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Gift of
PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS
1928

A Guide To Modern Peru

Its Great Advantages and
Vast Opportunities

By A. de CJLAIRMONT, M. D.
Consul of Peru
TOLEDO, OHIO

1908

COPYRIGHTED 1908
BY
OR. A. de Clairmont, M. D.
TOI.BDO, OHIO

"Vert.

k.

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Barkdull Printing House Co.
tolido, ohio, u. s. a.

JOSE PARDO, D.D.L.
President of Peru.

PREFACE.

The writer is indebted to Collier's Weekly, for
matter from a series of excellent articles which
appeared in that magazine during November and
December, on South America, by Arthur Ruhl;
and to the Rev. F. E. Clark, writing on the coast
of South America, in the Los Angeles Times of
April. The Official matter has been translated from
the booklets published by authority of the Peru
vian Department.
For the new matter that is given in this third
edition of "A Guide to Modern Peru," the writer
wishes to thank, particularly, senor Don Alejandro
Garland, for matter contained in his publications,
"Resena Industrial and El Peru 1906," published
on behalf of the Ministry of State of Peru.
The writer returned last October from his fifth
annual trip to Peru and found a great many changes
and wonderful progress exhibited in the country.
In the first place, the steamer Quillota left the City
of Callao with a full passenger list, carrying several
notables on board. Amongst the passengers, were
found for the first time in the history of travel in
that country, a party of Cook's tourists, consisting
of a dozen persons, in which were represented two
millionaires, Dr. Nicholas Senn, - a United States
Army Surgeon, and that genial traveler and army
physician, Dr. Louis Seaman. Both these gentle-

men were very enthusiastic in regard to Peru. Dr.
Seaman visiting all the hospitals along the coast,
spending his time with the different boards of
health and giving them advice in a friendly man
ner, for which the local profession was very-
thankful. Dr. Seaman is a most observing traveler and the
author of various books of great interest on his
travels. During the Russo-Japanese war, he faced
the heat of battle, saw frightful carnage and slaugh
ter ; faced thousands of bullets without the madness
of firing back, incident to warfare simply to study
the field results of modern arms in the interest
of medical science and Uncle Sam.
Prof. Todd, his wife and charming daughter were
also passengers returning from Arequipa, together
with their pet telescope, which must have been a
source of constant trouble to them in traveling, as
it is 18 inches in diameter, and with which the
noted astronomer took over seven thousand photo
graphs of Mars during its recent opposition. The
wonderful and clear, climate of Peru lending itself
to this sort of work to great advantage. Prof.
Todd is an enthusiast in his profession, having
defrayed the costs of this trip and numerous ex
penses out of his own pocket for the benefit of
science. They expressed themselves so delighted
with Peru that they intend to return in the near
future. The writer wishes to call personal attention to
the wonderful resources of Peru from his personal
knowledge and travels. It is a country which still
retains its ancient mystery. It is just as possible
now for adventure and fortune as it was in the time
of Pizarro. He has traveled in all parts of the
world, is familiar with various languages and he
can state from his own knowledge of Africa, Aus
tralia, Mexico and Central America, as well as

AUGUSTO B. LEGUIA
(The next President.)
Minister of Finance for two successive terms, who,
by his wonderful ability and enterprising work
has so ably assisted President Pardo in creating
the present financial success of Peru.

FREDERICK ELGUERA.
The popular Mayor of Lima for years. Elguera has
done an immense amount of work in beautify
ing and improving the city and has introduced
many reforms.

United States and Europe, that no country offers
the advantages to man with or without capital,
as does Modern Peru today, to all sorts and condi
tions of men, provided they are honest and work
with the same enterprise they do in this country.
Do you grow fruits or do you farm? You can
with the knowledge and experience gained in this
country obtain free lands in the Piches district,
where in a few years you may make your fortune
and have a delightful home, the most beauitful
gardens and orchards in the world. Do you fish
and hunt? Then, there is for you a trapper's life
in the mammoth Andes, where you may glory in
the chase and make your thousands in the season
as well. Do you enjoy fishing? A fortune awaits
you at the sea shbre.
The writer remembers with regret the fishing
smacks of the Gulf of Mexico, which returned
almost empty, having had a poor catch. The
shores of Peru teem with shoals of "big fellows,"
and such smacks as run tb the Mexican Coast after
fish for Louisiana, could soon retire fairly rich.
Fish packing and salting is not understood in Peru.
Do you understand the manufacturing business?
There are chances in the various cities of Peru for
small and big capital, placed with experienced men
to manage the factory.
Emigrants of all nations, of good character and
health, may quickly obtain positions on the large
estates or plantations and with the same enterprise
given in this country to similar work can advance
rapidly and secure a competency. There is room
for hundreds of thousands of agricultural laborers
in the country. There is also a constant demand
for skilled labor. Chemists, mechanics of all sorts,
distillers, carpenters, blacksmiths, people familiar
with vine growing and all workmen in general can
do well in the country, with every advantage of

promotion and advancement that is not to be
found in the United States or elsewhere.
The writer often wonders at the profits that will
be made by a good creamery and cheese factory.
There are men in the interior of Peru, who catch
butterflies for a living and they catch as many as
five thousand insects per day of the most gorgeous
colors, which sell in the European markets for
$1.00 each. The writer once' paid $2.50 for a cer
tain specimen in London, which can be caught by
the hundred within a few hours in this country.
The prospects in Peru are almost incredible and
in the near future hundreds of thousands of emi
grants will bless the Lord for the fullness thereof.
There is not a country to compare with it in the
world. The advantages that a settler may obtain in Peru
are far superior to those that have been found in
this country in the early days or even Australia,
for it is old in civilization and the only thing it
requires today to develop its wonderful lands,
mines and farms is men with ability and power to
work, and last but not least, capital.
Thousands of Americans have gone to Canada
to a long life of toil for a slim chance of a better
future on free lands. Lands that freeze during
the long winter months and where the earnings
of summer are often spent to tide over a rigid
winter. It is possible for farmers to rent lands in Peru,
having sufficient water supply, for 25 per cent of
the crops. Farmers can also rent property where
the owners furnish oxen and implements necessary,
together with seed, for 50 per cent of the crop or
land can be leased at a certain reasonable rent per
year. I would state that the farmer who takes
possession of land in Peru, or who will work for
owners of the land and use the same knowledge

and perseverance and labor in the same way that
they do in the United States, can make a fortune in <
a very quick time. There is offered advantages of
improvement without the competition existing in
this country.
--Peru comes near being a Paradise. Every sort
of fruit, cereal and vegetable grows without any
effort and in great abundance. It is a veritable
land of sunshine, of flowers and fruits, of cattle
and sheep, of natural, rich pastures, of cotton,
silver and gold. Poor man's gold, too, which may
be washed out by hand, alone, at the rate of $10.00
and $20.00 per day.
You may reach the country easily and it is
nearer to the United States than Europe. Several
steamers sail for the Isthmus of Panama every
week and from Panama to Peru they are sailing
twice a week. The fare is reasonable and the dis
tance traveled is covered in 16 days. Settlers who
possess some means can obtain all sorts of facilities
and cultivate large tracts of land. It is quite
possible for the poorest farmer to settle in the dis
trict of the Piches now open to emigrants and in a
few years' time have a very pleasant home and an
income such as could not be earned in fifty years
of labor in the United States, owing to the great
fertility of the soil, and splendid, healthy climate.
Peru has spent over a million dollars in preparing
the road to this wonderful region, teeming as it
does in vast rubber forests, in salt deposits, in gold
and silver ores, coal deposits, immense pastures,
cotton and agricultural lands — all of which may be
had for the asking by settlers.
The writer will be pleased to furnish any infor
mation, maps and pamphlets that may be desired
regarding Peru and he has in preparation the
following pamphlets : "Free Lands in Peru," "The
Cattle Industry of Peru," "Agriculture in Peru,"

"Rubber Fields of Peru," which are going to be the
finest in the world. "The Mineral Industry of
Peru," which will far exceed that of Mexico, in
which over one hundred and twenty-five million
dollars of American capital has been invested.
DR. A. de CLAIRMONT,
Consul of Peru,
Toledo, Ohio. , .-,

ANCIENT HISTORY.
I do not intend to give more than a very brief
resume of the old and hoary history of Peru.
There are ruins now existing in the country which
go back to the unknown and dark ages. There are
no traces of legends, no hieroglyphics, with the ex
ception of Chinese characters which can be disfig
ured and the probable age of the ruins arrived at.
It is now believed by the scientist that the imigra-
tion came from China. Whatever civilzations
have lived and died throughout Peru — some of
them far antidate those of Egypt.
The country is full of the work of ancient man
and civilization has advanced by waves by differ
ent periods in the unknown past and extended as
far south as Chile and on the north as far as
Columbia. The only civilization that we can arrive
at with any degree of certainty is that of the
Incas, and the Incas themselves migrated to the
country from the north and overthrew the peaceful
civilization that existed in those days.
The writer has in his valuable collection, pottery
of at least six different epochs in the history of
the country, some covered by ordinary lines, dots
and dashes of the most primative form figures.
Cloth that is woven from llama wool. He has also
implements dating from the stone age and traces
from the bronze age. Then there are articles, such
as spoons, knives made practically of silver and
copper of the Inca age. The ancient people before
the regime of the Incas were a marvelous race.
For instance, they worked silver and gold solder,
dyed clothes with permanent colors, colors which
exist today as fresh as when put on thousands of
years ago.
One part of the civilization of Peru, probably
dating back two thousand years, resembles the
15

work of the Mayes, of the Peninsula of Yucatan,
which antidates by thousands of years a civilization
of the Aztecs in Mexico. Tke writer, some years
ago, having thoroughly explored the interior of
Yucatan — there is one habit or custom to which I
will refer here, and that is of a festival that has
taken place in China for thousands of years and
which is the annual plowing of a sacred piece of
land. This has been done in the old time up to the
times of the Inca in Peru with a silver plow. The
custom, undoubtedly, being imported from the East
in the long past. European Scientists are at pres
ent, studying the successive emigrations of Peru
as shown by the ruins and monuments of different
periods scattered throughout the country, but few
instruments have survived of the language of these
ancient people today to throw light and to furnish
data on them.
Dr. Hoele, the noted German Scientist, now in
-charge of the museum at Lima, states that there
was a form of writing, which existed in the times
past, and of which a few samples are now to be
seen. All along Peru, in the interior on the summit
of the Andes Mountains are to be seen ruins and
even in the depths of the forests are found huge
boulders that with pre-historic hieorglyphics and
figures of animals rudely carved. Some time ago,
in the year 1874, there was found in the nitrate
beds of Tarapaca, buried away underground, the
remains of a hut, and in it were two fish hooks
made of fish bones, a small straw hat and a cap
of a yellow color spun from llama wool and deco
rated with bird feathers. There was also found in
a wool spun purse, some corn. The remains of the
house is one of the most ancient ever discovered,
and consists of a circle of ruins joined together
16

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wmmmmmm

THE LATE PRESIDENT CANDAMO.
A talented statesman under whose administration
Peru made rapid progress as a World Nation.

J. PRADO UGARTECHE, D.D.L.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs.

by means of clay. It was about eight feet in
diameter, and was covered with straw. The age
of this discovery is entirely beyond calculation.
Rule of the Incas. — This civilization which was
conquered by Pizarro, shows us a very wonderful
government. Under the Incas the mines were
worked in a rough manner, the metal was melted in
furnaces built on high mountains. Iron, though ob
tained in Peru, was never used, and was really re
placed by copper and tin. The writer has bronze
instruments of this date, containing 93 per cent, cop
per, 6 per cent, of tin and 1 per cent, of silver. On
account of the primitive instruments used, the race
never reached the state of development that may
be acquired by agriculture. These people melted
their gold ' and silver in furnaces, made figures
from molds and soldered them in such a manner as
to be invisible. Effigies of men were drawn with
gold, silver and copper plates, a great many of
which are now in existence in the museum. Cloth
was woven of wonderful texture of a fineness of
silk and so interwoven with gold and silver and
dyed with beautiful indelible colors. The embroid
ery, too, of that period was very fine. Emeralds,
amethysts and other stones of equal hardness
were beautifully polished and burnished. The
greatest mystery in our days and to myself as a
physician is how the ancient embalmed their dead.
After hundreds and hundreds of years, the bodies
retained their exact features, softness of skin, eyes
and hair intact. In a private collection of the
writer such mummies may be seen.
History. — It is well known how Pizarro conquered
the country, and, imitating the case of Cortez, sur-
17

rounded the Emperor of Peru, forced him to pay an
immense ransom in gold and silver, amounting to
three million dollars, which in these days repre
sents an immense fortune, and then put the Em
peror to death in the city of Cajamarca, on August
29th, 1533. With the death of the Emperor, Ata-
hulpa, the conquest of the whole empire was an
accomplished fact. All the strength of a great
nation was doomed and the empire rapidly fell to
pieces, and was destroyed under the rule of the
avaricious Spaniard. Pizarro, with no trouble
conquered and occupied the very ancient capital of
Cuzco and obtained in booty from that city over
ten million dollars, a sum which represents an im
mense amount of money, for the gold and silver
of Mexico and Peru have not yet flooded Spain.
On January 18, 1535, the city of Lima, was founded
by Pizarro, which he made the capital of the king
dom, and ruled the title of the Governor of Peru,
in which city he was finally assassinated in his
cwn palace, June 26, 1541, and his body now rests
in the cathedral which he founded.
Sailing out into the Pacific from Panama,
the Isthmus lies behind, so low and narrow,
and understandable, that as you watch the
jagged backbone of the continent disappear
into the mists on either horizon, toward Honduras
and Columbia, it seems almost as though you were
looking at a relief map, and that if you should
climb to the top of the mast, for instance, you
could view both continents from Alaska down to
the Horn. This is the beginning of the real
South America. And, after the third day out,
when the ship crosses the Line, the rest of the
world seems very far away. One is aware of step
ping into new pastures as soon as one boards the
steamship at La Boca. 18

In the North Atlantic, at least, there is nothing
quite like those quaint arks that meander down
the long highway from Panama to Peru. Large as
our smaller ocean ships, but with an extraordinary
amount of deck space, and the staterooms all on
deck, they carry everything from mail to fresh let
tuce and perform the functions of a houseboat,
freight steamer, village gossip, and market garden
er. Your beefsteak of to-morrow stands on the
hoof gazing up at you from the hatchway below,
and on the upper deck, beside the shuffleboard,
barnyard fowls housed in a doubledecker coop
blink reproachfully through the slats.
Smooth Ocean. — It is this part of the ocean, be
tween the Isthmus and Peru, which suggested to
the old Spaniards the name Pacific. It is like a
millpond. And those strange galleons, with their
chicken coops and unhappy steers and unbranded
inhabitants, mosey along through the heat-shim
mer as though there were no such thing as hurry
in the world. An engaging laxity pervades one's
ship. It was always a mystery to me just how
ours was navigated.
Short distance. — We rarely, big as we were, did
more than eight knots, and whenever it was
found difficult to make our next port before sunset
we would slow down and come in the next morn
ing. It is a trifle over three thousand miles from
Panama down the coast to Valparaiso, and the
journey ought to be made in ten or twelve days.
It now takes — although the Peruvians are organ
izing a faster line — anywhere from three weeks to
a month. It is about fifteen hundred miles from
Panama to Callao, and our journey, with stops at
Guayaquil and little ports along the coast, con
sumed a fortnight.
Slow as they go, express boats .cut across the
19

Gulf from Panama to Guayaquil, and all that one
sees of Ecuador is the tropical banks of the
Guayas river and the walls of Guayaquil.
Guayaquil Population. — There are some sixty
thousand people in Guayaquil, and the town is the
one doorway from this almost forgotten country
to the outside world. About one-third of the
chocolate which the big world uses comes through
Guayaquil, and like Columbia, Ecuador has plenty
of rubber and vegetable, ivory and things in the
valleys and montana land of the interior. But it
is as yet the least finished of the South American
republics, and in spite of such interesting places
as ancient Quito, where the unhappy Inca, Atha-
hualpa, used to eat off gold plates.
Pizarro's First Landing. — When the ship sweeps
down the Guayas river on the swift Pacific tide
and passes the town of Tumbez — where the gifted
ruffian, Pizarro, landed four hundred years ago to
conquer an empire with one hundred and eighty
men — green shores are left behind. For nearly
two thousand miles southward, until close to Val
paraiso, the coast line is as bare as the desert of
Arizona. On this western slope of the Andes
there is no rain. It is always in sight from the
steamer, unless veiled by mists — bare, tawny, with
the ramparts of the Andes shouldering up and up,
level above level, pale and amethystine, to the
¦white snow-line. Along the foot of this rampart,
pasted, so to speak, on sand-flats or tacked into the
hillside, are little towns, each walled away from the
other, each the gateway to the steamy interior, or
to a fertile valley made by the melting snows, and
set in the wilderness of bare rock, like a green tape
tacked on yellow carpet. All the Peruvian coast is
situated much as Boston and New York and
Philadelphia would be if the Rocky Mountains
20

rose up from their suburbs and walled them
away from the rest of the country.
Coast Towns. — It means a good deal when a ship
comes into these shore towns — Paita, Pacasmayo,
Salaverry, and the rest — our lazy galleon dozed in
the warm sunshine. Sometimes there were a
dozen lighters full of freight to give or take some
times a few score casks of rum and one lone
passenger carrying his bed with him would delay
us half a day. Sometimes we swung at anchor
for hours while the Peruvian doctors with sheaves
of thermometers took the temperature of everyone
aboard, and, mustering the passengers in the
music-room and the crew aft, felt of everybody's
pulse. Variety of Freight. — Except at Callao, there is
'scarcely a harbor on the Pacific north of Valparaiso,
and at all these little ports along the Colombian
and Peruvian coast ships anchor half a mile or so
off shore and handle their freight in lighters.
Away off here, these boxes and bales and casks —
with their "Kilo 68 — Bordeaux — South Milwaukee
— Hamburg — Fragiles — Via Panama — Chicago" —
become almost flesh and blood. We would lean
on the rail while they came thumping up out of
the hold, swung overside with the warning "A-bo-
jo!" — watching by the hour, just as one might sit
at a cafe table and watch the people go by. Inter
national trade became something intimate, human
and touchable. There were no exports or im
ports; there were Panama hats and sewing
machines and milling machinery and fresh choco
late and cotton cloth and pineapples. A sheaf of
polo mallets bound for Quito went off with the
rest at Guayaquil. Every sling-load had its new
whisper. The fascination of barter seized every
body. We all became Phoenicians. 21

Port of Callao. — One day after a fortnight of
coasting the ship sails around a bare brown island
and into a hazy, tawny-bluish harbor, full of
steamers and masts, with a warship at anchor here
and there, pelicans swarming about as thick as
blackbirds, and such a prodigious aspect of busy
ness afloat and ashore in comparison with the toy
towns of the desert coast that the drowsy pilgrim
feels he must almost brace up to meet the shock
of the real world. This is Callao. It is the, port
of Lima, the capital — only nine miles up the
valley by railroad or trolley — and the gateway into
central Peru. More than a thousand vessels
touch here each year, and through it passes about
half of the country's trade. Earthquakes and fire
have attacked it, the Spaniard's bombarded it in
'66, fourteen years later the Chileans left a little
when they got through. But monuments to its
heroes are taking the place of ruins of the war,
thirty thousand people do business in this — as it
were — "downtown" of ancient Lima, and there is
an English club from the balcony of which com
mercial exiles reading the home papers and drink
ing the home drinks gaze out to sea and muse
sentimentally on the lights and songs of London
or New York or — according to their temperament
— demonstrate to you in what a lot of places mil
lions still are waiting for the plucking here in
Peru. Dock, Wharves and Bay — There is a fine dock
which at the same time serves as a wharf and
is called the Muelle Darsena. On its inside it is
250 meters long by 250 wide, and covers a sur
face of more than 50,000 square meters; it is
also defended by a dock of 180 meters long which
is a prolongation of one of its side-walls. It is
22

united with the shore by means of a bridge which
is more than 900 meters long and constructed upon
iron piles.
Floating Dock. — There is also a Floating Dock
in the bay ; the dimensions of which allow it to
admit vessels of 21 feet draught and 5000 tons
weight. At the present moment steps are being
taken for the construction of another floating
dock capable of admitting vessels up to 7000 tons
weight. Custom-House — This is the principal one in the
Republic, where all the accounts and statistics of
the whole Custom's system are concentrated, and
it is situated within the limits of the ancient for
tresses. Its premises and stores are spacious, but
they do not unite all the necessary accommoda
tion for the requirements of an establishment of
this kind, nor do they correspond to the position
of Callao as the first Custom-House in the Re
public. At La Punta, about two miles to the south of
Callao, there are several good hotels and excellent
bathing. This place being at the extremity of the
neck of land separating Callao Bay from Chor-
rillos Bay, and exposed to the sea breezes from
the south and north, enjoys a bracing and healthy
climate, and is much esteemed by invalids on this
account. There is a railroad between La Punta
and Callao. The hotel rates are modern, from $2
to $3 per day.
Callao. — in 1671, as the population had gradu
ally increased, and likewise its imports and trade,
the title of city was conferred upon it. As the
centre of the colonial trade in the Pacific it be
came a populous and rich city, and as such the
object of the cupidity and spying of the corsairs,
which during the first part of the 16th century,
23

and the following one infester the whole of the
western coast of America. Thus it was that in
1578 the famous British pirate, Drake, seized in
its bay several merchant vessels, at the time that
the Conde del Villar was the Vice-roy, and it
became necessary in 1578 to fortify in order to re
pel the invasion of the British corsair Cavendish.
In 1624 it was attacked by the Dutch pirate Here-
mati Clerck with 11 ships, 240 guns and 1600 men,
and according to history he was so affected by
his failure that he died of grief.
At the present time the city of Callao, according
to the latest Census, taken in June, 1905, contains
31,128 inhabitants, of which 3349 are foreigners,
and of these 1721 are Europeans; an evident sign
of progress in the movement now visible in favor
of better and more modern buildings.
Coast Line.— The strip of Peru on which Callao
and the little coast towns lie is fifteen hundred
miles long, and extends anyway from twenty to
eighty miles into the foothills. Here are planta
tions of coffee and sugar and cotton, and miles, and
miles of fertile land only waiting, as our lands in
the west waited, for irrigation to wake them up.
Beyond, for three hundred miles or so, is the
mountain region with its mines and grazing lands,
and then the rubber country of the eastern mon-
tanas sloping down to the Amazon. Altogether
there is a territory about three times as large as
France, and to traverse its tangled valleys, only
fourteen hundred miles of railroad. As a result,
the rubber, for instance, of the eastern slope is
carried to Iquitos and thence by steamers down
the Amazon clear across the continent.
Tumbes is a small town of 2200 inhabitants, on
the Tumbes River, and situated on the boundary
line between Peru and Ecuador. It has in the
24

THE U. S. LEGATION IN LIMA.
Residence of tlie Minister.

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THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OF LIMA.
A very up-to-date seat of learning, with all modern appliances.

neighborhood some extensive petroleum deposits,
which are now being rapidly developed. At Zor-
ritos, close by, an important refinery has been
successfully worked for many years past.
It was near to Tumbes that Pizarro first landed,
at a spot known as Comendador Creek, 25 miles
south. Tumbes was then a flourishing town, and
the ruins of once famous temple are still to be
seen in the vicinity.
Paita (population about 3500) is 120 miles
south of Tumbes, and in point of commerce is
the third largest port of Peru. It possesses a
hotel, a theatre, churches, etc. ; and there is a rail
way to Piura, the capitol of the department some
60 miles (by rail) inland.
Piura is the most important town in the north
and is the center of the cotton-growing industry,
of Peru. It has some 10,000 inhabitants, a branch
of the bank of Callao, Chamber of Commerce, and
other public buildings, and possesses a very dry
and salubrious climate; on this latter account
it is much visited by persons suffering from rheu
matism and similar ailments, the method of cure
resorted to there having proved very beneficial.
There are several very extensive cotton estates
traversed by the railway, which, to those interested
in cotton culture would well repay a visit. Trains
run daily.
There is also an extension of the line from
Piura to Catacaos, 6 miles distant, and one of the
most important centers of the straw hat industry.
To the north of Paita and 55 miles distant is
the small port of Talara, remarkable for the ex
tensive petroleum deposits in this vicinity. Several
large and important refineries and pumping sta
tions having during the last few years been estab
lished in the immediate neighborhood, and it is
25

believed that the industry is capable of very great
development. Special tank steamers are already
employed distributing the oil along the coast.
Pimentel is 152 miles south of Paita. It has a
railway serving the inland towns of Chicalayo
and Lambayque, ten and nine miles distant re
spectively. There is considerable rivalry existing
between Pimentel and Eten (the next port), and
the railways from both towns running through the
same districts.
Eten. This port is situated 9 miles south of
Pimentel and 155 miles (direct) from Paita. It
has a fine iron pier 2,000 miles long, the railway
running out to the pierhead; but the roadstead is
exposed, and has a very heavy surf. The valley
inside of Eten is well populated and richly fertile,
producing sugar, rice, tobacco, etc., in considerable
quantities. There is a railway (broad gauge)
from Eaton to Patapo (30 miles), passing most of
the principal towns and estates.
The village of Eten, three miles from the port,
is one of the principal centres of the straw in
dustry. The hats (Panama straw), cigar cases,
etc. made here are much esteemed for their fine
ness of texture and excellent workmanship, and
command very high prices.
The towns of Chiclaya (population 11,325), 12
miles from Eten, Lambayeque (population 6,250)
capital of the province and 29 miles distant and
Ferrenafe, 29 miles from Eten, are important com
mercial centers; in the vicinity are the estates of
Cayalti, Patapo, Pucula, Almendral Tuman and
Pomalca, which produce together some 8,000
tons of sugar and 2,000 tons of rice annually, the
total productions of rice for the Department being
about 10,000 tons per year. 26

Near to Pucala are the ruins of a notable Inca
fortress. Cajamarca, the capital of the department of that
name, built at the foot of Mount Cumbe (16,000
teet), with a population of 15,000. Cajamarca fig
ures largely in the history of the Conquest, and it
was here that Atahualpa was captured by Pizarro
and held prisoner.
San Pedro de Lloc, a small town of some 5J000
inhabitants. A tramway unites the town with the
railway station, a mile and a quarter distant.
Chepen, a population about 5,000; a centre of
commerce with the interior. Near here is the
extensive sugar estate of Lurifico.
Guadulupe, population 4,000. An agricultural
fair of considerable importance is held here an
nually, at the commencement of December. The
town is also surrounded by several estates of im
portance. Salaverry, 66 miles from Pacasmayo and 256
miles from Callao, is an active commercial seaport,
with a population of about 1,500. The principal ex
ports are sugar, rice and alcohol, from the neigh
boring valleys of Chicama and Chimu ; also moder
ate quantities of metals^
It is connected by rail with the town of Tru-
jillo, as well as with various other places of im
portance in the interior.
Trujillo, the capital of the department, is one
of the most important commercial places of the
North. It is a well built city, with a population
of 10,000; is a Bishop's See, and possesses a branch
of the bank of Callao, Chamber of Commerce,
Cathedral and several other buildings of note.
This was one of the first towns founded by
Pizarro; and the visitor will therefor find much.
to interest him from an historical point of
27

view. Some two miles distant are the ruins of an
ancient city called Chan Chan, founded by the
Chimu tribe of Indians, and which gives evidence
of an advanced state of civilization in its inhabit
ants. There are also, nearby, the remains of an
Indian Temple to the sun.
The towns of note inland are: Chicama, Cho-
cope and Ascope, the latter being the terminus
of the railway, and carrying on a fair trade with
the interior. All of these towns are, however,
chiefly devoted to agriculture, and in the vicinity
there are some extensive sugar estates.
Salaverry to Callao. The minor ports from
Salaverry to Callao are served by the Pacific Navi
gation Company's Coast Line, running fortnightly
between Callao and Pimentel.
The principal of these ports are :
Chimbote, a small town 61 miles to the south
of Salaverry, situated in an extensive and well-
sheltered bay, considered by many the finest on
the coast. Inland of the town is a very fertile
valley enclosing various extensive sugar estates.
These are passed by the railway which at
present runs from Chimbote to Suchiman only,
but which it is the intention to carry on to the
southern extremity of the valley of Huaylas.
There are in the interior various silver mines
of importance being worked.
Samanca and Casmo are small seaport towns,
shipping metals from the mining districts in the
interior and also small quantities of sugar.
Huarmey, 43 miles south of Gasma. The Tica-
pampa Mining Co. have extensive silver producing
establishments inland from this port.
Supe and Huacho, 90 and 70 miles from Callao
respectively, export sugar and cotton from some
fairly important estates in the vicinity, as well as
28

metals from the interior. Inside of Huacho \s a
very fertile valley, from which Lima and Callao
draw large supplies of agricultural produce and
fruit. At all bf the above ports there is a land tele
graph line communicating with Callao and Lima.
Wonderful Climate. — The climate of Peru is a
great surprise to many travelers, and most stay-at-
homers, who are inclined to think of it as a hot,
steamy country lying just under the equator. Just
under the equator, Peru lies, but it is neither
steamy nor unbearably hot, even in midsummer.
February is considered the hottest month in this
country, but I have suffered far more in New
York or Boston in August than in the correspond
ing months in Lima.
The middle of the day is hot, but not unbear
able; the nights, the evenings and mornings are
delightful, a good breeze blowing most of the
time, day and night. Sunstrokes are unknown in
Peru, and the dog has no day he calls his own in
this land. While this is true on the coast, it is
doubly true on the high table-lands which con
stitute a large portion of Peru, where heavy wraps
and warm rugs and blankets are wanted even in
midsummer. Humbolt's Current. — The reason for this excell
ent climate lies not only in the high altitude of the
plateaus, but equally in the cold, antarctic current;
a great ocean river, which flows up the whole
length of the Peruvian coast from the antarctic
seas. This ocean current does exactly the reverse
for the shores of South America of what the Gulf
Stream does for Great Britain and Scandinavia.
The stream warms the cold countries, this stream
cools" the hot countries.
Cold Water in the Tropics. — One has a tangible
29

evidence of this when he jumps into his bath on
the first morning after leaving the coast of Ecua
dor. If he is not prepared for the change, he is
likely to jump out again with a shiver, for the
water is at least twenty degrees colder than the
day before. He is only five degrees south of the
equator, but the water in the bathtub makes him
think he is off the coast of Maine or at least on
the north side of Cape Cod.
Cool Nights. — The boon which this antarctic
stream is to the dwellers on the Peruvian or
Chilean coast of South America, it is hard to real
ize and impossible to exaggerate. The nights are
cool, the days are comfortable, sleep is refreshing,
the appetite survives, yellow fever is unknown of
late years, and the general health of the people
is excellent. Doubtless much of the vigor, energy
and irrepressible spirit of these people under diffi
culties is due to this beneficient river of the
ocean. Coast Sands. — But a climate, however good,
and people, however energetic, cannot make a
nation great that has not the natural resources out
of which prosperity grows. But Peru has this
very element of national prosperity aboundantly.
As one sails along the southern boundary of Peru,
one asks himself if even a condor can live on
these barren mountains, and inhospitable, sand-
swept coast? For a thousand miles the coast of
Peru presents this bold, grand, but unspeakably
barren appearance. Magnificent mountains tower
up toward the cloudless skies day after day as one
pursues his slow way down the coast. Not a tree
or a green bush can be descried but an oasis ap
parently in the interminable desert. What must
Pizarro and Almagro and the early explorers have
thought as they sought for a foothold in this new
30

Eldorado. Nothing more utterly discouraging can
well be imagined than these desert mountains.
Real Garden of the Gods. — But just behind them
lay the wealth of the Incas, gold and silver in
calculable, coffee and cotton and spices and fruits
and precious woods. So today the coast line
presents the same forbidding aspect, but this is
only the desert fringe on the rich coverlet which
overspreads Peru. Nowhere does the desert run
back for more than eighty miles from the coast,
and usually not so far. Even near the shore are
river valleys which are wonderfully fertile, and,
wherever water touches the soil in this rainless
region, vegetation springs up with amazing rapid
ity, and the desert is transformed into the garden
of the gods.
The hot climate is found along the whole coast
of Peru, which consists of immense sandy deserts
and sandooms which sometime travel for miles
and miles along the coast. The country is practic
ally divided into two seasons — Summer and Winter
— although along the coast it never rains. The
winter season which prevails from June to No
vember on the coast is simply a season of great
damp fogs which precipitate a little moisture dur
ing the night, but never sufficiently to form rain.
The summer season, which prevails from Decem
ber to May, during which the temperature is an
average between seventy and seventy-five ; a hotter
temperature is rarely experienced than eighty in
the shade.
Humboldt's current, discovered by the celebrated
traveler and named after him, runs from the
Antarctic Ocean up the coast and turns off the
northern extremity of Peru. This keeps the tem
perature very even throughout the Summer and
Winter Season and makes the heat of the coast
31

strip far less intense than 'that found on lines in
the same degree of latitude.
I have already touched upon the absence of rain
and the wonderful coolness of the current in a
former paragraph. From this matter, it may be set
forth that the climate of the coast, although cor
responding to that of the very hot regions does
not undergo the extreme changes prevalent in the
tropical zone. Its principal characteristics are
moderate and slow changes. The complete ab
sence of rain and of storms, which go to form an
exceptionally mild and even climate which foreign
ers on more than one occasion have called heavenly,
with the exception of the rains it may be compared
with that of California.
Peru forms a country that is especially favored
for imigration of all races of the earth, which in
this great territory they may meet all the climatic
conditions of their own country. For instance, the
Asiatic races, the Chinese and Japanese can live
with the greatest ease in the region of the great
Andes as well as support the heat of the coast and
the moderate climate of the forest districts. Euro
peans can become acclimated in the three principal
zones of Peru. Those from the Northern part of
Europe will best support the temperature of the
valleys and mountainous regions. Those of the
southern countries of Europe are best fitted for the
climate that is prevalent on the coast and in the
forest region of the rubber belt.
Lima, the capital is about eight miles inland
from Callao, and is connected therewith by two
railways, that of the English Railway Co. and the
Ferro-Carril Central del Peru.
Ancient Landmarks.— Of all the South American
capitals Lima best preserves in touchable wood
and stone, in the very air of it, the old Spain trans-
32

WjHat%

INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL AT LIMA.
The oldest church in America.

PIZARRO— CONQUEROR OF PERU.
From a valuable painting in the City Hall of Lima.

planted by the conquerors. Pizarro himself
founded it, in 1555, and started the walls which
stand today. Through these streets the invaders
dragged their precious falconets, and Spanish
cavaliers in complete mail, carrying lances or ar
quebuses, clanked impressively generations before
Hudson sailed past the island which is now New
York. The Most Delightful American City. — Undoubt
edly Lima did go ahead in a wonderful manner in
the two first centuries of its existence, and from
the style of the construction of its houses, which
are generally of one story only, and with a large
court inside, their heavy street-doors like those of
a fortress, with windows closed by solid iron bars,
their balconies after the moorish style, its innumer
able churches, convents and monasteries, made it
look like another Seville ; but with wider, straight-
er, livelier, more cheerful and more noisy streets.
Notwithstanding the great changes which have
taken place, poetry ever keeps fresh the memory
of the numberless legends which give a living per
sonality to things and events ; and these legends
have passed down to the present generation in
the works of one of its most popular sons, the ad
mirable literary man and writer, Ricardo Palma,
author of the much esteemed traditions of Lima,
relating to the period of the Viceroys. The
traveler who for the first time passes through the
streets of Lima, on beholding the aspect of the
churches, of the spacious and silent convents and,
of the ancient houses which still retain their primi
tive construction, can easily evoke the remem
brance of a society which has already disap
peared, and without doubt his imagination will
present before his mind the picture of the con
spiracy got up by the murderers of Pizarro, the
33

arrogant pride of the cruel conquerors, the gal
lantry of the Viceroys, tne struggles between the
Court of Audience and the Governors, together
with the gloomy proceedings of the cruel Inquisi
tion. Increasing Population of Lima. — Today Lima
contains 140,000 inhabitants, according to the
census of 1903, and without losing altogether its
exotic enchantments which have been so enthusi
astically described by the foreigners visiting it,
it is becoming rapidly transformed into a modern
capital ; just in the same way as men improve
their dwellings in proportion to their prosperity
and acquire the means for providing for them
selves with comfort, so nations extend and beautify
their cities as they increase in importance and well
being. Their actual changes, their reforms and
the causes which give rise to them, indicate the
general tendencies of the period, while the beauty
and grandeur of the alterations allow one to cal
culate the point of civilization and progress to
which their inhabitants have attained, and at the
same time to appreciate their wealth and well-
being. POPULATION.
According to the latest census of the population
of Peru, it is estimated that there are 3,547,821
inhabitants. In the forest regions, the population
may be estimated at 450,000 people. There are
about 525,000 white or Spanish, about two and
one-half per cent African, one per cent Chinese
and the remainder of the various cross breeds in
digent to the country. In 1905, 73,000 people en
tered Peru and during the same year 64,000 left it
making an increase in the population of 9,000 for
that year.
Antiquity of Chicago.— When a horse was
34

almost as strange a sight in the New World as a
dinotherium, Pizarro's cavalry galloped out toward
the enemy with their war bells jangling on their
metal breastplates; priests of the church swung
their censers and recited the exsurge Domine as
the battle opened, nearly a century before the
Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. Dust had
gathered on the parchment records of Lima's
library, its university was old, before the little red
school-house of the States had begun. Its history
had been written by its own citizens, its clever
young men were satirizing their townspeople, and
writing verses after the most approved European
models when Chicago was merely a prairie swamp.
And not all the earthquakes which have shaken
it, nor the countless revolutions and wars, have
been able to destroy its ancient outlines and
antique flavor. The very atmosphere, which
"blankets the town for a good part of the year in
a tawny, sunlit haze — something more than air and
less than mist — seems designed to shut in and pre
serve the past. One may still see, overhanging
the street, carved balconies which the colonists
patterned after those of their native Andalusia;
houses with inner courts big enough for palaces,
great spike-studded front doors almost as for
midable as the gates of a city.
Electric Cars. — Electric cars whir past moldering
old monaster)- walls, within which, life has scarcely
shown a ripple of change in three centuries. In
the Cathedral, the sacristan will draw back the
curtains from a glass case containing the very
bones of Pizarro. Standing on the Cathedral
steps, you may see, to the left, the quarter from
which the conspirators emerged on their way to
"kill him. One, as the legend goes, stepped out of
the way of a mud puddle, and the others ordered
35

him back, thinking that one who was afraid of
water was not the one to wade through blood.
To the right across the plaza is the government
palace, in which they surprised the old con
queror, slaughtered his guard, and ran him
through. As he fell he traced in his own blood a
cross on the stone floor, kissed it and died. In
those days they knew how!
Loss of Wealth. — .When the war between Chile
and Peru began, Peru was the dominant power of
the west coast. She was wealthy, her army and
navy was supposed to be the strongest, her
capital city had all the prestige which attached to
the ancient seat of the Inquisition, but, she lost
heavily and by treaty, had to give up the best and
richest of Peru's provinces, Tacna and Arica,
which Chile was to hold for ten years, at the end
of which time the people of the provinces them
selves were to determine by a vote to which
country they were to belong. When the ten years
were ended, in 1893, Peru, still weak from the war,
and further distressed at the time by revolution,
had no power to force the holding of this plebiscite.
Chile Held On. — Chile did nothing — the people
of this disputed provinces still being Peruvian —
to bring it about. Nothing has yet been done,
probably nothing ever will be. Nobody outside of
Peru believes that Chile will ever give up the cap
tured territory unless forced to do so. There are-
no indications at present that Peru could furnish
such power. From the nitrate provinces which
Chile took from Peru she has already collected, in
export duties alone, some three hundred million
dollars; with what was once Peru's property she
supports her strong army and navy and pays
almost all her expenses; nitrate has been such
36

an easy road to wealth that Chile has hardly
bothered with anything else.
Surroundings of Lima. — The vast plain in which
Lima is situated, that is to say the extensive valley
of the "Rimac," forms its rural surroundings which
have been divided for their better irrigation into
fifteen smaller valleys, subdivided, in their turn,
into 176 estates which all together measure more
than 21,000 hectares of cultivable lands and 14,000
of woods. The sowing in the neighborhood of
Lima is performed during the whole year, with
exception of the first three months, which are
¦those of the hot season. The villages, or rural
towns, roundabout Lima are insignificant, and
are formed by plain houses and small huts, as are
Lurigancho, Ate, Surco which in the colonial
period was the small town preferred by the men
of position for the building of their country houses
and gardens of amusement and Magdalena which
is the most important of them. This village is sit
uated at only one kilometer from the sea, and
one side a new village has sprung up called Mag
dalena del Mar. The waves are so high and
the currents so strong that for the present it has
not been possible to establish baths in this place.
It has some very elegant houses, and a fine casino
for amusement. The bathing-resorts, which have
heautiful and luxurious villas, known in Peru by
the name of "Ranchos," possess far superior con
ditions. At 23 miles from Lima, comfortably run over
'by railway, is situated the bathing resort, of An
ton, which is notably different from the others at
the South of Lima. Its beach is sandy, free from
stones, the tides and waves are mild and smooth,
so that the baths here are specially adapted to
children, sick persons' or those of weak health.
37

The form of the town, like that of all modern^
centres, is entirely regular; as it is completely
surrounded by arid fields it is a very dry place
and for that reason its climate and temperature
are good and healthy. Near to Lima there is
also another bathing resort, the small village of
La Punta, situated in the neighborhood of Callao,
at the level of the sea, on the Peninsula of the
same name. This bathing-resort, united to Callao,
and Lima by an electric railway, is frequented
by many people from both places.
Its baths have special conditions and the Bath
ing Establishment has excellent accommodation.
In this place, as in those beforementioned, there
are elegant buildings erected by well to do in
habitants. Area and Shape. — Its circumference may be put
down as about 12 square kilometers. Lima, as
the capital of Peru is the seat of all the central
powers ; — the President of the Republic, his Min
isters, and the high officials of the different admin
istrative sections, such as the Post-Master General,
the Director of the Mint, the Head of the General
Treasury etc., etc. ; — His Reverence, the Arch
bishop of Lima and other metropolitan dignataries
of the Church also reside in Lima. In like manner
Congress, the Supreme Court, the Higher Court of
Accounts, the General Staff of the Army, etc.,
have their seat in Lima.
Roads and Communications. — No one can fail to
recognize the great advantage of the union of the
coast region, in which are situated the seaports
and the Capitol, with the immense region of the
Andes, in which the vast mining industries are
located, and where the products of the temperate
zone are cultivated ; at the same time no Peruvian
could fail to perceive the immense and significant
38

importance; as regards the development of the
country, which would result from the prolongation
of these railways towards the East, so as to cross
the mountain range and reach the navigable spots
on the affluents of the river Amazon, in order to
open this immense region, which still preserves
intact its wonderful natural wealth, to colonization
and to the industrial enterprise of the whole world,
in accordance with the modern methods.
Railroad Laws. — Notwithstanding the serious
and constant efforts made by the different admin
istrations of Peru during late years, on behalf of
the construction of railways, their excessive cost
on account of the topographical conditions of the
country, and the great distances which invariably
separate the centeres, always thinly populated,
have prevented the carrying out of this purpose,
notwithstanding the general desire. Under the
presidency of senor Candamo (1904) a new law
regarding railways was passed, devoting to their
construction the entire proceeds of the tax on
Tobacco, of which the amount is calculated
£200,000 per annum. The present Plead of the
Government, don Jose Pedro, included expressly
in his presidential programme, the construction pf
railways as one of the most prominent intentions
of his government.
Numerous and important concessions have been
recently granted by Peru for the extension and
construction of new railways, especially to Ameri
can capitalists.
Railroads. — Of all the railroads of this part of
the world that from Lima up to Oroya is the most"
extraordinary. It is still, after pictures of its
bridges have served as a stock geography illustra
tion for a generation, probably the most impressive
piece of railroad engineering in the world. Built
39

in the days when Peru was rich and reckless, it
stands a monument of that time and of that gifted
Yankee soldier of fortune, Henry Meiggs.
Col. Meiggs' Work. — Meiggs was born in New
York state and after making and losing several
fortunes in the east he took a shipload of lumber
around the Horn to San Francisco during the gold
days and sold it for twenty times its cost. He
built sawmills and made a great deal of money,
got into difficulties again and finally fled with his
family on one of his own schooners, leaving behind
him a million dollars' worth of debts. He went
to Chile, built bridges and railroads for the gov
ernment, and again became a millionaire. Then
he went to Peru and started to build railroads
there. Meiggs was not an engineer but he could
get engineers to believe in him and work for him,
and he had energy and ideas and the courage of
his imagination. After floating $29,000,000 in
bonds he started the Oroya road in 1869. He did
not live to finish it, but he completed the hardest
part. He carried it up the eyebrows of the Andes
from the seacoast to the icy galleries of the upper
Cordillera, and he paid all his debts. The legisla
ture of California removed him from the danger of
penalties for his misconduct, and he died in Lima
in 1877.
Highest R. R. in the World. — The Oroya road is
not only the highest in the world, but there is no
other which lifts its breathless passengers to any
such altitude in such an appallingly short space
of time. The narrow guage over Marshall's Pass
in Colorado, for example, climbs to the twelve
thousand foot level, but to get there from sea
level one crosses the continent and creeps up the
long ascent from the Mississippi to the Great Di
vide. To climb as the Oroya climbs, a Hudson
40

A Village Band at Marcapata in the Andes, near the great gold
placers of the Nosiniscato district estimated to contain
$182,250,000 in gold dust by the department
of mines of Peru

School of Botany at Lima

River train leaving New York would have to as
cend, half an hour before it reached Albany, a dis
tance one thousand feet greater than the sea level
to the summit of Pikes Peak.
Banks Offer Loans. — Various banking establish
ments in Europe and in the United States have
offered to President Pardo to supply the Nation
with the sum of 15,000,000 dollars, at 6 per cent
interest per annum, for investment in tlie con
struction of new railways. At the present moment
Congress is discussing the conditions and the ac
ceptance of this proposal. The realization of this
loan independently of the other conditions granted
as regards railways, will contribute immensely
to the increase of the number of kilometers of rail
roads which Peru at present possesses, so that its
railway system may be in proportion to the im
portance of the country and the vast fountains of
wealth which it possesses.
Foreign Investors. — Peru is the most talked-of
nation in South America today. It stands as the
third richest country in the world for its natural
resources. Charles M. Pepper, the special corre
spondent detailed with Mr. Root, calls it "a vast
treasury house." The Vanderbilts, the Hearst
estate and other New York financiers have over
$10,000,000 invested in the Cerro de Pasco mines of
Peru alone, the richest copper and silver mines in
the world.
Ohio Investments. — Several millions have re
cently been invested by American capital in the
copper districts. The Peruvian Gold Mining Com
pany of Toledo have bought eleven gold mines of
untold value in the Nosiniscato district in what is
supposed to be the ancient gold fields of the Incas.
English and German capital by the millions is
pouring into the country and already controls
41

many large, corporate interests. ExMayor Grace
of New York and his associates represent some of
the largest railroad interests and control many of
the large government contracts. The Belmonts
and Brown Brothers have millions invested in min
ing and rubber in Peru and, together with the Inca
Mining Company of Pittsburg, have taken im
mense profits out of Peru as a result of their in
vestments. Dr. A. de Clairmont is under contract with the
Peruvian Government to build two roads in
Loreto county, which shall connect a navigable
river from the Brazilian frontier w'ith the Yucayali
in the center of Peru. Thus opening up one of
the finest rubber belts in all South America, on
which the Peru-Para Rubber Company of Chicago
has an immense tract of rubber forests, said to
contain fine rubber in great quantities.
The principal road is now nearing completion on
the Isthmus, which has been named Clairmont, in
honor of the builder. There is also a city called
Toledo which will have direct communication with
Iquitos on the Amazon.
The longest road being built by de Clairmont
will have a length of 58 kilo-meters and will re
quire 103 bridges. The work is of the greatest
importance to that part of Peru as it will enable
some millions of pounds of rubber 4to reach the
Peruvian Custom house, instead of going through
Brazilian territory as heretofore.
Everybody in Peru is prosperous and the people
recovering from the devastation of the war with
Chile. A gold standard of currency has been main
tained for eight years and the credit of the country
which was down to zero not many years ago, is
42

now so good that $18,000,000 was recently bor
rowed in Germany at 90 and 92 1-2.
United States Favored by Peru. — This money is
to be used for internal improvements, for railways
into now inaccessible sections of the interior, and
contracts for building them will be let early this
year. The Peruvian government would be very
glad if, American contractors would become inter
ested and tender bids for this work, because Peru
is more friendly to the United States than to any
other nation. No country is nearer to us or re
ciprocates with more cordial feelings the neighbor
ly interest we have shown in her affairs. It is
very likely, however, that German syndicates will
secure the contracts for the construction of the
proposed roads. The money to build them was
borrowed in Germany. The great Deutscher Bank
is taking a direct interest in the enterprises and ne
gotiated the bonds. The loan was made however,
by the Trans-Atlantic Bank, which was recently
estblished at Lima with German capital under the
protection of the Deutscher Bank to represent and
encourage German interests in Peru.
Foreign Loans.— The first loan of $3,000,000 is
secured by a tax on salt, and the second of $15,-
000,000 by a, tax on tobacco, which brings in about
$1,000,000 every year. Under the contracts the
bonds wiil not be issued until the railway fin
sections) is constructed, inspected and accepted
by the- government, so there is no danger of a di
version of the funds as has sometimes occured in
other countries.
German Enterprise. — The Germans are showing
the same enterprise and aggressive policy in Peru
that they have shown in Brazil and in other parts
of South America. They are gradually elbowing
the British out. They are absorbing the export
43

trade, and in almost every city throughout Latin-
America the Retail shops, the commission business,
the manufacturing interests and all kinds of enter
prises are now owned or controlled by Germans.
They have only recently gone into Peru, but have
evidently gone there to stay. The people of the
United States might have had the best of every
thing, but we are so much absorbed with our own
affairs that we are very reluctant to go into other
countries. We have had for several years larger
interests than any other nation in Peru.
German Houses. — The Germans on their part im
port similar goods; but with their customary
ability and attention to the smallest matters man
age to comprehend and meet better the tastes and
likeings of their clients. The Germans have in
their hands today the greater part of the import
trade, having succeeded in a great measure in sup
planting the English. In Peru we perceive that
the progress of the German trade, the importance
of which goes on increasing day by day, is based
on a spirit of observation and investigation of the
tastes and likeings of the clients. The unceasing
and assiduous efforts of the German merchants
and commission agents, together with the special
talent of their manufacturers for the production
of cheap articles for the great mass of the con
sumers, is gradually transferring to the hands of
the Germans the commercial predominance in this
country, and to all appearance in the other South-
American Republics also.
Italian Merchants. — The Italian merchants
owing to their economy and perseverance, generally
find themselves after a few years of hard work
in easy circumstances and often owners of large
fortunes. The French merchants devote their at
tention with preference to the sale by retail of
44

goods of all kinds, silks, ready-made clothing and
articles of luxury. The English rarely care to
bother themselves with the retail trade, but as a
rule devote themselves to the wholesale import and
export trade, the former consisting chiefly in Man
chester goods and all kinds of stuffs, Hardware,
Ironmongery and in fact all the articles produced
by their numerous manufactories.
American Houses. — If the American have rela
tively speaking only founded a few business-
houses, they have on the other hand in their pos
session a very considerable part of the mining
operations, construction of railways, and of other
public works. The capital invested in Peru by
the capitalists of the United States during the last
few years may be put down at $25,000,000.
Amercan Bank — There are several other large
American enterprises in Peru, and the New York
house of Wm. R. Grace & Co., for many years has
been very prominent in mercantile affairs. There
ought to be much more trade between the two
countries. Callao is becoming a great port, and
wdien the Panama Canal is opened will be nearly
equa-distant from New York and Liverpool — about
3,300 miles. The principal staples of Peru are
sugar, cotton, wool and rubber, which promise the
greatest wealth for the future.
President's Message. — When President Pardo
opened congress July 28, '07, he called attention to
the rapid development of agriculture and mining,
which, he said, was due in a great measure to the
large amount of American capital invested in the
republic, which would shortly enable Peru to dem
onstrate to foreign financial markets the prosper
ous condition of the country, the guarantees of
peace and the immense natural wealth of the
republic, thus opening up Peru for further foreign
45

investments, necessary for the construction of
railways and for other productive enterprises.
Want of Colonists. — The great war which left
the country flat and hopeless just as the bloom
was developing in the Argentine, its inaccessibility,
and the comparative lack of opportunity which it
offered to imigrants from Europe have combined
to keep it back. A few Chinese and Japanese
have crossed the Pacific, there are British and
German and occasionally American business men,
but Peru- has received nothing like the stream, of
colonists which has made Brazil's Little Germany,
Italianized parts of the Argentine, made many of
Chile's nitrate fields like British colonies.
The United States is evidently in high favor in
Pern, for American capital and American men are
helping to make the newer and better Peru in no
small measure.
Old Friends. — But the United States and Peru
are old friends and allies. Peru has never forgot
ten how, in 1852, when some Americans claimed
the Lobos guano islands off her coasts, and the
United Stales was about to enforce these claims
with her gunboats, she paused long enough to look
into the matter. This convinced our country that
Peru was in the right and our countrymen in the
wrong, whereupon she recognized the absolute
sovereignty of Peru over these islands. This act
of justice was referred to more than once.
On the occasion of Secretary Root's recent visit
to Peru, the national assembly of commerce made
the distinguished visitor an honorary member of
their body.
Secretary Root.— Through it all, Mr. Root bore
himself with admirable modesty, tact and geniality,
and endeared himself and the American nation to
this as well as the other republics which he visited.
46

In every one of his numerous speeches which have
been published in a volume, together with the ad
dresses of the Peruvians he spoke with freshness
and vigor and in his reply to one minister of state
Mr. Root said :
A Fair Name. — "You were kind enough to refer
to an incident in the diplomatic history of the
United States and Peru, when my own country
recognized its error in regard to the Lobos islands
and returned them freely and cheerfully to their
rightful owner. I would rather have the record of
that act of justice for my country's fair name than
the history of any battle fought and won by her
military heroes."
Business Laws. — In accordance with the pre
dominant ideas of progress and the desire to foster
the foreign trade of Peru, in late years special
laws have been passed, to secure in cases of fail
ure, the rights of the creditor; laws have also been
sanctioned regarding trade-marks in order to pro
tect as far as possible manufacturers and mer
chants against imitations; the law relating to
patents for inventions has been perfected and
everything is done to give freedom and facilities to
trade. Commercial Code. — Finally a new commercial
code has been promulgated, inspired by the most
advanced principles ruling in the legislation of the
countries most advanced in civilization ; and in its
dispositions are to be found all kinds of guaran
tees for creditors and for the effectivity of con
tracts. This code also contains a series of liberal
dispositions, regarding all the acts and contracts
connected with the maritime traffic. In view of
the great development in the number of the Joint
47

Stock Companies, Congress has now under dis
cussion a new law respecting them with the object
of giving better guarantees to the rights of the
shareholders. Business Houses. — Some business houses that
have a large amount of capital at their disposal,
lend money with guarantee of the shipments and
make advances on account of the last crops and
finally furnish means to the agriculturists and
miners, thus becoming the obligatory medium for
the sale of their products in the great markets
of the world.
In the extensive river region and specially on
the principal navigable rivers, such as the Amazon
or Maranon, the Ucayala, Huayaga, Napo, etc.,
etc., in which there is a constant traffic either by
small steamers or row boats, kept up by the
traders in india rubber, with headquarters at
Iquitos. The distance navigable by steam on these rivers
can be counted by thousands of miles, and the
cargo traffic during the year (1905) may be esti
mated at more than 5000 tons ; and the value of the
merchandise and products imported and exported
amounted to more than $5,000,000.
Native Dealers. — The foreign merchants estab
lished in Peru, who devote their attention to im
portation on a small scale send their orders ditect,
and when doing so naturally give preference to their
own country, but on addressing their correspond
ents they frequently ignore the real source of the
articles that they receive. The modest retail
merchant, who is generally a native Peruvian,
establishes in the interior of the country, likewise
plays an important part in the progress of the
foreign trade; it is he who takes in hand the sell-
48

THE LIMA BOARD OF HEALTH.

OROYA R. R. PERPETUAL SNOW LINE— ANDES
MOUNTAINS.

ing of the goods imported by the different foreign
houses established irt the principle cities of Peru.
Wealth, Past and Present. — Peru is a vast
treasure-house. Its mineral deposits are perhaps
unsurpassed in all the world. The gold, silver and
precious stones which were carried away as loot by
the conquistadores enabled all Spain to live in
luxury for centuries. Nowhere else in all the
world was so large a value of portable booty ever
captured. • And never did any community grow so
rich with so little labor. From 1630 to 1824, the
Jesuit priests took twenty-seven tons of pure silver
out of a single valley, while other mines yielded
hundreds of millions of dollars, even with the
primitive system employed by the monks and the
native Indians. But for nearly half a century or
more Peru went backward and became so poor
that her richest citizens were compelled to live on
the pawnshops. But that period has, happily
passed, and with permanent peace the country
has slowly recovered its prosperity, and today en
terprises are formed for digging the treasure of the
mountains and securing the cultivation of the val
leys, which are exceedingly fertile and produce all
of the staples known to the tropical and temperate
zones. Down in the hot lowlands along the coast,
cotton and sugar are grown and in the mountains,
wheat, corn and barley. The slopes of the foot
hills furnish unlimited pasture lands, which are
now practically unoccupied.
There is room in Peru for several millions of
immigrants, and every occupation known to man is
open to industrious artisans.
Government Progress. — The progressive and en
lightened governments which have ruled the des
tinies of the Republic during this period have on
their part done everything possible to foster the
49

development of the native industries, offering every
facility authorized by law to foreigners or Pe
ruvians desirous of starting any new industry in
the national territory. On every side we see min
ing enterprises, electrical companies, irrigation
works, etc., etc., starting up and the petitions for
concessions of mines, rubberlands, lands in the
Montana region, authorization for opening roads,
and privileges of all kinds fill the columns of the
Lima newspapers. All of which renders it evident
that a wave of progress has invaded Peru.
Opportunities for Men of Small Means. — We
have no hesitation in stating that any individual
who possesses a small capital or special knowledge
of any branch of human activity, will find in Peru
a vast field for labor with personal advantage, ob
taining as a rule much better results than he would
meet with in other parts of the world.
Export and Imports. — In order to be able to
judge and compare the matter of the commercial
exports and imports with the different nations, and
those of the United States, we will state the value
of merchandise imported into Peru from the
United States for 1905, was $3,428,705, while
England alone sent to Peru $7,407,840, being 35
per cent, to 16 per cent, for the United States.
While Germany sent to Peru in the same year the
sum of $3,276,4417 or 15 per cent, France sent
goods to the amount of $1,251,508 making 5 per
cent., while China, Japan and Chile sent $1,239,309.
All the other countries exported to Peru over
$4,348,538 or 29 per cent, altogether.
It is an actual fact that trade would be given
the preference to the United States if merchants
would only study the requirements of the trade in
Latin America. Complaints are constantly being
received by Consuls that American manufacturers
50

do not pack the goods in the manner that is re
quired in shipping to those countries; and, even
though they sell by samples, they deliver an in
ferior goods, which is refused by the merchants
who unfortunately pay in advance as a rule for
their imports.
Import Duties. — As regards the Import Duties
in Peru, they cannot be called in reality protec-
tional, but should rather be considered as fiscal,
as there is a large number of articles upon which
no import duties are charged; the average rate of
duty on the imported articles subject to the same
is 33 per cent. All Machinery and Tools for the
use of the Agricultural and Mining industries are
free, as are also the rails, sleepers, cars and acces
sories for railroads, besides animal black and
mineral coal, books and utensils for teaching,
naval articles, steam and electrical motor machin
ery that directly favors the industrial development
of the country. The official valuations are gen
erally speaking low, and the list of the articles
which only pay 10 to 20 per cent, is a long one.
Alcohol, for more than 30 degrees, Wines and
Liquors, Coffee, Tea, Cheese, Butter, Margarine
and one or other products besides pay duty at the
rate of 65 per cent.
Export Duties. — The export duties are only the
following; that of 3 per cent, "ad valorem" on
Gold in bullion or in dust; the special one of 40
cents per dozen on the straw hats exported
through the port of Paita; and finally that charged
upon the India-rubber and Caoutchouc extracted
from the Highlands, which is 20 cents per kilo
gram gross weight or 24 cents per kilogram net.
This charge is more or less equal to a duty of 4 per
cent, "ad valorem," according to the current price
of the rubber. 51

As a rule, the foreign manufacturers and mer
chant are not satisfied with sending their products
and manufactures to Peru for sale ; a large number
of them come out here and establish business
houses, obtaining in the same locality chosen as
the field of action for their enterprise, their own
customers, and opening their establishments in
the principal towns. It is they who supply the
demand for foreign goods which they import, and
thus they are able to form an idea of the wants
and tastes of their customers. These merchants
contribute especially to the development of trade
with their native countries. In Peru, principally
in Lima and in the port of Callao, the trade in
articles of food is in the hands of the Italians, who
in this traffic have been the successors of the
Spaniards. New Route to Rubber Lands. — "To reach the
rubber country it is proposed to build a line from
Oroya in a northeasterly direction to the river
Ucayali, which is one of the chief tributaries of the
Amazon. It is about 300 miles to navigable water,
where the rubber and other products of the country
may be shipped to market via the Amazon and the
Atlantic ocean. The river Ucayali runs through a
rich country that is now almost entirely uninhabit
ed, but has a fine climate and offers unusual in
ducements to colonization. Several large tracts
of land have already been granted for colonization
purposes." Home Possibilities. — Particulars about this fine
country will be given in another part of this book
let. It is one of the most desirable parts of the
world for emigrants to settle in. It is possible for
a family used to farming to have in a few years
a beautiful home and a nice sum in the bank as
well. 52

In the northern part of the republic it is pro
posed to rebuild and extend two lines of railway
in order to reach valuable deposits of coal, copper
and other minerals, and open up tracts of land that
•are suitable for vineyards, fruits and general agri
culture. One of these roads will be an extension
of a short line now running out of Pacasmayo to
the ancient town of Caxamarca, where you will re
member that Atahualpa, the "Last of the Incas,"
¦was strangled in the most treacherous manner by
Pizarro, after he had filled with gold the room of
the palace in which he had been confined. The
mines from which that gold came have been for
gotten, but still lie somewhere back in the moun
tains, and, what is much more valuable, there are
"beds of coal of good quality.
Modern Postoffice. — Of all the services under the
control of the Government, the one that has at
tained the greatest degree of progress in the Post-
office, not only on account of the special attention
which the Government has devoted to it, but also
owing to the natural expansion of trade and to the
increase of population. It has been necessary to
overcome innumerable obstacles in order to arrive
¦at the present flourishing state of the Peruvian
Post-office; the enormous, extent of territory, the
greater part of which is rugged, the scarcity of
good roads, as well as the necessity of meeting
the heavy disproportion of which lately existed
between the Receipts of the Post-office and the
amount of the numerous and diverse expenses which
the keeping up of a good service demands, have
Tendered it extremely difficult to place the Postal
Institution on its present progressive footing.
Although by a special declaration the Post-
office receipts are not included in the General
Revenue, in practice they are sufficient to meet
53

all its ordinary expenses, and for the last two or
three years have left a considerable surplus. It is
owing to these circumstances that the Peruvian
Post-office has been able without the slightest
difficulty to meet its obligations with the foreign
Post-offices, which form part of the UniversaJ
Postal Union, of which Peru is one of the mem
bers. At the present moment the National Post-
office has paid off all the amounts outstanding
against it, originated by the obligations imposed
by the agreements of the Union, and one may
safely affirm that, in view of the prosperous career
of our Post-office; it can punctually satisfy all its
pecuniary obligations, with its regular income
exclusively. Able Postmaster General. — The Direction of the
Postoffice has been since 1901 in the hands of the
distinguished Public Officer, Captain Carlos
Ferryros, of the Peruvian Navy, who is a most
honorable person, of energetic character, and well-
known ability, all of which he has had the oppor
tunity of proving during the five years in which he
has occupied such an important post.
As an evident proof the financial improvement in
the conditions of the Peruvian Postoffice, it will be
sufficient to compare the receipts of the year 1905
with the amounts estimated in the previous year
1904, as may be seen from the following figures:
1904 1905
Sale of Stamps  $150,000 $198,175
Fees on parcels  45,000 85,185
Extra postage on corre
spondence  2,500 3,920
Commission on Money-Orders 3,000 3,120

$200,500 $290,400
54

showing a difference of $89,900 in favor of the
year 1905.
The Money Order service has been arranged
with Germany, France, Belgium, England, Switzer
land, United States of America and Bolivia, and
the Parcels-Post with the same countries and also
with Chile. The Money-Order Service is also
established between the principal cities of the
Republic and Lima, as well as between the capital
and the aforesaid Offices.
As regards the Parcels-Post to foreign countries,
the former can be sent from any part of the Re
public, through the Lima Post-Office, and all those
proceeding from foreign countries pass through
the Lima Postoffice, where after examination of
the contents and payment of the respective import
duties they are delivered to the parties to whom
they come addressed or to those duly authorized^
to receive them. Recently the Principal Office at
Iquitos has been authorized to open a direct service
with foreign countries because on account of its
being at such a great distance from the Capital of
the Republic it is more convenient for the inter
ested parties in that region that the parcels ad
dressed to them should go direct to Iquitos instead
of undergoing the delay caused by their coming
through the Lima Postoffice.
Rates of Postage. — With respect to the rates of
postage the idea of thorough liberality has always
been predominant, and the rates pharged upon the
correspondence have gradually been reduced, not
only as regards that addressed to foreign countries
but also upon that circulating within the Republic.
All letters not weighing over 15 grams pay 5
cents silver for circulation throughout the Re
public, whatever may be the distance covered ; for
letters of greater weight than the above, up to 50
55

grams the charge is 2 cents for the excess, and one
cent more for every 100 grams.
The rate for the service within the limits of the
capital, is, for letters not weighing over 15 grams,
or for Post-Cards, 1 cent.
As regards the native newspapers, whether
political, scientific or literary, although they be in
the form of pamphlets, no postage is charged upon
them within the Republic; those forwarded to the
different countries of America only pay the rate
of 2 cents for every 50 grams ; and those addressed
to Europe pay 3 cents for the same weight.
The rate of postage upon letters addressed to
foreign countries and not weighing over 15 grams
is 10 cents and 3 cents for each Postal Card.
Telegraph — The increase in telegraphic com
munications is something wonderful. The total
number of telegrams transmitted over the State
lines during the year 1905 is the following:
Telegrams — General Service 621,644
do —Press do.. 6,213 627,857
Number of words — General
Service  11,067,149

do —Press do.. 418,726 11,485,875

In the first six months of the present year the
number of telegrams, has far exceeded that of the
same period in the previous year, as new offices
have been opened, and the lines prolonged by the
branches constructed between Tinta and Yanaoca
in the South, and between Ayabaca and Macara
in the North of the Republic, the latter covering
a distance of 47 miles and the former that of 11.
Moreover the Direction is now constructing the
lines from Pacasmayo to Cajamarca, a distance of
119 miles; from Santa Rosa to Macusani, a distance
56

INTERIOR OF A SPANISH RESIDENCE OF THE
OLD DAYS.

A modern bank building. Note elegant lamp-posts,
well paved streets and sidewalks.

of 102 kilometers; from Chuquibamba to Pampa-
colpa, a distance of 23 miles; and from Urubamba
to Santa Ana, a distance of 160 kilometers, so that
we may pretty surely predict that before the close
of the present year, 362 miles more of telegraph
lines will have been constructed, over and above
those now existing.
The rate charged the public for telegrams is 40
cents for a telegram up to 10 words, including the
address and signature, and 4 cents more for each
additional word.
Wireless Telegraph. — This experiment has
fortunately been highly satisfactory and in view of
its success, the telegraphic communication in the
vast forest region of Peru will undergo a complete
change. This system will be at once extended to Iquitos,
by means of the construction of intermediary
stations, and later on others will be established
in different directions in the Montana. By this
means a more secure telegraphic communication,
costing much less than that which would be re
quired by the present system of the telegraph
wire, will be obtained. In former times, and as
we have been informed, recently also, Brazil at
tempted to establish wireless telegraphy through
her forest region, but did not find her efforts
crowned with success; a failure which was pre
ceded by that of the experiments made in the
Belgian possessions of Congo.
We may therefore affirm that of all the tropical
zones covered by secular forests, the aforesaid
Peruvian zone is the first one in which this modern
means of transmission of thought has been suc
cessfully established.
Telephone Systems. — This system of rapid com-
57

munication has been promptly and generally
adopted in Peru.
The company which maintains the service in the
Capital of the Republic, has a vast network at the
disposal of over a thousand subscribers, and has
extended its wires to all the towns, hamlets and
estates round about the Capital, among which are
Callao, LaPunta, Chorrillos, Barranco, Miraflores,
Ancon, Huaral and Lurin. There also exist Tele
phone Companies in all the prinicpal cities of
Peru, as for instance, Arequipa, Cuzco, Trujillo,
Piura, Cajamarca, Cerro de Pasco, Huanuco and
Jca, and in those centers, just as in the Capital
of the Republic, the service has been extended to
the neighboring towns, hamlets and estates.
The total distance covered by the telephone lines
for public use in the whole country, amounts, ac
cording to the latest information, to 5238 miles.
New Installations. — Telephone Companies for
the accommodation of the public have also been
formed in many of the business centres along the
Coast, and have succeeded in extending their net
work to considerable distances; for instance the
Telephone Co. of Los Andes has its wire running
from Pacasmayo as far as Cajamarca, a distance
of 131 miles.
Although the installing of all telephone service
may be considered as free to every one asking for
it, the inspection and surveillance of it is in the
hands of the General Direction of the Postoffice
and Telegraphs.
It is generally believed, and is proved by the
¦facts and by the prosperous condition of the Postal'
and Telegraph Department, that it has never at
tained in Peru a state of greater progress than
during the present Administration.
Peruvian Army Re-organized. — The co-operation
58

of the French officers in the task undertaken by
the Government of reorganizing the Peruvian
army, has been highly beneficial and has produced
excellent results. The officer of the Military Aca
demy who enters the ranks of the army, does so,
imbued with the ideas of military honor loyalty and
dignity which correspond to an army officer. The
soldiers who in the greater part come from the
small towns scattered over the vast and solitary
mountain lands of the Andes, many of them totally
wanting in instruction and in the principal notions
of their duty to their mother country, after the
conclusion of the years of obligatory service, have
become transformed into real citizens with suffi
cient instruction to render them useful members of
the Peruvian community and consequently fitted
for giving their vote, because in Peru according to
the Constitution only those who know how to read
and write and have a right to vote in the public
elections. Excellent Soldiers. — The transformation of the
army has been complete from a moral and physical
point of view, and today the army of Peru is the
principal educational element of the people and
guarantee of public order.
Moreover the Peruvian soldier possesses all the
peculiar conditions of his race.
Sobriety and endurance are the qualities most
prominent in the Peruvian soldier. On commenc
ing life in the field, he is provided with a little
cocoa, he never troubles himself about otker food;
and so he crosses plains, ascends lofty and difficult
mountain slopes, and performs a daily march of as
much as 24 miles without showing signs of
fatigue. Since the time of the wars of the Inde
pendence, the Peruvian soldiers were noted for
59

these qualities, of which General Valdez well
knew how to take advantage.
We may also add that the spirit of the Peruvian
soldier renders him docile to habits of discipline;
he is submissive and obedient under all circum
stances of military life — in the bivouac — on the
march — or in battle. Of good disposition, the
military statistics scarcely exhibit cases of serious
offences. Mounted Police. — Besides the Army there also
exists in Peru the Gendarmerie, or Mounted Police,
for the service of each Department, and which
consists of 2156 men.
The Naval School, the direction of which has
been entrusted to an officer of the French Navy
is established on board the pontoon Peru. In this
School the young men receive the professional,
theoretical and military instruction necessary for
them to enter the vessels of the navy as midship
men, whence they rise to sub-lieutenants after
three years service in Peruvian or foreign vessels
of war, in order to acquire practice and perfect
their theoretical education.
At present three Peruvian midshipmen are com
pleting their practical instruction on board war
vessels of the United States and seven others in
those of the Royal Spanish Navy.
The Scientific Institutions. — We will now cast a
glance over the different institutions established in
Lima, and which give an idea of its culture and of
the degree of civilization to which it has attained.
We will commence the resumen of them with the
Lima Geographical Society, which to a certain de
gree, is a dependency of the Foreign-Office. This
Society was founded in 1888, with the praise
worthy purpose of fostering geographical study in
Peru, and of forming for the Government a con-
60

sultative centre. Since the 15th of April, 1891,
on which date it was installed definitely , in its own
premises, it commenced its important labors by
the publication of a bulletin, in which it gives
an account of its work.
The Geographical Society of Lima. — At present
this interesting publication pf the Geographical
Society comes out quarterly with select matter
which treats of Archoeological Geography, Sta
tistics and Climatology, it also contains the text of
the conferences upon various scientific topics of
public interest, which are given from time to
time in its halls. This important publication of the
Society has afforded it prestige in the geographical
centres of Europe and America with which it
contains an active correspondence.
The collection of its bulletins forms today 8
volumes of instructive matter, and it contains
valuable information respecting the geography of
Peru and of other sciences to which its members
devote their studies.
It is today formed of 163 active and of 172
honorary and corresponding members. The Presi
dent and Vice-president are President of the Re
public and the Minister of the Foreign Affairs for
the time being. The official president of the So
ciety is the distinguished civil engineer don
Eulogio Romero and the Secretary is the learned
Mr. Scipion Llona.
To the protection extended to it by the Govern
ment and to the enthusiasm of its members is due
the degree of prosperity which the Society enjoys.
It may safely be asserted that the Lima Geo
graphical Society is the first institution of its
class in the Republic, and that which most re
sembles those of its class in the great scientific
centres of Europe and America. The premises of
61

the Society are situated in the upper story of the
National Library building.
Historical Institute. — Among the numerous and
important initiatives of the present Government
may be mentioned the creation of the Historical
Institute of Peru, intended to cultivate and further
the study of the National History: intrusting it
with the formation of a National Museum in which
it should form a collection of objects of historical
value and interest. It is also intrusted with the
collecting, deciphering, organizing, commenting
and publishing of the documents relating to our
history, and the care and preservation of our
national monuments of an archoeological and ar
tistic character. Besides serving the Government
as a consulative body in the matters relating to
historical science, it is also the mission of the In
stitute to initiate and recompense the editing of
the monographic or generally historical works of
the country.
The number of members forming the Institute,
besides those specially named, are thirty. The
museum of the Historical Institute is situated in
the upper part of the Exposition Palace and is
divided into the following sections :
1st. Objects pertaining to the savage tribes.
2nd. Archoeology, which comprises objects of
prehistoric America relating to Peru.
3rd. Colonial period and that of the Republic
in which should be collected the objects that may
afford information from an artistic, political, eccle
siastical and military point of view, as well as re
garding the customs of the periods of the discovery
of Peru, of the Conquest, of the Viceroyalty, of the
Independence and of the Republican Government.
At the head of the Museum is the eminent Ger
man archoeologist Dr. Max Uhle. This institute
62

figures as a dependency of the Ministry of Justice.
The Lima Athenoenum of which are members
the principal persons who in Lima cultivate learn-
in. It was founded in 1877 under the name of The
Literary Club ; on its re-organization in 1887 it
took the present title and since that time it has
made its mark in the intellectual life of the
country, contributing with decided eagerness to the
greater brilliancy and lustre of the national learn
ing. Being now installed in its new premises and en
joying a subsidy, the existence of this Institution
will in future be a much more prosperous one. At
the present time its President is Dr. Javier Prado y
Ugarteche, now Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The Mercantile Exchange constituted by the
Lima merchants fixes the daily quotations of the
marketable securities. On its premises are made
the transactions in these securities. The develop
ment of this useful Institution is still in its in
fancy. Fire Company. — The Lima corps of firemen must
be denominated a philanthropic institution; its
members exercise their noble mission disinterest
edly, and besides contribute with their personal
subscriptions to the support of their respective
companies. The number of them is about 500, distributed
among the following companies, of which are
formed by Peruvians, the Lima, Salvadora and
Cosmopolita, and by the other colonies, the Italian
company, Roma, the French one, France, and the
English one, Victoria. There are two more com
panies, besides the International. All of them have
at their disposal an abundance of material sufficient
to overcome and extinguish the largest fires which
might happen to break out. 63

Lima has also several other associations prin
cipally organized by groups of artisans; the great
er part of them for humanitary purposes and for
mutual assistance.
There are also in the Capital many Catholic
Charitable Institutions conducted by women.
Markets. — Lima has four market-places, viz: the
"Baratillo," "Aurora," "Guadalupe" and "Concep-
cion," this latter being the principal one. This
market occupies the upper and lower stories of a
vast and beautiful edifice surrounded by four wide
streets. It is well ventilated and well supplied
with water, having besides all the necessary com
modities for cleanliness and a good appearance.
The great variety at all times of meats, birds, fish,
vegetables, fruits, etc., affords an ample supply of
these for the principal market in Lima, and for
this reason as well as for the adaptability and
good taste of the building it is undoubtedly one of
the foremost in South America.
The National Public Library— To the lofty
ideas which inspired the illustrious heirs of the
Independence of Peru, General Don Jose de San
Martin, is due the foundation of the National
Library. In the decree creating it and which
bears the date of 21st August, 1821, that Gen
eral said that it was 'the duty of free governments,
elected by the will of the people, to give to these
instruction and civilization by means of the exis
tence of useful establishments. The locality 'chosen
for the foundation of the National Library was
some saloons in the ancient college of Caciques.
The inauguration took place in September, 1822,
on a basis of 11,256 volumes, collected principally
from the book-shelves-of the Convents, and among
them were a great many Latin books, in folio,
which treated of religious matters. When Lima
64

ENTRANCE TO THE BOTANICAL GARDENS
AT LIMA.
They contain a large collection of rare plants and those
indigent to the tropics.

SCENE ON LAKE TITI-CACA.
The highest and deepest lake in the world, situated on the
top of the great Andes.

was occupied in 1881 by the Chilean army of in
vasion, the Library possessed some 40,000 volumes
and valuable manuscripts, of which the greater
part were carried off to Chile; while the rest
of the books and manuscripts were publicly sold
by weight in the Lima stores. To the enthusiasm
and perseverence of the well-known literary man,
Don Ricardo Palma, is due the reorganization of
the National Library, and most deservedly to his
care has been entrusted the direction of this
establishment. He commenced his patriotic labors
by the repurchasing of a large number of the
old volumes, and today has the singular good-for
tune to be able to present on their respective
shelves some 50,000 works in an establishment in
every way resembling modern libraries, so that he
has enjoyed the pleasure of seeing his intention to
place the National Library on a footing equal to
that of former times. This Library will go on in
creasing its collection of Books and Manuscripts,
as its Director never ceases his untiring efforts.
The generous contributions forwarded by the
Smithsonian Institute of Washington have greatly
assisted in placing the Library on its present foot
ing. A Distinguished Mayor. — The life and soul of
this Mayor, Federico Elguera, whom the inhabit
ants of Lima, as a proof of their appreciation of
this excellent qualities, have just re-elected for the
sixth time as Mayor of the Capital of Peru.
Once more it has been proved that it is not
sufficient to know which are the reforms which
a city requires for it to reach prosperity, but it is
also necessary to possess the will to carry them
out. The Mayor of Lima, who possesses _ this
quality, is a man of action and not of mere projects.
When the work of imagination and of creation is
65

brought to a close, it is necessary that the will
should come into action. Only in this manner can
be carried out reforms like those which the Mayor
of Lima has successfully taken in hand. The shape
of the city is that of a triangle of which the larger
side has an extent of 13 kilometers and rests upon
the river Rimac.
The National Tax Collecting Company. — After
the unfortunate war with Chile, when the revenues
from the Guano and Nitrate were lost, the states
men of Peru took in hand the patriotic and diffi
cult, although necessary task of putting in order
the finances of the country, by creating a real sys
tem of taxation, the product of which together
with that derived from the Custom Houses, should
be sufficient to meet the public expenses. For this
purpose a Joint Stock Company was established
with the object of assisting the Government in the
organization and collection of the new taxes.
The business of the Company has been pros
perous, and the progressive increase in the col
lection of the taxes under its administration, is a
proof of the zeal with which it looks after the
interests entrusted to it. The present manager
of the Company is Mr. Benjamin Avilez.
Cerro de Pasco, 12,000 inhabitants, is one of the
richest mining districts in the country. It is
situated at an altitude of 16,500 feet and about
100 miles north of Oroya. A line of rail connect
ing this town with Oroya is shortly to be built.
Tarna, a thriving commercial town some 15
miles to the east of Oroya. It has a population of
about 9,000 and is well spoken of on account of
its dry and temperate climate.
Jauja, at an altitude of 11,150 feet, is the chief
resort of consumptives and persons suffering from
bronchial affections, its climate being particularly
66

beneficial in such cases. Apart from its high
standing as a health resort, Jauja is not a town of
much importance, though under the Inca rule it
was a flourishing and populous city. The popula
tion of the town and its suburbs is' said to be
21,000. It is situated about 30 miles to the south
of Tarna and 50 miles south to Oroya.
There are also the town of Conception and
Huancayo to the south and Chanchamayo to the
east of Tarma, and distant about two day's mule
ride ; and Huanuco a similar distance to the. north
of Cerro de Pasco.
Cerro Azul, 72 miles south of Calloa, is a
surf port, dependent upon Callao Custom House.
It exports fair quantities of sugar from the ad
jacent valley of Canette. The chief town of the
district Canette, is about five miles inland.
Tambo de Mora is a minor port, 105 miles
south of Callao and 14 miles north of Pisco;
chiefly occupied in the export of wine, cotton,
sugar and agricultural produce, from the rich val
ley of Chincha, the estimated produce of which is
224,000 gallons of aguardiente (brandy), 12,. "500
gallons wine, 1,200 barrels rum and 15,000 quintals
of cotton per year. The town of Chinena is situated
six miles from the port of Tambo de Mora.
Pisco, 116 miles south of Callao, serves as the
outlet for a rich and fertile valley covering an ex
tensive area. Though chiefly devoted to the cul
ture of the vine and cotton, for which its climate
is particularly suitable, it exports in large quan
tities all kinds of agricultural produce. The
town of Pisco contains about 4,000 inhabitants;
it possesses a tramway, and a fine pier 600 yards
long; also a railway to Inca, the capitol of the de
partment, 46 miles distant. 67

Ica has a population of 10,000, devoted to wine
and cotton production and commerce with the in
terior. It is a neatly built and well situated town;
and in the immediate vicinity are several small
medicinal lakes, highly recommended for dis
eases of the skin and stomach, and for rheuma
tism. The province of Ica is said to produce
700,000 gallons wine, 90,000 gallons spirits and
40,000 quintals cotton annually.
The principal towns in the interior are:
Huancavelica, population 9,000, 120 miles from
lea. Close to this town is the famous quicksilver
mine of Santa Barbara.
Ayacucho, population 10,000, 182 miles from
Inca. Remarkable filigree work, and other speci
mens of the silversmith's art are produced here.
Castrovireyna, some 100 miles from Ica, a min
ing district of considerable note.
Ica is the highway to all these places.
Ten miles out from Pisco are the Chincha Isl
ands, once famous for their guano deposits, from
which Peru obtained an immense revenue.
Lomas, 152 miles from Pisco and 201 miles from
Mollendo. Both of these places are but of minor import
ance, the staple productions of the surrounding
country being cattle, which are shipped along the
coast in large quantities, minerals, wool and cot
ton. There are various silver and copper mines
being worked in the interior.
Mollendo, the second port of the Republic, is
a town of 5,000 inhabitants. It possesses two
hotels, and is of considerable importance commer
cially; as, being the port for Arequipa, Cuzco,
etc., ^ as well as for the interior towns of
Bolivia, it ships large quantities of alpaca and
sheep's wool, skins, coca leaves, bark, silver, tin
68

¦and copper ores, to the value of about $400,000 an
nually. It is the western terminus of the railway
to Santa Rosa (Cuzco), Puno and La Paz (Bo
livia) .
Arequipa, the capital of the department, is a
city of about 35,000 inhabitants, built at the foot
of the extinct volcano Misti (18,650 feet high),
and at an altitude of 7,550 feet above the sea level.
It is an important commercial city, and not with
out interest to the visitor; is well built, (the
houses being constructed generally of blocks of
lava), has a cathedral, a bank, chamber of com
merce, theatre, and some good hotels, as well as a
club. There are several thermal baths in the im
mediate neighborhood, and on account of its alti
tude the town enjoys a pleasant and healthy
climate. Between Arequipa and Puno various silver
mines are being profitably worked on a large
scale. From Arequipa the line extends to Puno, a
neatly built city of some 6,600 inhabitants, on the
shores of Lake Titicaca. Puno is at present the
eastern terminus of the railway into Bolivia,
though the line is about to be continued to La
Paz direct.
The remarkable Lake Titicaca lies across the
boundary line between Peru and Bolivia; it is sit
uated at an altitude of 12,500 feet above the sea
3evel, and has an area of over 5,000 square miles.
Two fairly commodious steamers ply on the lake
regularly in connection with the arrival of the
trains at Puno, and convey passengers across to
¦Chililaya (Bolivia), a distance of 90 miles. From
Chililaya there is a coach service to La Paz, seven
hours distant.
La Paz is now the capital of Bolivia, and al-
69

most all the commerce with the interior is carried
on through that town. It contains some 26,000 in
habitants, and being siuated at a considerable al
titude enjoys an agreeable climate, though the
surrounding country is barren and poor. There
are five fairly good hotels in La Paz.
Sucre, the former capital, is some 70 miles to
the south, and is a fairly extensive city, with a
population of about 40,000. Near to Sucre is the
town of Potosi, renowned for its rich silver mines.
These mines are said to be inexhaustible and it
is claimed that, since they were first systematically
worked in 1545, they have produced metal to the
value of many hundreds of millions sterling.
"I think it right in the interests of humanity,
and especially on behalf of the numerous persons
in this country who suffer so terribly from con
sumption, to draw attention to the great benefit
such sufferers would derive if they would under
take the journey to Bolivia. The air in the
regions of 'La Paz' Sucre and Oruro is so highly
rarefied and dry that it kills the bacilli, the length
of time required depending upon the stage the dis
ease has attained; patients in the first or second
stage would be completely cured after a short so
journ, but those in the third stage would prob
ably have to remain a few years. No doctors or
medicine are required, the air being all that is
necessary, although an almost complete ab
stinence from alcoholic drinks is essential. If
persons in the earlier stage of the complaint would
go without delay, they would after a few months
be able to return completely restored to health.
Numerous persons suffering from consumption
are annually sent to Italy, etc., where a cure is
generally hopeless, whereas, if they would only
70

undertake the longer journey to Bolivia, they
would in most cases regain their health."
Cueco. The city of Cuzco is supposed to have
been founded by Manco Capac, the first Inca, in
1043, and it was taken by Pizarro in 1543. The
population is about 18,500. Visitors to this inter
esting locality will find much to attract their at
tention, as, being, the ancient capital of the Incas,
it still possesses many remarkable relics of their
empire, particularly the great Temple of the Sun,
which furnished such prodigious wealth to the
Spanish invaders, the palaces of Manco Capac and
.his successors, the Inca canal, etc. The ruins of
the famous Inca fortress of Saxihuaman attract
visitors from all parts of the world. The more
modern constructions of note are the cathedral,
one of the finest and most remarkable buildings
of the kind in the country, the university, mu
seum, cloth factory, and several other buildings.
The city is situated at an altitude of 11,000 feet
above the sea level.
Cusco exports large quantities of cocoa,
chocolate, coffee, vanilla, indigo, sarsaparilla,
quinine, and other medicinal barks and herbs, all
of which are abundantly produced in the neigh
borhood. Considerable quantities of gold are also
yearly exported from the Carabaya district in the
vicinity; and the engineers have been sent out
from Europe to survey this with a view to a sys
tematic exploitation of its bidden wealth.
Fifteen miles from Cuzco is the valley of Uru
bamba, the summer resort of the people of Cuzco,
9,000 feet above the sea level. The celebrated
ruins of Ollanta and Tamo, ancient fortifications
of the Incas, are situated in this valley.
The regular through steamers call at Mollendo,
northbound, every Sunday and Wednesday; going
71

south, calls are made every Tuesday and Satur
day. There is a telegraph cable station there,
and land lines communicate with Arequipa, Cuzco
and La Paz.
Ilo is a minor port about half way between
Mollendo and Arica. Its chief trade is the ex
port of wines, spirits arid olives, for which the sur
rounding districts have a high reputation.
I.
A General Description of the Country.
Peru lies on the western side of South America,
between parallels 1' 29' and 19° 13' south of the
Equator, and between 64° 15' and 80* 40' 54" west
of the Meridian of Paris. Its shores are washed
by the Pacific ocean, and its boundaries are the fol
lowing: On the north, the Republic of Ecuador;
on the northeast, the Republic of Colombia ; on the
east, the United States of Brazil ; on the southeast,
the Republic of Bolivia, and on the south, the Re
public of Chile.
The superficial area of the country is 1,806,891
square kilometers (697,640 square miles). This
large area is divided into three distinct zones, viz.:
The coast; the Sierra, or highlands, and the Mon
tana, or forest region.
By reason of these divisions of the territory it
possesses every variety of climate, and its geology
and topography are such as to give it all the pro
ducts of the temperate, torrid and frigid zones,
which constitute the basis of its internal and ex
ternal commerce. v
II.
Political Organization.
The political organization of Peru is governed
by the Constitution of 1860. The form of govern-
72

A PERUVIAN MAN OF WAR.
3000 tons and 14,000 horse-power, built in 1906 at Barrow in
Furness — Speed 24 knots.

STATUE OF ADMIRAL GRAU AT CALLAO.

ment is democratic and representative, founded on
unity, and is vested in three powers— Legislative,
Executive and Judicial.
The Legislative Power is formed by the Senate
and Chamber of Deputies, the Executive is vested
in the President of the Republic and his Council
of Ministers, and the Judicial comprises the Su
preme Court, nine Superior. Courts, Justices of the
Peace for the districts.
The political division of the territory is as fol
lows: 21 departments, 97 provinces and 788 dis
tricts, which are under Prefects, Sub-prefects and
Governors, respectively. III.
INDIVIDUAL GUARANTEES.
(Title IV of the Constitution.)
Art. 16. The law protects life and honor against
all unjust aggression, and cannot impose the pun
ishment of death except for willful murder.
Art. 18. No one can be arrested without the
written warrant of a competent judge, or of au
thorities charged with the preservation of public
order, except in flagrant delicto; and in all cases
the arrested person must be brought before the
proper tribunal within twenty-four _ hours. The
servers of the warrant are bound to give a copy of
it whenever it is asked for.
Art. 19. Prisons are places of detention, not of
punishment. All severity not necessary for secure
keeping is prohibited.
Art. 21. All have the right to use the press for
the publication of their writings without previous
censure, but subject to the responsibility imposed
by the law.
Art. 22. The secrecy of letters is inviolable.
73

Letters that have been seized are not legal evi
dence. Art. 23. Every employment, trade, or profes
sion, not opposed either to morals, to health, or to
the public safety, can be freely exercised.
Art. 26. Property, whether it be material, intel
lectual, literary or artistic, is inviolable, and no
one can be deprived of his own, except for the
public good, legally proved, and with previous fair
indemnification. Art. 27. Useful discoveries are the exclusive
property of the inventors, unless they voluntarily
agree to sell the secret, or there arises the case of
forced expropriation. Those who are merely the
introducers of such discoveries shall enjoy the ad
vantages of inventors for the limited time that is
conceded in conformity with the Jaw.
Art. 28. Any foreigner may acquire property
in the Republic, in accordance with the law, and in
reference to such property he shall have the obli
gations and the privileges of a Peruvian.
IV.
CURRENCY.
In accordance with the law of December 14, 1901,
Peru has established its currency on a gold basis.
The standard of currency is the Peruvian pound, a
coin of equal value, size and fineness to the Eng
lish pound sterling.
All the silver and copper coins that are minted
are fractions of a Peruvian pound. The pound, or
"libra," is equal to ten "soles" silver.
It is absolutely forbidden to bring into the coun
try silver and copper coins of any denomination
whatever ; this measure has been taken in order to
maintain the gold standard.
The English gold coins, viz., the pound sterling
74

and the half-pound, have been declared as legal
tender in the Republic the same as if they were
Peruvian coins of the same denomination.
No paper money exists in Peru. There are no
bank notes, and their issue is forbidden by law.
The following is the list of the banks doing busi
ness at Lima.' These banks have branch offices.
in several of the more important cities of the Re
public. Capital. Paid Up.
Banco del Peru y Londres . .s2,000,000 s2,000,00O
Banco International del Peru 2,000,000 1,000,000-
Banco Italiano  1,500,000 750,000-
Banco Popular  500,000 500,000
Bancos de los Pobres  300,000 100,000-
V
MUNICIPAL ^GOVERNMENT.
The municipal administration of the Republic is.
vested in the "Consejos Provinciales" .(Provincial
Councils) and the "Concejos Distritales" (District.
Councils). The former are establshed to regulate admin
ister and inspect the several services of the town
ships of their jurisdiction in reference to the fol
lowing departments :
Cleanliness and public health with power to
establish and enact such rules and regulations as
may be necessary in all public places and private
residences and to prevent the sale of all impure
food drinks and medicines, or any of inferior quali
ties. ' Supply and maintenance of springs, fountains.
and hydrants, and the distribution of water both
in the town and adjacent country, in so far as
these may be open to public use.
Inspection of public roads, so as to determine
75

their location, direction, and everything relating
to public squares, streets and local roads.
Maintenance and embellishment of the towns,
markets, slaughter-houses, watering-places for cat
tle, etc.
Lighting and street cleaning.
Primary instruction throughout the province.
Encouragement and protection .of all societies
or associations organized in the province for the
promotion and progress of science, the arts and in
dustries. Registry and census of the province and the
maintenance and inspection of all standards of
weights and measures.
The District Councils exercise in their territory
the same attributes as the Provincial Councils and
have special charge and care of bridges roads and
the schools within their jurisdiction.
In accordance with article 10 of the Law of Octo
ber 14, 1892, foreigners may become members of
the Municipal Councils.
VI.
HYGIENE.
Public health is protected by the vigilance of the
Municipal Councils and is under the direct charge
of qualified medical practitioners duly appointed
and paid by the Provincial Councils.
There is a Supreme Board of Health at the capi
tal of the Republic and Departmental and Provin
cial Boards in each department and province.
These Boards have the control and vigilance of the
shipping at the ports of entry.
In the majority of the departmental capitals
there are hospitals supported by the benevolent
societies where gratuitous medical attendance is
given to all classes of suffering humanity.
76

All the benevolent societies receive and aid for
eigners at their establishments. VII.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
Besides the natural highroads fluvial and ter
restrial, that exists in Peru, there are the following
railroads in the country:

Guage

Length Miles

Paita to Piura 

Standard
NarrowNarrow
Standard Standard
Narrow
Narrow Narrow
NarrowStandardStandard
Standard StandardNarrowStandard
StandardStandard

62

Piura to Catacaos . _ _ _ _ 

6

Pimentel to Chiclayo  __ 

8

Eten to Ferrenafe and Patapo 
Pacasmayo to Guadalupe and Yonan.
Salaverry to Trujillo and Ascope 
Huanchaco to Tres Palos 

48 57
47 23

San Nicholas to Puerto de Supe 
Chimbote to Suchman 

3
32

Central of Peru. 1_

137

Callao, Lima and Chorrillos. _

17

23

Lima to Magdalena __ __ 

4

Tambo de Mora to Chincha Alta
Pisco to Ica_ 

6
6

Mollendo to Arequipa and Puno to

Arica and Tacna 

3

/

There are besides several new railroad lines,
some under construction, as, for instance, the
Cerro de Pasco Railroad, which is being built by
an American company, from the present terminus
of the Central Railroad to the rich copper and
silver deposits of Cero de Pasco, and others pro
jected such as the lines from Lima to Pisco, from
Cerro de Pasco to the coal fields of that region,
from the coast to the headwaters of the Amazon.
77
Public Highroads are being built from several
places to the navigable rivers of Eastern Peru,
and a good road has been opened in the central
region. Steamship Communication is carried on to the
coast of Peru, and with foreign countries, by the
following steamship companies:

Names

Pacific Steam Navigation
Company 
Compania Sue Americana. .
Kosmos Line 

The Merchants Line 
The West Cost of America
Line 

The Gulf Line.

The Lamport & Holt Line..
Compagnie des Messageries
du Pacifique 

Hamburg-American Line.

Nationality

English Chilean
German English
American EnglishEnglish French
German

Between What
Countries

England and
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Paciffc and
Germany
New York and
Pacific
New York and
Pacific
Europe and
Pacific
Europe and
Pacific
France and
Pacific
Hamburg and
Pacific

There are, besides, several Peruvian coasting
steamers and sailing vessels of all nationalities.
Iquitos, the chief Peruvian fluvial port on the
Amazon river, is in disect steamship communica
tion with European ports, New York, and the
Brazilian ports of Manaos and Para, by means of
the following, steamship lines : Booth Line, Red
Cross Line, and Amazon Steam Navigation Com
pany. 78

VIII.
POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH COMMUNICA
TION.
Peru is a member of the Universal Postal Union,
and as such has regular mail communications with
all nations of the world.
Two submarine cable companies unite Peru with
the outside world — The Central and South Ameri
can Telegraph Company and the West Coast of
America Telegraph Company.
The government has established and equipped
telegraph lines in different parts of the country,
and this service is also being extended and im
proved. The land wires have already been laid
as far north as Ferranafe, while on the south they
reach the boundary line, and on the east to Puerto
Bermudez, along the great central route.
THE COAST OF PERU.
The coast of Peru extends along the shores of
the Pacific ocean some 1,300 miles.
The country is traversed throughout its entire
length by the magnificent chain of the Andes, run
ning parallel to and at a distance that varies from
20 to 100 miles from the coast. The region be
tween is a continuous sandy desert, except where
watered by transverse mountain streams, which
form the very rich valleys of the coast, from
whence the greater part of the agricultural wealth
of the country is now obtained.
The coast valleys are very fertile, and form per
fect oasis in the arid plains. Their products are ex
ported all over the world by means of railroads
to the nearest ports and regular lines of steamers
plying along the coast.
The principal agricultural products of this sec-
79

tion are : Cane sugar and alcohol, cotton and oil,
rice, tobacco, coffee, cacao, wines, and all kinds of
fruits and vegetables. The production of the sugar
cane, which is the chief industry, reaches to about
160,000 tons per annum, while the quantity of al
cohol manufactured from cane is about 16,000,000
litres. Besides these agricultural products, the
coast is rich in charcoal, sulphur, salt, petroleum,
phosphates, guano; and towards the slopes of the
Andes coal and mineral ores are known to exist in
paying quantities. ,
The following is a list of the principal valleys
of the coast, from North to South: Tumbes, La
Chira and Piura, Lambayeque and Pacasmayo,
Trujillo, Chicama, Santa, Huacho, Chancay, Ijima,
Canete, Chincha, Pisco and Ica, Nazca, Camana,
Mages, Tambo, Arequipa, Moquegua, Locumba,
Tacna, etc.
Each and every one of these, and more specially,
Lambayeque, Chicama, Canete, Ica and Mopue-
gua, offer a vast and fertile area suitable for im
migration. The farms in this section, and the larger estates
or plantations, have, and some require, good and
efficient overseers to direct the agricultural labors
on them ; besides, there is a constant demand for
skilled labor in the shape of mechanics, sugar-
chemists and boilers, distillers, carpenters, black
smiths, wine-growers, and workmen in general.
A great many of the farmers and proprietors of
estates let out lands under contract, the conditions
of which vary slightly, according to the locality,
and are more or less as follows:
1. For good lands, having sufficient water sup
ply, the rent would be 25 per cent, of the crops.
2. If the owner supplies oxen, tools, implements
80

LUIS F. VILLARAN, D.D.L.
Professor of the University of Lima, in its 334th
year.

J. H. MIRO QUESADA,
The very able editor and owner of Lima's big daily,
''El Comercio."

and seeds, the rent would be about 50 per cent, of
the crops.
3. For the lease of the land the rent per annum
would be at the rate of from 30 to 50 soles the
fanegada; say, $15 to $25 U. S. currency per 7.10
acres. 4. Lastly, another method consists in the sale
to the owner of the land of all crops, at a price
previously arranged.
The latter method is much in vogue in cane and
cotton plantations, in which cases the crops are
sold by the weight and delivered either on the field
or alongside of the factory.
All and each of these contracts leave a large
margin of profits to the immigrants, and can read
ily give them a small fortune from the very outset,
provided they are economical and hard workers.
Immigrants who may possess some independent
means can easily obtain further facilities if they
engage to cultivate large tracts of land.
The tendency today in the greater part of the
estates and farms of Peru is to keep in separate
hands the cultivation of the raw material and the
preparation of the products for market.
The habitable and cultivable area on the coast
might be quadrupled by the construction of irriga
tion works. At Nasca there are other remains of
the work of the ancient Peruvians, and which have
been successfully utilized by modern methods.
The valley of Nasca is an oasis in a desert plain
that covers 4,000 square miles. Nature has only
provided a minute water course, dry for many
months in the year, yet this region, through the
engineering skill of the Incas in the first instance,
and the successful work of latter day agricultur
ists, has been converted into a veritable paradise,
teeming with cotton fields, vineyards and fruit
81

gardens. There are fifteen vine and cotton estates
in the Nasca valley. These instances of successful
irrigation are mentioned here to show how culti
vation was extended in ancient times and how
enormous the productiveness of the Peruvian coast
might be increased by the judicious execution of
similar works at the present day.
The greater part of the desert area is not rock
and sand, but land thirsting for water.
Opportunities for Emigrants. In the High
lands of Peru, there are immense opportunities for
raising cattle, which is now being done in a very
small and poor manner. Cattle raising in fabulous
quantities has been made a success in Australia,
New Zealand, the Argetine Republic and Chile;
while in Peru it has been very backward. There
is a chance for big fortunes in this line, as Peru has
immense natural pastures, excellent climate, an'd
every facility for grazing.
There are several companies that have been or
ganized by Duncan, Fox & Co., of London, in var
ious parts of South America, stock of which com
panies have been sold at $10.00 are now worth
$85.00. Magellen stock brought only $50.00 and
is now worth $238. Stock sold by these people in
other companies at $25.00 par is now selling at
$380.00. The Chilean Co. and the Argentine Co.,
also organized by this firm, sold stock at $7.00
which is now worth $88.00. This only goes to
show the value of stock raising in parts of S.
America. Peru offers better advantages for this
than any other part of the Continent.
Agriculture— Undoubtedly Providence has show
ered with prodigality its blessings upon this Re
public. Its mines are inexhaustible, its forests
contain, besides a great variety -of valuable pro
duct's, aH kinds of excellent and undecayable tim-
82

ber, and its farming-lands are blessed with won
derful fertility.
The great variety of the agricultural products
of Peru is due to the diversity of its climate. In
Peru can be grown all the products of the tem
perate zone of Europe or the United States, as
well as those of the tropical regions situated near
the Equator.
In fact, on seeing a collection of the agricultural
products of Peru one would suppose that it was
an agricultural exhibition of different nations, sit
uated in different latitudes. Such is the variety
of the products of the Peruvian soil, not only on
account of the diversity of climate in its different
zones, which comprise all the graduations that
exist, from the tropical heat to the cold of the per
petual snow, but also on account of the distinct
nature of its lands, some of them covered with
a thick layer of vegetable mould or "humus,"
while others are dry and impregnated with nitrate,
of which diversity those who in Peru devote their
attention to the exploitation of the soil have
known how to take advantage.
1 — The region of Sugar-cane and Cotton, which
corresponds to the strip of the coast.
2 — The region of the Cereals belonging to the
temperate zones, which corresponds to the Inter-
andine region, with its plains and table-lands.
3 — The Rubber region which is that of the
Montana of forest-clad highlands.
Of these three zones into which Peru is topo
graphically divided, that of the coast is for the
present the most favorable for agricultural devel
opment and is also the one in which it has at
tained the greatest expansion.
Although situated between the tropics, as al
ready stated, this privileged region enjoys a mild
83

and agreeable climate, exempt from hurricanes,
storms of sudden atmospheric changes.
The Thermometer — In the winter the Ther
mometer rarely falls below 12 degrees Centigrade
(about 54 degrees Fahrenheit) ; and the nights are
always cool, thanks to the constant south winds,
and to the fresh breezes from the neighboring
Cordillera of the Andes, with its peaks covered
with perpetual snow. As rains are unknown in
this region, for the little dampness which falls in
the winter season does not deserve the name of
rain, there is unfortunately, as we have already
said, a scarcity of water; but wherever irrigation
is possible, the production of the soil is marvellous,
and the parts which have remained uncultivated
for want of water, or irrigation, retain in their
vegetable crust, still intact, rich fertilizing sub
stances, which only require artificial irrigation to
become converted into fields of surprising fertility.
The absence of rains, hail and storms, allows
the execution of agricultural operations throughout
the entire year. Moreover the uniformity of the
climate gives to the agriculturist the security of
being able to get in his crops, and still more
a freedom of action unknown to those who have
to struggle against the difficulties caused by the
atmospheric changes, and inclemency of climate
so frequent in other countries.
The lands lying along the coast of Peru, on ac
count of their nature, the system of irrigation em
ployed and their great fertility, possess conditions
for reproduction similar to those of Egpyt which
are yearly fertilized by the overflowing of the
Nile. Cold Zones — The temperate or cold zone, that
is to say the interandine region, can produce all
the known varieties of the principal cereals and
84

tubers and is also adapted to the breeding of
cattle on account of its natural pastures. The
land is less fertile and the thickness of the layer
of "humus" is less than on the coast-strip, but
in the parts where it has been possible to employ
artificial irrigation, the soil is very productive.
The vast extent of territory called the "Montana,"
or wooded highlands, is the warmest and lies
on an average height of 500 metres above the
level of the sea. It has the benefit of perfect
natural irrigation, and is rendered fruitful by
innumerable streams, which on uniting their
waters, form the splendid rivers of the East of
Peru which fall into the majestic Amazon. Here
is to be found an enormous extent of land covered
with a layer of "humus" of more than 15 feet
thick, and consequently of astounding productive
ness. In this vast section of the Peruvian soil the
richness of the land is simply marvelous, and one
can hardly believe the accounts given by compe
tent persons who have explored these virgin for
ests, or even the special reports of the government
commissioners. Fertile Regions — The soil of the Montana region,
fertile and productive as it is, only needs capital
and labor to produce great wealth, and one may
say that there the vegetation is spontaneous. The
working-man of good habits, who aspires to
improve his position by means of his labor, and
with patience to go on accumulating the product
of his economy so as to place himself and family
safe from want in his old age, would find in this
privileged region the means of realizing his
desires; in the same way the modest merchant
and small tradesman who perceives that he is
working at present in a barren and unproductive
soil, also exploited by so many others, and that
85

the results obtained by him do not compensate
his toil and much less satisfy his aspirations for
a better future, would find in the Amazonian re
gion of Peru a vast field for the exercise of his
labor and energy in all the branches of active life
not yet exploited there.
The agriculturists arriving at this region should
not allow themselves to be seduced by the large
profits left by the rubber industry, but should
concrete their labor to the cultivation of the soil
in the upper lands which are free from the periodi
cal inundations caused by the annual freshets of
the rivers. In these spots he would not be ex
posed to paludic fevers and could devote himself
with the certainty of obtaining a big return, to
the planting of rubber and cocoa trees and to
the cultivation of vanilla and other tropical plants.
Colonising Districts — Peru possesses in the
healthful district of the upper Montana magnificent
lands for colonization. Some day when these
lands are crossed by a railway, which is what
the Government proposes to do, the colonizing of
this region will become a relatively easy matter.
Then we shall see the agricultural products of
Peru increase two-fold, five-fold and even one
hundred-fold. Notwithstanding all these favorable and excep
tional conditions for the development of native
agriculture, we must admit, that, even with all its
recent progress, Agriculture in Peru is still in its
infancy, and that only a part of the cultivable
lands have been made use of. Nor is the system
less than on the coast-strip, but in the parts where
it has been possible to employ artificial irrigation,.
the soil is very productive. The vast extent of
territory called the "Montana," or wooded high
lands, is the warmest and lies at an average height
86

of 500 metres above the level of the sea. It has
the benefit of perfect natural irrigation, and is
rendered fruitful by innumerable streams, which
on uniting their waters, from the splendid rivers
of the East of Peru which fall into the majestic
Amazon. Here is to be found an enormous ex
tent of land covered with a layer of "humus" of
more than 15 feet thick, and consequently of
astounding productiveness. In this vast section
of the Peruvian soil the richness of the land is
simply wonderful.
Artificial Manures — The want of scientific know
ledge on the part of most of the agriculturists,
is another of the causes of the slow development
of this important industry in Peru, although it is
the principal source of the public wealth among
nations. Until lately our agriculturists knew
nothing about the modern methods of the pre
paration of the soil and the increase of its fertility
by the employment of artificial manures, and so
it is that they have never adopted the new and
perfected methods of cultivation based on scienti
fic principles, nor have they brought into use
modern machinery.
Irrigation — It is true that for the employment in
Peru of agricultural machinery, one meets with
the difficulty arising from the high cost of the
same, and also in case of breakage, or of its get
ting out of order, the almost impossibility of find
ing a native blacksmith capable of repairing what
has gone wrong; so much so that in most cases
the repairs cause great delay and considerable ex
pense on account of the great distance at which
the workshops are situated. Another of the very
important problems, the proper solution of which
must contribute in an effective manner to the
development of Agriculture in Peru, especially in
87

the Coast region, is that of irrigation, because
whenever by chance rail falls on the western
slopes of the Andes, the rain water, on account of
the declivity of the ground', is neither retained
nor absorbed gradually, but on the contrary is
precipitated along the surface in its course to
wards the Ocean.
American Engineers — In order to proceed with
the greatest correctness in the irrigation of this
interesting region, the Government has contracted
experienced parties, or hydraulic engineers, in the
United States for the government service (U. S.
Geological Surveyors).
These engineers, assisted by Peruvian col
leagues, have for the last two years been study
ing the geology of the Coast, the courses of its
rivers, rivulets and streams, as well as the sub
terranean waters, in order to decide as to the best
system for the irrigation of the coast, which at
present is only practiced on less than 30 per cent
of the whole of its surface.
In short, the want of agronomic knowledge is a
great obstacle to the agricultural progress of the
country in the greater part of the provinces; the
ground is sown in accordance with primitive meth
ods, leaving all the rest to its fecundity.
Routine and System — Routine is the great draw
back which impedes the advance of the national
agriculture. Fortunately of late a healthy reform
has commenced in the system of cultivation ; books
are now read, and the most progressive farmers
get out from foreign countries competent special
ists. _ The machinery, and farming instruments,
principally of North-American make, are now
being imported' on a large scale, and the day is
not far distant when the Peruvian agriculturists
will have at their disposal the same elements as
88

THE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES.

THE SMELTING WORKS OF CASAPALCA.

in other countries, and will be able to compete in
knowledge and experience with the most advanced
of other nations.
With this intention the National School of
Agriculture and Veterinary Science was founded
in 1902 and in this year only the first pupils of
that establishment have taken their diplomas.
These young men together with the Peruvians,
who have recently returned from the United States
of America after graduating as agronomic engi
neers in the special schools which that Great Re
public sustains, will contribute to the hastening of
the reforms already commenced, and to the ban
ishing for ever from Peru the antiquated systems
of cultivation.
Free Information — The Department distributes
among the agriculturists every class of illustrative
information respecting the modern systems and
processes for the cultivation, irrigation, manuring
and drainage of the lands, always taking care to
call attention to the products which can be most
advantageously cultivated in the different zones
of the Republic. For the same purpose the De
partment of Fomento puts into circulation monthly
a special boletin of Agriculture and besides this it
publishes from time to time important pamphlets
treating of certain points of special interest for
the advancement of Peruvian agriculture; these
pamphlets are profusely distributed among the
agriculturists. The National Society of Agricul
ture follows out the same plan by the publication
of a newspaper.
With the same object in view, the Department
of Fomento imports seeds and special plants from
other parts of the world, and assists the agricultur
ists in fighting against the plagues and diseases
which sometimes attack the growing crops.
89

The extent of the cultivable lands on the coast
of Peru exceeds 49,422,000 acres, and of these only
about 1,482,660 are under cultivation, on account of
the want of water, which is distributed in accord
ance with a special code, which has been recently
reformed so as to diminish this difficulty, which
delays the progress of agriculture on the coast,
as its development is closely dependent upon irri
gation. Land Concessions — The laws now in force au
thorize the government to grant concessions of
water and lands, on very liberal conditions which
are highly advantageous to all those who desire
to acquire lands and devote themselves to Agri
culture in this country, the soil of which only
awaits the laborers to draw from it the sap which
is their treasure, and the intelligence necessary for
a wise direction of the labor employed in order to
obtain abundant fruits.
The extensive Peruvian territory, with its
variety of climates and great diversity of products
of the three kingdoms, offers special inducements
to immigrants, while the liberal laws on the sub
ject of colonization, ownership of forest lands,
mining properties and irrigation, are such as to
prove, by their very advantageous conditions, how
eager are the Government and people of Peru to
direct towards the country a stream of good colon
ists and a share of the surplus capital of other
countries. The important question of immigration, and
especially that of establishing industrial colonies
in the Republic, is the natural aim of the Govern
ment. To attain this end, which signifies the
economic development of the country, the Gov
ernment has been untiring in its efforts and en
deavors. Roads have been opened in different di-
90

rections, railroads have been projected and are to
be constructed, and everywhere there is a revival
of agricultural and mining pursuits.
The laws of Peru concede exclusive rights to
nobody; foreigners and natives are treated alike
and possess the same civil rights.
An immigrant can obtain real estate and become
the owner of land in any portion of Peru. His
work cannot be interfered with. He is protected
by the laws, and he is only requested to accept
them as they are and to conform to their pro
vision. Besides colonists, there is room in Peru for gocd
and steady artisans. Carpenters, blacksmiths,
mechanics, etc., earn from two to four soles per
day, according to their ability and demand.
In the workshops and factories wages are higher
than in other South American countries, and as
there is a scarcity of available workmen, good
hands are always certain of constant employment.
THE CENTRAL ROUTE OF PERU.
Among the several regions of Peru, one that of
fers greater advantages to immigration is that
which is crossed by the "Ceniral Route," from San
Luis de Shuaro to Iquitos. This route has been
built at a great expense and after overcoming great
difficulties, stands out as a proof of the untir
ing energy and zeal of the Government that carried
it out. The colossal undertaking solves the prob
lem of rapid, direct and easy communication be
tween the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and forms a
double outlet for the products of the three distinct
zones into which the country is divided — the coast,
the sierra (or mountain) highlands, and the mon-
tana or (forest) region. The lands on either side
of this highroad, which until the River Azupizu is
91

reached are hilly, and afterwards more or less flat,
can be taken up already and developed by either
utilizing the natural products of the region, viz.,
rubber of several kinds, gums, resins, cabinet and
construction woods, medicinal plants and dye
woods, or by the cultivation of cocoa, coffee, sugar
cane, cocoa and other valuable products adaptable
to the climate.
FOREST LANDS.
The forest lands called 'Montana," covers the
Eastern region and all of the territory of the navi
gable rivers up to the Andes Mountains, forming a
vast territory, of more than one million kilometers
square and includes the department of Loreta and
all the parts and provinces extending south to
Sandia. The ground is covered with immense forests
which are crossed and cut by rivers and streams
which flowing one into the other invariably form
large navigable rivers which in turn forms the
source of the largest river of the world, the Ama
zon. The exuberance of vegetation of these forest
lands is beyond description. It is sufficient to say
that there are produced without any cultivation,
trees of all sorts, fruit trees and woods of use to
commerce. The ground is so fertile that when
once cleared it will be completely covered over in
a few days with new vegetation. The rains are
very abundant and favor this exceptional pro
duction. No cultivation is necessary, nor artificial
v/atering in these forest lands. It is sufficient to
plant the seed and the ground, aided by the abund
ant rains will force the growth of the seed with
surprising strength and fertility.
Treasures in the Forests. — It is sufficient to men-
92

tion the following classes of trees: 1. — Lumber for
construction. 2. — Medicinal plants. 3. — All sorts
of aromatic plants. 4. — Fibres. 5. — Dye Woods.
6. — Rosim. 7. — Medicinal woods. 8. — Gums and
Rubber. In each one of these classes is included
an immense number of families and in these
forests are produced, naturally, Cascarilla bark, the
Balsams, Rosins, Rubber gums, Sarsaparilla,
Vanilla, etc. with astonishing profusion. Cedar
and also all sorts of hard wood are found in an
increditable variety and quantity.
In spite of these immensely rich regions, these
valuable lands are entirely uninhabited, owing to
the population of Peru being very scarce. It is
only the borders of these rivers, that is the most
important of them, that contain a population of
100,000 people, who, as a rule, work in extracting
rubber. .
The Nation's Call. — Peru makes a universal call
to settlers and wishes them to come and inhabit
this region and exploit its riches, which today, are
found abandoned for want of people. When
colonies are once established, formed of healthy
and robust people, the riches of this property will
yield them immense returns.
THE REGION OF THE YUCAYALI.
Our Great River. — This river including its tribu
taries is the actual source of the Amazon River.
The width of the Yucayali is between one thous
and and one thousand two hundred yards wide.
Its average depth is never less than eighteen feet
and it is navigable for steamers for nearly one
thousand miles.
Richest Rubber Region. — This region is without
doubt the richest in rubber trees in all the Re
public. Its abundance of fine rubber trees will
93

yield immediate and large profits. Around the
neighborhood of this great river and its tributaries
there are immense territories in which the foot of
a man has never trod. Any person, at little cost of
labor or trouble, can establish himself therein and
carve for himself a profitable future. It is calcu
lated that a piece of ground three miles square
contains in the neighborhood of three million
tiees of different species, the most important of
which, are those yielding caucho and fine rubber.
Varieties of Rubber Trees. — In the highland of
this territory are found the caucho trees and in
the lowlands trees yielding the fine rubber are al
ways on the borders of the rivers which renders
transportation extremely convenient. There are
several varieties of trees which produce the caucho
and also a great number of plants that resemble
the caucho and which yield good rubber. There
are also a number of different trees which produce
fine rubber, being whiter and finer grained than
the common caucho. In this neighborhood the
fine rubber tree has a plain, smooth trunk to a
height- of 90 feet, more or less, and is from two to
six feet thick. All rubber taken from this region
can be sold at the city at $22 for 15 kilos.
It has been customary in Peru, for the native
tappers to destroy the common caucho trees by
felling them within a few feet of its roots. These
trees would then bleed to death, yielding a quan
tity of rubber sap, sometimes as much as fifty
to one hunderd pounds. It is now forbidden by
law to destroy these trees.
A fine rubber tree will not yield sap if cut
down. It is an actual fact that this part of Peru
has an advantage over other parts of S. America,
in that it has a greater abundance of fine rubber
yielding trees than the common caucho. In
94

Peru, to-day, very few rubber plantations are be
ing worked. TARNA..
_ A Mountain City. — As has already been men
tioned the journey from Callao to Oroya by rail
road (220 kilometre) occupies one day. "From
Oroya, the present terminus of the Central Rail
road, the traveler goes to Tarna on mule or horse
back, a distance of three hours. Tarna is one of
the most prosperous commercial cities of the De
partment of Junin, it has from 8,000 to 10,000 in
habitants, is very healthful, has good schools, and
is full of resources. Seventy-eight kilometers from
Tarna lies the fertile Chanchamayo Valley. A
good bridle-path leads to it, and the distance can
be covered very comfortably in ten or twelve
hours. It is at Chanchamayo that the forest
region may be said to begin. This valley stands
at 3,285 feet above sea-level, and it has a beautiful
climate. Vegetation is exuberant here, and all and every
kind of tropical fruits are easily raised.
Modern Farms. — There are several valuable
sugar, coffee and cocoa plantations, with modern
machinery and magnificent dwelling houses in the
valley. A few years ago their owners arrived
there with no other means than their own energy
and perseverance, and today they are well-to-do
and prosperous members of a prospeous com
munity.
The New and Valuable Source of Wealth for Men
of Capital and Energy.
The Peruvian rubber industry, although not new
in the history of the country, rubber having been
extracted for many years past from the forest
95

regions bordering on the Amazon, may be said,
nevertheless, to constitute a new industry in the
country, as it is only within the last five years that
the Government has given it any decided attention.
The recent explorations into the forest regions of
the Departments of Cuzco, Junin, Puno and Huan-
uco have given the -most satisfactory results, and
it is today a known fact that rubber of good com
mercial quality exists in abundance in these de
partments, as well as in Loretto, the vast depart
ment through which the mighty Amazon enters
into Peru.
Fixed Laws for Rubber Lands. — The Govern
ment wishing to give every possible inducement to
capitalists and men of enterprise to develop this
great source of wealth, has established by law
fixed rules to govern the exploitation and ex
traction of rubber within its territory. And the
Department of Encouragement and Public Works
has been kept quite busy within the last few years
— since the promulgation of the law of December
21, 1898 — examining the titles of parties who, in
acordance with the said law, claiming the rights of
ownership to rubber lands in the Republic.
There are two ways of acquiring rubber proper
ties in Peru, and as (according to the Constitution
of the Republic) foreigners have the same right
and privileges as natives for the acquisition of real
estate, lands, mines and property of every descrip
tion it is very important for would-be investors in
Peruvian enterprises to know how such property
may be acquired.
Rubber Leases. — The law has established that
the acquisition of rubber lands may be obtained,
first, by the lease of lands containing rubber-bear
ing trees, and second, by the lease of lots of rub-
96

A Chemical Laboratory

View of the Plaza, showing Cathedral which contains the bones.
of Pizarro, the Conqueror. This ancient edifice
is nearly four hundred years old

ber estradas, that is, groups of one hundred and
fifty trees.
In the first instance the Government grants a
ten-year lease of a certain number of hectares of
forest land, but with the express injunction that
no trees are to be cut down or destroyed; the
lessee is to pay the Government a royalty at the
rate of two soles for every forty-six kilograms
(about 100 pounds) of rubber extracted; this roy
alty must be paid at the time of exporting, together
with the export duties to which all rubber leaving
Peru is subject. (The export duties are the fol
lowing: Jebe, viz., fine rubber, 8 centavos Peru
vian currency per kilogram; caucho, viz., India
rubber, 5 centavos Peruvian currency per kilo
gram.) Rent in Estradas. — In the second instance the
Government grants a lease of a certain number of
rubber estradas, that is to say, of a certain number
of lots containing one hundred and fifty rubber
trees each, at the rate of twenty centavos Peruvian
currency ( say ten cents American currency) for
each estrada per annum, and another twenty
centavos for each hectare (two acres *71) of land on
which the trees are located. For example, if ten
estradas have been measured off, embracing an
area of 20 hectares (about 49 y2 acres), the yearly
rental would be six soles, say three dollars United
States currency.
It is very important to bear in mind that the
contracts in either case are only perfected when
the Government has approved the plans made by
the expert, previously proposed by the lessee, and
accepted by the Government.
Bonds as Guarantee. — The bond or guarantee
which is mentioned in the contracts is at the rate
of one sole of nominal value in bonds of the In-
97

ternal Debt per hectare of land, and at the rate of
five soles, also of nominal value, when dealing in
"estradas." This is by no means an onerous con
dition, as it is an interest-bearing capital which
accumulates in favor of the lessee.
It should not be forgotten that by the decision
of July 2, 1900, the order in which the claims are
filed does not govern the location of the lots, but
that these are located and granted solely on the
approval of the plans, as previously stated. It is
therefore to be understood that the Government
recognizes the contract as perfected when it has
accepted the measurement and location by the
properly constituted and appointed expert, going
only by the accuracy of the work done, and when
ever the plans thus drawn up do not interfere with
other concessions previously perfected.
Bona-fide Investors Protected. — 'This decision
has undoubtedly been given with a view to pro
tect would-be' bona fide investors against specula
tors who owing to lack of funds for carrying out
all preliminary operations might prejudice the
activity and means which the former may possess.
Therefore the lessee who does not wish to accept
one on land of small value, should hasten to pro
pose an expert and get ahead with the work of
measurement and the drawing up of plans for the
Government to complete the contract, so that
without loss of time, it may begin to have the de
sired effect.
This action of the Peruvian Government in ref
erence to the leasing of rubber lands would prove
to what an extent it is desirous of protecting the
rubber industry. In fact, the first form of lease-
that which establishes the payment of a two soles
royalty for every forty-six kilograms of rubber ex
tracted — is liberal to an extreme, because, as rub-
98

ber constitutes one of the most valuable and noble
articles of commerce, it is only reasonable that the
Government whose territory is the fortunate pos
sessor of such a product should participate in a
degree proportionate with the profits to be de
rived from its exploitation.
The other form of contract is equally liberal.
Nobody can say that an estrada of 150 trees, at
ten cents American currency, is exorbitant, — nor
that it is an unjust imposition to exact a further
payment of ten cents for two and one-half acres
of forest region; besides, this small tax will help
to prevent great tracts of land being taken up with
a reduced number of estradas.
Rubber Industry. — Throughout the vast and
beautiful wooded region teeming with the exub
erance of an eternal spring in all its wonderful
fertility, there grow spontaneously divers kinds
and varieties of the rubber tree, many of which
have not as yet been studied by botanists. In
deed, on the banks of all the rivers and rivulets
which directly or indirectly empty themselves into
the Amazon is to be found this coveted tree
where-from is drawn jebe in the low-lying and
swampy districts, and caucho together with other
varying kinds of jebe in the higher districts about
300 feet or more above sea level. In certain regions
like that of the Madre de Dios, the Manu the
Inambari, the Tambopata, etc., rubber trees are
found in abundance.
Caucho is obtained by felling the tree near a
hole previously made in the ground to receive
the milk (juice) which then undergoes a process
or coagulation by means of a solution of soap
and the juice of a native plant known as "vetilla."
Each tree furnishes on an average 20 kilos of
caucho which is exported in the form of planks
99

each one of which weight from 40 to 50 kilos.
The kind chiefly worked in order to procure
caucho is the castilloa elastica.
Fine Para Called Jebe is extracted from the
great variety of trees of the "hebeas" species
which are almost always found in the regions
where caucho spontaneously grows. The milk
(juice) is extracted by inflicting incisions in a
spiral form around the whole trunk and it is
smoked by burning a plant called "humiro" or
marfil vegetal," it being exported thereafter in
balls. The residue left after the preparation of the
"jebe" is also exported and is known in trade as
"sernambi." The seringas, that is, the "heveas"
are generally from 20 to 25 metres high, their
trunk is cylinrical, and their quality is decided
by the color of the milk (juice) the better kind
being of a violet color and the inferior of a red and
whittish appearance. As regards the quality of
jebe furnished by each tree, this depends among
other circumstances on the age of the tree and the
quality of the soil and denseness of the forest; but
the average production may be calculated at 10
kilos (20 lbs.) a year per tree in Peru.
It is thus seen that "caucho" and "jebe" are
analogous natural products the only difference
between them being that in the latter the elas
ticity is much greater than in the former, on which
account it commands in European and North
American markets a price 50 per cent higher
than "caucho". Jebe by reason of its being a finer
product is the one used in delicate manufactures.
The exploitation of caucho and jebe is doubt
less one of the most lucrative industries in South
America. Its different uses in electricity, its ever-
increasing employment is the making of automo
biles and in a multitude of other modern industries
100

cause a yearly increase in the demand, its price
advancing according to the consumption of this
unreplaceable product in the making of diverse
chirurgical appliances and manufactures. It may
be said that at the present time there is a general
hunger for "jebe."
Planting Rubber. — Although the scientific rear
ing of these plants and their methorical exploita
tion has been carried on with very satisfactory
success in Ceylon, Java, Borneo, and also in
Africa, the same has not as yet been put into
practice in Peru. The adoption of such planting
will give new . fields of research to this national
industry. As soon as this modern branch of
agriculture is initiated in the splendid soil of the
woodlands which possess such exceptionally fav
orable conditions for the flourishing of rubber tree
plantations, the profits obtained by the national
agriculture will be enormous and acquire an in
calculable future.
In Ceylon under the scientific direction of Eng
lish agricultural engineers, and in Java under the
Dutch, 500 trees per hectare are planted of the
most valuable kind called Para Fino. The trees
reach maturity in five years, at the expiration of
which time the "jebe" is drawn and exported
chiefly to England.
In order to furnish an idea of the rapidity
manifest in the increase of the rubber industry in
Ceylon, we may state that in 1905 four million
seeds of the "Para Fino" kind are imported; all
the seeds were sold at the rate of one penny each,
their being great contention to secure their pur
chase. It is reckoned that in that year the ex
tent of the rubber plantations in Ceylon was in
creased by 50,000 hectares, and the same increase
is calculated to have taken place in the Asiatic
101

Archipelago. It is thus undoubtable that when
once the cultivation of these trees under scientific
direction is established in our woodland region,
the exploitation of rubber will become a mighty
source of wealth.
The Moderate Duty which is levied on the ex
portation of all kinds of rubber; this duty is 8
centaves per kilo of "jebe" and 5 per kilo of
cautchouc and "sernambi," whilst in Brazil the
exportation of this product is taxed with a duty
ad valorem of 24 per cent which represents nearly
4C centavos per kilo of "jebe." In Bolivia the
duty is as high as 16 centavos. In 1905 there
were exported 540,000 kilos, the greater part of
which was sent to the United States.
The Madre de Dios Syndicate composed of
Peruvian capitalists, have thoroughly explored a
certain portion of the Madre de Dios river in the
southern part of Peru, wherein they discovered
vast forests of rubber of various sorts and quan
tities. So important has been this discovery that
a company was organized in Lima, in 1906 to build
a road from the railroad going to Cusco to the
borders of the Madre de Dios River. This road
has now been completed as far as the Nosiniscato
Gold Placers, belonging to an Ohio Corporation,
and is expected to reach the rubber forests within
a few months.
His Excellency, President Pardo, realizing the
value of these rubber discoveries, has subsidized
the said syndicate with $1,500,000 in order to
enable it to convert the road into a railroad and
is also granting the syndicate 2,471,110 acres of
rubber forests. This is the largest rubber con
cession granted so far in South America and one
of enormous value, as it will open up the whole
of the Acre District and enable rubber and mer-
102

chandise to be shipped there by the Pacific Ocean
or down the Yucayali River to the inland Port
of Iquitos.
Up to the present, however, no foreign or na
tional company has undertaken the rearing of
these trees with a view to forming real rubber
estates and thus being able to reap the output
in a regular and systematic way. One hectare of
land comprises, according to the experience ac
quired in Ceylon and the other places we have
mentioned as dedicated to this industry, 500 rub
ber trees. The yearly regular output is 5600 kilos
of jebe which represents according to the actual
price of jebe at least £ 1000 or 500 dollars. In the
vast wooded region of Peru there are high-lying
lands which on this account or circumstance are
never inundated by the rising and overflowing of
the rivers, are perfectly healthy and free from
malaria and other diseases which afflict Europeans
or the descendants of European races in the low-
lying and swampy tracts of the Amazonian basin.
The climate of these high-lying lands is mild and
benign and may be compared with that of the
European midday.
Once the rearing of rubber trees is undertaken
in those regions Peru will be endowed with a new
source of wealth and prosperity, the importance and
magnitude of which is as yet difficult to realize,
especially when we consider that the initiation of
the exploitation of rubber must unfailingly be fol
lowed by that of vanilla and other valuable pro
ducts peculiar to that privileged region.
The Caoutchouc, or India Rubber tree is a native
of Peru, and is to be found in several parts of the
Republic. According to Mr. Spruce, who is
known to be the highest authority on India rubber
103

trees, the forests of Peru throughout the
Amazonian basin up to the foot of the Eastern
Andes contain vast forests of hevea trees, from
which the best rubber is extracted. In Peru there
are several species of rubber-bearing trees, and
new specimens have quite recently been discovered
which are supposed to contain rubber of the high
est commercial value, but the two species which
are most commonly found are the hevea guianensis,
also called seringa, from which the jebe, or fine
rubber is extracted, and the caoutchouc, called
caucho. The trees grow in families or groups, and
often as many as one hundred trees can be found
growing at short distances apart. The hevea is
known to attain a height of over sixty feet, while
the caoutchuoc does not exceed forty-six feet. The
tapping of both kinds is renewed daily during four
to five months, and the supply of gum increases to
the end of the third month. When the supply de
creases the trees should be given a month's rest,
and it is stated by the natives and authorities on
the subject, that, if properly tapped, the groups can
last for twenty years. At the most productive
period 150 trees, an estrada, can yield on an aver
age 35 pounds of rubber per day.
Liberal Laws. — As a consequence of the liberal
laws of Peru in connection with the important in
dustry several corporations have been organized
quite recently, both with native and foreign
capital. Among them are deserving of mention
the Compania Gomera de Inambari Messrs. Vill-
alva & Co., Messrs. Poras & Co., the Bajo Inam
bari Company, Messrs, Forga & Sons, Messrs. A.
Kitz & Co., which are all in active exploitation.
Contracts have been perfected with American, Ger
man, French, English, Italian and other foreign
capitalists and enterprising men for the develop-
104

Principal street cf Lima, Peru

A View of the Market Place, Lima, Peru

Cotton Fields of Piura, where Egyptian Cotton is
grown successfully

ment of rubber properties, so that this industry
may be said to have been placed on a solid basis.
Vast Rubber Forests.— As has been mentioned
before, the rubber forests of Peru are abundant
and vast and extend over a very large area com
prising many thousands of miles. The Rivers In-
ambari and Tambopata, in the Department of
Puno, are attracting at present great attention, as
their banks are literally covered with rubber
forests. And the same may be said of the Pichis,
and also the Palcazu and Mayro, in the Depart
ments of Junin and Huanuco. As navigation is
. . possible on nearly all of the Peruvian rivers, the
transportation of the rubber is easily accom
plished, and this constitutes a further inducement
to would-be operators in Peru who will have noth
ing to fear from cost of transportation and gather
ing. Roads in Peru. — The Government has also en
tered into contracts with Messrs. Forga & Sons,
Gibson and Delvallee, and the Compania Gomera
Inambari, for the construction of roads to their
several properties, and with this increased facility
the rubber industry in Southern Peru will undoubt
edly show very shortly substantial returns to the
enterprising pioneers.
Vegetable Products. — We shall now proceed to
review the vegetable products of Peru; but such a
review, on account of their great variety, would be
equivalent to giving the names of all the agricul
tural products of the five parts of the world, and
consequently to writing a complete treatise on
Botany. We therefore find ourselves compelled to
limit our observations to the principal products
which at present form the basis of the agricultural
exports of Peru, as an examination of the exports of a
country is one of the surest methods for obtaining
a knowledge of its wealth and resources.
105

The Olive Tree. — The cultivation of the olive
tree is the only industry which so far has reach
ed certain importance in the valleys of Camana,
Ilo, Moquegua, and the neighborhood of Lima.
The olive tree was imported from Spain from the
plants of Ajarfe from Sevilla, and of the plants
introduced by the Spaniards is the one that has
become best acclimatized in Peru, it being today
a specialty on account of its size, richness, and
quality, and indeed it far exceeds the best olives
produced in Sevilla and California. From each
100 kilograms of fruit an average of 30 per cent
oil is extracted.
The olives from Ho sent to the last Paris Uni
versal Exhibition took the large gold medal.
Notwithstanding this fact and the good profits
derived from the sale and exportation of this
fruit, the plantations existing in Peru date back
to colonial times and are not of great importance.
The elaboration of oil is in a sadly backward
state inasmuch as the system established by the
Spaniards is still in effect. Modern machinery
and advanced methods have not as yet been intro
duced into the country.
There is a great deal to be accomplished in the
olive industry which is destined to prove very
lucrative. Its exploitation by competent persons
experienced in the elaboration of oil, would return
great profits.
Sugar — In few countries are the climate and
soil so propitious to the cultivation of Sugar-cane,
as they are on the Peruvian coast.
The circumstances of the irrigation being arti
ficial allows of the plants being watered or left dry
at discretion, without the agriculturist being trou
bled by rains or droughts as in other places. For
106

this reason the cutting of the cane takes place in
the valleys on the coast of Peru, without inter
ruption during the whole year, which allows the
farmer to keep his mill working all the time and
to make Sugar during every day of the year, with
the only stoppage that may be caused by some
thing going wrong with the machinery.
The cultivation of Sugar has extended along
the entire coast of Peru; in the Andean region the
Sugar-cane is cultivated in the deep valleys which
cross the table-lands; there are also Sugar-plan
tations in the region of the Montana; but where
they have reached an immense development is in
the Coast region. In all this zone the Cane is
cut and ground at 18 months after being planted
and usually produces three crops, although there
are some valleys in which the cane has been cut
during various successive years to such an ex
treme that no one could say who originally planted.
it. The canes when well cultivated contain even
more than 14 per cent of Sugar and yield an aver
age of 7 to 9000 kilograms of Sugar to each
hectare. This enormous return has never been
surpassed in any country in the world, and might
still be increased by an improved system of cul
tivation of the cane, and of the process of the
making of the Sugar by the employment of more
powerful and perfect machinery.
American Planters — Some day when the planters.
of Sugar-cane in Louisiana become aware of the
exceptional conditions which this strip of land
offers for the cultivation of this plant it is more
than probable that they will extend their plan
tations to this privileged zone in Peru, invading-
it with capital and energy, just as they have done
in Mexico, once they have all the land suited _ to-
this cultivation in Louisiana all planted with
107

cane. The total value of the Sugar annually pro
duced in Peru may be calculated at the round
sum of 8 millions of dollars.
Sugar Factories. — There is room for several
more central factories for grinding and treating the
cane, and if properly installed are certain to give
good returns.
Such factories do not occupy too much space;
they are independent of cultivation, manufacture
sugar and alchohol, with a return of 25 to 35 per
cent, of the product, or else they purchase the cane
by the weight and treat it for their own account.
All existing establishments for the treatment of
sugar cane and the cleaning of cotton are making
good profits, and some of them have already
yielded annual dividends of from 13 to 22 per cent.
Cotton. — Cotton occupies the second place in the
agricultural exports of Peru; its cultivation dates
from time immemorial, as is proved by the cotton
stuffs constantly found in the tombs of the pre
historic inhabitants of the country.
In few places it is possible to meet a number
of circumstances so favorable to the cultivation of
the different varieties of this textile plant, as those
in the valleys situated along the coast in Peru.
The classes cultivated in this country are various,
viz: that called Peruvian Cotton (gossypium peru-
vianum) a variety growing exclusively in Peru;
the (gossypium herbaceum) called in the United
States "Upland" and in Peru "Egyptian;" the "Sea-
Island" and "Mitafifi" which are varieties of the
"gossypium barbadense." The first named kind is
grown at present on a large scale, chiefly in the
valleys of Piura, with a very satisfactory result.
The plant is a tree-like variety which reaches three
to five metres in height; its existence may be put
down as 6 years, as from that period the crop
108

begins to fall off and the capsule or boil contains
then more seed than cotton.
This kind can stand better the want of water
than that of "Egypt," so much so that on good
lands one watering only is sufficient to ensure a
good crop; — while the "Egyptian" cotton (Up
land) gives a better result if frequently watered.
Method of Planting Cotton.— The Cotton-plant
is sown in small holes, 5 to 7 meters apart; the
ground is not ploughed and is watered by ditches
which receive the water from the river La Chira.
The spaces left free between the cotton-plants
are used for sowing various vegetables such as
melons, pumpkins, beans, Maize, etc., etc. After
about 18 months, the first crop, which is generally
a small one, is obtained; but the crops go on in
creasing each year until the sixth is reached when
the production commences to fall off. The fibre is
long and frequently exceeds 35 millimetres, but it
is rough ; so much so that in the English Markets
it is known by the name of "Full Rough Peru
vian," and its roughness is greater in proportion
to the proximity of the plantation to the sea;
when it is carded it looks so much like wool that
it is frequently confounded with it in the stuffs
woven with this cotton and with wool, so much
so that only a chemical analysis can show which
are the fibres of cotton, for which reason the man
ufacturers of woollen goods, prefer to purchase
this cotton and to employ it in the manufacture of
their stuffs.
The Production of This Cotton may be calcu
lated on an average as 1715 tons of ginned and
cleaned Cotton. This Cotton naturally obtains
higher prices than the "Egypt" class; the "Full
Rough" some 30 per cent more, and the Moderate
Rough 15 per cent. The principal markets for
109

its sale are the United States and Great Britain.
The varieties of the "gossypium barbadense," Sea
Island and Hitafifi, require special machinery for
their ginning and command higher prices.
The cultivation of the Cotton called "Egypt" or
Upland which we may qualify as "soft", has
become perfectly acclimatized in all the valleys
along the Coast of Peru. It grows in the form of
a shrub which reaches a height of a meter to
a meter and a half and its cultivation has now
extended along the whole Peruvian coast. This
plant has two years of useful life which in some
few places is prolonged to three but the yield of
the third year is very much reduced and is of
inferior quality.
No Ball- Weevil. — Besides the great advantage
of its not being necessary to renew each year
the plantation as is unavoidable in the United
States for there the plant only yields one crop, it
has in Peru the immense advantage of not being
attacked by any plague; as the ball-weevil and
ball-worm, which commit such ravages on the
strip of land devoted to the cultivation of Cotton
(Upland) in the United States, are unknown in
Peru. Cotton Factories. — This is a most profitable and
flourishing industry, and one which calls for small
capital. The cotton plantations are numerous all
along the coast, especially in the departments of
Piura, Lima, Ica and Arequipa. The ginning and
pressing of the cotton, the extraction of the oil
from the seed, being undertaken by the growers
themselves ; but it would undoubtedly pay well to
establish a greater number of modern gins and oil
plants. Spinning Mills. — At present there are only six
cotton mills in Peru — at Lima, Ica and Arequipa —
110

and they supply one-fifth of the consumption.
These mills have an aggregate of 1140 looms.
The production of raw cotton in Peru has
greatly increased during the last five years. In
1897 the exports amounted to 12,314,915 pounds,
and in 1901 to 17,661,050, while the quantity used
in the home consumption during the same period
rose from 176,4480 to 352,960 pounds.
Coca — This plant which we may justly term a
marvellous one, is a native of the warm valleys of
Peru and Bolivia, and the Indians from time im
memorial use its dried leaves for chewing.
The plant grows in the form of a shrub and
seldom exceeds 6 feet in height. Its cultivation
has extended considerably in Peru because the use
of its leaves is very general among the native In
dians and now still more so, as the method of
extracting the useful drug cocaina is thoroughly
understood. This plant is chiefly cultivated in the
districts of Otuzco, Huamachuco, Huanuco, Tar-
ma, Huanta, Cuzco, etc., etc. Its cultivation has
also been extended to the warm valleys of Bolivia
and on a lesser scale to those of Ecuador, and of
the south of Columbia where the Guajiro Indians
also keep up the custom of chewing its leaves.
The Cultivation of the Coca plant is particular.
In Peru preference is given to the valleys of
which the height is between 1000 and 2000 meters
above the level of the sea, and in which the tem
perature does not fall below 18 degrees, or rise
above 30 degrees Centigrade ; always taking care
to see that the land is argillaceous, abundant in
iron and devoid of all kinds of salts, as the yield
of leaves, in which the crop consists, is more
abundant and of better class, wherever there is
accumulated the greater quantity of vegetable soil.
But even under these conditions the cultivators
111

must take care that the ground be soft and loose;
also that it does not retain water so as^ to be
come damp and much less swampy. For this
reason instead of choosing the plains situated along
the bottom of the valleys they prefer the sides
of the hills, taking- care that the clay soil be
not too scanty or situated upon calcareous ground;
it is also necessary that rains should fall frequently
in accordance with the productive conditions of
tlie land. The first crop is obtained after 18
months, and when the leaves have ceased to
grow they take a yellowish tint ami lose their
softness. Coca. — The collection of the leaves requires
great care as they have to be gathered one by
one, taking great care at the same time not to
injure the plant. The individual who has charge
of tins operation places a mantle alongside each
plant and goes on throwing into it the leaves that
he gathers, only leaving those on the upper part
of tlie plant so that it may not die off. The
first crop is limited and the leaves are of inferior
quality ; but the succeeding ones are more plenti
ful; as a rule some three or four crops are obtain
ed each year. The preservation of the leaves is
a very delicate matter as they cannot be packed
too dry for fear of their becoming reduced 'to
powder, nor must they be at all damp as in that
case decomposition would set in.
All the attempts to acclimatize this plant of
Peru have proved unavailing, and it would seem
that Nature has wished to preserve the cultivation
of this plant exclusively for the benefit of Peru
and Bolivia. When taken in infusion Coca is a
slight stimulant, generally accompanied by want
of sleep, but when it is chewed its effect is slow
112

Tapping Rubber Trees in Peru; showing the
little tin cups, which catch the daily
morning flow of sap

¦¦-- '¦¦-

a
1
I^^^M
yfe^ - . - -
"r' " ;
""¦«i
|k :¦_
, .- '*,
. - .
.'vlHSSH
A Mining Camp ou the Andes Mountains in Peru
and lasting, sustaining the strength without neces
sity of food.
Wonderful Stimulant. — In fact, we constantly
see the Indians with very little food, and fre
quently without any at all, perform extraordinary
journeys and labor unceasingly in large agricul
tural and mining tasks. In view of these circum
stances, many persons have proposed the use of
Coca in the armies, and we can strongly recom
mend its adoption, being convinced that it would
considerably relieve the condition of soldiers on
the march, who frequently are exposed to great
fatigue and hunger, besides having to put up with
the inclemency of the weather.
Medical Effects. — Taken with tea it excites
perspiration, and acts as a sedative for those
¦ affected with asthma; when taken in the form of
an infusion it systematizes the functions of the
stomach. The Indians assert that Coca is a pre
servative against syphilis, and this would appear
to be correct as it is very rarely that we come
across an Indian who is suffering from venereal
diseases which are so common among the whites
and blacks. The curative effects attributed to the
Coca are innumerable, so much so that during the
colonial period the Spaniards being unable to ex
plain its numberless qualities, and blinded by their
fanaticism, attributed these to the intervention of
the Devil and prohibited its cultivation.
In short this valuable plant possesses the pene
trating aroma belonging to the stimulating vegeta
bles, the astrictive and strengthening effects of the
astringents, antispasmodic virtues of the bitters, be
sides the nutritive mucilage of the analeptics or
nutritious plants.
All the historians of Peru have made mention
of the Coca leaf and many clever persons have
113

written about its extraordinary qualities, among
these the first to study the constituent principles
of the Coca leaves was the renowned Peruvian
doctor don Hipolito Unanue, and more recently
the clever doctor don Luis Carranza, also a Peru
vian. Albert Nieman. — In 1859 the Austrian chemist
Albert Nieman extracted from the Coca leaves a
new alcaloid which he called Cocaina, and which
today is much used in medicine. Latterly some
other alcaloids have been extracted from the
leaves of this plant viz : Cocaidina, Ecgonine and
Hygrine. It is impossible as yet to say to what degree
of importance the cutivation of this valuable plant
may attain; but one may safely affirm that it
has a great future before it. It is difficult to form
a correct idea of the amount of the Coca crop in
Peru. After supplying the local consumption the
exports in 1905 were 341,000 kilograms in the
form of leaves and 6,800 kilograms in Cocaina, all
of which represent a value of more than £200,000.
The consumption by each adult in the habit of
chewing cocoa may be put down as 15 to 20
grammes, and the quantity employed in the manu
facture of Cocaina is considerable. The export to
Europe and the United States is made in two
forms; in that of Cocaina, and in that of dried
leaves, not only for the extraction of the alcaloid
but for making wines, tonics, elixir and other medi
cinal syrups.
Rice. — The cultivation of this grain dates from
the Colonial period, and during the last few
years owing to the heavy protective duties, has
attained to great importance in the warm dis
tricts of the northern Coast. As regard's its qual
ity it may be stated without hesitation that it is
~ 114

at least equal to the best kinds produced in other
parts of the world. Two varieties are cultivated,
viz: that called "Carolina" and that of Jamaica.
In the Department of Lambayeque, and in the
province of Pacasmayo, the best kind is obtained,
and these are the centres in which it is produced
with most abundance.
The rice crop, as regards the amount of its
yield is the most uncertain of all the production
of Peru, as its abundance or scarcity depends upon
the necessary watering which is a matter not
under the control of the agriculturist but subject
to the advance or delay in the water-flow of the
rivers. Owing to this circumstance the yield
varies extremely from one year to another.
The average amount of the annual crop may
with prudence be put down as about 3000 tons.
In 1905 it only reached 2641 tons.
The total value of the annual yield of rice may
be put down as $2,250,000. The straw obtained
by hulling the rice, and which in the United
States is used for the manufacture of paper and
other industrial purpose, is not yet made use of in
Peru. Tobacco— Although in Peru there are lands
which are suitable and the climate is favorable
for the cultivation of this valuable plant, its pro
duction has not increased as much as might have
been expected.
The Tobacco grown in Jaen, Tumbes, Jeveros
and Huancabamba, is of superior quality, and is
that which is preferred for smoking in Peru.
The first named class serves for mixing with other
milder tobaccos for the manufacture of cigars and
cigarettes, which under different marks are con
sumed in the country. .
The real truth is that the cultivation of this
115

profitable plant has not yet been studied by a
competent person and in a scientific manner. Its
cultivation is still carried on in a most rudi
mentary manner according to primitive methods
trusting exclusively to Nature for its germination
and development. As soon as a more rational
method is adopted for its planting and growing,
and when the planters know better how to pre
pare and fix up the leaf, we shall see many Peru
vian tobacco-fields producing a first-class article
and this product figuring among the principal
ones exported from Peru..
Up to the present date the total production of
Peru is not over 900,000 kilograms of which about
150,000 are exported to the neighboring Republics
of Bolivia, Chile and Brazil. It is worthy of note
that in the export to Brazil preference is given to
the Tobacco from Loreto, and to Bolivia to that
of Jaen. The quality of this Tobacco is very
superior and much better than is generally be
lieved, and we feel sure that before long the
native Tobacco will figure among the most valu
able of our agricultural products.
Corn. — In the valley of Chancay is where the
cultivation has reached the greatest development.
The production in this region is calculated at
more than 8,000 tons ; for want of statistics we are
unable to indicate the amount of the production
in the remainder of the Coast zone and other
regions, where Maize is grown, but it must be
very large considering the great use made of
this grain by the Indians from time immemorial,
and the large quantity employed in the prepara
tion of the "Chicha," which is the name given to
the favorite beverage of the Indians.
Grapevine. — With exception of the valleys sit
uated to the north of Chimbote, in all the other
116

valleys and ravines of the coast strip the grape
vine is cultivated with the object of producing
wine and spirits. Of late years the cultivation has
very much improved, and shoots or cuttings have
been imported from Italy, France, United States,
the Argentine Republic and Chile. The Principal
varieties of the grapes are those called Italia,
Albilla, Moscatel, Quebranta, Negar and Moyar.
The "Italia" grape is very aromatic and has a
very fine flavor, so that it is an excellent grape
for the table. The spirits prepared from this
grape are exquisite and much appreciated.
The pink "Italia" grape has also a rich per
fume, although less than the white variety, and
its aroma is different. If these two kinds of
grape were to be exported to the United States
they would meet with great acceptation. The
Moscatel grape is also of excellent quality al
though inferior in aroma to the preceding varie
ties. The Moyar, Negra and Quebranta although
different from each other, have not absolutely
definite characteristics.
Generally the cultivation is from stocks or on
bowers of limited height or else by allowing the
vines to creep along the ground whenever the
land in stony, and of uneven surface.
The principal centres of grape cultivation are
in the valleys of the Departments of Lima, Ica,
Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna.
At the commencement of this chapter we made
mention of the efforts of the Bureau of Fomento
to promote the improvement of Agriculture in
Peru; these efforts have been directed in a great
measure to the cultivation of the vine, and to the
employment of the grape in the preparation of
wine and spirits.
We cannot assert that the vine-growing industry
117

is very much developed or advanced in Peru; but
it is nevertheless a fact that in late years it has
increased considerably.
In general the yield of the vine in Peru, even in
the bad years, is much superior on an average to
that obtained from its cultivation in Europe. The
ordinary yield is 100 hectolitres of current wine
for each hectare.
The total production of wines and spirits ob
tained exclusively from the grape, was during
last year (1905) judging from the amount of the
taxes collected, as follows: of wine 8,453,531 gal
lons and of spirits 343,398 gallons.
Coffee. — In Peru various kinds of Coffee are cul
tivated, but they are 'all of superior quality, and
can compare favorably with the most famous
produced in other countries, as the Peruvian
Coffee possesses aroma, color and exquisite fla
vour. In the three regions into which Peru is topo
graphically divided, Coffee is produced with great
success ; but where its cultivation has acquired
most importance is in the region of the highland
districts. The best kind in the Coast zone is
grown in Pacasmayo; around Huanuco, Chan
chamayo and more especially in Carabaya; in the
Sierra, or mountainous district the most famous
is that of Choquisongo. The usual method
of culture is 500 plants to each hectare and
after the third year the yield from each Coffee
plant is more than one pound.
The exports in 1905 reached 1028 tons. This
quantity represents the excess of the production
over the total native consumption, as Peru no
longer imports Coffee of any class.
Cocoa.— Chocolate Bean — This valuable product
is not yet cultivated in Peru to the vast extent
118

that it might be, both on account of the climate
and of the immense expanse of lands adapted to
its cultivation. In the province of Jaen and in
the lower lands of the Departments of Amazonas
and San Martin there are immense expanses speci
ally suited to the growth and development of the
Cocoa-tree. In the exuberant and extensive for
ests of the region in which the Cocoa-tree grows
spontaneously, is where it is principally cultivated.
That which grows in the provinces of the Depart
ment of Cuzco, where the temperature is warm
and suitable, excels all other kinds produced in
Peru, on account of its abundant greasy matter,
and its exquisite taste and aroma. This cocoa
is unknown outside of Peru, because all that is
produced, with exception of small lots sent to
Bolivia, is prepared and consumed in the country.
The extent of the Cocoa plantations in the
Montana zone has increased considerably of late
years, and today there is great enthusiasm for its
cultivation in view of the excellent results ob
tained from its planting in the region of Chan
chamayo with seed brought from Guayaquil.
We may state that this branch of agricultural
industry, which might acquire an immense de
velopment in Peru, for the above mentioned rea
sons is still in its infancy.
Although all the Cacao consumed here is not
produced in the country, a good deal is annually
exported to Bolivia and Chile. The exports in
1905 amounted to 135,532 kilograms.
Valuable Wools.— Peru has the advantage of
producing besides sheep's wool, that of the llama,
the alpaca and the vicuna, the last of which is
the most esteemed for its fineness. All these are
most useful quadrupeds of the Auchenia family,
especially the first mentioned, the llama, which
119

was the only beast of burden known to the Peru
vians before the Conquest and before the Span
iards imported horses and asses into the country.
From these animals there is obtained every year a
considerable quantity of wool worth over £250,-
000; the female alpacas produce from 2j4 to 3
kilograms of wool and the males from 3 to 4. The
vicuna produces a much lesser quantity of wool;
but as its kind is finer it commands better prices
that that of the alpaca and llama. The weight of
wool exported last year was 1,500,000 kilograms.
Hog Raising. — This industry is considered in
Peru as one of the most lucrative as also the rear
ing of swine which is carried on in the valleys
of Barranca, Supe, Huacho and Chancay where
they are fattened with maize, lucern, sweet pota
toes and barley. The principal object of the
breeding and fattening of these animals is the
production of lard. The amount of lard produced
in Peru is slightly over a million kilograms ac
cording to data which deserve every credit. As
this quantity proves insufficient for local use, the
rest is imported yearly from the United States
which fact explains why the fluctuation in the
price of this article is generally contingent on
the price quoted in American markets.
- In the northern provinces of Puira and Lam
bayeque the rearing of goats has acquired con
siderable importance, for there grows in those
parts a kind of pasture especially suitable to the
growth and fattening of these animals. The fat
obtained therefrom is used in making soap, etc.,
and the skins are almost entirely exported to the
United States.
The race of Peruvian horses descends from the
Arab stock, but notwithstanding the fact that
there are several regions suitable to their rearing,
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¦-•-'¦•¦ I

Getting Provisions in the Rubber Field

Massive Bridge near Arequipa

A Groupe of Llama Carriers in the Mountains

this has not been developed. On the coast alone
there are to be found good specimens which are
much esteemed and command high prices.
Mines and Mining. — If Nature has favored Peru
with immense wealth and all kinds of natural
resources she has been even more prodigal as re
gards mineral riches. If the fertility of Peru's soil
is something extraordinary, if the vegetation is ex
uberant, if her "flora" is so varied and precious;
no less rich is her geological formation, and so rich
is this country on account of the abundance and
great variety of its mineral deposits that no other
country in the world can rival Peru on this point.
In fact in Peru there are mines of gold, silver,
copper, lead, mercury, tin, bismuth, zinc, iron,
cobalt, molybdenum, arsenic, wolfram, vanadium,
antimony, mica manganese, aluminium, graphite,
plumbago, potash, soda, silex, salts, sulphur, many
_kinds of coal, peat, asphalt, tar, petroleum, etc.,
etc. The narrative of the discovery and working of
the principal mining districts of the vast and opu
lent vice-royalty of Peru forms the most impor
tant and interesting chapter of the history of that
period. Moderate Taxes. — The regeneration of this great
industry was started in 1876, by the establishment
of The School of Mines, and the issuing of the
law of 1877 which rendered the mining property
perpetual and irrevocable, which the ancient or
dinances did not concede, as their regime and re
strictions were at variance with the principles sus
tained by the modern proceedings relative to the
working of mines by means by powerful joint
stock companies; a system of legislation still in
force during the first years of our Independence.
The first mentioned measure served to spread
121

the technical knowledge absolutely necessary for
the success of the mining operations, and the lattet
one, on establishing, as the only cause for the
lapsing of a mining concession, the non-payment
of the half-yearly contribution of 15 sols (7 dollars
and a half) which the said law imposed upon each
mining claim, granted to that property the funda
mental basis of stability, absolutely indispensable
for the development of any mining industry accord
ing to the present system of working by means of
powerful enterprises formed by shares.
The Mining Code, which was promulgated on
July 6, 1900, establishes that any person may ac
quire mining properties, with the number of claims
(pertenencias) desired, from one to sixty. Aper-
tenen.cia or claim, is the unit in mining properties
and measures 200 meters by 200 meters, therefore
covering an area of 40,000 square meters in the
case of coal, petroleum, and of gold placers,
platinum, tin, etc., but in all other class of mines
the pertenencia only measures 200 meters by 100;
that is, 20,000 square meters.
For every pertenencia the owner thereof must
pay the Government a tax of fifteen soles each
half year (that is, fifteen dollars American currency
per annum.)
The administration of all questions pertaining
to the mining industries rests with the Govern
ment, which is assisted by a Superior Mining
Council and by Delegaciones and Diputaciones, ap
pointed by the mining districts.
Article 39 of the Mining Code provides that for
eigners may form part of the Diputaciones.
The Department of Encouragement and Public
Works is the Executive Department, having con
trol of all matters pertaining to mining; it is this
Department that revises and grants all titles to
122

mines and where the records of all mining proper
ties are kept.
Article 4 of the Mining' Code of Peru.— The
ownership of the mines is separate and distinct
from that of the superficial land or surface. The.
ownership, possession and enjoyment of same are
transferable in accordance with the general laws.
and special provisions of this code.
Article 5 — Mining Property legally acquired is
irrevocable and perpetual, same as in other pro
perty and the only special cause of forfeiture is
failure to pay taxes referred to in Article 28 of this
code. Article 25 — Every mining concession shall pay
an annual tax of 30 soles ($15.00 gold) for every
mining claim comprised in the perimeter thereof..
Article 28 — The owner of a mine who fails to
pay the semi-annual tax may do so during the
following half year with a penalty of 50 per cent.
He may likewise pay the said penalty in the fol
lowing six months up to a month after the official'
date of the publication of the list of mines, in
which it will appear as subject to denouncement,.
provided he shall also pay a penalty of 100 per
cent., the tax accrued during the second half year
and the tax of the third half year with or without
the first penalty according to the date on which
said payments are made. If the last term expires
without said payments having been made the mine
may be denounced. As long as no denouncement
is made, the owner may recover it during the re
mainder of the said last half year by paying the
tax accrued with the penalty of 100 per cent.
..Mining Code. — The promulgation of the new
Mining Code of Peru in January 1901, inspired by
liberal ideas which harmonize with the wonderful
modern advance in metallurgy and the working of
123

mines, gave new impulse to the development of
mining. It is but just to attribute to this wise
and liberal legislation the great advance made by
Peruvian mining of late years. It is true, that the
new code affords the greatest facility for acquiring
mining property, the most ample liberty for work
ing it, and the absolute security of its possession.
These three great principles dictated by sound
reason, constitute the triangular basis of the recent
mining law, the beneficial influence of which is
now felt.
Today the exercise of the mining industry is
completely free without any distinction of nation
ality. The only contribution imposed upon it is
the half-yearly one of 15 sols (7 dollars and a half)
to which we have already alluded, and is that
which gives the right, and guarantees the indefinite
possession, as long as the said charge is punctually
paid. Moreover a special law, issued in favor of
those wishing to devote themselves to mining, un
der date of October 8th November 1890, lays down
that until the year 1915 no new tax can be im
posed on the mining industry nor on the export of
its products.
Mining Register. — The Supreme Government,
through the Bureau of Fomento, intervenes di
rectly in the granting of mining concessions of all
kinds. The aforesaid Bureau is charged with the
formation of the General Register of Mines, which
is the official one in which are inscribed or noted
the name of the concessionaire and of the mining
property. The importation of machinery, as well as the
fixtures and tools destined to mining, is exempt
from the payment of Custom-House duties; so
also are coal, timber, dynamite, quicksilver and all
124

the materials necessary for the construction and
working of the railroads.
Official Corps of Mining Engineers. — Finally,
care has been taken to complete this important
series of measures, by the creation in 1902 of the
Corps of Mining Engineers, the prinicpal object of
which is to assist the development of the mining
industry in Peru by the extension of its sphere of
action through the examination and exploration
by commissions appointed by that body, of new
mining regions; and by the description of their
geological formation together with the magnitude
of their mineral wealth, so that these facts may
come to the knowledge of private indivduals and
lead to the profitable exploitation of those regions.
The results of these important labors published
in special bulletins, illustrated with photographs
and plans are widely distributed.
As might be expected, in view of the immense
mineral resources of Peru, the mining industry
backed up by this liberal regime, has attained
during the past year an important development.
In Peru the same evolution has commenced as
has taken place in Mexico, and which in that Re
public has contributed in such a wonderful manner
to the development of its mining industry. We
refer to the influx and participation of North-
American capital in the exploitation of mines.
American Mining Companies. — There are already
many mining enterprises formed with American
capital, and there are many others now being or
ganized. We only mention the Cerro de Pasco Min
ing Co. and the Inca Mining Co. and the Peruvian
Gold Mining Corporation of Toledo, Ohio. This
last company has been recently organized and con
trols an immense group of placer mines, situated in
the Nosiniscato River beds in the Province of Quis-
125

picanchi Department of Cusco. The corps of Min
ing Engineers of Peru having recently completed
and published in its bulletins of Mines, that this
district contains an average of £37,500,000, ($182,-
250,000) of gold dust.
Peru is, above everything else, a mining coun
try. The variety and great proverbial richness of
its minerals are a byword, and have made it
famous since its discovery. There is no mineral
of value that is not to be found in some part of its
extensive territory.
Richest Mineral Provinces. — Today, of all the
Peruvian gold regions, the Provinces of Sandia and
Carabaya, in the Department of Puno, in South
eastern Peru, are the ones that attract the greatest
attention. These provinces have become famous
for their aluvial gold, which is usually found in
small grains and nuggets. And within the last
few years several important mining properties have
been established therein with most satisfactory re
sults. Among these properties may be mentioned
the now famous Santo Domingo mine, owned by
the Inca Mining Company, an American enterprise.
Veins, or lodes, of gold-bearing quartz are fre
quently found, notably on the Santa and Chucui-
cara rivers, near the port of Chimbote, and also in
the Macate district. But the mineral wealth of
Peru is not solely confined to these precious metals,
as there are fortunes awaiting the enterprising
capitalist and prospector in other fields, such as
petroleum, bituminous and anthracite coal, sul
phur, borax, mercury, salt, cobalt, iron, lead, etc.,
etc. The coal fields of Peru are yet undeveloped;
they are vast and extend both east and west of the
great Cordillera of the Andes. Some of the finest
anthracite coal is to be found near the port of
"Chimbote, while in the vicinity of Cerro de Pasco
126

and in Hualgayoc the coal measures are both large
and of good quality. Petroleum constitutes today
the fuel for nearly all the Peruvian railroads and
industries. This valuable product is found in
great quantities in the Northern Department of
Piura, along the coast, and is being worked by
native and foreign companies with considerable
success. Precious Stones. — Although no precious stones
are at present mined in Peru, it is an established
fact, according to Prescott and other historians,
that the ancient Peruvians knew their value and
used emeralds and rubies in their richer garments
and ornaments.
Mineral District, Huaraz — In addition to the
railroads I have described, which will be con
structed by the government, a concession has been
granted to an English corporation to build a line
a distance of 200 miles from from the port of
Chimbote over the mountains to the town of
Huaraz, capitol of one of the northern provinces,
which is the center of a rich mineral region with
large deposits of copper, silver and coal. An
American syndicate has recently obtained a conces
sion and has deposited a forfeit of $60,000 for the
extension of the present railway from Payta to the
Maranon, one of the largest branches of the
Amazon. This proposed line will cross both
ranges of the Andes and open up an agricultural
country and vast rubber forests and was sur
veyed by the German engineer the man most
familiar with the interior of Peru, Mr. George von
Hassel. Ample Funds on Hand. — Nearly all these rail
ways have been in contemplation for many years,
but the government has never had the money to
build them. It is now possible to do so. Eighteen
127

millions of dollars in gold are at the disposal of the
minister of public works for this purpose; the
preliminary surveys have been made, and before
the end of the year it is believed that the work of
construction will be in progress.
"Our country has never offered the advantages
that are to be found in Peru today. Here it is
possible for the poorest man to carve out for
himself a future and robust farmers can develop
the ground and in a few years make an independ
ent fortune for themselves."
Rich Placers. — The prospector and miner can
pan out as much as twenty dollars a day steadily
from the vast gold fields. I have known of miners
that have averaged $160 a week.
Gold. — In the counter-forts of the western Cor
dillera near to the coast, gold is found in lodes of
ferruginous quartz and in the same form in the
rest of the Andean region, generally accompanied
with other metals, such as silver and copper; it is
also found in the form of nuggets or dust in the
alluvial deposits and in the sand brought down
by the mountain streams during the freshets.
The Inca Gold Development Corporation of
Peru, lately organized in London, England, owns
the concession to dredge the River Inanbari and
tributaries and is now having a dredge put up in
Peru. This will be the first dredge placed in the
country and is the same that has produced such
excellent results in Australia, New Zealand and
California. The Peruvian Gold Mining Corporation, lately
formed in Toledo, Ohio, will also place several
dredges on their property in the province of
Quispicanchi, in the celebrated gold fields lately
discovered by engineer Hilficker in the Nosinis
cato district. Regarding this District, the Govern-
128

Exterior of the Post Office. This building-
contains a niagnificeiu court yard
and is surrounded by ex
tensive offices

il

A Plaza at Callao, Peru

ment of Peru, through its Department of Mining
Engineers, has recently made a thorough investiga
tion and research in the Province of Quispicanchi,
giving a full history of the gold findings from
ancient times to date. They report that in 1902,
the Hilfiker, Gotusso and Vannoni expedition,
thoroughly explored the Nosiniscato and Huay-
lumbe Valleys finding the average of gold was
four dollars gold per cubic yard. The report made
to the Government by its engineers stated that
they had arrived at an approximate valuation of the
Valley of the Nosiniscato and they figure the
placers to contain a gross amount of $182,250,000
worth of gold dust.
The Indians in order to pick out the gold formed
on the strands and on the beds of those rivers
made a sort of pavement of flat stones placed in
the same direction as the current, so that the gold
carried along by the water would by its own
weight fall into the interstices between the stones,
and they afterwards picked it out when the dry
season set in. An example of this curious mode
of proceeding still exists in the neighborhood of
the town of Ayahuaya, and thus we have an ex
planation of the saying so common among the ab
origines that "in Peru one can sow stones and
harvest gold."
Gold-bearing quartz is to be found in many of
the Departments of Peru, and it is also fbund in
combination with other metals and in a native
state. On the flanks of these rivers, generally of siluric
slate, auriferous lodes are also frequently found.
In fact one may say that in each of the Depart
ments into which the national territory is divided,
seams of gold exist.
On the coast the zones richest in gold are those
129

of Nazca and Camana; in the Andean region those
of Huanuco, Aymaraes, Cotabamba, Pataz and
Quispicanchi, an in the Montana those of Sandia
and Carabaya that of the Maranon, and several
others. New Claims. — During the first six months of the
present year (1906) there have been inscribed
1972 claims, as follows: 181 of gold, 137 of silver,
253 of copper, 287 of coal, 265 of silver and copper,
6 of gold and silver, 230 of sulphur, 60 of nickel,
60 of coal and vanadium, besides 493 of petroleum ;
which makes the total number of claims today
10,421. If we were to form an opinion of the mining
production of Peru simply from the perusal of the
figures appearing in the above table, we should ar
rive at a completely erroneous conclusion, as there
are many important negotiations, commenced dur
ing the present year (1906) the returns of which
might very well appear in the Statistics of 1905.
Moreover, so great is the movement and enthu
siasm that has invaded the whole country for un
dertaking mining negotiations, that that number
of petitions have been presented, and are con
stantly being sent in asking for the adjudication of
mines and mining property, and this is one of the
precursory signs of the development of the mining
industry in the country. For instance the new
exploitations of copper ores are very numerous, so
much so, that we do not hesitate to affirm that Peru
as a copper producing country is on eve of taking
up one of the principal posts among the nations
exporting this metal which is constantly becoming
more and more used in various industries.
Silver. — Is found in every part of the Andean
region, and without exaggeration one may state
that there is not a defile in the whole of this
130

region in which veins of silver, more or less rich
are not to be found. The lodes of this metal are
rarely met with containing it alone, as it is gener
ally found mixed with lead or copper, and fre
quently with both. Among the different silver-
bearing ores of Peru must be mentioned . that
known in this country by the name of "cascajo"—
or rocky ore— which has no metallic brightness
and is of a red colour owing to the oxide of iron
which it contains. This peculiar silver ore, to
gether with copper ores, forms the main deposit
of the mining district of Cerro de Pasco.
In many places it is found in a native state, and the
deposits are of extreme richness. The greatest silver de
posits known are at Cerro de Pasco. Yauli, Caylloma,
Hualgayoc.Recuay and Castrovirreyna. Copper mining
is comparatively a new industry in Peru, as not until the
depreciation of silver did miners turn their atten
tion to copper, when it was found that it existed
in paying quantities in the great silver districts.
Within the last few years the copper mines have
produced enormous quantities of ores, and mod
ern smelting works have been established at
several of the more important centers.
Copper. — The quantity of rich copper ores dis
seminated throughout the whole territory of the
Republic is very considerable ' not only in the
usual form but also in special combinations. The
veins actually of copper, contain this metal with a
small proportion of silver and traces of gold;
veins of this class are abundant on the Coast
(Chimbote, Ica and Lomas). The arsenical and
antimonial sulphurets are found in great abund
ance in the Andean region, and are at the present
time the object of considerable exploitation in the
mining centers of Cerro de Pasco and Yauli; their
131

exploitation has also been commenced in other
centres, equally rich and important, such as Con-
chucos, Ica and Puno. Up to the present time
the most considerable depostit of copper, both on
account of its richness and abundance, is found in
the historical mineral deposit of Cerro de Pasco,
situated on the knot formed by the eastern and
western Cordillera of the Andes at the bottom of a
hollow, or basin, surrounded by hills of no great
elevation. This deposit is a vast accumulation of
copper, silver, gold and lead ores, with various
other ones on a lesser scale, among these van
adium. Mr. Clark of Boston, Hirsh, the banker ana sev
eral American capitalists 'have recently invested in
Peru, several hundred thousand dollars for options
on copper properties. Over thirty million dollars
has been spent by Americans on mining property
in Peru alone. The Cerro de Paso Mining Com
pany having spent over seven million dollars for
its railroad and its mines and has purchased cop
per mines in the Yauli District to the value of
millions of dollars.
Mr. Haggin has just purchased copper mines
from Messrs. Pflucker, in the District of Morrocho,
and it is understood that he paid for them in a sin
gle check of $600,000, drawn on the bank of
Germany at Lima. The copper fields of Peru are
beyond calculation and will furnish the market in
the future with immense quantities of the raw
material. Capacity. — As an example, the great American
Smelting Establishment, alone, of Cerro de Pasco,
has succeeded in producing more or less 40 tons
of copper ore in every 24 hours, which means an
annual production of 15,000 tons.
Smelters. — The smelting works lately put up
132

at Ancachs, Pisco and other places, the returns of
which did not come intime to appear in the statis
tics of 1905, will contribute greatly to the increase
of the production of copper ore in Peru. The ex
istence of large and rich beds of copper, lately ex
amined, as for instance those of Huaylay, Quiru-
vilca, Apaicancha, Cachi-Cachi, etc., have turned
out to be of great importance, and we need not
hesitate in affirming that within, the next three
or four years the shipments of Copper from Peru
will be near upon 50,000 tons so that before long
the production of copper in this country will only
be inferior to that of the United States and of
Mexico. The same thing occurs with regard to the pro
duction of Coal. By means of the recent practical
experiments in the coal-producing regions already
being exploited, it has been possible to prove the
existence of large beds of betuminous and anthra
cite coal. At present from the coal beds of Goil-
larisquisga alone, which are those that provide fuel
for the smelters of Cerro de Passo, 500 tons of coal
are daily extracted.
Copper Regions. — Cerro de Pasco and Yauli are
the two best known copper regions of Peru, but
others are known to exist, as the ores of Peru are
always found in various combinations with differ
ent metals.
Gold, which constituted the great wealth of the
nation before the conquest by Pizarro, was not
mined to very great extent by the Spanish con
querors who, for some reason, gave all their atten
tion to silver mining. For this extraordinary rea
son the gold mines from whence the native Incas
derived their fabulous wealth have remained more
or' less abandoned for three centuries, and it is only
133

now that there' is a revival in this once most lucra
tive industry.
Vanadium. — The Llona family own the only va
nadium mines in the world, and situated in Peru,
which are now being exploited by Pittsburgh capi
talists. Lead. — Lead ores are abundant in Peru, prin
cipally in the form of argentiferous galena. The
most noted veins are those in Yauli, Huarochiri,
Chilet, Pallasca, Huari, Recuay and Canas.
Quicksilver. — The center of the quicksilver de
posits in Peru would seem to be the Department
of Huancavelica, where is situated the famous and
historical mine "Santa Barbara," which was
worked in the Colonial period and furnished then
large quantities of quicksilver, thereby facilitating
to the miners of that time the amalgamation of
their silver ores and the making of large remit
tances of silver to Spain.
The fact is, that at 30 miles round about the
above mentioned mine of "Santa Barbara," and in
every direction, are found beds of Cinnabar which
runs parallel to those of sandstone and limestone.
extending for a considerable distance. The tal
ented Peruvian naturalist, don Mariano Eduardo de
Rivero, in his interesting report upon this mining
district, gives a list of 39 hills situated in the sur
roundings of that of "Santa Barbara" in which he
found veins of Cinnabar. The existance of the
same kind of rocks has been proved, on the south,
as far as Puno, and on the north, as far as the
province of Huamalies in the Department • of
Huanuco. In fact Cinnabar has been worked
near to Yauli, in the Chanta mine, situated at 21
miles from Huallanca, the vein of which runs for
several leagues constantly in a direction from
North to South. Cinnabar has also been found in
the province of Cangallo, in the Department of
134

Ayacucho and in the Santa Polonia hill near to
Cajamarca. Iron.— .This mineral is very plentiful in Peru,
but hitherto it has not been the object of industrial
exploitation. There are considerable deposits of
this metal in the Department of Piura, as well as
in that of Puno, and in the districts of Calca and
Lares, where beds are found with a grade of 80
per cent.
Nickel. — Is abundant in the district of San
Miguel, in the province of La Mar.
Sulphuret of Zinc. — Is found in every part of the
mining regions of Peru, under different forms and
colors. Bismuth — Veins of Bismuth are found in various
parts of the Peruvian territory. In the Depart
ment of Junin a bed of Bismuth-Ochre has been
discovered with a grade of 40 per cent, of Bismuth.
Mica. — It is only recently that in the Province
of Camana on the coast in the Department of
Piura, important deposits of Mica have been found.
Salt. — Is abundant in all the different zones of
Peru, and appears in all its various forms. The
dryness of the atmosphere on the coast, has per
mitted the formation of different salts, such as
nitrates, carbonates and sulphates of soda, mag
nesia, alunogen, etc., etc.
Petroleum. — Is found in Piura, in the neighbor
hood of the town of Chimbote, in the Calavaras
hill of the province of Casma and in the district of
Palpa, province of Ica. In the district of Pusi, in
the province of Huancane, Department of Puno,
there are vast deposits of Petroleum, as has been
lately shown by the perforations made there. In
Cuzco there exists the spring of Pocpquella, situ
ated near the estate called Pallpata. There are
•also signs of Tar and Petroleum in the Depart-
135

ments of Jauja and Huancavelcia ; but up to the
present time the petroleum beds of real import
ance are those situated in Piura, Tumbes and Pusi,
which are also the only ones so far thoroughly ex
amined. As far as regards Petroleum, it has also been
rendered evident by the wells lately bored', and by
the discovery of new petroleum beds in the south
of the national territory, that Peru possesses an
immense store of this valuable combustible.
What we have already said with regard to Cop
per, Coal and Petroleum we might also state
relative to each one of the mineralized substances
found in the sub-soil of Peru.
Finally the metallurgical establishments working
in the country are 89; of these 19 are for amalga
mation and 32 for lixiviation ; 23 are for smelting,
5 for concentration and 7 for mixed operation —
smelting, concentration or lixiviation. There are
also 2 Petroleum refineries and one sulphur re
finery. The number of persons employed in these
establishments and in the working of the mines,
according to information likewise obtained by the
Corps of Mining Engineers, is more or less 13,000.
The exploitation of mines in Peru in accordance
with modern methods, is now only beginning to at
tract the attention of native and foreign capitalists,
and for this reason if one were to form an idea
of the future importance of mining in Peru by the
actual results, we should arrive at completely
erroneous conclusions and would not form a cor
rect iden of the splendid future in store for this
industry in Peru.
According to a report published by the De
partment of State of Peru, 1905, the provinces of
Carabaya and Sandia in the Department of Puno
and in the provinces of Quispicanchi and
136

BRIDGE OVER THE HIGHEST R. R. IN THE
WORLD— OROYA R. R.

THE GREAT SMELTING WORK'S— CERRO DE PASCO
MINING COMPANY,

in Cuzco will surprise the world with its wonder
ful rich gold deposits to be found in Peru. Nearly
all the rivers in these places carry gold.
The famous English traveler, Sir. Martin Con
way, declared, referring to these zones that he
found rivers with so much gold in sight that they
are formidable competitors of .the Transvaal,
Alaska and Australia. He estimated that in the
province of Sandia there was to be found 290 gold
deposits, and a great number of deposits were to
be found in the province of Carbaya.
This is the report of all famous engineers and
mine experts who have examined these vast gold
regions. The same authority states that in the
Department of Poto there exists an immense de
posit of auriferous' sand which measures 25 kilo
meters long and 20 kilometers wide, whose depth
is unknown. The part that has been examined
shows 300 meters of gold lands without reaching
bed-rock. In all parts of these vast deposits ex
aminations have been made and there has been
found 60 cents per cu. meter. It is calculated that
this century will have passed long before these
grounds have been exhausted of their gold.
Regarding gold quartz, lately examined in the
famous district of Montebello, as much as 66 oz.
of gold has been found per ton average.
Coal. — Peru also possesses vast beds of coal,
which certainly are of equal importance to those
of Silver and Gold. In fact all the representatives
of the Anthraconites are found here, viz : Anthra
cite, Pit-coal, Lignite and Peat. The first variety
is found on the road from Chimbote to Huaraz, in
the provinces of Otuzco, Huamachuco and various
other localities. Anthracite pit-coal in the Depart
ments of Cajamarca, Ancachs, Junin, Arequipa,
Puno and Moquegua. In Cuzco we have the coal-
137

beds of Tonquim, which contain trunks of trees
perfectly carbonized.
Lignite. — is found in the Department of Puno
and in that of Loreto on the shores of the river
Ucayali. Coal Mines. — Toledo capitalists in connection
with the Boston people are negotiating for some
valuable copper properties and some coal fields
that are said by a London engineer to be better
than the anthracite of Pennsylvania.
It is the only coal between the Isthmus of Pan
ama and Southern Chile, and is needed by steam
ship lines along the coast. The opening of the
canal will give it even greater value, and the Pe
ruvian government will use a portion of the new
loan to open up that territory.
It is also proposed to build about a hundred
miles of road from Jlo to Moquega through a rich
agricultural valley, where the soil is especially
adapted to vineyards.
Wages. — The average sum paid for wages to the
miners, who are the Indians inhabiting the moun
tainous districts of Peru, is for the labourer 60 to
90 cents per day, for the driller 1 sol, to 1 sol 20
cents, and for boys 40 cents. Some of the drillers
work not only for daily wages but by contract, ar.d
in this case the price is generally 15 sols per metre
bored, earning by this means 2 sols to 2.50 daily,
and sometimes even more, when the conditions are
specially favorable.
Good Laborers. — It must be borne in mind that
in the Peruvian mines wtfrk is carried on both by
day and night, so that the miner earns as much as
much as 9 days a week, because with the exception
of short intervals of rest which he devotes to the
chewing of Coca, he keeps up his strength and
works for 36 consecutive hours, he then rests for
138

12, and afterwards returns to his labor for another
36 hours, and thus successively during the two or
three months for which he has agreed to work,.
as the greater part of the Indians who work in the
mines, and who reside in the tablelands, own small
properties which they cultivate during a part of"
the year, and live on their crops of maize and
potatoes, so that the wages they earn enable them;
to obtain the few manufactured articles indispens
able for their families.
The native miner is strong, respectful and ac
customed to climate at great altitudes ; he is an ex
cellent laborer, whom it is almost impossible to re
place, so that he constitutes a very powerful ele
ment for the development of the mining industry
in Peru, which has a vast and immense future be
fore it.
Finally there exists in Peru an abundance of
Alabasters, Porphyries, and Marbles of every class,
as well as Jaspers which rival those used by the
ancient Romans in their temples and palaces.
There is also plenty of Gypsum, Kaolin, Ochre and
other similar products which in accordance with
the Mining Code are the exclusive property of the
owner of the soil.
It would in fact be difficult to point out the
mineral, or mineralized' substance, that is not to be
found in Peruvian territory.
Factory Opportunities. — Peru always offers a
vast field for the fostering of different manufac
turing industries, because in very few countries in
the world is there produced a greater variety of
raw material than in this Republic.
The textile industry is the one which has ob
tained the firmest footing.
The raw material — cotton and wool — is pro-.
duced in abundance, and from the remotest times,.
139

although in a very rudimentary form, ordinary
stuffs of wool and cotton have been woven in the
country. The first modern looms, introduced into Peru
for the weaving of cotton goods, were imported
during the year 1874, and those for woolen goods
in 1861.
Manufacturers. — In recent years a considerable
amount of native capital has been invested in the
erection of manufacturing establishments and
factories; and we say native capital, because up to
the present time almost every foreigner, European
or North American, arriving in this country and
settling in it, has preferred to devote himself to the
construction or railways and to the mining in
dustry, notwithstanding that the progressive gov
ernments of Peru, which of late years have ruled
the destinies of the country, have done everything
possible, to stimulate the progress of the manu
facturing industry offering every concession that
it was possible to grant within the sphere of their
attributes. Water Power. — Powerful water-falls are abund
ant in the Cordillera of the Andes, and their west
ern streams are formed of a series of rivers and
brooks which come down from a height to the
Pacific Ocean; all of these can be used for the pro
vision of a large amount of motive power, in the
same manner as the eastern streams.
Woolen Goods. — As regards the manufactories
of woolen goods there only exist four in the whole
country. The most modern one is that built in the
town of Marangani, Department of Cuzco; but the
most important one is that existing in Lima, called
the "Santa Catalina National Manufactory of
woolen-stuffs." Its usual production is over
140

200,000 metres annually between cashmeres and
cloths for the use of the army.
The Silk Goods Industry. — This industry is still
in its commencement. In Lima there is a small
establishment in which the government has started
a practical school of sericulture. There is also an
other similar establishment in the Department of
Abancay. Manufacture of Paper. — There is in Lima only
one paper-mill which limits its production to ordin
ary and to brown paper.
Match Factories. — Two of these exist in the
neighborhood of Lima; the most important one
was founded under an arrangement with the Match
Company of Chicago.
There are also various Soap and Candle Manu
factories in different parts of Peru.
Boot and Shoe Making is almost all done by
hand, and this trade still preserves its individual
character. Latterly however a native Boot and
Shoe Manufactory has been established.
Flour Mills. — Under protection of the differential
duties there are several flour mills in Peru; as in
the coast region, as already stated, wheat is grown,
and that produced in the plains of the Andean
region on being carried to the coast would, on ac
count of the imperfect means of transport, come
out far too dear. The greater part of the wheat
now imported, comes from Australia and Cali
fornia. Some of these mills, as for instance that
of the "Santa Rosa Company," near to Callao, have
modern machinery, with all the most perfected
apparatus for producing excellent flour.
The manufacture of Vermicelli, Macaroni, Spa
ghetti and other wheat pastes has attained an
immense development in Lima.
Lard Manufactory. — This is one of the oldest in-
141

dustries in Peru. In the valleys of Pativilca, Bar
ranca, Supe, Huaura, Chancay and Pasamayo large
quantities of maize are grown for the purpose of
fattening hogs. The number of these slaughtered
annually for the production of lard is not less than
30,000. As the yearly consumption of this article
in Peru is about 5000 tons, the balance necessary
for the supply of the local demand is imported
from the United States.
Preserved Fruits. — Notwithstanding the excel
lent quality and the abundance of several fruits in
some regions, nothing has yet been done towards
implanting the industry of preserved fruits, etc.,
which would not require any great labor, as all the
necessary elements exist in the country at low
prices. The absence of rain on the coast section,
the peculiary excellent climate and the great
fertility of the land, favor especially the cultivation
of fruits, the varieties and first class quality of
which are notorious. Nothing either is done in
the way of putting up in tins the vegetables, the.
fish and shell-fish so abundant on the coast of
Peru. Tanneries. — The establishments for tanning
hides are numerous; but although this industry is
a sufficiently old one it has not attained in Peru to
the perfection, which it has reached in other coun
tries. Wines, Spirits, Etc. — The manufacturing of
Wines and Spirits under the protection of the
heavy protective duties, has acquired a large de
velopment; the production of grape wines reaches
as much as 13,000,000 litres. The elaboration of
grape spirits is also considerable. Artificial wines
are only produced in small quantity as the natural
article is sold at a low price; the artificial pro
duction of spirits is on a larger scale. There are
142

several establishments devoted to this branch of
the industry, the most important among these
being "La Concordia" which occupies very exten
sive premises. Today all kinds of liquors are con
cocted in Lima and Callao and they are palmed off
on the public, well-bottled and with luxurious and
attractive labels.
Chocolate Manufactories. — The transformation of
Cacao into blocks of Chocolate has led to the in
stallation of various manufactories in Lima, and as
all the Cacao produced in the country is not suffi
cient for the demand, a fair amount is annually
imported from Guayaquil. All these factories have
first-class machinery and employ as their motive
power either steam or electricity. -
Manufactories of Cotton Seed Oil. — Just as the
cultivation of the Sugar Cane to such a vast ex
tent has led to the erection of important Sugar
works for the production of that article, so the in
crease in the cultivation of Cotton has in its turn
contributed to enlarge the number of plants or
works for the extraction of oil from the Cotton
seeds. In Lima we have several of these factories,
and others have been established in the various
centres in which the cultivation of Cotton has
acquired importance. The model central factory,
Esquivel, situated in the valley of Chancay is the
most perfect and important.
This oil is chiefly used for lighting purposes in
the mining districts ; the lees are used in the manu
facture of Soap, and from the residue, pressed into
the form of an oily mass, is obtained the oil-cake
exported chiefly to the United Kingdom.
Cocaine Manufactories. — This new and es
sentially Peruvian industry has acquired consider
able development of late years. There are now in
Peru 23 manufactories, some of which are estab-
143

lished in the neighborhood of the zones in which
the Coca-plant is cultivated. The total annual
production of Cocaine reaches 70,000 kilograms and
it may be said that the production of Peru satisfies
the world's demand for the article.
Chemical Industries. — This great branch of mod
ern industry is almost unexploited in Peru. Be
sides the cocaine, the benzine obtained from the
manufacture of kerosene, the ammonia which is
produced by the elaboration of coal-gas, the medi
cines and specifics prepared from Peruvian plants,
nothing is done in this branch. There are many
articles which might be produced in Peru at low
cost, among them sulphuric acid which is an
article for which the demand is constantly in
creasing. The production of varnishes, dyes, etc.,
etc., as the alcohol of 40 degrees only costs 5
cents gold per litre, is an industry that might be
undertaken with good results.
Various Industries. — As is natural there exists in
Peru, and principally in Lima, various other in
dustries which we may denominate as "urban" or
"domestic," such as the Saw-mills, and those for
making all kinds of wooden utensils, like casks or
wine-vats, etc., etc. Furniture making has made
important progress, although for want of roads
and cheap means of transport no use is as yet
made of the splendid timber for cabinet work, that
i> so plentiful in the forest region. In Lima there
are also two broom and brush manufactories in
which the raw material employed in the straw of
the "Sorghum" plant, which is cultivated in the
neighborhood, and of which the grain is also used
as food for animals.
In the neighborhood there is also a large manu
factory called "La Ceramica," which possesses
modern machinery for producing all kinds of ce-
144

A View of the Oil Wells at Tumbes, Peru

General View of a Progressive Mining District in Peru

ment flagstones, piping, balustrades, pitchers, urns,
ornaments, etc., etc. There are also- various brick
kilns, and among them one called the "Basilica,"
in which high-pressure steam is employed.
The existing industries might be improved and
their sphere much enlarged. Others, such as the
industry of iron and steel, have not yet been
started, but having for their base some of the many
raw materials abundantly produced in the country,
there are many that would leave a good result to
the capitalists starting them and would become
new and powerful sources of national wealth.
Special Opportunities. There is needed in Peru
very much a fruit factory for canning and preserv
ing fruits. Sugar, which is produced in immense
quantities is very cheap. There are a variety of
fruits in the country, which can be canned profit
ably. There is a fortune to be made in this line
by those who understand the business.
Peru has imported lard from the United States
for many years. It has natural facilities for rais
ing pork in large quantities. Corn can be pro
duced without any trouble, and it is a fact that
any one who establishes himself in this country
being familiar with hogs can in a little while earn
quite a fortune in raising hogs for lard.
There are excellent opportunities in vineyards.
Considerable wine is made now in Peru of excel
lent quality, but the affair is in its infancy. Those,
who understand vine culture and wine making can
make quite a good thing out of it in this country.
There are also great opportunities for Pottery
Works, and Tube Works for sewers. There are
great chances also for brick factories in Peru.
Chemical Products of different kinds are all im
ported. As an example, it may be stated that im
mense quantities of sulphur are found in this
145

country and it is possible to establish a factory of
sulphuric acid, an article used very extensively in
this country, and which is now imported. Noth
ing is done in the manufacture of benzine nor
ammonia, articles which could be manufactured
in this country at a good profit. Alchohol being
very cheap, about five cents a liter, it is possible
to manufacture varnishes, paints and dyes at little
cost. All these things are very easily manufac
tured, require very little capital and should be
made very profitable.
Another industry which can be established in
this country at great profit is the manufacture of
Portland Cement. There is every thing necessary
for the manufacture of cement in Peru near the
coast in accessible regions south of Lima.
It is very strange that there is no factory in Peru
to manufacture cotton stockings for men, women
and children. In the United States, small machines
are manufactured, which are used by families to
make stockings. Such a machine could be intro
duced into Peru with great profit.
The Fishing Industry is new in Peru and would
pay handsomely to any one who would take it up
in a business manner. Numerous fish are found all
along the coast in immense quantities, which could
be canned or salted.
There is an excellent opportunity for a glass
factory in Lima. Everything necessary is found
in the country, sand of excellent quality and car
bonates of soda exist in abundance.
Textile Plants. — The culture of Ramie, Jute,
Agave and others, extraction of the fibre, and the
manufacture of articles therefrom, such as cloth,
bags, rope and cordage, mats, nets, etc., etc.
Steam Ploughs. — There are as yet very few in
the country, and there are possibilities of large
146

profits to be obtained from their introduction and
the making of contracts with the farmers for the
ploughing and preparation of their lands generally.
Light, Portable Trains.— In all the agricultural
and mining centres these trains could be intro
duced to replace the mules now in use.
Dairy Farming. — There is room for great im
provement in this industry, and for all its several
branches, by the establishment of modern dairies
with improved machinery. Skimming stations,
centrifugal separators, cheese and butter factories
are more or less unknown, and are greatly wanted;
their establishment would be very profitable.
Wines and Spirits. — Viticulture is prosperous,
and the vineyards of Peru are of rare quality. The
production of wines and Aguardiente is rapidly ex
tending throughout the coast valleys by reason of
high protective tariff. A handsome fortune can be
made from this source in four to five years. Mod
ern and improved methods, and the best labor, are
all that is required.
Skin Dressing. — This is a growing industry and
one that can be extended rapidly, both by reason of
the superior quality of the native skins and hides
and of the protective tariff. All sorts of leather
goods can be manufactured in the country, and,
therefore, there is a good opening for the introduc
tion of proper machinery.
The principal markets are Callo, Lima, Trujillo
and Arequipa, and the principal establishments at
Lima are Labrousse, Bretoneche, Freres, Truel,
Gotuzzo Bros., Montserrat & Limoncillo, Ferrari,
Alavena and Centenaro, owned by French and Ital
ians. Other Various Industries. — We append a list of
some industries that could be established in the
country with no great difficulty and with prospects
147

of good results, because in each instance the prime
materials of manufacture are procurable while the
consumption of the manufactured articles encour
age and warrant it:
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS.
Pottery and Chinaware Brushes
Glassware. Canning and
Nails. Preserving.
Sericulture.
EXTRACTS FROM THE PERUVIAN CUS
TOM TARIFF.
Section 1. — Cotton Goods. Almost all goods
manufactured of cotton pay a duty of 40 per cent.
on the gross weight. This includes, carpets,
cretons, curtains, damask cloth, embroidered cot
tons, handkerchiefs, all sorts, plain or embroid
ered, neck ties, stockings, skirts, shades, table
cloths, threads, ribbons, velvet.
Section 2. — Woolens. This, includes carpets,
cashmere cloth, colored cloth, embroideries, elastic
cloth made of wool, embroideries of silk, fringes,
mantles, satin of all sorts, with or without cotton
or silk thread, socks, stocks, threads, ribbons, etc.
All this class pays 40 per cent, net or gross weight
according to method of packing.
Section 3. — Linen Goods. Carpets, cloths of all
sorts made of linen, cloth of linen for cleaning
purposes, drill plain or colored, bed spreads, band-
kerchiefs, embroidered or plain, mantles of linen,
skirts, suits, embroidered stockings, sheets, thread,
velvet, etc. The above goods pay 40 per cent.
Section 4. — Silk Goods. Curtains, cloth of all
sorts, capes, coverings of all sorts, elastic, em
broidered silks of all sorts, including those em
broidered of gold or silver, handkerchiefs, orna-
148

A SUGAR PLANTATION.
The cane grows and is crushed all the year round. A field for profit
able investment with modern methods and improved machinery

Statue of San Martin. Note that the street boys
are as well dressed as those of any city in the
states-.

ments .ribbons, stockings, silk in spools, silk of all
sorts, ties, etc. These goods pay duty of 40 per
cent, gross or net weight.
Section 5. — Furniture and Covered Articles.
Beds, blouses, boots of all sorts, baby carriages,
chairs or spring seats, freight cars, gentlemen's
clothes, ready made of all sorts, harnesses, leather,
mattresses, manufactured leather, made dresses,
ornaments of all sorts whether for churches, or
otherwise, railway cars, saddles, street cars, small
wagons, trunks of wood, wrappers, wheel barrows,
valises. All these pay duty of 45 per cent, ac
cording to quantity shipped whether single or by
the dozen.
Section 6. — Hardware and Diverse Articles.
This includes everything such as hardware, silver
ware, needles, lamps, etc., 40 per cent, either
-each or by the dozen according to the article.
Baskets, lamps, musical instruments of all sorts,
such as violin, guitar. Pocket booksi — pay 40 per
cent. Nails, ornaments of all sorts — 40 per cent.
Groceries average about 65 per cent. Ordinary
soap — 65 per cent. Articles for the public service,
-articles to be used for shipping and marine services,
machinery to be used solely for the purpose of ag
riculture, all sorts of machines for the purpose of
mines including steam pumps are admitted free.
For further information regarding special arti
cles, the duty, methods of shipment, packing, etc.,
address Dr. A. de Clairmont, Consul of Peru for
the State of Ohio, at Toledo, or the Peruvian Con
sul in any other place.

149

INDEX

Able Post Master General  35
Abundance of Gold  128
Absence of Rain — Peru  32-84
Agricultural Machinery — Tariff of  149
Agricultural Products  83
Agriculture  82
Alluvial Gold  126
Amazon Steam Navigation Co  78
American Bank  45
American City, Most Delightful  33
American Engineers  88
American Houses  45
American Mining Companies  125
American Planters  107
Ample Funds on Hand  127
Ancient History  15
Ancient Landmarks  32
Ancon — Bathing Resort  37
Andes Mountains  16
Anthracite Coal  126
Antiquity of Chicago  34
Area and Shape. Lima  38

i

Arequipa  69
Arequipa, Altitude of  69
Arequipa, Population of  69
Artificial Manures  87
Ascope  28
Atlantic North  19
Authority on rubber — Mr. Spruce  103
Arthur Ricardo Palma  33
Ayacucho  68
Ayacucho Population of  68
Baby Carriages — Tariff of  149
Ball Weevil No  110
Banks . .  75
Bank American  45
Banks Offer Loans  41
Baskets— Tariff of  149
Bathing Resort Ancon  37
Beds— Tariff of  140
Beds of Cinnabar  134
Bed Spreads — Tariff on  149
Bismuth  135
Blouses — Tariff on  149
Bolivia  69
Bolivia, Capital of  69
Bona Fide Investors  98
Bona Fide Investors Protected  98
Bonds & Securities  97
Bonds as Guarantee  97
Boot and Shoe Making  141
Boots of All Sorts— Tariff on  149
Booth Line  78
Brandy, Production of  67
Brushes  148
Business Houses  48

Business Laws  47
Butter and Cheese Factory Wanted'. .... ..... ! 147
c
Cabinet Woods  92
Cajamarca — Population of  27
Cajamarca  27
Callao  23
Callao, Harbor of  23
Callao, Hotels of  23
Callao — Population of  24
Callao — Port of  ,  22
Candamo, Senor  39
Caneta Valley  80
Canning and Preserving  148
Caucho or India Rubber tree  103
Capacity — American Smelting Establishment. . .132
Capes — Tariff on  149
Carabaya  71
Carabaya, Gold in  71
Carabaya, Province of  71
Carpets, Cotton — Tariff of  149
Carpets, Linen — Tariff on  149
Carpets, Woollen — Tariff on  149
Cars — Electric  35
Cars — Freight — Tariff on  149
Cars — Railway — Tariff on  149
Cars — Street — Tariff on  149
Castrovireyna  68
Cattle Raising, Advantage of  82
Cattle Raising  82
Caucho Rubber — Export Duty of  51
Caucho Trees  94-99
Central Route of Peru  91
Cerro Azul .  67
Cerro de Pasco  66

Cerro de Pasco, Altitude of  66
Cerro de Pasco Mining Co  125
Cerro de Pasco, Population of  66
Cerro de Pasco, Railroad of  66
Chairs or Spring Seats — Tariff on . . 4   149
Chanchamayo  95
Chanchamayo — Valley of  95
Chan Chan  28
Cheese & Butter Factories Wanted  147
Chemical Industries  144
Chemical Products  145
Chemist — Albert Nieman  114
Chepen  27
Chepen — Population of  27
Chicago Antiquity of  34
Chicama — Valley  80
Chiclaya  26
Chiclaya — Population of  26
Chile — Held on  • 36
Chile— 'Nitrate in  36
Chilean Co. — Stock  82
Chilean War  36
Chililaya  69
Chimbote  28
Chinaware and Pottery  148
Chincha Valley  67
Chincha Islands  68
Chocolate Bean  118
Chocolate Manufactories  143
Chocope  28
Chorillos  23-58
Chorillos, Watering Place  23
Climate — Peru  29
Cloth, Cashmere, Woolen — Tariff on  149
Cloth, Damask— Tariff on  149
Cloth, Elastic— Tariff on  149
Cloth, Linen — Tariff on  149
Cloth, Silk— Tariff on  149

Cloth, Wool— Tariff on  149
Coal Fields  \ 136
Coal Mines  .137-130
Coast Line  24
Coast of Peru  _ , . 79
Coast Sands  30
Coast Towns  21
Cocoa  111
Cocaine Manufactories  143
Cold" Water in the Tropics  29
Coffee  '.118
Cold Zones  84
Colonel Meiggs Work  40
Cocoa  118
Colonists Want of   46-93
Colonising Districts  86
Commercial Code  47
Compagnie des Messageries du Pacifique  78
Compagnie Sud America  78
Concepcion  67
Constitution, The  74
Consumption, Cure for  70
Consumption Sufferers  70
Conway, Sir Martin — Traveler  137
Cool Nights . v  30
Copper Regions  131-133
Corn  116
Corn, Profitable — Production of  116
Cotton  108
Cotton Factories  110
Cotton — Production of  109
Cotton Goods— Tariff of  148
Covered Articles— Tariff of  149
Coverings, Silk — Tariff on  149
Cretons, Cotton — Tariff on  149
Cultivation of Coca  Ill
Currency  74
Curtains, Silk— Tariff on  149

Custom House  • • 23
Custom — Tariff on  ¦ ¦ • 148
Cuzco  71
Cuzco, Exports of  71
Cuzco — Gold in  71
Cuzco — History of  71
Cuzco — Population of  71
D
Dairy Farming  147
Damask Cloth— Tariff on  149
Deposits, Silver  131
Descriptive  15
Distinguished Mayor  65
Dock, Wharves and Bay  22
Dresses Made — Tariff on  149
Drill— Cloth— Tariff on  149
Drill— Wool, Plain or Colored— Tariff on  149
Duncan Fox & Co  82
Dye, Woods  93
E
Frederico Elguera — Mayor of Lima  65
Elastic Cloth— Wool— Tariff on  149
Elastic— Silk— Tariff on  149
Electric Cars  ¦  35
Embroideries, Cotton — Tariff on  149
Embroideries, Silk — Tariff on  149
Embroideries, Woolen — Tariff on  149
Emigrants — Desired  81
Emigrants, Opportunities for  52
English Capital  41
Engineer von Hassel  127
Estradas — Rent on  97

Eten  26
Eten Iron Pier  26
Excellent Soldiers  ... 59
Export Duties  51
Export Duty — Caucho Rubber  51
Export Duty — Para Rubber  51
Export and Imports  50
Exports of Cuzco  71

F

Factories, Cotton  110
Factories, Sugar  108
Factory, Opportunities  139
Fair Name  47
Farm, Dairy  147
Farming, Advantages of  :  80
Ferrenafe  26
Fertile Regions  85
Fertile Valleys  .¦  85
Fibers  93
Filigree Work from Ayacucho  68
Fine Para, Called Jebe  100
Fire Company  63
Fishing Industry, Fortune in  146
Fixed Laws for Rubber Lands  96
Floating Dock  23
Flour Mills  141
Foreign Corporations organized  104
Foreign Investors  41
Foreign Loans  • 43
Foreign Loans, How secured  43
Foreigner's Rights  96
Forest Lands  92
Forest Rubber  96
Fortress Saxihuaman  71

Free Information  • 89
Freight Cars— Tariff on  149
Freight — Variety of  21
Fringes, Woolen — Tariff on  149
Fruit Factory, Wanted  145
Founding of Lima  33
Furniture and Covered Articles — Tariff of  149
Further Information  149

G

General Description of the Country  72
Gentlemen's Clothes — Ready Made — Tariff on.. 149
Geographical Society of Lima, The  61
German Capital  41
German Enterprise  43
German Houses  44
Germans in Peru  43
Glass Factory Needed  146
Glassware  148
Gold  128
Gold Quartz  129
Gold in Carabaya  71
Gold in Quispicanchi  129
Gold in Sadia  137
Good Laborers  139
Government — Municipal  75
Government Progress  49
Grape Vine, The  116
Grazing Lands  81
Groceries — Tariff on  149
Guadalupe  27
Guadalupe — Population of  27
Guarantees, Individual  97
Guayaquil — Population  20
Guitars — Tariff on  149

Gulf Line, The  78
Gums — Tariff on  149
H
Hamburg American Line  78
Handkerchiefs, Cotton — Tariff on  149
Handkerchiefs, Linen — Tariff on  149
Handkerchiefs, Silk — Tariff on  149
Hardware and Diverse Articles — Tariff on  149
Harnesses — Tariff on  149
Hevea Trees . . '  104
Highest R. R. in the World  40
Hilficker, Adolph  128
History  17
History, Ancient  15
Historical Institute  '.  62
Hoele, Dr  16
Hogs, Profitable Raising of  145
Hog Raising  • 120
Home Possibilities  52
Huancavelica  68
Huancavelica, Mines of  68
Huancavelica — Population  68
Huancayo  67
Huarney  28
Huanuco  67
Humboldt's Current  29-31
Hygiene  68

Ica  68
Ica, Population of  68
Ica, Products of  68
Ica Valley  80

Ilo  72
Import Duties  51
Inam'bari River  105-128
Inca Gold Development Co  128
Inca Mining Co  125-128
Increasing Population of Lima  34
Individual Guarantees  73
Industries, Rubber  99
Industries, Various  144
Information Further  149
Internal Improvements  43
Instruments and Diverse Articles  149
Instruments, Musical — Tariff on  149
Iquitos  78.
Iron  135
Iron Pier at Eten  26
Irrigation  87
Italian Merchants  44

Jauja  66.
Jauja — Population of  67
Jauja, Resort for Consumptives  66
Jebe, Fine Para  100
K
Kosmos Line  78.

Lake Titicaca — Altitude of  69-
Lake Titicaca — Area of  69
Lake Titicaca — Steamers of  69
Lambayeque Valley  80

Lamport & Holt Line  78
Lamps — Tariff on  149
Land Concessions  90
Lands — Mining  125
Land Renting  80
Lands — Rubber  96
Landmarks — Ancient  32
Landing of Pizarro  20
La Paz  69
La Paz — Population of  70
La Punta  23-38
Lard Factory, Wanted  142
Lard Manufacturing  141
Law of Rubber Lands  96
Lead Ores  134
Leather Manufactured — Tariff on  149
Leather Mattresses — Tariff on  149
Liberal Laws  91-104
Light Portable Trains  147
Lignite  138
Lima Athenaeum  63
Lima — Capital of Peru  32
Lima, Founding of  33
Lima — Geographical Society of  61
Lima — Increasing Population of  34
Lima — Railroads to  38
Lima — Surroundings of  37
Linen Goods— Tariff of  148
Llama Wool  119
Llona, Scipion, Secretary  61
Loss of Wealth  36
M
Machines for Agriculture— Tariff of  149
Machines for Mines^Tariff of  149
Madre de Dios Syndicate  102:

Magdalena del Mar  37
Magellan  82
Magellan Stock  82
Mantles, Linen — Tariff on  149
Mantles, Woolen— Tariff on  149
Manufactories of Cotton Seed Oil  143
Manufacture of Paper  141
Manufacturers  •  140
Markets  64
Marine Service for — Tariff on  149
Match Factories  141
Means of Cummunication  77
Medical Effect— Coca  113
Medicinal Plants  71
Meiggs, Col  -  40
Merchantile Exchange, The  63
Merchants Line  78
Montebello, Gold in  137
Method of Planting Cotton  109
Mica  135
Mills, Spinning  110
Mills, Sugar  107
Mineral District, Huaraz  127
Mines and Mining  121
Mines, Coal  137-138
Mining Code  122-123
Mining Law  124
Mines, Legality of  124
Mining Penalty  123
Mining Register  124
Mines — 'Santo Domingo  126
Mines — Peruvian Gold Mining Co  128
Mines, Silver  70
Mining Tax  123
Misti Volcano  69
Moderate Duty Rubber  102
Moderate Taxes  121
Modern Farms  95

Modern Post Office  53
Mollendo  68
Mollendo, Port of  68
Mollendo, Shipment of  68
Money Orders  55
Most Delightful American City  33
Mountain City  95
Mounted Police  60
Municipal Government  75
Musical Instruments — Tariff on  140

IV

Nails— Tariff on  148
Nasca, Valley of  81
National Public Library  64
National School of Agriculture  89
National Tax Collecting Company  66
Nation's Call  93
Native Dealers  48
Naturalist Eduardo de Rivero  134
Natural Pastures  82
Naval School  60
Neck Ties, Cotton— Tariff on  149
Neck Ties, Silk— Tariff on  149
New Claims  130
New and Valuable Source of Wealth  95
New Installations  58
New Route to Rubber Lands  52
Nickel  135
Nieman, Albert — Chemist  114
Nitrate in Chile  36
No Ball Weevil....  .-HO
North Atlantic  19
Nosiniscato — Gold Placers  102

o
Ocean, Smooth  19
Official Corps of Mining Engineers  125
Ohio Investments  41.
Old Friends  46
Olive Tree, The  106
Opportunities for Emigrants  82
Opportunities for Men of Small Means  50
Opportunities, Special  145
Oroya  44-66
Oroya Railroad  44-66
Oroyo, Wonderful Cures of  66
Other Various Industries  147
Our Great River  93
Pacasmayo  80
Pacific Steam Navigation  78
Paita  25
Paita, Population of  25
Palcazo River  105
Panama Hats Where Made  26
Penalty, Mining  123
Perfumes — Tariff on  149
Peru Absence of Rain  32r84
Peru, Climate of  29
Peru, Coast of  :  79
Peru, . General Description of the Country  72
Peru, Republic of . ;  72
Peru, Population of  34
Peru's Temperature  31
Peru's Wonderful Climate  29
Peruvian. Armyrr-Re-or.ganiz.ed  58'
Peruvian Bridges  42
Peruvian Custom Tariff  148:

"Peruvian Gold Mining Corporation  128
iPetroleum  25-80-135
Petroleum for Fuel  127 ¦
Pianos — Tariff on  149
Piches River  105
iPimentel  26
:Pisco, Population of  67
.Pisco, Port of  67
Pisco, Products of  67
Piura  25
Piura, Population of  25
Piura, Salubrius Climate  25
Pizarro's First Landing  20
Pizarro, Founded Lima  27
Placers, Rich  128
Plantations, Rubber  94
Planting Rubber  101
Pocket Books— Tariff on  149
Political Organizations  72
Population — Guayaquil  20
Population of Peru  34
Portable Trains  147
Port of Callao  •  22
Port of Talara  25
Portland Cement — Factories Wanted  146
Postal and Telegraph Communication  79
Pottery and Chinaware  148
Pottery Works Wanted  145
Poto, Gold Deposit in  137
Potosi  70
Potosi, Silver Mines  70
Precious Stones  127
Preface  7
Preserved Fruits  142
Preserving and Canning  148
President's Message  45
President Pardo  102
(Production of Brandy  67

Production of Cotton  109
Production of Rum  67
Production of Sugar  106
Production of Wines  118
Property, Now Acquired  74
Public Health  76
Public Highroads  78
Puno, Gold in  •  137
Q
Quicksilver  134
Quispicanchi, Gold in.  129
R
Railroads  39
Railroad Laws  39
Railroads of Peru  77
Railway Cars — Tariff on  149
Rates of Postage  55
Real Estate, How Acquired  105
Real Garden of the Gods  31
Red Cross Line  78
Renting of Lands  80
Region of the Yucayali  93
Rent in Estradas  97
Republic of Peru  72
Rheumatism, Cures for  25
Ribbons, Cotton— Tariff on  149
Ribbons, Silk— Tariff on  149
Ribbons, Wool— Tariff on  149
Ricardo Palma, Author  33
Rice  115
Rich Placers  128
Richest Mineral Provinces  126

Rights of Foreigners  96
Rivero EdUardo, de Naturalist  134
Roads and Communications  38
Roads in Peru  9(M05
Root, Sec'y., in Peru  46
Rosins  93
Routine and System  88
Rubber, How Acquired  96
Rubber, Industry  99
Rubber Lands, Laws of  96
Rubber Lands, New Route  52
Rubber Leases  96
Rubber Plantations  94
Rubber Sap, Yield of  94
Ruins of Chanchan  28
Ruins of Fortifications  71
Rule of the Incas  17
Rum, Production of  67
s
Sandia, Gold in  130
Saddles— Tariff on  149
Salaverry  27
Salaverry to Callao  28
Salt  135
Samanca and Casma  28
Sandia, Gold in  137
Sandia, Province of  ,  137
San Pedro de Lloc  27
Santo Domingo Mines  126
Satin, all sorts — Tariff on  149
Saxihuaman, Fortress  71
Scientific Institutions, The  60
Seats with Springs — Tariff on  149
Secretary Root  46
Secretary Scipion Llona  61

Senor Candamo  39
Sericulture  148
Shades, Cotton — Tariff on  -  149
Sheets, Cotton— Tariff on  149
Sheets, Linen — Tariff on  149
Shipping Service for — Tariff on  149
Short Distance  19
Silk Goods Industry  141
Silk of All Sorts— Tariff on  148
Silver  130
Silver Deposits  131
Silver Mines  70
Silverware — Tariff on  149
Skin Dressing and Tanning  147
Skirts, Cotton— Tariff on . .'  149
Skirts, Linen — Tariff on  149
Smelters  132
Smooth Ocean  19
Soap Ordinary — Tariff on  '  149
Socks, Wool— Tariff on  149
Special Opportunities  145
Spinning Mills  110
Spirits and Wines  147
Spruce, Mr. — Rubber Authority  103
Steam Plows  146
Steam Pumps — Tariff on  149
Steam Ship Lines  78
Stockings, Cotton — Tariff on  149
Stockings, Linen — Tariff on  149
Stockings Machines — Wanted  146'
Stockings, Manufacture of 
Stockings, Silk — Tariff on  149
Stockings, Woolen — Tariff on  149
Sucre  70
Sucre, Population of  70
Sugar  106
Sugar Cane  '  80-107
Sugar, Production of  106

Suits, Linen — Tariff on  149
Sulphuret of Zinc  135
Summer Resort — Urubama  71
Supe and Huacho  28
Surroundings of Lima  37
T
Tablet Cloths, Cotton— Tariff on  149
Table Cloths, Linen— Tariff on  149
Talara, Port of  25
Tambo de Mora  67
Tamba de Mora, Production of  67
Tambopata River  105
Tanneries  142
Tanning Skins  147
Tariff, Customs  '.  148
Tarna  66-95
Tarna, Population of  95
Taxes, Mines  121
Telegraph  56
Telephone Systems  57
Temperature, Peru  31
Textile Plants  146
Threads, Cotton— Tariff on  149
Threads, Linen — Tariff on  149
Threads, Silk— Tariff on  149
Threads, Woolen— Tariff on  .149
Thermometer, The  84
Ticopampa Mining Company  28
Titicaca Lake  69
Tobacco  U^
Towns, Coast  21
Trains, Portable  147
Traveler, Sir Martin Conway  137
Treasures in the Forest  92
Trees, Yield of  -04

Trujillo  27
Trujillo, Population of  27
Trunks— Tariff on  149
Tumbes  24
Tumbes, Population of  24
IJ
Urubama, Summer Resort  71
United States — Favored by Peru  43

Valley Coneta  80
Valley of Chanchamayo  95
Valley Chincha  80
Valley *ca  80
Valley Lambayeque  80
Valley of Nasca  81
Valleys of the Coast  80
Valises— Tariff on  149
Valuable Sources  53
Valuable Wools  119
Vanadium.  134
Variety of Freight  21
Varieties of Rubber Trees  94
Various Industries  144
Vast Rubber Forests  105
Vegetable Products  105
Velvet, Cotton — Tariff on  149
Velvet, Linen — Tariff on  149
Velvet, Silk— Tariff on  149
Vineyards, Fortunes in  53
Violins— Tariff on  T49
Volcano Misti  69
Von Hassel, Engineer  127"

w
Wages  138
Wagons, 'Small— Tariff on  149
Wants of Colonists  46-93
Water Power  140
Wealth, Loss of  36
Wealth, Past and Present  49
Weevil Ball, No  110
West Coast of American Line, The  78
Wheel Barrows — Tariff on  149
Wines and Spirits  147
Wines, Production of  147
Wines, Spirits, Etc  142
Wireless Telegraph  57
Wonderful Climate — Peru  29
Wonderful Stimulant  113
Woods, Dye  93
Wool, Llama  119
Woolen Goods  140
Woolens, Tariff on  148
World Highest Railroad in  40
Wrappers — 'Tariff on  149
Y
Yucayali, The Region of  93

YALE UNIVERSITY L

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