelphia by the British troops. The Court-House is an imposing granite edifice, built in 1842, at a cost of $150,000. The National Hotel has good accommodation for visitors. Population, 12,000. Harrisburg (85 miles) has been described in Route I. (See page 120.) Susquehanna TCiver. The line of the Northern Central Railway fol lows the Susquehanna, from a few milea below Harri8burg, to Sunbury, and then runa along the bank of the Weatern Branch, aa far aa Williamsport. Thia is the largest and most beautiful of the rivers of Pennaylvania, traveraing as it does its entire breadth from north to south, and in its most interesting and most im portant regions. It lies about midway between the centre and the eaatern boundary of the State, and flows in a zig zag course, now southeast, and now south west, and so on over and over, following very much the windings of the Delaware, which separates the State from New Jer sey. The Pennsylvania Canal accompanies it throughout its course, from Wyoming on the north to the Chesapeake Bay on the south. All the great railroads inter sect or approach its watera at aome point or other, and the richeat coal-landa of the State lie contiguous to ita banka. The main branch riaes in Otaego Lake, in the eaat central part of New York, and pur. sues a very tortuous but generally south west course. Thia main, or North, or East branch, as it is severally called, when it reaches the central part of Penn sylvania, after a course of 250 miles, is joined at Northumberland by the West Branch, 200 milea long, which flows from the declivities of the Alleghanies. The course of this arm ofthe river is nearly east ward, and, like the North Branch, through a country abounding with coal and other valuable products. It is also followed by a canal for more than a hundred miles up. The route of the New York and Erie Railway is upon or near the banks of the North Branch of the Susquehanna in Southern Now York, and occasionally Sl-NBCRY.] PENNSYLVANIA. [Elmira. across the Pennsylvania line for 50 miles, first touching the river near the Cascade Bridge, nearly 200 miles from New York, passing the cities of Binghamton and Owego, and finally loaing sight of it just beyond Barton, 250 miles from the metropolis. The scenery along the line from Harrisburg to Williamsport is very fine, but none of the stations posaesa any special attractionB for the tourist. Sunbury (138 miles) haa been de scribed in Route III., page 128. "Williamsport (178 milea)." (See Route IL, page 127.) Columbia Cross Roads (236 miles) is the last station in Pennsylvania. IBlniira (256 miles), the terminus of the road and junction with the Erie Rail way, and branchea for the north, haa been described in Route VII. of New York. RAILROADS NOT DESCRIBED. Of the other railways in Pennsylvania, the tourist will find descriptions as fol lows : To the West, from Pittsburg, in the Hand-Book, Western Tour. To the South, from Philadelphia, in Hand-Book, Southern Tour. The principal places on the linea of road lying entirely within the State have already been mentioned in the descriptions of the main lines, with which these shorter roada connect. 143 Connecticut.] CONNECTICUT. [Connecticut. CONNECTICUT, The scenery of Connecticut is delight fully varied by the passage of the Con necticut, the Housatouic, and other pic turesque rivers ; and of several low hill- ranges. Spurs of the Green Mountains rise here aud there, in isolated groups or pointa through the western portions of the State. The Talcot, or Greenwood's, Range extends from the northern boun dary almost to New Haven. Between this chain and that in the extreme west, lies another ridge, with yet two others on the eastward — the Middletown Moun tains, and the line across the Connec ticut, which is a continuation, most prob ably, of the White Hills of New Hamp shire. Lying between these mountain- ranges are valleys of great luxuriance and beauty. The valley of the Connecticut, now traversed by rail through a greater part of its length, affords some of the most picturesque scenery in New England. The lakes among the mountains of the northwestern corner of the State are ex tremely attractive. The Long Island Sound, which waters the entire coast of Connecticut, i3 140 miles long and 24 wide, and affords some fine scenery. If we except a small trading-house built by the Dutch at Hartford, iu 1631, the first colony planted in Connecticut was the settlement of some of the Massachusetts emigrants at Windsor. Soon afterward Hartford fell into the possession of the English colonists. Wethersfield was next occupied, in 1636, and New Haven in 1638. The State had its share of Indian troubles in its earlier history, and of en durance, later, in the days of the Revolu tion. Hartford and New Haven are the capitals, and chief cities of the State. Norwalk, Bridgeport, and New London, are all important and prosperous places. 144 Routes. — The situation of Connecticut, and ita aystcm of railways, running through rather than terminating within its borders, renders it impossible to se lect any point within the State as a centre from which to cause a system of routes to radiate. The plan which will be fol lowed will be to make the line of railroad from New York, along the shore of Long Island Sound the entire length of the State, the initial route ; then to take the roads running north from this line, as they connect in succession from west to east, and finally to take the line of road cross ing the centre of the State from east to west. ROUTE I. NEW YORK TO NEW HAVEN, NEW LONDON, STONINGTON AND POINTS IN RHODE ISLAND AND EASTERN MASSA VHUSETTS. Via New York and New Haven, and Shore Line Railways. Stations. — New York, City Hall (pas sengers take city cars, opposite the Astor House, at least 30 minutes earlier than time given for leaving Twenty-seventh Street) ; Twenty-seventh Street and Fourth Avenue, 2 ; Forty-second Street, 3 ; Harlem, 8 ; Wi]_iam3 Bridge, 14 (New York and New Haven Railway diverges from New York and Harlem Railway); Mount Vernon, 17; New Rochelle, 20; Mamaroneck, 24 ; Rye, 27 ; Port Chester, 29; Greenwich, 31; Cos Cob, 32; Stam. ford, 37 ; Noroton, 30 ; Darien, 41 ; Nor walk, 45 (connecta with Danbury and Norwalk Railway) ; Westport, 48 ; South- port, 52; Fairfield, 54; Bridgeport, 59 (connects with Housatonic Railway); Stratford, 62 ; Naugatuck Railroad June- Mount Vernon.] CONNECTICUT. [Fairfield. tion, 64 (connects with Naugatuck Rail way) ; Milliard, 67 ; New Haven, 76 (con nects with New Haven, New London and Stonmgton, and Northampton Rail ways, and river steamers ; Fair Haven, 78; East Haven, 81; Branford, 84; Stony Creek, 87; Guilford, 92; East River, 94 ; Madison, 96 ; Clinton, 99 ; Westbrook, 104; Saybrook, 108; Con necticut River, 109 ; Lyme, 109 ; Black Hall, 112 ; South Lyme, 115 ; East Lyme, 119; Waterford, 123; New London, 126 (connects with New London North ern, and Stonmgton and Providence Railways); Grotou, 127; Poquonnock Station, 129; West Mystic, 133; Mystic, 134; Stonmgton, 138. (For New York, Harlem, and Williams Bridge, see New York City, and Route II. of New York.) Mount Vernon (17 miles) is a flourishing village of about 6,000 inhab itants, in Westchester County, New York. It contains the residencea of many New York business men. Sew IBochclle (20 miles), in Westchester County, New York, is pleas antly situated on Long Island Sound. It was settled by Huguenots from Ro cheUe, in France. It was the residence of Thomas Paine, who died here, June 8, 1809. A monument to his memory still stands near where he was first buried. This is one of the favorite places of resi dence for wealthy New-Yorkers, and is surrounded by beautiful villaa. ffiamaroneck (24 miles), ISye (27 miles), and Port Chester (29 miles), all par take of the same general characteristics as New RocheUe. Their proximity to Rye Beach, on Long Island Sound, adds to their popularity as quiet but remarkably pleasant summer resorts. Greenwich (31 miles), the first station in Fairfield County, Connecticut, commands a fine view of the Sound and Long Island. It has three large churchea, and aeveral handaome reaidencea. Green wich is famous as the scene of " Put nam's breakneck ride" down the rocks. The spot known as " Put's Hill " can be seen from the train after leaving the de pot, a little to the east of the churches. Stamford (37 miles), at the mouth of Mill (or Ripowam) River, has of late 7 years been much resorted to by visitora during the summer months, and affords quiet and healthful homes to large num bers of persons going daily to their busi- neaa in New York. It has eight churches, excellent schools, and numerous beautiful residences. Among the many pleasant drives in the neighborhood, one around Shippan Point, two miles aouth of the village, is particularly attractive. Stamford has a good harbor for light- draught vessels ; and a canal, recently en larged, enables the steamers running daily to New York to connect with the New York and New Haven and New Canaan Railroads, at the wharf of the latter near the depot. The population of the town in 1860 was 7,000, and is now estimated at about 10,000. Its manufactures of iron, wool lens, aud dye-stuffs, are considerable. Indian Harbor, near Greenwich, is the headquarters of the once-celebrated A mer- icus Club. Worwalk. — Hotel, Alliss House. Norwalk (45 miles) is a pleaaant vil lage, upon Norwalk River. It was burnt by the British, July 11, 1779. The quiet rural beauties of Norwalk, and its prox imity to New York, make it one of the most desirable as well as available sum mer resorts of Connecticut. The oyster business is extensively carried on here, as is also the manufacture of hats. This is the junction with the Danbury and Norwalk Railway, 24 miles in length. About a mile from the railroad, to the north, is to be seen the splendid resi dence built by Le Grand Lockwood. Southport (52 miles) is a beauti ful little place, the population in 1870 having been about 1,500. It has a good harbor for vessels of not over 100 tons' burden, and boasts of a very fine school- house. Fairfield (54 miles) was settled in 1659, and on the 7th of July, 1779, waa burnt by Governor Tryon. It ia noted for its fine air aud beautiful scenery, and, being a place of great resort in summer, supports au immense hotel called the Marine Pavilion. The village itself ia about half a mile from the beach, and is beautifully built, but the township com prises within its limits the village of Black Rock, which has the finest harbor on the 145 Bridgeport.] CONNECTICUT. [New Haven. Connecticut coast, except that of New London. In its northern portion is Green field Hill, the scene of Dwight's poem of that name, and in the west is Southport, already described. Bridgeport (59 miles) is upon an arm of Long Island Sound, at the mouth of the Pequonncck River. A ter race height of 50 feet, occupied by beau tiful private mansions and cottages, com mands a charming view of the town and the Sound. Washington Avenue and Sea side Parks are fine public grounds. The town is celebrated for its manufactures of sewing-machines and fire-arms. Among the most extensive establishments are those of the Wheeler & Wilson and Howe Sewing-Machine Companies, the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, the Now Haven Arms Company, and one of the largest carriage-manufactories in the United States. In Bridgeport was born the famous dwarf, Charles S. Stratton, alias "Tom Thumb." The harbor is broad, but will not admit vessels of very great size, as the depth of water on the bar is but 13 feet at high tide. It is the southern terminus of the Housalonic Rail way and of the Naugatuck Railway. There is also a line of steamers to New York. The population of Bridgeport is about 20,000. Stratford (62 miles), 3-}- miles from Bridgeport, has long been celebrated for its rural beauty and refined society. It has very little local business, either con nected with manufacturing or trade, be ing, in fact, in all business matters, a suburb of Bridgeport. IvjliSford (67 miles) presents a pic turesque appearance. The streets are lined with stately elms. In the cemetery near the railway, east of the depot, is a monument 30 feet high, erected over the remains of the American soldiers brought here from New York, January, 1777. West Haven (73 miles), a sub urban village, 2 miles from New Haven, is seen spread out below the railway, which passes through it on a slight eleva tion. It is located near the sea-shore, and connected with New Haven by a horse-railroad, which runs to the Savin Rock House, 4 miles from New Haven, and a favorite resort for sea-side visitors in the summer season. 146 After leaving West Haven Station, the railroad passes over extensive flats, or " salt meadows," on the opposite side of which New Haven and its harbor come into view. West and East Rocks, two abrupt promontories, 400 and 300 feet in height, are also seen in the distance, West Rock, on the northern side of the railroad, being the most conspicuous. New Haven, or the " City of Elma " (inhabitants, by census of 1860, 39,267, by census of 1870, nearly 51,- 000), one of the former capitals of the State, settled in 1038 by a colony from London, lies chiefly upon a broad plain, surrounded by hills of moderate height, at the head of a small bay which juts in from Long Ialand Sound. East and West Rocks, two bluffs of trap-rock, rising about 400 feet above the plain on the north, are conspicuous in all the ap proaches of the city, and are attractive resorts to those who love fine views. On the top of the West Rock there is a group of bowlders called the " Judges' Cave," be cause, in 1661, Goffe and Whalley, two of tho judges of King Charles I. of England, were here secreted for a little while. The poet Hillhouse suggested the name cf " Regicide " for West Rock, and of " Sas- sacus " for East Rock, but these designa tions are not in common use. Besides these rocks, there are many other inter esting places to visit within a distance of five miles from the centre of New Haven; e. g., Savin Rock, a bathing- place with summer hotels, on Long Island Sound, southweat of the city; Maltby Park, a wild, picturesque drive; Edge- wood, the residence of D. G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel) ; Wintergreen water-fall, and the tributary lake on Weat Rock ; Sa chems' Wood (the Hillhouse residence), and the Prospect Street Drive beyond; Whitneyville, and the Mill-river reservoir ; Fair Haven, including a drive to the hill near Mr. Charles Ivea's house; Salton- slall Lake, a retired sheet of water three miles long ; Fort Hale, wholly rebuilt during the recent war ; the Light House, and South End. Yale College. — New Haven is famous aa the seat of Yale College, founded in 1700, and numbering, in 1869-70, 59 instruc tors and 736 students. Its chief depart ments are ; 1. The Academic Department New Haven.] CONNECTICUT. [Brani'orb or the old Classical College, the nucleus of the institution, now attended by 518 students ; 2. The Scientific School, having 141 students ; 3. The Theological School ; 4. The Medical School ; 5. The Law School ; 6. The School of the Fine Arts. The most noteworthy buildings are the Li brary (containing 78,000 vols.); the Art- building, containing the Trumbull collec tion of historical paintings, the well- known "Jarves collection" of early Italian pictures, some interesting casts from Grecian antiques, and a few modern works of art; the Graduates' Hall, in which are hung portraits of distinguished officers and graduatea of the College ; the Cabinet of Minerals, etc., to be removed to the Peabody Muaeum of Natural His tory. These are all on the College Square. Just north of it is a new building erected in 1870 for the Theological School ; and still farther north the hall of the Sheffield Scientific Sclwol, with its laboratories, library, scientific collections, etc. The clock on this building regulatea the time for the city, by sending a telegraphic sig nal to the City Hall and elsewhere. Public Buildings, etc. — The public square or " Green" in the centre of the town has in it the State-House- (where the Legislature assembled till 1873 on every alternate year), the Centre Church, the North Church, and Trinity Church. On the east side of it is the City Hall, a new and interesting building, in which the courts are held, and the city, coun ty, town, and school district have their local offices. The other public buildings (not specifying churches) are the U. S. Post-Office, Custom-House, and Court- Room in Church Street, the Stale Hospi tal, the Medical College, the County Prison, and several good public-school houses. Until 1872, the Legislature of Connecti cut met alternately in New Haven and Hartford, but in that year Hartford was fixed upon as the permanent capital. Cemeteries. — The Old Burying- Ground in Grove Street contains many interesting monuments, among which are those which mark the graves of Theophilus Eaton (first Governor of the New Haven Colony), Roger Sherman (signer of the Declaration), David Humphreys, Roger S. Baldwin (Governor and U. S. Senator) ; of Ezra Stiles, Timothy Dwight, Benjamin Silliman, James L. Kingsley, Jonathan Knight, N. W. Taylor, and other college officers ; of James Hill house and James A. Hillhouse; Noah Webster, Jedediah Morse, Eli Whitney, Theodore Winthrop, William Croswell, father and son, etc. The New Cemetery on the bank of West River is worth visiting. The Centre Church marks the site of the earliest burying-ground, and in its rear may be seen the grave of the regicide John Dixwell, marked by a mar ble monument. Parks. — The Green, Wooster Square, Hamilton Park (with race-course, fair ground, etc.), Maltby Park. Manufactories. — In New Haven these are numerous and important, including machinery, hardware, locks, clocks, fire arms, carriages and carriage fixtures, shirts, etc. Trade with the West Indies is a note worthy feature in the New Haven bu siness. Five railroads connect New Haven with (1) New York, (2) Hartford, (3) New Lon don, (4) Northampton, and (5) Middle- town. The last named was first opened in 1870 ; a sixth road is building to Der by. Steamboats ply daily to and from New York. Weslville, Wliitncyville, and Fair Ha ven, are villages lying partly within the limits of the town. Hotels. — The largest and best is the New Haven Hotel ; the Tontine and Tre- mont houses are also good ; and there are several smaller houses, chiefly near the railroad station. IPair Haven (78 miles), a suburb of New Haven, is situated on both sides of the Quinnepiac River, over which is a railroad bridge of wood, 40 feet above the water, and a bridge for ordinary travel, of iron, about 900 feet long. The views from the left bank, which rise3 to the height of 100 to 150 feet, greatly enchance ita value as a site for villas. Fair Haven ia especially noted for the extent of its oyster-trade. East Haven (81 milea) has large copper-smelting worka. Near it ia Saltan- stall Lake, the source of the principal ice- supply for New Haven. Hranford (84 miles) haa within ita 147 GuiLEORD.] CONNECTICUT. [Groton. limits Branford Point, a favorite watering- place. Ctuilford (92 miles) is a, pretty town built around a public square, shaded with fine trees. Fronting the square are five churches, the leading stores, and the hotel. A fine atone school-house was built in 1854, at a cost of $40,000. The point south of the village ia a popular summer resort. This was the birthplace of Fitz- Greene Halleck, the poet, who died there on the 17th of November, 1867. New London (126 miles) ia the oldest town in Eastern Connecticut, hav ing been settled by John Winthrop, Jr., in 1645. It is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the river Thames, covering a nar row strip of land from its mouth three milea north. It possesses one of the finest harbors in the United States, well land locked, and never obstructed by ice. It is defended by Fort Trumbull, a strong gran ite fortification, on the western shore, and Fort Griawold, earth-works, on the eastern bank of the river. The town was burned during the Revolutionary War by Benedict Arnold, September 6, 1781, and a tall granite monument on the opposite bank of the Thames commemorates that event, and the fearful massacre at Fort Griswold the same day. New London has a good system of free education, embracing common and high schools, and was the first town in the State to establish free high and evening Bchools at public expense. The ancient burial-ground in this town is a place of special interest to the antiquarian, and contains many well-preserved stones with legible inscriptions, dating prior to 1700. In 1850 a new cemetery of 40 acres was opened, and in entering it a stranger can not fail to be impressed with its rural beauty and its monuments. It is called the Cedar Grove Cemetery. A polished freestone City Hall of Rec ords, granite Custom-House, and some especially fine stores and private residen ces, are found in the city. It contains ten houses for Christian worship, of which two, Congregational, are of granite, and one, Episcopal, of freestone. One of the for mer, Second Congregational, is a new edi fice of unusual taste and beauty in its interior finish. 148 The " Pequot House" a favorite place of summer resort, is delightfully situated at the mouth of the river, and is always filled with visitors during the pleasure season. A number of private summer resi- dences and cottages, owned by the proprie tor of the Pequot, surround the house. On the eastern side of the river are many smaller houses, which accommodate visit ors by the day or week during the summer months. New London was formerly largely en gaged in the whale-fishery, and has still a number of ships and smaller vessels engaged in the trade, and ranks aa the third town in whaling tonnage in the United Statea. A large fleet of achoonera and aloopa puraue the cod and other fresh fisheries from this port. It has one wool len and several iron and other manufac tories, several marine railways, and one large dry-dock. New London haa excellent steamboat and railroad accommodations. Two steam- era leave daily for New York, and during the summer one boat runa between Hart ford and Sag Harbor, via New London. It ia the terminua of the New London Northern Railway, 100 miles, the Shore Line, running 50 milea south or weat, to New Haven, and the New London, Ston- ington, and Providence, 63 miles to Provi dence. Eight trains leave daily for Bos ton, and five for New York. The city of New London and the State of Connecticut have given to the Uni ted States about 80 acres of land on the eastern bank of the Thames, as a site for a Navy-Yard. 4_}roton (127 miles) just across the river from New London, waa originally a part of that town. The eventa connected with the Revolutionary War, in the western part of Groton, have made it a place of his toric intereat. A brave band of about 150 men, many of them farmers and artiaana, haatily gathered within the walla of Fort Griawold, September 6,1781, defended that fortification against very great odds, and finally, when completely overpowered, sur- rendered. As the conquerora entered the gates, the leading British officer cried out, " Who commands this fort ;" Colonel Ledyard replied, " I did, sir — you do now," raiaing and lowering hia aword, in token of submiasion, and advancing to present il Mystic] CONNECTICUT. [Danbury. to him. The ferocious officer received the sword, and plunged it up to the hilt in the owner's bosom. Eighty-five men were killed in the fort, and thirty-five danger ously wounded. A granite monument, erected by the State of Connecticut, to the memory of Colonel Ledyard, stands in the Ledyard burial-ground, a, neatly-en closed lot on the brow of the hill, south of the Groton monument. Mystic (134 miles) is a prosperous village in the towna of Groton and Ston mgton, and situated on both aidea of the Myatic River. It ia the site of the cele brated Pequot massacre, May 26, 1637, when the colonists, under John Mason, annihilated the tribe, burning their forts and shooting down their men, women, and children. It has of late years been famous for its ship-building ; many fine steamers and sailing-vessels have been constructed in its yards, and no other place between Boston and New York has contributed an equal amount of new tonnage to the com mercial marine of the country during the last twenty years. Stonington (138 miles) was origi nally a part of New London, and settled with that town in 1 649. It was organized as a separate township in 1665, and a part of it incorporated as a borough in 1801. A brave and successful resistance was made by the inhabitants of this town in the War of 1812 to the attack of Sir Thomas Hardy, commanding a British squadron. The Stonington Railway to Providence, R. I., completed in 1835, was the first line built in Connecticut. The harbor is protected by a aubstantial breakwater, built many years ago by the U. S. Government, at a cost of $100,000. In summer this is a favorite watering-place. The Waddamonoch is a fine hotel, situ ated on a slight eminence, commanding an excellent view of Fislier's Island Sound and the ocean in the distance. There are several fine private reaidences in Stoning ton, and a good line of steamers connects it with New York. It is the last atation, on Ihe Shore Line, in Connecticut. SHORT DIVERGENT ROADS. Danbury and Norwalk Railway. This road is but 24 milea in length, and the diatances given below are from ita southern terminua. To obtain the diatanco from New York, add 45 miles. Stations. — South Norwalk ; Norwalk, 2 ; Winnipauk, 3 ; Kent, 5 ; Wilton, 8 ; Can non's, 9 ; Georgetown, 12 ; Ridgefield, 13 ; Sanford's, 15 ; Reading, 17 ; Bethel, 21 ; Danbury, 24. South Norwalk was formerly known as Old Well, and is two miles from the village of Norwalk. It ia at this point that on the 6th of May, 1853, a loco motive and two passenger cars plunged through an open drawbridge, involving the^osa of 47 lives. There is a steamboat line between thia line and New York. Norwalk (2 milea). (See p. 145.) HSidgcffield (13 miles) containa a few manufactories. The village is about 3 miles from the station, and is a very pleasant town, it ia on high ground with a wide street, and an abundance of fine shade-trees. A branch from the Dan bury and Norwalk Railroad is now being built to it. __>anbnry (24 miles) ia the north ern terminua of the road, and haa a population (1870) of about 7,000. It ia a pleasant place, on the Still River, which furnishes numerous hat-factories, almost all its inhabitants being engaged in that branch of businesa. It ia the semi-capi- tal of the county, and containa the county- buildinga, several churches, two bank3, etc. The town was burnt by the British troops under General Tryon in 1777, and the military stores destroyed. General Wooster waa wounded in an engagement with the enemy in their retreat, and died in Danbury. A monument was erected to his memory in the new cemetery in 1854 by the Masonic fraternity, to which he belonged, aided by the State and citi zens of Danbury. The principal public school is one of the finest and beat ar ranged in the State, and will accom modate 600 scholars. Hotels : The Wooster House (near the depot), Pahquioque Hotel, and Turner House, are the principal hotels. N. B. — Pahquioque is the Indian name for Danbury. When the Boston, Hartford, and Erie Railway ia completed, it will paas through this place. (See Route V.) 149 Derby.] CONNECTICUT. [Waterbury NA UGA TUCK RAIL WA Y. This road, commencing at Bridgeport, followa the line of the New York and New Haven Railway 5 miles through Stratford and across the Housatonic River ; it then turna northward, and follows the left bank of the Housatonic River 9 milea to Derby, then the valley of the Naugatuck, nearly to Winated. Stations. — Bridgeport, 59 miles from New York; Stratford, 3 miles from Bridge port ; Junction, 5 ; Derby, 1 4 ; Ansonia, 1 6 ; Seymour, 20 ; Beacon Falls, 23 ; Nau gatuck, 27 ; Union City, 28 ; Waterbury, 32 (connects with Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill Railway) ; Waterville, 35 ; Plymouth, 41 ; Camp's Mills, 47 ; Litch field, 49 ; Wolcottville, 52 ; Burville, 57 ; Winsted, 62. BBr idgeport (see page 146). S>erby (14 miles) is at the junction of the Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers, and at the head of navigation. It is an old town, having formerly a West Indian trade and considerable ship-building. The vil lage of BirmingJiam, picturesquely placed on a high point of land between the two rivers, is now, owing to its manufactures, the important part of the town. A dam across the Housatonic at thia point, now nearly finiahed, will afford the largest water-power in the State. The manu factures are steel, pins, tacks, hoop- skirts, etc. Commodore Isaac Hull and General David Humphreys were natives of Derby. A railway from here to New Haveu (10 miles) is building. It has steamboat communication with New York during the summer. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, a public reading-room, and several fine churches and other public buildings. Ansonia (16 miles), an important manufacturing village in the town of Der by, has a fall on the Naugatuck River of 32 feet. It was established by Phelps, Dodge & Co., about 1838, and named from Anson G. Phelps, Esq. It has 1 1 roll ing-mills, 2 founderies, white-lead works, woollen-mills, extensive clock-factories, hoop-skirt factories, etc. This village has a good public water-works, a bank, sev eral churches, and quite a number of fine private reaidences. Seymour (20 miles), formerly a part of Derby, and called Humphreysville, 150 but now a separate town, waa founded mainly by General Humphreys, in con nection with his endeavors to foster the growth and use of fine Spanish wools in this country. It haa good water-power on the Naugatuck River, and containa quite a number of manufacturing estab lishments of various kinds, but haa not increased much for some years past. The rocks at the falls near the centre of the village on the west side of the river contain some of the largest and finest specimens of " pot-holes " to be found in the country ; some of these are 2 feet in diameter and 6 or 8 feet deep. SSeacon Falls (23 miles). Here are the large shawl-mills of the_ Homo Woollen Company. Naugatuck (27 miles), formerly a part of Waterbury, and called Salem Bridge, has large india-rubber goods factories, woollen-mill, agricultural tools, and a considerable number of manufac tories of less note. Union City (28 miles) is a part of Naugatuck. Here are Tuttle & Whitte more's malleable-iron foundery and sev eral smaller works. "Waterbury (32 miles), the princi pal place of the valley, is the fifth city ofthe State iu population, of which at least one- half is foreign (population, 1860, 10,000, 1870, about 11,000). Its situation is pic turesque. The hills, which closely hem in the IS augatuck above and below, hero recede on the north and east, leaving an elevated triangular plateau, measuring about one mile on each side, and on this, and on the adjacent slopes and surround ing hill-sides, the city ia built. A noisy mill-stream, called the Mad River, comes down on the east side, and Great Brook, another mill-stream, flows nearly through the centre of the town. The manufac tories being mostly on the outskirts of the town, the central part has a neat and tasteful appearance, unusual in manufac turing towns. Manufactures, to which Waterbury owes its growth, employ a capital of up ward of $7,000,000. The main business is the manufacture of rolled brass and German silver, and wire, and, as incident to this, all manufactures that consume these materials in large quantities are pursued and encouraged. Fine steel rolls are Watertown.] CONNECTICUT. [Wolcottville. manufactured here so superior, that they have been ordered for the British and Bel gian Mints. Prominent Buildings. — These are mostly about Centre Square, a small park of three or four acres, neatly planted and lying in the centre of the town. The City Hall, built in 1869, at a cost of about $140,000, is a fine building, with brown- stone front and clock-tower, and contains, besides the public offices, a fine court-room aud an elegant public hall, for concerts, lectures, etc., seating about 1,500. The First Congregational Church (of wood) ia on the north aide of the aquare, the Sec ond Congregational Church (of stuccoed brick) at the eaat end, and St. John's Episcopal Church at the weat end. This building was destroyed by fire, December 24, 1868, but is now being rebuilt in granite, trimmed with Ohio stone — pointed Gothic style, at a cost of about $150,000. The Methodist and Roman Catholic Churches, on East Main Street, and the Baptist Church on Bank Street, all near, but not ou Centre Square, are brick struc- tures of some elegance. The ScdvilU Howse, a very comfortable hotel, is on the south side of the square, and about one- fourth of a mile from the railroad sta tion. The Silas Bronson Library, a public library, free to all inhabitants of the city, founded by the late Silas Bronson, of New York, with a permanent fund of about $200,000, has just been opened, v. ith a circulating library, of about 10,000 vol umes. Riverside Cemetery, on the south aide of the Naugatuck, though small (about 40 acres), is one of the most beautiful rural cemeteries in the country. The Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railway extends from this place to Providence. A branch road to Water- town (5£ miles) is now in operation. It was finished in 1870. Watertown is a very fine agricul tural town, and is a pleasant summer residence, the Warren House being an excellent hotel. It has several manufac tories, the largest being one of sewing- silk. Waterville(35 miles) is noted for its manufacture of pocket cutlery. Plymouth (41 miles) contains three villages, Thomaston, on tho railroad, Plym outh Hill, 1 mile east, and TorryviUe, 3 miles east. Thomaston, the most impor- tant, contains a braaa rolling-mill, exten sive clock-works, etc. About 2 miles be low Thomaston, the road passes fine quar ries of white granite, belonging to the Plymouth Granite Company. Litchfield Station (49 miles). The village of Litchfield, 4 miles west of here, reached by a branch road, is in the county of the same name, and is the county seat. The village is 1,100 feet above tide-water, near Bantam, the largest lake in the State, the outlet of which furnishes a large water-power. The two principal streeta are broad, ahaded with grand old elms, with pleaa- ant parks at their intersection. The drives and scenery in the vicinity are very attractive. This was the seat of the famoua Law School of Judges Reeve and Gould, and of Misa Pierce'a Young Ladiea' School, the earliest institution of its kind in thia country. Here waa brought, in the early daya of the American Revolution, to the residence of Governor Oliver Wol- cott (a signer of the Declaration of Inde pendence), the leaden equestrian statue of George III., from the Bowling Green in New York, and by the Governor's daugh ters aud their companions melted into bullets for our armiea. Hia aon, Oliver, Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, subsequently Governor of Connecticut, also lived here ; the dwelling still stands. Here also the famous Lyman Beecher, D. D., the father of " all the Beechers," spent the prime of his life. The town contains several deposits of nickel-ore, and at the outlet of the lake, three or four mills, etc. The village is chiefly built upon two streets crossing each other at right angles. The " Shcpaug Valley Railroad," finished in 1871, con nects Litchfield with Hawley ville, 32 miles distant. Hotels: Mansion House and United Stales. W olcottville (52 miles) is a prosperous manufacturing village, in the township of Torrington, containing several churches. The woollen mill of the Union Manufacturing Company is a commo dious building. There is also a large brass rolling-mill, manufactory of plated goods, gilt cornices, window trimmings, etc. Be tween Wolcottville and Winsted, the road 151 WlNSTED.] CONNECTICUT. [Salisbury crosses the line separating the water shed of the Naugatuck from that of the Farmington River, on whose head-waters Winsted lies. Winstcd(62 miles), the terminus of the road, the principal village in the town of Winchester, and the largest village in Litchfield County, is situated at the outlet of Long Lake, which furnishes a valuable water-power, the village being built along the stream. It contains numerous manu factories, mostly of various forms of iron and steel, such as scythes, hoes, and forks, several handsome buildings and a good hotel, the Beardsley House, which is sup plied with water from the lake in pipes. ROUTE II. BRIDGEPORT TO PITTSFIELD, MASS. Via Housatonic Railway. In the following list of stations none in Massachusetts are named except Pitts- field, as they will all be found in Route IV. of Massachusetts. The distances are from Bridgeport, which is 59 miles from New York. Stations. — Bridgeport ; Stepney, 10 miles; Botsford, 15; Newtown, 19; Hawleyville, 23 ; Brookfield Junction, 27 (connects with New York, Housatonic, and Northern Railway) ; Brookfield, 29 ; New Milford, 35 ; Merwinsville, 42 ; Kent, 48 ; Cornwall Bridge, 57 ; West Cornwall, - 61 ; Falls Village, 67 ; Canaan, 73 (con nects with Western Connecticut Rail way); Pittsfield, 110 (connects with Bos ton and Albany, and Pittsfield and North Adama Railways). Bridgeport. (See page 146.) ISrookfield (29 miles) is the junc tion of the New York, Housatonic, and Northern Railway, a short road to Dan bury, on the Danbury and Norwalk Rail way. (See page 149.) New Blilford (35 miles), on the Housatonic River, is a large and very beautiful village, with broad, well-shaded streets. It is the site of several manu factories. From this point to the termi nus of the road the scenery is ever changing and of rare beauty. Kent (48 miles), on the Housatonic River, has three blast-furnaces. It is a 152 quiet little village, with the river running through ft. Hatch and Swift lakes or ponds are visible from the railway. There is also a hill which rises to a height of 1,000 feet, crowned by Spectacle Pond, a pair of twin lakelets of oval shape, con nected by a strait. The view from thia hill is grand. Looking westward, the Catskills are in sight, 60 milea diatant, and between them and the Bpectator four other mountain-ranges. Cornwall ISridge (57 miles), surrounded by beautiful scenery, is a manufacturing village, and containa a blast-furnace. Falls Village (67 miles) ia at the falla of the Housatonic, which are the largest and finest in the State. They are bold and picturesque, descendiug 60 feet over a ledge of limestone. Not far from the village is Prospect Hill, from which the finest views in the vicinity can be ob tained. Near to it is a wild cleft in the rocks, known as the Wolfs Den. Canaan (73 miles) is the last sta tion in Connecticut, and, like Falls Village, is in the midat of aplendid scenery. Salisbury is a few miles to the southwest of Canaan, and is in the town ship of the same name, ao noted for ita varied and beautiful scenery, its charm ing lakes, and its fruitful valleys. Upon Mount Riga, at an elevation of 1,000 feet, ia a lake which furniahes a fine water- power. The celebrated Salisbury iron- beds are upon this mountain, furnishing ore to =i number of iron-works in the vi cinity. It is here that the Amea wrought- iron cannon are made. Mr. Beecher, in hia " Star Papers," de- ecribes this section of the country as fol lows, the only liberty we have taken being to add a few notes for the guidance of the traveller, and to italicize names : " If one has not leisure for detailed ex plorations, and can Bpend but a week, let him begin, say at Sharon, or Salisbury, and both accessible from the Harlem Railroad:* On either side, to the east and to the west, ever-varying mountain- forma frame the horizon. There is a constant succession of hills swelling into * Amenia Station, on the Harlem Bond, o_ Canaan on the Housatonic Eoad, for Sharon and Millertown, or Falls Village on the Housa tonic, for Salisbury. Salisbury.] CONNECTICUT. [Merideb mountains, and of mountains flowing down into hula. The huea of green in treea, in grasses, and in various harvests, are end lessly contrasted. There are no forests so beautiful as those made up of both evergreen aud deciduous trees. At Salis bury you come under the shadow of the Taconic range. Here you may well spend a week, for the sake of the rides and the objeeta of curiosity.* Four milea to the eaat are the Falls of the Housatonic, called Canaan Falls, very beautiful and Worthy of much longer study than they usually get. Prospect Hill, not far from Falls Village, affords altogether the moat beautiful view of any of the many peaka With which thia neighborhood abounda, Many mountain-topa of far greater ce lebrity afford less various and beautiful views. Near to it is the Wolf's Tfen, a savage cleft in the rocks, through which you grope as if you had forsaken light and hope forever. On the west of Salis bury you ascend Mount Riga to Bald Peak, thence to Brace Mountain, thence to the Dome, thenoe to that grand ravine and its wild water, Bash-Bish, a ride in all of about 18 miles, and wholly along the mountain-bowl. On the eastern side of this range, and about four miles from Norton's House, iu Salisbury, where you Will, of course, put up, is Sage's Ravine, which is the antithesis of Basli-Bish. Sage's Ravine, not without grandeur, haa Ita principal attractiona in ita beauty; Bash-Bish, far from deatitute of beauty, ia yet moat remarkable for grandeur. I would willingly make the journey once a month from New York to aee either of them. Just beyond Sage's Ravine, very beautiful falls may be seen juat after heavy rains, which have been named Norton's Falls. Beaidea these and other mountain scenery, there are the Twin Lakes on the north of Salisbury, and the two lakea on the aouth, around which the ridea are extremely beautiful." The reat of thia route will be deacribed In Route IV. of Massachusetts, * There is a good hotel. ROUTE III. THE -CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY FROM NEW HA VEN TO LAKE MEM PHREMAGOG AND THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, INCLUDING HART FORD, SPRINGFIELD, etc. Via New Haven, Hartford and Springfield, and Connecticut River Railways, or via New Haven and Northampton Railway, eta. [Note. — Although the above announce ment of thia route ia 80 comprehensive, only those portions of these lines which lie within the limits of Connecticut will be deacribed here. In the chapter on Maaaachuaetta it will be reaumed aa Route V, and in Vermont as Route I. NEW HAVEN HARTFORD, AND SPRINGFIELD RAILWAY. Thia road, as far as Springfield, ia one of the main highways to Boston, and it continues on to the Canadian frontier aa the best route from New York to the White Mountains and to Quebec. The valley of the Connecticut is one of the moat beautiful in the country, but the touriat aeea but little of the lower river from the cara, the track not running along the river-bank until after passing above Hartford. Stations. — New Haven, 76 milea from New York ^ North Haven, 7 milea from New Haven; Wallingford, 12; Yaleaville, 1 6 ; Meriden, 1 8 ; Berlin, 26 (connects with Middletown Branch) ; Newingtou, 31 ; Hartford, 36 (connecta with Hart ford, Providence and Fiahkill Railway) ; Windaor, 42 ; Windaor Locks, 48 ; Ware house Point, 49 ; Thompaonville, 53 ; Longmeadow, 58 ; Springfield, 62 (con necta with Boaton and Albany Railway, and with Connecticut River Railway). New Haven (76 miles from New York). (See page 146.) Wallingford ( 1 2 miles) is a beau- tifhl aummer resort, with broad and hand some streets, and several manufactoriea It has an excellent hotel — Beach House. Meriden (18 miles) is beautifully aituated upon a hill. It has several large manufactories, and is noted for ita clocks. "In Meriden," says S. G. Good rich, "is a natural ice-house, in a narrow defile, between ridges of greenstone. The 153 Berlin.] CONNECTICUT. [Harm orb. defile is choked up with the ruins of the rocks which have fallen from the ridges, and form a seriea of cavitiea overgrown with trees, and strewn with thick beds of leaves. The ice is formed in the cavi ties of these rocks, and remains the whole year. A portion of it melts during summer, causing a stream of cold water to flow perpetually from the spot." Berlin (26 miles) ia a thriving manufacturing village at the junction of the branch road to Middletown. Middletown is a city, situated on the western bank of the Connecticut River, at the head of ship navigation, having 10 feet of water at its wharves. It possesses numerous handsome resi dencea, many of them surrounded with extensive ornamental grounds. The Berkeley Divinity School (Episcopalian) is situated on Main Street. Ita chapel, dedicated to St. Luke, is an exquisite specimen of Gothic architecture. Upon an eminence overlooking the city stands the Wesleyan University, controlled by the Methodists. The university pos sesses a library of about twenty thou sand volumes, a somewhat extensive cabinet of natural history, and one of the finest telescopes in the country. Among the university buildings, the most noticeable are the Memorial Chapel, Rich Hall, and Judd Hall. Rich Hall is occu pied by the library, and Jjidd Hull is devoted to the department of Natural Science. These are all elegant and sub stantial buildings, of Portland sandstone. The quarries whence this excellent stone is obtained are situated ou the east bank of the river, directly opposite Middle- town. The region ia one of considerable interest to mineralogists, and the charac teristic minerals of the locality are well represented in the collections in Judd nalL The feldspar, which occurs very abundantly in a coarae granite, ia quar ried in aeveral localitiea near the city, and largely used in the manufacture of por celain. A lead and ailver mine, formerly worked a ahort distance below Middle- town, is now abandoned. The Connect icut Hospital for the Insane, and an Industrial School for Girls, are located near the city. The manufactoriea of Middletown are quite varied and ex tensive, including webbing, pumps, hard- 154 ware, indian-rubber goods, silver-plated ware, sewing-machines, shirts, etc. A branch of the Hartford and New Haven Railroad extends from Berlin to Middle- town, a distance of 10 miles. Two other railroads are in process of construction through this city. One of these, the New Haven, Middletown, and Williman- tio, will form a part of the " Air line " from New York to Boston, and was opened from New Haven to Middletown in the summer of 1870. The other will run from Hartford to the mouth of the Connecticut. The steamers running be tween New York and Hartford stop here. The McDonough ia the leading hotel. Hartford (36 miles), the seat of government of the State, and one of tho most beautiful cities in all New England, is situated at the head of sloop navigation on the Connecticut River. It was first settled by the Dutch, 1633, and the site of the flrat houses at the junction of the Connecticut and Park Rivers is still known aa "Dutch Point." In 1635 the first English colony settled here, and named the place in honor of Hartford, England, the birthplace of one of their miniaters. The businesa of Hartford ia very exten- sive, not only on account of ita numerous manufactoriea, but alao because it is one of the great centres of the fire and life inaurance companiea of the United Statea, the aggregate capital of those located here being immenae. The distinguishing features of this city are its benevolent, educational, and charitable institutions, its handsome buildings, and ita beautiful residences, all of which may be reached or at least approached by the street rail way through Main Street, upon or near which most of the principal buildings stand. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is beautifully aituated on the hill, near the depot, in the midst of extensive grounds. It was founded in 1817 by Rev. T. H. Gallaudet, LL. D., and was the first institution of the kind in America. The Retreat for ihe Insane, founded in 1824, stands upon elevated ground in tho southwest part of the city, and is a prom inent object. It has extensive and high ly-ornamental grounds, from which fine views of the city and of the Connecticut Valley can be obtained. Harti'Ord.] CONNECTICUT. [Wethersfield, The Hartford Hospital, located on Hud son Street, in tho southern portion of the city, near the Retreat, is a handsome building, of Portland stone. It waa estab lished in 1854, and the present building dedicated in 1859. Trinity College, the leading educational institution, is under the management of the Episcopal Church, by which it was founded in 1823. The buildings are of stone, and are namod Seabury, Jarvis, and Brownell Halls. They stand upon an eminence, surrounded by extensive and beautiful grounds, laid out as a park, through which runs the Park River. They are to the east of the railway, and can be seen from the depot. Ita libra- riea contain about 15,000 volumes. The ground on which the college stands has just been sold to the city, and is to be the site of a new State-House, on a grand scale. The College has bought 40 acres iu the suburbs. The new High School, which can be seen on the left of the railroad, just be fore entering the city, and which is a conspicuous object from the park, and the new Brown, School, on Market Street, are among the finest school-houses iu the land. The Theological Institute of Connecticut, under the control of the Congregational ists, incorporated in 1834, and formerly located at East Windsor, is situated at the corner of Prospect Street aud Wads- worth's Alley. Ita library contains about 7,000 volumes. The Wadsworth Athenceum is a fine granite edifice, in the castellated style. The central portion is used as a fine-art gallery ; the southern portion by the museum, library, and other rooms of the State Historical Society, through which is the entrance to the Wilkinson Library, a free public library containing about 20,000 volumes. The northern portion is occupied by the Young Men's Insti tute, which has a large library. No per son stopping in Hartford should neglect visiting this institution. The State-House was built in 1794, and contains the public offices aud the State Library. In the secretary's office is the famous charter. In the Senate-chamber is a full-length portrait of Washington, by Stuart, pictures of former colonial and State Governors, and an elegant chair made from the Charter Oak. From the cupola on the top of the building there is a fine view. The City Hall is a handsome building in the Grecian style of architecture. It fronts on Market Square. There ia a fine Opera-House, a large concert and lecture hall — AUyn Hall — and a very large Skating-Rink. The Charier Oak, once the pride of the city, waa blown down during a storm in 1856, and the spot where it stood is now marked by a marble slab. Churches. — Among the many beautiful churches, the most noticeable arc the Church of tiie Good Shepherd (Episcopal), built by Mrs. Colt ; Christ Church (1827), corner of Main and Church Streets, a re markable specimen of Gothic architecture for the time when it was built ; Asylum HUl and Park Churches (Congregational), and the Pearl Street Church, which has a graceful stone spire. Colts Fire-Arms Manufactory and the Willow-Works form a village of them selves, in the southeast portion of the city. The dwellings for the employes are near the workshops. The grounds ex tend from the river to Main Street, upon which stands the elegant " Colt Mansion," surrounded by immense green-houses, graperies, etc. The residence of the late Mrs. L. H. Sigourney, the poetess, stands ou Asylum Street, near the railway depot. Gemeteries. — The Ancient Burying- Ground, containing the ashes of the first settlers, is in the rear of the Centre Church, on Main Street. The largest cemetery is in the north part of the city ; but the Cedar Hill Cemetery should be visited, to see the Celt Monument, the Beach Monument, and the fine prospect over the surrounding country. The vicinity of Hartford abounds in picturesque drives and walks. The drives to Tumble-Down Brook, 8 miles west, on the Albany Road, to Talcott Mountain, to Prospect Hill, and to Wethersfield, are the most frequented. The best hotels arc the AUyn House and the United Stales. Wethersfield (6 miles) is the most ancient of the river towns, dating lrom 1636. It contains a number of ven- 155 Windsor.] CONNECTICUT. [New Hartford. erable residences, an old church which Vandal hands have recently modernized, and the old cemetery where generation lifter generation lay mouldering to dust. The State Prison ia located here. The Main Street Railway extenda to Wethers field. Windsor (42 miles) is on the right bank of the Connecticut, and ia the firat Engliah settlement in the State. It was the birthplace of Roger Wolcott, once Governor of Connecticut, and Oliver Ells worth, once Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Warehouse Point (49 milea) ia a flourishing manufacturing village. The Connecticut River ia here crossed by an iron-truss bridge 1,525 feet long. The frame of the bridge was put together in England. Ita erection waa commenced June, 1865, and it was completed Febru ary, 1866. Of its 17 spans, the largest is 177J feet. Thompsonville (53 miles) is the last atation in Connecticut. (For continuation, see Route V of Massachusetts.) NEW HAVEN AND NORTHAMPTON RAILWAY. The New Haven and Northampton Rail road, from New Haven to Williamsburg, Maaaachusetta, 84 miles, and branch from Farmington to New Hartford, Connecticut, of 14 miles, was leased for 20 years, to the New York and New Haven Railroad, but reverted to its owners July 1, 1869. It has since been entirely reuovated and put in firat-class order, furnished with an entirely new outfit of locomotives, cars, shopa, wharf facilitiea, etc., and now ranks with any of the roads centring in New Haven, as a first-class route. Fol lowing the line of the old Farmington Canal, it runs through the centre of the State, to the Farmington Valley, up the valley to the Massachusetta line, crossing that great thoroughfare to the West, the Boston and Albany Railroad, at Westfield, thence on to Northampton and Williams burg, where it rests for the present, ooking for a good outlet to the great northern valleys beyond. Stations. — New Haven, Ives's, 8 miles ; Mount Carmel, 9; Cheshire, 15; Hitch cock's, 20; Plantsville, 21; Southington, 156 22 ; Plainville, 27 (connecta with Hart. ford, Providence, and Fishkill Railway, for Waterbury, Hartford, Willimantic, Plainfield, and Providence) ; Farmington, 31 (trains leave Farmington for New Hart ford at 8.30 A. M., and 12.56 and 7.20 p. M.) ; Avon, 37 ; Weatoguc, 40 ; Simabury, 42 ; Granby, 47 ; Southwick, 55 ; West- field, 61 (connecta with Boston and Al bany Railway for Boaton, Springfield, Worcester, Albany, Troy, Saratoga, and the West) ; Southampton, 68 ; Easthamp- ton, 71 ; Northampton 76 (connects with Connecticut River Railway); Florence, 79 ; Leeds, 81 ; Haydenville, 83 ; Wil liamsburg, 84. Cheshire (19 milea from New Ha ven), a large farming town, midway be tween Meriden and Waterbury, ia the seat of a flourishing Military School, and of the moat extenaive barytes-mines in the country, baa aome manufactures, and ia delightfully located. Southington (22 milea) ia a flour ishing manufacturing town, noted for its great variety of article8 made from iron and steel. Plainville (27 miles), the crossing of the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railway, ia an enterprising manufacturing village of aome 2,000 inhabitanta. Farmington (31 miles) is a beau tiful and prosperous village, on the Far mington River ; the scenery in the vicinity ia very pictureaque, and Round HiU, which ia near the village, ia a great natural curiosity. Misses Porters' Young Ladies Seminary, at this place, is widely known. The Branch to Collinsville aud New Hart ford diverges here. Unionville (34 miles from New Haven), on the branch road, is a flourish ing manufacturing village, mostly engaged in paper production. Collinsville (39 miles), the former terminua of the branch, is especially noted for the largeat axe-manufactory in the United States. Plough3 and cutlery are alao extenaively manufactured here ; and here old John Brown, whose soul is still "marching on," procured hia famous pikes, which opened the war, and began the end of slavery. New Hartford (45 miles from New Haven), the terminus of the branch, ia a very pleasantly-located village, heavily Aton.] CONNECTICUT. [Norwich engaged in the manufacture of cotton ducks, scythes, planes, rulea, and othor mechanics' tools, but chiefly noted a3 the birthplace of Clara Louiae Kellogg, the prima donna. Avon (37 milea) is a lovely country village, nestled among the hills, and Is famed for Its charming aurroundinga. Tal cott Mountain, one of the higheat peaka in the region, ia especially noted, and a great resort in summer. firanby (47 miles) waa formerly tho Beat of the Connecticut State Prison, abandoned mines being uaed, inatead of houses, for the confinement of prisoners. The horrors of these subterranean dun geons are beyond description. Thia ia tho last station in Connecticut. Southwick (55 miles) is one of those old New England farming towns, situated among the hills, so famoua In all New England history, with much of local intereat, but little to recommend it to the stranger, save its lovely surroundings. Westfield, Mass. (61 miles), pleasantly situated on the banks of West- field River, surrounded by hills, is a moat delightful spot. In the centre of the vil lage is a neat public square, surrounded by churches and schools. Here is located one and the beat of the State Normal Schools, and the publio schools are noted far and wide. The town ia celebrated for ita manufacture of whips. Elasthampton (72 miles) is a large manufacturing town, cottons, buttons, suspenders, and rubber goods, being the specialtiea. It owes its growth and wealth largely to the energy and perseverance of Hon. Samuel Williston, who commenced the manufacture of buttons, and is now one of the inoat wealthy citizens of Massachusetts, and devotes his wealth freely to charitable and educational pur poses, having founded here the Williston Seminary, and endowed it with several hundred thousand dollara. A fine hotel here ia largely patronized by New- Yorkers. Northampton (76 miles), the junction of Connecticut River Railroad with thia road, is described on page 186. Florence (79 miles) is a manufac turing village of note, being the birth place of the Florence sewing-machine, which ia manufactured here on a very large scale — from 1,500 to 2,000 being made each month. The aewing-ailk manufacture ia carried on extenaively here, and at Leeds, two miles beyond. Haydenville (83 milea), a manu. facturing village, founded and named from ox-Lieutenant Governor Joel Hayden, ia noted for ita extensive manufacturea of brass, etc. Williamsburg (85 miles), the present terminua of the road, la delight. fully located among the hills, has about 4,000 inhabitants, largely devoted to agriculture and manufactures, has stage- lines running to Cummington (the birth place of Bryant), 8 miles, alao to Goshen, Chesterfield, and Aahfield. ROUTE IV. FROM NEW LONDON TO STAFFORD SPRINGS, AND TO BRATTLEBORO, VERMONT, WHITE MOUNTAINS, LITTLETON, QUEBEC, MONTREAL, AND ALL PARTS OF VERMONT, WESTERN NEW HAMPSHIRE, NORTHERN NEW YORK, AND PROVINCE OF qUEBEC. Via New London Northern Railway. Stations. — New London, 126 miles from Now York ; Montville, 6 miles from New London; Norwich, 13 (connects with Norwich and Worcester division of Bos ton, Hartford, and Erie Railway) : Yantic, 17 ; South Windham, 26 ; Willimantic, 30 (connects with Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill Railway); South Coventry, 35 ; Mansfield, 38 ; Tolland and Welling. ton, 44 ; Stafford, 50. New London. (See page 148.) Norwich, 13 milea (pronounced Nor-ry), one of the two shire-towns of New London County, had, in I860, 14,- 000 inhabitants — now about 17,000. It ia an incorporated city, surrounded by many manufacturing villages, which lie along the banks of the Yantic and the Sheluck* et — two amall rivera which unite to form the Thames — at a point commonly called " The Landing." Among the diatinct neighborhooda which make up the town, are Eaat Chelsea, Weat Chelsea (weat side), Laurel Hill, the Falla, the Plain, Up-town, Bean Hill, Yantic, and Greeneville. The view of the Land ing, as one cornea up by rail or boat 157 WlLLIMANTIC.] CONNECTICUT. [Jewett City. from the south, is interesting — street rising above street, upon the side of a Bteep hill, on which are placed three churches, a school-house, county jail, etc. Washington Street, Broadway, and the Plain, are lined with attractive dwelling- houses — some of them quite handsome— and all surrounded by shade-trees and gardens. The antiquarian tourist may visit with interest the Indian burying- ground in Sachem Street, where the grave of Uncus is marked by a granite obelisk ; and the battle-field near Greeneville, where a plain granite block marks tho site of Miantonomoh's capture. A drive of five miles toward New London leads to Mohe- gan, where a remnant of the aborigines still live. The Falls in the Yantic, three- quarters of a mile above the Landing, were once famous for their natural beauty, but are so much hidden by factories and the railroad bridge, that their attractions are much diminished. The manufacto ries are of cotton fabrics, worsted braid, blankets, carpets, envelopes, paper, hard ware, etc. Tiie Free Academy is an admirable school for the older boys and girls of Norwich and vicinity. It was established and is maintained by private liberality, and ranks among the best institutions of Its sort in the country. The building is situated near the parade-ground, on the Plain ; ia spacious, convenient, and well Bupplied with class-rooms, apparatus, library, etc. The public schools of a lower grade are also good. Hotels : The Wauregan House and the American House, aud several small taverns. Churches. — The Second and Broad way Congregational Churches, and Christ Church (Episcopal), are aubatantial mod ern buildinga ; and two or three other Bew churches are projected. The Yantic Cemetery and the old bury- ing-ground up-town contain some inter esting graves and monuments. Willimiantic (30 miles) is a large manufacturing town upon the Williman- tic River, which is here a large stream having a fall of 100 feet in a mile, and thus affording a great witer-power. There is an abundance of building-stone ci the vicinity. The Hartford, Providence and Fiiakill Railway connects here, and 153 the New York and Boston Air Line, when completed, will pass through this place, making ita distance from New York 120 miles, and from Boston 80 miles. Mansfield (38 miles) is on tho Nalchang River, and is noted for its manufactures cf sewing-silk, the business having been commenced as early as 1798. It also contains manufactories of other kinds. TTollamd and Willington (44 miles) are two adjacent manufactur ing villages. The former is the county seat of Tolland County, and contains the public buildings, several churches, etc. Stafibrd (50 miles). This is the last station in Connecticut ; it is Bituated upon the Willimantic River, and is cele brated for the medical propertiea of its mineral springs. One of tliese, as analyzed by Prof. Silliman, contains a large pro portion of hydrogen gaa and sulphur, and a amall portion of iron. The other, which ia conaidered one of the best chalybeate springs iu the United States, contains a solution of iron, sustained by carbonic-acid gaa, aome earthy aubstances, and an clement called natron. The aprings and a large hotel (the Stafford Springs House) are close by tho depot, on the west side of the track. Stafford village is two miles distant. (For continuation of this route, see Route VI. of Massachusetts.) ROUTE V. FROM NEW YORK TO WHITE MOUNTAINS, VIA NEW LONDON. Via Norwich and Worcester and connecting (Branch of Route I.) Stations. — New London, 126 miles from New York; Norwich, 139 (con nects with New London Northern Rail way) ; Jewett City, 149 ; Plainfield Junc tion, 155 (connects with Hartford, Provi dence, and Fishkill Railway) ; Central Vil lage, 159 ; Wauregan, 160 ; Danielson- ville, 165; Daysville, 168; Putnam, 172; Thompson, 175 ; Grosvenor Dale, 177. Jewett City (149 miles) is a flourishing place ou the Quincbaug River, having a fine water-power and numerous manufactories. PLAiNfiEtD Junction.] CONNECTICUT [Manchester Plainfield Junction (155 miles) is the intersection of the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railway. Hanielsonville (165 miles) is a village of Killingly township, which is the greateat cotton-manufacturmg town in the State. It contains quarriea of different kinda of atone, and beda of por celain clay. Within the limits of the town is Alexander's Lake, the Indian name of which was Mashapang. The tradition of the Indians was, that when a tribe were indulging in a debauch, the Great Spirit became enraged, and caused the ground under their feet to sink, and water to take its plaoe. Without com ment on this tradition, we will state that tho origin of the lake waa the ainking of the ground, and that, when the water ia smooth, the pino-foreat can still be soen, some of the trees reaching almost to the surface. Haysville (168 milea ) ia in Kill ingly townahip. Thompson (174 miles) is a large and pleasant agricultural and manufac turing town. The Chargoggagoggmanchig- aggogg Pond, which lies partly in thia town, and partly in Massachusetts, has about 60 miles of coast, ia atudded with beautiful islands, aud was considered the paradise of the Nipmuck Indians. Orosvenor Hale (177 miles) is the last station in Connecticut. (For continuation, see Route VII. of Massachusetts.) ROUTE VI. WATERBURY TO PROVIDENCE, R. I. Via Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railway. This railway, connecting at Providence, R. I., with the Boston and Providence Rail way, is intended to extend to Fishkill ou the Hudson River, over which it is pro posed to .throw a bridge, thus making unbroken communication with the Erie Railway, and greatly shortening the route to the West. At present it ia com pleted aa far west as Waterbury. Work is in progreaa ou the division between Brewster's on the Harlem Road and Fishkill. It was recently known aa the "Boston, Hartford and Erie Bail- way." In the following list of stations we will commence at the western terminus, so that, on leaving Connecticut, this and ita connecting routes may be resumed in Rhode Ialand and Maasaohusetta : Stations. — Waterbury (connects with Naugatuck Railway) ; Waterville, 3 miles ; Hancock, 7; Ferryville, 11; Bristol, 15 J Plainville, 19 (connects with New Haven and Northampton Railway) ; New Britain, 24 ; Newington, 28 ; Hartford, 33 (connects with New Haven, Hartford, and Spring field Railway, and with steamers for New York) ; East Hartford, 35 ; Manches ter, 42 (connects with South Mancheater Branch) ; Vernon, 45 (connects with Rock- ville Branch); Bolton, 49; Andover, 55; Willimantic, 64 (connecta with New Lon don Northern Railway) ; South Wyndham, 68 ; Waldo3, 72 ; Baltic, 75 ; Lovett's, 79 ; Jewett City, 82 ; Canterbury, 85 ; Plain- field, 89 (connects with Norwich and Worcester Railway) ; Moosup, 92 ; Ster- ling, 96 ; Providence, 123 (connects with diverging railways). Waterbury* (See page 150.) Waterville (3 miles) ia noted for its manufacture of pocket cutlery. Terry ville (11 miles) ia a manu facturing village. The first manufactory of wooden clocks in the United Statea was started here by Mr. Terry. Hristol (15 miles) ia in the vicinity of a valuable copper-mine. It ia noted for its manufactures, especially clocks. Plainville (19 miles). (See page 156.) New Hritain (24 miles) is au im portant place, having a population, in 1870 of over 9,000. It is beautifully laid out and built, and ia supplied with gaa and water, the latter from a reservoir of 175 acres, at an elevation of 200 feet, which gives sufficient pressure to super- aede the neceasity of fire-enginea. It i3 celebrated for ita manufactures, and ia the seat of the State Normal School. Hartford (33 milea). (See page 154.) East Hartford (35 milea) is on the opposite side of the river from Hart ford, with which it ia connected by a long bridge. Manchester (42 miles) ia noted for its varied and extensive manufac tures, 159 South Manchester.] CONNECTICUT. [Sterling. South Manchester ia at the terminua of a branch 2$- miles from Man chester. The principal silk-manufactory of the Cheney Brothers ia located here, which producea eome of the fineat ailk gooda iu the United States. Vernon (45 miles) is where a road branches off to Rockville, a distance of 5 Dliles. ESockVille, on the Hockannon River, possesses a fine water-power, and Is one of the most enterprising and flour ishing of Northern Connecticut villages. Willimantic (64 miles). (See page 158.) Baltic (75 miles), This village is owned principally by the A. & W. Sprague Manufacturing Company, who have located here a cotton-mill 1,000 feet long, and running 60,000 spindlea. Thia company has several other manufac tories on the line of thia road — >at Quid- wick, River Point, Cranalow, etc., with a capacity for producing 27,000 yarda of printed goods daily. Plainfield ( 89 miles). (See page 159.) Sterling (96 miles), the last ata. tion in Connecticut, haa manufactories of printed goods. (For continuation of thia route, set Rhode Island, Route II.) 190 Rhode Island.] RHODE ISLAND. [Rhode Island. RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island adjoins Connecticut on the east and Massachusetts on the south. It is entitled to distinction as the smallest State in the Union, ita entire area not exceeding 1,159 aquare miles, with an ex treme length and breadth respectively of 47 and 37 miles. " It is divided into five counties, and contained, in 1870, 217,893 inhabitants. Next to Providence, the largest towns are Smithfield, Newport, Warwick, Bristol, and Kingston. The country is most pleasantly varied with hill and dale, though there are no mountains of any great pretenaions. Am ple compenaation for this lack in the natural acenery ia made by the numeroua small lakes which abound everywhere, and especially by the beautiful watera and ialanda and shores of the Narragan- set Bay, which occupy a great portion of the area of the State. The Pawtucket, Pawtuxet, and Pawcatuck, are the most considerable streams. Its capitals, Prov idence and Newport, are among the most ancient and most interesting places in the United States, and the latter has long been one of the most fashionable Ameri can watering-places. The State of Rhode Island was first settled at Providence, in 1636, by Roger Williams. To the enlightened and lib eral mind of Williams in Rhode Island, and to the like true wisdom of Penn in Pennsylvania, and of Lord Baltimore in Maryland, America owes its present hap py condition of entire iVsedom of con science, perfect religious toleration hav ing been made a cardinal point in the policy of those colonies. Rhode Island proper was settled (1638) by Governor Coddington and others, at Pocasset (now Portsmouth). It was purchased of the Indians, by whom it was called Aquid neck, " lale of Peace." Subsequently it was called " Isle of Rhodes " (whence Rhode Island), from the beautiful island of that name'in the Mediterranean. The people of Rhode Island were early and active participants in the War of the Revolution, and many spots within her borders tell thrilling tales of the stirring incidents of those memorable daya. Rhode Island ia emphatically the manu facturing State of the Union ; the amount and variety of manufacturea within her borders by far exceeding those of any other State in proportion to the number of inhabitants, and the area of territory. From careful returns obtained through the instrumentality of the " National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters," and recently communicated to the " Rhode Island Society for the Pro tection of Industry " by Mr. Henry Lip- pitt, we derive the following statistics : There are in Rhode Island 147 cotton- mills, containing about 1,500,000 spindles ; and this number is exceeded only by the State of Massachusetts, where 2,500,000 spindles are running. In the United States there are about 7,000,000 spindles in operation, and more than half of these are found in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The principal manufactures of Rhode Island are cotton and woollen goods, leather, hardware, and machinery ; and there are also many calico and bleach ing works, and numerous iron-found eries. The number of industrial establishments of all kinds in the State in 1870 was 1,180 against 1,459 in 1865 (which was a pros perous year for manufactures throughout the country), and 1,191 in 1860. The number of cotton-factories in 1870 waa 147 ; and there were 33 iron-factories. In Rhode Island there are 70 woollen-mills, 161 Westerly.] RHODE ISLAND. [Providence. containing about 500 sets of woollen machinery, and consuming not less than 20,000,000 pounds of raw wool per an num. The total value of the manufae- turea of the State is estimated as followa, in 1869 : Manufactures of cotton $40,000,000 " wool 25,000,000 " metal 35,000,000 Total §100,000,000 ROUTE I. STONINGTON, CT., TO PROVIDENCE. Via Stonington and Providence Railway. This is a portion of one of the principal routes from New York to Boston, and is a continuation of Route I. of Connecticut. Stations. — Stonington, 138 miles from New York ; Westerly, 6 miles from Ston ington ; Charlestown, 10 ; Richmond Switch, 14 ; Carolina, 17 ; Kingston, 23 ; Wickford, 30 ; Greenwich, 36 ; Hill's Grove, 41 ; Elmville, 44 ; Providence, 50 (188 from New York). Stonington. (See page 149.) Westerly (6 miles) haa now become an important centre of manufac tures, upon the Pawtucket River, navi gable to this point for vessels of from 40 to 50 tona' burden. Haa an excellent hotel. Biingston (23 miles). Visitors to Narraganset Pier leave the cars at this point. (See page 163). "Wickford (30 miles), on an arm of Narraganset Bay, has a good harbor. Is noted for its cotton and woollen manu factures. PROVIDENCE. Hotels : The Aldrich House, near the railroad depot, and the City Hotel, near Broad Street, are the principal houses. The latter haa been recently refitted and refurnished throughout. Providence, one of the most beautiful cities in New England, and surpaased only by Boaton in wealth and population, ia the chief city of Rhode Island. It is pleas antly situated on the northern arm of the Narraganset Bay, called Providence River. It is an ancient town, dating as far back as 16o6, when its founder, 162 Roger Williams, driven from ' the domain of Massachusetts, sought here that reli gious liberty which was denied to him elsewhere. This city makes a charming picture seen from the approach by the beautiful waters of the Narraganset, which it en circles on the north by its businesa quar ter, ri3ing beyond and rather abruptly to a lofty terrace, where the quiet and gratefully-shaded streets are filled with dainty cottages and handsome mansiona. Providence waa once a very important commercial depot, ita rich ships crossing all seas, and at the present day the city is mainly distinguished for its manufacturing enterprise. In this department it early took the lead, which it still keeps, the first cotton-mill which waa built in Amer ica being still in use, in-the adjacent town of Pawtucket, and some of the heaviest mills and print-works of the Union being now in operation within its limits. It has also extensive manufactories of machinery and jewelry. The workshops of the American Screw Company are the best appointed of their kind in the country. Providence ia the seat of Brown Uni versity, one of the beat educational estab- Hahmenta in America. It waa founded in Warren, Rhode Ialand, in 1764, and re moved to Providence in 1770. ItB library ia very large and valuable, and is remark ably rich in rare and costly works. The public schools have been brought to a high degree of perfection. Not only are the ordinary branches taught, but instruction is also given in, music and sewing. There are, in all, about 230 teachers, and 10,000 pupils. On the east side of the Seekonk River is the yearly meeting boarding-school be longing to the Society of Friends. The Athenaeum has a fine reading-room, and a collection of over 31,000 books. The Providence Historical Society, in corporated 1822, has a library of 8,000 volumes. Rhode Island Hospital, in the south western suburb, ia one of the finest struc tures in the State. The Bullcr Hospital for the Insane, upon the banks of Seekonk River, is an admirable institution, occupying large and imposing buildings. The Dexter Asylum for the Poor stands PHOVIDENCE.] RHODE ISLAND. [Down the Bat. upon an elevated range of land east of the river. The Home for Aged Women., and the Children's Friend Society, possess great interest. The Reform School occupiea the large mansion, in the southeast part of the city, formerly known as the Tockwotton House. The Cuslom-House (Post-Office, and United Statea Courts) is a handsome granite structure, aud one of the princi pal architectural ornaments of the city. The railroad depot, aome of the banks, and many of the churches of Providence, are imposing structures. Swan Point Cemetery, a spot of great rural beauty, is near the Butler Hospital for the Insane, upon the banks of the Seekonk River. Railways. — The railways diverging from Providence, besides the one just described, are the Providence and Worces ter, 43 miles, to Worceater, Mass. ; Hart ford, Providence, and Fishkill, 123 miles, to Waterbury, Conn. ; Boston and Provi dence, and the Providence, Warren, and Bristol. Routes. — There are six distinct routes from Providence to New York : two by rail, via Hartford and New London ; and four by ateamboats, via the Stonington, Norwich, or Fall River, and the direct through-line from Providence. VICINITY. What Cheer Rock. Upon the immediate edge of the city, on the shore of a charm ing bay in the Seekonk River, standa the famoua What Cheer Rock, where the founder ofthe city, Roger Williams, landed from the Massachusctta side, to make the firat settlement here. At Hunt's Mill, three or four miles dis tant, ia a beautiful brook with a pictu resque little cascade, a drive to which is among the morning or evening pleas ures of the Providence people and their guests. Vue de VEau is the name of a picturesque and spacious summer hotel, perched upon a high terrace four miles below the city, overlooking the bay and its beauties, for many miles around. Gaspee Point, below, upon the opposite ehore of the Narraganset, was the scene of an exploit during the Revolution. Some citizens of Providence, after adroit ly beguiling an obnoxious British reve nue craft upon the treacherous-bar, stole down by boata in the night and aettled her business by burning her to the water's edge. Rocky Point, equidistant between Provi dence and Newport, is an attractive sum mer retreat, among shady groves and rocky glens, upon the west shore of the bay. In summer-time boata ply five timea a day on excursion-trips from Providence to various rural points down the bay, charging 50 cents only for the round trip. Rocky Point is the most favored of all these rural recesses. Thousands visit it in the course of the season, and feast upon delicious clams, just dug from the sand, and roasted on the shore in heated seaweed, upon true and orthodox " clam bake" principles. Let no visitor to Provi dence fail to eat clams and chowder at Rocky Point, even if he ahould never eat again. Here ia a good hotel with cele brated bathing-houaes attached, and a tower 170 feet high, from which ia a charming view of the bay and land. Marked Rock is another famous excur sion-place, a few miles higher up the bay. It is reached in forty minutes from Provi dence by boat. The towns of Warren and Bristol are across the bay. (See page 164.) Narraganset Pier, in the town of Kingston, on the west side of the bay, within a few years ha3 become a place of great resort, during the summer months, and a large number of hotels and boarding-houses have been erected there. The wonderful salubrity of the air, the facilities for ocean bathing and fishing, and the beauty of the rocky shore, combine to make this one of the most attractive spots ou the shore of the At lantic. It is reached from Providence by steamer, or by rail to Kingston station on the Stonington and Providence Railroad. From New York by railway to Kingston (see Route I.). Hewn the Hay. In a trip down the bay, besides the points above men tioned, we pass Mount Hope (see page 164), and Fall River. (See Route VIII. of Massachusetts.) Off on our right, as we still descend toward the sea, is Greenwich, and near 163 Prescott's Headquarters.] RHODE ISLAND. [Newport. by it the birthplace and home of General Nathaniel Greene, the Revolutionary hero ; and just below is the township and (lying inland) the village of Kingston. In this neighborhood once stood the old snuff- mill in which Gilbert Stuart, the famous American painter, was born. Prescott's Headquarters is a spot of Revolutionary interest on the western shore of the large island, filling the lower part of the bay, after which the State is named. ROUTE II. WA TERB URY AND HAR TFORD, CON NECTICUT, TO PRO VIDENCE. Via Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railway. The portion of thia route in Connecti cut haa been deacribed as Route VI. of Connecticut. Stations. — Waterbury; Hartford, 33 miles; Summit, 101; Nipmac, 106; An thony, 109; River Point, 112; Natick, 114; Cranston, 119; Providence, 123 (connecta with all diverging routea). Natic (114 milea), 9 milea from Providence, upon the Pawtuxet River, is celebrated for its prints. Cranston (119 miles) is noted for its manufactures. Providence (123 miles). (See page 162.) ROUTE III. PROVIDENCE TO BRISTOL. Via Providence, Warren, and Bristol Railway. This is a road of only 14 miles in length, forming a, connection with the Briatol line of steamers to New York. Warren (10 miles), on the east side of Narraganset Bay, has a good harbor and a number of manufactories. Uristol (14 miles) is on a peninsula extending into Narraganset Bay. It is situated on an elevated plain extending gently to the shore, and having a fine harbor, easy of access, and of sufficient depth for large-sized vessels. During the Revolutionary War, Bristol was bombard ed by the British, and a laige portion 164 of it destroyed. It is now much resorted to in summer, on account of ita fine sea air. It is connected with New York by the Fall River line of steamera. Mount Hope, the famoua home of the renowned King Philip, the last of the Wampanoags, is just below Bristol, upon Mount Hope Bay, an arm of the Narraganset on the east. From the crown of this picturesque height is be held a fine panorama of the beautiful Rhode Ialand watera. Upon the ehore of Mount Hope Bay, opposite, is the busy manufacturing town of Fall River, Massa chusetts. ROUTE IV. IROVIDENCE TO NEWPORT. Newport is reached from Providence by steamera ; from New York by ateamer of the Fall River line, from pier 30, North River, at 5 p. m. daily, and from Boston by the Old Colony and Newport Railway, via Taunton (67 miles) ; or by rail to Providence, and thence by boat down Narraganset Bay. A new Route to New York ia to be opened by ferry to Wick ford, connecting with the Stonington and Providence Railway. If Newport were not, aa it ia, the most elegant and fashionable of all American watering-places, its topographical beau ties, its ancient commercial importance, and ita many intereBting historical asso ciations, would yet claim for it distin guished mention in these pages. The approach seaward is charming. Coming in from the aea round Point Judith, a few milea bring the traveller into the waters of the Narraganset Bay, where he passes between Fort Wolcott, on Goat Island, and the stronghold of Fort Adams, upon Brenton Point on the right, and en ters the harbor of the ancient town, once among the commercial capitala of the Union. Aa late aa 1769 Newport ex ceeded New York in the extent of her foreign and domeatic commerce. In the Revolution, the British long held posses sion of the place, during which time, and at their departure (1779), it became al most desolate. Before leaving, they de stroyed 480 buildings, burned the light house, cut down all the ornamental and Newport.] RHODE ISLAND. [Stations. fruit trees, broke up the wharves, uaed the churches for riding-schools aud the State House for a hospital, and carried off the church bells and the town records to New York ; disasters which reduced the popu lation from 12,000 to 4,000. But the in cidents of this period have left some pleaaant memorie8 for the preaent day, and remembrances of the fame of Com modore Perry, the gallant commander on Lake Erie, who was born in Narragan set, across the bay, and whose remains lie now in Newport ; of the reaidence of Rochambeau, and other brave officera of the French fleet, and of the viaita of Gen eral Washington, and the fetes given in hia honor — the venerable buildinga asso- ciated with all these incidents being still to be seen. Newport was settled in 1637, and incorporated in 1700. Pocasset, or Portsmouth, at the northern extremity of the island, had been settled the year previous. The old town lies near the water ; but, of late years, since the place haa become popular as a summer resi dence, a new city of charming villas and sumptuous mansions has aprung up, ex tending far along upon the terraces which overlook the sea. Of the old build ings, and of those which belong to New port per se, instead of in its character of a watering-place, are the ancient State House (for Newport is a semi-capital of Rhode Island), the Redwood Library and Athenae um, the Old Stone Mill, said to have been erected by Icelanders before the days of Columbus ; Tammany Hall Institute, Trinity Church, the Vernon family man sion, the Pei-ry monument, Commodore Perry's house, built in 1703, and long known as the " Granary ; " the forti fications in the harbor, Fort Adams, Fort Wolcott, Fort Brown, and the Dump lings. Fort Adams, on Brenton's Point, is one of the largeat works in the United Statea. It mounta four hundred and aixty guns. The chief picturesque attractions of the town and its immediate vicinity are the fine ocean-shores, known as the First, the Second, and the Third Beach. It is the Firat which ia chiefly uaed as a bathing-ground by the Newport guesta. It ia half a mile from the Ocean House. Stages run during bathing hours. At the Second Beach are the famous rocka called Purgatory, and the Hang ing Rocks, within whoae shadow it ia said that Bishop Berkeley wrote his " Minute Philosopher." The Glen and the Spouting Cave are charming places to ride to, when the weather invites. Lily Pond, the largest sheet of spring-water on the ialand, is easily reached from Spouting Cave. Newport was the birthplace of tho gifted miniature painter Malbone; and Gilbert Stuart's place of nativity may bo seen in Narraganset, across the bay. Stuart made two copies of his great Wash- ington picture for Rhode Island, one of which may be seen in the State House at Newport, and the other in that at Providence. Among the interesting rel ics to be found in the town are : Frank lin's printing-press, imported by James Franklin in 1720. It ia iu the office of the Newport Mercury, eatablished in 1758. Upon thia preas the firat news paper issued (1732) was printed. The Chair of Slate, in which Benedict Ar nold sat at the reception of the char ter in 1663, is in possession of the Gould family. The First Baptist Church, founded in 1638, and claimed aa the old- eat church in Rhode Island, ia worthy a visit. The bell in the tower weighs half a ton. One daily newspaper (News), and the Mercury, the oldest weekly newspaper but one in the United States, are pub lished in Newport. The leading hotels are the Ocean House, Atlantic, Perry, Aquidneck, and United Stales. The American Steamboat Company's steamera, "Bay Queen," Captain Allen, and " City of Newport," Captain Kelley, make excuraions daily (Sundaya excepted) between Providence, Rocky Point, and Newport. Distances. — To Providence, 30 miles ; Fall River, 18; Point Judith, 15; Block Island, 30. ROUTE V. PROVIDENCE TO WORCESTER, MASS. Via Providence and Worcester Railway. Stations. — Pawtucket, 4 miles ; Valley Falls, 6 ; Lonsdale, 7 ; Aahton, 9 ; Albion, 11; Manville, 12; Woonsocket, 16; Blackstone, 18 (crossing of Boston, Hart ford and Erie Railway); Millville, 20; Ux- 165 Pawtucket.] RHODE ISLAND. [WOONSOCKET, bridge, 25 ; Whitins, 26 ; Northbridge, 35 ; Farnum'a, 33 ; Grafton, 34 ; Sutton, 36 ; Millbury, 37 ; Worcester, 43 (con nects with Boston and -Albany ; Norwich and Worcester ; Fitchburg and Worces ter; and Worcester and Nashua Rail ways). Pawtucket (4 miles) is a flourish ing manufacturing town on the Pawtucket River, which furnishes a fine water-power. The first cloth manufactory operated by water, in this country, was established here in 1790. The place haa numeroua important manufactures, and is especially noted for its steam fire-engines and the prints of the Dunnel Manufacturing Com pany. It has an important commerce. Among the public buildings the Masonic Temple and Manchester Hall are fine architectural specimena. Woonsocket (16 milea) ia * flouriahing manufacturing town, famous for ita cotton manufactories, of which there are over twenty. Woonsocket comprisea, under one general name, the villages of Hamlet, Jencksville, Globe, and Union, and lies on both sides of tho Blackstone River. In the rear of Berou is an eminence commanding a beautiful view of the village. Many of the most beautiful residences are grouped upon the swells of high land, which rise in various directions. It lies on the line of the Air line Railway, to be built between Boston and New York. This is the last station in Rhode Island. 1C6 Massachusetts.] MASSACHUSETTS. [MAssAcnMErm MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts, one of the original thirteen States, and the most populous and wealthy of the New England or East ern Statea, ia bounded on the north by New Hampshire and Vermont; east by the Atlantic Ocean ; south by Connecticut and Rhode Island, and west by New York. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 145 miles, and its mean breadth 70 miles. It embraces 4,992,000 acres, and is divided into 14 counties. The landscape is of varied charac ter, often strikingly beautiful, embracing not a few of the moat famoua scenes iu the Union. In the aoutheastern part of the State the surface is flat and sandy, though the sea-coast is, in many places, very bold, and charmingly varied with fine pictures of rocky bluff and cliff. It abounds in admirable summer resorts, where the lovers of sea-breezes and bath ing may find every means and appliance for comfort and pleasure. In the eastern and central portions, the physical aspect of the country, though agreeably diversi fied, ia excelled in attraction by the taste and architectural beauty of its numerous cities, villages, and smiling homesteads, nowhere so abundant and so interesting as here. The Green Mountams traverse the western portions of Massachusetts in two ridges, lying some 25 milea apart, with picturesque valley-lands between. Here are the favorite summer resorts of Berkshire, and other parts of the Hou- aatonic region. Saddle Mountain, 3,505 feet high, ia a spur of lie most western of the two ridges we have mentioned, known as the Taconic or the Taugkannic Hills. Mount Washington, another fine peak of this line, has an altitude of 2,624 feet. It r'uw in the extreme southern corner of the State, while Saddle Mountain Btands aa an outpost in the northweat angle. Tho more eastern of the two hill-ranges here is called the Hoosic Ridge. Noble isolated mountain -peaks overlook the winding watera and valleys of the Con necticut — some of them, though not of remarkable altitude, commanding scenes of wondrous interest, aa Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom, near Northampton. North of the middle of the State ia the Wachusett Mountain, with an elevation of 2,018 feet. On Hudson's Brook, in Adams township, Berkshire County, there is found a remarkable natural bridge, 50 feet high, spanning a limestone ravine 500 feet in length. In New Marlborough, the tourist will see a singular rock poiaed with auch marvellous art that a finger can move it ; and on Farmington River, in Sandisfield, he will delight himself with the precipicea, 300 feet high, known aa the Hanging Mountain. Massachusetts has some valuable mineral springs, though none of them are places of gen eral resort. In Hopkinton are mineral waters impregnated with carbonic acid, and carbonates of iron and lime ; in Winchendon, a chalybeate spring, and one in Shutesbury, containing muriate of lime. But we need not make further mention of those points of interest here, as'We shall have occasion to visit them all, under the head of one or other of the group of New England States, as we fol low the net-work of routes by which they may be reached. The history of the State began with the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers from the May Flower at Plymouth, on the memorable 22d of December, 1620. The most memorable events of the 167 Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Bostow Revolutionary struggle within the State were the battlea of Lexington and Bun ker Hill, and the aiege of Boston. BOSTON". This is one of the .most interesting of the great American cities, not only on account of its thrilling traditionary and historical associations, dating from early days in the discovery and colonization of the Western Continent, through all the trials and triumphs of the childhood, youth, and manhood of the republic — but for ita dauntleaa public enterprise, and ita high social culture; for its great educational and literary facilities ; for ita numerous and admirable benevolent es- tabliahmenta ; for ita elegant public and private architecture, and for the aur- paasing natural beauty of ita suburban, landscape. Boston ia divided into five aections — Boston proper, East and South Boston, the Highlands (formerly Rox bury), and Dorchester. The old city ia built upon a peninsula of some 700 acres, very uneven in surface, and ris ing at three different pointa into an eminence, one of which ia 138 feet above the aea. The Indian name of thia penin- aula waa Shawmut, meaning " Living Fountain." It was called by the earlier inhabitants Trimount or Tremont, which latter name it still retains in one of its principal streets. The name of Boston was bestowed on it in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, who came hither from Bos ton in England. The first white inhabi tant of thia peninsula, now covered by Boston proper, waa the Rev. John Black- stone. Here he lived alone until John Winthrop — afterward the first Governor of Massachusetts — came across the river from Charlestown, where he had dwelt with some fellow-emigrants for a short time. About 1635, Mr. Blackstone sold hia claim to the now populous peninsula for £30, and removed to Rhode Island. The first church waa built in 1632 ; the first wharf in 1673. Four yeara later a postmaster was appointed, and in 1704 (April 24 th) the first newspaper, called the Boston News-Letter, was published. The city was incorporated February 23, 1822, with a population of 45,000. It is divided into 16 wards, and containa a population of 253,924. Boaton Harbor ia large, and containa numerous islands, and in depth of water and availability is surpassed by none on the coast. A narrow isthmus, which is now called the " Neck," joins the penin- sula of Old Boston to the main-land on the south, where are now the Highlands, formerly the suburb of Roxbury. The name "Neck" has lost its former appro priateness by reason of the great addi tions of " made land " upon either side. It is now both thickly and widely built upon. South Boston extends some two milea along the south side .of the harbor, from Old Boston to Fort Independence. Near the centre, and two miles from the State House, are Dorchester Heights, memora ble as having been occupied and fortified by Washington in anticipation of an at tack by the British, March 4, 1776. A fine view of the city, of the vicinity and the sea, may be obtained from these Heights. Here, too, on Telegraph Hill, is a large reservoir of the Boston water works. The Perkins Institute (Blind Asylum) should be visited. Admission on Saturday mornings. Permits granted at No. 20 Bromfield Street. Independence Square contains 6J acrea. East Boston (the "Island Ward") ia in the weatern part of Noddle'a Ialand. It _ was the homeatead of Samuel Mav erick, while John Blackstone waa sole monarch of the peninsula, 1630. Here is the deepest water of the harbor, and here the ocean-ateamera chiefly lie. The wharf formerly ueed by the Cunard steamers is 1,000 feet long. East Boaton ia connected by two ferrie3 with the city proper. It ia the terminua of the Grand Junction Railroad, by which several linea of inland railroad are brought to deep water. Chelsea ia near by. The principal aighta in and around Boston are Bunker Hill Monument, Faneuil Hall, the Common, the Public Garden, the State-Houae, the Public Li brary, Old South Church, famoua for ita hiatorical aasociations, Athenseum, on Bea con Street, Natural History Buildings, Institute of Technology, Mount Auburn, and Harvard University Buildings, the Great Organ, the City Hospital, the City Hall, and one or two other public build ings. Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Boston. The streets in the older portions of the city are irregular and generally narrow. Washington and Tremont Streets are the principal thoroughfares. In 1867 Rox bury was annexed to this city, and in 1868 Dorchester was also absorbed. The sub urban towns and villages of Cambridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, and BrooklineJ are chiefly occupied as the residences of Bos ton merchants. On the 9th of Novem ber, 1872, a terrible -conflagration swept away the principal businesa portion of Boston. The fire broke out on Saturday evening, and, the horse-disease having dis abled the horses of the Fire Department, the flames had gained fatal headway be fore the engines arrived on the ground. Until nightfall of Sunday, the conflagra tion raged with unabated fury, and, when it was finally brought under control, it was found that the magnificent structures and accumulated wealth embraced in an area of 60 acres, in the most admired and most valuable section of the city, had been burned to the ground. Over 900 build ings — among them the finest business- structures in America — occupied by 2,000 firms, were consumed ; and the loss es reached the enormous aggregate of between $75,000,000 and $80,000,000. There was no loss of life, as iu the Chica go fire, and, few dwellings being burned, there was little of that actual suffering which uaually follows such catastrophes. The burnt district is being rapidly re built on five great avenues, radiating from <* the Post-Office Square, and acrosa them the other atreets will run nearly at right anglea. HOTELS, KESTAUTJANTS, AND CLUBS. Hotels : The most fashionable and best- kept kousea 'are the Revere, on Bowdoin Square, the Tremont, on Tremont Street, the St. James, on Newton Street, and the Commonwealth, on Washington Street. Parker's, in School Street, is conducted on the European plan. The restaurant attached to thia houae ia one of the beat in the country. The American House, in Hanover Street, is centrally located, and well con ducted, and haa upward of 300 rooma. The United Stales Hotel, immediately op posite the New York and Albany Depot, _: a convenient and well-appointed house. Among the other hotels in the city are the following : Adams Home, 371 Washington Street ; Albemarle, Camden Street ; Central, 9 Brattle Square ; Continental, Washington Street ; Everett House, corner Washing ton and Camden ; Sherman House, Court Square; Marlboro' Hotel, 227 Washing ton ; Parks House, 187 Washington Street ; Sturtevant House, East Boston ; Waverley House, Charleatown ; Winthrop House, 34 Bowdoin Street. Restaurants. — Among the best restau- rants are : Charles CopelanoVs, in Tremont Row ; the reatauranta of Parker's, the Tre mont, and the Revere. The Cornhill Coffee- House (Young's) in Cornhill Road, leading from Waahington Street, is a well-appoint ed and much-frequented establishment. Good restaurants are connected with all the railway-stations. Clubs. — There are several clubs, ad mission to which is obtained by members' introduction. The Union and Somerset are among the largest and best. COjSTVEYANCES. Railways. — The means of " getting about " in Boston are quite- as plentiful, and generally better, as well as cheaper, than in most American cities. Scollay's Building, corner Tremont and Court Streets, Bowdoin Square, and near Horti cultural Hall, and the Tremont House, on Tremont Street, and No. 12 Broad Street, are the principal starting-pointa for the city railway cara. We append a list of the main car-lines aud of the hack-fares. Tremont Street and Depots. — From Scol lay's Building, through Court to Green, Leverett, and Causeway Streets, by the Lowell, Eastern, and Fitchburg Railroad Stations, and return by a different route. East Boston and Camden Street. — From Scollay's Building to Hanover, Fleet, and Commercial Streets, across East Boston Ferry, through Meridian Street to Chel sea ; return by a different route. Providence Depot and Chelsea Ferry. — From Providence Depot, Pleasant Street, through Boylston, Tremont, Court, Hau- over, Richmond, North, and Commercial Streets, to Chelsea Ferry; return by a different route. Boston and Roxbury. — The Norfolk House, Warren and Tremont Streets line 169 Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Boston. of cara leave atation at Scollay'a Build ing, and reach Roxbury through Harrison Avenue and Washington Street, or Tre mont Street. The Mount Pleasant, Dorchester (via Grove Hall), Brookline, Jamaica Plain, Forest Hills, and Eggleston Square cars, leave from corner of Tremont and Mont gomery Place, and reach Roxbury through the same routes as above. The " Meeting-house Hill and Mount Bowdoin Branch " cars leave corner of Federal and Summer Streets. The Dorchester and Milton and Quincy cars run from the corner of Broad and State Streets. South Boston and City Point. — From Scollay's Building, passing the Albany and Old Colony Railway Depots. Charlestown, Somerville, and Medford cars run from Scollay's Building, across Charlestown Bridge, and return via War ren Bridge. (Route to Bunker Hill.) Lynn and Chelsea (via Charlestown) cars leave Scollay's Building and 71 Corn hill, running across Charlestown Bridge, and returning via Warren Bridge. Cambridge and Boston. — Harvard Square, Prospect Street, Broadway, and North Avenue cars leave Bowdoin Square, opposite Revere House, running across Cambridge Bridge ; return the same way. Mount Auburn, Brighton, Newton Cor ner, West Cambridge, and Watertown, same as above. Stages from Watertown for Waltharn every alternate hour. East Cambridge and Boston, — Cam bridge Street and East Cambridge cars leave Bowdoin Square, opposite Revere House, aud pass over Craigie's Bridge to East Cambridge, and return. The railway stations in Boston are eight in number, and are generally acces sible by one or other of the lines of street cars. Old Colony and Newport, on Kneeland Street, South End. Boston, Hartford, and Erie, foot of Bummer Street, Providence, Pleasant Street, foot of the Common. Boston and Maine, Haymarket Square, end of Union Street. Eastern, Causeway Street, near An dover Street. 170 Fitchburg, Causeway Street (near War ren Bridge). Lowell, Causeway Street (near Lowell Street). Boston and Albany, Albany and Beach Streets. Fares. — Every licensed hack ia com pelled to keep a copy of the law regu lating the rates of fare, posted in a con spicuous place for the information of passengers. Complaints of overcharges should be made to the Superintendent of Hacka, City Hall. The Soldiers' Messenger Corps, estab lished in 1865, deliver small packages, letters, etc., promptly. The messengers wear scarlet caps. They will generally be found round the principal hotels. Tariff of charges, 15 to 20 cents in the city, 25 cents outside. BRIDGES AND W1IAKVES. Bridges. — Seven free bridges link Cambridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, and South Boston, with the Peninsula. These structures are among the peculiarities of the place, in their fashion, their number, and their length. The first one which was built was that over Charles River to Charlestown, 1,503 feet long. It was opened for travel, June 17, 1786. The Old Cambridge Bridge, or West Boston, across the Charles River to Cambridge, 2,758 feet in length, with a cauaeway of 3,432 feet, waa completed 1793. The Federal Street Bridge, which leada from the Neck to South Boston, is 1,550 feet long; Mount Washington Avenue Bridge, leading to South Boston. The Canal Bridge, between Boston and East Cam bridge, is 2,796 feet, and from East Cam bridge another bridge extends 1,820 feet, to Prison Point, Charlestown. Dover Street, to South Boston, is 500 feet ; and Warren Bridge to Charlestown is 1,390 feet. Besides these bridges, a causeway of a mile and a half extends from the foot of Beacon Street to Sewell's Point, in Brookline. This causeway is built, across the bay upon % Eubstantial dam, Other roads lead into Boston over special bridges, connecting the city with the main a3 closely as if it were a part thereof. Thus the topography of Boston is quite Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Boston. anomalous as a " mountain city in the sea." Wharves. — The wharves of Boston are among the finest in the United States, and are attractive to the commercial and shipping man. The principal are, Long, Central, India, and Commercial Wharves. Steamers for the several eastern ports leave these wharves daily. PLACES Off AMUSEMENT. The theatres and other places of popu lar amusement in Boston are more numer ous in proportion to the population than in most cities, and are well conducted and much frequented. Boston Theatre, on Washington Street, is one of the best conducted and deserv edly popular temples of the drama in the country. The audiences at thia theatre are generally large and select. Boston Museum, on Tremont, between Court and School Streets, is a spacious edifice. (Curiosities and dramatic enter tainments.) Howard Athenceum, 34 Howard Street, near Tremont Row, with sittings for 1,200 peraona, occupies the site of the Millerite Tabernacle, destroyed by fire. Theatre Comique (Old " Aquarial Gar den"), 240 Washington Street. The Globe Theatre, 364 Washington Street. Olympic, 572 Washington Street. Lyceum, 165 Washington, near Milk Street, on what was once the Province- House estate. Boston Music Hall, erected 1852, main entrance ou Winter Street (organ, etc.). Thia organ, built by G. F. Walcker, of Ludwigsburg, Germany, ia believed to be the aecond largeat inatrument in the world. The elaborate cabinet-work is by the Brothers IJerter, of New York. The entire coat waa $80,000. Boston Athenceum, Beacon Street (stat uary and paintings). Horticultural Hall, 100 Tremont Street, » ia a beautiful edifice of dressed granite, :: much admired for its classic style and !¦ elegant proportions. The annual exhibi- •p tions of the " Masaachuaetta Horticultural f Society " are held here. f The rooms of the Boston Society of ¦\- Natural History, aud the Institute of Technology, on Boylston Street, are places of interest, as also the libraries and Muse ums connected with Harvard University, CHURCHES. The churches of the city are 130 in number. The following list embraces thoae moat conspicuous for their age, historical associations, or architecture : Christ Church, in Salem Street, is an ancient structure, having been erected in 1722. Trinity Church (Episcopal), erected in 1734, is at the corner of Summer and Hawley Streets. King's Chapel (Unitarian), at the cor ner of Tremont and School Streets, ia generally viaited by strangers. It waa founded in 1686. The preaent building ia a plain granite structure, erected 1750- '54. The stained-glasa windows over the altar, added in 1862, are much admired. The cemetery attached .to the church is the resting-place of Johnson, " the Father of Boston," and of Governor John Win throp. Old South Church, at the corner of Washington and Milk Streets, is an object of much interest. It ia of brick, waa erected (1730) on the aite of the original church (1670), which waa of wood, and haa one of the loftiest spires in the city. Thia church waa used as a place of meet ing by the heroes of '76, and was subae- quently converted into a riding-achool for Burgoyne's troopa. It barely escaped the flames in the late fire, and its trustees have just leased it to the United Statea Government for the purpoaea of a poat- office. The building in Milk Street,, op- poaite the church, is said to mark the site of Franklin's birthplace. Brattle Street Church (Unitarian) ia an ancient-looking Revolutionary structure, frequently visited by strangers. It waS consecrated July 25, 1773, and occupies the site of the old wooden atructure, founded 1699. The "round shot" fired from the American guns at Cambridge, during the evacuation of Boston by the British, can be seen in the church walls. The late Edward Everett once presided over this church. St. Paul's Church (Episcopal), facing the Common, between Winter and West 171 Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Bostos. Streets, built in 1820, is of gray granite, 112 by 72 feet, in the Groeco-Ionic style. The pillars supporting the portico ^re of Potomac sandstone. Tremont Temple, used for devotional purposes, is on Tremont Street. The large hall has sittings for 3,000 people. Park Street Church (Congregational), facing Tremont Street, near the Common, founded in 1809, occupies a fine position, and has a beautiful spire. The Arlington Street Church (Unita rian) is a fine edifice. It fronts the " Public Garden." The Central Church (Congregational- Trinitarian), corner of Berkeley and New bury Streeta, ia probably the mosf, elegant church edifice in New England. The Church of the Immaculate Concep tion (Roman Catholic), in Harrison Av enue, is an imposing structure, and an immense cathedral in Washington Street, was destroyed by the fire. SQUARES, MONUMENTS, ETC. Boston Common is a large and charm ing public ground in a central portion of the city proper. The fence encloaing it ia If miles in length. It containa nearly 60 acres, of every variety of surface, with inviting walks, grassy lawns, and grand old trees. It ia the pride of the city, and is much admired by atrangers. A pond and fountain, the aite of the ancient "Frog-Pond," sometimea called Cochituate Lake, occupy a central point in the grounds, overlooked by Beacon, Tremont, Boylston, and Park Streets, on which stand many of the old man sions of the place. On the upper corner, the . massive, dome-surmounted walla of the State Capitol are seen to great ad vantage. The Old Elm, near the pond, is an object of much interest, as one of the oldest and largest trees in the coun try. It is believed to have existed be fore the settlement of the city, having attained its full growth in 1722. It was nearly destroyed by a storm in 1832. Since 1854 it has been protected by an iron fence. The Common drops from Beacon Street, the southeastern declivity of Beacon Hill, by a gentle descent to Charles and Boyl ston Streets. Adjoining the Common, fronting on Charles Street, is the Public 172 Garden. This embraces 24 acres, and ia ornamented with walks, ponds, and parterres of flowers, Powers's statue of Edward Everett, the admirable equestrian statue of Washington, by Thomas Ball, the beautiful monument in honor of the discovery of ether as an antesthetie agent, and other pieces of statuary, and a con- aervatory. While in thia vicinity, the pedestrian tourist will be repaid by a visit to the new streeta and buildings on what is called the "Back Bay." Arlington Street and Commonwealth Avenue are handsome promenadea. A statue to Ham ilton, of granite, stands on the latter. The new buildings.of the Societies of Natural History and Technology are located here. Blackstone Square and Franklin Square are small but ornamental grounds on Washington Street, passed on the way to the Highlands and the Cemetery of Forest Hills. Concord, Chester, and Fort Hill Squares are smaller public grounds. The Riverside Trotting Park, 3 miles from the city, is reached by the Western Avenue. A bronze statue of Benjamin Franklin stands in the yard of the City Hall, on School Street. Bunker Hill Monument, commemora tive of the eventful battle fought on the* spot, is in Charlestown, occupying the site of the old redoubt on Breed's Hill. The obaervatory at the' top of thia struc ture commands a magnificent view, em bracing a wide extent of land and water scenery. The journey up is aomewhat tedious, traversing nearly 300 steps. The dedication of this monument took place June 17, 1843, in the presence of Presi dent Tyler and Cabinet, on which oc casion Daniel Webster delivered an ora tion, which is considered his finest ora torical effort. On the hill is a stone marking the spot where Warren fell. Horse-cars run from the head of Tre mont Street to the monument. PUBLIC AND PROMINENT BUILDINGS AND PLACES NOT OTHERWISE CLASSIFIED. STATE AND MUNICIPAL. Faneuil Hall. — Thia famous edifice, called the "Cradle of Liberty," is in "Faneuil Hall Square," its main entrance Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Bostos. being upon Merchants' Row East. It is 125 years old, and is an object of deep interest to Americans. Here the fathers of the Revolution met to harangue the people on the events of that stirring period; and often since' that time the great men of the State and Nation have made its walla reaound with their elo quence. It waa presented to the city by Peter Faneuil, a distinguished merchant, who, on the 4th of July, 1740, made an offer, in a town-meeting, to build a mar ket-house. The building was begun the following year, and finished in 1742. The donor so far exceeded his promise, as to erect a spacioua and beautiful Town Hall over it and several other convenient rooms. The dimensions of the original building were 100 by 40. Destroyed by fire in 1761, it was rebuilt in 1763, and enlarged to its present dimensions in 1805. A full-length portrait of the founder, together with the pictures of Waahing ton, by Stuart, and of Webater, by Healey, occupy places upon the weU wall. Por traits of President Lincoln, by Ames, and of Governor Andrew, by Hunt, and of many other distinguished men, are also to be seen. Fanueil Hall Market, to the east of the Hall, is a substantial and impoaing granite edifice. It waa commenced Au- gust 20, 1824, ia 585 feet in length, and cover an, area of 27,000 feet. Quincy Hall, over the market, ia a handsome apartment, surmounted by a dome. The Stale-House occupies a command ing site on the summit of Beacon Hill, overlooking the "Common." Ac cess by Beacon and Park Streets. Its foundation is 110 feet above the level of the sea. Length, 173 feet; breadth, 61. The edifice was commenced July 4, 1795, and completed in 1798, at a cost of $133,- 330. It waa enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $243,204. On the entrance floor (Doric Hall) is to be seen Chantry's statue of Washington. Near by ia the staircase leading to the dome, where visitors are required to register their names, and from the top of which is ob tained a fine view of the city, the bay, with its islanda, and the suburban towns. Bronze statuea of Daniel Webster and Horace Mann occupy places on the east front facing the Common. In the rotunda of the building is a collection of flags car ried by the State troops in the rebellion of 1861-65, and two brass cannon cap tured in the war of 1812. The tablets on the eastern wall of this apartment are interesting. The library contains 25,000 volumes. The Old State-House, at the head of State Street, ia an object of considerable interest. Here more than a century ago the " Great and General Court of Massa chusetts" sat when the colonists con fronted in council the officers of the British crown. The Court-House is a fine building in Court Square, fronting on Court Street. It ia built of Quincy granite, and ia 185 feet long by 50 feet wide. The corner-stone was laid September, 1833. In this building are held the State, County, City, Probate, and Police Courts. In the basement is the City Lock-up or "Tombs." In the rear of the Court- House are two large brick buildings known as Massachusetts Block and Barris ters' Hall. The U. S. Circuit and District Courts are held at 140 Tremont Street. The City Hall, fronting on School Street, near the Court-House, is a stately edifice, though seen to poor advantage in that confined locality. It is of New Hampshire granite. The corner-stone was laid December 22, IFC'2, and the building dedicated September 17, 1865. Bryant & Gilman, architects. Cost, $505,- 191. A colossal bronze statue of Ben jamin Franklin, who was a native of Boston, erected September, 1856, stands in front of the building. This fine work was modelled by R. B. Greenough. The headquarters of the Chief of Police and Chief Engineer of the Fire Department are in the City Hall. The Slale-Prisonis in Charlestown. In the old grave-yard adjoining it is the monument to John Harvard. It is of granite, 15 feet high, and waa erected September 26, 1828, by the graduates of Harvard University. The City Jail, on Charles Street, near the Medical College, ia an octagonal. ahaped granite structure, with four wings, conducted on the " Auburn plan." The Beacon Hill Reservoir, City Water Works, completed in 1849, is a massive granite structure, 200 feet long and 66 feet high, fronting on Derne Street. 173 Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Bostos. The Custom-House ia well located at the foot of State Street, between the head of Long and Central Wharves. The foundation .rests on 3,000 piles. It was commenced in 1837 and finished in 1849, at a cost of $1,000,000. It is cruciform, constructed of granite, and has an ex treme length of 140 feet, and breadth 95 feet. The longest arms of the croas are 75 feet wide, and the shortest 67 feet, the opposite fronts and ends being all alike. The portico on either front ia sup- ported by six fluted Doric columns, 32 feet high, and weighing each 42 tons. The entire height to the top of the dome is 90 feet. A fine view of the harbor and bay is had from the roof. The United States Navy- Yard, extend ing between the mouths of the Charles and Mystic Rivers, and embracing about 100 acres in extent, is near the Bunker Hill Monument. It contains among other thinga a rope-walk, the longeat in the country. The Dry Dock, opened June 24, 1833, is 341 ' feet long, and cost $675,000. (For Post-Office and Sub-Treasury, see Merchants' Exchange.) EDUCATIONAL AND CHARITABLE. Harvard University. — This venerable seat of learning ia at Cambridge, three miles from the city of Boston. It waa founded in 163S, by the Rev. John Har vard. The University embracea, beaidea ita collegiate department, law, medical, and theological schools. The buildings are 15 in number, all located in Cam bridge, except that of the Medical School in North Grove Street, in Boston. Gore Hall, aud University Hall, are handsome edifices. The former containing the li brary and the latter the chapel, lecture- rooms, etc. Holden Chapel contains the Anatomical Musuem. The Observatory and telescope are of very great interest. At the foot of Bridge Street is the Massachusetts Medical College, attached to Harvard College. The Warren Anatom ical Cabinet and Medical Library are worth visiting. In the laboratory of this building, the fatal altercation between Prof. Webster and Dr. Parkman occurred. The Zoological Museum, under the care 174 of Prof. Agassiz, is connected with tho university, and its extensive collections very attractive to the naturalist. Public Schools. — Many of the public schools of Boston are attractive to those interested in the cause of education. The Latin and Engliah High Schoola are among the moat prominent, while many of the school-houses are models of their class. The former was established in 1635, and the latter in 1821 . There are 25 grammar and 49 primary schoola in Bo3ton, occu pying 638,540 feet of ground, and cost ing in the aggregate $2,988,260. The office of the Superintendent of Public Schoola ia in the City Hall. The Massachusetts General Hospital, in corporated 1811, covera an area of four acrea on Charlea River, between Allen and Bridge Streeta. It is constructed of Chelmsford granite. The City Hospital is a conspicuous granite edifice, surmounted by a lofty dome. It stands on Harrison Avenue, opposite Worcester Square, and cost $408,844, exclusive of the grounds. Marine Hospital. — Located on an ele vated site in Chelsea, overlooking the harbor and surrounding country, is the United States Marine Hospital, devoted to invalid seamen. Asylum for the Blind. — The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind occupies the summit of Mount Washington, in South Boston. The Carney Hospital, with Eye and Ear Infirmary, are excellent institutions. Mechanic Building is a fine structure at the corner of Bedford and Chauncey Streets, belonging to the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association. LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Boston, so long and highly distin guished for its literary character, as to have won the name of the " Athens of America," has, besides its innumerable li braries and institutions of learning, more than 100 periodical publications and newspapera, dealing with all themea of study, and all shades of opinion and in quiry. The Boston Public Library, instituted in 1852, is on Boylston Street, facing the Common, near Tremont Street. The pres Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Boston. ent building was erected '.n 1856, from deaigna by Charles Kirby, at a cost of $250,000. It possesaes, at thia time, about 130,000 volumes. The Boston Athenceum occupiea an im- poaing edifice of Paterson freestone, in the Palladian style, on Beacon, near Tre mont Street. It was incorporated in 1807, and is one of the best endowed lit erary establishments in the world. There are in the library 90,000 volumes, and an extensive collection of tracts. The Athe- n_eum posseaaes a fine gallery of paintings (third atory), in connection with which the annual displaya of art are made. The sculpture gallery, 80 feet long, in the first story, containa several fine specimens of art. Tickets to picture and sculpture galleries, 25 centa. The Mercantile Library, founded 1820, is at 16 Summer Street, corner of Haw ley. It was burned down in the great fire. The Congregational Library, 40 Winter Street, ia rich in historical and ecclesias tical literature, and has a good reading- room. Spacious reading-rooms are attached to the Public, Mercantile, aud Athenceum Li braries, which are free to strangers. Among the other reading-rooms of the city are the Merclianis' Exchange, 55 State, Young Men's Christian Association, 5 Tremont Temple; the Church, 10 Studio Building, and the New Church, 21 Brom- field Street. The Massachusetts Historical Society, 30 Tremont Street, organized in 1791, pos sesses 12,000 volumes, and many valuable manuscripts, coins, charts, maps, etc. The New England Historical and Gene alogical Society, 17 Bromfield Street, has a valuable library. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, one of the oldest societies of the kind in the country (1780), has 20,000 volumes. It occupies au apartment in the Athenajum. Beaides theae libraries, Boston has many othera ; as, the State Library, the Social Law Library, General Theological Library, 41 Tremont Street, organized April 20, 1860, etc. The Lowell Institute, founded by John Lowell, Jr., Waahington Street, provides for regular courses of free lectures upon natural and revealed religion, and many scientific and art topics. We may mention among the foremost literary, acientific, and art aocietiea of the city, the Institute of Technology, and the Natural History Society, on Berkeley and Boylaton Streeta (admission Wedneaday and Saturday afternoons, free). The La Frcsnaye Collection of Birds in the Museum of Natural History numbers 8,989 specimens. The School of Tech nology is not yet complete. It is mod elled on the plan of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, and the E.cole Centrale, of Paris, and, when finished, will embrace three departments, to be respectively known as the " Society of Arts," " Mu seum of Industrial Art and Science," and " School of Science and Art" The American Statistical and the Han del and Haydn Societies are flourishing in stitutions. ART GALLERIES. The Studio Building, whore many art ists have rooms, is at the corner of Tre mont and Bromfield Streets. No stranger should leave Boston without visiting the picture-galleries of Williams & Everett, No. 234 Washington Street ; Child & Co., Tremont Street, and Doll & Hendrickson, Summer Street. OTHER BUILDINGS AND PLACES OF IN TEREST. The Exchange, or Merchants' Exchange, 55 State Street, was completed in the fall of 1842, at a cost of $175,000. It is 70 feet high and 250 feet deep, covering about 13,000 feet of ground. The front is built of Quincy granite, with four pilas ters, each 45 feet high, and weighing 55 tons each. The roof is of wrought-iron, and covered with galvanized sheet-iron ; and all the principal staircases are fire proof, being constructed of stone and iron. The centre of the basement story is occupied by the Post- Office. The great central hall, a magnificent room, is 58 by 80 feet, having 18 beautiful columns in imitation of Sienna marble, with Corin thian capitals, and a skylight of colored glass, finshed in the most ornamental manner. This room is now occupied by the United States Sub-Treasury. The Masonic Temple, completed 1866, 175 Boston.] MASSACHUSETTS. [BOSTMI. is a handsome granite structure of six stories. It occupies a prominent position at the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, and is generally admired. The old Masonic Temple, dedicated May 30, 1832, stands farther up Tremont Street, on the site of the old Washington Garden. It is now used for the purposes of the United States courts. Ordway Hall, in Province-House Court, in provincial times, was the residence of the colonial governors. HorticuUural Hall, in Tremont Street, between Bromfield Street and Montgom ery Place, is an ornamental granite Gothic building lately erected, much admired for its chaste architectural deaign and finish. CEMETERIES. Mount Auburn Cemetery, about a mile from Harvard University, and about four miles from Boston, by the road from Old Cambridge to Watertown, constitutes one of the sighta of Boston, and should be seen by every visitor. It is the property of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, was conaecrated September 24, 1831, and containa 140 acres. It ia the oldest and by many considered the most beautiful of American rural burying-placea, em bellished by landscape and horticultural art and taste, and many elegant and costly monuments. Cara run from the station in Bowdoin Square, via Cam bridge (Harvard College), every 15 min- utes, during the day, and until half- past eleven o'clock at night. The gate way is of Quincy granite, and cost $10,000. Central, Maple, Chapel, Spruce, and other leading avenues, afford a circuit of the en tire grounds, with a view of the principal monuments. The Chapel, an ornamented Gothic edifice of granite, with stained- glass windows, contains statuea of Win throp, Otis, John Adams, and Judge Story. The Tower, 60 feet high, in the rear of the grounds, is 187 feet above Charles River, and commands a wide and charm ing view for many miles. It is reached by Central, Walnut, and Mountain Av enues. Forest Pond, and Dell Pond, and the numerous fountains, lakes, and ponds in different parts of the cemetery, form a novel and not altogether appropriate feature of Mount Auburn. The Spurn- 176 Jieim Monument and the Bowditch Statue are in Central and Chapel Avenues. Forest Hill, in West Roxbury, next to Mount Auburn, is moat visited of the Boston cemeteries. It has an imposing entrance of 160 feet front on Scarborough Street. It was consecrated June 28, 1848. A fine view is had from Snow- Flake Cliff. Mount Hope Cemetery, in West Roxbury, was purchased by tho city (1857), for $35,000. Woodlawn, four miles north of Boston, and two miles from Chelsea, incorporated 1850, haa many attractive featurea aa a rural burying-ground. The gate-house ia a Gothic Btructure, 66 feet high. Rock Tower commanda a fine view of the Bay, island?, and sea. Granary Burying- Ground, adjoining Park Street Church, between Tremont and Beacon Streets, containa a monument to the parents of Franklin. It ia of Quincy granite, 25 feet in height. The Cemetery attached to King'a Chapel, at the corner of Tremont and School Streets, contains the remains of Johnson, the " Father of Boston," aa he haa been termed; and of Governor John Winthrop. Mount Hope Cemetery, in West Rox bury, is in care of the city. SHORT PLEASURE EXCURSIONS. Boston Harbor. — The harbor of Boston, aa elsewhere remarked, is amODg the be6t and most spacious on the coast, and to the summer visitor affords one of the most striking featurea of the city. The moat important and noteworthy fortified worka in and around Boston are to be seen in a sail up or down the beautiful harbor. They are, Fort independence, on Castle Island ; Fort Winthrop, on Gov ernor's Island, and Fort Warren, on George's Island. Deer (House of In dustry, etc.), LoDg, Rainsford, Spectacle, Gallop, and Thompson's Islands, are also passed. A visit to these islands and de fensive works constitutes one of the pleas- antest featurea of the aummer tourist's experience in Boston. Frequent excur- sions take place in the summer season. Steamers make several trips daily between Boston and Hingham, and other places of interest along the coast. As these boats vary their routes and times of departure, Nahant.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Nahant. tourists should consult the daily papcra of Boaton for particulara. Beyond Hingham ia the rocky coast of Cohasset, oppoaite which ia the famoua Minot'a Rock Light-house. The present stone light-house takes the place of one constructed on iron piles, which was swept away in a severe gale ou the night of the 16th of April, 1851, when two of the keeper's assistants were lost. Walianto — Thia once fashionable and still pleasant watering-place is situat ed about 12 miles from Boston, by water, and 14by land. ((Seepage 196.) Duringthe summer season, a steamboat plies daily. (Fare 25 cents.) This is a most agree able excursion, affording an opportunity, in passing through the harbor, for seeing some of the many beautiful ialanda with which it ia studded. The peninsula is divided into Great and Little Nahant, and Bass Neck. On the south side of Great Nahant is the dark cave or grotto, called the Swallow's Cave, 10 feet wide, 5 high, and 70 long, increasing, in a short dis tance, to 14 feet iu breadth, and 18 or 20 in height. On the north shore of the peninsula is a chasm 20 or 30 feet in depth, called Spouting Horn, into which, at about half tide, the water rushes with great violence and noise, forcing a jet of water through an aperture in the rock to a considerable height in the air. Castle and Pulpit Rocks and Irene's Grotto are visit ed by tourists. Copp's Hill, near the Fitchburg Depot, is frequently visited. In the burying- ground is the vault of the Mather family. Roxbury, 2 miles, and Jamaica Plain, 3-| miles, are pleasant places on the Provi dence Railway. Longwood and Brookline are pleasant residence spots, between 3 and 4 miles on the road to Worcester. Sharon, 17£ miles, occupies the highest land between Boston and Providence. Mr. Cushing's Garden, a. place of great beauty, is a short distance beyond Mount Auburn, in Watertown. Tickets may be obtained, gratis, ou application at the Horticultural Hall, on Tremont Street. Fresh Pond, another charming place of resort, is about four miles from Boston, and about half a mile from Mount Auburn. The other sheets of water in the vicinity of Boston, frequented by visitors, are Horn, Spot, Spy, and Mystic Ponds. Phillips's Beach, a short distance north east of Nahant, is another beautiful beach, and a noted resort for peraona in aearch of pleaaure or health. Point Shirley, five milea from Boaton, afforda a pleaaant drive. The most direct route ia via the Eaat Boston Ferry. Ex cellent fish and game dinners and auppera are obtained here. ( Tafl's Hotel.) Brighton, a station on the Albany Rail way, 5 milea west of the city, ia famoua for ita cattle-market. Nantasket Beach, 12 milea from Boaton, ia situated on the eaat aide of the penin sula of Nantasket, which forms the south. east side of Boston Harbor. The beach, which is remarkable for its great beau ty, ia four milea in length, and celebrated for ita fine ahell-fiah, sea-fowl, and good bathing. Chelsea Beach, about three milea in length, ia aituated in the town of Chelaea, and ia another fine place of resort, with good accommodation for visitora. A ride along thia beach on a warm day is de lightful. It is about five milea from Bos ton, and may be reached through Charles town over Chelsea Bridge. Swampscott and Phillips's Beach may be reached on the same road. (See Appendix.) Boston Water- Works. — These works draw their auppliea from Lake Cochituate, aituated in the towna of Framingham, Natick, and Wayland, about twenty miles distant from Boston. The Brookline Reservoir is a beautiful structure of 38 acrea, the water aurface being about 22£ acres. Ita capacity ia about 100,000,000 gallona. The Cheatnut Hill Reservoir, on the boundaries of Brookline, Brighton, and Newton, is of recent construction, and a place of much resort. The South Boston Reservoir, on Mount Washington, is an interesting locality This spot waa formerly known aa Dor- cheater Heighta, from which Washington compelled the evacuation of Boston by the British troops. In arranging the routea for thia State, the different routea from New York to Boaton will firat be given, then thoae con necting with the Connecticut routes, lastly the roads diverging from Boston in all directions. 177 Springfield.] MASSACHUSETTS. [West Brookeield. MOUTE I. NEW YORK TO BOSTON. Via Neio York and Boston Express Line. From New York to New Haven, see Route I. of Connecticut. From New Haven to Springfield, sec Route IV. of Connecticut. Stations. — Springfield, 136 miles from New York (connecta with Connecticut River Railway and with Boaton and Al bany Railway) ; Indian Orchard, 142 ; Wilbraham, 145 ; Palmer, 151 (connects with New London Northern Railway); Warren, 161; Weat Brookfield, 165; Brookfield, 167 ; Spencer, 172 ; Charlton, 177 ; Rochdale, 181 ; Worcester, 190 (connecta with Providence and Worcea- tcr, Worcester and Nashua, and Norwich and Worcester Railways); Grafton, 196 ; Westboro', 202; Southville, 206 ; Corda- ville, 207; Ashland, 210; Framingham, 213 (connects with branches to Millbury and Milford) ; Natick, 217 (connects with branch to Saxonville) ; Wellealey, 219 ; Grantville, 221; Auburndale, "2/24 ; West Newton, 225 ; Newton Corner, 227 ; Brighton, 229 ; Boston, 234. Springfield (136 miles) is upon the Connecticut River, 26 miles north of Hartford, 98 miles from Boston, and 138 from New York. The approach by thia route up the bank of the Connecticut affords a fine view of the city. It was settled 1635, under its Indian name of Agawam, which was changed in 1640 to its present name. The United States Arsenal, located here, is the largest in the Union. It is charmingly perched upon Arsenal Hill, looking down upon the beau tiful town, the river, and the fruitful val- ley. This noble panorama ia seen with still better effect from the tower which rises from one of the arsenal buildings. This establishment employs nearly 800 hands, and 175,000 stand of arma are kept conatantly on hand. Upward of $12,000,000 were paid out for the con struction of arms here during the rebel lion. Population, 26,703. This is a famous gathering-point of rail roads. The Connecticut River route starts hence, and furnishes one of the pleasaut est lines of travel from New York to the White Mountains, through Northampton, 178 Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, to Wells River and Littleton, N. H. (See Routt No. V.) The Boston and Albany Rail way passes through Springfield also, and continues our present route to Worces ter. Below the city is the Agawam Ferry, leading over to the present town of Aga wam, the birthplace of Senator Ben Wade. Springfield was incorporated as a town in 1646, and as a city in 1852. The manufactures of the place are peculiar, consisting not only of cotton or woollen factories, but of large workshops devoted to paper collars, jewelry, book-making, fire-arms, railway-cars, and similar unique industries. The city ranks third in the State in the value of its churches, which are of unuaual architectural splendor and correctness. The Cemetery, on Maple Street, Hampden Park, and Long Hill, afford pleasant rides or walks. Bright- wood, the residence of Dr. Holland, the author, ia in the neighborhood of the city. The leading hotela are the Massasoit House, Hayne' s Hotel, and Cooley' s Hotel. Indian Orchard (142 miles) is a manufacturing village on the Chicopee River, within the city limit3 of Spring field. It is noted for the success with which the experiment of half-time schools has" been introduced among the opera tives. Wilbranam (145 miles) is the seat of the Wealeyan Academy, a well- known educational inatitution. Palmer (151 milea) ia the junction of the Boston and Albany with the New London Northern Railway, which has re cently been extended north to South Vernon, Vt., thua becoming a through- line. Within Bight of the station is the State almahouse in Monson, an imposing collection of buildings. In this township are three streams, the Chicopee, Swift, and Ware Rivers, which furnish power for numerous manufac tories. Warren (161 miles) is a very pretty manufacturing village on the Chicopee River. "West Hrooiclicld (165 miles) is noted for its boot, and shoe factories. In 1675 it was the scene of a desperate fight between the whitea and the Indians, when the town waa destroyed. What is now called Weat Brookfield ia the oldest Brookfield.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Wellesley. portion of the town, where fho primitive village existed. -Brookfield (10.7 miles) ia espe cially noted for the large number of boots and shoes made in the factories located there. In the neighborhood are several ponds. "Worcester (190 miles) is a flourish ing city, 45 miles from Boston, in tho Centre of one of the most productive agricultural regions of Masaachuaetts. It was settled in 1713, and incorporated as a city in 1848. It is noted for its schools and manufactures, and for its public institutions. The American Antiquarian Society, founded(1812) by Isaiah Thomas, has a fine building in the Italian stylo. The library, of 50,000 volumes, contains Some rare works. The Public Library, established in 1859, has a library of about 23,000 volumes. Mechanics' Hall haa a fine organ, and seatB for 2,500. The Stale Lunatic Asylum, established in 1832, and the Oread Institute, are promi nent edifices. The Jesuit College of the Holy Cross is about two miles south of the city. Quinsigamond Lake, a beauti ful sheet of water, usually the scene of the annual races between the Yale and Harvard crews, ia two miles east of Wor cester. In a southeasterly direction from the city ia a conspicuous building, with tur rets, which wa3 erected for a medical college, but is now the Worcester Acade my, so called, a Baptist institution. On the north side of the city are the new and elegant buildings of the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science, recently endowed by private liberality. It has about 80 pupils, learning to become master-workmen in the various mechanic arts. A little farther north, and not in sight, is the well-known Highland Mili tary School. The spacious rooms of the Natural History Society are filled with a choice collection of specimens. The city has commenced the erection of a new bigh-school building, to be one of the . finest in the State. There are two large and handsome cemeteries containing many expensive monuments. The habits of the people are strongly marked with enter prise and public spirit. The Bay-Slate House is a first-class hotel. The population is a little over 41,0ufl Quite a net-work of lailways connects the city with all parts of the country — the Boston and Albany Railroad ; the Worcester and Nashua, communicating through other routes with the St. Lawrence River; the Worcester and Providence ; the Norwich and Worcester ; and the Boston and Worcester, which we now follow to the end of our present journey. "Wcst1»or©*ag___. (202 miles) is a prosperous farming town, with some mechanical and manufacturing business. About three miles southeast of the sta tion are the Hopkinton Mineral Springs. There is a large water-cure establishment not far from the station. The State Re form School, for boys, is established here. Framinghara (213 miles) is a thrifty town, having various mechanical and manufacturing establishments. In the vicinity are the State Normal School, and the Middlesex County Fair Grounds. It is also near the head of Cochituate Lake, tho source cf the water-supply of Boston. Two branch roads diverge here. Naticlc (217 miles) is a large manu facturing village near the foot of Cochit ¦ uate Lake, along the bank of which the railroad runs for about a mile. The Saxonville branch diverges here. Wellesley (219 miles) is composed principally of residences of persons doing business iu Boston. Not far frcm the station is Wauban Lake, around which are a number of elegant residences. From this point to Boston the villages through which the road passes may be considered suburbs of the city, and the general remark, that they are filled with handsome suburban residences, will suit them ail. In coming into Boston, the railroad passes along the south bank of the Charles River, affording splendid views of the city and vicinity. Boston (234 miles) has already been described. 179 Providence.] MASSACHUSETTS. Luou'i-ta ROUTE II. NEW YORK TO BOSTON. Tia Shore Line, Stonington, & Providence, and Boston & Providence Railways. From New York to Stonington, see Route I. of Connecticut. From Stoning. ton to Providence, see Route I. of Rhode Island. Stations. — Providence, 188 miles from New York ; Pawtucket, 192 ; Attle- borough, 200; West Mansfield, 205; Mansfield, 207 (junction' of Taunton Branch) ; Foxborough, 210 ; Sharon, 214 ; Canton, 217; Readville, 223; Boston, 231. Providence (188 miles). (See page 162.) Pawtucket (192 miles). (See page 166.) Attleboronglt (200 miles) ia noted for its manufacture of jewelry, in addition to which there are numerous other branches of manufacturing carried on. Mansfield (207 miles) possesses a fine water-power, derived from the Cocas- aet, Rumford, and Canoe Rivers. It is noted for the number and variety of ita manufactures, and is the junction of the branch road to Taunton on the New Bed ford ci Taunton Railway. H'\* -vl>o _L-»c_ g;l« (210 miles) ia a large manufacturing village, the principal estab lishment being the Union Straw Works, which give employment to an army of employes. Canton (217 miles) is in the great manufacturing township of the same name. The granite viaduct of the rail way at this point is noticeable, being 600 feet long and 63 feet high. To the east of the railway, between Canton and Readville, is Blue Hill, a commanding eminence. Readville (223 utiles), is in the town of Dedham, about two miles from the village of the same name, which ia reached by a branch road, and is the county aeat of Norfolk County. It haa a number of manufactoriea, some fine public buildings, and a number of ele gant residences. 180 ROUTE III. NEW YORK TO BOSTON. Via various Steamboat Lines, Stonington Line. — This route is by steamer daily from pier 18, North River, round the Battery to the East River, and thence through Long Island Sound to Stonington, Connecticut, whence it ia by rail as in Route II. (For places of in terest seen from the steamboat, consult " Trip Down the Bay," and " Trip up the Eaat River," pages 29 and 30 of New York:.) Norwich Line. — Steamer daily from pier 39, North River, via East River and Long Island Sound to New London, Con necticut ; thence by Route V. of Connec ticut to Worcester, and by Route I. of Massachusetts to Boston. Fall River Line. — Steamer daily from pier No. 3 North River, through East River and Long Island Sound to New port ; thence by Old Colony and Newport Railway. (See Route VIII. of Massachu setts.) Providence & New York Steamship Company. — Steamer daily, at 5 T. m., from pier 27, North River, to Providence, R. I., connecting there with all morning trains for the North and East. The most expeditious routes are those marked I. and H. ; though in pleasant summer weather the steamboat linea are much pleaaanter, as they afford the trav eller a most favorable opportunity of seeing Jersey City, Brooklyn, New York, and the various objecta of interest de scribed in a " Trip up the ^East River," page 30. The boata run on theae linea are large, fast, splendidly furnished, and usually provided with a fine band of nraaic. The Fall River Line has the beat boats. ROUTE IV. NEW YORK TO THE HOUSATONI0 REGION TO PITTSFIELD, HO0S10 TUNNEL, ETC. Via Housatonic, and Pittsfield and North Adams Railways. (Continuation of Route II. of Connecticut.) The route traveraed by thia railway is very circuitoua, and the traveller is foi Bridgeport.] MASSACHUSETTS. [West Stockdridge. the greater part of the trip hemmed in by the steep aidea of the mountains. At Sheffield the valley is quite broad, be comes narrower at Great Barrington, and then the train winds very slowly around the base of Monument Mountain to Stock- bridge, where the valley is broader. The rest of the route is through a narrow valley, only occasionally widening into limited meadows. In fact, " from Salisbury to Great Barrington," says Mr. Beecher, " the road lies along the baae of the moun taina, and, indeed, is- called the under- mountain road." Thia route, aa far as Bennington, in Vermont, runs through what the same writer calls " a country of valleys, lakes, and mountains, that ia yet to be as celebrated aa the lake district of England and the hill country of Palestine." Stations. — Bridgeport, 59 miles from New York ; Ashley Falls, 134 ; Sheffield, 138 ; Great Barrington, 144 ; Van Deusen- ville, 146 (branch to West Stockbridge and State line) ; Houaatonic, 148 ; Glen- dale, 151; Stockbridge, 152; South Lee, 154; Lee, 158; Lenox, 161; Deweys, 165 ; Pittsfield, 169 (connects with Boston and Albany, and Pittsfield and North Adams Railways) ; Coltsville, 172 ; Berk shire, 175 ; Cheahire, 178 ; Cheahire Har bor, 181; South Adams, 183; North Adams, 189 (stagea leave North Adama for Williamstown, etc., on arrival of trains). -Bridgeport (59 miles). (Sec page 146.) Asliley IFalls (134 miles) is the first station in Maasachusetta. (For all stations between Bridgeport and Ashley Falls, see Route II. of Connecticut,) Sheffield (138 miles), upon the Housatonic River, is a quiet town at the base of the mountains. It was the firat town aettled in the county. Ita main street is broad and well shaded. The dwellinga convey the idea of quiet ease. The town ia large, containing numerous valuable farms, but otherwise there is little business, except in quarrying marble. Orville Dewey, D. D., formerly of New York city, a distinguished author and Uni tarian preacher, resides here. There are Congregational and Methodist Churches of good size, and a small Episcopal Chapel. In mattera of education the place ia backward. Great Barrington (144 miles) is noted for its educational advantages, and for the quarries of variegated marble in the vicinity. It was first aettled by the Dutch, from Kinderhook, N. Y., and their namea are still prominent among the esteemed citizena. It was the county seat for a number of yeara, until it was aucceeded by Lenox, and in 1869 by Pittafield. Rev. Samuel Hopkina, from whom the adjective Hopkinsinian is de rived, was once pastor of the Congrega tional Church. The poet Bryant for merly resided here. The president of the Housatonic Railway, David Leavitt, for merly a noted financier in New York city, haa au elegant mansion here, and his great barn has long been a local curi- oaity. John Milton Mackie, the author, haa a charming reaidence overlooking the valley. The town ia not remarkable for ita public buildings, but the Congrega tional and Episcopal ChurcJies, and the new High School, are ornaments to tha place. The Berkshire Woollen Company has large and well-built atone atructurea for ita works. The Berkshire House ia a good hotel. Mr. Beecher, in hia " Star Papers " (which we will quote more than once in the description of this route), aaya : " Great Barrington ia one of thoae places which one never enters without wiahing never to leave. It rests beneath the branches of great numbers of the stateliest elms. It is a place to be desired as a summer residence." "Van __>ensenville (146 miles) ia the junction of the branch to West Stock- bridge and the Stale Line. There are ex tensive iron-works here, and a large Epi3- copal Church. It ia a part of Great Bar- rington. "West Stocl__l»ridge, through which the State Line Branch paases, is a township in which is located a village of the same name ; it ia noted for ita beds of iron-ore, and for ita inexhauati- ble quarries of marble. It containa iron-worka and flouring-mills, which cre ate much businesa. There are several churches of different denominationa. The somewhat famous C. Edwarda Lester waa once pastor of a church here. It waa originally a part of Stockbridge. ilousatonic (148 miles) is a man- 181 South Egeemont.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Lee. ufacturing village of Great Barrmgton, and is rapidly increaaing in importance and wealth. It is the seat of the mills of the Owen Paper Company, and of other thriv ing manufacturing establishments. South S_-grc__uont, in Berkshire County, 4 miles to the west of Great Bar rington, is reached by stage from Great Barrington, and also by 6 miles' staging from Hillsdale, on the Harlem Railway. It ia a quiet village, in the midst of mountain scenery and well-stocked trout- streams. There are fine drives in the vicinity. The Mount Everett House is a very good summer hotel. Stockbridge (152 miles) is " famed for its meadow-elms, for the pic turesque beauty adjacent, for the quiet beauty of a village which sleeps along a level plain just under the river of the hills." It contains many elegant country- seats, among which are those of David Dudley Field, and the Rev. Henry Martin Field, of New York, and of Mrs. Henry D. Cone. The house in which Jonathan Edwards wrdte his celebrated metaphysi cal works is occupied by the Edwards Place School for boys. There is a neat cemetery, a fine soldiera' monument, and an elegant Italian fountain. The princi pal public buildings are the Public Libra ry (with a good collection of books), the Congregational and Episcopal Churches. The paator of the latter ia a son-in-law of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, and that lady is one of the summer visitors here. The early mission to the Indians here was aided by the English Society for the Promotion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, to the funds of which the celebrated Dr. Watts, hymn-writer, contributed. Stock- bridge has an early history of great in terest, having had many patriotic and learned sons and daughters. There is a good high-school. The Laurel Hill Asso ciation, founded in 1853, has had a great influence in beautifying the town. South west of the town is Monument Mountain, celebrated in Bryant's verse, and north ward is Rattlesnake Mountain. " Stock- bridge Bowl is a sweet lakelet, on the" borders of which are several summer residences. If you wish to be filled and satisfied with the serenest delight, ride to the summit of this encircling hill-ridge, in a summer's afternoon, while the sun is but 182 an hour high. The Housatonic winds, in great circuits, all through the valley, car rying willows and alders with it where. ever it goes. The horizon on every sid9 is piled and terraced with mountams. Abrupt and isolated mountains bolt up here and there over the whole stretch of plain, covered with evergreens." In the vicinity of Stockbridge are many delightful spots where picnic aud other excursions are of frequent occurrence — among them the Ice Glen, where iu the warjnest weather may always be found a store of ice. The Stockbridge House is an excellent hotel, only open in summer. Glendlalc (151 miles) is a manufac turing village, containing a woollen-factory and paper-mills, which are not very active. _Lec (158 miles) is a flourishing town on the Housatonic River, owing its pros perity to extensive paper-mills and wool len-factories. The Morgan House is a small but neat and well-kept hotel. Lee is celebrated for its marble — among the best in the world. Large quantities of it were used in constructing the new portions of the United States Capitol at. Washington. Its roads are not excelled. Its High School, in charge of Abner Rice, A. M., is widely celebrated for its high grade of scholarship, and in its other schools and churches the town compares favorably with any other. There are many drives about the town that are very attractive to the lover of Nature. That down the valley of the Hopbrook and up the mountain to Monterey is said not to be excelled in beauty in any part cf Europe. The Congregational Church ia one of the most elegant wooden structures in the State. The Episcopal Church is a small Gothic structure of white marble. There are also Baptist, Methodist, Catho lic, and two African Churches, besides two Union chapels. The High School is the most prominent building, standing on elevated ground, near the Methodist Church. Among the residences are those of Alexander Hyde, a prominent writer and lecturer on agriculture, William Tay lor, and Elizur Smith. The latter is chief owner of the paper-mills in the vil lage. The Lee Bank is a well-managed institution, with a good building. Thomas A. Durant, the builder of the Pacific Railway, is a native of this town. Lenox.] MASSACHUSETTS. [PlTlS-'lELD. South Lee contains the mills of the South Lee Paper Company, which, are well managed and thriving. .Lenox (161 miles) is a favorite re sort of Bostoniana and Ncw-Yorkera, and ia provided with good hotela, the ohief of which ia Curlis's. It ia a plaoe of little business, except in that part called the Furnaoe, which lies on the railway. There are extensive manufactories of window-glass, rough and polished plate- glass, and iron. This is the only place in the country at which polished plate- glass is made. It is in no respect infe rior to the French article, aa the passen- ger on the Housatonic Railway may aee in the latest-made through-car, the win- dowa of whioh are glazed with it. There are numerous pleasant excursions from Lenox, as that, for example, to Bald Mountain (carriages all the way), which gives a very fine view of the village and valley to the south, including Monument Mountain. Among the summer resi dences here are those of F. F. Dorr, Messrs, Woolsey and Aspinwall, Colonel Auchminty, Richard Goodman, J. D. F. Lanier, Dr. Dunning, Mrs. Schermerhorn, and General John F." Rathbone, of Al bany. The last ia on the site occupied by Henry Ward Beecher, is very expen sively adorned, and unexcelled for its view in Berkahire. Mr. Beecher's " Star- Papers" were written in the house on the lower side of the highway, opposite General Rathbono's. At that time the road ran direotly over the hill, and Mr. Beecher's house stood near where the general'a now is. The stone wall on which Dog Noble barked has been re moved also. To quote the "Star-Pa pers " again, it is " known for the sin gular purity and exhilarating effects of its air, and for the beauty of its moun tain scenery." Mrs. Fanny Kemble But ler, who long resided here, said of the grave-yard at Lenox: "I will not rise to trouble any one if they will let me eleep there. I will only ask to be per mitted, once in a while, to raise my head and look out upon this glorious scene." Pittsfield (169 miles) is a large manufacturing and agricultural town, elevated 1,100 feet above the level of the sea. It ia 151 miles west from Boston; population, 11,112. Tho vil lage ia beautifully aituated, and con tains many elegant public edifices and private dwellings. In this village there Waa atanding, until July 24, 1864, in the park opposite the Congregational Church, one of the original forest-trees — a large elm, 120 feet high, and 90 feet to the lowest limb — 'an interesting relic of the primitive woods, and the pride of tho village. The necessity of cutting it down was esteemed a public calamity. The concentric rings in the trunk showed it to be 340 yeara old. The town re ceived ita preaent name in 1761, in honor of William Pitt (Earl of Chatham). The Young Ladies' Institute occupiea sev eral admirable buildings, surrounded by well-embellished grounds. The New Ro- man Catholic Cathedral is the finest in Western Maaaachusctta. Pittsfield ia a large depot of manufacturea, being ex tensively engaged in the production of cotton and woollen goods, machinery, fire-arms, and railroad-cars. The rail way atation here ia one of the most elegant in the country, and haa a really good reataurant attached. The chief hotels are Burbank's (well kept) and the United Stales, near together. Ou the principal square are the First Congrega tional Church, a Gothic structure of stone, erected in 1853, of which Dr. John Todd, the author, is pastor ; and one of the finest business blocks to be found out of our great cities. The Berk shire Medical School, which formerly flourished here, is discontinued. Pitts field is the new county-seat of Berk shire, and very elegant and costly public buildings have just been erected on the aquare. Some of the private residences are very large and in fine taste. Repre- aentative Dawea lives in a pleasant house half a mile east of the square. The drives in the vicinity are very fine, espe cially those to Williamstown (20 miles) (see page 184) ; to Lebanon Springs (15 miles) (see page 47). On the road to Lebanon Springs is Lancsboro Pond, near the head waters of the Housatonic, surrounded by beautiful scenery. At Pittsfield, the Housatonic Railway connects with the Boston and Albany and Pittsfield and North Adams Railways, the latter of which ,we follow to its ter- minus. 183 tiANESBORO.] MASS i-CHUSETTS. [noosAo Tunnel. ___.aiie_.horo, distant 5 miles from Pittsfield, is noted for the beauty of its mountain scenery, and the healthfulness of its climate. It was the residence of the late Governor George N. Briggs. Cheshire (178 miles) is one of the important towns on this road. It is famous for butter, cheese, lumber, and glass. The inhabitants for 50 years were almost unanimous in their Democratic politics. To show their appreciation of President Jefferson, they made him _. present, on January 1, 1802, of a famous cheese, weighing 1,450 pounds. It waa presented by Rev. John Leland, an ec centric Baptist preacher of the place. The south line of the town haa a great many angles, the boundaries having been established to suit the religioua views of the people, leaving the Presbyterian fam ilies in Lancsboro, and taking the Bap tist families into Cheshire. Worth Adams (189 miles), the terminus of the road, which, from Pitts field, passes through a primitive but beautiful region, is one of the largest and most prosperous manufacturing vil lages in Berkshire County. It was origi nally called East Hoosac, and was owned by a company of Bostoniana, of whom Hon. James Otis waa one. This com pany used to meet at the Bunch of Grapes tavern in Boston, and Otis pre sided, as the lots were divided, and ar rangements made for settling. The name waa changed to Adama, in honor of the Governor of Maaaachuaetts of that name. South Adama ia a village of conaiderable impo-'tance in the southern part of the town. Rev. Washington Gladden, of North Adams, has published a little guide, entitled " From the Hub to the Hudson," which contains full accounts of the northern part of Berkshire, the HooBac Tunnel, and other matters. He is quite enthusiastic in speaking of the natural beauties of the region, rather neglecting southern Berkshire, with which he ia less acquainted. It is near Grey Lock Moun tain, a noble peak having an elevation of 3,500 feet, the highest point in Massa chusetts. There ia a notable natural bridge upon Hudson's Brook, near the village. The Wilson House is a, very large and well-furnished hotel, the prop erty of Allen B. Wilaon, tho investor of 184 the Wheeler and Wilson sewing-machine. About a mile from the hotel is the Nat ural Bridge, a curiosity of considerable interest. The Cascade is 1J miles from the hotel. Liberal provision is made for education, and the High-School building ia the moat costly in the county. The Congregational Church here ia flourish ing, and the other denominations are also. This ia the point of connection with the Troy and Boston Railway, for the sta tions ou which line see "Route IX. of New York." Willirainstotrn (5 miles from North Adams, and 43 from Troy), upon the Troy and Boston Railway, is tho seat of Williams College. It is a beautiful village in the midst of the Berkshire Mountains. Mills's Park is an enclosure of 10 acres, in which a marble shaft, surmounted by a globe, marks the spot where Samuel J. Mills and his associate atudenta met by a hay-stack in 1807, to consecrate them selves to the work of foreign missions. This was the beginning of this work in America. The residence of President Hopkins (the oldest college-president in America, and a native of Stockbridge) ia directly oppoaite West College. Among the many attractive spots in the vicinity are Flora's Glen, where Bryant wrote " Thanatopsis," Sand Spring, the Cascades, a beautiful fall, and Snow Hole, a gorge in the mountains where the snow never entirely melts. The Hoosac Tun nel ia within 7 milea. Greylock, the central eminence of Saddle Mountain, is frequently ascended by parties of gentle men, but is considered impracticable for ladies. The Mansion House ia the best hotel, but not very well kept. Greylock Hall was opened June 1, 1870, at the cele brated Sand Springs, and is capable of accommodating 100 guests. It has an observatory overlooking the valley. The waters are efficacious in curing cutaneous diseases. The college buildings are worthy- of notice, among which the Gymnasium, the gift of J. Z. Goodrich, of Stockbridge, is the most costly. There is a bronze sol diers' monument on a granite pedestal, in the main street. Xhe ISoosac Xiu_.s_.el is twe Hoosac Tunnel.] MASSACHUSETTS. [South Hadley miles fiom North Adams, and is well worth a visit. When completed it will be the longest in the world, with the excep tion of the one under the Alps, at Mont Cenis, which is 7i miles in length. The coat will be over $9,000,000. The rail way between Boston and Albany does not take the shorteat route between thoae cities. The Hoosac Mountain, with its eastern and western peaks, stands direct ly across the straight path, and ever since 1825 the ingenuity of man haa been working in vain to devise a way to get through the mountain. The present tun nel was begun in 1855, and has been in charge of different contractors, who have had varying succeas. , F. Shanly & Brother, of Canada, the preaent contractora, are confident they will have completed their great under taking before the expiration of the con tract time, January 1, 1874. The tunnel may be approached either from Adama, or from Greenfield on the Connecticut River. The town of Florida occupiea the mountain-top. The viewa on the stage-trip over the mountains are extremely picturesque and sublime. The tunnel maybe examined by ladies without danger. ROUTE V. NEW YORK TO THE CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY, WHITE MOUN TAINS, FRAJSCONIA MOUNTAINS, etc. Via Connecticut River Railway. (A continuation of Route III. of Connecticut.) Stations. — Springfield, 136 miles from New York (connects with Boston aud Albany Railway); Chicopee Junction, 140; Willimansett, 143; Holyoke, 144; Smith's Ferry, 149; Mount Tom, 151; Northampton, 153 (connects with New Haven and Northampton Railway) ; Hat field, 157 ; North Hatfield, 160 ; Whately, 162 ; South Deerfield, 164 ; Deerfield, 169 ; Greenfield, 172 (connects with Vermont and Maasachusetts Railway); Bernardaton, 179 ; South Vernon, 186 (connects with Ashuelot and Vermont and Massachusetts Railways, and with the New London Northern); Vernon, 191; Brattleboro, 196 (connects with Rutland and Burling ton Railway). Springfield (136 miles). (Set page 178.) Chicopee (140 miles) is a township on the Connecticut and Chicopee Rivers. noted for its manufactories, the principal of which are those of the Dwight Manu facturing Company, devoted to the pro duction of prints, sheetings, etc., and the Ames Manufacturing Company, which makes machinery, fire-arms, bronze can non and ornaments, swords, silver and plated ware. Here were cast the bronze doors of the Senate wing of the Capitol at Washington, after designs by Craw ford, and Ball's equestrian statue of Washington, in the Public Garden at Boston. Slolyoke (144 miles) possesses the greatest water-power in Massachusetta, being the site of the large dam of the Holyoke Water-Power Company, formerly the Hadley Falls Company. The Connec ticut River, which here has a fall of 60 feet in three-quarters of a mile, is dammed by an immense structure over 1,000 feet in length and 30 feet in height. Thia dam ie built of wood, spiked to the rock of the river-bed, and covered with plates of boiler-iron. The constant pouring of the water wore away the rock to such an extent aa in 1869 to imperil the exist- ence of the dam, and it was found neces sary to construct an apron or inclined plane, which, while it has robbed the fall of much of its beauty, has answered the preservative purpose for which it was designed. The canal (3 miles in length) around the falls was made in 1792, being the first ever constructed in this country for purposes of navigation. The village of Holyoke is comparative ly new, is very pretty, regularly laid out, and noted for its numerous paper-mills and other manufactories, as are the vil lages on the opposite bank of the river. Smith's JPerry (149 miles) is where viaitors to South Hadley cross the river. South Bffadlcy is where the cele brated Mount Holyoke Female Seminary is located. This seminary, founded by Miss Mary Lyon, in 1837, furnishes at a moderate cost a practical education, the dutiea of housekeeping being an eapecial' 185 Northampton.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Mount Ton. feature in the system of instruction. The pupila of this institution are fitted for teachers. South Hadley has many spots which afford most agreeable prospects. Standing on the elevated bank of the river and facing the northwest, you look directly up the Connecticut, where it passes between Holyoke and Tom — those mountains rising with precipitous bold ness, on either side of the valley ; through the opening, the river is seen for two or three miles, enlivened by one or two lovely islands, while over the rich mead ows, that adorn the banks, are scattered trees, through which, half hidden, appears in the distance the village of Northamp ton, only its more conspicuous edifices being visible. Northampton (153 miles) waa settled in 1654, by planters from Hartford and Windsor. The Indian name is Nono- tuck. It is in every way one of the most charming villages in New England, and none other is more sought for summer residences. It lies about a mile west of the Connecticut, surrounded by rich allu vial meadows, sweeping out in broad ex panse from the base of the grand rnoun-* taiu-ridgea. The village ia not too large for country pleaaurea, the population being only a little over 10,000 ; yet its natural advantages are so great, and so many pleasant people have established themselves here in such attractive places, and the hotels are so. admirable, that the tourist will not miss either the social or the physical enjoyments of his city home. Even the little businesa part of North ampton haa a cosy, rural air, and all around are charming villaa, nestled on green lawns, and among fragrant flowers. Among the specialtiea of Northampton are several water-cure establishments, the chief of which is that known as Round Hill, a large and beautiful place, upon the fine eminence after which it is named, just west of the village. The schools here have always boeu in very high repute. The Slate Lunatic Asylum is a large and elegant structure, built in 1858. This ia also the seat of the Clarke Institution for Mules, endowed by the late John Clarke with $300,000. This school was the first si this country to teach articulation to mutes, instead of signa, thus abandoning the old or Hartford system of instruction. 186 The vicinage of Northampton ia, perhaps, the most beautiful portion of the Con necticut valley, the most fertile in ita intervale land, and the most striking in ita mountain scenes ; for it looks out directly upon the craga and crests of those famous hills, Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom. Florence, a thriving manufacturing point two miles west of the centre of the town, is an attractive little village with severui large factories. The hotels are the Mansion House, the Warner House, and Round Hill Institute. This ia the junction with the New Haven and Northampton Railway. Mount Iffolyoke is directly across the river from Northampton ; a car riage-road three miles long winds to the summit, 1,120 feet above the aea, where there is a little inn and an observatory. There are not of its kind many scenes in the world more beautiful than that which the visitor to Mount Holyoke looks down upon : the varied features of the picture — fruitful valleys, amiling villages and farms, winding waters, and, far off, on every aide, blue mountain-peaka innumer able — will hold him long iu happy con templation. Mount Holyoke ia a part of a ridge of greenatone, commencing with West Rock near New Haven, and pro ceeding northerly acrosa the whole of Connecticut; but ita elevation is small until it reachea Easthampton, when it suddenly mounts up to the height of nearly 1,000 feet, and forms Mount Tom. The ridge crosses the Connecticut, in a northeast direction, and, curving still more to the east, terminates 10 miles from the river, in the northwest part of Belcher town. All that part of the ridge east of the river is called Holyoke, though the Prospect House, built in 1821, stands near its southwestern extremity, opposite Northampton, and near the Connecticut. This is by far the most commanding spot on the mountain, although several distinct summits, that have as yet received no uniform name, afford delightful proapects. An inclined railway, 600 feet long, down the mountain-side, connecta with horse- cars to the Connecticut River, where pas sengers take boat. Mount Tom, upon the opposite side of the river, is not yet so much visited as are its neighboring cliffs of Kastuampton] MASSACHUSETTS. [Deerfield. Holyoke, though it is considerably higher, and the panorama from its crest is no less broad and beautiful. It is more fre quently called by its Indian name Nono- tuck by the people of the valley. Ita height is 1,200 feet. ___.astham.pton, on the Granby Railway (five miles from Northampton), is situated on the west side of Mount Tom. It contains a very extensive button- manufactory, well deserving of a visit from those who can appreciate mechani cal ingenuity. The principal feature of the place, however, is its noble seminary for the youth of both sexea, which was founded and liberally endowed by the Hon. Samuel Williston, at an expense of $55,000, and has been in succeasful operation upward of 20 years. ISadlcy, the birthplace of General Joe Hooker, is famous for ita manufac ture of brooms, first introduced iu 1790. It ia connected with Northampton by a bridge over the Connecticut. The river Immediately above the town, leaving ita general course, turns northwest; then, after winding to the south again, turns directly east ; and, thus having wandered five miles, encloses, except on the east, a beautiful intervale containing between two and three thousand acres. On the isthmus of this peninsula lies the prin cipal street (West Street), the hand somest, by nature, in New England. It is a mile in length, running directly north and south ; is sixteen rods in breadth ; ia nearly a perfect level ; is covered during the fine season with a rich verdure ; abuts at both ends on the river, and offers everywhere a delightful prospect. Had ley was settled in 1650, by a colony from Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, Connecticut. In thia town reaided for fifteen or aixteen years Whalley and Goffe, two of those who composed the court for the trial of King Charles I., and who signed the warrant for his execution. They came to Hadley in 1664. When the house which they occupied was pulled down, the bones of Whalley were found buried just without the cellar wall, in a kind of tomb formed of mason-work, and covered with flags of hewn stone. After Whalley's death, Goffe left Hadley, and went, it was thought, to New York, and finally to Rhode Isiaud, where he spent the rest of hia life with a son of hia de ceased confrere. Four milea east of Had ley is Amherst College (see page 189). The Great Bend of the Connecticut is reached a mile north of Northampton, and here we take our last view of tho river until we reach South Vernon. Whately (162 miles) i3 a amall vil lage, just beyond which the Sugar>___.oaf Mountain cornea into view, as we journey on up the valley. This conical peak of red sandstone rises almost perpendicularly five hundred feet above the plain, on the bank of the Con necticut, in the south part of Deerfield township. As the traveller approaches thia hill from the aouth, it seems as if its summit were inaccessible. But it can be attained without difficulty on foot, and affords a delightful view on almost every side. The Connecticut and the peaceful village of Sunderland on its bank appear so near, that one imaginea he might al most reach them by a single leap. This mountain overlooks a spot which was the scene of the most sanguinary conflict that occurred during the early settlement of this region. A little south of the mountain the Indians were defeated in 1675 by Captains Lathrop and Beers ; and one mile northwest, where the village of Bloody Brook (South Deerfield) now stands (which derived its name from the circumstance), in the same year, Captain Lathrop was drawn into an ambuscade, with a company of " eighty young men, the very flower of Essex County," who were nearly all destroyed. A stone slab marks the spot where Captain Lathrop and about thirty of his men were interred ; and a marble monument, about 20 feet high and 6 feet square, is erected in front of the North Church. Among other relics of the pioneer warfare, there ia preaerved at Deerfield an old door — all that remains of the block-house to which the early settlers were wont to flee for protection. It is of massive wood-work and bears numerous tomahawk-scars and bullet-pits. Table Rock and King Philip's Chair are on the eastern side of the mountain. South Deerfield (164 miles) is a little village principally noted as the site of the battle-field of Bloody Brook de scribed in the preceding paragraph. Deerfield (164 miles) ia noted for 187 Deerfield Mountain.] MASSACHUSETTS, [Brattleboro. the beauty of its principal street, wkich is shaded by numbers of large and hand some trees. Deerfield Mountain, rising some 700 feet above the plain on which the village stands, commands a wide view. The alluvial plain on which Deer field stands is sunk nearly 100 feet below the general level of the Connecticut valley ; and at the southwest part of this basin Deerfield River is seen emerging from the mountains, and winding in the most graceful curves along its whole western border. Still farther down is the village, remarkable for its regularity, and for the number and size of the trees along the principal street. Upon the whole, this view forms one of the most perfect rural pictures that can be ima gined. Pocumtuck Rock commands a fine view of the valley. The bridge over the Deerfield River, juat beyond the station, is 750 feet long and 90 feet above the water. Three miles north of Deerfield, and in the same valley, but on higher ground, can be seen the lovely village of Greenfield. Mount Xohy lies in the north part of Sunderland and the west part of Leverett townships, and is separated from Sugar-Loaf and Deerfield Mountains by the Connecticut River. On various parts of the mountain interesting views may be obtained, but at the southern ex tremity of the highest ridge there ia a finer view of the valley of the Connecticut than from any other eminence. Elevated above the river nearly 1,200 feet, and but a little distance from it, its windings lie directly before you ; and the villages that line its banks, Sunderland, Hadley, Hat field, Northampton, and Amherst, appear like so many sparkling gems in its crown. Mount "Warner is a hill of less altitude than any before named, being only 200 or 300 feet in height, but a rich view can be had from its top of that por tion of the valley of the Connecticut just described. It lies in the north part of the town of Hadley, not more than half a mile from the river, and can be easily reached by carriage. Greenfield (172 miles) is a pleas ant and thriving place. The wonted New England quiet, however, is all around it, in elm-shaded streets aud garden-sur- 188 rounded villas. The hill-ranges in the neighborhood open fine pictures of the valleys and windings of the great river. Being connected with the railway systems of the West and of the Northwest, it is a desirable place for tourista to rest a while ere starting upon fresh fields of adven ture and exploration. Green River, which flows near the village, is a pretty stream, and hard by are the Deerfield and Green field Rivers. Cutlery is extensively man ufactured here. The neighborhood abounds in pretty drivea. Hotel — the Mansion House. The Vermont and Mas sachusetts Railway cornea in here from the eaat, and the Troy and Greenfield from the weat. The latter is the route to the Hoosac Tunnel, which is much visited by tourists. Directly east on the Connecticut is Turner's Falls, the aite of au immenae water-power, aecond only to that of Holyoke. It waa purchased early in 1870, by General B. F. Butler and others, and a new Lowell has already been laid out and begun. Dernardston (179 miles) is tho last station in the State, and the seat of Power's Institute. Soon after leaving the station we come in sight of the Connec ticut River again. Drattlel»or© (196 miles). (Seethe continuation of this route under the title of Route I of Vermont.) ROUTE VI. FROM NEW LONDON TO BRATTLE- B OR O, WHITE MO UNTAINS, LITTLE TON, LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG, QUE BEC, MONTREAL, AND ALL PARTS OF VERMONT, WESTERN NEW HAMPSHIRE, NORTHERN NEW YORK, AND PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Via New London Northern and Vermont and Massachusetts Railways. (Continuation cf Route IV. of Connecticut.) Stations. — New London, 126 miles from New York (see page 148) ; Monson, 61 miles from New London; Palmer, 65 (connects with Boston and Albany Rail way, and Ware River Railway) ; Belcher town, 76 ; Amherst, 85 ; North Amherst, 88 ; Leverett, 90 ; South Montague, 95 ; Grout's, 100; Northfield Farms, 103; Northfield, 109; South Vernon, 111 (con nects with Ashuelot and Connecticut M0NS0N.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Webster. River Railways) ; Vernon, 116 ; Brattle boro, 121 (connects with Vermont Cen tral, Vermont and Canada Railway). Hew London. (Seepage 148.) Monson (61 milea) is 5 miles be yond the boundary-line between Connec ticut and Massachusetts. It is situated in a valley, and is a prosperous place. The stone bridges in this vicinity are built without cement or mortar, the stones being kept in position by the peculiar manner in which they are laid. Monson Academy ia a flourishing insti tution. Flynt's Granite Quarry is seen a short distance north of the station. Many of the finest buildings at Amherst and Springfield are constructed of thia atone, and large quantitiea are now being trans ported to Albany for the new State-House. Palmer (65 miles). (See page 1 78.) The Ware River Railway, from Palmer to Ware and Gilbertville (important manufacturing villages), was completed in June, 1S70, and was at once leased to the New London Northern. This road was completed to Winchen- don, Mass., 49 miles, in 1871, and is oper ated by the Vermont Central combination. Delchertown (76 miles). ¦ Just after leaving this station, a fine view of the Connecticut Valley and Mount Hol yoke (see page 186) appears on the west of the road. Amherst (85 miles) is charmingly situated, and ia noted for its colleges, ita beautiful surroundings, and its refined and cultivated society. It is irregularly built upon a, hill, commanding extensive views of the Connecticut Valley and ad jacent mountain-ranges. The town con tains five Congregational churches, as also one Baptist, and one Episcopal. There are two hotels, the Amherst House, near the centre of the village, and the Orient House, about two miles east of the railroad depot. Population, 4,000. Amherst College, one of the chief seats of learning in New England, is located here. It was founded in 1821, and haa a full corps of instructors and numerous students. The buildings occupy an emi nence in an amphitheatre of 100 miles in extent, and command a prospect of ex ceeding beauty. The college cabinets, with their rich and varied collections in zoology, botany, geology, mineralogy, etc., are open daily, and well repay a visitor's attention. The college recitation- rooms are aaid to be the finest in the country, some of them being embellished with numerous and costly works of art. The Massachusetts Agricultural College, with ita extensive dormitories and green- houaea, ia located about a mile north of ¦Amherat College, and possesses, with other objects of interest, the Durfee Plant-House, which is well stocked with rare and beautiful plants. Since ita open ing, in 1866, thia inatitution haa become the largest and most successful agricultu ral school in the country. ILeverett (90 miles) is in the midst of some delightful scenery. Tourists to enjoy it should take the left side of the cars going north, and the right side going south. Grout's (100 miles) is the terminus of the New London Northern Railway, the cars running the rest of the way to Brattleboro on the track of the Vermont and Massachusetts Railway, which extends east to Fitchburg, and west to Greenfield and the Hoosac Tunnel. Northfield (109 miles) is an at tractive village, and the last station in Massachusetts. After leaving the station the road crosses the Connecticut River, fine views of which are had from the bridge. EIrattlehoro (121 miles). (See page 223.) This is continued as Route I of Ver- ROUTE VII. NEW LONDON TO WORCESTER AND FITCHBURG. Via Norwich and Worcester Railway. (Continuation of Route V. of Connecticut.) Stations. — New London, 126 milea from New York ; Webster, 57 miles from New London ; North Webater, 58 ; Ox ford, 62 ; North Oxford, 64 ; Auburn, 68 ; Worcester, 73 (junction of the Western Railway); Sterling Junction, 85 (junction of the Worcester and Nashua Railway) ; Fitchburg, 99. New H-oradeEj. (Seepage 148.) Wchstcr (57 miles) and North 189 Oxford.] MASSACHUSETTS. [CoiIASSEI. Wel>ster (58 miles) almost form one continuous village. They are both sup ported by their extensive manufactures, deriving their power from several mill- etreams, the water-supply of which is rendered constant by a large storage reservoir about a mile east of North Web ster, called Chabanakongkomun Pond. This is destined to be a large and pop ulous manufacturing town. Oxford (62 miles) and North ©xford (64 miles) are two villages of Oxford township. The first of these is a quiet and pleaaing village. The principal street is broad, and is fronted by many attractive residences. In the township are several woollen aud cotton mills, and many boot and shoe factories. Two milea southeast of the station is Fort Hill, upon which are the remains of an old fort, built by the Huguenots, who were the first settlers in the township. Worcester (73 miles). (See page 179.) Sterling Junction (85 miles) ia the intersection of the Worcester and Nashua Railway, forming the connecting link with the net-work of railways in Northeastern Massachusetts. _Fitchhurg (99 miles) ia a very enterprising manufacturing place, and the semi-capital of Worcester County. It contains a town-house, with a, capacious public hall, several churches, a number of very good schools and many manufactories of various kinds, the Nashua River fur nishing a fine water-power. A handsome court-house was erected in 1870. The Fitchburg unci American are good hotels. At this point the road connects with the Fitchburg and Boston and the Vermont and Massachusetts Railways. ROUTE VIII. BOSTON TO PLYMOUTH, NEW BED FORD, NEWPORT, CAPE COD, AND VICINITY. Via Old Colony and Newport, and connecting Railways. [This route will not be a continuous one, as the system of short roads and branches will involve numerous digres sions. The stations will be given at the head of each branch, and not as usual at the head of the route.] 190 Stations. — Boston ; Neponset, 5 milea ; Quincy, 8 ; Braintree, 10 (connecta with South Shore Railway) ; South Braintree, 12; Randolph, 15; Stoughton, 19 ; North Easton, 22 ; Easton, 24 ; Raynham, 30 ; Taunton, 33 ; Weir, 34 ; North Dighton, 38 ; Dighton, 41 ; Somerset, 44 ; Fall River, 49; Tiverton, 53; Bristol Ferry, 55 ; Newport, 67. Neponset (5 miles) is a flourishing village on Dorchester Bay. It has a fine harbor, and is an important suburb of Boston. Quincy (8 miles) is upon au elevated plain, and ia remarkable for its neatness and beauty. The buildings of note are a church known as " Adams Temple," con taining a monument to John Adams, a noble town-hall of granite, and the an cestral home of the Quincy family. A short distance from the village are the celebrated quarries of the Quincy granite. John Adams and John Quincy Adams, both Presidents of the United Statea, and John Hancock, a aigner of the Declara- ration of Independence, were born here. Draintrec (10 miles) is a manufac turing place, though in the vicinity the land is highly cultivated. The South S/iore Railway, 22 miles iu length, con nects here. Weymouth ia a fine town, having three stations on the South Shore Railway, named respectively Weymouth, East and North Weymouth. There ia a good har bor in the town, and the last two stations named are manufacturing and business places. The former is a favorite resi dence for Bostonians, and contains many handsome dwellings. SSingham, on the South Shore road, is a town noted for its beautiful scenery. It is a popular summer resort, possesses a good hotel, and in summer a steamer makes regular trips to Boston, affording fine views of the bay. Nantasket, on the South Shoro road, is in the town of Hull, 7 milea from the principal village. The town ia a favorite watering-place, having a beau tiful beach 4 miles long. (See page 177.) There are several good hotels, and there is also steamboat communication with Boston several times a day. Cohasset, the terminua of the road is a. pleasant village, romantically situ South Braintree.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Bridoewater. ated on a rocky coist. The celebrated Minot's Ledge Light-house is located here. Marshfield, the home of Daniel Webster, is 8 miles distant, and can only be reached by private conveyance. Having com pleted this digression, we will return to the main line. South Draintrce (12 miles) is a charming village, in the midst of beauti ful scenery. The Plymouth Branch di verges here. South Ahingdon (21 miles), on the Plymouth Branch, is noted for its shoe-manufactories. A Bhort branch con nects it with Bridgewater. -Plymouth (37^ miles), the termi nus of the branch, ia noted as the land ing-place of the Pilgrim Fathers, Decem ber 22, 1620, and as being the site of the first house ever built in New England. Plymouth Rock, the great attraction, is now reduced to a small area, with the surface just visible above the ground. The most noticeable buildings are, Pil grims' Hall, the Court-House, and one of the churches. The former building con tains many relics, among them a chair belonging to Governor Carver, the sword- blade of Miles Standish, and the cap of King Philip. It also contains Colonel Henry Sargent'B valuable painting of the May Flower. The harbor is large but shallow. The environs and views are delightful, and in the township are about 200 ponds, one of the largest, Billington Sea, being well stocked with fish. The Samoset is a good hotel. The stations of Randolph, Stoughton, North Easton, and Easton, are merely manufacturing towns. Eaynham (30 miles) is noted as the place where two brothers, named Leonard, started the first establishment on this continent for foiging iron. The original Leonard mansion, built in 1670, is still occupied by a member of the family. Tanaton (33 miles) is on Taunton River, at the junction of Mill River, and at the head of navigation. It is one of the most beautiful towns in the State, and is noted for its manufacture of "Britannia" ware. This is the junction with the Cape Cod, Micldleboro', and Taun ton Railway. Taunton Green and Mount Pleasant Cemetery are attractive spota. The Slate Lunatic Asylum is located here. The New Bedford and Taunton Railway, from Mansfield, on the Boston and Providence Railway, connects here. Dighton (41 miles) is on the Taun ton River. Near here is the celebrated Dighton Rock, an insulated mass of granite, covered with inscriptions, which are so worn that they cannot be deci phered. They are supposed to have been cut by Norwegian adventurers, who are thought to have visited thia coast about the year 1000. -Fall River (49 miles) is one of the leading towns of the State, and is espe cially noted for its manufactures, having the largest number of spindles of any town in the State. All the mills, formerly run by water-power from Fall River, are now run by steam. The view from the hill is very beautiful. Fall River, upon which the city is situated, descends 130 feet in less than half a mile, over a granite bed and between granite banks. The har bor, which strictly is a part of Narragan set Bay, is a fine one, with sufficient depth of water to float the largest vessels. The quarries of granite in the vicinity are very valuable, and most of the stone used in the construction of the forts at Newport came from them. Fall River is noted for the number of its churches. It haa also several good hotela. Mount Hope, the home of King Philip, ia seen across the bay. This is the terminus cf the Fall River line of Sound steamera to New York. Population, 27,000. Newport, BE. I. (See page 164.) Wo will now return to South Braintree and follow the other branch. Stations. — East Randolph, 15 milea from Boston ; East Stoughton, 17 ; North Bridgewater, 20 ; Campello, 22 ; Keith's, 24 ; East and West Bridgewater, 25 ; Bridgewater, 27 (connects with Abing don and Bridgewater Branch); Titicut, 31 ; Middleboro', 35 (connects with Cape Cod and Middleboro, and Taunton Rail- ways) ; Lakeville, 37 ; Myricks, 42 (con- nects with New Bedford and Taunton Railway) ; Assonet, 45. IBridgcwater (27 miles) is the connection with the Abingdon and. Bridge- water Branch to South Abingdon, 7 miles, It is an ancient town. The site was granted as a plantation to the town of Duxbury in 1642. It was then called 191 Middleboro'.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Nantucket. " Saughtuchquett " (Sawtucket), and waa aold (1645) to Captain Miles Standish by " Onsamegum," chief of the Wampanoag Indiana. The Bridgewater Iron-Works are among the largest on the continent. They consume 10,000 tons of iron annu ally, aud employ about 600 men. The manufacture of small-arms in New Eng land was commenced here. Middlehoro' (35 miles) is a pros perous town, pleasantly situated upon the Taunton River. It is the seat of a very popular scholastic institution. Here the " Cape Cod and Taunton Brandies leave the main line. The Fairhaven Branch also diverges for Mattapoisett and New Bedford, 61 miles. Myricks (42 miles) ia where the New Bedford and Taunton Railway diverges. New ISed-ford (61 milea) stands on the west side of the Accushnet River, which empties into Buzzard's Bay. The situation, upon ground rising rapidly from the water's edge, is very advantageous, and afforda fine views of the harbor and Fair Haven, opposite. While the town, aa a rule, ia neatly built, County Street ia noted for ita unrivalled combination of natural and artificial beauties. The Town Hall and Cuatom-Houae are both impoa- ingbuildinga, as are aome of the churchea. The educational advantagea are good, and there is a fine public library. There is alao a large theatre. The fiaheriea have always been a source of prosperity, and now to them is added a large and important manufacturing interest. Thia city haa recently constructed water- works, at an expense of about $700,000, although the supply of well-water has always been plentiful and pure. The drive around Clark's Point ia a very attractive one for the visitor. It ia about 6 miles long, its whole distance on the margin of the bay and river, 80 feet wide, and kept per fectly smooth. New Bedford, although its fleet is less than half its former ton nage, is still deaerving of the title of the Whaling City. Varioua manufactories are taking the places of the whaling fleet in the business operations of the city, and the Wamsutta Mills, whose product of cotton cloth ia not excelled in the country, is one of the largest of the man ufactories of New England. There are charming drives, and rare facilities for 192 sea-bathing and all aquatic aporta. It ia connected by lines of steamers with Bos- ton, Providence, and Fall River. There ia alao a regular steamer to Nantucket, touching at Wood's Hole, in Falmouth, and Holmes's Hole, on Martha's Vineyard. Hotels : Parker House, Mansion House and others. About 10 milea from New Bedford, on Great HUl, near the shore of Buzzard's Bay, is au excellent hotel. Martha's Vineyard is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 milea from New Bedford, and is a delightful resort, the trip by steamer being very charming, affording pasaengera a view of the islands in the bay, among them Nau- slion, the summer headquarters of the New York Club. Thia ia a regularly-or ganized camp-meeting ground, a grove being eapecially laid out for the purpose, cottages having been erected in large numbers. These meetings are held every August, and there are often from 15,000 to 20,000 people upon the island at one time. Gay-Head, the westerly end of Martha's Vineyard, is a spot well worth the atten tion of the visitor to this island. It ia of volcanic origin, and haa been pro nounced by Prof. Hitchcock one qf the most remarkable geological formations iu America. . ' Never," said General Twigga, aa he looked from the top of this bold prom ontory, "since I atood on Table Rock, have I seen a sight ao grand and beauti ful aa thia 1 " Nantucket ia an island still farther out in the ocean, and can be reached by steamer either from New Bedford or Hy- annis. There are good hotels, the Ocean House and Adams House, and numerous boarding-housea. The inhabitants are hospitable, and the evenings are apent in aocial visiting and pleasant dancing-par ties. Here is to be had every 'pleasure that can be derived from the ocean, and aa for fishing, every taste can be grati fied, from catching the smallest of the finny tribe to the largest shark. The scenery is charming, and the air pure and bracing. The grand whaling fleet, once the pride of this island, and the wonder of the world, has departed, but Siascon- sett, with its many and unique attractions, remains, and will never disappoint the seeker after health and pleasure. Providence.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Waltham. We will now return to Middleboro', and travel over the CAPE COD RAILWAY. Stations. — Middleboro', 35 miles from Boston; South Middleboro', 42; West Wareham, 45; South Wareham, 47; Wareham, 49; Agawam, 61; Cohasset Narrows, 54 ; Monument, 55 ; North Sand wich, 59; West Sandwich, 60; Sand wich, 62 ; West Barnstable, 70 ; Barn stable, 73 ; Yarmouth, 76 (connects with Cape Cod Central Railway) ; Hyannis, 79 (connects with steamer for Nantucket daily). CAPE COD CENTRAL RAILWAY. Stations. — South Yarmouth, South Dennis, North Harwich, Harwich, Brew ster, East Brewster, and Orleans. Without going into a detailed descrip tion of the roads, we will say, in general terms, that if one would like to visit that secluded portion of Maasachusetts — Cape Cod — let him journey from "Plymouth Rock," the inner point, to Provincetown, the outer verge, and he will find novelties in both phyaical Nature and social life, which will more than compensate for the labor of reaching them. BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAIL WAY. NEW YORK TO BOSTON. This railway forma the connecting link between New York and Boston, by the route designated as I. of Connecticut, and continued from Stonington as I. of Rhode Island. It is also the last link in the routes by "Sound Steamers," via Stonington Line or Bristol Line. Stations. — New York: Stonington, 138 milea; Providence, 188; Pawtucket, 192; Attleboro', 200; Weat Mansfield, 205; Mansfield, 207; Foxboro', 210; Sharon, 214; Canton, 217; Readville, 223;' Bos ton, 231. -Providence, It. I. (188 miles). (-See page 162.) Pawtucket, IS. 1. (192 miles). (-See page 166.) Attletooro', Mass. (200 miles), one of the oldest settlements in the col ony, and noted for its manufactures. Sharon (214 miles) is the highest 9 point between Boston and Providence. The natural scenery is beautiful and pic turesque. One of ita principal attrac tions is Massapoag Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, and a popular summer resort. Canton (217 miles) is in the midst of diversified and picturesque scenery, and is interesting on many accounts. The town containa Punkapog Pond, a pretty little lake, well stocked with fish, and Blue Hill, au eminence 630 feet high, from the summit of which superb views can be enjoyed of Boston and environs. The railroad viaduct, over one of the ponds and river at Canton, is one of the most elegant specimens of masonry in the United' States. Boston (231 miles). (See page 168.) ROUTE IX. BOSTON TO BELLOWS FALLS AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. Via Fitchburg, Cheshire, and connecting Rail ways. Stations. — Boston : Charlestown, 1 mile ; Cambridge, 3 ; Belmont, 6 ; Wal tham, 10 ; Lincoln, 17 ; Concord, 20 ; South Acton, 25 ; Littleton, 31 ; Groton Junc tion, 35 (connects with Peterboro and Shirley, Worcester and Nashua, and Stony Brook Railways) ; Shirley, 40 ; Leominster, 46 ; Fitchburg, 50 (connects with Fitch burg and Worcester and Cheshire Rail- ways) ; South Ashburnham, 60 (connecta with Vermont and Massachusetts Rail way) ; North Ashburnham, 64 ; Winchen- don, 68 ; State Line, 71 ; Keene, N. H., 92 (connects with Ashuelot Railway); Bellows Falla, Vt., 114 (connecta with Rutland and Burlington and Vermont Central Railways). Boston, Charlestown, and Cambridge. (See description of Boston and vicinity, page 168.) Watertown (8 miles by branch road) ia the site of a United States Arsenal and Mr. Cushing's beautiful gar den. The Charles River is navigable to this point for vessels of 6 feet draft. "Waltham (10 miles) is a flourish. ing manufacturing village on the Charles River. The first cotton-mill in Massa- 193 Concord.] MASSACHUSETTS. rL0WELL. chusetts was built here, and this ia the site of the Waltham Watch-Works, the largeat iu the United States. A short distance from the village is Prospect Hill, which rises to a height of 500 feet, af fording splendid views. Concord (20 miles) is a manufac turing village, on both sides of the Con cord River. April 19, 1775, the same day as the battle of Lexington (the first in the Revolutionary War), blood was shed at Concord. A granite obelisk, 25 feet in height, marks the spot. -Lexington. (11 miles, by a branch road) is where the first blood was shed in the Revolutionary War. Eight Ameri cans were killed, in memory of whom a monument has been creeled by the State upon the village green. €Sroton Jf unction (35 miles) ia the point of intersection with the Peter- boro' and Shirley, Worcester and Nashua, and Stony Brook Railways. In the vil lage of Groton is- the Lawrence Academy, a richly-endowed institution. ____eo_raiiraster (46 miles), on the Nashua River, is the principal seat of the comb-manufactories of the State. -fitchburg (50 miles), junction with Fitchburg and Worcester, and Cheshire Railways. We follow the latter road. (For Fitchburg, see page 190.) South Ashburnham (60 miles) connects with Vermont and Massachusetts Railway for the Hoosac Tunnel. Winchendon (68 miles), on Mil ler's River, is the last station in the State. It is a manufacturing town. (For the continuation of this route, see Route IV of New Hampshire.) RO UTE X. B OSTON TO THE WHITE MO UNTA1NS, MONTPELIER, VT„ GREEN MOUN TAINS, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, THE ADIRONDACKS, LAKE MEMPHRE MAGOG, AND CANADA. Via Boston and Lowell,, and connecting Rail- Stations. — Boston : Medford, 5 miles ; Winchester, 8 (Woburn Branch Railway diverges) ; East Woburn, 9 (connects with Stoneham Branch Railway) ; Woburn W. S., 10; Wilmington, 15; Billerica, 19; 194 North Billerica, 22 ; Lov. ell, 26 (connecta with Lowell and Lawrence, and Salem and Lowell Railways) ; North Chelmsford, 29 (junction of Stony Brook Railway) ¦ Tyngsboro' and Dunstable, 33; Concord Depot, 39; Nashua, 40 (connects with Concord Railway of New Hampshire, aud Worcester and Nashua Railways). Medford (5 miles) is a suburb of Boston and the seat of Tufts College, a Universalist institution, which is located on an eminence known as Walnut Hill. This is the head of navigation ou the Mystic River and is noted for its ship. building. It i3 also reached by branch of Boston and Maine Railway. Winchester (8 miles) is where the Woburn branch diverges to Woburn, a pleasant manufacturing village 2 milea distant. East "Woburn (9 miles) is where the Stoneham Branch Railway diverges to Stoneham (2 miles), a place noted for its large boot and shoe manufactories. From thja point to Lowell the scenery is uninteresting. Dilleriea (19 miles) is a station midway between the villages of Billerica and Tcwksbury. At the former of these is located the Howe School, and at the latter the Stale Pauper Institution, where such paupers as do not properly belong to any particular town are cared for. B_owell (28 miles) is one of the largest and most noted manufacturing citiea in the Union, and is a place of the greatest attraction to any one interested in the subject of the production of prints, cottons, and carpets. The Pawtucket falls, the source of the city's prosperity, have a descent of 33 feet, and around them runs a canal, which, originally in tended for purposes of navigation, was purchased in 1821, and devoted to the use of a mill-race. In 1 846 the present grand canal from the outlet of Lake- Winnipisseogee was commenced. The mills of the Merrimac Manufacturing Company are of great extent, and their process of printing calicoes very inter esting. The Lowell Manufacturing Com pany manufacture carpets on a large scale, and a visit to their works is highly entertaining. Another place of interest is the Lowell Bleachery. There are over 50 mills in operation at North Chelmsford.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Lyns. Lowell, employing many thousand opera tives, and representing a capital of many millions of dollars. The Mechanics' Asso ciation has a library of 10,000 volumes. A monument to Ladd and Whitney, of the Sixth Massachusetts regiment, killed in Baltimore, April 19, 1361, stands in the public square. Population, 40,928. The principal hotela are the Washing ton, Merrimack, and American. The Boaton and Lowell Railway here connecta with the Lowell and Lawrence and Salem and LoweU Railways. North Chelmsford (29 miles) is the junction with the Stony Brook Railway to Groton Junction. Tyngsboro' and Stunstable (33 miles) are the last villages, upon this route, in Massachusetts, and agricultural in their character. This trip will be resumed aa Routes I. and III. of New Hampshire. ROUTE XI. BOSTON TO PORTSMOUTH, N. H. ; PORTLAND, ME; THE ROADS CEN TRING AT THOSE CITIES; AND THE PRINCIPAL PLA CES IN NORTH EASTERN MASS A CHUSETTS. Via Eastern Railway, Branclies and Con nections. TnE Shore line to Portland, running parallel with the coast, communicates with several popular and attractive wa tering-places, among which Nahant, Swampscott, Marblehead, Beverly, Rock- port, and Rye Beach, may be specified. The cool sea-breezes, the freedom from dust, the varied scenery and picturesque views, afford great attractions to the summer tourist in search of health and recreation. Stations. — Boston : Somerville, 2 miles ; Everett, 3 (Saugus Branch Railway diverges) ; Chelsea, 4 ; North Chelsea, 6 ; West Lynn, 10 ; Lynn, 11 ; Swamp scott, 12; Salem, 16 (Marblehead Branch diverges, Junction of Lawrence and South Reading Branches, and Salem and Lowell Railway) ; Beverly, 18 (Gloucester Branch diverges) ; North Beverly, 20 ; Wenham, 22; Ipswich, 27; Row'ley, 31; New- buryport, 36 (Junction of Newburyport Railway) ; East Salisbury, 38 (Amesbury Branch diverges) ; Seabroo!., 42 ; Hamp ton Falls, 43 ; Hampton, 46 ; North Hampton, 49 ; Greenland, 51 ; Ports mouth, 56 (Junction of Concord and Portsmouth, and Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railways) ; Portland, 108. Everett (3 miles), on the Maiden River, was formerly called South Maiden. The Saugus Branch diverges here. Chelsea (4 miles) ia one of the pleasantest of the Boston suburban cities. The Naval Hospital, Marine Hospital, and Town Hall, are prominent buildings. Powder-Horn Hill and Mount Bellingham command fine views. Population, 18,547. Woodland Cemetery is two miles beyond. I_ynn (11 miles) is a well-built city of 28,231 inhabitants, according to tho United States census of 1870, on the northeastern shore of Massachusetts Bay, surrounded by a beautiful variety of scenery. This ia a very ancient settle ment, having been first made in 1629, one year before that at Boston. In this place was begun the prosecution of the now vast iron interests of the country ; the earliest forge and smelting works having been erected here in 1643, upon the banks of Saugus River. In this place also is a picturesque locality, known as Dungeon Rock, a spot of many legendary associa tions, much frequented in later years by those holding the spiritualistic faith, where a large cave has been artificially excavated in search of supposed treasure. High Rock, in the centre of the city, is a fine eminence, affording a very beautiful pano ramic view of the surrounding country, and remarkable as being the residence, though not the original home, of the celebrated Hutchinson family of vocalists. In this city are numerous churches, in cluding a large and flourishing branch of the Society of Friends. ihe City Hall, containing also the Free Public Library, is a building of great elegence and much admired. The school system ia of a high rank, giving the most valuable opportunities for education. In this city, the great feature, however, is the manufacture of ladiea' shoes, in which it takes the lead of the whole country. This business was begun here about 1750, under the in struction of John Adam Dagyr, a native of Wales. The immense manufactories 195 Nahant.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Salem, now in operation are at once its pride and strength. Nahant (4 miles from Lynn) is a charming peninsula, or a pair of rocky islands connected with each other and the main-land by a seriea of unsurpassed beaches. A large and splendid hotel there, in 1819, and numeroua summer residents, filled the place with their cot tages, and made it the moat fashionable watering-place in New England. Thia hotel was, however, burned iu 1861, and since then the tide of pleasure-seekers has gone in other directiona, especially toward Swampscott. The chief business now prosecuted ia fiahing ; and thia, at present, is largely, if not wholly, in the taking of lobsters, which abound here, and enable the fishermen of Nahant to supply the Boaton market to a very great extent. The attractiona of Nahant to the geologiat, and to the marine botaniat and zoologist, are very great. Prof. Agassiz has here his summer residence. Popula tion about 500. Omnibuses run to and from the central station in Lynn, in con nection with many of the trains of the Eastern Railroad. Swaimpscott (12 miles) is to Boston what Long Branch is to New York, that is to say, the favorite resort of its wealthiest citizens. The beach is neither large nor attractive, and the walks and drives are not particularly beautiful, yet fashion has set its stamp upon it, and its fortune is made. The coast here is particularly dapgerous to the mariner, the beaches being very short and the bluffs high and long. The bath ing here is excellent, with no undertow. The permanent residents are principally engaged in the cod and haddock fishing, which is principally done in dories or smacka, and supply the market with fresh .fish. Population in 1870, 1,846. The leading hotels are the Great Ana- warn, the Little Anawam, the Lincoln House, and the Ocean House. Salem (16 miles) ia the principal ahire town in Essex county, and the first permanent settlement in the old Massa chusetts Colony. Roger Conant and ethers, on breaking up the " fishing plan tation" at Cape Ann, in the autumn of 1626, removed to Maumkeag, now Salem. John Endicott arrived in 1628, Rev. 196 Francis Higginson in 1629, and John Winthrop in 1630, who soon after re moved to Charlestown and Boston. The year 1692 is remarkable for the preva lence of the witchcraft delusion, at Salem village, now Danvers, for which several persons were tried and executed. In the court-house are deposited the papers and other documents that relate to the trials. The house ia standing, iu which aome of the preliminary examina- tions were made, and, having been tho home of Roger Williams, adds an ad ditional interest. The place of execution ia in the weatern part of the city, an emi- Hence overlooking the city, the harbor, and the aurrounding shores, and is known aa " Gallows Hill." A pleasant drive of some five or six miles will enable the visitor to examine the several places of interest mentioned in Mr. Upham's work on the subject. Salem haa a convenient and well-protected harbor, with good anchorage. Previous to the Revolution the people were largely engaged in the fisheries, and during that period in priva teering. After the restoration of peace, this spirit of enterprise waa directed to voyages of exploration and trade with dis tant ports in the East, and was conducted with so much success that an extensive commerce sprung up. This business ha3 of late considerably declined, many of the cargoes formerly received here being dis charged at the ports of Boston and New York. Manufacturing industries have, for some years past, been successfully introduced, that of the leather very ex tensively ; also, though not to the same extent, cotton, jute, white lead, chemicals, etc., etc. Many interesting historical associationa cluster around Salem, and every period in her annals, from the land ing of Conant, Endicott, and Higginson, has recorded some important event, and enrolled illustrious names. Plummer Hall was erected in 1856, from funds bequeathed to the proprietors of the Salem Atlienamm, by the late Miss Caroline Plummer, of Salem, a lady of great literary accomplishments. In this elegant building are deposited the library of the Athenceum, which containa 14,000 volumes ; and the library of the Essex Institute, containing some 25,000 volumjs and a largo collection of newspapers, Salem.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Beverly pamphlets, manuscripts, and various his torical relics. The Institute has an ex tensive scientific collection, which is de posited with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, in the East India Marine Hall; and has published ten volumes of Historical Collections, six vol umes of Proceedings, and one volume of the Bulletin. East India Marine Hall was erected in 1825, for the accommodation of the mu seum of the East India Marine Society. This society was organized in 1799, and possesses a very valuable museum. In 1867, George Peabody placed in the hands of nine trustees the sum of $140,000, for the promotion of science and useful knowledge in the county of Essex. In 1868, an act of incorporation was ob tained, under the name of " The Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science." They have purchased the East India Ma rine Hall, and have received on perma nent deposit the museum of the East India Marine Society, and the scientific collections of the Essex Institute; they have been rearranged under their direc tion, thus forming a very extensive" mu seum, open to the public, free, ou Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of each week, from 10 A. M. to 5 p. m. One of the State Normal Schools is located in this city, and was opened for the admission of pupils in September, 1854. The other educational facilities are of a high character. The rides in the vicinity are pleasant, and its proximity to Marblehead, Swamp- scott, and Nahant on the one side, and to the Beverly and Manchester shores, with the charming lands adjacent, render it a pleasant summer residence. The har bor affords good opportunities for boat- ing and sailing. The tourist should not fail to take the horse-cars to Peabody (distance 2 miles), to visit the Peabody institute, in which are deposited many interesting works of art, and the various memorials ofthe founder, George Peabody, of which may be men tioned the portrait of Queen Victoria, Congress medal, etc., etc. A short dis tance in one direction from the Institute Building is the house in which Mr. Pea body was born, and about the same dis tance in an opposite direction, within the limits of Harmony Grove Cemetery (Sa lem), are deposited his mortal remains. The Marblehead Branch diverges at Salem, and it is also the junction of the Lawrence and South Reading Brandies and of the Salem and Lowell Railway. Marblehead, 4 miles from Salem, had a population in 1870 of 7,703, the terminus of the Marblehead Branch, ia aituated on a rocky promontory, and haa an excellent harbor. At the commence ment of the Revolution it had a large foreign trade, and waa the second town in the colony. There are several old mansions worthy of note, especially that of Dr. Daniel Gill, the birthplace of Vice-President E. Gerry ; and the old Bank Building : this last exhibits the peculiar architecture and decorations of an aristocratic resi dence of a century since ; even the paper waa imported from England, and is sup posed to have been built in 1768 for Colo nel Jeremiah Lee ; like the Sparhawk and Pepperell houses at Kittery, Me., it is a fine specimen of the palatial mansions of the nabobs of the last century. The fish ing business has not, of late, been vig orously prosecuted. Other branches of industry have been introduced, particular ly that of the manufacture of boots and shoes. The schools are in excellent con dition. The academy, founded in 1788, where Judge Joseph Story was prepared for college, is yet vigorous. The churches, benevolent, literary, and other institu tions, indicate the advancement of the people in culture and refinement. Marble head Neck, easily reached by boats across the harbor, or a circuitous ride of a much greater distance, is a favorite resort ; hither hundreds from Nashua, Lowell, Worcester, and other places, come and pitch their canvas tents and spend a few weeks of the heated term — recently __ few temporary wooden structures have been erected. ISeverly (18 miles), with a, popu lation in 1870 of 6,507, ia on the oppo site side of Ann Harbors from Salem, with which it is connected by a bridge, built in 1788. While the manufacture of shoes has increased rapidly during the past ten years, some attention ia yet given to commerce and the fisheries. The strip of territory adjoining the coast from tho 197 Gloucester.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Newburyporx village to Manchester has, within the past twenty-five years, attracted the notice of the wealthy denizens of our cities, who have selected the most eligible sites, erected beautiful residences, and other wise improved the grounds in the highest style of landscape gardening. The Glou cester Branch diverges here. Gloucester (28 miles), population in 1870, 16,389, has a capital harbor, which is one of the best on the coast. The town ia pleaaantly situated and com pactly built. Ita intereata are commer cial, and it has a greater amount of ton nage in the fisheries than any other place in the United States. It was the first place settled on the north Bhore of Mas sachusetts Bay. Robert Conant estab lished a fishing colony in 1624, which in 1626 he abandoned. BSockport is the terminua of the Branch Railroad, and haa lately increased in population and importance. The ex tensive granite' quarries are a great source of wealth, and furnish employment for a large number of men. The pic turesque scenery, fine sea-views, and fa cilities for out-door sports and recreation, have rendered it a very attractive and fa vorite place of resort for summer tourists. Additional accommodations are made every year to meet the increasing de mands of the travelling public. Wenham (22 miles), as in days of yore, is a pleasant town ; it was called by JohnDunton, in 1686, "a delicious para dise." Wenham Pond, so famous for its ice, large quantities of which are ex ported, and probably the only one of our charming little lakes that has a European reputation, ia a beautiful aheet of water, having a surface of about three hundred and twenty acres, and is the source from which the city of Salem derive3 the water for the use of her citizens. Wenham was formerly a part of Salem, and the early settlers called the village Enon ; when in corporated in 1643 it asaumed the preaent name. The old burial-ground, about half a mile from the Town-Hall, contains many interesting inscriptions. Ipswich (27 miles), the birthplace of Nathan Dane and Rufus Choate. Its Indian name waa Agawam, or Fishing Sta tion. It ia aituated on both aides of Ips wich River, which is crossed by two stone 198 bridgea, one built in 1764, the other in 1861. It containa, in addition to a number of fine churches and stores, a county Asy lum for the Insane and a County House of Correction, a Female Seminary or ganized by Miss S. P. Grant and Miss Mary Lyon in 1828, now in successful operation ; and a Grammar Sclvool for classical instruction, established in 1650, There are several factories and mills, but the town ia principally noted for its hay crop. A few years since the late Augus tine Heard, Esq., erected at his own ex pense a beautiful brick structure, de posited therein some six thousand volumes of choice works, and left _. fund for ita support as a free public library. Newbnryport (35 miles) is a city located upon the Merrimac River, and is considered one of the most beautiful in New England, standing upon a gentle de clivity, and having a wide avenue running along the summit, with fine large man sions on each side. Previoua to 1764 it constituted a part of Newbury. During the close of the last and the beginning of the present centuries few places were more" flourishing — the embargo and after ward the great fire of 1811 had a very depressing influence. The city containa a custom-house, a court-house, a very handsome City-Hall, and a number of churches of the different persuasions. School privileges are good. The harbor is large and deep, but the entrance is ob structed by a sand-bar. Among the objects of interest may bo specified the Old Presbyterian Church, the scene of Whitefield's labors, a mon ument to his memory, and other sacred relica ; the elegant and costly Memorial Chapel, built by the late Rev. Dr. Horton, as a monument to his only daughter, in connection with St. Paul's Church, one of the oldest of the Episcopal churches ; the house where Jacob Perkins lived, and the building where he prepared the first steel bank-note plates now generally used; the old Garrison House, a great curiosity, built of brick and stone, and having loop-holes for musketry, near the green in Oldtown, and built by an an cestor of the late President Pierce ; the Tracy House, once honored by the pres ence of Washington, Lafayette, and others, recently purchased and fitted up for the East Salisbury.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Anboveh use of the Free Public Library, which waa founded by Josiah Little in 1854, and contains some 13,000 volumes; the Oak-Hill Cemetery, with its imposing gate way, the gift of Mr. Tappan, of New York, a son of this place — from the elevated portions are beautiful and extensive views of the surrounding country. The old burial-places contain many quaint in- scriptiona, and are always interesting to the antiquarian. The chief natural curiosity is a series of limestone-pits, about two miles south of the city, known by the name of Devil's Den. They were formerly wrought to advantage, but have long since been abandoned, and are still regarded with interest on account of a number of min erals to be found there, some of which are of rare occurrence. Plum Island, connected by a causeway and bridge, dis tance some three miles, is a place of inter est, especially to the lovers of wild-game. It is a narrow island, about eight miles long, and consists of yellow sand thrown up by the wind into fantastic hillocka, and bearing scarcely any vegetation ex cept thickets of juniper and the plum from which it derives its name. Two light-houses on the northerly end. The principal hotel is the Merrimac House. The Newburyport Railway for Georgetown, etc., connects at this point. East Salisbury (38 miles) is where the Amesbury Branch diverges. It is near Salisbury Beach, a well-known resort. The Easex County towna are rich in beautiful scenery, and iu historical as- sociations of the most interesting charac ter, and there are none more so than the closely-connected communities of Ames- bury and Salisbury. Poet and painter have celebrated the picturesque viewa of the Merrimac- In Amesbury the poet Whittier has resided for thirty years, and it is the birthplace of Josiah Bartlett, one of the signers of the Declaration of In dependence. In Salisbury ia pointed out the aite of the birthplace of Abigail Eaatman, the mother of Ezekiel and Dan iel Webater; the ancient houae where Caleb Cuahing was born ; the site of the ancient court-house of old Norfolk County ; and the plain little room in a country tav ern (preserved in its primitive condition) where the king's commissioners met in 1699, and where the members of the General Court assembled in 1737 to ad just the boundary-line between Mas sachusetts and New Hampshire. The ancient graveyards, where lie the mould ering remains of eminent divines, and men of note in their day, should not be neglected. This is the last station on this line in MassachuBetts. (For continuation, see Route V. of New Hampshire.) RO UTE XII. BOSTON TO LAWRENCE, TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, TO PORT LAND. MAINE, AND TO THE NORTH. Via Boston and Maine Railway, and Con nections. Stations. — Boaton : Somerville, 2 milea ; Medford Junction, 4 ; Maiden, 5 ; Melrose, 7 ; Wakefield Junction, 9 (connects with South Reading Branch, and with Danvers Branch Railway to Newburyport) ; Wake field, 10 ; Reading, 12 ; Wilmington Junc tion, 18 (connects with Salem and Lowell Railway); Ballardvale, 21; Andover, 23; South Lawrence, 26 (connects with Low ell and Lawrence, Concord, Manchester and Lawrence, and Lawrence Branch of Eastern Railways) ; North Lawrence, 27 ; North Andover, 28 ; Bradford, 32 (con nects with Newburyport Railway); Ha verhill, 33. Maiden (5 miles) ia on the Maiden River, which is navigable for vessels of 300 tons to within half a mile of the vil lage. It is quite a manufacturing place, and is connected with Charlestown by a bridge 2,420 feet long. "Wakefield Junction (9 miles) ia the connecting point of the junction of the South Reading Branch and the Danvers Branch Railway to Newburyport, described on page 198. Reading (12 miles) is noted for ita manufactories of boots and shoea. Wilmington Junction (18 miles) is the point of intersection of the Salem and Lowell Railway. This is a famous hop-producing region. Andover (23 miles) is pleasantly situated; has a population of not far from 5,000. Besides a large area devoted 199 Lawrence.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Haverhill. to agriculture, there are three manufac turing villages along the Shawsheen, which passes through the town. In 1844 a large tract, lying on its northerly bor der, by the Merrimac, was set off to form the new city of Lawrence, in con nection with a similar section taken from Methuen, on the opposite side of the river. Within the bounds of Andover are several beautiful ponds, with much besides to make its scenery attractive. In 1778, while the Revolutionary War was at its height, Phillips Academy was incorporated, and located on its beautiful site here, where for nearly a century it has been widely known as one of the largest and best classical schools of New England. Thirty years later, in 1808, a Theological Seminary was endowed, and opened un der the same board of trustees with the academy, located on the same hill, and helping largely to carry out the design with which the academy was organized. There ia also in the immediate vicin ity a large Seminary for Young Ladies, well patronized, and effectively adminis tered. Usually, in the three institutions, there are from 400 to 500 members. Within the limits of the town there are 8 churches — 5 Congregational, 1 Bap tist, 1 Methodiat, 1 Episcopal. Trains connect Andover with Boston seven to ten times daily ; with Lawrence, the same; with Loweli, three or four times ; and with Salem and Newburyport as often. During the summer months, many find it a pleasant retreat from city life ; while for its permanent inhabitants, its general healthfulness, its excellent society, its rare educational advantages, and its high moral and religious atmosphere, make it a choice home. Lawrence (26 miles) one of the leading manufacturing cities of the United States, dates the commencement of its prosperity from 1845, when a dam was thrown across the Merrimac River (on both sides of which the city is built), giving a fall of water of 28 feet, and fur nishing the power for the numerous mills and factories located here. A canal, over a mile long, 14 feet deep, and gradually diminishing in width from 100 feet at the head to 60 feet at the foot, distributes the water to the various factories, etc. 200 A second canal, of about the same length, is partially completed upon the oppoaito side of the river. Among the leading manufacturing companies are the Pacific, Washington (formerly Bay State), Atlan- tic, Everett, Pemberton, Lawrence Wool len, and Arlington. There are also nu merous paper, flour, and other mills. The Common ia a handsome public park of 17^ acres. The City Hall, High- School House, Court-House, Lawrence American, and Post-Office Block, church es, and mills, are the most noteworthy buildings. Among the literary and educational institutions are the Franklin Library, tho " White " Lecture and Library Fund, Pacific and Atlantic Mills Libraries, the High, Oliver Grammar, and other public schoola. The city ia lighted with gas, and the mills, their boarding-houses, and the city fire-hydrants, are supplied with water from a reservoir on Prospect Hill. Population in 1845, 100 ; in 1870, 30,000. Valuation in 1870, $17,500,000. The railroad connects at this point with the Lowell and Lawrence, Concord, Man chester, and Lawrence, and the Lawrence Branch of the Eastern Railway. North Andover (27 miles), a flouriBhing manufacturing village, incor porated (formerly part of Andover) in 1854. A small stream, the outlet of Great Pond, furnishes water-power. Popula tion, 2,500. Railroad connecta with Lawrence Branch of Eastern. Bradford (32 miles) is the junc tion of the Newburyport Railway. It containa the famoua Female Academy, founded 75 yeara ago, and noted as the Alma Mater of Mrs. Judson and Harriet Newell, of miaaionary memory. The in stitution ia flourishing, a new academy and dormitory having been recently erect ed at a cost of $150,000, and capable of accommodating 150 pupils. The town is connected with Haverhill by a bridge across the Merrimac, 680 feet long. Blaverhill (33 miles) is the last station, on thia route, in Massachusetts. It is a manufacturing city, upon the Mer rimac River, with a population of 13,000, and contains, among other noteworthy buildings, fifteen churches, two of which are remarkably handsome ; one of them Georgetown.] MASSACHUSETTS. [State Line. modelled after an Italian temple ; the other built in the Gothic-Arabic style. The achoola are high in their standard. It containa a fine Soldiera' Monument, erected in 1869. The city is built on a gentle alope, and the aurrounding scenery is picturesque and beautiful. It is noted in Indian his tory as being the home of Hannah Dus- tin, who, being carried into captivity by the Indiana, killed nine of them while they were aaleep in camp, near Concord, N. H., acalped them, and returned home, down the Merrimac, in a bark canoe, bringing her trophiea with her. It ia also the birthplace of John G. Whittler, the American Quaker poet. Just back of the city, within a circuit of six miles, are three beautiful lakes, neatling among the hilla, one of which waa named by Mr. Whittier, Kenoza, which ia the Indian name for pickerel. It ia this beautiful sheet of water, and the surrounding scenery, which are referred to by him in the poem of "The Barefoot Boy," as "the sand-rimmed pickerel-pond," and "the walnut slopes beyond." On the shore of this lake ia located Kenoza Hall, a atone building, built for social and pic nic purpoaea by an incorporated associa tion of gentlemen, and is a popular sum mer resort for an hour of recreation. The Newburyport Railway to Newbury port (see page 199), and to Georgetown, diverges here. Georgetown is a manufacturing town. Its principal attraction ia the Memorial Church, built by George Pea body, and presented by him to the town. (For remainder of this route, see Route II. of New Hampshire.) ROUTE XIII. BOSTON TO ALBANY. Via Boston and Albany (Western) Railway. Stations.— Boston : South Framingham, 21 miles ; Worcester, 44 ; Worcester Junc tion, 45 (connecta with Providence and Worcester, Worcester and Naahua, and Norwich and Worcester Railwaya) ; Roch dale, 53; Charlton, 57; Spencer, 62; Eaat Brookfield, 64 ; Brookfield, 67 ; West Brookfield, 69; Warren, 73; Brimfield, 79 ; Palmer, 83 (connecta with New Lon don Northern Railway) ; Wilbrabam, 89 ; Indian Orchard, 92 ; Springfield, 98 (con necta with New Haven, Hartford and Springfield, and Connecticut River Rail waya) ; Weat Springfield, 100 ; Westfield, 108 (connects with New Haven and Northampton Railway); Russell, 116; Huntington, 119 ; Cheater, 126 ; Middle- field, 131; Becket, 135; Waahington, 138 ; Hinadale, 143 ; Dalton, 146 ; Pitts- field, 151 (oonnecta with Pittsfield and North Adama and West Stockbridge and Pittsfield Railways); Shaker Vil lage, 154; Richmond, 159; State Line, 162 (connecta with Housatonic Railway) ; Canaan, 167; East Chatham, 172; Chat ham, 177 (connects with Harlem and Hudson, and Boston Railways) ; Chatham Centre, 181 ; Kinderhook, 184; Schodack, 192 ; Greenbush, 199 (connecta with Troy and Greenbush Railway); Albany, 200 (connects with divergent routes). (Thia route, from Springfield to Boston, haa been described aa Route I.) Westfield (108 milea). (See page 157.) Chester (126 milea) is a manufac turing town. Middlefield (131 miles) has sev- eral mills for the manufacture of satinets and broadcloths. Dalton (146 miles) has manufac toriea of cutlery, machinery, paper, and woollen goods. Pittsfield (151 milea), connection with Pittsfield and North Adams, and West Stockbridge and Pittsfield Railways. (See page 183.) State -Line (162 milea) ia the con nection with the Housatonic Railway. (For a deacription of this section of- the country, see Route II. of Connecticut, and Route IV. of Massachusetts.) From Chatham to Albany, thia road followa the same general line as the Har lem Railway (Route II. of New York). RO UTE XIV. BOSTON TO THE HOOSAC TUNNEL. Via Fitchburg and Vermont and Massachusetts TnE Fitchburg Railway has already been fully described in Route IX. 201 Fitchburg.] MASSACHUSETTS. [Hoosac TuNNEt VERMONT AND MASSACHUSETTS RAILWAY. Stations. — Boston: Fitchburg, 50 miles (connects with Fitchburg Railway, Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg, and Fitch burg and Worcester Railways) ; Waohu- sett, 53 ; Westminster, 55 ; Ashburnham, 61 (connecta with Cheshire Railway); Gardner, 65 ; Templeton, 69 ; Baldwin- ville, 71; Royalaton, 77; Athol, 88; Orange, 87; Wendell, 90; Erving, 92; Grout'a Corner, 98 (oonneot8 with New London Northern Railway); Montague, 102 ; Greenfield, 106 (connects with Con necticut River Railway) ; Shelburne Falls, 119 ; Charlemont, 128 ; Zoar, 132 ; Hoosac Tunnel, 136. Fitchburg (50 miles). (See page 190.) Ashburnham (61 miles), con nects with the Cheshire Railway for Bel lows Falls, etc. Gardner (65 miles) is noted for its chair-manufactories. Athol (83 miles) is on Miller's River, which furnishes a fine water-power for a number of manufactories. Erving (92 miles) is on tho eaat side of the Connecticut River. (The scenery of this section of the State ia described in Route V.) Or out's Corner (98 miles), con- nects with New London Nortliern Rail way. (See page 189.) Montague (102 miles), on the east side of the Connecticut, is where the railway crosses the river by a bridge. In the north part of the township are Tur ner's Falls,ythere there is a dam, furnish ing an immense water-power. There is a canal, with 75 feet of lockage, around the falla, which is used for purposes of navi gation. Greenfield (106 miles). Con necta with the Connecticut River Railway. (See page 188.) Shelburne Falls (119 miles) is a flourishing manufacturing village upon the north side of Deerfield River. Charlemont (128 miles) is on tho Deerfield River, in the midst of charming scenery, the Hoosac Mountains being in full view. ESoosac Tunnel (1 36 miles) haa already been described. (See page 1S4.) 208 Net. Hampshire.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [New Hampshire. NEW HAMPSHIRE, New Hampshire, one of the original thirteen States, is bounded north by Canada, east by Maine and the Atlantic, south' by Massachusetts, and west by Vermont. The first settlements were made at Dover, in 1623. It containa some of the grandest hill and valley and lake scenery in America, and is yearly visited by a larger number of tourists than perhaps any State in the Union. The White Mountains here are popularly supposed to be the highest land east of the Missisaippi River, as indeed they are, with the single exception of Black Moun tain, in North Carolina. These noble hills occupy, with their many outposts, a very considerable portion of the State, and form the specialty in its physical character. The reader will find a de tailed mention of all these features, and of the beautiful intermediate lake-region, in subsequent pages. On hia route from Boston to the moun tain-regions, the tourist will find much to interest him, if hia intereat lies that way, in the enterprising manufacturing towns of the lower part of the State. In ita historical records, New Hampshire haa no .very atriking passages — no important reminiscences, either of the Revolution ary War, or of the later conflict with Great Britain in 1812. The principal rivers of New Hampshire are the Connecticut, which forms the whole western boundary of the State, dividing it from Vermont, the Pemigewas- aet, the Merrimac, Oontoocook, Upper aud Lower Ammonooauc, and the Saco. Lake Winnipiseogee, near the centre of the State, is its principal inland water. The railway lines of New Hampshire are nu merous enough to give ready access to rH sectiona of her territory, and te the neighboring States. Occasions will occur for ample mention of the facilities which they afford for travel, as we follow them, severally, hither and thither. ROUTE I. BOSTON TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG, AND CAN ADA. Via Boston and Lowell and connecting Rail ways. (Continuation qf Route X. of Massachusetts.) The stations on the Boston and Lowell Railway, as far as Nashua, N. II., were described in Route X. of Massachusetts, and we now resume the trip at Naahua, taking the Concord Railway of N. H. Stations. — Boston : Nashua, 40 miles (connects with Worcester and Nashua Railway, also w ith Boston and Lowell and Nashua and Lowell Railwaya) ; Thorn ton's Ferry, 46 ; Reed's Ferry, 49 ; Goff's Falls, 53 ; Manchester, 57 (connects with Manchester and North Weare Railway, and Manchester and Lawrence Railway) ; Martin's Ferry, €2 ; Hooksett, 66 ; Sun- cook, 67; Concord, 75 (connects with Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railway, for the White Mountains, also with Con cord and Portsmouth, Concord and Clare mont, and Northern N. H. Railways) ; East Concord, 77 ; North Concord, 80 ; Canterbury, 85 ; Northfield, 88 ; Tilton, 93 ; Union Bridge, 97 ; Laconia, 102 ; Lake Village, 104; Weir's, 108 (steamer Lady of the Lake, during the season of navigation, leaves for Centre Harbor, Wolfboro', etc., on arrival of each train) ; Meredith Village, 112 ; Fogg's Road, 116; Ashland, 120; Bridgewater, 123 ; Plymouth, 126 (stages leave Plymouth S03 Nashua.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Concorij and Littleton for White Mountaina and Franconia Notch, Sanbornton for New Hampton and Gilmanton, Meredith Vil lage for Conway, and Littleton for Lan caster and other places) ; Quincy, 132 ; Rumney, 134 ; West Rumney, 137 ; Went worth, 142; Warren, 146; Eaat Haver hill, 154; Haverhill and Newbury, 159; North Haverhill, 164; Woodsville, 168; Wella River, 168 (connects with Connec ticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railway) ; Bath, 173 ; Lisbon, 178 ; North Lisbon, 183 ; Littleton, 138. Nashua (40 milea) ia an important manufacturing city, situated on both sides of the Nashua River. It contains numerous first-claas residencea, ia sup plied with water and gaa, and ita streeta are plentifully ornamented with shade- trees. For railways connecting at this point, consult the list of stations at the head of this route. The leading hotels are the Indian Head, Tremont, and Cen tral. Amherst (8 miles from Nashua), near the Wilton Branch, ia situated upon the Souhegan River, and was the birth place of Horace Greeley. There are numbers of mineral springs in the vicin ity, one of which, Amherst Spring, ia be coming popular. A hotel Btands at the spring, which ia three miles from the station. There ia a line of stages from the station to the spring and to the prin cipal village. Amherst waa formerly the Hillsborough county seat ; but the courts have been taken from it in part and car ried to Manchester and Nashua. A new hotel has been built at the main village. Wilton (16 miles from Nashua), the terminus of the branch, is situated in the Souhegan valley, in the midst of a fine dairy region. There are numerous fac tories here, and in the neighborhood are granite quarriea. This is a favorite sum mer residence for Bostonians, there be ing pleasant walks, drives, etc., in the vicinity. Barnes Falls are 2 miles dis tant. The Wliiting House is a good hotel. Manchester (57 milea) is -one of the principal manufacturing cities of the New England States, including within its limits the villages of Piscataquay and Amoskeag. The Merrimac River fur nishes a good water-power for numerous 204 factories, among which are the " Amos keag," " Manchester Print Works," " Langdou Mills," and " Stark Mills," the " Locomotive," and " Fire Engine Manufactories," and others. The popu lation ofthe city, by the census of 1870, is 23,536. The Manchester House is a good hotel. (For railroad connections, see list of stations.) Mookset (66 miles) is upon tha Merrimac River, aud the site of tho " Hookset Manufacturing Company " for cotton goods and other manufactories. The railroad-bridge across the river at thia point is 550 feet long. To the west of the railroad ia Pinnacle Mountain. Suncook (67 milea), at the falla of the Suncook River, where it empties into the Merrimac, _3 principally noted aa con taining the mill3 of the "Pembroke," " Webster," and " China " companies. The " China " mill is new, and ia one of the largest in New England. Concord (75 miles) is the capital of the State, and contains among other buildings of interest the following : Tho State Capitol, occupying the entire square bounded by Main, State, Park, and Cap itol Streets. It is built of the celebrated Concord granite. The City Hall and Court-House on Main Street ia about a quarter of a mile from the Capitol. The State Prison, a granite structure, ia upon State Street. The Asylum for the Insane ia upon the westerly aide of the city m the midst of attractive grounda, and ia a large and flourishing institution. One of the principal beauties of Con cord, which is located on the level but gradually-rising land on the west bank of the Merrimac River, is the abundance of trees shading it3 rcgulariy-laid-out streets. The city is a place of extensive trade, aud is celebrated for its carriage-manufac tories and the superior quality of the granite quarried in the vicinity, some ofthe finest structures in the Eastern cities being built of it. The railroada connecting at thia point are enumerated in the list of stationa at the head of thia route. The Concord and Claremont and Con- toocook River Railways, diverging here, lead to Conloocook (11 miles), Bradford (26 miles), and Hillsborough Bridge (30 miles from Concord) ; they pasa though Tilton.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Centre HaR-Iois. fine farming towns particularly attractive to the touriat. Hillaborough and Bradford Doth poasess good hotela and are both connected with Bradford Springs by linea of stages. We here take the Boston, Concord and Montreal Railway. From Concord to Wells River the route passes through some of the most roman tic portions of the State, now skirting the shores of Lake Winnipiaeogee and now running at the baae of lofty moun tains, croaaing and recrossing the dancing mountain-Btreama until it reaches the White Mountains themselves. Tilton (93 miles) ia upon Winni- piseogee River, the outlet of the lake of the same name, and was called Sanbornton Bridge until 1869. It ia a pretty place, ia delightfully located, and contains the New Hampshire Conference Seminary and Fe male College, which is located upon the rising ground west of the railway, the buildings being surrounded by attractive grounds. Barnes's Hotel ia half a mile from the depot. ___.aconia (102 miles) is a flourish ing manufacturing village in a picturesque region upon Great Bay. The hotel is Willard's. Before reaching this station the views commence to be charming, the contrast between the clear waters of the lake and the frowning mountams in the distance being of rare beauty. Lake "Village (104 miles), upon a small arm of the lake, is a thriving manufacturing village from which a steamer runa daily to Alton Bay, con necting with the Dover and Winnipiseogee Railway to Dover and Portsmouth. The hotel ia the Lake House. Weir's (110 miles) is upon Lake Winnipiseogee, is the point of departure of the steamer " Lady of the Lake " for Centre Harbor, Wolf borough, Diamond Island, and other points, giving the tourist an opportunity to view the beau ties of this charming sheet of water. Near Wier's is the Endicott Rock, sup posed to have been set up as a, monu ment, or boundary, by the surveyors sent out by Governor Endicott, of Massa chusetts. Lake "Winnipiseogee, the largest and moat beautiful sheet of water in the State, ia about 25 miles in length, and variea iu breadth from 1 to 10 miles Ita waters are very pure and translucent, It ia studded with islands and surrounded by mountains. Edward Everett, in writ ing of this lake, say3: "I have been aomething of a traveller in our own country — -though far leaa than I could wiah — and in Europe have seen all that ia moat attractive, from the Highlanda of Scotland to the Golden Horn of Con stantinople, from the summit of the Harts Mountains to the Fountain of Vaucluse, but my eye haa yet to reat on a lovelier scene than that which smiles around yotf aa you Bail from Wier's Landing to Centre Harbor." In the lake trip, Belknap Moun tain, with its two peaks 2,500 feet high, is upon the right, and opposite upon the north rises Ossipee, while farther on is Red Hill. In the distance, on the right as the steamer approaches Centre Harbor, ia aeen Mount Chicorua, 3,600 feet in height, and in a clear day even Mount Waahington. Centre Harbor (10 milea from Wier's) is a very amall village, but, being a very popular summer resort, haa a com- modioua hotel so located aa to command the moat charming views of the lake and vicinity. Thia is the Senter House ; an other but smaller hotel, the Moulton House, ia well kept. The chief objects of interest in the vicinity are Red Hill and Squam Lake. Red HiU, a remarkably beautiful eminence, about 2,500 feet high, is situated northwest of the lake. The ascent to the summit, although steep and arduoua, can be effected for a portion of the diatance in carriagea, and all the way on horaeback. From the aoutheast there is a fine panoramic view of the lake and the adjacent country. In order to obtain the finest viewa of the lake and adjacent landscape, the ascent should be made iu the forenoon, or in the evening from 3 to 5 o'clock. At the latter hour, on a fine September day, the view of the lake and ita ialands ia charming. Beyond the lake extenda " a slumbrous stretch of moun tain-land far seen." On the south ascends Mount Major, a ridge of a bolder aapect and loftier height. On the northeast the great Ossi pee raises its chain of elevations, with a bold sublimity, and looking down in con scious pride upon the regions below 205 Meredith Village. J NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Bath. while Kearsarge and Monadnock are plain ly seen to the southwest. Squam Lake, lying west from Red Mountain, and two miles northwest from Winnipiseogee Lake, is another splendid sheet of water. It is about six miles in length, and in its widest part not leaa than three miles in breadth, and, like ita neigh bor, is studded with a succession of ro mantic islands. Thia lake abounda in trout of the finest kind. From Centre Harbor a line of stages runs to Conway and the Wliite Mountains, that trip being described as Route II. We will now return to Weir's and re sume our trip by rail. Meredith Tillage (114 miles) ia a manufacturing village upon Lake Win nipiseogee. After passing this station, we leave the lake and pass along the borders of Winnebago, or Measly Pond and Long Pond. Ashland (120 miles) formerly call ed Holderness, is a manufacturing village upon Squam River, near the Pemigewasset River, and has a good hotel, the Squam Lake House. Squam Lake, 3 miles distant, has been described under the head of Centre Harbor. Plymouth (126 miles) is on the Pemigewasset River, surrounded by noble mountain scenery, being on the southern verge of the Franconia range. The finest hotel and station-house on the road has been built here by the company, and, through the season, music is furnished by a good band, during the stoppage of the through-trains. Mount Prospect afforda more extended views, commanding from its summit, which is reached by a carriage-road, a view of 30 miles, within which distance are many beautiful lakes and hilla. Livermore Falls, two miles from the village, are remarkable in their character, and should not be passed without a visit. The village is something of a manufac turing place. The Pemigewasset House ia a good hotel. From thia point diverges the stage- route to the White Mountains. Rumney (134 miles), in the valley of the Baker River near Bald and Rattle snake Mountains, is noted for its saw-mills and for the manufacture of charcoal. 200 "Warren (146 miles), though a small manufacturing town, is a place of great interest from its proximity to Moosilane, or Moosehillock Mountain, an isolated peak, 4,600 feet in height, and command ing from its aummit (a ride of nine miles from the station) the most extensive views in all directions. This is the high est mountain in the State, outside of the Franconia and White Mountain groups. From the Prospect House may be seen the Valley of the Connecticut, the White and Franconia Mountains, and the whole of Vermont and New Hamp shire. There is a, good hotel, which is a popular resort. East Haverhill (154 miles) ia where the road passes Owl's Head, a rocky cliff several hundred feet high, and said to resemble the object for which it is named. SXaverhill and Newbury (159 miles). Haverhill is one of the county seats of Grafton County, and has extensive marble quarries and works. It ia at the point where the road entera the Connecticut Valley. Newbury and Brad ford on the opposite bank of the river will be described in Route I. of Vermont. The mountain seen in the rear of New bury is Mount Pulaski. North Haverhill (164 miles) ia situated east of what is known as the Great Ox-bow of the Connecticut River, from the peculiar course of the channel. The railroad runs at a considerable eleva tion at thia point, affording the traveller fine views of the valley. Woodsville (168 miles) is where the trains of thia road and of the White Mountain Branch cross the Connecticut to Wells River, Vermont. The views from the bridge are fine. "Wells Kiver, Tt. (168 miles), connects with Connecticut and Passumpsic River Railway and with White Mountain Branch. (For Wells River, see Route I. of Vermont.) Bath (173 miles) is upon the Connec ticut and Ammonoosuc Rivers, the latter of which has the reputation of being " tho wildest and most impetuous river in New Hampshire." It is a wonderfully beauti ful stream, and is crossed by the railroad eeveral times between Wells River and Littleton. MAP OF WHITE MOUNTAINS AND VICINITY. Littleton.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Canon Mountain. -Littleton (188 miles) is a village on the Ammonoosuc, and is a pleasant place. We here reach the end of our journey by rail, and are fairly in the mountains. Thayer's Hotel is a well-managed house, where carriages with good teams and com petent drivera can alwaya be obtained. The stage-route from here to the Profile House is 11 miles, and to the Crawford House 22 miles. This is the best point from which to reach the Mount Washington Railway. The White Mountain Railway is now ex tended to Northumberland, where it con nects with the Grand Trunk Railroad. THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. These mountains cover an area of about 40 square mile3, in Grafton and Coos Counties, Northern New Hampshire ; though the name of White Mountains ia, in the neighborhood, given to the central group only — the half-dozen lofty peaka, of which Mount Washington is the royal head and front. These noble hill-ranges have earned for this region the title of the "Switzerland of America." Their precise latitude is 40° 16' 344/' north, and longi tude 71° 20' west. The western cluster is contradistinguished as the Franconia range. The White Mountains (specifi cally so called) extend from the Notch in a northeasterly direction, some 14 milea, increaaing from each end of the line gradually in height toward Mount Waahington, in the centre. These re spective elevations are, in the order in which they stand, beginning at the Notch : Mount Webster, 4,000 feet above the level of the sea ; Jackson, 4,100 ; Clinton. 4,200 ; Pleasant, 4,800 ; Franklin, 4,900 Monroe, 6,300 ; Washington, 6,285 Clay, 5,400 ; Adams, 5,800 ; Jefferson^ 6,710; and Madison, 5,361. They were firat viaited by whitea, according to Bel knap, the State hiatorian, by Walter Neal, in 1632. Their aboriginal name waa Agiochook or Agiocochook, signifying " Mountain of the Snowy Forehead and Home ofthe Great Spirit." Although the route by which we have come is not so popular as the one via Conway, next to be described, the entry into the mountains may as weil be made via Littleton, as anywhere else, if one wishea to see them all. We arc now in The Franconia Hills, which, though in popular estimation inferior in interest to the eastern cluster, are really not so, except it be in the wonders of the mountain ascents ; and, even in this, the panorama, from the summit of Lafayette, is scarcely less extensive or less imposing than the scene from the crown of Mount Washington, while the exquisite little lakes, and the singular natural eccen tricities in the Franconia group, have no counterpart in the other. In this, as in other ranges of the White Hills, the mountains are densely wooded at their base, while their rock-ribbed summits are barren, and scarred by time and tempest. The hills approach, at one point, to within half a mile of each other, and form the wild Procrustean portal, called the Notch _Proiile House. — Taking a stage at Littleton, a ride of 11 miles over the hills brings us to the Profile House, a large and well-kept hotel in the immediate vicinity of the most striking and attrac tive portions of the Franconia group. It is upon a small, level plain in the bosom of the hills. Immediately behind the hotel is a cascade, which, when the brook is swollen by a recent rain, is very charming. Echo Lake, one of the greatest charms of thia part of the mountain- region, ia a diminutive, but very deep and beautiful pond, north ofthe hotel, entirely eneloaed by high mountains. From the centre of this fairy water, a voice, in ordinary tone, will be echoed distinctly several timea, and the report of a gun breaks upon the rocka like the roar of artillery. The Indian auperstition was, that these echoes were the voice of the Great Spirit, speaking in gentleness or in anger. Eagle C__i_3E"is a magnificently bold and rocky promontory, almost overhang ing the hotel. It casts its dark shadows down many hundred feet into the glen, traversed by the road beneath. Profile, or Cannon Moun tain, 2,000 feet above the road and 4,000 above the sea, is directly opposite Eagle Cliff, and forms the western side of the Notch. Away up upon its crown ia a group of mighty rocks, which, as seen from the Profile House below, bear an exact resemblance to a mounted cannon 207 Profile Rock.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [The Fli'mh. It is upon this mountain, also, that we find that marvellous freak of Nature — The Profile Stock ; or, the Old Man of the Mountain. — This wonderful eccentricity, so admirably counterfeitmg a human face, is SO feet long from the chin to the top of the fore head, and is 1,200 feet above the level of the road, being yet far below the summit of the mountain. This strange apparition is formed of three distinct masses of rock, one making the forehead, another the nose and upper lip, and a third the chin. The rocks are brought into the proper relation to form the profile at one point only, namely, upon the road through the Notch, a quarter of a mile south of the Profile House. The face is boldly and clearly relieved agamst the aky, and, ex cept in a little aentiment of weakness about the mouth, has the air of a stern, strong character, well able to bear, as he has done unflinchingly for centuries, the scorching suns of summer and the tem pest-blasts of winter. Passing down the road a little way, the " Old Man " is trans formed into a " toothless old woman in a mob cap ; " and, soon after, melts into thin air, and is seen no more. Hawthorne has found in thia acene the theme of one of the pleasautest of his " Twice-told Tales," that called " The Great Stone Face." Said Mountain. — There is a carriage-road from the hotel to the sum mit of Bald Mountain, 24. miles distant, whence a noble view is obtained without undergoing the fatigue consequent upon the ascent of the more lofty peaks. Profile Lake is a beautiful little pond, lying at the base of the mountain, and immediately under the ever-watchful eye of the stern " Old Man." This lake let is sometimes called the " Old Man's Washbowl." It is full of the finest trout. Mount Lafayette, or the Great Haystack, is the monarch of the Franconia kingdom, towering skyward to the height of 5,280 feet. Its lofty pyramidal peaks are the chief objects, in all views, for many miles around. The summit ia reached by a long but not wearisome road, commencing at a point on the road about 2| miles below the Profile House. Horses are kept at the foot of the moun tain. On the summit stands a comfort able house, erected as a shelter for visit- 208 ora. From here ip obtained " a view more beautiful, in some respects, though it may be less grand and majestic, than that from Mount Washington." Walker's Falls. — This fall, which ia reached by following, for half a mile, a rivulet which crosses the road 2^ miles below the hotel, is one of the most picturesque of the mountain cascades, though the volume of water is not very great, nor the height of the fall at all re markable. Half a mile farther up there is a longer and more picturesque fall. The ESasin, another remarkable scene of this neighborhood, ia five milea aouth of the Notch. It lies near the roadside, where the Pemigewasset has worn deep and curious cavities in the aolid rocka. The basin is 45 feet in di ameter, and 18 feet from the edge to the bottom of the water. It ia nearly circu lar, and haa been gradually made by the whirling of rocka round and round in the strong current. The water, as it comes from the basin, falls into most charming cascades. At the outlet, the lower edge of the rocks has been worn into a very remarkable likeness of the human leg and foot, called the "Old Man's Leg." Across the brook, at the outlet of the basin, is thrown a bridge of logs, which enables the visitor to reach a path lead ing, in the course of some 200 rods, to a succession of the most exquisitely lovely cascades in thia whole region. These cascadea should be followed to the point where they end in a waterfall between 20 and 30 feet in height. The Elunae is one of the most famous of all the Franconia wonders. Leaving the road, juat below the Basin, we turn to the left among the hills, and, after a tramp of a mile, reach a, bare granite ledge 100 feet high, and about 30 feet wide, over which a small stream makes its varied way. Near the top of this ledge we approach the ravine known as the Flume. The rocky walla here are 50 feet in height, and not more than 20 feet apart. Through this grand fissure comes the little brook which we have just seen. Except in seasons of freshets, the bed of the stream is narrow enough to give the visitor dry passage up the curious glen, which extends several hundred feet, the walla approaching, near the upper ex The Pool.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Crawford House. tremity, to within 10 or 11 feet of each other. About midway, a tremendoua bowlder, aeveral tona in weight, hanga suspended between the cliffs, where it haa been caught in its descent from the moun tain above. A bridge, dangeroua for a timid step, haa been sprung across the ravine, near the top, by the falling of a forest-tree. The Cascade, below the Flume, is a continuous fall of more than 600 feet, the descent being very gradual. The Flume House, near the Flume, occu pies a most charming site opposite Mount Liberty. The Pool is a wonderful excava tion in the granite rock, as though hewn by human beings. It is about 150 feet wide and 40 feet deep, the water enter ing by a cascade, and escaping through the rocks at its lower extremity ; from the top of the rocks above to the surface of the pool, the distance is nearly 150 feet. This spot ia reached by a walk of three- quarters of a mile from the hotel. Georgiana Stalls, or Har vard i'alls, aa they are sometimea called, are of greater magnitude than any others yet discovered in these mountains. They make a sheer leap of 150 feet, and are reached by a path from a small farm house about 2 miles below the Flume House, on the Plymouth road. This com pletes the visit to the Franconia Hills, and, on our return to the Profile House, we can choose between a visit to the Mount Washington Railway via Littleton, or, by taking the road via Bethlehem to the Crawford House, the headquarters of the Wliiie Mountain region proper. We will take this latter road, ani, deacending from the hotel only to croaa. another high and weary hill, will take our laat, linger ing look at the Franconia Notch, in all ita beauty, and then descend to -Bethlehem, a beautiful village, famed for its views of the whole White Mountain range. It is a flourishing place, only 5 miles from Littleton, and has a good hotel, the Sinclair House. Two or three miles beyond Bethlehem the road crosses the Ammonoosuc on a strong wooden bridge, and then follows the course of the stream several miles to Lower Ammonoosuc Falls, one of the moat attractive cascades in this river. It ia near enough the road to be aeen from the coach. The White Mountain House ia a pleasantly-situated hotel, having fine views of the White and Franconia Moun tains. The White Mountain Railway runs from this point to the summit of Mount Washington, to be described hereafter. A carriage-road extends from the hotel to within a,bout two miles of the summit, and another to the summit of Mount Prospect, or, as it ia now designated, Mount Peabody, the name having been changed in August, 1869, in honor of the great philanthropist. Thia ia the only point on the west slope of the mountains whence comprehensive views may be ob tained from hills of moderate elevation. The Ciant's Grave is a mound rising some 60 feet from the plain, and from ita summit is obtained a magnificent view of the surrounding mountains. It is about half a mile from the White Mountain House. We now cross the Ammonoosuc, and ascend some four miles to the Craw f © rd House, the headquarters of the White Mountains proper. — It ia a most excellent establishment, and bears the name of the earliest hosts of these mountain-gorges. The story of the ad ventures and endurance of the early set- tlera here ia extremely interesting — how Captain Eleazer Rosebrook, of Massachu setts, built a house on the site of the Giant's Grave, four miles from the Notch, afterward occupied by Fabyan's Mount Washington Hotel — how his nearest neighbors were 20 miles away, excepting the Crawford family, 12 milea down in the Notch valley, the aite of the preaent old Crawford House, at the base of the mountams coming from Conway, on the southeast — how the Rosebrook children were often sent, for family suppliea, over the long and dangeroua path to Craw ford's, returning, not unfrequently, late at night — how Ethan Allen Crawford was heir to the Rosebrook estate, and how he became known as the "Giant of the Hills " — how he and his family made the first mountain-paths,* and were for long years the only guides over them of the rare visitors which the brief summers * The first bridle-path was cut by Ethan Allen Crawford, in 1821. 209 Mount Willard.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Mount WA&msQTijff. brought — and how they have aince seen their home thronged, for weeks together, like a city saloon, with beauty and fashion. The Crawforda are a large, athletic race. Abel, the father, called the "Patriarch of the Mountains," would walk five moun tain milea to his son's before breakfast, at the age of 80. At 70, he made the firat ascent ever made on horaeback to the top of Mount Washington. His sons tvere all over six feet tall; one of them was six and a. half feet, and another, Ethan Allen, was seven feet in height. Before making the ascent of Mount Washington, the tourist will do well to visit the less prominent places in the vi cinity, among which are the following : Mount "Willard. — This moun tain ia easy of ascent, either in carriages or on foot, to a height of 2,000 feet above the Crawford House. Speaking of the view of the Notch from this mountain, Bayard Taylor says: "As a simple pic ture of a mountain-pass, seen from above, it cannot be surpassed in Switzerland." Near the summit of the mountain is the " Devil's Den," a dark, cold cave, about 15 feet high, 20 wide, and 20 deep, only accessible by means of ropes. 4_Hkbs Brails. — This name has been given to the most striking of a series of romantic cascades reached by a walk of half an hour from the hotel along the aqueduct by which it is supplied with water, the falls being about a quarter of a mile from where the aqueduct issues from the brook. Ascent of Mount Washing ton. — There are three modes of ascend ing Mount Waahington from the Crawford House: 1. By bridle-path. 2. By car riage-road via White Mountain House. 3. By the railway from the White Moun tain House ; and still another, to the sturdy pedestrian, on foot. We shall in this in stance take the first, which carries us over several intermediate mountaina, and securea us many magnificent viewa which we would otherwise lose. Mount Clinton, the first mountain over which we pass, is so near the hotel that we traverse but a few rods of ground be fore we commence the ascent, which ia steep and at times over corduroy-roads (round logs laid close to each other, across the road), dangerous in wet weather. We 210 pass through a dead forest, and then emerge at the summit, 4,000 feet elevation, Here the first noble mountain-view bursts upon us, and we descend the narrow ridge which connects this mountain with the next. On the right, 2,000 feet below us, ia Mount Washington River, and at tho left at the aame distance, the Ammonoosuc. Mount Pleasant, the next of the chain, is traversed by two roads, one directly ovei the summit, and the other (the one usually taken) round the southern side. Height of summit, 4,800 feet. Mount Franklin, the third in the series, 4,900 feet in height, ia an irregular flatten ed peak, the aacent of which is extremely difficult, but which when accomplished amply repays the adventurer by the sub limity of the view, especially toward the southeast. Mount Monroe, the next mountain to be traversed, is only the inferior of Mount Washington in height, not in beauty. The paaaage is made round, not over, the sum mit, and by a comparatively easy road. Oakes Gulf is on the right. Winding round Monroe we come in view of Mount Washington, its summit nearly 1,500 feet above us. ; The ascent of tiie last peak on this road is made from the southwestern side, and it is not necessary to walk until near the summit. In fact the horses are only abandoned for the convenience of the guides. The summit is an acre of com paratively level ground, upon which is the Tip-Top House, and a little below it the Summit House, the former used as a din ing-room, the latter as a hotel. The view from this poinf has been thus described: In the west, through the blue haze, are seen, in the distance, the ranges of the Green Mountains ; the remarkable outlines of the summits of Camel's Hump and Mansfield Mountains being easily distinguished when the at mosphere is clear. To the northwest, under your feet, are the clearings and settlement of Jefferson, and the waters of Cherry Pond; and, farther distant, the village of Lancaster, with the waters of Israel's River. The Connecticut is barely visible ; and often its appearance for miles is counterfeited by the fog aris ing from its surface. To the north and northeast, only a few milea distant, rist Mount Washington..] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [TnE Silver Cascams. boldly the great northeastern peaks of the White Mountain range — Jeffer son, Adams, and Madison — with their ragged tops of loose, dark rocks. A little farther to the east are seen the nu- meroua aud distant summita of the moun taina of Maine. On the southeast, close at hand, are the dark and crowded ridges of the mountams of Jackson ; and be yond, the conical summit of Pequaket* Btanding by itself, on the outskirts of the mountains ; and, farther over, the low country of Maine and Sebago Pond, near Portland. Still farther, it is said, the ocean itself has sometimes been distinctly visible. The White Mountains are often Been from the sea, even at 30 milea' dis tance from the shore ; and nothing can prevent the sea from being seen from the mountains, but the difficulty of distin guishing its appearance from that of the sky near the horizon. Farther ts the south are the intervals of the Saco, and the settlements of Bartlett and Conway, the sister ponds of Lovell, in Fryeburg ; and, still farther, the remarkable four- toothed summit of the Chocorua, the peak to the right being much the largest, and sharply pyramidal. Almost exactly south are the shining waters of the beautiful Winnipiseogee, aeen with the greateat dis tinctness on a favorable day. To the southwest, near at hand, are the peaks of the aouthwestern range of the White Mountains ; Monroe, with its two little al pine ponds sleeping under its rocky and pointed summits ; the flat surface of Franklin, and the rounded top of Pleasant, with their ridges and spurs. Beyond these, the Willey Mountain, with its high, ridged summit ; and, beyond that, several parallel ranges of high, wooded mountains. Farther west, and over all, ia aeen the high, bare summit of Mount Lafayette, in Franconia. Visitors to Mount Washing ton should always go well clad. The range of the thermometer even in midsummer is from 30° to 45°- It frequently falls as low as 25°, and sometimea to 20°, or 12° below freezing. The carriage-road takes the tourist Jirectly to the base of the mountain, *Peguaket is often confounded with Kear- sarge, which is in Merrimac County, and after which was named the vessel that sunk the Alabama. leaving only three miles of horseback- riding, a saving of six milea of diatance, but at the expense of much splendid scenery. The Mount Washington Railway, the easiest mode of ascent, was commenced in 1866. The grade is enormous, being 3,596 feet in 3 miles, and in places 1 foot in 3. The track is of three rails bolted to a trestlework of heavy timber. The third or centre rail is like a wrought-iron ladder with rounds 4 inches apart. Into this fits a cog-wheel which fairly pulls the train up the mountain. The seats for the paasengers are so swung as to be horizontal, whatever may be the inclina- tion of the track. The safety of the train ia aecured by independent, self-acting breaks. Having finished our visit to the Craw ford House and vicinity, we will make a trip through the Notch to the Glen House, another celebrated resort. The Great Notch is seen to the best advantage as approached from this direction. It is a gorge or rift in the mountains which rise on either side to the height of 2,000 feet, and which in one spot, called the " Gateway," are only 22 feet apart. The Saco River runs through the Notch. The Flume is a portion of a little moun tain-stream crosaed by u, bridge not far from the hotel. It rushes rapidly through a deep and narrow gorge. Next we come to The Silver Cascade, some times called the "Second Flume ; " it is a favorite scene, about half a mile south of the entrance to the Notch. It is one of the most charming waterfalls imaginable, seen from the piazza of the hotel, at a distance of two miles, bubbling down the mountain-side, 800 feet above the neigh boring valley. The best view is from the bridge. Passing down the Notch between the Willey Mountain and Mount Webster, and oppreased by the grandeur of the acene, we come to the Willey House, where the whole Willey family, nine in number, were cruahed by an ava lanche from which they were trying to eacape, August 28, 1826. A rock thirty feet high split the avalanche and saved the house from which they fled to their death. 211 Bparkling Cascade.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [TuckeI-Man's Ravine Sparkling Cascade and Syl van Olade Cataract are two wild and beautiful waterfalls on a brook emptying into the Saco, below the Willey House. This brook is sometimes called "Ripley," and sometimes "Avalanche" Brook. As we proceed down the Saco we come m succession to the Giant Stairs, 3,500 feet high ; Mount Resolution, 3,400 feet ; and Mount Crawford, 3,200 feet. We next come to the Mount Crawford House, half a mile beyond which we cross " Nancy's Brook and Bridge," so named after a young woman who perished here from exposure when in pursuit of a faith less lover. The ravine over which this bridge is thrown is a beautiful specimen of a trap-dike. At Sawyer's __5ock the road turna to the east, and we aeo on our right the three peaka of Tremont Moun tain, and behind them, in the distance, Pequaket Mountain. Goodrich Frails. — After leaving the Saco valley, and crossing the trestle- bridge over the Ellis River, a good view of the Goodrich falla may be obtained. Thia is the largest vertical fall in the mountains, and at times of high water very imposing. Jackson, one mile beyond these falls, is at the foot of Essex Mountain. The Jackson Falls Hotel is a quiet house within three minutes' walk of the falls, a a romantic cascade on the Wild Cal Brook. From the hotel looking eouth, Iron Mountain (2,900 feet) is seen upon the right, and Tin Mountain on the left. From a point south of the hotel, the two peaks of Doublehead come into view. Among the mineral resources of Jackson are mines of iron, copper, and tin. In the vicinity is excellent trout-fishing, and between here and Goodrich Falls the views of the Washington range are grander than from any other point. The route is now up the Ellis River, through the Pinkham Notch, and down the Peabody River, to our destination, the two rivers running respectively south and north from the summit of the Notch. The Glen House ia one of the largest and best of the mountain houaea. It fronts the Peabody River and Wash ington range, and, with the aid of the 212 glass, parties ascending and descending Mount Washington can be watched. This place ia nearer the Mount Washing ton range than any other hotel in the mountains, five of the highest peaks be ing in full view from the portico. They are Washington, Clay, Adams, Madison, and Jefferson. In the vicinity of the hotel are many points of great interest, the principal of which will be mentioned, without any detailed deacription. Garnet Pools, in the Peabody River, about half a mile from the hotel, are a series of basins, some of them 15 or 20 feet deep, worn in the granite rock by the action of the water. Thompson's IFalls are a series of cascades in an affluent of the Peabody River, 2 miles from the hotel on the road to Conway. The view of Mount Wash- ingtou and Tuckerman's Ravine, from the upper fall, is the finest that is obtained from any point. Emerald Pool, noted for ita quiet beauty, is a short distance from the road, just before reaching Thomp son's Falls. Glen Ellis Fail is four miles from the, hotel, near the road to North Conway and the Notch. In this fall the Ellis River slides at a very sharp angle, of 20 feet, and then leaps 60 feet more. Crystal Cascade is about a mile from Glenn Ellis fall, on the way back to the hotel. Its source is from the heights opposite to those which feed the Ellis River, part of its water coming through Tuckerman's Ravine from the dome of Mount Washington. The height of this fall is 80 feet, and it has been tersely de scribed as " an inverted liquid plume." Tuckerman's Ravine ia a marvellous place, aeen in the ascent of the mountains, by the Davis Road, lead ing from the Crawford House. It liea upon the right in passing over the high spur directly southeaat of Mount Wash ington. Turning aaide, the edge of the precipice ia reached, and may be de scended by a rugged pathway. It ia a long, deep glen, with frowning walls, often quite inaccessible. It is filled, hundreds of feet deep, by the winter snows, through which a brook steals, as summer suna draw near, gradually widening its chan nel, until it flowa through a grand suon Mount Washington.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Mount Madison. cave, which was found, one season, by measurement, to be 84 feet wide on the inside, 40 feet high, and 180 feet long. The snow forming the arch was 20 feet thick. The engineers of the carriage- road dined in that snow-arch July 16, 1854. The ravine may be reached by climbing directly up the stream of the Crystal Cascade by Thompson's Path, di verging from the carriage-road about two miles up Mount Washington, or to de scend into it from or near the summit, the latter being the more usual method. The Ascent of Mount Washington by the road from the Glen, until the completion of the steam railway, was the easiest and most popu lar of all the different routes, as, since 1801, a smooth carriage-road from the Glen to the Summit has enabled any one to visit the Tip-top House without the fatigue of walking or riding on horse back. The average grade is 12 feet iu 100, and the steepest, which is 2| miles from the base, is 16 in 100 for a short distance only. For 4 miles the road winds through the woods, until it emerges at the ledge, and thence runs upon the verge of the ravine between Washington, Clay, and Jefferson, the upper end of which is known as " Great Gulf" Leav ing this, it passes to the easterly side of the mountain, overlooking the valley of the Peabody and Ellis Rivers. The views from the Summit have been mentioned in the description of the Ascent from the Crawford House (page 210). Tourists frequently make the ascent from one of these hotels and the descent to the other, without making the trip through the Notch. We will now leave the Glen House, and take apleasant ride of 8 miles to Gorham, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 91 miles from Portland, and finish our account of the White Mountains by describing the places of interest in the vicinity. Gorhasn is the northeastern gate way to the White Mountains, and is a thriving village. The Alpine House, located here, is one of the largest hotels in the mountain re gion, and is admirably >_ept, having ac commodations for from 200 to 300 guests. It is situated in a valley at the junction of the Androscoggin and Peabody Rivers, 800 feet above the sea. The aacent of Mount Waahington from the Alpine House ia by the same road, and at the same expense as from the Glen House. The scenery in the vicinity of the hotel ia remarkably striking both in the views of the mountain-ranges, of isolated moun tains, and of rivers and waterfalls. From Lead Mine Bridge, 4 miles from the Al pine House, a striking view i3 obtained of the Androscoggin, dotted with islands in the foreground, with the mountains in the distance. Randolph Hill is about 600 feet higher than the hotel, is reached by a pleasant carriage-ride of five miles, and when the summit is gained a superb view ia ob tained of the whole northerly wall of the Mount Washington range. Berlin Falls, where the whole volume of the Androscoggin descends nearly 200 feet in the course of a mile, is one of the most striking rapids in the country. It is reached by a drive of six miles along the west bank of the river. Mount Moriah is 4,700 feet in height, but now can only be ascended by a foot-path, though there was once a good bridle-path. From the summit, " the eye must travel far to the southwest to rest upon any level extent of land. Northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine, are a vast panorama of solid surges. On the west the distant view is barred by the heavy forms of the great White Mountain range proper." Mount Surprise, directly in front of the Alpine House, is 1,200 feet in height, and is a spur of Mount Moriah. Ita ascent is easy, and there is no other point so near the highest mountams where such an impression of their sub limity can be obtained as from here. Mount Hays is in the rear of the Alpine House. It can only be ascended by pedestrians. " If there were a bridle path to the top of this eminence it would soon be celebrated as affording the grand est landscape view of Madison, Adams, and Washington, to be obtained in New Hampshire." Mount Madison. — There ia only a blazed path up this mountain, but tho tourist, who is willing, in charge of a com petent guide, to attempt the ascent, will be more than repaid for the expense and 213 Mount Madison.1 NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Dover. fatigue he will have to submit to, when he once reaches the summit. We have now completed the circuit of the Franconia and White Mountains, and have mentioned all the most noteworthy objects, but we have omitted much that would doubtless be of great interest. We have drawn largely for facts, and occasionally for description, from " Tiie While Mountain Guide Book," published by E. C. Eastman, of Concord, N. H. Having described the White Mountain region, we now propose to give in de tail all the routes by which it may be reached, including the one we have just traversed. I. Boston to Littleton via Boston and Lowell, Concord Railway of N. H, Concord and Montreal Railways. (Route X. of Massachusetts and I. of New Hampshire.") II. Boston to Dover, N. H., Alton, N. H., Centre Harbor, North Conway, etc., via Boston and Maine, and Dover and Win nipiseogee Railways, steamer on Lake Wnnipiseogee, and stage via North Con way. (Routes XII. of Massachusetts and II. of New Hampshire.) III. Boston to Flume House. Same as Route I. to Plymouth : thence by stage to Flume and Crawford Houses. IT. Boston to Portland, Maine, and Gorham, N. H., via Boston and Maine and Grand Trunk Railways. (Routes XII. of Massachusetts, II. of New Hamp shire, and II. of Maine.) V. Boston to Littleton via Boston and Lowell, Concord, Northern, Central, and Connecticut and Passumpsic Valley Railroads. VI. New York to White Mountains, via any route from New York to Boston, thenee by any of the foregoing routes from Boston to the White Mountains. VII. New York to White Mountains via New Haven, Hartford, Springfield, etc. (Routesl., III. of Connecticut, V. of Maa- sachuaetts, and I. of Vermont.) VIII. New York via New London. Steamer from New York to New London, or railway (Route I. of Connecticut), thence via Route IV. of Connecticut, Route IV. of Massachusetts, and I. of Vermont. IX. New York via New London. Steamer or cars to New London, thence via Route V. of Connecticut, VII. of 214 Massachusetts, IX. of Massachusetts, IV. of New Hampshire, and I. of Vermont. X. New York via Albany, steamer, Hudson River Railway or Harlem Rail. way to Albany (Routes I. and II. of New York), thence via Rutland and Washing ton (Route IX. of New York), or Benning ton and Rutland (Route V of Vermont), to Rutland, and Rutland and Burlington, and Vermont Valley, to Bellows Falls, thence by Route I. of Vermont. [Sei Appendix.] ROUTE II. BOSTON TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. Via Boston and Maine and Dover and Winni piseogee Railways, steamer on Lake Winni piseogee and stages to Conway. (Continuation cf Route XII. of Massachusetts.) Stations on Boston and Maine Railway. — Boston: Haverhill, 33 miles; Atkinson, 37 ; Plaistow, 38 ; Newton, 41 ; East Kings ton Depot, 45 ; Exeter, 50 ; South New market, 54 ; Newmarket 57 (connecta with Concord and Portsmouth Railway) ; Dur ham, 62 ; Madbury, 65 ; Dover, 68 (con necta with Dover and Winnipiaeogee Railway). Stations ore Dover and Winnipiseogee Railway. — Gonie, 76 mile8 ; Rochester, 78 (connects with Great Falls and Conway Railway) ; Farmington, 86 ; New Durham, 92 ; Alton, 95 ; Alton Bay, 96. Haverhill (33 miles). (See page 200.) Exeter (50 miles) is delightfully sit uated on the Exeter River, at the head of navigation. At this point there are falls which afford a great water-power for a number of mills and factories. The Phillips Academy, founded in 1781, is a richly-endowed institution. The "Rob inson Female Seminary," with an endow ment of $250,000, is a new institution. ]?¥ew Market (57 miles) is a man ufacturing town at the junction with the Concord and Portsmouth Railway. It is located upon the Piscassick River. Durham (62 miles), on the Piscat- aqua River, ia a manufacturing village at the head of tide-water. The falls at this point furnish a good water-power. In the vicinity are fine granite quarries. ©over (68 miles) is a beautiful and flourishing city, situated on both sides of Rochester.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Conway. the Cocheco River, at the lower falls, the head of aloop navigation. The river hav ing a fall of 32 feet, furnishes a fine water-power for the numeroua milla and manufactoriea located here, the principal of which are the cotton-mills of the well- known Cocheco Manufacturing Company. Dover is the oldeat town in the State, having been settled in 1623. It con tains a handsome city hall, a number of churches, and several hotels, the princi pal of which are the American House and the New Hampshire Hotel. -Rochester (78 miles) is an im portant manufacturing town. Farmington (86 miles) is upon the Cocheco River. Not far from the village was a rock of from 60 to 80 tons weight, so nicely balanced upon two other rocks aa to be eaaily made to vibrate by the preaaure of one'a hand. It haa with in a few years been overthrown by some Vandal. New Dnrhain (92 milea) ia a township containing within its limits five small lakes or ponds. The largest of these, Merrymeeling Pond, is ten miles in circumference. The Cocheco and Ela's Rivera both have their sourcea here. Mount Betty, Cropple Crown, and Straws Mountain, are all in this township. On the northeast side of Straws Mountain is a remarkable cave in the solid granite. A part of the Ela's River runs over a fountain which is regarded as a great curiosity. By sinking a small-mouthed veasel in thia fountain, water may be pro cured, exceedingly cold and pure. Alton Bay (96 miles), upon Win nipiseogee Lake, ia the terminus of the railway. The town consists of scarcely any thing but the hotel, the railway build ings, and the steamboat wharf. In the vicinity are a number of pleasant and interesting places to visit, the roads being good, and conveyances to be obtained at the hotel. Sharp's Hill is one of the attractive places in the vicinity. From the top a fine view is had of the lake. Longee Pond, about 6 miles from Alton Bay, is noted for its tame fish. Mount Belknap is in the neighborhood, and an excursion to its summit is very pleasant. This will occupy one entire day. 10 We here take a steamer for Centre Harbor at the other end of the lake, and thus have an opportunity of seeing the whole of this beautiful island-dotted, hill- surrounded lake, which haa been partially described on page 205. Wolf horough, 10 milea by steamer from Alton Bay and 106 from Boston, is delightfully situated upon two slopes of land rising from a bay. It is a favorite summer resort, being noted for its boating, fishing, and charming sur roundings. The Pavilion is a large and comfortable hotel. Cropple Crown Mountain, 5 miles from Wolfborough, is ascended by carriage- road to within a mile of the summit, the balance of the way being traversed on horseback. The view from the summit is delightful. Adjoining this mountain on the northeast ia a smaller one called " Tumble-down Dick," from which the views are very fine. Stagea leave Wolfborough for Con way, etc. Diamond Island is a pleasant resort, about equidistant from Alton Bay, Wolf borough, and the Weirs. The Island House is a good hotel. The steamer always stops here. Centre Harbor. (See page 205.) The steamer is left at Centre Harbor by those wishing to visit the White Mountains via Conway, and the rest of the trip is made in stages, the road run ning through the towns of MouUonbor- ough, Sandwich, Tamworth, Madison, and Conway. Sandwich ia a noted farming town, and haa alao numeroua boot and shoe manufactories. The Sandwich and Squam Mountains are in this township. Tamworth (16 miles from Centre Harbor) ranks as one of the best grazing- towns in the State, the surface being un even but not mountainous. From this point the road runs along the ahore of " Six-mile Pond " for quite a dis tance. Conway is reached after a ride of 14 miles from Tamworth, during the lat ter part of which a fine view ia obtained of Chocorua (" the Old Bear ") Mountain, 3,358 feet high, and destitute of vegeta-. tion, Conway possesses but few objects 215 North Conway.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Franklin. of interest, except the trout-brooks in the vicinity, though most of the objects of interest in North Conway can be reached from here. North Conway (5 miles from Conway), in the valley of the Saco, is the favorite resort of New England artists, and is also much frequented by families. On the east ia Middle Mountain, on the north Pequakct, and on the west can be seen Moat Mountain, and in the distance Chocorua. Looking up the valley of the Saco, with Mount Washington in the dis tance, the view is exceptionally beautiful. There are many pleasant walks and drives in the vicinity, among which those to the following places : Artist's Falls is reached by taking the road to Conway for a short distance to a bridge, at the foot of the hill. After crosaing the bridge, turn to the left, and a walk of half a mile will enable one to reach theae charming falls. Echo Lake, Catliedral, and the Ledges, are all to be seen in one excursion. They are about 3 miles distant, on the opposite aide of the river. Echo Lake is very beautiful, and is at the foot of Moat Mountain. Its name suggests its greatest attraction. The Cathedral ia a cavity in the rock, which forms one side and an arched roof, 80 feet high, forest-trees forming the other side. The While Horse, visible from the village, is the picture of a horse upon the side of the cliffs. Diana's Bath is a little to the north of the Cathe dral. It is a charming place. Mount Pequakel, 3,367 feet high, is about 3 miles from the village. The ascent is by no means difficult, and the view is re markably fine. The hotels at North Con way are, the Washington House, Kearsarge House, North Conway House, McMillan House, and Cliff House. Just after leaving North Conway, the road reachea Bartlett, which, together with the whole White Mountain region, has been deacribed in Route I. ROUTE III. BOSTON TO MONTPELIER, VT., THE GREEN MOUNTAINS, LAKE CHAM PLAIN, THE ADIRONDACKS, AND MONTREAL. Via Route X. of Massachusetts to Nashua, Route I. of New Hampshire to Concord ; thence by Nort/iern New Hampshire and connecting railways. This road (the Northern New Hamp shire) passes through the New Hamp shire mountains, and presents very varied scenery, the first 20 miles being among the meadows of the Merrimac Valley, af ter which the mountains, with their rug ged defiles and ruahing torrents, are pasaed, and then the eastern slope of the Connecticut Valley is reached. Stations. — Boston: Concord, 75 milea (connects with the numerous railways di verging from Concord) ; Fisherville, 82 ; Boscawen, 85 ; North Boscawen, 89 ; Franklin, 94 (branch for Bristol, 15 miles, connects); East Andover, 100; Potter Place, 106; West Andover, 107; Dan bury, 113; Grafton, 118; Canaan, 126; Enfield, 133; East Lebanon, 138; Leba non, 142 ; White River Junction, 144 (connects with Vermont Central, and the Connecticut and Passumpsic River Rail ways). Concord (77 miles). (Seepage 204.) Fisherville (84 miles) is a small village at the junction of the Merrimac and Contoocook Rivers. After leaving the station, the road crosses the river by two bridges, an island interposing. Thia (Duatin's Ialand) ia noted aa the place where Mrs. Dustin, of Haverhill, Mass., and a nurse, killed nine Indians who had taken them prisoners, and escaped in a canoe. BBoscawen (87 miles) ia a town settled in 1734. It containa two villages, two ponds of some note, and is watered by the Merrimac and Blackwater Rivera, the latter of which furnishea a fine water- power for numerous mills and factories. The meadows along the Merrimac aro noted for fine groupa of elma. Franklin (96 miles) is aituated at the point where the Pemigewasset and Win nipiseogee unite to form the Merrimac. It ia quite a manufacturing place, and is very picturesque in ita appearance. There 216 Lower Franklin.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Grafton. is a famoua peat-bog in the town. The branch to Bristol (15 miles) diverges Here. At I_ower Franklin (formerly a part of Saliabury) Daniel Webater was born. Here he had a residence and one of the finest farms in the Merrimac Valley. The house stands within eight rods of the railway. Hristol (121 miles), a town at the terminus of the Bristol branch, is wa tered by three rivers, the Pemigewasset, Smith's, and the Newfound Rivera. The latter ia the outlet of Newfound Lake, a sheet of water 7 miles long, and 3 broad. Graphite (plumbago) haa been discov ered in large quantities and of superior quality. East Andover (102 miles) is _. farming town. For nearly two miles be fore reaching this point, the road runs along the bank of Chance or Webster's Pond, a beautiful sheet of water. Andover (106 miles) is on the banks of Eagle Pond, a charming little lake, about 4 milea long, on the oppoaite side of which ia Ragged Mountain. There are other ponda in the township, which is also watered by the Blackwaler River. Potter Place (108 miles). From this point the scenery is quite wild. Thia is the point of departure for Mount Kear- sarge. Kearsarge Mountain re ceived its name from the earliest explorers of the State, and was so designated on the maps made by them. It is about 4 miles from Potter Place Station, and lies in the towns of Warner, Sutton, Wil mot, and Salisbury — all cornering near its summit. It stands alone — no other considerable height in its vicinity — and is over 3,000 feet high. About half way from its base to its summit is sit uated the Winslow House, a, commodious summer hotel, which from its unusual elevation commanda a aplendid view of the west, and from its verandas a grand panorama of mountain and water scenery ia presented to the eye, rarely seen from u summer-house. Among the points in sight are Sunapee Lake, Lovells and Sun- apee Mountains, and Ascutney and Mans field Mountains in Vermont. The view from the summit is not excelled, for va riety, by any point in the State. Lakes Winnipiseogee and Sunapee, besides some 30 ponds, may be seen — Merrimac River, a host of villages, and a great portion of the mountain acenery in the, State, from Monadnock on the south, to Mount Washington in the north, and, in the west, the Green Mountains of Vermont. The hotel, situated half-way up ita aide, ia reached by a good carriage-road, aud the remaining distance — about a mile — can be made on horseback or on foot, over a good road. The war-vessel that sunk the Alabama was built at Ports mouth, N. H., and received its name from the mountain at the suggestion of Major Henry McFarland, a paymaster iu the TJ. S. A., and one of the proprietors of the New Hampshire Statesman. The hotel received its name from the commander of the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. A mountain near North Conway, prop erly called Pequakel, from the name given to a range to which it belongs, and receiving its name from a tribe of In dians inhabiting the vicinity in the valley of the Saco, haa eometimea been called Kearsarge; and the attempt has been made to wrest from and get for it the reputation and name made famous by the great national victory of our war-ship Kearsarge over the Alabama. The glo ry of that victory largely belongs to New Hampshire. The ship was built from her yard, named by a New Hampshire man, from the name of a favorite mountain in his own country ; and the chief execu tive officer, Lieutenant Thornton, a grand- son of one of the New Hampahire signers of the Declaration of Independence, planned the attack, and fought hia ship to a glorious victory. Within ten miles square lying to the southeast, and at the foot of this moun tain, were reared Ezekiel and Daniel Webster, General Dix, William Pitt Fes senden, Farmer, the electrician, the Bart lett family, one of the most distinguished in New Hampshire, besidea many othera of note. Grafton (120 milea) is a township containing 5 ponda, and a remarkable ledge called the Pinnacle, on the south side of which the ground rises gradually, while on the north there is an almost vertical descent of 150 feet. At Glass Hill are the most famous mica-mines in 217 Canaan.] NEW HAMPSHIRE [Bellows Falls. the country, from which large quantitiea of mica are mined annually. Canaan (128 miles) contains a very curious sheet of water, called Heart Pond, which is aurrounded by a natural embankment, which givea it the appear ance of being Bet on a hill. After leaving the atation, the Mascomy River ia frequent ly croaaed, and much beautiful mountain scenery ia visible from the car-windowa. Fnfield (135 milea) ia watered by a number of ponda ' and streams, which lend great beauty to the landscape. There are three families of Shakers in the town ship, who carry on extensive manufac tures, having 10 mills. They also are noted for their attention to agriculture and stock-raising. After passing the station, the road passes along the shore of Enfield, or, as it is sometimes called, Pleasant Pond. XiCbanon (142 miles) is a township having for its western boundary the Connecticut River, and also being wa tered by the Mascomy River. A medi cinal spring, a, lead-mine, and a vein of iron-ore, have been found. The princi pal village ia at the head of the falls of the Mascomy River. The village of West Lebanon is on the Connecticut River, and containa aome handsome buildings as well as the Tilden Seminary for Young Ladies. The railway here crosses the Connecticut by a bridge, from which fine views from the river are had. "White SSiver Junction, N. H. (146 miles), is the junction with the Vermont Central and the Connecti cut and Passumpaic River Railwaya. Hanover is four milea north of White River Junction. It occupies a broad terrace, 180 feet above the water. Here is the venerable Dartmouth College, founded in 1769, and named in honor of William, earl of Dartmouth. Webster, Choate, Woodbury, and Chase, present Chief Justice, were of the alumni of this institution. The college buildings are grouped around a square of 12 acres, in the centre of the plain upon which the village stands. A new hall and gymnasium have juat been erected. The Observatory should be visited. (For continuation, see Route II of Ver mont.) 218 R O UTE IV. BOSTON TO BELLOWS FALLS AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. Via Route IX. qf Massachusetts, and Hit Cheshire Railway and Connections. Stations. — Boston: Fitchburg, 60 miles ; Fitzwilliam, 77 ; Troy, 82 ; Marl borough, 86 ; South Keene ; Keene, 92 (connects with Ashuelot Railway); Eaat Weatmoreland, 100 ; Westmoreland, 104 ; Walpole, 110 ; Cold River ; Bellowa Falls, 114 (connecta with Vermont Central, Vermont and Canada Railway). Fitchburg, Mass. (50 miles). (See page 190.) Fit-swilllam (77 miles) is the first town, on this line, in New Hampshire. It is hiily, is watered by several streama and ponda well atocked with fish. Near the centre of the town is a hill from which a romantic prospect ia obtained. Gap Mountain ia partly in thia and partly in Troy township. The,re are granite quarriea here. Marlborough (86 miles) is a manufacturing town in which are several pond8. It has a hotel. Keene (92 miles) is called one of the handsomest villages in New England. It is situated upon a flat, east of the Ashuelot River, and is noticeable for the extent, width, and uniform level of its streets. In early times the inhabitants had considerable trouble with the Indians. It has always been a place of inland trade, but since the aompletion of the railroads haa greatly increased, the man ufacturing interests being flourishing The Ashuelot Railway runs from here to South Vernon, at the junction of the Connecticut River and Vermont and Mas sachusetts Railways: 'Walpole (110 miles) is a beautiful town having a great variety of landscape. It contains, among other objects of inter est, a hill about 760 feet in height, apart of Mount Toby. It ia called Fall Moun tain. The villages are Walpole and Drewsville. Bellows Falls (114 miles) is a famous railway junction. Railways come in from Boston on the east, from the val ley of the Connecticut on the south, from Claremont.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Portsmouth. Vermont and Canada on the north, and from Albany and Troy, via Rutland, on the west. The Falls are a series of rapids in the Connecticut, extending about a mile along the base of a high and precipitous hill, known aa Mount Kilburn, which skirts the river on the New Hampshire side. At the bridge which croaaes the river at this place, the visitor can stand directly over the boiling flood ; viewed from whence, the whole scene is very effective. The Connecticut is here compreaaed into so narrow a compass that it seems as if one could almost leap acroaa it. The water, which ia one denae maas of foam, ruahe3 through the chasm with such velocity, that, in striking on the rocka below, it ia forced back upon itself for a considerable distance. In no place is the fall perpendicular to any considerable extent, but in the distance of half a mile the waters descend about 50 feet. A canal half a mile long, with locks, was conatructed round the falla, many yeara aince, at an expense of $50,000. The first bridge aorosa the Connecticut was built here in 1785. In the immediate neighbor hood are the AbencXquis Springs, highly tonic and poasessing medicinal properties. Fall Mountain Hotel is located near the springs at the base of Fall Mountain, and is a pleasant resort for invalids. There is a good path from the hotel to Table Rock on the top of the mountain, from which an extended view of the valley of the Connecticut ia had. The Island House at Bellowa Falls is an excellent hotel? SULLIVAN RAILWAY. The Sullivan Railroad extends from Bellows Falla through Charlestown, Clare mont, and Cornish, and crosses the Con necticut at Windsor, Vt., to White River Junction and the White Mountains via Littleton. The towns are not mentioned. Claremont is a manufacturing place, and is the largest town, except Keene, in the valley of the Connecticut, north of Springfield, Mass. It develops one of the finest and most picturesque water-powers, and is one of the most beautiful villages in the State. Cornish, opposite Windsor, Vt., ia the birthplace of Salmon P. Chase. (For continuation, see Route III of Vermont.) ROUTE V. BOSTON TO PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMFSHIRE, PORTLAND, MAINE, TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, VIA PORTSMOUTH, OR VIA GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. TO QUEBEC AND TO ALL PARTS OF MAINE. Via Eastern Railway and connections. (Continuation of Route XI. of Massachusetts.) Stations. — Boaton : Seabrook, 42 miles ; Hampton Falls, 43 ; Hampton, 46 ; North Hampton, 49 ; Greenland, 51 ; Portsmouth, 56 (connecta with Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth, and Concord and Ports mouth Railroads). Seabrook (42 miles) is so named from the number of brooks and rivers by which the township ia traversed. Whale-boat building is the most im portant manufacture. fflamnptom Falls (43 miles), Hampton. (46 miles), and Worth Hampton (49 miles), are in the rear of the celebrated bathing resort known as Hampton Beach, which will be described under the head of Portsmouth. A stage runs from Hampton to the beach and to Rye Beach on the arrival of the trains. Many eminences in the vicinity afford fine viewa of the ocean, the Isles cf Shoals, and the coast. Greenland (50 miles) is noted as a fruit-growing town. A stage runs from the station to Rye Beach on the arrival of trains. Portssnouth (56 miles) stands upon a peninsula on the south side of Piscataqua River, and, excepting the nar row strip connecting it with the main land, is surrounded by water ; the ocean, an inlet, and the Piscataqua, touching it on three sides. The harbor is deep, safe, and never frozen, and ships of any size may enter with safety. The main entrance is on the northeast, and is well protected by forts. The other entrance is on the south of New Caatle on Grand Island and is called Little Harbor. There are many islands in the harbor, some accessible by bridges. The city is an interesting place f"r tho tourist to visit, and one cannot fai. to be 219 Portsmouth.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Portsmouth charmed with the shaded streets, ancient buildings, large gardens, and home-like reaidences. Among the objecta of pecu liar intereat are the Church of St. John, the Athenceum, the residence of Governor Langdon, and the tomb of Sir William Pepperell, which ia near the Navy- Yard. The United States Navy-Yard is ad mirably located upon Continental Island, and contains, besides theusual ship-houses and other buildings required in auch a place, a very fine balance dry-dock, which ia an ingenious affair and with its appendages cost about $800,000. Seavys Island has been added to the Navy- Yard as a site for officers' quarters. A steamer runs hourly between the yard and the foot of Daniel Street. The Portsmouth Steam Factory and the Sagamore MiUs are large and of great interest to visitors. Auburn Cemetery and Harmony Grove Cemetery are tastefully laid out and or namented, and are usually visited. The Hotels are the Rockingham House, the Philbrick House, the City Hotel, and the Franklin. Population, 9,211. The Railroad Connections at thia point are with the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Railway (for all parta of Maine, and for the White Mountains via Gorham on the Grand Trunk Railway), and with the Concord and Portsmouth Railway. Paaaengers for the White Moun tains via Lake Winnipiseogee take thia latter road to New Market, where they connect with Route II. (See page 214.) VICINITY. In the vicinity are many charming re sorts, speedily and easily reached. Among them the following are the principal : Rye Beach is seven miles by an ex cellent road, but it may also be reached from the stations previously mentioned. The bathing is good, and the beachea are growing in popularity. The hotela are the Ocean House, Washington and Surf Houaes at one end of the beach, and the Atlantic and Farragut at the other. At the southern end of Rye Beach is Boar's Head, an abrupt eminence extending into the sea and dividing it from Hampton Beach. Hampton Beach is not as fashion able as Rye, but waa very celebrated many yeara ago. The hotela are good, 220 the bathing and fishing are capital, tho scenery charming, and the ridea in the vicinity pleasant. Thia beach can be reached from the atations on the railway already mentioned, and by the carriage- road from Portsmouth. Tive Isles of Shoals are reached by steamer from Portsmouth, from which they are distant 10 miles. They are a group of rocks, or rather mere ledges, seven in number, and named as followa : Duck, Star, Smutty Nose, While, Hog, Malagar, and Londoner Ialands. They are organized as a town under the name of Gosport. To make the trip to these islands en joyable, choose a pleasant summer day ; then with the waves dancing in the bright sunshine, and your heart palpitating with pleasurable expectation, you start from Portsmouth Harbor on your journey. As you near the Isles of Shoals, you discern that the white, thready line that separated their surfaces from the sea is a lashing, roaring surf, which, in fair weather and foul, seems to pelt and fight these ever lasting rocks, as if they were intruders in the pathway of the great deep. With some difficulty, and amid the screams and taunts of the crazy sea-birds, you make the desired landing, and find your selves on terra firma. The clear, bracing atmosphere haa made your blood dance with invigoration, your appetite becomes sharp-set, your spirits are exhilarated, and every thing is joyous. The edible treasures of the sea, with the additions of choice luxuriea of the land, are at your aervice, in the order of an extemporized picnic, and you eat and are merry aa you never were before: and the Ialea of Shoala, with their quaint people, their lone position, their queer old houses, their numerous craft, are impressed upon your mind so indelibly that, in all future time, you contrast each similar recrea tion but to more pleasantly recall the happy hours spent upon these reating- placea of the deep sea. The hotel is the Appledors, is well con ducted, and is a pleasant place to spend a few days, or weeks, and indulge in fish ing, hunting, bathing, and boating, to one's heart's content. (For continuation of thia route, set Route I. of Maine.) Greenland.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. [Norton Mills. RO UTE VI. PORTSMOUTH- TO MANCHESTER. TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, VIA LAKE WINNIPISEOGEE, OR VIA LITTLETON, TO THE CONNECTI CUT VALLEY, 1 HE GREEN MOUN TAINS AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. Via Concord and Dover, and connecting rail ways. Stations. — Portsmouth : Greenland, 4 milea ; New Market Junction, 10 (cross ing of Boston and Maine railway) ; Ep- ping, 17 ; Raymond, 23 ; Candia, 29 ; Man chester, 40 (connects with roads centring here) ; Suncook, 52 ; Concord, 59 (con nects with Boston, Concord, and Mon treal, and other railways diverging from Concord). Greenland (4 miles). (See page 219.) New Market Junction (10 miles). Point of departure for Lake Win nipiseogee, and the White Mountains. (See Route II., page 214.) Baymsnd (23 miles) contains a natural curiosity called the Oven. It is a natural excavation in a ledge, is about 5 feet high, 5 wide, and 15 deep, and closely resembles the object for which it is named. Candia (29 miles) ia on the ridge between the Merrimac River and the ocean, and commanda a. view of the White Hills, the Wachusett, and several other mountains, the light-house on Plum Island, and the ocean. Manchester (40 miles). (See page 204.) Suncook (52 miles). (See page 204.) Concord (59 miles). Point of de parture for White Mountains, via Route I., or for Connecticut Valley, Green Moun tains, and Lake Champlain, via Route III. (See pages 204 and 216.) R O UTE VII. BOSTON TO THE WHITE MOUN TAINS AT GORHAM, AND TO THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. Via Grand Trunk Railway. (Continuation of Route II. of Maine.) Stations. — Portland, 108 milea from Boston; Shelburne, 86 miles from Port land ; Gorham, 91 ; Berlin Falls, 98 ; Milan, 103 ; West Milan, 109 ; Northum- berland, 122; North Stratford, 134; Island Pond, 149 ; Norton Mills, 166. Shelburne (86 miles) is one of those picturesque towns on the flanks of the White Mountains, abounding in rugged scenery. Within the limits of the town are Mount Moriah and Moses's Rock, an extensive mine of lead, and rich deposits of zinc-ore. The Androscog gin, and some smaller streams pass through the town. Gorham (91 miles). (See page 213.) Sterlin Falls (98 miles). (See page 213.) Milan (103 miles) is upon the An droscoggin River, and is noted for its saw mills. The surface is uneven, but not mountainous. Northumberland (122 miles) is watered by the Connecticut and Upper Ammonoosuc, and contains Cape Horn, a mountain about 1,000 feet in height. At the falls in the Connecticut a dam has been erected, at each end of which is a village, that in Vermont being Guildhall. Connection is made here with the White Mountain Railway. North Stratford (134 miles) is the last station iu New Hampshire, the road here crossing the northeast corner of Vermont into Canada. The BMxville Hills are in the extreme northern portion of the State, and are aa yet but little known. The readiest access is to leave the railway at North Stratford, and thence up the Con necticut River, via Colebrook, to the Monadnock House. Dixvillc Notch is ten milea from Colebrook. The only two stations in Vermont are the following : Island Pond, Vt. (149 miles). Though chartered in 1781, it owes its growth entirely to the railway, which was first opened to this point in 1852. A village at once sprang up, which containa two hotela, stores, saw-mills, passenger depot, a custom-house, etc, etc. On both sides of this station the road runs through dense woods. Norton Mills ia the last station in the United States at the eastern end of the railway. 221 Vermont.! VERMONT. [Veruohi, VEKMONT. Vermont, named from the French Vert Mont, i. e., " Green Mountains," is the moat northweatem of the New-England Statea. It lies between 42° 44' and 45° north latitude, and between 71° 25' and 73° 26' west longitude ; and is bounded north by Canada ; eaat by New Hamp shire, from which it ia aeparated by the Connecticut River ; south by Massachu setts ; and west by Lake Champlain and New York. It is 157£ miles in length, and 90 in its greatest breadth, its south line being 41 miles, embracing an area of 10,000 square miles. Vermont was first settled by Massachusetta emigrants at Fort Duramer (Brattleboro) in 1724, Brat tleboro being chartered iu 1753, and waa the first member of the Confederacy add ed to the original thirteen States, March 4, 1791. In this State occurred the bat tle of Bennington (August 16, 1777), in which the British were defeated. The State is divided into 14 countiea. Mont pelier ia the capital, and Burlington, Rut land, Brattleboro, St. Albana, Middlebury, and Woodstock, are the chief towns. Population in 1870, 330,235. The thousand points of intereat among the Green Mountains of Vermont have not yet received their due meed of favor from tourists, but their claims to atten tion are now generally admitted. The mountain-chain extends from near New Haven, in Connecticut, northward through Massachusetta and Vermont, into Canada ; though, properly speaking, it lies in Ver mont alone, where are the chief summits of Mansfield, Camel's Hump, Jay Peak, Shrewsbury Mountain, South Peak, Kill- ington Peak, Aseutney Mountain (on the Connecticut), and others. After the White Mountams of New Hampshire, the Green Mountams rank with the noblest moun- 222 tain-groupa east of the Rocky Mountaina — with the Blue Ridge in North Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia, the Alleghaniea in Pennaylvania, and the Kaatskilla and the Adirondacks in New York. R O UTE I. NEW YORK TO THE CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY, WHITE MOUN TAINS, FRANCONIA MOUNTAINS, GREEN MOUNTAINS, LAKE MEM PHREMAGOG, ETC. Via Vermont Central, Vermont & Canada, and connecting railways. (Continuation of Route V. of Massachusetts.) The Vermont Central, Vermont and Canada Railway, consists of nine separate railways, which were consolidated in 1870, the termini being Grout's Corners, Mass., Montreal, Canada, and Ogdensburg, N. Y. Stations. — New York : Brattleboro, 196 miles; Dummerston, 201; Putney, 205; East Putney, 208; Westminster, 216; Bellows Falls, 220 (connects with Cheshire Railway, and all railways diverg-. ing from this point) ; South Charlestown, 224 ; Charlestown, 228 (stage connec tions) ; North Charlestown, 234 ; Clare mont, 238 (stage connections) ; Windsor, 246; Hartland, 250; North Hartland, 254 ; White River Junction, 260 (con necta with Northern New Hampshire, and Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Rail way). The Vermont Central Railroad extends from Windsor to Lake Champlain. Norwich, 264 ; Pompanoosuc, 270 ; Thet- ford, 275 ; North Thetford, 277 ; Fair- lee, 282 ; Bradford, 289 (stage connec tions) ; South Newbury, 293 ; Newbury, 296; Wells River, 300 (connects with White Mountains and Boston, Concord Brattleboro.] VERMONT. [Windsor. Mid Montreal Railways) ; Ryegate, 304 ; Mclndoea, 308 ; Barnet, 311 ; McLoran's, 814; Passumpsic, 318; St. Johnsbury, 821 ; St. Johnsbury Centre, 323 ; Lyn- donville, 328 ; AVest Burke, 337 ; South Barton, 345 ; Barton, 350 ; Barton Land ing, 355 ; Coventry, 360 ; Newport, 365 (steamer leaves Newport daily, during the pleaaure-travel season, for Magog, con necting with coaches for Grand Trunk Railway [Sherbrooke Station], arriving at Montreal or Quebec same evening) ; North Derby, 370. Although this route passes over so many different lines of railway, the only change of cars between New York and Lake Memphremagog ia at Springfield, and none between Boston and Lake Mem phremagog. The section we are about to traverse, running aa it doea along the boundary of Vermont and New Hampshire, is some times in one State and sometimea in the other, but chiefly in Vermont. Brattleboro (196 milea) ia on the west aide of the Connecticut, at the mouth of Whetstone Creek. It ia a favorite sum mer resort, the scenery and drives in the vicinity being romantic and pleasing. The Asylum for the Insane ia located here. From Cemetery Hill a fine view is had of the Connecticut Valley, and of Wan- tasticut Mountain, on its eastern bank, rising 1,100 feet. The hotels are the American, the Revere, and the Wesselhceft The Glenwood Ladies' Seminary is at West Brattleboro, 2 miles distant. Hinsdale, N. H., on the oppo site bank of the river, is connected with Brattleboro by a bridge. It is on the Ashuelot Railway, which connecta Keene, N. H., and Vernon, Vt., and ia watered by the Connecticut and Ashuelot Rivers, and by numerous brooks and springs. Mine Mountain extends the whole width of the town. In it are found iron-ore, minerals, and fossils. Its highest point ia 900 feet above low-water mark. The remains of an old Indian fortification still exist on a hill not far from the Con necticut. Dummerston (201 miles) is a small village. Black Mountain is in the centre of this township. Putney (205 miles) is a village a short distance from the station. The township is interesting on account of ita geological character. It containa Sockets Brook, a mill-stream which falls 150 feet in 100 rods. East Putney (208 miles) is oppo site Westmoreland, New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railway, which is in sight from the station. "Westminster (216 miles) is the scene of what is known aa the massacre of March 13, 1775, when the citizens re sisted the authority of New York, and were fired upon by the military, under order of the sheriff. This was one of the acts which greatly aggravated the feeling that led to the Revolutionary War. Bellows Falls (220 miles) has been described on page 218. Passengers for the Green Mountains and Lake Cham plain, via Rutland, take the Rutland and Burlington Railway here. From this point the Sullivan Railway, in New Hamp shire, proceeds to connect with the Ver mont Central, at Windsor, Vt. South Charlestown, N. H. (224 miles), Charlestown (228 miles), and North Charlestown (234 miles), are all stations in Charlestown township, which ia somewhat celebrated in the annals of the French and Indian wars. The south village is delightfully situated about half a mile from the river. The centre village has a bank and some manufactories. From the north village a fine view is had of Asculney Mountain, Vt. Claremont Station (238 miles) is 2 miles from the village, which ia a prominent manufacturing place, contain ing, among others, the following man ufactories : Monadnock Mills . (cotton), Claremont Manufacturing Company (pa per and books), Machine Works, Cutlery Company, and othera. Sugar River paases through the village, and falls 150 feet in three-quarters of a mile, furnishing an immense water-power. The township contains fine beds of iron-ore and lime stone. After leaving the station the road crosses Sugar River by a bridge 600 feet long, and 105 above the water. Windsor (246 miles) is on the west bank of the river, which is croaaed by the railway at this point. The village stands on elevated ground, is compactly 223 Hartlano.] VERMONT. [McIndoe'4 and elegantly built, and will compare fa vorably with the most attractive villages in the country. The scenery is pic turesque, and the town is the centre of a fine agricultural and wool-growing re gion. A gun-factory is established here. The State Prison is located at this point. There is a good hotel. Opposite the town are the Cornish Hills, in New Hamp shire. Hartland (250 miles) is a rich farming town, watered by the Connecticut and Quechee Rivers and Sull 's Brook. North Hartland (254 miles) is a small station near the falls of the Otta Quechee River, which is here croaaed by a bridge 660 feet in length and 80 in height. The falla can be seen to the west of the road. White Stiver Junction, in the township of Hartford (260 milea), ia just south of the junction of White River with the Connecticut. This place is the connecting point for several railways, and has a good hotel, the Junction House. There is a restaurant in the depot. Pas sengers for the Green Mountains and Lake Champlain leave Connecticut River here. Norwich (264 miles). After leav ing White River Junction, the Connec ticut and Passumpsic Railway crosses White River, and follows the valley of the Connecticut to Norwich and Hanover Station, which is about three-quarters of a mile from Norwich village, and the same from Hanover. The village was formerly the seat of Norwich University, aince removed to Northfield. The only free bridge across the Connecticut leada to Hanover, the seat of Dartmouth Col lege. (See page 218.) Ponipanoosuc Station (270 milea), in the town of Norwich, ia reached after croasing the Ompompanoosuc River. Near this point is an old Indian burying- ground. Thetford (275 miles) possesses an excellent water-power. There is a cu rious pond here upon an elevation 100 feet high, the base of which ia only 4 rods from the Connecticut River. The pond is 9 acres in extent, has neither out let nor inlet, and is well stocked with fish. Thetford Academy ranks high. North Thetford (277 miles) is the point 224 from which the copper-ore mined by Ihe Corinth Copper Company is shipped. Fairlee (282 miles) containa a pond of the same name, which is famous for its pickerel-fishing. On the left of the road, beyond the station, is a ledge of rocks several hundred feet high. Orfora, N. H., is connected with Fairlee by a bridge across the Connecticut. Bradford (289 miles) is an impor tant manufacturing town, possessing a good water-power. The Bradford Acad emy, founded in 1820, has a high reputa tion. S«on after leaving the atation, the village of Haverhill, N. H., and Moose Hillock, Sugar Loaf, and Black Moun tains, are Been. Passengers for Topsham, Corinth, Orange, Washington, and Pier mont, take stages here. South Newbury (293 miles). The scenery in this vicinity is very inter esting. Newbury (296 miles) is one of the most attractive towna in the Upper Con necticut Valley. The village, which ia upon a terrace about 100 feet above the flata which skirt the river, containa the churchea, and the inevitable academy, which are to be found in almoat every New-England town of considerable size. This place ia greatly frequented on ac count of ita celebrated Sulphur Springs, and ita beautiful scenery. The great Ox-bow of the Connecticut, and Mount Pulaski, are both in this township. There are two good hotels here. "Wells's Bivcr, in the town of Newbury (300 miles), ia noted for ita magnificent views. It ia here that the visitor to the White Mountains takes the cara for Littleton, Lancaater and White- field, on the White Mountain Railway. (See page 207.) It is something of a rail way centre. Hotels: Wells's River House and Union House. Byegate (304 milea) ia where, by a natural dam, the waters of the river are set back so as almost to form a lake, at the foot of which are Dodge's Falls. The views in this vicinity are charming. McBndoe's (308 miles) is near Mclndoe's Falls, on the Connecticut, which afford a good water-power. Just beyond the station ia a boom in which generally large quantities of logs may be seen. Above this boom are Beard's Barnet.] VERMONT. [Newport. Falls, above which are a number of isl ands. Still above these islands are the well-known Fifteen-Mile Falls, which, however, are not visible from the cara. Barnet (311 miles) is a village at the mouth of Stevens River, which is crossed just before reaching the station. The township ia a romantic place, and contains three ponds, the largest of which is 300 acres in extent. McLeran's (34 miles) is where the Passumpsie breaks through a narrow gorge of black, slaty rocks. In Barnet the railway leaves the Connecticut and proceeds up the valley of the Passumpsie. Passumpsie (318 miles) ia in the neighborhood of aome beautiful falls. St. Johnsbury (321 miles) is the most important and attractive place in this portion of the State. Many of the dwellings in the village are elegant, and surrounded by spacious grounds. The most prominent of these are the resi dences of tho Messrs. Fairbanks, whose celebrated scale manufactories are located here. The Court-House is a handsome building. In front of the Court House stands the Soldiers' Monument, a statue of America by Larkin G. Meade, upon a pedestal of Vermont marble, bearing the names of 81 soldiers who lost their lives during the war of the rebellion. The new library Building is near the Court-House. Reservoir Hill, near the village, is a point from which a charming but not very ex tensive view can be obtained. St. Johnsbury Centre (323 miles) is »• village in the town of St. Johnsbury. ULyndonville (328 miles) is one of the three villagea in the town of Lyndon. The scenery is picturesque and inter esting, and within the limita of the town are two falls of the Passumpsie River, one of 65 and the other of 18 feet, called respectively Great and Little Falls. The general offices and repair-shops of the Connecticut and Passumpsie River Rail ways are here. From a hill near the station there ia a fine view of Burke Mountain, 3,500 feet high/ West Burke (337 miles) is in Burke township and is the point of de parture for Willoughby Lake. Willoughby Lake, in the town of Westmore, reached by stages from Burke, is a remarkably attractive summer resort. It is crescent-shape, € or 7 miles long, and from one quarter to two miles in width. Its depth is un known, a sounding-line of 700 feet having failed to reach bottom. The lake lies between two mountain-peaks with nearly perpendicular faces, from the summit of the highest of which a magnificent view is obtained. This mountain is a fine field for the botanist, rare varieties of plants and flowers growing here. The hotel is the Willoughby Lake House. South Barton (345 miles), Bar ton (350 miles), and Barton Land. ing (355 miles), are all villagea in the aame township. The first is called the summit, aa it ia on the dividing ridge be tween the St. Lawrence and the Connec ticut. The view from here embracea Jay Peak, 4,000 feet high, and other moun tains in the vicinity. The second village (Barton) is at the foot of Crystal Lake, which furnishes a good water-power. There are people still living in this place who remember the attempt, June 6, 1810, to lead the waters of Long Pond, situated partly in Glover, and partly in Greens- borough, through Mud Pond into the Barton River. The attempt was so suc cessful that the entire volume of the water in the pond rushed out at once, forever draining it and causing a very disasfroua freshet. The stage road to Montpelier passes through the bed of the pond. There is a daily line of stages from this place to Montpelier, Hardwick, Glover, and Craftsbury. The last of the three villages was, during the War of 1812— '15, a great resort for smugglers from Canada. Coventry (390 miles) contains sev eral manufactories. Newport (365 miles) is upon a hill-side near the south end of Memphre magog. This is the best place for visitors to the lake to stop, the Memphremagog House being a good hotel, and all points of interest being easily accessible. From Prospect Hill, near the hotel, a fine view of the lake is obtained. There is a steamer upon the lake which makes daily trips to Magog in Canada, whence pas sengers for Montreal or Quebec take stages for S/ierbrooke Station on the Grand Trunk Railway. 225 jTorth Derby.] A7ERM0NT. [Lake Mesiphremagou. North B>erby (370 milea) is the present terminus of the road, and is on the Canada line. The Massiwippi Rail way ia just finished from this point to Lennoxville, on the Grand Trunk Railway. Lake Memphremagog is a beautiful sheet of water, situated partly iu Vermont and partly in Canada. It is 35 miles long, and varies from 2 to 5 miles in width. Its shores are rock- bound, and indented with beautiful bays, between which jut out bold, wooded headlands, backed by mountain-ranges. Numerous picturesque islands dot ita aurface. Muscalonge trout are taken here in great perfection. Newport, at the head ofthe lake, haa two hotels and several churches, and a popula tion of about 1,000. The Memphremagog House is a well-kept hotel ; Bowman & Co., proprietors. Prospect HUl, aouth of the village, commands a fine view of the lake and surrounding elevations, prominent among which are Owl's Head, Mount Ele- phantis, Mount Orford, Jay Peak, and Willoughby Mountain. The steamer "Mountain Maid," Captain Fogg, leaves the hotel pier, Newport, every morning, and plies the entire length of the lake, touching at the Mountain House for the convenience of travellera wishing to jscend Owl's Head or Bear Mountain. Jay Peak, 13 miles west of Newport, should be visited, if time permits. " It is 4,018 feet high, and commands a fine view of the entire range of the Green Mountains, including Mount Mansfield, Camel's Hump, and Killington Peak, As- cutney Mountain, near Windsor, White and Franconia Mountains, Kearsarge, Lake Champlain, and the Adirondacks. Owl's Head rises 3,000 feet above the lake, and commands, in clear weather, an extensive view. Tourists can either pro ceed to Montreal or Quebec from the foot of the lake, or return to Newport on the boat the same day at 6 p.m. At and near the Mountain House are the best fishing-grounds on the lake. Boats sup plied on application at the hotel. In ascending the lake, Indian Point, the Twin Sisters, and Province Island, are passed within a few miles of Newport. East of Province Island and near the shore is Tea-Table Island,' a charming rural picnic spot, and on the western 226 shore the boundary-line between Vermont, and Canada strikes the lake. Fitch's Bav and Whetstone Island, Magoon Poinx, Round and Minnow Islands, are in the vicinity ofthe Mountain-House, and afford pleasant picnic and excursion points for visitors sojourning there. Skinner's Island and Cave, said to have been the haunt of Uriah Skinner, " the bold smuggler of Magog," during the War of 1812,are also near by. Balance Rock, on the southern shore of Long Island, is frequently visited. The eastern shore of the lake, in thia vicinity, is much improved and adorned with some handsome summer residences, among which are those belonging to Judge Day, William Molaon, and Hugh Allen, of Montreal. Mount Elephanlis (Sugar Loaf) ia aeen to advantage from Allen'a Landing. Concert Pond, west of Mount Elephantis, abounda in brook-trout, and attracts numerous visitors. Georgeville, 20 miles from Newport and 12 from Magog, has a hotel and several stores. Knowlton's, on the opposite (west) side of the lake, is the landing for pas sengers to Stanstead and Montreal. The route thither is by stage to Waterloo, 20 miles, and thence by rail 42 miles to St. John'a, and 63 to Jlontreal. A better route, though a longer stage-ride, for those who do not care to follow the beaten track of travel and visit Montreal first, is to proceed by the steamer on to Magog (Outlet Village), and thence by stage to Sherbrooke, en route to Richmond and Quebec. (For continuation, see Route I. of Canada.) [See Appendix.] ROUTE II. BOSTON TO MONTPELIER, VERMONT, THE GREEN MOUNTAINS, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, THE ADIRONDACKS, R 0 USE'S POINT, 0 GDENSB UR G, AND MONTREAL. Via Route X. of Massachusetts, I. of New Hampshire to Concord, III. of New Hamp shire to WhUe River Junction, thence via Vermont Central and Vermont and Canada Railroads.Stations. — White River Junction, 143 miles from Boston ; White River Village, 146 ; Woodstock, 147 ; West Hartford, 152 ; Sharon, 157 ; South Royalton, 162; White River Junction.] VERMONT. [Braintres. Royalton, 164 ; Bethel, 169 ; Randolph, 176; Braintree, 182; Roxbury, 191; Northfield, 198 ; Montpelier Junction, 208; Montpelier, 209£; Middlesex, 212; Waterbury, 217; Ridley's Station, 222; Bolton, 225 ; Jonesville, 228 ; Richmond, 231 ; Williston, 236 ; Essex Junction, 239 ; Winooaki, 245 ; Burlington, _ 247 (connecta with traina on Rutland Diviaion for Middlebury, Rutland, Troy, Albany, etc. ; and with ateamera on Lake Cham plain for Ticonderoga, Lake George, Sara toga Springa, etc.); Colchester, 244; Milton, 251 ; Georgia, 255 ; St. Albans, 265 (connects with traina over Ogdens burg and Lake Champlain Division for Potsdam, Ogdensburg, and the West); Swanton, 275 ; Alburg Springs, 282 ; Alburg, 285; West Alburg, 287; Rouse's Point, 289 ; East Swanton, 274 ; Highgate Springs, 278 ; St. Armand, 282; Moore's, 284; Stanbridge, 289; Dea Rivieres', 292 ; St. Alexandre, 299 ; Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Junc tion, 305 ; St. John'a, 308 (connecta with Montreal and Champlain Diviaion of Grand Trunk Railway, and with Stan- stead, Shefford and Chambly Division) ; Montreal, 320. This is an attractive route, and forma one of the leading thoroughfares be tween the New-England States and Cana da. The Vermont Central Railroad fol lows that lovely stream, White River, and one of its branches, until it reaches Rox bury Summit, then descends Dog River to tho Winooski River near Montpelier, and thence down the Winooski, to Bur lington. It leaves the river about a mile and a half from Lake Champlain, and passes through a tunnel to the lake-shore. White River Junction (143 miles). (See page 218.) White Biver "Village (146 miles) is a pretty place in a fine farming region. Before reaching this station the road follows the right or south bank for a few miles, but crosses White River, or its branch from Bethel, several times before reaching Roxbury. "Woodstock Station (147 miles), just beyond the bridge, is 10 miles from Woodstock Village, which is reached by stages, and is to be connected with the main line by a branch road to White River Junction. The town itself is the shirc-town of Windsor County, and ia located in the valley of the Otta Que chee. It is the birthplace of several distinguished men, among them Hiram Powers, the sculptor. West Hartford (152 miles) is a small village. As the passenger is riding to the next station, he cannot fail to be delighted with the scenery, or to notice the transparent purity of the river where it is crossed by the road. Sharon (155 mileB) is the town in which Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormons, was born. The village standa on the opposite side of the river. With out specifying the details of the scenery at the different stations, or the particular points at which there are bridges, we may state that, for the first 50 miles, the road crossea and recroasea the river, passing through a succesaion of Hills and valleys, the scenery becoming more and more bold and rugged as the mountains are approached. South Boyalton (162 miles), and Boyalton (164 miles), are two villages of Royalton township, the former on the right and the latter on the left bank of the river. The south village contains a public square, on which fronts the hotel, the South Royalton House, There is a daily line of stages from Royal ton to East Bethel, East Randolph, and East Brookfield, also to Chelsea, the shire- town of Orange County. , Bethel (169 miles) is an active busi ness village in a narrow valley, surrounded by steep hills. The branches of White River, up one of which the railroad pro ceeds, meet at this place. Two or three miles after leaving the station a curious hill risea abruptly from a level plain. There are daily stages from Bethel, to Barnard, Woodstock, Stockbridge, and Rochester. West Randolph (176 miles) ia an exceedingly active and prosperoua village, and ia connected by a daily line of stages with Randolph Centre, where the Orange County Grammar School is loca ted, Brookfield and Clielsea Cottage Hotel. After passing the station we first come in sight of the highest peaks of the Green Mountains. Braintree (182 miles). This com- paratively insignificant village is sur- 227 Roxdort.] VERMONT. [Stowe rounded by will and rugged mountain- scenery. GEEEN MOUNTAINS. We are now fairly in the mountains, which, though neither ao attractive nor so well known aa the White Mountains, pos sess numerous lofty peaka and pointa of Intereat, which will be taken up in detail aa we approach them, but will not be grouped together, as waa done in the ease of the White Mountains. Boxbury (191 miles) contains the quarries of the famous Verde Antique Marble, said to equal any thing in the world, but there is not much done there at present. The road here leaves the branch of White River, and, crossing the aummit of the pasa through which it runs, reaches the source of Dog River, a tributary of the Winooski River. Be fore it reaohes Northfield there is a long bridge 70 feet high. Northfield (198 miles) formerly contained the railway repair-shops now located at St. Albans. The Vermont Military Institute, formerly the Norwich University, at Norwich, ia located here. There are alao quarries of valuable dark- colored slate. The hotel ia the North- /ield House. Montpelier Junction (208 miles) is where the branch to Montpelier village (1-J- miles) diverges. Montpelier (209| miles), the capi tal of -the State, is upon the Winooski River, which furnishes a fine water-power. The village stands upon what evidently was the bed of a lake. The State Capitol is of granite, is 176 feet long, and has a dome 124 feet high. In the portico stands a marble statue of Ethan Allen, made by the Vermont sculptor, Larkin G. Mead, and in the building are historical and geological collections, a State Library, and the flags carried by the Vermont volunteera during the rebellion. The river ia here spanned by a good bridge. The drives and views among the hilla in the vicinity are attractive. The hotels are the Pavilion and Bishop's Hotel. Stages run from here to Calais, Hard wick, Greensboro', Glover, Barton, Plain- field, Marshfield, Cabot, Danville, Barre, Orange, and Chelsea. Middlesex (212 miles) 1.- a small 228 station on the Winooski River. Stages from the village to Moretown, Waitsfield, and Warren. The Winooski River trav- eraea more than two-thirds the entire breadth of Northern Vermont. Rising in the south part of Caledonia County, its course ia generally westward to Lake Champlain, 40 milea from which it passes through Montpelier. Some of its valley passages are scenes of great pastoral beauty, strongly contrasted with high mountain aurroundings, the alngularly- formed peak of Camel'a Hump continually showing itself, sometimes barely peeping over intervening ranges, and again — aa near the middle of the valley stretch — coming into full display. In places, the Winooski ia a wild, turbulent water, dash ing over stern precipices and through rugged dofilea. It ia found in thia rough mood just above the village of Winooski, a few miles from Burlington, where the waters rush in rapid and cascade through a ravine 100 feet. This picture is favor ably seen from the railway. Passing on into the open valley-lands, which succeed, Mount Camel's Hump cornea finely into view, aa the central and crowning point of one of the aweetest pictures of all this region. Before reaohing Middlesex, the river, on the left of the railway, passes over a series of ledges, and then leaps into the Middlesex Narrows, a channel 30 feet deep and one-fourth of a mile long, which it has cut for itself through the slate-rock. Waterbury (217 miles) is an at tractive resort for summer tourists, being in the immediate vicinity of Mount Mans field and Camel's-Hump Mountain, and other places of interest to the tourist. The hotel is the Waterbury House. Stages run from here to Stowe, Mount Mansfield, Hyde Park, and Craftsbury. Stowe ia a very pleasant place for a summer residence. It ia aituated on a plain, aurrounded by aplendid mountain-scenery, and is eight miles from the summit of Mount Mansfield, which is in full view from the hotel, and is reached by stages. Hotel : Mansfield House. Among the favorite excursions from the village are those to Bolton Falls, Smuggler's Notc/i, Bingham's Falls, Moss Glen Falls, and others. Mount Mansfield.] VERMONT. [Colchester. Mount Mansfield, the loftiest (4,348 feet) of the Green Mountains, is 15 miles from Waterbury Station. It is easily reached from the village of Under bill Centre on the north, or yet more easily from the pleasant village of Stowe on the south, both of which points may be reached from the Vermont Central road — Underhill from Jonesville Station or Essex Junction, and Stowe from Wa terbury. Stages leave Waterbury for Stowe (10 miles) on arrival of trains. Mansfield ia 20 milea from Burlington. The viewa of the mountain itself, its cliffs and peaks, are very grand for many points in the path upward, and the pan orama unfolded upon the summit is, if possible, finer than that from the Camel's Hump. Lake Champlain and the Adiron dack peaks lie to the westward, while the White Mountains of New Hampshire are seen on the east ; and again, the many crests of the Green Hills, with their in tervening vales and lakea and villagea, stretch out toward the aouth. In favor able conditions of the weather and atmos phere, the mountaina near Montreal, 70 milea distant, can be aeen with the naked eye. The Mansfield House and the Sum mit House, both owned by the Mansfield Hotel Company, are well-kept houses. The latter, which is 9 milea (three houre) from the Mansfield House, commanda a moat lovely view. The drive from the Mansfield House to Bolton Falls aud the Natural Bridge (3 miles) is delightful. Ridley's Station (222 miles) is the moat convenient point of departure for Camel's-Hump Mountain, conveyancea from here taking the visitor nearly to the summit, a drive of three miles. After reaching the station, the road passes Bolton Falls. Soon after .eaving the station, the river is crossed and is aeen on the aouth, while on the north all ia rugged and rocky. Camel's-Hump Mountain, the moat salient feature in the Winooski landscape, is, next to Mansfield, the high- eat of all the Green Mountain peaks, having an elevation of 4,083 feet. It may be ascended, without much difficulty, from any aide. The mountain is crowned by jagged, barren rocka, and the imposing scene which the lofty heights overlook is in no way obstructed by the forest veil, which often disappoints the hope ful climber of forbidding mountain-tops, Bolton Falls afford a pleasant excursion from the Hump. Bolton (225 miles) ia in a valley aurrounded by rugged and precipitoua mountains. The hotel is the Bolton House, Bolton Falls are a little below Ridley's Station. Jonesville (228 miles) possesses the same general characteristics a3 the other mountain villages, being in the midat of picturesque scenery. Stages daily to Huntington, Hinesburg, and Un derhill Centre. Richmond (231 miles) is a thriv ing place in a more open section of country, and is the centre of a large but ter and cheese trade for several towna. The bridge over the Winooski, just be yond the atation, is 600 feet long. Williston (236 miles). Coming now into a more open country, on the right are visible the summits of the Green Mountains ; on the left, beyond Lake Champlain, those of the Adirondacks. From the bridge acrosa the Winooski, beyond the atation, a superb view is had of Mounts Mansfield and Camel's Hump. A yet finer one is had from Esaex Junction, "Esses; Junction (239 milea) ia where the branch to Burlington diverges. Stagea go from Easex Junction to Jericho, Underhill, Mount Mansfield, Cambridge, Johnson, Irasburg, and Newport. Winooski village (in the town of Colcheater, 245 milea) may be considered a suburb of Burlington. The Winooski Falls, at this point, are considered worthy of the tourist's attention. There are ex tensive factories and mills there. The lofty granite monument over the grave of Ethan Allen i8 to be seen on the high ground in Burlington, south of Winooski village. Burlington (247 milea). (See page 57.) Lake Champlain. (See p. 56.) The Adirondacks. (See p. 58.) Colchester (244 milea) is an ac tive manufacturing town. From thia 229 Milton.] VERMONT. [Montreal. point the road continues to the north, with the Green Mountaina constantly in view on the east, and Lake Champlain frequently in sight on the west. Milton (251 miles) is a prosperous village near the falls of the Lamoille River, which furnish power for saw-mills, etc. Oeorgia (255 miles) is connected by stages with Fairfax (the site of the New Hampton Baptist institution) and Fletcher. Before reaching the station, the road crosses the Lamoille by a very High bridge. St. Albans (265 miles) is built upon high ground, rising from the shore of Lake Champlain, and is noted as the market-place of the great butter and cheese business of Franklin County. The public square of four acres is an orna mental ground, surrounded by the prin cipal buildinga. The extensive shops of the Vermont Central and Vermont and Canada Railroads are at St. Albans. On the 19th of October, 1864, a band of rob bers, in the interest of the Confederates, made a raid on St. Albans from Canada, and captured about $200,000 from the banks, besides a number of horses. $90,000 of the money was recovered. From its position, St. Albans was selected by the Fenians for one of their raids upon Canada. The view from Aldis Hill, in the rear ofthe town, is magnificent. The railway depot is large and admirably managed. Stages run from St. Albans to Missisquoi Springs, Sheldon, Fairfield, Bakersfield, Enosburg, Berkshire, Rich- ford, and Troy. Hotel : the Weldon House is a large, first-class hotel. The railway divides here, one branch running to Ogdensburg, and the other to St. John'a, thence to Montreal. We will firat viait the springs, and then, after a trip to Rouse's Point, resume our journey to Montreal. Missisquoi Springs, in the town of Sheldon, 13 in number, are 10 miles from St. Albans, with which they are connected by stage. There are no two of them possessed of the same char acteristics, all producing different effects. The waters of the Missisquoi Spring proper have accomplished many wonderful cures. It is a popular resort for invalids. A large first-class hotel, the Missisquoi House, and several smaller ones, have 230 been erected. The views of the sur rounding mountains are very fine. Sheldon ia a small village, 3 milea from the Missisquoi Springs. There are one or two mineral springe near the vil lage. Hotel : Central House. Swanton (275 miles) ia the first station on tht Ogdensburg Division. Just beyond, the road crosses Missisquoi Bay. Alburg Springs (282 miles) are on a peninsula. There is a large hotel here; and, besidea the springs, all the attractiona of Lake Champlain are within the visitor's reach. Alburg (285 miles). Here the road runs on the shore of the lake. "West Alburg (287 milea) is where the road crosses the lake on a bridge one mile in length, from which fine views are secured. Fort Montgomery is in the State of New York, and __ little above the bridge across the lake. House's Point (288 miles) is in New York, and ia the junction of the Montreal and Lake Champlain with the railway for Ogdensburg. (See page 85.) Returning to St. Albans, we will re sume the route to Montreal. East Swanton (274 miles) Ib reached just after crossing the Missis quoi River. Highgatc Springs (278 miles) are quite near the railroad. The Frank lin House is a well-kept hotel, and a pleasant place to stay at in summer. This is the last station in the United StateB. The Canadian stationa, St. John's ex cepted, are email, unimportant places. Montreal (320 miles) and the great Tubular Bridge will be described in the chapter on Canada. (See page 254.) ROUTE III. BOSTON TO BELLOWS FALLS, RUT LAND, THE GREEN MOUNTAINS, SARATOGA SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND CANADA. Via Route IX. of Massachusetts ; IV. of New Hamps/iire, and Vermont Central, Vermont and Canada Railways. Stations. — Boston: Bellows Falls, 114 miles (connects with railways diverging from Bellows Falls) ; Bartonsville, 142 ; Chester, 128; Gassett's, 132; Cavendish, Bellows Falls.] VERMONT. [PlTTSFORD, 136; Proctoraville, 138; Ludlow, 141; Healdville, 147 ; Summit, 148 ; Mount Holly, 151; East Wallingford, 154; Cut- tingsville, 157 ; Clarendon, 160 ; Rutland, 167 (connecta with Rensselaer and Sara toga, and Harlem Extension Railwaya, for Saratoga Springa, and all pointa along the Hudaon River); Sutherland Falla, 173; Pittsford, 176; Brandon, 183; Whiting, 188; Salisbury, 193; Middle bury, 199 ; New Haven, 207 ; Vcrgennes, 213; North Ferrisburg, 218; Char lotte, 222; Shelburne, 227; Burlington, 234 (connects with steamers to Platts burg, on Lake Champlain, connecting there with Montreal and Plattsburg Railway. There is a Day and Night Thia road paases through the marble district, through the Green Mountains, and along the shore of Lake Champlain, and is noted for the fine views along the whole line. Bellows Falls (114 miles.) (See page 218.) Bartonsville (124 miles) is where the ascent to the mountains commences. Between this and Chester is a deep ravine spanned by a bridge. Chester (128 miles) is built upon the crest of the hills, along the base of which runs the William's River. Hotel : Chester House. Gassett's (132 miles) is merely the station for Springfield. The village (7 miles distant) is at that great natural curiosity, the Black River Falls, which, if possible, should not be passed without a visit, to obaerve the peculiar action of the water upon the rocka. Springfield is an active manufacturing village. Proctorsville (138 milea) is a manufacturing village, after leaving which tho Green Mountains come into view on the right. Ludlow (141 miles) is a large manufacturing village, containing several churches and schools. The railway passes over what is called the " Hog-Back," the peculiar formation of which is a subject of much speculation. Healdville (147 miles) ia a small village. On the right of the railway there are a ravine and several cascades. Summit (148 miles) is the highest point on the line, which descends 1,000 feet in the 18 miles between here and Rutland. Mount Holly (151 milea) is where the road reaches Mill River, the course of which it followa to Rutland. Clarendon (160 milea) ia well known for ita mineral springs, aud for Clarendon Cave in ita southwestern por tion. Stages run to the springa from West Rutland Station, 4 miles south of Rutland. The medicinal virtues of these waters, the varied and beautiful acenery, the pleasant drives around, and the excellent hotel accommodations, make this water ing-place a very desirable summer halt. Rutland (167 milea) ia a pleasant town, especially noted for ita marble- quarries and works. It is a place of over 10,000 inhabitants, does a large business, and contains handsome dwell ings and stores. Shrewsbury, Killington, and Pico Peaks of the Green Mountaina, Clarendon Springs, and other placea in the vicinity, contribute to the attractiona of Rutland. The hotels are : the Bard weU House, Bates House, Stevens House, and the Central House. The road here connects with the Rensselaer and Saratoga, and Harlem Extension Railways, all three using the same depot. Hilling ton Peak, rising grandly on the east of Rutland, is the third in rank of the mountains of Vermont. A visit to this peak makes a pleasant ex cursion from the neighborhood. To the foot of the mountain the distance is 7 miles, and 2 miles more to the summit. On the north side is a perpendicular ledge of 200 feet, called Capital Rock. Mount Ida, too, is hereabouts, and beyond Kil lington Peak, as seen from Rutland, and northward, are Mount Pico and Castleton Ridge, shutting out the view of Lake Champlain. Sutherland Falls (178 miles) of Otter Creek are on the right of the track, but no idea of their beauty can be had from the glimpse obtained from the cars. The marble-works here are ex tensive. The railway at this point runs for a distance upon a hill-side, gradually descending to the meadows at the base. Pittsford (176 miles) is on the north of a beautiful valley, and is noted for its beds of iron-ore and its marble- quarries. 231 Brandon.] VERMONT. [Bennington. Brandon (183 miles) contains a scale factory, a marble-quarry, and manu factoriea of mineral paints. Minerals of fine quality are found in this town. There are here two curious caverns formed of limestone, the larger containing two apart ments, each from 16 to 20 feet square. It is entered by descending from the sur face about 20 feet. Stages for Lake Dunmore, 9 miles distant, leave here on the arrival of the trains. Lake Dunmore is a beautiful sheet of water, 30 miles above Rutland. It is 8 miles (by stage) from Middlebury, and 9 from Brandon. Dunmore is a wonderfully picturesque lake, surrounded at most points by bold hills, seen here in verdant slopes, and there in rocky bluff and cliff. The lake is about 5 miles in length and 3 in breadth, and affords capital fishing. A good summer hotel and eeveral cottages are on the west bank. "Whiting (188 miles). A fine view of the Green Mountains is had from this station, and a short distance beyond the Adirondacks come in sight. Stages run to Orwell. Middlebury (199 miles) is upon the Otter Creek, near some fine falls on that stream, and a few miles only from Lake Dunmore. It has a population (the township) of some 4,000, and, like nearly all the villages in Vermont, is a very beautiful place, surrounded at all points by most attractive mountain-scenery. It is distinguished as one of the first manu facturing towns in the State, and also as the seat of Middlebury College, founded in 1800. Ita chief edifice is 100 feet long and four stories high, built of stone. Ex tensive marble-quarries are in the neigh borhood. Camel's Hump and Mount Mansfield, described on page 229, are in sight, to the right. After leaving the sta tion, New Haven River ia crossed in sight of some rapids. At Beldcn's Falls there is a great marble-mill. Vergenncs (213 miles), the oldest city iu Vermont (there are only two), was incorporated in 1783, and ia at the head of navigation on Otter Creek. There is a United Statea Arsenal here, and here Commodore McDonough's fleet waa fitted out in 1812. The Addison House ia the hotel. The Fort Casson House, u. few milea distant, 13 a summer resort. 232 The ©tter Creek Falls, at Vergennes, are upon the Otter Creek, about seven miles from Lake Champlain. The brook is 500 feet in width, divided by a fine island, on either side of which the fall leaps some 30 or 40 feet. There are many other beautiful cascadea in the Otter Creek ; some at Middlebury, above Rutland ; and, a few miles below Middle bury, still others of yet greater interest. The Elgin Spring is in the neighborhood of the Otter Creek cascades. Charlotte (222 miles) is a village some little distance from the station. The fossil remains of a whale were found here in 1849. The skeleton is in the State Geological Collection at Montpelier. Shelburne (227 miles) ia a amall village overlooking the lake. Burlington (234 miles). (For de scription, see page 57. This route here connects with Route II.) ROUTE IF. NEW YORK TO RUTLAND, THE GREEN MOUNTAINS, LAKE CHAM PLAIN, AND CANADA. Via Route VIII. of New York, and Harlem Extension Railway. Stations. — New York : Petersburg Junction, 178 miles (connects with Troy and Boston Railway) ; Bennington, 190 ; North Bennington, 194; Arlington, 206; Manchester, 215; East Dorset, 220; Mount Tabor and Danby, 227 ; Walling ford, 236 ; Rutland, 245 (connects with Vermont Central, Vermont and Canada, and Rensselaer and Saratoga Railways). The above distances are via Harlem Railway to Chatham Four Corners. Petersburg Junction (178 miles). (See page 85.) Bennington (190 miles), and North Bennington (194 miles), are both in Bennington Township ; it also contains Bennington Centre, which ia the Revolutionary village. This township, being situated several hundred feet above the sea and surrounded by mountains, is delightfully cool in summer and possesses other attractions. Iu the old village stands the " Catamount Tavern," con taining intact the room in which the " Council of Safety," then the only govern- Arlington.] VERMO.._.. [Castleton ment in the State, held ita aessions in the times of the Revolution. Ethan Allen's house still stands next door. Hoosac, New York, tiie adjoining township, was the acene of the battle of Bennington (Auguat 16, 1777), in which a detachment of the Britiah forces, under Colonel Baum, was terribly beaten by the Green Moun tain Boys, led by the intrepid General Stark. It was upon the occaaion of this memorable engagement that Stark ia re ported to have made the famous address to his troops : " See there, men ! there are the red-coats ! Before to-night they are ours, or Molly Stark will be a widow ! " The manufactories of the United States Pottery Company at Ben nington are -well deserving of a visit. Fine porcelain and Parian ware are made here, the vicinage yielding the necessary materials in abundant and excellent sup ply- x About two miles from the hotel in Bennington is Mount Anthony, which can be reached by a foot-path, or by a car riage-road, which more than doubles the distance. Upon the summit is a tower 100 feet in height, from which a splendid view is obtained. There are numerous pleasant drives in the vicinity, among them those to Petersburg and Prospect Mountains and to Big Pond. There is good trout-fishing in the neighborhood. Hotel : Mount Anthony House. Arlington (206 miles) is a rich agricultural town, well watered by Green River and several small brooks, which furnish a good water-power. It contains West and Red Mountains, extensive quar ries of marble, a medicinal spring, and a cave which is about 13 rods long, with an average width and height of 8 feet. It is in some places very narrow, but in others expands into large rooma. Near the extremity ia a room more than 50 feet high, incruatcd with stalactites. This cave is entered by a narrow passage in a hill-side, descending 20 feet. A stream of water runs through the cavern. Manchester (216 miles) is a beau tiful village, in a valley between the Green and Equinox Ranges, and is no ticeable for its white-marble pavements, there being many quarries in the vicin ity. It is a pleasant resort, from the many attractions in the vicinity, among which may be mentioned fine scenery, trout-fishing, and driving. Mount Dorset, in which is the cave mentioned under the head of Arlington, is 5 miles from the village. Stratton Gap, a beautiful glen, and the subject of one of A. B. Durand's best paint ings, is near by. Mount Equinox, 3,813 feet above tide-water, and 2,917 above the village, is noted for its glorious views, the following points being visible from its summit when the weather ia clear : Lakes George and Champlain, Kearsarge and the Franconia Mountams in New Hampshire, Graylock Mountain in Massa chusetts, Killington Mountain in Ver mont, and the Catskill Mountains and Saratoga village in New York. Skinner Hollow is a deep indentation on the south side of the mountain, containing a cave in which the snow never entirely melts, a stream which finds an outlet through a cavern, and a marble-quarry. Fast Dorset (220 miles) is in Dorset Township, which contains Dorset Mountain, and a part of Equinox Moun- tian. There are several very remarkable caverns in this town, as well as a number of marble-quarries. "Wallingford (236 miles) is a town containing three handsome mountain- ponds, the largest of which, Hiram's, has an area of 350 acrea, and ia on very ele vated ground. There are marble-quar ries in the town. Green Hill is composed of quartz, and ia near the centre of the town. ll<7--.e Rocks, part granite and part quartz, belong to the Green Mountain range. At the foot of them are cavitiea called the ice-beds, in which the ice never melts. The village on the banks of Otter Creek piesents some picturesque scenery. Rutland (245 miles). Connects with Route III. (For description, see page 231.) The branch of the Rensselaer and Sar atoga Railway, which connects at thia point, has been described as Route IX. of New York, as far as the State line, but there are two stations in Vermont which should be mentioned here. Castleton (11 miles from Rutland) is neatly built, and rich and beautiful in scenery. The township in which it is lo cated is noted for its slate-stone, from which is made an imitation marble, "so 233 Poultney.] VERMONT. [POULTNEY. perfect that it challenges the closest scrutiny." " It has six times the strength of marble, and its appearance is much superior." Poultney, 28 miles from Rutland, on the Rutland and Washington Railway, is an attractive summer residence. The scenery ia varied and picturesque, the roads are capital, and the air is dry and pure. Board can be had at Ripley Col lege during the months of July and Au gust. Among the many pleasant places in the vicinity are Lake Bombazine and Lake Austin. Lake Bombazine ia a beautiful sheet of water, 9 miles in length, famed for its boating and fishing. There are two ho tels at Heath's Ferry. Lake Austin is another attractive spot. The hotel is the Saint Catharine House. In Castleton and Poultney are many slate-quarriea, where slate of a variety of colors and great excellence is extensively quarried. 234 Mai nk.] main: [Maine, MAINE, Maine, the largeat of the New-England Statea, and the most easterly in the Union, ia bounded on the north by the Dominion of Canada, on the eaat by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the West by the Dominion of Canada and New Hampshire. It is 250 miles long, and 190 broad in its greatest di mensions, and includes an area of 31,766 Bquare miles, of which only about 4,300 are improved. The coast-line of Maine is bold and picturesque, easy of access, and attrac tive to the touriat and pleasure-seek er. The general character of the surface of the State is hilly and diversified. It is heavily timbered with pine, hemlock, spruce, maple, birch, and ash, and this Btaple forma ita chief industry. In the winter great numbers of lumbermen are employed in felling the trees and drag ging them over the snow to the rivers, where they lie until the breaking up of the ice in the spring, when they are Boated down to the mills and places of export. The rivers of Maine are thus highly important, as forming the means of inex pensive transportation for its lumber, and, fortunately, they are numerous and extensive. The Penobacot and Kennebec, flowing into the Atlantic, are the moet important of theae water-courses, their length being from 200 to 300 miles each. The Androacoggin, the Saco, the St. John, and the St. Croix, are also val uable water-powers. The coaat of Maine ia indented by many inleta, and possesses the largest number of fine harbors of any State in the Union, while theae are guarded by nu merous islands, large and small, forming a complete breakwater against the vast Atlantic. Among the principal lakes of Maine may be mentioned Moosehead, Chesuncook, Umbagog, and Sebago. It ia estimated that one-tenth of the surface of the State is covered with water. The climate of Maine is very severe in winter, and the northeaBt winda from the Atlantic, in the apring and early sum mer, are extremely injurious to health. The summers, however, never reach the extremity of heat, but are mild and genial. The agricultural products of the State comprise wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, and potatoes ; but there is little rich land, and the chief products of the State are live-stock, butter, and wool. The mineral resources of the State are not specially noticeable, nor do her man ufactures compare with the other New- England States. Indeed, at present, Maine is chiefly important for her vast quantities of lumber, and such will doubtless be the case for many years to come. MOUNTAINS AND LAKES. The most intereating route for the touriat in Maine to take ia perhaps that which leada through the hilla, lakea, and foreats of the north ; but we warn him beforehand that it will not be one of eaae. Rugged roads and scant physical com forts will not- be his moat severe trial ; for, in many placea, he will not find road or inn at all, but must trudge along pain fully on foot, or by rude skiff over the lakes, and trust to his rifle and hia rod to supply his larder. In these wildest regions the exploration may be made with great satiafaction by a party well 235 Routes.] MAINE. [Saco. provided with all needed tent-equipage, and with all the paraphernalia of. the chaae ; for deer, and the moose, and the wild-fowl, are abundant in the woods, and the finest fish may be freely taken in the waters. Still he may traverse most of the mountain-lands and lakes by the roads and paths of the lumbermen, who have invaded all the region ; and he may bivouac, as comfortably as should con tent an orthodox forester, in the humble shanties erected by the hardy back woodsman. The mountains of Maine are broken and distinct peaks. Along the western side of the State extenda an irregular continuation of the White Mountains, diverging finally to the north east, and including eome lofty peaks, of which Mount Katahdin, 6,385 feet above the level of the aea, is the highest. The scenery among these mountains is highly beautiful, diversified by charming lakes and spreading forests. This chain divides the waters which flow north into St. John's River from those which pass southward to the Atlantic. Many beau tiful lakes, lie within this territory. The wilderness of Northern New York (see Adirondacks) has many features in com mon with the northern mountain and lake region of Maine. The internal impiove- menta of the State are few, but important. Portland ia the chief commercial city and railway centre of the State, and thence diverge the leading routes to every sec tion within its limits, and in the neighbor ing provinces of Canada. [See Appendix.] ROUTE I. BOSTON TO PORTLAND, AND ALL PARTS OF MAINE, AND TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS AND CANADA, VIA GORHAM, N. H. Via Routes XI. and XII. of Massachusetts, II. and V. of New Hampshire, and Hie Port land, Saco, and Portsmouth Railway. Stations. — Boston: Portsmouth, 56 miles ; Kittery, 58 ; Elliott, 63 ; Junction Great Falls Branch, 67 (Portsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Railway) ; South Ber wick Junction, 70 (junction of Boston and Maine Railway) ; North Berwick, 74 ; Wells, 80; Kennebunk, 85; Biddeford, 93 ; Saco, 95 ; West Scarborough, 99 ; 236 Scarborough, 102 ; Cape Elizabeth, 106 ; Portland, 108 (connects with Portland and Kennebec, Maine Central, Grand Trunk, and Portland and Rochester Rail. ways). Portsmouth (50 miles). (See page 219.) Hittcry (58 miles) is on the Piacat- aqua River, opposite Portsmouth, with which it is connected by a bridge. It ia also connected by bridge with the United States Navy-Yard. South Berwick Junction (70 miles) is the point of union of the two lines from Boston to Portland. There is a prosperous village at this point, and the manufactures are increasing rapidly. Wells (80 miles) is noted for its fine beach, 6 miles in length, and covered with snipe and curlew. In the woods are partridges and woodcock. A large trout- stream crosses the beach. This is not a fashionable place, but is a great rendez vous for sportsmen. York Beach and Bold Head Cliff are next to the south, and not far from Wells Beach, and can be reached from Portsmouth or Wells Beach by private conveyance. They are favorite points for excuraion-partiee. Agamenticus Mountain ia a mile from Cape Neddick, from the summit of which can be seen the White Mountams, and the harbors of Boston, Portsmouth, and Portland. Kennebunk (85 miles) is noted for its ship-building, carried on mainly at the "Port," at the mouth of the Ken nebunk River. Biddeford (93 miles) is opposite Saco, near the mouth of Saco River, which at this place has three falls of 16 feet each, and one of 7 feet, thus furnishing a fine water-power to both places. On the Biddeford side there are, among others, the milla of the following well- known companiea : Laconia, Pepperell, and Saco. The Pool, which ia in Biddeford, though generally spoken of in connection with Saco, ia a deep baain scooped out in the solid rock, about a quarter of a mile from the sea, with which it ia connected by a narrow passage. It is emptied and filled with each changing tide. Saco (95 miles) ia a noted manufac. turing place, and the celebrated York Caps Elizabeth.] MAIN__,. [Portland, Mills are located here. It is also a place of resort on account of its fine beach a few miles east. Fine bathing and fishing make this a favorite place for excursions, picnics, etc., while sufficient game is always to be found .to tempt the sports man. On FoxwelVs Brook, in Saco township, there is a waterfall 60 feet in height, suiv rounded by wild and striking scenery. Laurel Hill Cemetery is a place gener ally visited. The lumber interest, both at Biddeford and Saco, is important. Cape Elizabeth (106 miles) may be considered a part of Portland. It is a delightful summer resort, with excellent bathing and fishing. Hotels : Cape Cottage, Atlantic House, and Ocean House. Portland (108 miles), the commer cial metropolis of Maine, is handsomely Bituated on a peninsula, occupying the ridge and side of a high point of land, in the southweat extremity of Casco Bay, and, on approaching it from the ocean, is seen to great advantage. The harbor is one of the beat on the Atlantic coast, the anchorage being protected on every side by land, while the water ia deep, and communication with the ocean direct and convenient. It is defended by Forts Preble, Scammell, and Gorges, and dotted over with lovely islands. These islands afford most delightful excursions, and are among the greatest attractions of the vicinity. On the most elevated point of the peninsula is an observatory, 70 feet in height, commanding a fine view of the city, harbor, and islands in the bay. The misty forms of the White Mountains, 60 miles distant, are discernible in clear weather. The ori ginal name of Portland was Muchigonee. It was first settled by the whites as an English colony in 1632, just two centu ries before the charter of the present eity was granted. On the night of the 4th of July, 1866, a fire occurred which sweptr away nearly one-half of the whole business portion of the city. The entire district destroyed by the fire has been since rebuilt, most of the storea and dwelling-housea having Mansard roofs, which give a most picturesque and charm ing appearance to the city. Portland is elegantly built, and the streets beautifully shaded and embel lished with trees, and so profusely, that before the fire they were said to number no leaa than 3,000. Congress Street, previoua to the fire the main highway, follows the ridge of the peninsula through its entire extent. Among the public buildings of Portland, the City Hall, the Post-Office, and some of the churches, are worthy of particular attention. The coUection of the Society of Natural His tory, organized 1843, waa totally deatroyed by the fire ; but ia rapidly building up again, and now comprises a fine cabinet, containing specimens of the ornithology of the State, more than 4,000 species of shells, and a rich collection of mineralogi- cal and geological specimens, and of fishea and reptilea. The Library, incorporated in 1867, haa a collection of 10,000 volumea, and the Mercantile Library possesses also many valuable books. The Marine Hos pital, erected in 1855, at a coat of $80,- 000, ia an imposing edifice. Brown & Co.'s extensive sugar-refinery, wholly de stroyed by the fire, was rebuilt and in full operation in 60 days. Within the past year water has been introduced into the city from Sebago Lake. Hotels : The Falmouth, Preble House, United States, American, and St. Julian. In the vicinity are pleasant drives (notably the one to Cape Elizabeth), and the islands in the harbor furnish material for delightful water picnics and excur sions. The leading routes of travel from Port land are the Grand Trunk (Canada), Portland, Saco and Portsmouth; Port land and Kennebec, Portland and Bangor (Maine Central), and the Portland and Rochester. The last named ia a short line, extending from Portland south, via Morrill's, Saccarappa, Buxton Centre, to Saco River, and Rochester, N. H., 52J milea. Besides these lines", there ia the Inter national Line of steam, making three trips per week, Monday, Wedneaday, and Friday — leaving Portland at 5 p. M., connecting at St. John with ateamer for Kinno, Digby, and Anuapolia, to Halifax. There ia also the connection with the European and North American Railway, which extends from Fairville, on the left bank of the St. John River, westward, 237 Portland.] MAINE. [Routes. 88 miles, to the Maine boundary on the St. Croix River. This connection has been pushed forward by the various compa nies interested, so that there are now two lines diverging at McAdam's Junction, and affording a continuous line between Bangor and St. John's, and between Ban gor and Shediac on the Gulf of St. Law rence and Halifax. In 1872, this whole line, including the Nova Scotia branch, was completed, thus closely uniting New York with Halifax, and shortening the distance between New York and Liver pool. A new line of railroad, called the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad, haa been commenced, and now extends to North Conway. Thia road will run di. rectly through the "Notch" in the White Mountams, and thence west to Ogdens burg, and is designed to facilitate the transportation of grain from the West, without breaking bulk. (iSee Appendix.) Cushing's Island is three miles from the city, and contains about 250 acres. It commands magnificent ocean views. On both sides ot the island are fine beaches for bathing ; and as for fishing, there is every variety, from that at the shore to tho deep-sea fishing 10 miles out. The Ottawa House is a first-class hotel, and is principally frequented by a class of people who think more of com fort and real pleasure than of the dissi pations of fashion. Casco Bay is one of the finest on the American coast. It lies between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, a dis tance of 20 miles, while its indentation is about 15 miles. Within it are some fine harbors. It contains numerous islands, some of them large and well cultivated, and it is seen to advantage from the high grounds in Portland, Falmouth, Cumber land, or Yarmouth. RO UTE II. BOSTON TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, CANADA, AND THE WEST. Via Grand Trunk Railway. ( Continuation of Route I.) Stations. — Boston: Portland, 108 miles; Falmouth, 5; Yarmouth, 11; 238 Yarmouth Junction, 12 (connects with Portland and Kennebec Railway) ; New Gloucester, 22; Danville Junction, 27 [See Appendix]; Mechanic Falls (con necta with Portland and Oxford Central Railway), 36 ; Oxford, 41 ; South Paris, 47 ; Bryant's Pond, 62 ; Bethel, 70 ; Gilead, 80; Shelburne, 86; Gorham, 91. This important thoroughfare connects the navigable waters of Portland Harbor with the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakea. Ita route passea through a fertile and productive country, generally under fine cultivation, the streams in ita vicinity abounding in water privilegea of the firat importance. From Portland, passing on ward, five miles, through~Fahnouth, on the Presumpscott River, to Danville Junction, the valley of Royal's River and the valley of the Little Androacoggin. It strikea and crosses the latter river at Mechanic Falls. Pursuing its courae up ward, it paases in the vicinity of the " Milis " on ita way to Paria Cape, in the neighborhood of South Paria, drawing in upon it the travel and buaineaa of that rich and populoua region. Still following up the valley of the Little Androacoggin, passing on the way two important falls, and reachea Bryant's Pond, the source of that river. This point ia 15 milea from Rumford Falla, on the Great Androacog gin, one of the most valuable and avail able water-powers in the State. Passing hence into the valley of Alder stream, the route strikes the Great Androscoggin, near Bethel. Crossing that stream, it followa up ita picturesque and romantic valley, bordered by the higheat moun tains in New England, till, in its course of about 20 miles from Bethel, it reaches Gorham, New Hampshire, the point of departure for Mount Washington, eight miles distant. From the valley of the Androscoggin the road pasaes into the valley of the Connecticut, reaching the banks of that river at North Stratford, New Hamp- shire. Following up thia rich and highly- productive valley 32 miles, the road reaches the parallel of 45° north latitude, the boundary-line between the United States and Canada. The route thence lies through what are known as the Eastern Townships of Canada, via Rich- Yarmouth Jcnctios. MAIN* [Bowdoin College. mond to Quebec, and up the St. Lawrence, via Montreal, to Toronto on Lake Ontario, and thence to Detroit, Michigan, via Port Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron. Yarmouth Junction (12 miles) is the crossing of the Portland and Ken nebec Railway. New Gloucester (22 miles), upon Royal's River, has a fine water-power and a number of mills. It is a flourishing farming town, and contains a Shaker set tlement. Bamville Junction (27 miles) is the Junction with the Maine Central Railway for Bangor and the valley of the Penobscot. [See Appendix.] Mechanic Falls (36 miles), junc tion of Portland and Oxford Central Rail way for West Minot, Bearce Road, East Hebron, Buckfield, and Hebron. The road here crosses the Little Androscoggin River. Oxford (41 milea), upon the Upper Androscoggin, is a flourishing village in the township of the same name. South Paris (47 milea), on Little Androscoggin River, ia one of the prin cipal points on the line ; a great amount of business is done here, and several lines of stages are run to neighboring villagea and towna. It is in Paris town ship, which also contains another village, Paris Hill, and the following hills, Singe- pole, Mount Mica, and Streaked Mountain, the latter being much resorted to by local pleasure-parties. Bryant's Pond (62 miles) is the source of the Little Androscoggin. Bethel (70 milea) is one of the pleasanteat villages in the State, and is rapidly growing. It has a seminary, with an annual attendance of from 200 to 300 scholars. Tourists are beginning to treat this as a place worthy of attention on ac count of the romantic, Swiss-like charac ter of the scenery, the fine fiahing in the neighboring ponda and atreams, and its central position in regard to several at tractive places ; among them the follow ing: Screw-Auger Falls (14 miles), Rum- ford Falls (20 miles), Partridge Falla (4 miles), and White Mountains (25 milea). Near Rumford are White Cap Mountain, 600, and Glass Face Mountain, 400 feet above the surrounding country. Oilead (80 miles) is the last station in Maine. 11 Shelburne (86 miles). (See page 221.) Gorham (91 miles) ia one of the principal entrancea to the White Moun tain region. (See page 213.) (For continuation of this route, see Route VII. of New Hampshire.) ROUTE III. PORTLAND TO AUGUSTA AND THE VALLEY OF THE KENNEBEC. Via Portland and Kennebec Railway. Stations. — Portland: Woodford's, 2 miles ; Morrills, 8 ; Cumberland, 12 ; Yarmouth (crossing of Grand Trunk Railway), 16 ; Freeport, 22 ; Brunswick (junction of Bath Branch and of An droscoggin Railway), 30 ; Bath, 40 ; Bow- doinham, 38 ; Richmond, 46 ; South Gar diner, 51 ; Gardiner, 56 ; Hallowell, 61 ; Augusta, 63 ; Vassalborough, 75 ; Wins low, 80 ; Waterville, 81 ; Kendall'a Mills ' (junction with the Main Central Rail way), 83 ; Somerset Mills, 37 ; Pishon's Ferry, 92; Skowhegan, 100. Morrill's Corner is in the new town of Deering, recently set off from Westbrook. Deering is a wealthy agri cultural locality, and haa a fine water front on Casco Bay, where ship-building ia carried on. It has several villagea largely populated. Yarmouth (16 milea) ia the inter section of the Grand Trunk Railway. Brunswick (30 milea) is an im portant town on the Androacoggin River, at the head of tide-water. It ia very largely interested in the lumber-trade, and has numeroua aaw-mills, and several factories, a fall of 50 feet in the river furnishing an inexhaustible water-power. It is connected by bridge with Topsham, on the opposite side of the river. The Bath Branch and Androscoggin Railway connect at this point. Bowdoin College, in the town- ship of Brunawick, founded in 1794, ia aituated upon a plain with a grove of pinea in the rear. Two of the build inga are occupied aa dormitories, the others aa chapel, lecture-rooma, library, museum, the Bowdoin Gallery of Paintinga, etc., etc. 239 Bath.] MAINE. [Skowhegan. The Medical Department haa a fine library, anatomical cabinet, etc. Bath (40 milea), the terminus of the Bath Branch, is a flourishing city, 14 miles from the mouth of the Kennebec River, on its west bank. The city ex tends for about 5 milea along the river, which at thia point ia 900 yarda wide, with an average depth of 8 fathoma of water. It is a beautiful place, and was noted for the extent of its ship-building interest, which at preaent aharea the general depression in that branch of in dustry. The leading hotel is the Sagad liock House. Richmond (46 miles) is noted for the extent of its ship-building in propor tion to its size. It is upon the Kennebec River. Oardiner (56 miles), at the junction of the Cobbossecontee with the Kennebec. It is noted for its extensive manufactures, and the fine water-power furnished by the Cobbossecontee, across which are 8 stone dams in the space of a mile. The busi ness part of the city is upon a flat along the river, but the residences are upon a gentle rise, beautifully located and com manding a fine prospect ; some of them are of superior architecture. Mallowell (61 miles) resembles Gardiner in the manner in which it is built, and in general characteristics. The views from the higher portiona are uncommonly good. Steamboats run be tween here and Boston. In the neighbor hood are quarries of light-colored granite. There are several factories at thia place, which are run by ateam. Augusta (63 miles), the capital of the State, ia at the head of sloop naviga tion, though steamboats run to Waterville, 18 miles above. The city lies ou both sides of the river, the two portions being con nected by a bridge 520 feet long. It is well laid out, ia handsomely built, and owes much of its loveliness to a great abundance of shade-treea and shrubbery. Among the prominent buildings in the city are the Slate-House, built of white granite, and considered aa, next to that in Montpelier, Vermont, the handsomest in New England ; the Court-House, which is the best and most convenient in the State ; and the Maine Insane Asylum, a splendid granite structure. The United States 240 Arsenal, with its well-arranged grounds and buildings, is always an object of in terest. The great dam of the Kennebec at thia point ia 1,000 feet long, has canals at each end, and furnishes an immense water-power. Yassalborough (75 miles) is a large and flourishing town, the station being only one of several villages within its limits. It contains several large and attractive ponds, which, with the streama, supply power to numerous manufactoriea. On a beautiful elevation near the centre of the town, and shaded by a grove, ia Oak Grove Seminary, under the charge of the Frienda. Veasels of considerable size can pass from here to the ocean by means of the canals round tho Kennebec Dam. "Waterville (81 miles) ia on the Kennebec, at Ticonic Falls, which are 18 feet in height and the whole width of the river, which ia spanned by a bridge 550 feet long. The educational institutions are Waterville College, a Baptist, aud Liberal Institute, a, Universalist institu tion. The water-power iu the vicinity is immense. Taking the Ticonic Falla as a centre, there are, within a radius of 5 miles, the two falls across the Ken. nebec at Kendall's Mills, two falla 5 milea distant on the Sebasticook, and au indefinite series of falls upon the Emer-. son Stream, besides numerous rapida on all these streams, which could easily be dammed. The Maine Central Railway connects at this point. Fmerson Falls are at West Waterville, on Emerson Stream, a trib utary of the Kennebec. They are the highest in the State ; and, being in the midst of picturesque scenery, are much resorted to. Skowhegan (100 miles), having a fine water power, is the centre of an ex. tensive trade, and is the site of a great number of mills. There is much delight ful scenery about the village, which is neatly built. It is connected with Bloom. field, on the opposite bank of the Kenne. bee, by hridges ; between the two villages is a small island. The population, ac cording to tl»e census of 1870, was 3,893. Danville Junction.] MAIN__,. [Bangor. ROUTE IV. PORTLAND TO BANGOR AND THE VALLEY OF THE PENOBSCOT. Via Maine Central Railway. Stations. — Portland : Danville Junc tion, 28 miles (junction with Grand Trunk Railway); Auburn, 34; Lewiston, 35; Greene, 42 ; Leeds, 45 (junction of Androscoggin Railway) ; Monmouth, 48 ; Winthrop, 54 ; Readfield, 60 ; Belgrade, 68; West Waterville, 77; Waterville, 83 (crossing of Portland and Kennebec Railway) ; Kendall's Mills, 86 ; Clinton, 92; Burnham, 97; Pittsfield, 104; De troit, 107; Newport, 111 (connects with Dexter and Newport Branch); East New port, 114; Etna, 119; Carmel, 123; Her mon Pond, 128; Bangor, 138 (connecta with European and North American Rail way, late Bangor, Old Town, and Milford Railway). Banville Junction no longer connects with Grand Trunk Railway. -Lewiston (35 miles) is an impor tant manufacturing city, situated upon the left bank of the Androacoggin River, which is crossed by a bridge 1,700 feet long. The waterfall here ia one of ex ceeding beauty. The entire volume of the Androacoggin ia precipitated 50 feet over a broken ledge, forming in ita fall a aplendid specimen of natural scenery. The river immediately below the fall sub sides into almost a uniform tranquillity, and moves slowly and gracefully along its course, in strange though pleasing con trast with ita wild and turbid appearance at and above the cataract. The peculiar formation of the ledge over which the river falla enablea this immense water- power to be utilized by means of two dams, and a system of canals, locks, etc. The manufactures are large, and growing in number and importance, the cotton interest being the most important. Edu cational interests are closely watched and fostered ; there are ample school accom modations, and the Maine State Seminary is intended to afford instruction of the highest grade. Population, 13,600. The leading hotel is the De Witt House. -Leeds (45 miles) is the junotion of the Androscoggin Railway. It ia a neat and pleasant village, and is near a large pond, which furnishes a good water- power. Monmouth (48 miles) ia a pleasant village, near the sources of the Cobbes- secontee. It containa a flourishing acad emy. "Winthrop (54 miles) is a desirable summer retreat. It is in the form of a crescent, at the union of the North with the South Lake. There is a water-cure here, which is much frequented. The townahip contains another (East) village and six beautiful ponds, the largeat being 10 milea long, and from 1 to 3 milea wide. It ia also traversed by the Cobbesaecontee and aome of ita tributariea. The environa of the ponda are generally beautiful ; the watera deep, clear, and well stocked with a variety of fish. Belgrade (68 miles) is a prosper ous village. In the town are three large aud beautiful ponds or lakes. They are connected, and find an outlet at Water ville. Waterville (83 miles) connects with Portland and Kennebec Railway. (See page 240.) Clinton (92 miles) is a village at the falls of the Sebasticook. Pittsfield (104 miles) ia on the Sebasticook River. Stagea daily to St. Albans, Harmony, and Cambridge. Newport (114 milea) is the point of departure for Moosehead Lake. (See page 245.) Connects with Dexter and Newport Railway. Dexter (128 miles), the terminus of the Dexter aud Newport Branch, ia at the outlet of a pond of 1,000 acres, from which issues a small stream, clear as crystal, never failing, never freezing, and never exposed to freshets. The fall is 150 feet in three-quarters of a mile. Carmel (123 miles) is an active place of business. In this town are found fine apecimena of petrified shells, showing that it once waa the bed of an ocean, though now 150 feet above the Penobscot. Bangor (138 milea), one of the largeat citiea in Maine, ia at the head of navigation, on the west aide of the Penob scot River, at the mouth of the Kendus- keag. It lies on both 8ides of the latter river, which is croaaed by several bridgea, and afforda a good water-power. The tide in the basin where the ahipa lie, at 2-U Orono.1 MAINE. [Pea Cove. the mouth of the Kenduskeag, usually risea and falla 17 feet. The buildings in the city are constructed with -neatness and taste, many even with elegance. The granite Custom-House is a striking build ing. The Bangor Theological Seminary, situated in the higher part of the city, and several of the churches, are notice able edifices. The " specialty " of Bangor is lumber, of which it ia, next to Chicago, the greatest depot on the continent. All the vast country above, drained by the Penobscot and ita affluenta, ia covered with dense forests of pine, and hemlock, and spruce, and cedar, from which im mense quantities of lumber are continually cut and sent from the numerous saw-mills, down the river to market at Bangor. During the eight or nine months of the year through which the navigation of the river is open, some 2,000 vessels are employed in the transportation of this freight. Not unfrequently 200,000,000 feet are received in a single year. The whole industry of Bangor is not, however, in the lumber-line, as she ie aleo engaged in ehip-building, has a large coasting trade, and a considerable foreign com merce. Population, 18,289. There are two lines of steamers between Bangor, Portland, and Boston, leaving on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. At thia point connection is made with the Eu ropean and North American Railway. This railway forms the only all-rail route between the cities of Bangor, Maine (where it connects with the Maine Cen tral Railroad), and the city of St. John, New Brunswick, distance 207 miles. Alao between Bangor and Halifax, Nova Sco tia, aa mentioned on a previoua page. It was formally opened in 1872, President Grant participating in the ceremony. Stations. — Veazie, 5 miles from Ban gor ; Orono, 8 ; Webster, 9 ; Oldtown, 12 ; Milford, 13 ; Costigan, 18 ; Olamon, 27 ; Pasaadumkeag, 31 ; Enfield, 35; Lincoln, 45 ; Winn, 56 ; Mattawamkeag, 58 ; Dan forth, 88; Vanceboro, 118; St. Croix, 115; JJcAdam Junction (connects with New Brunswick and Canada Railway), 121 ; Frederic Junction (branch to Fred- ericton), 160; Westfield, 190; St. John, 207. Orono (8 miles), and Oldtown (12 miles), are in the valley of the Penob- 242 scot, which here furnishes an unrivalled water-power, by means of which the milla at these points are enabled to manufacture the great bulk of the lumber which finds a market at Bangor. The Bangor and Piscataquis Railway diverges at Oldtown. Milford (13 miles) ia to be the point where the branch of this road to Calais, aa yet unfinished, is to connect. Passadumkeag (31 miles) lies at the junction of the Passadumkeag River with the Penobscot. The river, after which the town is named, is a charming stream, about 40 miles long. At present little is generally known of thia aection of country, but, aa facilitiea for travel and hotel accommodations increase, it is des tined to become popular with tourists. ¦Winn (56 miles) is a beautiful vil lage, and abounds in ponds and streams which are well stocked with fish. Game ia found in the surrounding woods in great variety. It is also the location of the largest tannery in New England. It has an excellent hotel. Mattawamkeag (58 miles). [See Appendix.] BANGOR AND PISCATAQUIS RAIL ROAD. This road branches from the European and North American Railway at Oldtown, and runs through the towns of Oldtown, Alton, La Grange, Orneville, Milo, and Sebec, to Dover and Foxcroft. It is 40 miles long, traverses a farming and lum bering region, and, after crossing the Pis cataquis River at Milo, runs near to the vast slate-deposits of Piscataquia County, the producta of which are transported over this line and the European road to a market. This road furnishes the easiest route by far to Moosehead Lake, and to those vast forests lying above and beyond it, sought by tourists and sportamen in the aeason of summer travel, the ride from the Dover and Foxcroft station being up the beautiful valley of the Piscataquia, and some four miles less staging than by any other route. The distances given are from Bangor, which is 138 miles from Portland. Pea Cove is in the town of Old- town, and is the site of the main boom Alton.] MAINE. [Lewiston. for loga on the Penobscot -River. Here all the loga that have been cut on the river above are collected, aaaorted into the different ownershipa, and run down to the milla in the towns below. Alton (20 miles) is a farming town, the only village in which is 34, miles from the railroad station. I_a Grange (32 miles) is ¦_ very prosperous farming town, having also good water-privileges on two consider able streams running through it from the north to the aouth, separated by a re markable moraine, or horse-back, which has excited the curiosity of the most emi nent scientific men aud naturalists. ©rneville (35 miles) is principally devoted to farming and lumbering. Milo (39 miles), where the road cross es the Piscataquis River, is a flourishing farming town. Here the principal slate- quarries make their depot. The slate produced ranka iu quality above that from any other localities, and the depos it occupies a territory of some 40 or 50 miles east and west, by about 15 north and south. The iron from the Katahdin Iron- Works, situated eighteen milea north of this point, also strikes the road here. This mine is in one of the beautiful ranges of the Ebeerne Mountains. Sebec (45 milea) containa two thriv ing villagea, the principal one of which ia aituated at the foot of Sebec Lake, a beau tiful aheet of water of eome 15 miles in length, by about 3 miles in its widest part. Thia lake ia much sought by touriata in the summer aeaaon for ita beautiful scenery, its excellent fish, and abundant game and berries. There _3 upon it a small steamboat for the use of p'easure-parties, and a number of sail boats. Bover and Foxcroft (52 milea), the preaent terminua of the road, are beautiful and thriving villagea aitu ated on either side of the Piscataquis River. Dover is the shire town of Pis cataquis County, and has one of the best notels in the region. Foxcroft has also a very excellent hotel, well arranged for families, and admirably kept. From this point it ia but 4 miles to Sebec Lake, and 32 to Moosehead Lake. The route to Moosehead Lake is through tho flourishing villages of Guil ford and Abbott, on the Piscataquis River, Monson on an affluent to the latter stream, and Shirley to Greenville, at the foot of the lake. At Greenville are excellent houses, well kept, furnishing to the trav eller and tourist a home for the season. Moosehead Lake. (See page 245.) Bar Harbor and Soutk- tvest Harbor. — The distance from Bangor to either Bar or Southwest Har bor per stage route is 48 milea (26 from Bangor to Ellsworth, and 22 miles from there to either of the above-mentioned harbors). The route ia a pleasant one, over a good road, and past fine scenery. Bar Harbor is on the east, and South west Harbor on the southerly side of Mount Desert Island. Southwest Harbor is one of the finest in the United States, and presents from different points a combination of scenery to be found at no other place in this country, and unsurpassed for beauty and grandeur. Good mail facilities either east or west. Telegraph-office at one of the public- houses. Steamboats twice a week, Tues days and Fridays, from Boston and Port land. There are several well-kept public- houses. ROUTE V. FROM BRUNSWICK TO FARMINGTON. Via Androscoggin Railway. Stations. — Brunswick, 30 miles from Portland ; Little River, 8 milea from Brunawick; Liabon, 12; Crowley'a, 14; Lewiston (Branch Road), 19 ; Sabattis- ville, 19 ; Leeds Crossing, 26 ; Leeda Centre, 34; North Leeds, 36; Strick land's Ferry, 39 ; East Livermore, 41 ; Livermore Falls, 46 ; Jay Bridge, 48 ; North Jay, 52 ; Wilton, 56 ; East Wilton, BS ; Farmington, 63. Brunswick. (See page 239.) ILisbon (12 miles) lies at what are called the " Ten-Mile Falls " of the An droscoggin River. The township is im portant in an agricultural point of view. Croley's (14 miles) is where the branch to Lewiston diverges. Bjewiston (19 miles). (Sec p. 241.) 243 Leeds Crossing.] MAINE. [Calais, _Leeds Crossing (26 miles, junc tion with Maine Central Railway), -Leeds Centre (34 miles), and North _Leeds (36 miles), are all pleasant villages. (See page 241.) livermore Falls (46 miles) is a pleasant manufacturing village at the falls of the Androscoggin, after which it is named. "Wilton (56 miles), and East Wilton (58 miles), are villages in one of the finest agricultural towns in the State. Farmington (63 miles), at the junction of the Sandy and Little Nor- ridgewock Rivers, is the terminus of the railway. It is one of two villages in the rich agricultural township of the same name. [See Appendix.] PLACES OF INTEEEST, LAKES AND MOUN TAINS, NOT Olf ANT EAIL WAT KOTJTE. Belfast, on Penobscot Bay, 30 miles below Bangor, has a capacious harbor, easy of access, and well protected by islands. The city is somewhat irregu larly built, but many of the streeta are shaded with treea, and the private resi dencea indicate taste and wealth. During the season of navigation, steamers con nect Belfast with Portland, Boston, and Bangor, and at ali times there is stage communication. Like most other seaport towns, it enjoys the advantagea of bath ing, fishing, and boating ; besides which, the islands in the bay form the destina tion of many pleasant picnics. It now connects with the Maine Central Railway. Castine, 12 miles from Belfast, on the opposite side of the bay, ia a village in the townahip of the aame name, formed by a peninsula that jeta out into Belfaat bay. It occupies a fine maritime posi tion. It was named after Baron Castine, whose house, still atanding, is regarded as one of the curiosities of the place. Belfast Bay, which lies between these two places, is dotted with islands easily reached from either of them, and which afford pleasures without number; one can sail, row, swim, fiah, or hunt, to hia heart'a content. Bastport, upon the watera of Pas- samaquoddy Bay, at the extreme eastern point of the territory of the United States, 214 ie well deserving of a visit from tho tourist in quest of the beautiful in nature ; for more charming scenes on land and on sea than are here can rarely be found From the hills in the i ear of the village a view ia obtained which has few superiors, for from this position the eye commands the blue waters of Passamaquoddy, with ita countless island-gems. Eastport is 234 miles northeast of Port land, and is reached thence and from Boston by regular steamboat communi cation to and from St. John, N. B. A steamer also leaves Portland twice every week, for Halifax, Nova Scotia, making the trip in about 36 hours. Steamboats run to Calais and places en route, 30 miles above, at the head of navigation on the St. Croix River. The town is charmingly built on Moose Island, which embraces 2,000 acres, and is connected with tho main-land of Perry by a bridge ; and by ferries with Pembroke, Lubec, and the adjoining British islands. It is protected by Fort Sullivan. It was expected that, at the time of the first Fenian invasion of Canada, one column would start from here, but these anticipationa were not realized. Campo Bello Island, opposite the city and between it and the ocean, should geographically belong to the United States, but is really a part of New Brunswick. A person who does not care for the com forts of a popular resort, can enjoy him self for a short time on this island. The water is too cold for bathing, and fogs are frequent, but in their absence the air is delightful. The scenery is beautiful, the boating excellent, and out-of-door at tractions numerous. The residente, too, are extremely hoapitable. A curious col lection of rocks, called the " Friar's Head," are still attractive, though their effect haa been sadly injured by being used for a target for the guns of an Eng lish man-of-war. There are many other romantic spota upon the island to which the residents can direct the visitor. The traveller may see Eastport and its vicinage, and then go home, if he pleases, for it ia the place beyond which the stars and stripes give place to the red crose of England. Calais ia at the head of tide-water on the Si. Croix River, which is the Mount Desert Island.] MAINE. [Mount Kathadin. boundary between the United States and New Brunswick. The tide here rises 20 feet. There are a number of handsome buildings in the city, which is connected with the other side of the St. Croix River by numerous bridges. The lumbering interesta are the great buaineas of the place. , Mount Bcsert Island is situ ated in Frenchman's Bay, about 40 miles southeast from Bangor. It is 15 miles long, 12 broad, and contains an area of about 100 square miles. It contains six small villages and several good harbors. The scenery of the island is very grand and beautiful. The greater part of its sur face ia covered with nearly twenty gran ite mountaina, whose highest peak, Mount Adam, attains an altitude of about 2,200 feet. High up among the mountains are many beautiful lakes, the largest of which is several miles in length. These lakes, and the streama that flow into them, abound in trout. The southeast coast of the island is lined with stupendous cliffs, several hundred feet in height, the moat remarkable of which are Great Head and Schooner Head. The Porcupines are five rocky islands in Frenchman's Bay, on the east side of Mount Desert. Mount Desert Rock, the site of a noted lighthouse, is about 20 miles to the south, in the open ocean. Mount Desert is connected by steamer with Rockland, Bangor, Portland, and Boston. There are a number of good hotels at Bar Harbor and other places upon the island. [See Appendix.] Moosehead Lake, the largest in Maine, ia among the northern hills. It is 35 miles long, and, at one point, is 10 miles in breadth, though near the centre there is a pass not over a mile across. Its waters are deep, and furnish ample occu pation to the angler, in their stores of trout and other fish. This lake may be traversed in the steamboata employed in towing lumber to the Kennebec. A sum mer hotel occupies a very picturesque site upon the shore at the foot of the lake. The Kineo House, midway, is the usual stopping-place. There are numerous islands on the Moosehead Lake, some of which are of great intereat. On the weat side, Mount Kineo overhanga the water, at an elevation of 600 feet. Its summit reveals a picture of forest beauty well worthy the climbing to see. The roads thither, lying through forest-land, are necessarily somewhat rough and lonely, This lake is the source of the great Ken nebec River, by whose channels ita waters reach the eea. The readiest approach from Boston or Portland is via Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad (see page 242), or via Newport, on the Maine Central Railway (see page 241). Lake UJinbagog is about 15 miles long, and in parts 10 miles wide, being but little inferior in beauty to Lake Winnipiseogee. The trout-fishing here is unrivalled. Its outlet passes into the Androscoggin by the Mergalloway River. There are no hotels, but board can be had at the farm-houses. It ia beat reached from Gorham, New Hampshire, on the Grand Trunk Railway. Molechunkemunk and Mooselucmeguntic Lakes are near Umbagog, and are noted for their fishing. They are reached by stage from Bethel, on the Grand Trunk Railway. There is a hotel at Upton, in which place lives a famous guide and trapper. Sebago Pond is a charming lake, 12 miles long, and from 7 to 8 in width. It is connected with Portland by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, and is on the route to Conway and the Wliite The Grand Lakes are in Wash ington County, and are celebrated for their salmon-trout. Reached by steamer to Calais, thence by rail to Princeton, where guides and information are ob tained. Mount Katahdin, with its peaks 5,385 feet above the sea, is the lofti est summit in the State. It is reached by Bangor and Piscataquis, and European and North American Railways (see page 242), or by stages from Bangor over the A roos- look road, starting in tolerable coaches on a tolerable road, and changing always in both from bad to worse. A pleasant route for the adventurer is down the West Branch of the Penobscot, in a canoe, from Moosehead Lake. "Birches," as the boats are called, and guides may be procured at the foot of Moosehead, or at the Kineo House, near the centre of the lake. By this approach, Katahdin is seen 245 Sdgar-Loaf Mountain.] MAINE. [Sugar-Loaf Mountain. in much finer outlines than from the east ward. Sugar-_Loaf Mountain, upon the Seboois River, northeast of Mount Katahdin, is nearly 2,000 feet high, and from its summit a magnificent view is commanded, which embraces some fifty mountain-peaks and nearly a Bcore of picturesque lakes. Bigelow, Saddleback, Squaw, Bald, Gilead, the Speckled Moun tain, the Blue Mountain, and other heights, with intervening waterfalls and brooks, are in the neighborhood. There are other lakes, rivers, moun tains, islands, cascades, and springa in Maine, at preaent practically inaccessible, which will doubtless become popular re- sorts in course of time. 246 firTTLEMENT.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Government. THE BEITISH PEOVINCES. The possessions of the British Crown in North America occupy nearly all the upper half of the continent ; a vast terri tory, reaching from the Arctic aeas to the domains of the United Statea, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Of thia great region, our present explorations will refer only to the lower and aettled portions, embracing the Canadas, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The rest Is, for the moat part, yet a wilderness. THE DOMINION OV CANADA. On the first of July, 1867, by authority of the queen and the Britiah Parliament, and with the consent of their respective legislative bodies, the four British Prov inces, hitherto known as Upper and Low er Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, were united under one govern ment, and entitled the Dominion of Can ada. The two provinces first mentioned assumed the namea of Ontario and Que bec the others retaining their former designations. The Dominion, with Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, the Northwest, and Hudson'a Bay Territoriea, comprise the British possesaiona in America, and Include an area of 3,369,345 aquare milea, being .30,000 square milea leaa than the United Statea, including Alaska. The provincea of Ontario and Quebec, to which we will first direct the tourist's attention, occupy an area of 331,280 nquare miles, and extend along the north ern border of the United States, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi and Take Superior. The entire frontier Hne of this tract of iouuery extends about 1,300 miles, with a breadth varying between 200 and 300 milea. The population of Ontario is, accord. ing to the latest estimate, in 1869, 2,047,- 334 ; of Quebec, 1,387,884. Discovery, Settlement, and Rulers.— The earliest discovery of Canada (1497) is ascribed to Sebaatian Cabot. Jacques Cartier, a French adventurer, apent the winter of 1535 at St. Croix, now the River St. Charles, upon which Quebec ia partly built. The firat permanent aettle- ment, however, waa at Tadouaac, at the confluence of the Saguenay and the St, Lawrence. From that time (about 1608) until 1759, the country continued under the rule of France; and then came the capture of Quebec by the English, under General Wolfe, and the transfer, within a year thereafter, of all the territory of New France, aa the country waa at that time called, to the Britiah power, under which it haa ever since remained. The mutual disagreement which naturally arose from the conflicting interests and prejudices of the two opposing nationalities, threatened internal trouble from time to time, ai.d finally displayed itself in the overt acts recorded in history as the rebellion of 1837. It was after these incidents, and as a consequence thereof, that the two sections of the territory were formed into one. This happened in 1840. Government. — The Government of tho dominion consists of the queen, governor- general, Senate, and House of Commons. Each province, however, retains its own lieutenant-governor and Legislature, aa was formerly the case. Religion. — The dominant religious faith in Lower Canada, or Quebec, ia that of the Roman Catholic Church 247 Springs,] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [ROI.TE3. while in Ontario the creed of the English Established Church prevails. Landscape.— The general topography of Upper Canada (Ontario) is that of a level country, with but few variations ex cepting the paBBage of some table-heights, extending southwesterly* It Is the most fertile division of the territory, and thus, to the touriat in search ofthe picturesque, the least attractive. The Lower Province (Quebec) is extremely varied and beauti ful in its physical aspect ; presenting to the delighted eye a magnificent gallery of charming pictures of forest wilds, vast prairies, hill, and rook-bound rivers, rush ing waters, and bold mountain-heights, everywhere intermingled, and their at tractions embellished by intervening stretches of cultivated fields, rural vil lages, and villa homes. Mountains. — The hill-rangeB of Cana da are confined entirely to Quebec. The chief lines, called the Green Mountains, follow a parallel course southwesterly. They lie along the St. Lawrence River, on its southern side, extending from the latitude of the city of Quebec to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. There is another and corresponding range on the north side of the river, with a varying elevation of about 1,000 feet. The Mealy Mountains, which extend to Sandwich Bay, rise iu snow capped peaks to the height of 1,500 feet. The Wotchish Mountains, a short, crescent- shaped group, lie between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Hudson'a Bay. RiVEns. — Canada has many noble and beautiful rivers, aa the St. Lawrence, one of the great waters ofthe world ; the wild, mountain-shored floods of the Ottawa, the Gatineau, and the Saguenay ; and the lesaer waters of the Sorel or Richelieu, the St. Francis, the Chaudiere, and other atreama. SPHINGS. The Caledonia Springs. (Seepage 263.) The St. Leon Springs. (See page 260.) Massena Springs. (See page 259.) St. Catharine's. St. Catharine's, Canada Weat, on the 6rrea. Western Rail way, 11 milea from Niagara Falls, and 32 miles from Hamilton. (Sec page 257.) 248 WATERFALLS IN CANADA. Niagara. (See page 70, State ok New York.) Falls of Montniorenci. (Bee page 251.) IThe Chaudiere Falls, on the Ottawa. ( garrisoned by troops having the arms, the oostume, the music, the discipline of Europe — foreign iu language, features, and origin, from most of those whom they are aeut to defend — founded upon a rock, and in ita highest parts overlooking a great extent of country — between 300 and 400 miles from the ocean, in the midst of a great continent, and yet dis playing fleets of foreign merchantmen in its fine capacious bay, and showing all the bustle of a crowded seaport — ita Itreeta narrow, populoua, and winding up and down almoat mountainoua declivities — situated in the latitude of the finest parts of Europe, exhibiting in its environs the beauty of a European capital, and yet in winter amarting with the cold of Sibe ria — governed by a people of different language and habita from the mass of the population, opposed in religion, and yet leaving that population without taxes, and iu the full enjoyment of every privi lege, civil and religious." -Point _LeTi, opposite Quebec, is where passengers take the cars. Arthabaska (64 miles) is the junction of a short road to Three Rivers, on the St. Lawrence. Richmond (95 miles from Quebec and 221 miles from Portland) is a thriving village, on a branch Of the St. Francis River. A bridge connects it with Mel- 252 bourne. The Quebec division unites with the main line at this point, MONTREAL. Montreal (297 miles) may be reached daily from New York In from 15 to 18 hours, by the Hudson River or Harlem Railway to Troy ; rail to Whitehall, and steamer on Lake Champlain ; or by rail through Vermont, via Rutland, Bur lington, and St. Albans to Rouse's Point, or via Plattsburg on Lake Champlain. From Boston, via Albany, or other routea to Lake Champlain, etc. ; or, via Portland and the Grand Trunk Railway ; time 30 hours. Montreal, the metropolis of British North America, is situated on an island of the same name, about 30 milea long and 10 wide, which ia formed by a branch of the Ottawa on the north and the St. Lawrence on the aouth, and lies at the foot of a mountain, to which Ja_sque8 Cartier, in 1535, surveying with delight the magnificent prospect, gave the name of " Mont Royal." The pres ent site of Montreal was occupied, at the time of Cartier'a first visit, by an Indian village called Hochelaga. In 1542 tho first European settlers arrived, and just one century later the original Indian name, consequent on the consecration of the spot on which the future city waa to stand, and its commendation to La Reinc des Anges, gave place to the French one of " Ville Marie." This new name, in its turn, was replaced by the present one, in 1760, the date of British possession; at which period Montreal had become a well-peopled and well-fortified town. Its population ia now estimated at 125,000, and is rapidly on the increase. The main branch of the Ottawa, which is the tim ber highway to Quebec, passes north of Montreal Ialand, and enters the St. Law rence about 18 miles below the city; about one-third of its waters is, however, discharged into Lake St. Louis, and join- ing, but not mingling, at Caughnawaga, the two distinct bodies pass over tho Sault St. Louis and Lachine Rapid3 — tho dark watera of the Ottawa waahing the quaya of Montreal, while the blue St. Lawrence occupiea the other shore. Nor do they merge their distinctive character Montreal.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Montreal, until they arc several miles below Mon treal. The quays of Montreal are unsur passed by those of any city in America ; built of solid limestone, and uniting with the locka and cut-stone wharves of the Laehine Canal, they preaent for several miles a diaplay of continuous maaonry which has few parallels. Unlike the levees of the Ohio and the Missiesippi, no unsightly warehouses disfigure the river- Bide. A broad esplanade or terrace, built of limestone, the parapets of which are surmounted with a substantial iron railing, forms the river front. The housea in the suburbs are hand somely built in the modern style, and mostly inhabited by the wealthy mer chants. Including its euburba, of which it has several, the city stretches along the river for two miles, from southwest to northeast, and, for some distance, extends between one and two milea inland. St. Paul Street, the chief commercial thor oughfare, extenda along the river the whole length of the city. Great St. James and Notre-Dame Streeta are the fashion able promenades. Montreal, with ita beautiful villas, ita glittering roofs and domea (all the latter being covered with tin), its tall spirea and lofty towera, and its majestic mountain in the background, bursting on the eye of the tourist, ap proach it from what direction he may, forms, together with the noble river, a vast and picturesque panorama that ia, perhaps, unequalled in the whole of the American Continent. The " ice-shove," a most imposing Spectacle, may be witnessed by those travellers who arrive at Montreal toward the beginning of April. This strange phenomenon resulta from the crowding of the ice about a mile below the city, where the channel of the river is comparatively narrow ; there it is packed, piled, and frozen into a solid mass of twenty to thirty" feet in thickness, which, when lifted by the rising waters above, and set in motion again by the whole hydraulic power of the gigantic stream, rushes on ward until again impeded by the banks of the narrowing river. The lateral pressure 't there exerts forces the bordage up on .he land, where it not unfrequently accu mulates to the height of 50 feet. Hotels : The St. Lawrence Hall, Great St. James Street, a fine house, centrally lo cated, and well kept ; the Donegana, No tre-Dame Street ; the Ottawa, Great St. James Street ; and the Montreal House, Custom-house Square, and opposite the Custom-house. Besides these leading establishments, there are many other comfortable houses and cafes, where trav ellers of all ranks and classeB' may be lodged and regaled according to the varied humors of their palates and their purses. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Montreal is Conspicuous among the cities of the New World for the number and magnificence of her public buildings and churches. The Bonsecours Market is an imposing Doric edifice, erected at a cost of $300,- 000, and, aa regards the convenience of its arrangements and the spaciousness of its construction, it throws into the shade all similar structures on this continent, In one of the upper stories are the officea of the Corporation and Council Chamber, and a concert or ball room capable of accommodating 4,000 people. The view from the dome, overlooking the river and St. Helen'a lale, ia truly grand. The Bank of Montreal and the City Bank, the first a fine example of Corin thian architecture, stand aide by aide on the Place d'Armes. The Custom-House is a neat building on the aite of an old market-place, between St. Paul Street and the river. The Court-House is one of the most striking of the architectural specialtiea of the city. The Post-Office is in Great James Street. The Merchants' Exchange and Reading- Room are in St. Sacrament Street. The latter is a large and comfortable room, well supplied with newspapers and peri- odicals, English and American, all at the service of the stranger when properly in troduced. The Museum of the Natural History Society is near the Crystal Palace. Ad mission 25 cents. The General Hospital and St. Patrick's Hospital are in Dorchester Street, the latter, however, at the west end of ths town. 253 Montreal.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Montreal, The Seminary of St. Sulpice, adjoining the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, is 132 feet long, and 29 deep, and is aurrounded by spacious gardena and court-yarda. CHURCHES. The principal of theae ia the cathedral of Notre-Dame, aaid to be the largeat church on the continent. The cost of the cathedral waa $400,000, and it ia capable of aeating 10,000 peraons. It is surmounted by two stately towers, each 220 feet high, from the top of which is a complete view of the city, the river St. Lawrence, the colossal tubular bridge, and the blue hills of Vermont in the distance. At certain hours of the day a chime of bells peal forth their merry notes from the northeast tower, and from the north west is sometimes heard the hoarse, hol low tone of the "Gros Bourdon," which weighs 29,400 pounds. This noble edi fice is 255 feet long and 135 broad. The Jesuit church, in Bleury Street, has the most highly-ornamented interior to be found in the city. St. Patrick's Church (Roman Catholic) occupies a commanding position at the west end of Lagauchetiere Street. The Bishop's Church (Roman Catholic), in St. Denis Street, _3 a very elegant structure known as the St James. The remaining Roman Catholic churches ore the Recollect in Notre-Dame Street, the Bonsecours, near the large market, and St. Mary's, in Griffintown. There are also chapels attached to all the nunneries, in some of which excellent pictures may be seen. The Episcopal churches are : Christ Church Cathedral, a beautiful edifice; St. George's Church, in St. Joseph Street ; St. Stephen's, in Griffintown ; Trinity, in St. Paul Street ; and St. Thomas's, in St. Mary Street. The Protestant churches worthy of notice are St. Andrew's Church, a beauti ful specimen of Gothic architecture, be ing a close imitation of Salisbury Cathe dral, in England, though of course on a greatly-reduced scale. This, with St. Paul's Church, in St. Helen Street, is in connection with the Established Church of Scotland. The Wesleyans have a large and very 254 handsome building in St. James Street, and also others in Griffintown and Mont. calm Street ; the Independents formerly had two housea, but now only the one in Radegonde Street. Thia laat waa the scene of the sad riot and loss of life on the occasion of Gavazzi'a lecture in 1852, The Free Church haa two placea of worahip, one in Cote Street, and one in St. Gabriel Street; beaidea these, there are the American and the United Presby terian, the Baptist, and the Unitarian churchea ; and a small Jewish synagogue, the last-named being olassical in design. NUNNERIES. The Gray Nuns, in Foundling Street, was founded in 1692, for the care of luna tics and children. The Hotel Dicu was established in 1644, for the sick generally. The Black, or Congregational Nunnery, in Notre-Dame Street, dates from 1659. The sisterhood, at this third and last of the conventual establishments of Montreal, devote themselves to the education of young persona of their own sex. The stranger desirous of visiting either of the nunneries should apply to the Lady Superior for admission, which is seldom refused. MISCELLANEOUS. The Victoria Bridge, which spans the great St. Lawrence at the city, is " the lion par excellence of Montreal, the eighth wonder of the world, the link of the Grand Trunk Railway, connecting (fcr railway purpoaea only) the city of Mon treal, on the island, with the main-land to the south, giving to the ancient Hochelaga an unbroken railway communication of 1,100 miles in length, besides connec tions." It is one of the noblest structures on the continent. Its length ia 9,194 feet, or nearly 2 miles. It rests, in thia splendid transit, upon 24 piers and 2 abutments of solid masonry, the cen tral span being 330 feet in length. The heavy iron tube through which the railway track ia laid is, in its largest di mensions, 22 feet high and 16 feet wide, The total cost of this bridge was $6,300,- 000. It was formally opened, with high pomp and ceremony, amid great popu lar rejoicings, by the Prince of Walea, St. Anne's.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Toronto. during his visit to America in the sum mer of 1 860. McGill's College is beautifully situated at the base of the mountain. The high- school department of the college is in Belmont Street. The city alao possesses, besides the university of McGill's College, many excellent institutiona for the pro motion of learning — French and English seminaries, a royal grammar-school, with parochial, union, national, Sunday, and other public schools. It has numeroua societies for the advancement of religion, science, and industry ; and several public librariea. The Mount Royal Cemetery ia 2 miles from the city, on the northern slope of the mountain. From the high-road round its base, a broad avenue through the shaded hill-side gradually ascends to this pleasant spot. There are other romantic burying-grounda, both of the Catholic and the Protestant population, in the vi cinity of Montreal, and other scenes which the visitor should enjoy — pleasant ridea all about, around the mountain and by the river. The Nelson Monument, an elegant col umn erected to the memory of that re nowned naval hero, atanda at the head of the Place Jacquea Carrier. The Water-Works, a mile or so from the city, are extremely intereating for their own sake, and for the delightful scenery in the vicinity. St. Anne's (318 miles) is a village at the upper point of Montreal Island, where the railway crossea the river to the north bank. Cornwall (364 milea) is the upper entrance to the Cornwall Canal. Frescott Junction (410 miles) connecta with St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway for Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, deacribed on page 263. Passengers for Ogdensburg cross the St. Lawrence here. SSrockviile (422 miles) is a town of some importance, and is one of the ter mini ofthe Brockville and Ottawa Railway. Kingston (649 miles) the original capital of Canada, modern as it appeara, looks far back for its history, as ita ad- vantageous situation attracted the notice af the early French discoverers. It waa once occupied as a small fort called Ca- taraqui, otherwise known as Fronlenac, in honor of the French count of that name, and was the scene of various aiegea and exploita before it paaaed, with "all the territory of the Canadas, from French to British rule. It waa from thia point that murderoua expeditiona were made by the Indians in the olden times against Albany and other EngliBh settle- menta of New York ; which in turn Bent back here ita retributive blows. The present city waa founded in 1783. It haa now a population of about 16,000. Aa a military station, it is only second to Quebec. Among its objecta of inter eat are the fortifications of Fort Henry, on a hill upon the eastern side of the harbor ; four fine Martello Towers off the town, and other defensive works ; the University of Queen's College ; the Roman Catholic College of Regiopolis, and the Provincial Penitentiary, a mile to the west of the city. Royal Mail Line of steamers on Lake Ontario connects here. -Belleville (517 miles) is at the head of Moira River on rising ground, and in the distance looks remarkably well. From the surrounding country the view of the lake is very fine. Cohourg (561 miles) is a place of about 5,000 population, and is one of the regular refreshment-stations of the road. Victoria College, a Wesleyan institution, located at this point, ia a handsome building. There is also a fine town hall, and that necessary adjunct of civilization, a jail. The Cobourg and Peterborough, Railway, running back into the woods, diverges here. Fort Mope (567 miles) is a very pretty town in a valley, the hills gradually rising one above the other on the western side of the town. The Midland Railway of Canada for Beaverion, on Lake Simcoe, diverges here. Lake Simcoe is 30 miles long by 18 milea wide, and containa numeroua ialanda, only one of which is inhabited, and that by Indians. The lake finds an outlet in the Georgian Bay, on Lake Huron. There is a steamboat upon this lake, and any tourist desirous of seeing Nature unimproved by civilization is ad- vised to pay it a visit. Toronto (630 miles) is the largest 255 Toronto.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Detroit, Mich and most populous city in Ontario. Some eighty years ago the site of the present busy mart was occupied by two Indian families only. In 1793, Governor Simcoe began the settlement under the name of York, changed, when it was in corporated, in 1834, to Toronto — mean ing, in the Indian tongue, " The place of meeting." One of the principal thorough fares, Yonge Street, extends, through a flourishing agricultural district, to Lake Simcoe, a distance of 36 miles. The pop ulation, in 1817, numbered only 1,200 ; in 1850, it had reached 25,000 ; and now it is upward of 75,000. The University of Toronto stands in a large park with avenues of noble trees leading into two of the principal streets ofthe city. The style of the buildings, ex cept in some minor details, is pure Nor man. The massive tower in the centre of the south fayade is 1 20 feet high. The Normal School, on Church Street, and Trinity College, on Queen Street west, are both handsome beddings. Osgoode Hall, in which the courts of law are held, combines with a pleasing exterior the most admirable interior ar rangements. The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, and the Merchants' Exchange, are places to be visited. Among the notable churchea are the English Cathedral of Saint James, and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Michael. The new Wesleyan Methodist Church, on McGill Square, will be a splendid edifice, the finest in the Dominion. The drives in the vicinity are not espe cially attractive, though one or two of them are quite pretty, especially the one along the lake, on a pleasant day, when the water is covered with steam and sailvessels of all kinds and sizes, from the royal mail- Bteamer to the " shell " of the oarsman. The leading hotels are the Rossin House and Queen's. The road here connects with the Ham ilton and Toronto Branch of the Great Western Railway; with steamers Bailing on Lake Ontario, and with the Northern Railway to Lake Simcoe and Collingwood. This latter road ia a very desirable one for tourists having but little time, and desiring to visit Mackinaw and Lake Su perior, as there is a line of steamers 256 from Collingwood to Chicago, touching at Mackinaw. Collingwood is on Georgian Bay, an immense arm of Lake Huron. It is a place of great importance aa the English Naval Depot for the Northern lakes, and is connected with Detroit, Michigan, and Chicago, Illinois, by regular lines of steamers. 4_}uelph (678 miles) is a large and important town on Speed River, which here haa a fall of 33 feet, furnishing pow er for a number of mills, factoriea, etc. It ia built on hilly ground, and has a picturesque appearance. The limestone- quarries in the vicinity furnish the ma terial out of which the court-house and many other buildings are constructed. The Guelph Branch of the Great West ern Railway connects here. Stratford (718 miles) is pleasantly situated on the Avon River. It is the junction of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Division of ihe Grand Trunk Railway, from Buffalo to Goderich, on Lake Huron, intersecting the Great Western Railway at Paris. St. Mary's (729 miles) ia a thriv- ing village. A branch diverges to Lon don (22 miles), where it connects with the Great Western and London and Port Stan ley Railways. London (754 miles). (See page 258.) Sarnia (798 miles) is the last station in Canada, and is some little distance from Point Edward, the actual terminus of the division, whence it is reached by stages. It is a busy, pleasant place, on the St. Clair River, opposite the city of Port Huron, Michigan. The Grand Trunk line of steamers leave here tri-weekly for Chicago and intermediate ports. At Point Edward, which is the point mark ing the spot where Lake Huron finds an outlet through the St. Clair River, \>&s- sengers cross by ferry to Fort Gratiot, in Michigan. The current is remarkably swift, so much so that one can see the descent, though the water is very deep. Occasionally passengers for the Upper Lakes can connect with a steamer at this point, but as a rule it is better to continue on to Detroit. l>etroit, Michigan (861 miles). Omitting all mention of the places in Port Colburn.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [St. Catherines. Miohigan (not one of which is visible from the cars), we will submit to a ride of 68 miles, through a densely-wooded country, until we come to the beautiful " City of the Straits." As this city ia described in the Western Tour, we will omit all description here, merely saying : Go either to the Russel House, Biddle House, or Michigan Exchange, and you will find first-class hotels, with clerks glad to tell you what there is to aee, and how to do it. If you have a day or two to spare before you atart for the Upper Lakes, be aure and visit the Put-in-Bay Islands, in Lake Erie, one of the most charming summer resorts in the country. All particulars about them can be ob tained at the hotels. The road connects here with the Detroit a-id Milwaukee, Michigan Central, and Michigan Southern Railways. BUFFALO AND LAKE HURON BRANCH. Distance from Buffalo to Detroit, 258 miles. This branch runs from Buffalo, where it connects with all routes centring there, to Goderich, on Lake Huron, the cars being ferried across the Niagara River on a steamboat conatructed eapecially for the purpose. The three principal sta tions are Port Colburn, Paris, and Strat ford. Fort Colhurn (19 miles from Buffalo) is the Lake Erie inlet of the cel ebrated Wetland Canal around Niagara Falls. The road crosses the canal, and from the car-windows numbers of large vessels aud steamers can be seen on both sidea of the track. Faris (83 milea) ia where the road interaecta the Great Western Railway. "(See page 258.) Stratford (115 miles) has been de scribed on page 256. This is the junc tion with the main line, and here trains are divided, those cars with passengers for Detroit and intermediate points taking the main line ; the others continuing on the branch. The road continues on 45 milea farther to Goderich, on Lake Huron, where con nection is made with steamer to Saginaw and the various lake-ports R O UTE II. NEW YORK TO DETROIT, MICHIGAN, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, THE WEST, AND THE GREAT LAKES. Via Route V. and the Buffalo Branches of RouteVII of New York, and Great Western The routes through Canada, from Buf- falo to Detroit, are most uninteresting, with the exception of the country in the vicinity of Hamilton, on the Great West ern Railway ; but the cars are luxurious, and the roads iu splendid order. If a tourist wishes to enjoy this trip thorough ly, we would advise him to take a sleep ing-car, on a night-train, and indulge in a comfortable nap. The distances given are from New York. Stations. — Suspenaion Bridge, 448 milea ; Thorold, 457 ; St. Catharinea, 459 ; Jordan, 465 ; Beamsville, 470 ; Grimsby, 474 ; Winona, 479 ; Hamilton, 480 (con necta with branch to Toronto) ; Dundas, 487 ; Copetown, 503 ; Lynden, 507 ; Har risburg, 510 (connects with branch to Guelph) ; Paria, 520 (connecta with Buf falo and Lake Huron Division of Grand Trunk Railway) ; Princeton, 527 ; Ar nolds, 529 ; Eastwood, 534 ; Woodstock, 539; Beachville, 544; Ingersoll, 548; Dorcheater, 558 ; London, 567 (connecta with London and Port Stanley Railway, and with branch of Grand Trunk Rail way to St. Mary's) ; Komoka, 577 ; Mt. Brydges, 683 ; Longwood, 589 ; Glencoe, 599; Newbury, 605; Bothwell (oil wells), 610; Thamesville, 618; Chatham, 633; Baptiate Creek, 647 ; Stoney Point, 652 ; Belle River, 661 ; Windsor, 678 ; Detroit, 679 (connects with Michigan Central, Michigan Southern, and Detroit and Mil waukee Railways). Suspension BBridgc (448 miles) is the station iu Canada at the western end of the bridge. (For description of Niagara Falls, see page 70.) ' Thorold (457 miles) is a milling and manufacturing town at the point where the railway crosses the Wetland Canal, by means of which the largest vessels pass round the Falls of Niagara. St. Catharines (459 miles) ia fa mous for ita mineral springs, which ara 257 Hamilton.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Windsor. said to be a sovereign cure for many dis- eaaea, and to poaaesa atrong tonic quali ties. The hotel accommodations and med ical attendance are all that can be desired. Hamilton (480 milea) ia the only point on the road, with the exception of Dundas, where the scenery is sufficiently attractive to be called to the tourist's par ticular attention. It is situated upon Burlington Bay, at the western end of Lake Ontario. The streeta are wide and well laid out, and the buildinga are ele gant, being conatructed principally of white atone, there being large quarries near the city. The bay, which ia one of the aafest and most commodious harbors on Lake Ontario, is five miles long, two broad, and everywhere navigable to with in a few yards of the shore. It abounds in pike, bass, perch, and eels. In the vi cinity are several pretty drives, and from the "mountain" beautiful views are to be had. Among the pleasant resorts in the neighborhood are " Oaklands " and "the Beach," reached by ferry-boats. Watertown, Flamborough Heights, Welling ton Square, " Burning Springs," Ancaster, etc., are all just far enough to be reached by pleasant drives over fine roads. Look ing back from the cars as the train goes west, or forward as it approaches from the west, Dundum, the castle of the late Sir Allan McNab, is to be seen high up on the mountain overhanging the bay. The principal hotels are the Anglo- American and the City Hotel. Hamilton is connected with Toronto by a line of steamers and by a branch railway. __>undas (487 miles) is at the head of the Desjardins Canal, and is celebrated for its manufactories and its rural scenery. -t is the residence of many Hamilton merchants. Faris (520 miles) is situated at the junction of the Nilh and Grand Rivers, is an important place, and possesses an excellent water-power. There are sev eral petrifying springs and a mineral spring in the vicinity. Duck-hunters can find rare sport, in the season, by taking a team to Long Point, on Lake Erie (49 miles), via Simcoe. The Buffalo and Lake Huron Division of the Grand Trunk Railway intersects at this point. -London (507 miles) ia a city of fine 258 appearance, with afreets running at right anglea to each other and lined with ex- cellent buildinga. It ia the northern ter minus of the railway to Port Stanley, on Lake Erie, and is also the junction of a branch road connecting with the Grand Trunk Railway at St. Mary's. BSothwell (610 miles) is the prin cipal town of the oil-regions. The coun try here is flat and uninteresting, the air redolent with the scent of petroleum, and the landscape ornamented with the huge derricks which are to be found wherever oil-wella exist. Chatham (633 miles) is a place of considerable business, and, besides the railway, is connected with Detroit by a regular line of steamers. It is principally noted for the. large African element in its population. "Windsor (678 miles), opposite De troit, is the western terminus of the road, and, though only .divided by the river from the United States, is to all intents and purposes as thoroughly a " last cen tury village," although really au incorpo rated city, as though it was located on an inaccessible island. It has, to be sure, a few modem stores, and the railway buildings give their immediate neighbor hood an air of life, but outside of this the peculiar inertia of the colonists shows it self everywhere, and the French pony drawing an awkward old cart is met ex actly as it might have been seen one hun dred years ago. There is one beautiful drive along the river-bank, but let no traveller stop in Windsor to enjoy it ; let him cross the river to Detroit, stop at one of the fine hotels with which the city is provided, and then, if he wishes to en joy the drive, let him hire his carriage at the hotel where he stops. Through-passengers cross the river, without change of cars, on a steam ferry boat, which transports a whole train at one ioad. Detroit (679 miles). (See page 256.) ROUTE III. TRIP DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE. We will consider, for the purposes of thia trip, that we are at Kingaton (see page 255), whither wc have come either The Thousand Islands.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Coteau Dtr Lao. by rail or steamer, and are about to make the descent of the St. Lawrence in one of those stanch steamers which, under the care of bold and skilful pilots, brave all the dangers of the roaring rapida. The Thousand Islands. — The firat 40 miles of the St. Lawrence, after leaving Lake Ontario, are known as " The Lake of the Thousand Isles," from the continuous groups of iBlanda and isl ets through which the steamboat threads its tortuous way toward Ogdensburg. There are said to be as many as 1,800 of these islanda, of every imaginable shape, size, and appearance, some being mere dots of rock a few yards in extent, others covering acres, thickly wooded, and in summer and early autumn presenting the most charming appearance of rich foliage conceivable. The passage through the thousand isl ands ia generally made in the early morn ing, and nothing is more delightful than to watch them as they appear and disap pear, and wonder at the accuracy with which the boat makes the abrupt turn ings and twistings necessary to elude them. The IRapids. — Passing Ogdens burg (see page 85) and Prescott (see page 255), you are soon made aware of the in creasing awiftnesa of the current, and diacover that you are about to experience that celebrated aenaation of the tourist, known as " shooting the Rapids." Until 1840 this passage was considered impossible ; but, by watching the course of rafta down the river, __ channel was discovered, and steamboats then at tempted it, for the first time, under the guidance of the Indian pilot, Teronhia- Tuyrl. The pilots are still Indiana, and their accuracy in the performance of their dangeroua dutiea is really marvel- loua. Yet no one need fear the under taking, for there haa never yet occurred a fatal accident in making thia courae. These Rapids are known by the fol lowing names : " The Gallopes " (four in number), the " Plate," " Depleau," " Long Sault," " Coteau," " Cedars," " Cas cades," and " La Chine " — the shortest, but the most alarming in its appearance, of all. Paaaing that, we behold the towera of Notre-Dame and the Victoria Bridge at Montreal. Having now taken a comprehenaive view of the Rapida as a whole, we will treat of the places along the river-bank. The first point of interest below Pres cott and Ogdensburg is Louisville, whence stages run to Massena Springs, 7 miles distant. Massena Springs, on the banks of the river Racket, are five in number, the largest being named St. Regis, in honor of the tribe of Indians who discov ered it3 virtues. Theae springs are a place of popular resort, their attractions being greatly enhanced by the beautiful surroundings and their proximity to the Long Sault Rapids, some 4 or 5 miles distant. The United States Hotel is a large house. __>icldnson's Branding is at the head of the Long Sault Rapids, which are 9 miles in length, and through which a raft will drift in forty minutes. The Cornwall Canal, 11-J- miles in length, has its inlet at this point. It is used by ves- sels bound up the river, to enable them to go round the Rapida. There is no diffi culty in descending these rapids. The scenery here is very beautiful. Cornwall is at the foot of the Long Sault Rapids, and is the lower ter minus of the Cornwall Canal. There ia excellent duck-shooting in the autumn. Just below this place the St. Lawrence, now entirely in Canada, expands into a lake, called St. Franck. It is about 25 miles long and 5 wide, and is dotted with islands, especially at the lower end. Coteau du Lac is 30 miles below Cornwall, and is at the head of the Coteau Rapids, which, 9 miles below, take the name of the Cedars, and, atill farther on, the Cascades. At the foot of the Cascades is Beauharnois, at the lower end of a canal, 11J milea long, around the Rapids. The village ia prettily aituated on a bay, and ia a favorite resort for picnics from Montreal. The expanse of the river from this point to the head of the Lachine Rapids is called Lake St. Louis. One of the most noticeable places in this lake ia Nun's Island, 5 miles below Beauharnois. It is of a peculiar shape, and was formerly an Indian burying-ground, though now in a high state of cultivation. Its name ia derived from the fact that it is the prop erty of the Grey Nunnery of Montreal. LACn.NE.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Ste. Anne River. -Lachine ia at the head of the La- chine Rapida, which, though the shortest, are the most turbulent and dangerous on the river. It ia connected with Montreal by railway. Caughnawaga, at the foot of the Lachine Rapids, is a small station on the south bank, where paasengera from Plattsburg to Montreal cross the St. Law rence. Montreal. (See page 252.) Yarennes (15 miles below Mon treal) lies between the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers. It is connected with Montreal by a steamboat line, and is com ing into notice on account of its mineral springs. Sorel (45 miles from Montreal) is the first point at which the through-steamers for Quebec make a landing. This ia a small place, but there ia good fishing in the vicinity, aud in the autumn excellent snipe-shooting. Five milea below the river expanda into Lake St. Peter, which ia 25 miles long, 9 wide, and is very shallow, except in the main channel, which is crooked and narrow, but which will per mit the passage of the largest shipa. Three Stivers ia about half-way between Montreal and Quebec, and ia the third city in the eastern section of the province. It is at the mouth of the St. Maurice River, which runs through a rich lumber-district, and bringa to Three Rivers every year large quantities of logs and manufactured lumber, which here find a market. There are founderies as well as saw-mills here. St. Leon Springs, on the Riviire du Loup (en haut), are reached by a stage-ride of 26 miles from Three Rivers. Falls of the Shawenegan. — Very little is known of the country through which the St. Maurice runs, ex cept that it ia a perfect net-work of lakea abounding in fish and game, and that the scenery is charming. By taking a, con veyance from Three Rivers to the Port age des Grais, where a canoe, which must be previously engaged, awaits the touriat, the trip to the Falla of the Shawenegan can be made in a primitive but satisfac- tory manner. About 30 miles from Three Rivers is the confluence of the Shawene gan River, and a little above, though on 260 the St. Maurice, are the falla of which we speak. They have a sheer descent of 150 feet, and in magnitude are second only to Niagara. Of theae falla the Canadian Handbook and Tourists' Guicb * saya : "Notwithstanding the numeroua rapids below the falls, there is much less diffi culty in ascending than might be ex pected ; for, while a current runs down the mid-channel, at the rate of five or six miles an hour, there are opportunities of taking advantage of an eddy on either side running up, by shooting rapidly across the main stream. When the water is high, in April and May, there are three distinct falls, unconnected with each other, and meeting in a large basin. The rocka that separate the fall are respec tively called ' La Grand-Mere ' and ' Le Bonhomme' In the chasm below, where the waters of the different falls meet, the scene is sublime and terrific, giving the appearance of an enormous masa of snow, violently agitated. There are large fis sures in the precipitous rock, into which the waters are driven with great force, and which rebound again in sheets of apray, with deafening sound. Immedi ately above the falls the current ia un broken and quiet, though very rapid." A few miles above are " the Falls of the GrandMere, which, though not equal to those below them, are well worthy of a visit. The length of the St. Maurice ia estimated at about 400 miles, though nothing definite is known about its head waters." ISoucet's 9_.an.ding, opposite Three Rivers, is the terminus of the Ar thabaska branch of the Grand Trunk Railway. Quehec. (See page 249.) A description of the points of intereat to the touriat on the Lower St. Lawrence would consume too much space, and we will merely enumerate them, with a word or two of comment. Ste. Anne River.— Thia river enters the St. Lawrence from the north, through a ravine, of which one writer saya a bolder or finer ia scaroely to be found in the world. In the village is the church of St. Anne, where miraculous cures are said to be effected by the saint. The * M. Longmore & Co., Montreal, Crane Island.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [Grand Falls. neighborhood ia replete with placea of intereat. Crane Island, Goose Island, and four othera, form a group in the river 36 milea below Quebec. They are the resort and breeding-place of myriads of duck, geeae, and teal, to say nothing of smaller game. From Goose Island to the Saguenay River the St. Lawrence is about 20 miles wide. The water is salt, but clear and deep, and the spring-tides rise and fall ] 8 feet. The black seal, the white por poise, and the black whale, are abundant. Murray Bay, just below these islanda, is a quiet wateringTplace, sur rounded by wild scenery, and noted for the fine fiahing in Murray River, A daily steamer from Quebec makes it easy of access. La Xtaic des ICochers ia 24 milea below Murray Bay. There ia a lofty cape here, which haa never been scaled by man, and upon the summit of which is a raven's nest, which is said to have been observed by the first mission aries that ever came to Canada. Of the north bank of the river we may Say that it is lined with game of aU kinds, both winged and four-footed, and that the list of fish to be caught in the river and its affluents is almost unlimited. For detailed information, we refer the sports man to local guides. For the purpose of seeing the Lower St. Lawrence, the tourist had better take a coasting steamer from Quebec for the Gulf, descending the north and ascending the south side of the river. In this trip he will be enabled to visit Ciaspe, the most easterly extremity of the province, jutting out into the At lantic, a peninsula of frowning cliffs, at whose base is no accesaible beach except at intervals, where streama have cut a pas sage for themaelves to the ocean. This whole coast is a great fiahing-atation. Cap Desespoir, one of the oxtremitiea of Gaspe, ia the most dangerous spot on the coast. In 1811, 8 transports and 884 officers, soldiers, and seamen, were lost in one storm. Perce Rock, near Cap Desespoir, is a natural arch, under which a fishing-smack may pass at full sail. We will now cross the Gulf and return to Qugbes bv the south shore. Metis, 200 miles from Quebec, is the site of the largest and longest government wharf. It is also a whale-fishing station. Bimonski, 20 miles above Metis, has an extensive government wharf, and contains a number of elegant houses and a good hotel. This is a place at which the tourist should stop, for the scenery in the valley of the Rimouski is beautiful and the trout-fishing unrivalled. Trois Fistoles (140 miles below Quebec) ia at the mouth of the river of the same name, famed for its fish. Kivifere du Loup (en bas) is 1 14 miles below Quebec, and the terminus of one of the branches of the Grand Trunk Railway, and is a popular summer resort. It ia at the mouth of the river after which it is named, and commands a fine prospect of the St. Lawrence, which at this point is 20 miles wide. About a mUe from the village is a waterfall where the Du Loup, after rushing for a while over a. rocky bed, dashes in a sheet of foam over a precipice of from 80 to 100 feet in height. Lake Tei__.iseoi_.ata is to be reached from Riviere du Loup by the Grand Portage Road, a, distance of 36 milea. Only two or three cabina dot the shorea of thia lovely lake, and it ia just the place for the seeker after solitude and trout. On the road is a curious col lection of granite bowlders extending for about 2 miles, and probably depoaited by a glacier. -____al-_ouna or Cacouna (it is apelled both waya) is the favorite watering- place of the Canadiana, and ia a very fine village, combining pictureaque acenery, good hotela, fine hunting and fiahing, and admirable sea-bathing, for at this point the water of the St. Lawrence is very salt. St. Lawrence Hall is a large, first-class hotel, overlooking the river. ii rand Falls of the River St. John, — " At these falls the river * makes a sudden turn, and, becoming con tracted to th£ width of about 50 yards, makea a plunge of perhaps 40 feet, most ly in a solid mass. Below this, and ex tending for perhaps a mile, is a succes sion of falls, which make the entire de scent some 80 feet. The water rushes * The Canadian Hand-book and Tourists' Guide. 261 Kamouraska.] THE BRITISH PROVINCES. [The Ottwa River. through what might be termed a winding chasm, whoae sidea are perhapa 150 or 200 feet high, perpendicular, and com- poaed of a bluish slate. Generally speak ing, the entire distance, from the first fall to the last, presents a sheet of foam, though around every jutting point is a black and apparently bottomless pool, teeming with fish. There is a comfortable stopping- place here kept by a Mrs. Russell." Reached from Riviere du Loup or Ka- kouna by stage. A trip to these falls and return will occupy three days. Bamouraska is on the St. Law rence, 90 miles from Quebec. It was formerly a popular resort, but haa been supplanted by other places.