i. f'<m.;
YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY Gift of
Prof* George Park Fisher

Lectures on Reason and Revelation,

LECTURES

Reason and Revelation,

DELIVERED IN

ST. ANN'S CHURCH, NEW-YORK,

DURING THE

Smsflit Df Siffa^ni, 1S6^7.

REV. THOMAS S. PRESTON.

' Vou shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you tree." — St. John viii. 32.

NE-W-YORK :
THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION HOUSE,
126 Nassau Street.
1868.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by
THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of Ne'w-York.

Contents.

Page
Introduction,  g
LECTURE FIRST.
The Office of Reason,  ^i
lecture second.
Relations of Reason and Faith, ... 84
lecture third.
Conditions of Revelation,  124
lecture fourth.
Revelation and Protestantism, . , , 166
lecture fifth.
Revelation and the Catholic Church, , 215

Introduction.

Introduction.

N the following lectures it is the aim
of the author to set forth, in a
clear and concise manner, a sim
ple argument whereby the claims of the
Catholic Church are substantiated by reason
alone. In the midst of the excitements of
our day some of the plainest truths are for
gotten, and men hold opinions or pass to
conclusions without any logical grounds
whatever. They even sometimes contradict
the propositions which are self-evident to
reason in their zeal for intellectual progress
and emancipation from the thraldom of the
past. That which is new is sought after,

I o Iiitrodti-ction.
even though it overthrow the belief of truths
heretofore generally admitted. We are not
believers in total depravity, and have, there
fore, great confidence in the good which
still remains in human nature. And as we
know that God's grace is ever with man to
assist him to the knowledge of the truth, and
to lead him in the way of virtue, we have
great hopes that the intellectual and moral
movements of our day will guide the honest
and sincere mind to the true light which is
its only illumination. It is a great mistake
to suppose that the Catholic Church requires
of any man that he should do away with his
reason, or cease to exercise those powers
which God has given him for the proper
appreciation of truth and goodness. To
man's intelligence revelation is addressed,
and every new light from above only serves
to enlarge the thirst for knowledge. The

Introduction. 1 1
divine ways are ever harmonious, and the
supernatural truth will never contradict the
natural. The argument of these lectures
depends upon the force of reason alone.
We briefly explain the nature of human
reason and the sphere of its operation. We
show how the divine revelation gives its un
erring evidence, to which a just intelligence
must submit. We vindicate all the natural
powers, and defend the exercise of their just
prerogatives. God, speaking to man, is
bound to give him unmistakable signs that
He is speaking, and that no deceiver is im
posing upon us. When these signs are given,
then we are bound to believe the divine tes
timony, and entirely to accept truths which
the veracity of our Maker vouches for. Pri
vate judgment has its full scope, as to it are
clearly presented the tokens of every super
natural intervention. The extrinsic credi-

J 2 Introduction.
bility of doctrines proposed to faith is thus
assured to the full conviction of the under
standing. If we go on to say that reason
assured of a revelation cannot then be the
judge of the intrinsic credibility of a dogma
clearly revealed, we only say that reason
must act in its own sphere, and that the
finite must not venture to measure the in
finite. It seems to us that no logical objection can
be made against such a restriction of private
judgment. If man, by his unaided powers,
could find out all necessary truth, there
would be no need of a revelation. Of things
beyond the scope of his understanding man
can certainly be no judge, while it is equally
certain that the word of God can never
deceive. It is also a great misunderstanding to sup
pose that Catholics are not allowed to use

Introduction, 1 3
their reason, or that faith has taken the place
of our ordinary intelligence. So far from the
truth is this supposition, that the aim of the
present work will be to show that Catholics
alone are the followers of true reason, always
yielding obedience to its just dictates, and
never swerving in any way from its rigid
conclusions. The Catholic faith presents all
its unanswerable claims before the mind, and
then, as it appeals to our natural sense of
truth and justice, it cannot contradict itself
by doing away with the very faculty which is
made the judge of its pretensions. Reason,
rightly understood, leads with certainty to
the light of revelation, and that light does
in no way extinguish the spirit or vitality of
nature. There is full scope for the play of
the highest intelligence, not in the contradic
tion of evidence clearly established, nor in
doubting truth already manifest, but in the

14 Introduction.
constant and daily increasing appreciation of
the beauties of God's revelation whereby all
our faculties are brought into perfect har
mony. There is neither manliness nor wis
dom in the state of perpetual doubt which
appears to be chosen by many as the exercise
of a precious liberty. The Catholic believes
because he has evidence of the divine power
and goodness, and in the very highest exer
cise of reason bows down to God and Him
only. No human organization has a right to
bind our consciences, and no body of men
can form or direct our faith. God alone is
our master, whose word is a law to our un
derstandings and our hearts. The church is
recognized by us because He has established
it, and given to it authority to teach in His
name, and we are ever ready to give to any
honest mind a reason for the faith we hold
and profess.

Introduction. 1 5
Such principles, united with the earnest
hope of doing good, have led the author to
prepare and deliver the following lectures.
There is no one whose sphere of influence is
so limited that he may not be of some service
to his fellows, especially in a day like ours,
when questions of the most vital nature are
agitating mankind. The argument chosen
has necessarily been placed in the most con
cise form and adapted to a popular discourse.
Reason is first examined, that our ideas of
its nature and office may be cleared from all
obscurity, that we may have a just notion of
its powers and the sphere in which they
operate. It is secondly demonstrated that
faith, properly understood, can furnish no
contradiction to the reason, since it moves in
its own plane and depends upon supernatural
light. If we have no other teaching than
that of pure nature, then there is no scope

1 6 Introduction.
for faith. If God has made a revelation, then
He must also attest it by proofs sufficient to
convince our understanding.
The third lecture asks from reason the
conditions of a revelation, on the supposition
that God were to make one to man. For it
is evident that the communication of new
and important truth must be in accordance
with the laws of reason and the principles of
evidence. Having settled these preliminary
points, we are prepared to determine if God
has been pleased to make a revelation, and to
examine closely the systems of Protestantism
and Catholicity, that we may know which
bears the stamp of divine authority. There
are really no other systems which present
themselves before us as claiming to represent
the divine teacher who Is the founder of
Christianity. Those who reject our Lord
Jesus Christ in His person and office can

Introduction. 1 7
scarcely be said to believe in any revelation at
all, and, therefore, offer no proof to the reason
for the belief In any thing supernatural. A
revelation, then, being supposed, the question
is between Protestantism and Catholicity.
They are contradictory, and cannot stand to
gether. If one be true, the other is false.
So we are prepared to determine which of
the two complies with the conditions which
reason itself suggests, and, therefore, to which
of the two the honest mind should submit.
If it be shown that the Protestant religion
does not meet with any of the necessary con
ditions of revelation, and that it cannot give
any sure proofs of divine mission, then It is
demonstrated that it is not of God. If, on
the contrary, the Catholic Church answers to
every test of reason, and satisfies every just
demand, while it presents unerring signs of
its divine origin, then every heart which

1 8 Introduction.
seeks for light and peace should at once cast
aside the chains of prejudice and follow
where reason and conscience guide. We are
quite confident that no other course can meet
the approval of an enlightened understand
ing. In the necessarily brief and rapid plan
which has been marked out, it may appear to
some that we have passed cursorily over im
portant arguments, while we have been oblig
ed to repeat many statements which recur in
each lecture. These defects are hardly to be
avoided, when. In five short and popular dis
courses, truths so fundamental are brought
forward and principles so essential are ex
plained. Every one will follow the bent of
his own mind. We have sought to meet a
class of difficulties which have stood in the
way of the conversion of many, and to open
a train of thought suited to the needs of mul-

Introduction. 1 9
titudes with whom our lot has been cast. It
would be far from our intention to do In
justice to any religious system, or to misre
present any of its characteristics. The fair
and conscientious reader may decide whether
Protestantism be that which we have de
scribed it, since notorious facts alone have
been the basis of our judgment. We believe
that the general opinion of mankind will sus
tain our propositions. Two objections, how
ever, may arise, which, for want of -time in
the delivery of the lectures, we desire to
answer more fully In this place. It may be
said that it is unfair to give to the Catholic
Church the credit of the miracles of Christ
and His apostles, and at the same time to re
fuse their testimony as in favor of Christian
ity In general, including Protestantism.
Secondly. It may be objected that the
miracles of Christ are not sufficient to sub-

20 Intro ditction.
stantlate the claims of the Catholic Church,
fi-om which men should demand signs and
wonders in every age. For the better eluci
dation of our subject, both these objections
need to be considered at some length.
I. It cannot be denied that Jesus Christ
came into this world to introduce a revela
tion whereby new and most precious truth
was to be communicated to men. He came,
therefore, to reveal a complete and harmo
nious system, which, for the good of the world,
was to be preserved to the end of time. Any
other view of His mission would be un
worthy of His divine character, and incon
sistent with the means He employed to found
His system of religion. For He, the Son of
God, not only became man, but humbled
Himself to the most ignominious of deaths.
In this view are, however, contained two
things, either of which is fatal to Protestant-

Introduction. 2 1
Ism. First, the doctrines He taught and for
which He gave up His life must, of necessity,
for mone harmonious whole, not to be broken
or impaired without vital injury. A pari of
Christian doctrine cannot be called Christian
ity. It may be an approximation to it, and
be true as far as it goes ; but it cannot be
called the religious system introduced Into
this world by Christ. And sometimes the
suppression of one doctrine neutralizes any
benefit to be derived from the admission of
another. Now, Protestantism delivers no
system of religion, since, in Its various phases,
there is a tissue of contradictions which leave
nothing for a result. We have said, and with
all sincerity, that it witnesses to no doctrine
whatever, because there is no doctrine, not
even the divinity of Christ, which is not de
nied by one or more of the Protestant sects.
It would be difficult, then, to see how the

22 Introduction.
miracles wrought to prove the mission of our
Lord and His Apostles could be adduced
as evidence In favor of a religious system
which, taken In the aggregate, has no articles
of belief And if it be said that every Pro
testant church should stand upon its own
feet, and be judged on its individual merits,
we reply that such a course, while it would
be illogical, would not help the matter In any
way conceivable. It would be illogical, in
examining a great system held in common by
a vast multitude of adherents, to exclude any
of the members from the responsibility of
evils directly flowing from the principles
adopted by all. If the system destroys all
unity in doctrine, then all who follow the
system are Involved in the common discord.
It would not help the matter, because even if
there be shown a body of consistent doctrine
in any particular Protestant Church, that

Introduction 23
alone would not prove that the doctrines
were true or that they were delivered by
Jesus Christ. If the principle of Protestant
ism which allows each and every man to
judge of the intrinsic credibility of all dog
mas were eschewed, then there remains no
need of argument against Protestantism.
We do not deny that the miracles of Christ
and His Apostles may be adduced to prove
the truth of any doctrine really revealed by
Him. And there are those among Protes
tants who accept many such doctrines which
they have unconsciously received from the
Catholic Church. The only question be
tween us Is regarding two opposing systems.
Can the founder of Christianity be supposed
to have introduced into the world such a com
plex of negations, in which there is no room
for the defence of positive truth, and where
unity of doctrine is an impossibility ? This

24 httrodu^ction.
is the only-polnt of our argument. We do
not go into the examination of articles of
belief, some of which may be true and others
may be false.
Secondly. If the true Christianity Is not
only one harmonious creed, but must neces
sarily have length of days and perpetuity of
life, then the religion of Christ, for which His
miracles may be called to give their sure
testimony, must come down from Him, and
be delivered to the world by His authority'
in unbroken succession. Here the novelty
of Protestantism Is destructive of all its
claims. It was born of the convulsions of
the sixteenth century, and shocked the whole
earth by its strange features. The only way
to articulate Protestantism to the Christian
ity of the Apostolic day, is, as we shall see,
to assert that at the time of the Reformation
the revelation of Christ had perished from

Introduction. 25
the earth, or, which is the same thing, had
become utterly corrupt; and then to assert,
without the slightest shadow of proof, and
against all facts, that Protestantism is primi
tive Christianity, the favored but short-lived
religion which about the year one hundred
forsook the earth, and only returned after a
lapse of fourteen centuries. This common
assertion of so ndany, when stated plainly in
this form, seems like sarcasm, so absurd is it
in its very terms. Does not any honest mind
see that It upsets the divinity of Jesus Christ
whose promises cannot fail if He be God ? To
what end did He come upon earth. If thus His
great revelation was so soon to pass away.-*
It is quite evident that the system of reli
gion which can be historically traced to Jesus
Christ, is the only one which can claim the
sanction of His divine promises, and wonder
ful miracles. And such is not Protestantism,

26 Introduction.
which found an origin in convulsions which
tended to the overthrow of all faith, and
in principles which are subversive of all
revealed religion. We do not then refuse
the testimony of the miracles of Christ to
the support of Christianity in general, but
only to the Protestant system, and we are
prepared to prove that all that is received
as Christianity among men is only part of
Catholic doctrine, in other words, that Chris
tianity is synonymous with Catholicity.
2. The miracles of our Lord and His apos
tles are sufficient to authenticate the Catholic
Church, If It be once proved that that church
was founded by Him ; for whatever He did
was in favor of that system which He estab
lished. In our fifth lecture, as the reader will
see, we briefly endeavor to make it evident
that such is the truth. The argument which
we advance may be briefly summed up as

Ititrod?ictiou. 27
follows; Christ founded a Church for the
principal end of teaching and preserving
His Gospel upon earth. He promised that
this Church should be upheld by His divine
power and should continue to the end of
time. That Church is the Catholic Church,
because there is none other which descends
from Him, and because it alone possesses the
characteristics of the one body which was
organized by the Apostles. So It seems to
us that our argument is complete and un
answerable. One of two consequences flows
from the denial of it, either that the promise
of Christ has failed, together with the corrup
tion or destruction of the religion He reveal
ed, or that there has been a new revelation to
take the place of the one made by Himself
It will not avail any one to deny that He
ever established any Church, since this is
contrary to all facts of which we have any

28 Introduction.
knowledge ; and secondly, if He really did
not found any church, then the organization
of one afterward was not only an act of the
most arbitrary power, but a radical corruption
of primitive truth. We find In the earliest
history of the Christian era a church exist
ing, and claiming without question the
very rights and prerogatives which have
characterized the Catholic Church of later
days. How did that church start upon its
extraordinary career, and when did It
begin Its assumptions of power? Why
was it that nobody was found to protest
against its usurpations, during the lifetime
of the very disciples of the Apostles.? In
any other cause but that of religion, we are
persuaded that no one would venture to
advance so absurd an Idea ; and why cannot
men be as honest In doctrinal controversies
as in all other disputations ? Whether then

Introduction. 29
you say that our Lord Jesus Christ founded
a church, or assume that He did not, he who
denies the claims of the Catholic faith is
obliged to confess In any case that Chris
tianity became a failure. If the church be
came corrupt, then the gates of hell prevailed
against it ; if the original Christianity em
braced no idea of one infallible teaching
body, then the unauthorized Introduction of
such an one was the most direct evidence of
its complete destruction. If Christianity did
fail In either of these ways, then no one can
be expected to believe the divinity of Jesus
Christ its founder ; nay more, it will be im
possible to receive Him as a true prophet,
and the consequence is, as we have pointed
out, the logical rejection of all evidence, and
the adoption of blank infidelity. So absurd
and frightful a conclusion is sufficient to
establish the falsity of premises by which it

20 Introduction.
is reached. God cannot deceive us, nor can
the first principles of our reason be called in
question. The objector is driven to the
dilemma of admitting the authority of the
Catholic Church, or of accepting the entire
failure of Christianity, and with such failure,
the overthrow of even natural religion. We
hope that these conclusions will be made
evident in the course of the present brief
discussion. Now if it be really so that the existence
of Christianity is bound up with the Catholic
Church, then we have done no injustice to
claim all the miracles of Christ and His
Apostles as evidence of the divine mission
of that church. They proved that the
system of religion taught by our Blessed
Lord was from God, that He was God, and
that He had full power to teach and to in
spire teachers, to promise and to perform. If

Introduction. 3 1
there is an identity between the Church which
Jesus Christ founded, and the Catholic Church
of our own day, then all the signs which authen
ticated the words of our Lord, and the Apos
tolic preaching, are plainly to be adduced In
behalf of Catholicity. Prove a break in the
line of succession, establish any corruption
In essential doctrine, and our argument is
overcome ; but alas ! when you have, to your
satisfaction, brought forward such proofs, you
look for Christianity and find it nowhere.
So we justly reason to the unprejudiced and
conscientious reader, that the miracles of the
early days are good evidence for the truths
they vindicated, for the religion of Jesus
Christ and for none other. We argue that,
if Protestantism be from God, it must in
like manner show Its unmistakable proofs of
divine origin, and failing to find these, we are
compelled to reject all its pretensions. It is

32 Introduction.
not true, therefore, that we are obliged to con
tinually give supernatural signs and to vindi
cate to every age, by miracles, the truth which,
once clearly revealed, must, in the nature of
things, stand for ever. In our closing lecture
we give many proofs of the divinity of the
Catholic faith. We show its wonderful pro
gress and victory over enemies which have
been arrayed against it on every side, and
which no mere human power can vanquish.
We show its supernatural life, not only in this
remarkable vitality, but also in the purity and
blessed influence of its doctrine. We de
monstrate that it answers to all the con
ditions of reason, and satisfies every want of
the soul. More than this cannot be asked
of God. A revelation once well authenticat
ed will stand until another equally well estab
lished shall take Its place, and two divine
revelations made at different times cannot

Introduction. 33
contradict each other, any more than God
can contradict Himself
But we are willing to meet the question of
the objector, and to speak of later miracles
in this place for the better understanding of
the whole subject. Let it be understood,
then, that we do not admit that such miracles
are necessary to the evidences of the Catho
lic Church ; and we are ready to affirm that
supernatural signs have in every age been
attendant upon that one body of believers
which Christ organized and purchased by
His blood. They confirm the faith of the
good, sometimes they lead the doubting to
conversion, and they are always to be found
on the side of strong faith and high virtue.
In regard to these miracles a few words will
certainly be appropriate.
In the first place, being effects supernatural,
they stand upon the same foundation as the

24 Introduction.
extraordinary facts we read of in Scripture.
They depend upon evidence which in every
case is to be rigidly sifted, that every possible
care be taken to avoid deception. If the
evidence be not good, then they cannot be
accepted, while, if the proofs are satisfactory
to the reason, they cannot be refused. No
well-informed person.could say that Catholics
are disposed to deceive themselves and their
fellows by counterfeit signs and wonders.
No greater misfortune can be conceived of
than such deceit, and nothing but evil car
flow from It. We demand for all later
miracles the same confirmation which we ask
for the wonderful works of Christ. We
reason justly and consistently in both cases.
There must be a fact evidently supernatural,
and this fact must be attested by competent
witnesses who have no interest to deceive,
and no power to do so, even if such were

Introduction. 35
their intention. Upon such testimony we
are forced to believe, because we cannot re
fuse assent to sufficient evidence.
Secondly, there can be no prejudice against
miracles which occur in our own day, any
more than against those of the Apostolic age.
We have no reason to expect the same won
ders which our Lord wrought, because at the
beginning of a revelation such signs are more
especially necessary. But there is no possi
ble objection to the continuance of miracles
whenever the Almighty power shall see just
cause for them. The Christian religion is a
divine system, altogether supernatural from
beginning to end, and therefore it would be
natural to look for the tokens of God's pres
ence. Such tokens were constantly given
in the old law, where the majestic ritual was
only a figure of the graces of Christianity.
Moreover, our Lord expressly declared

36 Introduction.
that such signs should not be uncommon in
His dispensation. "Believe you not that
I am In the Father, and the Father In
me.? Otherwise, believe for the very
works' sake. Amen, amen, I say to you,
he that beUeveth in me, the works that I
shall do, he also shall do, and greater than
these shall he do." * " These signs shall
follow them that believe : In my name they
shall cast out devils : they shall speak with
new tongues : they shall take up serpents :
and if they shall drink any deadly thing, it
shall not hurt them : they shall lay their
hands upon the sick, and they shall recover."!
Now, certainly incredulity Is a fault, and
unwillingness to accept competent testimony
Is a sin against reason. Once admitting the
great and stupendous facts which introduced
Christianity, we shall not be disposed to deny
* St. John xiv. 11-12. t St. Mark xvi. 17-18.

Introduction. ^"J
other facts relying upon indubitable evi
dence. Thirdly. It is easy for any one to satisfy
himself as td the genuineness of the later
miracles by an accurate examination of them
in detail. There have been many extraordi
nary occurrences which have obtained popu
lar belief and have enjoyed more or less
confidence, but have never been subjected to
any critical examination in order to receive
ecclesiastical sanction. Miracles received
and acknowledged by the church, after the
severe tests to which they are applied, are
certainly beyond all doubt, and command the
assent of every reasonable mind. This is
hardly the place to produce such cases, with
their proofs, which would fill a large treatise.
They may be found in the lives of the Saints,
and in the history ofthe processes of their can
onization. Our Lord raised persons to life who

38 Introduction.
had been dead, but the Gospels only record
three cases ; His Apostles did the same. Can
onized saints have been distinguished by the
same gift ; such, among others, as St. Ray
mond de Pennafort, St. Dominic, St. Philip,
and St. Francis Xavier, who raised from the
grave five and twenty persons. We believe
that the miracles wrought by this latter saint
are generally admitted. They were instru
mental in the conversion of thousands from
paganism, yet no one can doubt that they
were testimonies in favor of the religion
which he preached. The Apostles on the day
of Pentecost received the gift of tongues.
We read the same of St. Vincent Ferrer,
St. Francis Xavier, and St. Lewis Bertrand.
St. Peter walked upon the sea, as our blessed
Lord had done ; and St. Peter of Alcantara
crossed the Tagus as if It was dry land, and
St. Benno the Elbe. St. Raymond de Pen-

Introduction.

39

nafort crossed the open sea from Majorca to
Barcelona on his cloak, which he spread upon
the waters, and on which he sat as if It had
been an ordinary boat. Nearly all the mira
cles of the apostolic day, as well as of the
prophets in the old law, have been repeated
over and over again by the same hand of
God, in the person of His saints. No one
can with reason deny these facts, which are
found everywhere in the history of the
Catholic Church, or refuse to apply to them
the same tests as these which make evident
the supernatural power of Christ and His
Apostles. The first step is to examine well
the fact reported, and to see if It exceeds the
forces of nature, because no event which can
be produced by natural causes is to be referred
to a supernatural power. The second step
is to assure ourselves by witnesses in every
way reliable, that the fact transpired as it was

40 Introduction.
reported. Here we believe that the authori
ties at Rome will be found far more critical
and severe than the majority of mankind,
and any miracle which can pass the test of
their investigations can safely be considered
as undoubted. Such miracles are an irresisti
ble proof of the divinity of the -religion which
they attend and sanction, for surely God
could not interpose in favor of any counter
feit of His revelation. For example, if St.
Francis Xavier, one of the first and most
illustrious members of the Society of Jesus,
raised the dead to life, as the most unexcep
tionable testimony goes to prove, we have a
right to conclude that the divine favor attend
ed the faith which he taught, and for the
extension of which he gave the whole
strength of his life. We sincerely believe
that there is as good evidence that he worked
such a miracle, as there is that the Apostles

Introduction. 4 1
wrought the wonders which are ascribed to
them. Some Protestants have a very errone
ous notion of the feelinsf of intelllafent
Catholics on this subject. They call us
superstitious, and suppose that we are ever
ready to accept any strange or remarkable
thing which may be reported, without weigh
ing either testimony or facts. The truth is
very far from this. We are not called upon
by our creed to believe ¦ in any miracle which
has not every sign of authenticity; and to
such belief, as it is nothing but the conviction
of our understanding, every reasonable man
is bound. As Catholics we must have faith
In the supernatural, and In the power of God
to work miracles when He shall see fit to
advance by such means His own glory and
the good of His creatures. But for the
acceptance of any particular miracle we are
guided by the principles of reason, and act

42 Introduction.
not more as Catholics than as intelligent
beings. There is no article of faith which
binds us to assent to any such particular
miracle, which, as a fact, must stand or fall
by the weight of testimony.
We do not, therefore, see a flaw in the
evidence which the Catholic Church presents
to reason, to establish her mission from God.
She appears before us at the end of nearly
nineteen centuries, embracing in her com
munion the vast majority of those who be
lieve in divine revelation. She binds them
together in the confession of one faith, which
is echoed from many lands, from all tribes
and tongues. This alone is a supernatural
result for which no human power can ac
count. She leads those who follow her
counsels and obey her laws to the purest and
highest virtue, making them faithful to all
the duties of life, and thus conservlnof the

Introduction. 43
foundations of all social order and the ele
ments of all true progress. She speaks of
divine things, and with an unhesitating voice,
and shows her clear and uninterrupted descent
from Jesus Christ, whose authority is com
mitted to her hands. No other organization
can do this with the faintest show of truth.
She tramples upon no principle of reason,
and in no way contradicts the light of nature.
She fulfils the law and the prophets, estab
lishing thus a perfect harmony between all
the genuine manifestations of divine truth.
She raises man to the highest degree of cul
ture in science and art, and although she
speaks definitely on the things of faith, and
answers clearly the great questions of his
soul, she leaves him ever the exercise of the
whole nobility of his nature. It is no degra
dation of his powers, that he should believe
the voice of God, and by faith look into that

44 Introduction.
unseen world where are glories and mysteries
beyond the vision of simple reason. For
thus, with every faculty of his being intact,
he mounts up toward the throne of his great
Creator, whose beauty is the attraction of his
soul, and learns to walk In a higher sphere,
In that light which is the food of angels. A
system so perfect in itself, so mighty for
good, so triumphant over evil, can only be
from the Infinite Mind, the great First Cause,
from whom creation arose in empty space,
and order sprang from primeval chaos.
What shall be said of that system of Chris
tianity which Is the only rival of the Catholic
Church, a system of modern birth, which has
not one cohesive principle of unity, whose
very foundations are the elements of discord ?
Such a system has not, and cannot hold the
minds of men. It is inconsistent with itself,
and contradictory to the most evident lights

Introduction. 45
of reason. Led by it into the darkness of
doubt and unbelief many a noble mind has
made shipwreck of all that Is godlike. Days
gloomier than those of paganism have re
turned where, in Christian lands, are built
again temples to the " unknown God," where
pleasure steals the affections which were
made for the heavenly paradise, and avarice
bows down to its sordid shrine the lofty in
tellect made to grow strong in the illumina
tion of the divine presence. The landmarks
of faith are fast being swept away, where Pro
testantism has so shocked the intelligence
that it has turned altogether from religion
and from God.
Pilgrim, therefore, to a better land, soul
made for the joys of truth, heart whose re
cesses no one but God can fill, why not
come to the home of faith, where all is in
harmony with the best Instincts of thy nature.

46 Introduction.
where all shall guide thee to thy Maker, thy
only rest 1 Time passes with lightning-like
speed, and the shadows of thy grave already
encompass thee. Eternity, long and endless,
is before thee, where the harvest thou hast
sown on earth must once and for ever be
gathered. Why, then, hesitate to enter thy
Father's house, where in plenteous mercy
thy Redeemer shall meet thee, and open for
thee the stores of His incorruptible wealth ?
We are quite persuaded that there are
many whose reasons are convinced, whose
wills are not ready to follow the dictates of
their intelligence. In matters of life. In the
fluctuations of commerce, in the facts which
depend upon human faith, they would act
with far less evidence than that which the
Catholic Church presents. But here the
present seems to eclipse the future, early pre
judices unhinge the reasoning powers, and

Introduction. 47
human ties hold them back from the great
need of their souls. The old and changeless
faith, which alone opens the portals of eternal
truth, has a forbidding because a strange
aspect. It bears the sternness of authority,
to which they are not used, and touches,
with tender but unflinching fingers, the
wounds of sin, which the sufferer would fain
conceal from himself It offers no Incense
on the altar of human pride, nor makes ac
count of wealth, or birth, or station. All
must go to the hill of Calvary, and the leper
must find the Jordan wherein he shall be
cleansed. But tell us, immortal soul. If these
be not the signs of more than human love. If
humility be not the way to exaltation, if the
kingdom be not promised to the meek and
lowly ! Are not earthly motives unworthy
of the dignity of thy destiny, when they cloud
the reason and shut out light from thy

48 Introduction.
vision ? Do we not fall below our manhood
when we refuse obedience to the dictates of
our understanding, and despise the plain
convictions of our conscience? Try the
Catholic Church to which thy reason leads
thee, and soon thou shalt find thyself at
home, where there is no stern master to
wield the power of a despot over thee, but a
gentle mother to open every avenue of light,
and guide thee in every way of purity.
The age in which we live is full of activity,
and everywhere are marks of God's good
ness. If there be confusion and disorder in
the moral or political world, the Heavenly
Spirit of peace is moving upon the chaos.
The angels of evil are not the only ones who
are reaping a harvest. The great Redeemer,
God's only and well-beloved Son, is daily
triumphing in many a battle, pouring light
upon the earnest mind, and transforming

Introduction. 49
souls to His likeness. Faith must have its
trials. It is not sight, it is " the evidence
of things unsccnr If, after all that God has
done, and Is still doing, for the' Catholic
Church, we are unwilling to believe, and ask
for more evidence, are we not unjust to our
selves, and unreasonable toward our Creator ?
More He could not do, unless He were to
work a miracle before our eyes. And even
this would, perhaps, no more convince us
than it did many of the Jews who saw and
wondered, and then nailed to the cross the
very hands that so many times brought bene
diction on them. So said our Lord, " If they
hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will
they believe if one rise again from the dead."*
¦* St Luke .xvi. 31.

Lectures.

Lecture I.

JhbP

FFICE OF

f^

EASON.

T is the opinion of many persons
well versed in the religious con
troversies of the day that we have
reached that point when an appeal can be
made to sound and unbiased reason, and
that the claims of the Catholic Church need
only to be made known to be recognized.
The time was when all religious questions
were prejudged, and the very name of
"Catholic" was sufficient to Insure condem
nation.'^ Arguments from any other quarter
would be patiently listened to and duly

52 The Office of Reason.
weighed, but the tenets of the ancient faith
were ruled out of the field of discussion.
The Protestant Reformation had produced
this one result. It had not been able to bind
together its adherents in any one creed, but
it had succeeded in producing universal hos
tility to the church from which they seceded
and from whose doctrine they revolted. Ju
daism and Mohammedanism had a better
chance than that body which, for fifteen cen
turies, was the only representative of Chris
tianity. This strange and unnatural state of
things has, however, begun to pass away, the
power of prejudice is not so absolute, and
men are beginning to be willing to reason
upon the great question for time and eter
nity. To candid and sincere minds these lec
tures are addressed, and they are only asked
to give to the subject proposed the attention

The Office of Reason. 53
which it desen-es. If the points of our argu
ment are not established by just reasoning,
then let them fall. If they are unanswer
able, the true heart should not hesitate to
follow fhe convictions of the understanding.
In the matter of religion, self-deception Is
momentous in its issues. In questions of
human science, men may reject the just con
clusions, and only deprive themselves of a
certain amount of knowledge ; whereas wilful
error in matters of faith may result in the
ruin of the soul and the subversion of the
end of Its creation. " What shall it profit a
man, if he gain the whole world, and lose his
own soul ? Or what shall a man give in ex
change for his soul ?"
Among the various objections to the Ca
tholic religion, we meet with one which has
great weight, and which is as untrue as it is
specious. It is asserted that our faith is un-

54 The Office of Reason.
reasonable, that it destroys the activity of
the mind, and that no one can embrace It
without resigning the just powers of reason.
If this objection were real, it would be a
sufficient answer to the highest pretensions
of our faith. The whole cause would be
settled. A religion which destroys reason
cannot be from God ; for all faith is proposed
to intelligence, which cannot here be con
ceived of without perception and compari
son. Moreover, one truth can never be dis
turbed by the introduction of another. That
which is really true is as certain and invari
able as God himself If reason teaches us
any truths, revelation cannot contradict
them. We might then proceed to argue
that the Catholic faith is not contrary to
reason, by the careful examination of each
one of Its articles. But the more logical and
conclusive way is to treat the subject from

TJic Office of Reason. 5 5
its foundations, to retort the argument, and to
prove the verity of our religion from reason
itself If it can be shown that the revelation
of Christ to the world is only to be found in
the Catholic and Roman Church, by argu
ments addressed to our natural Intelligence,
It will be impossible to establish the objec
tion of unreasonableness against our creed
or any of its parts.
We therefore bespeak the attention and
candor of our hearers, promising to assume
nothing but self-evident principles, and to
draw no conclusions which are not logically
contained In our premises. Truth is the
proper object of intelligence, the great trea
sure for which every human mind should
seek, and without which the loftiest gifts are
only an accumulation of misery. In this
course of lectures, we propose to arrive at
our end by the careful examination of the

56 The Office of Reason.
relations of Reason and Faith, by which we
shall be able to demonstrate the necessary
conditions of a revelation, and to estabhsh
the truth that the Catholic Church alone
answers these conditions.
Our purpose this evening is to define
clearly what is meant by Reason, and to show
what its office is. This is of necessity the
fundamental part of our argument ; for, among
the religionists of our day, it Is the source of
much confusion, that men have no clear con
ceptions of the terms they use, nor of the
propositions they affirm or deny. So in dis
cussions the combatants are often fighting In
the dark, accomplishing nothing by the con
test, unless the excitement of angry passions,
always unfavorable to reason. We humbly
trust that no such excitement shall appear in
the course of these lectures, and that no
word shall be uttered except in the interest

The Office of Reason. 57
of truth alone, which is the common property
of all mankind, and for which we ought all
to be willing to live and die.
We propose, then, to give a clear defini
tion of Reason, to show what its natural
powers are, the use which our Creator ex
pects us to make of it, and the great evils
which result frora its abuse.

By Reason generally taken, we understand
that natural and essential faculty of the hu
man mind, or that collection of faculties by
which man knows the truth and judges con
cerning it, as far as that truth is contained
within the powers of nature. This definition
is quite simple. Man Is an intelligent agent,
gifted with the faculty of knowing and will
ing. Truth is the object of that intelligence,

58 The Office of Reason.
and the truths of the natural order are in the
field in which reason operates. Faith at
once introduces supernatural truths on the
authority of God revealing them ; but of
those we do not now speak, since we are
considering man with the gifts which belong
to him by nature alone.

II.
What, then, are the natural powers of this
faculty of knowledge which all mankind con
fess we have, and the- denial of which is an
impossibility in logic ? For the denial of
such a faculty is the use of the very faculty
denied ; and if we can know nothing with
certainty, we cannot comprehend the terms
of an argument which such a denial im
plies. This faculty, then, has manifestly its
limits. Man is not omniscient, and so can-

The Office of Reason. 59
not know all things. Yet because there are
limits to his understanding. It is none the less
true that there are truths which he can know,
and of which he cannot logically doubt.
Those who deny to reason its just powers
are as much in error as those who ascribe to
it a force beyond its capacity. There have
been those who have taken the name of uni
versal sceptics, who, asserting the incompre
hensibility or inaccessibility of truth, profess
to doubt of every thing ; although In matters
of common life they are Inconsistent with
their theories, since practically they follow
the evidence of their senses, and even that of
authority. Martin Luther and his first ad
herents denied the powers of reason by their
doctrine of man's fall. Holding human na
ture to be utterly depraved, even in Its essen
tials, by original sin, they not only denied the
freedom of the will, but, moreover, asserted

6o The Office of Reason.
that the intellect had become altogether un
fit for the investigation of truth, so that,
without the light of faith, no verity could be
established, even in the natural order. A
doctrine so untrue easily led to the opposite
extreme, and it is not surprising to find the
children of the original Protestants contend
ing for the all-sufficiency of reason without
faith. To any reflecting mind it must be
evident that both these extreme opinions are
false. It Is wholly unphilosophlcal to sup
pose any essential depravation of our nature ;
since the loss of essentials really amounts to
destruction. Reason must be fit to discern
many truths, and Is the subject to which any
revelation must be addressed, while, from the
finite nature of our being, it is plain that
there are many things naturally unknown to
us, which God, who knoweth all things, can,
at His own pleasure, reveal to mankind.

The Office of Reason. 6i
This is not the place, in a popular lecture, to
enter into any of the abstruse discussions
which either aim to defend the propositions
of pure philosophy or to refute the errors of
infidelity. We pass at once, therefore, to the
conclusion that there are many truths of the
natural order which are fundamental, and
which right reason can know with certitude
without the aid of any supernatural revelation.
These truths are such as the existence of
God, the spirituality and immortality of the
soul, and even the Idea of rewards and pun
ishments as involved in our moral govern
ment. The existence of God can even be
proved by rigid demonstration, while every
act of reason presupposes or implies it.
The finite world, with its admirable order
and adaptation to its end, proves the existence
of the Supreme Mind, which is the source of
unity and beauty. Things dependent are

62 The Office of Reason.
not self-existing, and therefore flow from the
power of a Creator who must be in His na
ture omnipotent and all-sufficient. The hu
man mind naturally sees this great primary
truth, and, with the consciousness of its own
existence and powers,- turns at once to that
Supreme Intelligence from whom all light
comes, and for the knowledge of whom it
was made. That men have depraved the
idea of God, and have fallen Into idolatry. Is
no argument against our proposition. The
notion of a deity is universal.; and the cor
ruption of the primitive truth is owing to the
influence of animal passions or the perver
sion of original traditions. Man has within
him and around him, full evidence of the be
ing of one Supreme Creator, who Is above all
His works, and dependent upon none, of them.
So argues even the Holy Spirit in the
Book of Wisdom. "All men are vain in

The Office of Reason. 6^
whom there is not the knowledge of God ;
and who, by these good things that are seen,
could not understand Him that is, neither by
attending to the works have acknowledged
who was the workman ; but have imagined
either the fire, or the wind, or the swift air,
or the circle of the stars, or the great water,
or the sun and moon, to be the gods that
rule the world. With whose beauty if they
being delighted took them to be gods, let
them know how much the Lord of them Is
more beautiful than they : for the first author
of beauty made all those things. Or, if they
admJred their power and their effects, let
them understand by them that He that made
them is mightier than they. For by the
greatness of the beauty, and of the creature,
the Creator of them may be seen, so as to be
known thereby."*
* 'Wisdom xiii. 1-5.

64 , The Office of Reason.
Likewise, the Apostle St. Paul argues, in
the Epistle to the Romans, that even reason
convicts the idolater of folly. " The wrath
of God is revealed from heaven against all
ungodliness and injustice of those men that
detain the truth of God in Injustice: because
that which is known of God is manifest In
them. For God hath manifested It unto
them. For the invisible things of Him,
from the creation of the world, are clearly
seen, being understood by the things that
are made ; His eternal power also and di
vinity : so that they are inexcusable." *
It is not necessary for our present purpose
to dwell longer upon this point. The know
ledge of God's existence is so evident to the
naturally-guided reason that without it we
can be certain of no truth whatever, and. If
we have not the certitude of this primary
* E. Romans i. 18-20.

The Office of Reason. 65
verity, we cannot conceive of such a thing
as revelation, which depends entirely upon
the character and attributes of God. Some
other truths which are connected with our
relation to the Supreme Mind are also dis
cernible by the powers of nature. Reason
comprehends the difference between matter
and spirit, understands how the faculty of
knowing and willing is a simple faculty
which cannot belong to a composed sub
stance, and from the spirituality of the soul
argues even its Immortality. The Idea also
of right and wrong, of truth and falsehood, is
inherent in our understanding, and, in a
more or less perfect state, is universal to
mankind. Conscience would otherwise have
no power, and human laws no sanction In
the established consent of all nations, hea
then or Christian. Such truths as these the
individual reason perceives with full certi-

ee The Office of Reason.
tude; it at once beholds the evidence they
bring, and acts upon them with as complete
persuasion as upon the instincts of the
animal nature or the testimony of the senses.
Because the mercy of God has made us a
revelation, and supernatural grace has Inter
posed, the condition of man in the natural
order is not thereby changed. Reason has
its field, its vision, and its laws, and those
who are left to its light alone are responsible
to their Maker for the use of that light. All
men have an idea of the Supreme Being;
are conscious of their own moral agency,
which Is Implied in the very notion of right
and wrong, and acknowledge, implicitly at
least, God's moral government. They must
stand or fall, therefore, in the eyes of the
Omniscient Judge, by their obedience or dis
obedience to the voice of conscience. If
they give themselves up to the cravings of

The Office of Reason. 6'J
animal passion, and degrade themselves to
the level of the brutes, and bow down in
idolatry before gods of wood and stone,
reason, as well as St. Paul, declares them in
excusable. If with the light of a revelation
all around them, they refuse the evidence of
a divine intei-posltion, and even close their
understandings to the first principles which
nature teaches, confuse the very notion of
God, or exalt themselves to an equality with
Him, they not only turn their intelligence
from the source of light, but deserve the
anger of their Creator. Can there be a
greater impiety than to deny Him from
whom all things proceed, whose service is
not only the joy but the duty of every in
telligent agent ; and, shutting the eyes to the
teachings of both reason and revelation, to
fall down in the darkness of doubt and un
belief?

68 The Office of Reason.
III.
Gifted then with reason and its powers,
possessed of the knowledge of such impor
tant truths, what use does our Creator ex
pect us to make of the faculties which
He has given us ? It is self-evident that
none of His works are without an end.
He has made us of body and soul, and
has given us our senses and understand
ing. These are to be used, and for the
purpose for which He gave them to us,
according to the light which we have.
Suffering follows sooner or later the trans
gression of any natural laws. He who will
not trust the testimony of his senses is
worse than a fool. Sharp pain and even
death may be the result of such wilful
blindness. Yet we are as much bound to
use our reason and to follow its guidance

The Office of Reason. 69
as to use the knowledge which our senses
give us. As well might we disobey the
instincts of nature and refuse our bodies
the food they demand, or despise the laws
of gravitation and seek to walk upon the
air or the waves of the sea, as to deny the
just conclusions of our reason and substi
tute in their place the fictions of imagina
tion. As we are moral agents, we cannot
be held excusable for the Infraction of the
laws of nature, or the principles written In
our minds by an All- Wise Creator. Let
us see, then, what we are bound to do with
that intelligence which God has given us,
and how far we are accountable.
I. No one can deny that truth Is the one
object of our understanding ; that we have
a natural longing for It, even as we have
for happiness. Falsehood is not knowledge,
and will never satisfy the craving of our

70 The Office of Reason.
minds. There are two ways of obtaining
knowledge — that of the external senses,
which testify truly as to things within their
observation, and that of the reason, which
also gives us certain evidence when rightly
used. In the order of experience we are
perhaps first conscious of our own exist
ence, then of other dependent existences,
and through them of that great independ
ent and necessary being from whom all
things proceed. This truth we apprehend
more or less clearly in every intelligent act.
The faithful use of this knowledge Is not
only our duty, but is also our only happi
ness. Here is the fountain from which
flow all other truths. The idea of God as
one supreme, self-existing, and all-perfect
being contains full food for our highest
faculties. If in the order of fact we know
creatures and ourselves first, in the order

The Office of Reason. 71
of being we know our God as the source
of our life and the light of our intellect.
A supreme being such as our reason shows
to us must be endowed with all perfections.
An imperfect God is in reality no God at
all, since we can at once think of something
superior to that which is not absolutely
perfect. Here, then, we have In the view
of the Deity, all knowledge, all goodness,
and all power. Nothing can surpass the
force of His intellect, nothing can be be
yond His power, and His will must ne
cessarily be the law of all sanctity. To
such a great and glorious being we owe
obedience,, and in our consciousness of right
and wrong we find the sanctions of the law
He has impressed upon our hearts. Thus
far certainly reason can go ; and when we
find men covering this primary truth with
irrational superstitions, or forgetting it in

72 The Office of Reason.
the falsehoods of paganism and idolatry,
we find them really disobeying the voice of
reason, and by the corruption of nature
and the demands of passion transgressing
its laws. We have heard the voice of St.
Paul declaring such transgressors to be in
excusable. 2. But reason can go further than this,
and come into a nearer relation with God.
It can receive a revelation from Him, and be
an unerring judge of the motives of credibil
ity. To the reason God reveals Himself
To the brute creation He speaks not. That
reason, certain of His existence and cogni
zant of His ability to reveal, can therefore
hear the voice of God and distinguish it
from every other voice ; for the Divine
Mind which proposes a revelation is bound
to give unerring proofs of His interposition,
and of these proofs reason is a competent

The Office of Reason. ji
judge. No unreasonable obedience is de
manded either of our reasons or of our hearts.
Miracles, being a deviation from the natu
ral laws, and even a transgression of them,
are a certain proof of divine power which
can never be used on the side of falsehood.
Prophecies being the announcement of fu
ture events, known only to God, must ne
cessarily come from Him. Miracles appear
to the senses, and if we do not see them
ourselves, we can examine the testimony
of others, and make ourselves sure that they
are intelligent and competent witnesses.
Prophecies are verified by the event, and
we are perfectly able to judge of their
genuineness. These motives of credibility,
when laid before us, impose upon us an
obligation which we cannot avoid. We
are bound to examine them and to follow
with impartiality the deductions of reason.

74 The Office of Reason.
All the truths, then, of revelation are ad
dressed to our understanding. We can
not weigh them In the balance of reason, be
cause, being in the supernatural order, they
are above reason ; but we can assure our
selves that God has spoken, and. If certain
of this, yield an implicit obedience to Him
who of necessity knoweth all things. If we
do not do this, we act unreasonably, and fol
low pride or prejudice instead of the dic
tates of intelligence. The Church of Christ,
if it be that He has established one, must
come to us with evidence which satisfies our
reason, and like any other truth be sustain
ed by proofs of the divine interposition.
As God spake by patriarchs and prophets,
and gave visible and unmistakable signs of
His power; as He sanctioned the law of
Moses by wonders in heaven and on earth,
and moved before the camp of Israel in a

The Office of Reason. 75
pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire
by night, so must He, speaking in these
last days by His Son, give the tokens of
divine might and high knowledge such as
belonsf to no creature.
We do not say that these proofs which
are demanded shall convict every under
standing, and leave no probation for the
moral agent, no trial for the understanding.
But we do say that they are sufficient to
convict every sincere mind, and that they
who heed them not are closing their eyes
to the testimony of reason itself Under the
order of nature as of grace, the freedom of
the will remains intact, and God accepts
only a willing service, for none other has
any merit in His sight. Behold, then, the
great and noble field of reason which in
these lectures we propose to make manifest.
Here is the light of God shining in our

ye The Office of Reason.
intellects, and leading us to Himself as well
in the fainter beams of the morning as in
the full splendor of noon-day. And wher
ever He leads us, it is to the possession
of truth, where there can be no contradic
tion or shadow of change. EveryTvhere
there is harmony; as in the great universe
with its million wonders, so in the mind of
man formed in His image, and made to
know, love, and enjoy Him.

IV.
Much time need not be spent to show
the evils which flow from the abuse of rea
son. They are too self-evident, and in the
history of our race have been abundantly
manifest. When man, acting against right
reason, desires or attempts to deny the exist
ence of God, what has he gained for him-

The Office of Reason. "jy
self? He has contradicted the voice of
nature, and has excluded the loftiest and
purest conceptions from his intellect. There
have been those who have said that there
was no God, and who have lived as if there
were no All-seeing Judge. It is to be doubt
ed if any have ever really believed so mon
strous and unreasonable a creed. The
stings of conscience, and the fears of retribu
tion even in the life beyond the grave,
have left them little peace. But If it were
possible for the soul to banish from itself
the idea of its Creator, what a blank and
cheerless life would follow! Where is the
power of reason to control passion, and
where are the sanctions of the law of right
and wrong ? There ceases to be any right or
wrong. Man becomes like the brutes, only
worse and more degraded than they, because
they blindly follow Instinct, while he pros-

78 The Office of Reason.
titutes his intelligence to plan crime and
meditate upon its attractions. To what
untold horrors may he not descend lyho
has thrown off" the restraints of reason, and
banished the idea of his accountability to a
Supreme Intelligence !
Not only have they denied God who have
in word and deed refused to believe in His
existence, but they also are practical atheists
who have made Him less than He is, have
confused Him with creatures, or have re
jected any of His attributes. What has
been the result of that absurd and unrea
sonable doctrine which makes every thing
that is to be God, or every creature to be
only a real or apparent emanation from
Him ? Is it not to deny God to take away
His perfections, and make Him dependent
and changeable like the creature? Is it
not against all reason to deny the testimony

The Office of Reason. yc)
of our senses and the voice of our inward
consciousness ? Pantheism in any form
destroys the divine nature, which it iden
tifies with man and with the universe, thus
robbing the one self-existing Being of His
attributes, and inducing the necessity of
constant evolutions of the divine substance.
Such a God ceases to bear the marks of
divinity, and ceases to command the re
spect of creatures who become his equals.
Let the historian tell of the immorality
which has flowed from such tenets, but let
no one but the sufferer tell of the darkness
of understanding and unrest of soul which
are the consequence of disobedience to the
voice of reason. Any theory — be it panthe
ism, materialism, or fatalism — which shuts
out the truth of God's existence and His
providence in the universe, is the degrada
tion of man and all his higher faculties

8o The Office of Reason.
Man has the power so to degrade himself
There is no light so strong that he cannot
refuse to see It. Our first parents cast them
selves from Eden, with all its treasures, and
we, their children, can likewise turn the
fair world Into the prison of our misery,
and the lights of our reason into false bea
cons which point us the way to destruction.
So again, what end has man to serve if
he blind himself to the beams of revelation,
when that revelation addresses his under
standing with unerring proofs ? If God has
made special provisions for mankind, and
by particular grace has called us to a higher
destiny than that to which our nature en
titles us, do we not terribly wrong our
selves when we shut our reason to the
proofs of such an economy of mercy? Let
reason act freely and with sincerity in the
search for truth ; let not passion or prejudice

Tlic Office of Reason. 8i
blind the eye ; and the Hand which made
us will guide us to our end. It is a singu
lar fact that Christianity preserves philoso
phy and vindicates the teachings of right
reason, while those who have refused to
follow the natural light to the portals of
revelation have at last denied even the truths
which are plainly deducible from the page
of nature.
All is lost when once obedience is refus
ed to the convictions of conscience. There
have been deniers of reason and its attri
butes in former days, before the bright beams
of an Incarnate God — Sun of righteous
ness and truth — shone upon the world. The
principles of philosophy have been denied,
and theories inconsistent and self-destruc
tive have been set up to mislead the minds
of men. But what was this blindness com
pared to that of those who now refuse the

82 The Office of Reason.
just conclusions of their own understand
ing, and limit the knowledge and power
of the Supreme Mind, the law of whose ex
istence requires that He should be omni
scient and omnipotent ?
Here, then, we come to the conclusion of
our first lecture. Reason has its office and
duty, and the light of God shines upon it.
It is able to know the Divine Hand which
formed It, and to comprehend, at least in
some degree, the relations which subsist be
tween the Creator and the creature. It is
able to judge of the motives of credibility,
and capable of communication with God.
And whatever the sovereign mercy proposes
to do with man, we may rest assured that the
first principles of our nature will never be
violated, that no revelation will ever contra
dict the teachings of reason. With the
Divine Artificer there is no contradiction, no

The Office of Reason. 83
change of plan ; and if the intelligent creature
is to be raised to a higher sphere, and one
day advanced to the knowledge and enjoy
ment of his Maker's presence, it shall be in
an unclouded day, and with all the forces of
reason intact, with freedom of will, and a
nature elevated but not impaired.

Lecture II.

Relations of Reason and Faith,
N our last lecture we examined care
fully, though briefly, the nature and
office of reason, and sought to es
tablish that which it is able to know and
that which it is bound to confess. We pro
ceed this evening to speak of faith, and to
see if there be any thing in it inconsistent
with our natural faculties. Our demonstra
tion will be very simple, and such as we
trust shall meet with the conviction of every
sincere inquirer.
Let us consider the true meaning of faith,

Relations of Reason and Faith. 85
the sphere of its exercise. Its perfect con
sistency with reason, the right use of reason
In connection with faith, and, lastly, the abuse
of reason to its own injury and the destruc
tion of faith.

I,

Faith is an act of the human mind, giving
a willing assent to the truths which are
divinely revealed on the authority of God,
who reveals them. To such an act the will
is prevented and assisted by divine grace,
which is a supernatural help, interfering not
at all with its freedom, but guiding and en
lightening it. No argument need be used
to show that God, being of necessity infinite,
is far above His creatures ; that there are
many truths beyond our sphere of know
ledge, and that the Divine Mind, who know-

86 Relations of Reason ajtd Faith.
eth all things, is able to make known to us
what He will. To deny this is to deny the
being of God, or to make creatures equal to
Him, which. In other words, is the same
thing. Neither Is there any thing incompre
hensible in the idea of grace, since It is only
that influence which the Author of all truth
is able to exert upon the intelligent agent
without the least injury to its freedom. It
would be strange, considering the attributes
of God, especially His goodness, if He did
not thus show love to the works of His hand,
and seek to help them. The distinction
between faith and the knowledge acquired
by reason is manifold. Faith proceeds from
the principle of grace which assists nature,
while the knowledge of reason proceeds
from nature exercising its intelligence. The
object of faith Is that truth, or that complex
ion of truths, which are revealed in a super-

Relations of Reason and Faith. 87
natural manner; while the object of know
ledge is that truth which man, by the exer
cise of his own powers, is able to acquire.
The formal vioiive of faith is the authority
of God, who can neither deceive nor be de
ceived, while the truths of the natural order
are admitted by the force of evidence or de
monstration. The e-nd of faith Is to elevate
man, and dispose him to a knowledge and
fruition of God to which nature does not
entitle him ; while by reason and science
he cannot attain to any thing more than an
abstract knowledge and natural love of his
Maker. In this statement there Is nothing repug
nant to the principles of reason as we have
explained them. Man is a moral agent,
bound to use the light he has for the end
of his being. There is no argument which
can be adduced against the possibility of a

88 Relations of Reason and Faith.
revelation, and consequently against the ex
ercise of faith. On the contrary, as we shall
see in the next lecture, It is possible from
reason alone to argue the probability of a
special divine interposition. The only ques
tion is one of fact. Has God made a re
velation, or has He not ? Has man any other
light to guide him than the simple light of
nature ? Have the proofs of a revelation,
which reason requires, been given ? On the
supposition that they have been given, then
faith comes into exercise ; and the truths
which, through divine impulse, it receives
on the authority of God revealing them, in
no way conflict with the teachings of nature.
They cannot do so for two very obvious
reasons. God Himself is the teacher of all
truth, both in nature and in revelation ; and,
secondly, reason can be no judge of facts
entirely above the natural order.

Rclatiojis of Reason and Faith. 89
II.
The sphere in which faith Is exercised
is, then, confessedly a supernatural one. All
depends upon the fact that God has been
pleased to hold communication with our race
in order to guide and elevate It to a super
natural destiny.
Those truths which He has condescend
ed to reveal are the object of faith, and
nothing else. The proofs of a revelation
are offered to the understanding, and lead
the honest mind to conviction. Even more,
the intellect cannot reject the evidence of
these proofs without at the same time re
jecting the first principles of reason, and
falling Into universal doubt, which is an irra
tional condition of mind. Yet no one can
be surprised that, in an order transcending
the powers of nature, in a merciful interposi-

90 Relations of Reason and Faith.
tion of the Divine Being, the act of faith
should also require the assistance of grace,
and so become supernatural. Where na
ture ends and grace begins no one can
tell ; for God has never left man without
the aid of this blessed influence, and per
haps there is no one who has been left to
the resources of pure nature. Moreover,
the beams of a revelation have from the
creation enlightened the earth, and have
in greater or lesser degree pervaded the
world. In every land, even in the super
stitions of paganism, are to be found the
traditions of early truth, and the evidence
that man, made in the image of God, has
been called from the beginning to a high
destiny. The supernatural character of faith
is manifest from the certitude which it gives,
and which far surpasses that of demonstra
tion. All men are not able to reason pro-

Relations of Reason and Faith. 91
foundly, and yet here unlearned and simple
peasants may have the knowledge of truths
transcending the powers of reason, and hold
them with a certitude surpassing that of
the proudest philosophers. It is reason
able that it should be so, that nature should
lead to God, and that His greater light
should produce the most profound convic
tion. He who would believe from the mo
tives of credibility alone would only assent
to that which he sees, while faith, to use
inspired language. Is " the evidence of things
that appear not." Philosophy gives its voice
and leads to assurance but In its own order,
while its highest office is to guide the soul
to the feet of its great Creator, where the
words of the divine voice are heard, and
where every shadow of doubt is chased from
the understanding. Who can know, if God
knoweth not; and, when I am certain of

92 Relations of Reason and Faith.
His voice, have I not an assurance far
beyond any mere natural certitude ? Even
the miracles by which the Christian reli
gion has been established are to be viewed
In a two-fold light. As motives of credi
bility they rely upon human authority, be
cause, appealing to our senses and reason,
they exhibit unmistakably the presence of
divine power ; but as objects of faith, they
demand likewise a supernatural assent on
the authority of God. It is one thing for
me to believe, from sufficient testimony, that
our Lord Jesus Christ rose from the dead,
and to argue therefrom to His divinity, and
another to move in love and devotion to
the risen Saviour, whose victory over death
is the cause of my justification.
Yet the act of faith, though made by the
aid of divine grace, and in the light of evi
dence which moves the mind to conviction,

Relations of Reason and Faith. 93
interferes in no respect with the freedom
of the will, but is a free act of a moral
agent, and, therefore, meritorious before God.
"By faith," says St. Paul, "the ancients
obtained a testimony." The evidence is
extrinsic and mediate. We see the mo
tives of credibility, and not the thing re
vealed. One is the vision of faith, and an
other that of sight ; one our probation in this
pilgrimage, and another our reward in that
land of the blessed where we shall see as
we are seen. These motives of credibility
do not give a metaphysical evidence like
that of mathematics, but a moral evidence
which the rightly disposed mind ought to
receive, but which does not of necessity
produce assent. Herein is the trial of man,
and here the just and sincere are made
manifest. Man cannot ask of God to see
with the natural eye the glories of heaven,

94 Relations of Reason and Faith.
nor to gaze with an unclouded understand
ing upon the truths revealed. He takes
the word of his Maker, sufficiently authen
ticated to him; he believes it, and by that
faith is daily led to a nearer and brighter
view of Him who is the fountain of all light
and truth. Grace crowns the powers of
nature and leads them to their perfection.
" We are now the sons of God, and it hath
not yet appeared what we shall be. We
know that, when He shall appear, we shall
be like to Him, because we shall see Him
as He is."*
From what we have said it will also be
seen that the light which faith gives in no
way obscures that of reason. The same
truths may be the object of science and
of faith. Reason may establish by de-
* First Epistle St. John, 3 : 2.

Relations of Reason and Faith. 95
monstration the existence of God and His
attributes, the spirituality of the soul, the
accountability of the creature to the Crea
tor, involved in a moral government, and
revelation may likewise propose to us these
same primary truths ; yet, while in the
former case we are called to admit the just
conclusions of argument, in the latter we
are persuaded to believe on the authority
of the divine veracity, which has spoken
and given its infallible assurance. Cer
tain is the truth which reason teaches me,
but the voice of God gives me grace to ex
ercise a higher act of my soul. It is the
same sun which lights my path in the morn
ing twilight as in the blaze of noon, but
greater is the effulgence of mid-day than
the faint beams of the dawn. We, then,
here behold the sphere of faith. It is a
supernatural act, directed to truths revealed

96 Relations of Reason and Faith.
in a supernatural manner through the pure
and voluntary mercy of God. It is not
opinion, for opinion gives no certitude.
It rises above the evidence of reason, and
opens the spiritual eyes to a vision more as
suring than that of sense — to the light
which comes from the uncreated sun of
truth. III.
Faith, as thus explained and operating
in its proper sphere, cannot be inconsistent
with reason, since there cannot be any con
tradiction. Faith never extinguishes the
light of right reason, nor even opposes it;
but, on the contrary, wonderfully enlarges it,
and adds to the stock of natural knowledge.
I. Faith does not demand from our un
derstandings a blind assent, thus putting
reason altogether out of the way. The ser-

Relations of Reason and Faith. 97
vice of religion is a reasonable one, to use
the very words of Holy Scripture, and any
other notion of It is an erroneous one. God
gives us the proofs of His revelation, and we
are to judge them, and see that the evidence
is sufficient and such as would lead us to
action in all the ordinary affairs of human
life. Besides, the object to be believed must
be In some manner manifest to the mind.
It need not be comprehended, nor could the
conditions of an infinite being be compre
hended by a finite mind ; but the truth pro
posed must be clearly stated to the reason.
For example, by evidence which satisfies me,
(and there can be such evidence,) I learn the
nature of God's being, that He is one God in
three distinct persons. I do not understand
how this is, and why should I wonder that
I cannot fathom the law of the Divine
Being ? But I can conceive perfectly what is

98 Relations of Reason and Faith.
meant by the term " trinity," My reason
does not oppose it nor furnish any difficulty.
It would contradict the idea of three human
persons In one human being, but it has no
data for opposition to the idea of three di
vine persons in one God. So, while blind
assent is not asked, the truth proposed to
belief is also stated in a reasonable manner,
so that the Intellect may clearly seize it, and
It Is so proposed that the man who rejects
it is unreasonable.
2. We have already, by the course of our
definitions, anticipated the assertion which
we now make, that no truth proposed by
faith can be In contradiction to the teach
ings of right reason. It cannot be that
one truth should be opposed to another.
Truth is certain, and whatever contradicts
it is not truth. God is the author of truth,
and the light both of reason and revelation.

Relations of Reason and Faith. 99
He alone proposes whatever Is to be believ
ed, the things evident to the mind in the
natural order, and the facts which come to
our knowledge through the extraordinary
way of revelation. How can He contradict
Himself? The great verities which may be
known by the light of nature revealed reli
gion has placed in a clearer light, while the
new truths which it has brought us, being
beyond us, are not subject to our reasoning
powers. The enunciation of mysteries is
no contradrctlon. There are mysteries in
nature, in the laws of our own being, In the
conditions of animal and vegetable life. Be
cause we see not how the plant germinates
from the seed, nor how food supports bodily
life, we doubt not the fact. We make faith
ful use of our spring-time, and neglect not
the craving of our appetites. Much more
reasonably do we expect mysteries in the

lOO Relations of Reason and Faith.
nature of the infinite, and in our relations
to Him who is far above us. As has been
often said, if we could comprehend God, He
would cease to be God. While, then, the
inquirer is asked to weigh carefully the
proofs of revelation, the motives of credi
bility, and even the claims of the authority
which proposes to teach us, it would be con
trary to all right reason to take up the dog
mas of Christianity and bring them to the
tribunal of private judgment. For such a
course would be to suppose that the verities
of religion are in their nature and relations
within the capacity of unaided reason, and,
if this were the case, a revelation would be
useless and futile. Secondly, it would make
God contradict Himself and propose to us
divine mysteries in an extraordinary man
ner, when, after all, they are either by the
supposition nothing more than truths of

Relations of Reason and Faith. loi
nature, or are untrue and repugnant in them
selves. 3. While, therefore, the true mind can
find no difficulty in accepting a revelation
properly authenticated, it is evident, from
facts which need no proof that religion is the
fosterer of science and art, and the handmaid
of all true human progress. Why should
not the light which comes from God, and
illuminates our pathway to the grave, and
even through the valley of death, to the end
of our being, lift up our souls to the high
sense of their destiny ? How can the Word
of God be idle in our minds ? Is it not a
quickening power, pervading every part of
our spiritual nature ? In the bright sunlight
more perfectly come forth the outlines of
land and sea. In the clearer knowledge of
revelation more manifestly appear the truths
of natural science. And while the Intellect

I02 Relations of Reason and Faith.
is raised to the view of the great First Cause,
Its faculties are enlarged, and its capacities
seem to grow by the truth on which they
feed. And the history of man is a suffi
cient reply to all who deny our proposition.
Where have we found the greatest advance
in art and science, except in the guidance
of revealed knowledge ? Where the mighti
est efforts of human learning but under tlje
protection of Christianity ? Religion has
been the teacher of mankind, even in the
things that pertain to our temporal welfare,
the mother of true civilization, the teacher
of nobility in science, of beauty in art. So
connected now with the triumphs of human
learning is the Christian reHgion that every
scholar, even the sceptical philosopher, lives
in her light, and is not wholly in darkness
by reason of her gracious beams.

Relations of Reason and Faith. 103
IV.
The conclusions of our lecture will become
more evident if we examine, for a moment,
the sphere of reason under the influence of
revealed religion. Vain and absurd Is the
theory which would lay aside the reason
when once we enter under the dominion of
faith, or make the authority of revelation
take the place of our natural powers. Such
a substitution would be an impossibility in
fact, and would destroy that reasonable ser
vice which God asks of the intelligent agent.
Here, then, we say that it is the office of
reason to know and examine the foundations
of faith, to accept the truths proposed, and
even to defend them against the unbeliever
as the great treasure of the mind, and the
protection against the misery of doubt and
scepticism.

I04 Relations of Reasoti and Faith.
I. As truths supernatural are proposed on
the authority of God, it is the office of reason
to examine well the motives of credibility,
and to know with surety that it is the voice
of God which speaks, and no counterfeit of
divine testimony. All these foundations of
faith are as much the object of careful re
search to the believer as to the inquirer who
seeks, for the first time, the evidences of reli
gion. They are, as it were, the solid col
umns on which rests the divine fabric of re
velation, and the heart, enlightened by the
strong assurance of faith, is able to know
how firmly built is the house of God, how
it rests upon the undeniable principles of our
nature. For its own greater knowledge of
the harmony of the divine works, for the
conviction of the doubting, for the conversion
of the unbeliever, the reason loves to show
how unanswerable are the proofs of Chris-

Relations of Reason and Faith. 105
tianity. God demands nothing unreasonable
of an intelligent agent. He does not treat us
as if we were machines operating by blind
force, but to the eye that was made for such
a bright vision He discloses the perfections
of His ways, parting the clouds that veil His
throne, and showing to the admiring soul
something of His glory. " The heavens show
forth the glory of God, and the firmament
declareth the work of His hands. Day to day
uttereth speech, and night to night showeth
knowledge."* If God has not given such
proofs of His interposition, we cannot be
asked to believe. Without motives sufficient
to induce the unprejudiced reason to assent,
we could not go into the earth "to preach
the Gospel to every creature," to " make
known the way of God upon earth, His sal-
* Psalm xviii. 1-2.

io6 Relations of Reason and Faith.
vation in all nations." We, therefore, shrink
not from the lists of fair and logical discus
sion ; we are prepared to meet the objector
on the principles of reason, and to convict
him of the claims of religion, if he will be
just and sincere. We take up what nature
teaches, and, on the common ground, we
are ready to defend the truths supernaturally
revealed. We ask no man to accept the
Catholic creed unless we can show him
proofs greater and stronger than he would
demand for immediate conviction in any affair
of human life. Here the great learning of
the doctors of the Church has made itself
manifest, and all the sciences and every
power of art have been made to enlighten
the way of divine mercy upon earth. All
that is true, beautiful, or good is from God,
and all returns in praise to the Fountain of
Light, whose honor is the highest joy of the

Relations of Reason and Faith. 107
universe. " O Lord, our Lord, how admir
able is Thy name in the whole earth. For
Thy magnificence is elevated above the
heavens." * ,
2. The intellect of man is the subject to
which the truths of revelation are proposed.
As the beauties of nature are exposed to the
eye, that man, seeing them, may adore the
Maker of all, so the Intelligent reason was
framed for the knowledge of truth, which is
its rightful food. Fortified by proofs unan
swerable of the divine Interposition, and as
sisted by grace which elevates the act of as
sent to the voice of authority, it receives each
and all of the objects of faith, understands
what is revealed, and is able to explain the
dependence of one verity upon another in
the admirable harmony which distinguishes
* Psalm viii, 1-2.

I08 Relations of Reason and Faith.
all the divine operations. It is able to show
how each part of the fabric strengthens and
sustains the whole, how wonderfully revealed
religion replies tp the wants of our being,
and how, with more than maternal tender
ness, the Almighty^ Hand has supplied the
earnest desires of our souls. And though It
cannot tear away the mystery which the be
ing and plans of the Infinite must necessarily
wear to the created intellect, yet day after
day develops new beauty, and the sun of
truth upon which we gaze grows brighter
unto the upright eye.
3. Reason has yet a farther privilege and
a nobler duty. It can enter into the arena of
controversy, and return with the laurels of
victory. It can force the unbeliever to admit
the claims of religion, or drive him from the
ground of natural light to the darkness of
universal doubt and the dishonesty of scepti-

Relations of Reason and Faith. 109
cism. It can take up the claims of that au
thority by which God upholds His revelation,
and demonstrate the insincerity and blindness
of those who refuse to acknowledge them,
Man can refuse assent to the conclusions of
his reason, but he has jio right to do so.
The objector moves the point of his attack,
and ever changes his ground. Now he aims
at the authority on which the dogmas of faith
are taught, and again at the dogmas them
selves. Reason rightly guided is ever ready
for the conflict, and retorts the arguments of
the adversary, and Is able to overcome him
by his own weapons. The great mysteries
of religion, though beyond the ken of our
unaided powers, contradict no law of nature,
and only establish the attributes of God.
Moreover, with the force of testimony array
ed in favor of revelation, the authority of
reason itself is at stake ; and he who will not

no Relations of Reason and Faith.
believe the word of his Maker, properly at
tested, how can he still believe in his own
understanding ? The truths of the natural
order come to us with sufficient evidence,
but In the facts of the supernatural order we
have even stronger evidence, and more un
mistakable proof How shall he who rejects
the greater accept the lesser testimony ?
History comes again to our aid, and gives
her solemn warning. They who have denied
the voice of God in revelation have consist
ently learned td reject the voice of God in
nature. While religion ever has defended
the tenets of a pure philosophy, the disbe
lievers in the supernatural have cast off" the
restraints of reason, and in doubt and dispu
tation have forsaken the first principles of
truth. The supreme First Cause has been
degraded from His throne and man made
His equal, and the dark problems of sin,

Relations of Reason and Faith. 1 1 r
sorrow, and death remain unsolved to taunt
the misery of the sceptic or testify against
the sincerity of his professions. He who has
no reason for believing in any thing believes
in nothing, can have no confidence in him
self confesses that both his senses and his
reason are deceivers. Happier, indeed, is
the animal life, with its present joys and brief
sorrows, where there is no prospect of a
future.

As man, under the light of mere nature, is
able to pervert his powers, and prostitute his
understanding to the denial of God, and of
the distinction between right and wrong ; so,
under the beams of a revelation whose light
has pervaded the world, he can likewise turn
from the clearer voice of truth, and use his
faculties to subvert the plans of divine mercy.

1 1 2 Relations of Reason and Faith.
St. Paul has told us that they who hold the
truth of God In insincerity and ungodliness
are inexcusable, " because, when they knew
God, they have not glorified him as God, or
given thanks, but became vain in their
thoughts, and their foolish heart was dark
ened. For professing themselves to be wise
they became fools, and they changed the
image of the incorruptible God into the
likeness of the image of a corruptible man,
and of birds, and of four-footed beasts, and
of creeping things. Wherefore, God gave
them up unto the desires of their heart, unto
uncleanness, who changed the truth of God
into a lie, and worshipped and served the
creature rather than the Creator, who is
blessed forever."* Much more inexcusable
are they who, admitting the presence of a
supernatural authority, are disobedient to its
* E. Romatis i, 21-5,

Relations of Reason and Faith. 1 1 3
voice, and, perverting reason to a use to which
it is not entitled, destroy logically the foun
dations of both natural and revealed religion.
Such are tlie disciples of private judgment
in our own day, who, professing to bring all
dogmas within the scope of their own powers,
are recreant to the first principles of reason.
We have seen, in our brief summary, not
only what man can do under the light of
nature, but what he Is bound to do. God is
confessedly greater than His creatures ; He
knoweth all things, and . is able to communi
cate of His knowledge to His Intelligent
creation. Reason judges, as it must, of the
proofs by which it Is established that God is
speaking. When those proofs are satisfac
tory, man h^s no alternative but to hear and
obey. He cannot logically question the au
thority which is so well authenticated, and
he must, if he will be a rational being, give

1 14 Relations of Reason and Faith.
his assent to the truths proposed on such au
thority. The adherents to the theory of
private judgment disregard the force of testi
mony, and submit to the individual mind
the question as to every dogma of revelation.
They ask not. Has God spoken, and are such
His words ? Is the authority on which such
truths rest a reliable one ? Such inquiries
are justly within the province of reason. But
they ask. Is the doctrine taught consonant
with the j udgment of each individual ?
Each one becomes the arbiter in matters di
vine. Sinai, with its fire and cloud, has no
lessons. The cross and open sepulchre of
Christ teach nothing. God's word Is to be
submitted to the Individual reason, there to
be weighed in the puny balances of man's
understanding. One finds It reasonable to
believe that there is a life beyond the grave,
and that the body which is resolved tp dust

Relations of Reason and Faith. 1 1 5
shall one day rise again. Another finds such
a notion to be contrary to the transforma
tions of matter which dail)- take place, and so
laughs to scorn the doctrine of a resurrec
tion. In the scheme of such philosophers,
it is nothing that our Lord Jesus Christ
claimed to be the Son of God, and worked
mighty miracles to prove His claims. His
-words are disbelieved, or taken to be explain
ed away as the opinion of mere man. " Won
der not, for the hour cometh when all that
are in the graves shall hear the voice of the
Son of God. And they that have done good
things shall come forth unto the resurrection
of life ; but they that have done evil, unto the
resurrection of judgment." * By this pro
cess, which is applied to every revealed doc
trine, faith is utterly destroyed. Man no
longer believes on the authority of God, and
* St. John V, 25-9,

1x6 Relations of Reason and Faith.
if he retain any truth in the supernatural
order, it is ostensibly on the ground of its
reasonableness to the individual, and there
fore is only a matter of opinion. This theory
of private judgment Is nothing more than
practical scepticism. It destroys the prin
ciples of credibility. It subjects the truths
of the Divine Being to the limits of man's
understanding, and ends by the logical con
clusion of extinguishing both the light of
revelation and of nature.
I. The^motives of credibility depend upon
principles which are evident to reason. A
thing cannot be and not be at the same mo
ment. The Creator is of a higher order
than the creature. Miracles transcending
our nature prove the presence of the power
which made nature. The testimony of the
senses is to be relied upon, if not in every
individual case, certainly in the case of many

Relations of Reason and Faith. 1 1 7
and competent witnesses. He who subjects all
the truths of religion to his own private judg
ment denies in effect all these principles, and
by his creed God Himself can bring no evi
dence to which he will yield. A prophet
may rightly foretell future events, or in his
presence heal the sick, or raise the dead to
life, and yet, in spite of all, he will not accept
such testimony. The word must be weigh
ed, not In the light of its intelligibility, but
of its intrinsic credibility. To such a theo
rist there can be no authority, since God
Himself is none. There are no marks to
attest the foot-prints of Almighty power, no
proof which can authenticate the divine word.
2, Nothing is more self-evident than that
the infinite cannot be comprehended by the
finite. Is it not, then, degrading to the level
ofthe creature the majesty of heaven to take
the truths proposed by a well-attested reve-

1 1 8 Relations of Reason and Faith.
lation, and submit them to the examination
of the individual judgment ? Can I be a
judge where I know nothing ? Can the
blind be the judges of the varied hue of
flowers, or the deaf of the concordance of
sweet sounds ? Can my reason furnish me
any data by which I can weigh the mystery
of the incarnation of the Son of God ? I
know something of human nature, though by
no means every thing ; but what do I know of
the laws of the Divine Being ? I see before
me only a man like myself with beauty, per
haps, far surpassing that of the sons of men ;
still, I see only a creature. He goes about
the earth like a beggar, and at last hangs
upon a cross between two thieves. Yet am
I to be governed by my mortal eyes and my
frail reason, and when He declares Himself
to be God, the consubstantial Word of the
Father, by whom all things were made, and

Relations of Reason and Faith. 119
when I see Him raise the dead in proof of
His divinity, am I to say I will not believe ?
Am I to reason that it Is intrinsically impos
sible that God should become man, or that
the divine and human natures should be
united in one person, when, to say the
least, I argue blindly, without a full know
ledge of the terms I Imply? I am a judge
of the extrinsic credibility, that is, of the
proofs which induce me to believe ; but how
can I be a judge of the Intrinsic credibility
of a doctrine whose proportions reach beyond
the bounds of my vision ? Jesus of Nazareth,
whom I see only as a man, must give me the
evidence that he is more than man. Of this
I am the judge. I behold it myself or I re
ceive it on the testimony of others who are
too numerous and too competent to be de
ceived. Here my reason is satisfied, and
leads my heart to cry out, " Lord, I believe,"

1 20 Relations of Reason and Faith.
3. Finally, if I am to sift every dogma
proposed to my acceptance on a superna
tural authority, and try the mysteries of re
ligion by pure reason, then for me there
is and can be no revelation. God cannot
bring down the facts of His being to my
level, and He can give me no proofs which
are strong enough to convince me. Let
us take the facts of Christianity as an evi
dence, and, whatever any one may be dis
posed to admit, these facts are too well
known to be denied. " Their words have
gone unto the ends of the earth, and their
sound into all the earth."
Christianity has always proposed certain
dogmas on a divine authority. They have
been shown to contradict neither history
nor philosophy. When the blow was suc
cessfully struck at the principle of authority,
and the several parts of the Christian creed

Relations of Reason and Faith. 1 2 1
were brought to the individual reason, that
their intrinsic credibility might be deter
mined, then fell the fabric of faith, and
tower after tower of the sacred edifice crum
bled to the dust. With such reformers
Christ Himself soon ceased to be divine,
and, therefore, no teacher, no law-giver.
First, the Bible was the religion of Protest
ants ; then, as the world understood that a
book subjected to individual interpretation
could be no rule of faith, the sacred Scrip
ture have ceased to hold authority ; for they,
too, are subject to the same private judg
ment, and bear to many minds no suffi
cient evidence of inspiration. So, in our
enlightened day, the reformers, returning
from the demolition of revealed religion,
have not even left untouched the temple
of reason itself In the degradation of the
Supreme Being, in the obstinate rejection

1 22 Relations of Reason and Faith.
of testimony, they have subverted the laws
of evidence, and have brought back the
darkness of scepticism, to which drear and
irrational philosophy many burdened con
sciences have become willing converts. Ci
cero and Plato would put to shame many of
the bright intellects of our day.
How natural is the transition ! When
I have sufficient proofs of a divine interposi
tion, I will not believe. I shut my eyes to
the voice of miracles, to the language of
prophecy, to the great facts which stand
out on the page of history, to the inward
cravings of my nature. Am I not travel
ling In the way which leads to atheism,
where I will confess no truth, where I may
say that man liveth in deceit, the victim
of a skilful He, the central figure of a pan
orama of falsehood? Is it my great Crea
tor, who cannot communicate with me, to

Relations of Reason and Faith. 123
whom I consider myself an equal ? Where,
when the force of human testimony is re
jected, are my sources of knowledge ? Liv
ing to myself and dying to myself would
I not like to obliterate from my conscience
all sense of right and wrong, all fear of ac
countability to an omniscient judge ? Alas !
I strive in vain. Reason awakes me In my
dream ; I beat against the bars of my cage,
but they yield not, and I am a prisoner
still. Captive shall I be till I am true to
the instincts of my nature, willing to be
lieve in God, anxious to hear His voice,
and ready at once to obey it. Then shall
my fetters be broken, then shall I fear no
evil, then shall the light of the Lord shine
upon me, then shall the field of knowledge
open its boundless treasures to my under
standing. " In Thy light shall I see light."

Lecture III.

Conditions of R

ONDITIONS OF "K-EVELATION.

T has been Impossible to avoid some
repetitions in the definitions we
have made of reason and faith,
and in the explanation of their relations.
We have also been obliged to anticipate
the subject of this lecture, and to speak of
the consequences of a revelation before treat
ing scientifically of its nature and evidence.
All that has been said is, however, of the
highest importance in our argument, and
must be kept in mind during the course
of this evening's lecture.
Our present purpose is to define what is

Conditions of Revelation. 125
meant by a revelation ; to show that such an
interposition on the part of God is possible,
and even necessary for the good of our race ;
to examine the proof by which such a re
velation must be authenticated; and, lastly,
to state certain conditions which are essen
tial to the presentation of truths revealed.

By revelation we understand an immedi
ate manifestation of divine power by which
certain truths exceeding the capacity of our
natural faculties are made known to man.
All the parts of this definition are impor
tant. God alone can teach us In regard to
things above nature, and, If He pleases to
make any such manifestation, it must be
attended by signs of divine power. The ,
truths revealed are beyond the scope of our

126 Conditions of Revelation.
reason, since otherwise there would be no
need of any extraordinary method of instruc
tion. It Is also quite evident that the know
ledge thus imparted Is of the greatest value
to our whole race. It Is, Indeed, po,ssible
for God to make known to an individual
facts and circumstances which concern him
specially. Yet general truths, which affect
the entire race, are of the same importance
to all mankind. Every member of the hu
man family has the same Interest In these
truths, for they are the lights which guide
men to their ultimate end. Any revelation,
therefore, of supernatural truths must be for
the benefit of the whole world.
In regard to the mode In which such a
divine manifestation shall take place, we
cannot fix any bounds to the liberty or power
of God. Undoubtedly, as He Is addressing
men. He will follow the ordinary laws of in-

Conditions of Revelation. 127
telligence. It is not likely that He will ad
dress every individual mind and pour upon it
an extraordinary Illumination. Such a course
would not be in accordance with the social
order which His hand has established, and
by which we ai'e aggregated together as the
members of one family, nation, or race. It
would also take away to a great extent the
use of our liberty in the trial of faith, since,
seeing by supernatural light acting directly
upon the intellect, we would not need to
examine the extrinsic motives of credibility,
and the logical order of knowledge would
be subverted. We do not say that God
could not do this, and at the same time
leave intact all the attributes of our na
ture ; but we do say that such a course
on His part is neither probable nor neces
sary. Judging by the ordinary facts of ex
perience, we should expect that He would

128 Conditions of Revelation.
employ some instrumentality through which
His voice should be heard, and that He
would first attest this Instrumentality by
signs of divine intervention, and, secondly,
carefully guard it from error in the discharge
of Its office. He could not be expected
always to prevent misconception on the part
of the hearer or learner, but He would be
bound to keep substantial error from the
mouth of the teacher. Otherwise there
would be no enunciation of truth, and the
consequences of such a futile attempt at
enlightening man would be worse than no
revelation at all.
Again, the truths manifested, to be the
objects of faith, should be clearly stated, with
out any hesitation or uncertainty. Unless
they were clearly stated, the mind could not
receive them, for they would not be intelli
gible ; and if there were the slightest uncer-

Conditions of Revelation. 129
taint}', there would be a contradiction impos
sible to the reason. There can be no un
certainty about God's knowledge, and there
can be no medium between certainty and
uncertainty. The truth In question would
either be revealed clearly or not at all. God
could not make known certain facts concern
ing His being and His relations to us, and
then leave us free to believe them or not. For
the ground of belief is the same in all cases —
the veracity of God ; and he who receives one
truth on such a motive must likewise receive
all which are proposed in the same manner.
Reason rejects contradictions, though passion
and prejudice may entertain them. By the
condition of a clear statement of the matter
revealed, no one will misunderstand us as
excluding the proposition of mysteries, which
are a necessity In the communications be
tween the finite and the Infinite mind. We

130 Conditions of Revelation.
only repeat what has been before stated, that,
even in the revelation of things above our
capacity to fathom, the mystery offered to
faith must be clearly stated and In unequi
vocal terms. II.
The possibility of such a revelation is
easily established. It cannot be denied with
out denying the omnipotence of God or the
intelligence of man. Surely the power of
God cannot be limited. He can manifest
truth to His creatures If He is pleased so to do;
We, finite as we are, can teach others and
Impart to them of our knowledge. Cannot
the infinite mind do the same ? Is He less
perfect than His creatures ? Secondly, If man
have the power of knowing, which no one
can logically deny without affirming, it, then
there is no difficulty on his part. He can

Conditions of Revelation. 131
receive truth, know It as far as it is intelli
gible, and turn it to good account. Lastly,
there can be found no difficulty on the part
of the truth revealed, for this Is the genuine
object of knowledge. Our finite powers may
not enable us to comprehend all the verities
God may propose to us, but they are all in
telligible, and. In this respect, open to our
perceptions. Mysteries announce to us al
ways a clear and intelligible truth which Is
the object of faith. The Intimate relations,
the full proportions of truths mysterious are
hidden from us, and not that sense which Is
obvious, and which the mind readily seizes.
We have already explained this distinction.
We define man to be an animal formed of a
body and a rational soul. Who understands
this relation of spirit and matter, or can com
prehend whence arises this union of body
and soul ? Yet who does not understand

132 Conditions of Revelation.
what man is ? Who is Incapable of appre
ciating the definition ? The same rule ap
plies to all the mysteries of religion. They
are not occult and manifest under the same
respect, but perfectly clear in statement, and
only occult from the very nature of the truths
themselves as proposed to a finite Intelh-
gence. Neither is there any repugnance to
reason in the truths proposed by religion,
and, if it be admitted that they are not in
all respects conformed to reason, what else
could be expected of things which surpass
the natural order, and relate to matters super
human or divine ? No one can, 'therefore,
deny the possibility of a revelation without,
at the same time, assailing the plainest testi
mony of nature In regard to God and man.

Conditions of Revelation. 133
III.
But we are able to advance beyond this
position, and to show that the needs of our
race called loudly for the divine intervention,
and rendered the mercy of a revelation not
only probable, but even morally necessary.
We argue this from the condition of man
under the light of nature and the Infinite
goodness of our Creator. Here, calling to
mind what has been said, we repeat the lan
guage of St. Paul, and find the nations inex
cusable who, when they might have known
the eternal power and divinity of God from
the creation, darkened their foolish hearts,
and from gross idolatry fell into shameful
vice. Even the primeval traditions were for
gotten, or corrupted by the notions of a false
religion. All the best instincts of nature
were transgressed, and the plain teachings of

134 Conditions of Revelation.
reason contradicted. And the philosophers,
who were too wise to accept the low super
stitions of the common people, were unable
to form a fixed belief while, by their constant
disputations and discordant doctrines, they
lost the confidence of the multitude. Such
was the history of nations unenlightened by
the beams of a special revelation. Idolatry
became the fruitful parent of crimes against
the natural law, and the first principles of
ethics were lost sight of In the forgetfulness
of duty toward God and toward man. Even
natural affection ceased to enforce its rights,
and injustice, Impurity, and murder were
sanctioned by common superstition. There
Is no necessity of adducing, at any length,
the records of heathen tribes, nor of referring
to the well-known facts of nations now sunk
in the darkness of paganism.
From this great need of man we perceive

Conditions of Revelation. 135
that he will not obtain his end without some
new light from his INIaker. We do not argue
that he cannot rise above the vices and er
rors which surround him, still less that God is
absolutely bound to Interpose. But we rea
son that, on the part of the fallen creature
wandering so far from the path that leads to
beatitude, there is a fearful need that some
almighty arm should come to his rescue.
We see that he will not rise unless the di
vine hand be put forth to raise him up, and
assist the enfeebled powers of nature ; and
from the infinite mercy of our Creator, and
His love for the works of His hand, we argue
that He will come to man's necessity, and
not allow him to wander for ever from the
pasture of the Great Shepherd, nor go down
in utter darkness to the shadows of death.
We could not tell how, nor when, nor where
He would interpose ; but the race of Adam

136 Conditions of Revelation.
would wait for the Lord and cry mightily unto
its Maker, " Send help from Thy holy place
and light from Sion." " They shall look to
the earth, and behold trouble and darkness,
weakness and distress, and a mist following
them, and they cannot fly away from their
distress. . . . The people that walked
in darkness have seen a great light ; to them
that dwelt in the region of the shadow of
death, light has risen."* '

IV.
Upon the supposition, however, that God
proposes to make a revelation to man, it is
certain that He will attest His intervention
by plain and unanswerable proofs. These
we have a right to demand from Him, for we
are not called upon to believe in any thing
* Isaiah viii. 22 ; ix. 2.

Conditions of Revelation. 137
supernatural without sufficient evidence ; and
if such proofs were not given, there would
be no sure way to fortify ourselves against
the possibility of deceit. Almighty God is
able to give such proofs, and In justice to
His creatures He Is bound so to do If He
proposes to interpose for their good. These
proofs must, then, be of a nature to carry
conviction to every sincere and candid mind.
There can be no evidence to which men
will be forced to yield if they deliberately
refuse to see the light or to use their reason.
Yet here the fault is on the part of the
frailty and perverseness of man, and not on
the part of God. Evidence internal address
ed to individual minds would not be suffi
cient to establish a revelation. There must
be plain external proof that God Is speaking to
us mediately or immediately, and that we are
exposed to no deception of man.

138 Conditions of Revelation.
Such proofs before a revelation are miracles
and prophecy, while after Its establishment
the manner of its preservation and the influ
ence of its doctrine may come before us to
add strength to the evidence already given.
Each one of these sources of testlmoUiy de
mands a separate consideration.
I. Miracles, being works above and some
times contrary to the order of created nature,
furnish the most evident proof Thus to a
genuine miracle Is required some sensible
effect, contrary to the accustomed order of
providence, which can therefore be produced
by God alone, who is the author of nature.
The sensible effect Is manifest to the eyes
of the beholders, who have every oppor
tunity to judge of what they see and to
guard against deception. And the nature
of the work wrought before competent
witnesses is so plainly contrary to the ac-

Cojtditions of Revelation. 139
customed order of things that the divine
power is evidently in exercise. There are
things striking and wonderful which can be
performed by angelic or diabolical agency,
but a genuine miracle transcends this, and
requires the Almighty hand. For example,
the sudden and complete cure of the sick,
the raising of the dead to life, are operations
which no one but God can work, since they
imply the power of life and death. And in
cases where our own eyes do not behold such
miracles, we must have the testimony of
numerous and competent eye-witnesses, whose
word is as good as the evidence of our own
senses. We cannot distrust the senses of
others if we rely upon our own ; and where
there are witnesses so numerous that col
lusion is impossible, we are forced to yield
assent or reject the first principles of reason.
In the actual affairs of human life the greater

140 Conditions of Revelation.
part of our knowledge Is derived from such
testimony, and he who would reject it would
be esteemed a fool by all mankind.
The possibility of such miracles Is quite
clear, since there is no intrinsic contradiction
involved in them, and therefore God can, if
He will, produce them, and, where there is a
sufficient reason, will do so.
The physical laws of nature depend upon
the free will of God, and are not like the
moral laws, which have for their object good
and evil which change not. Neither are
these physical laws subverted, but only sus
pended or deviated from In particular cases,
where there is great good to be accomplish
ed, such as will glorify the Author of Mercy
and conduce to the highest benefit of His
creatures. Where, then, can any impossibi
lity of miracles be deduced ? Not from the
part of God, who must of necessity be omni-

Conditions of Revelation. 141
potent ; and certainly not on the part af the
sensible effect, which Involves no contradic
tion nor repugnance In reason.
Here, then, we have the clearest evidence
of divine intervention ; and If such miracles
are wrought to attest a supernatural revela
tion, we have an invincible motive of faith.
No one but God can be the author of such
miracles, and He cannot lend His power to
deceive us, nor allow us to be deceived by any
agency proceeding from Him. Whenever,
then, we are sure of a true miracle, we are
also certain of his divine mission by whom
the miracle is wrought. There can be no
escape from this conclusion. Convinced of
the truth, we must yield obedience to the
voice of reason and conscience. There have
been and there may still be false miracles
which have every appearance, at first sight,
of true supernatural works. But such facts

142 ^ Conditions of Revelation.
are rare, and on examination easily afford evi
dence of their falsity. They only strength
en our argument, because they make more
evident the character of true and divine mira
cles. Now, there can be no question that,
If we see a miracle with our own eyes, we
must believe it. He who would deny the evi
dence of his own senses under all the favorable
circumstances which ordinarily produce con
viction could not be reasoned with at all.
But it could not be required of God, if He
were to make a revelation, that He should
work miracles before every eye, and make
every Individual man the witness of such
wonders. All that could be expected would
be that the first teachers of the truths reveal
ed should be attested by the signs of divine
power In the face of competent testimony.
Such testimony would be that of persons in
telligent enough to judge of the effect pro-

Conditions of Revelation. 143
duced before their eyes, and Indisposed to be
deceived or to deceive others. On the in
troduction of a new religion such witnesses
could easily be found, when the minds of
men would necessarily be disposed to ex
amine well every strange truth proposed, and
on the alert against deception. The testi
mony of such witnesses would attest once
and for ever the divinity of a revelation. For
God cannot lie, and therefore can never pro
pose at one time truths which could be con
tradicted afterward by any teacher sent from
Him. A revelation once proved remains for
ever, so far as the truths revealed are con
cerned. They stand fast and as immovable
as God Himself
In these few and simple words we think
we have anticipated the objections which the
adversaries of faith are apt to offer. No ob
jection can be successfully urged while every

144 Coriditions of Revelation.
one implies either a contradiction in terms
or a denial of the attributes of God. It has
been said, however, that no sufficient evi
dence of a miracle can ever be given, because
the argument in favor of the inflexibility of
the laws of nature is greater than any testi
mony which can possibly be given of their
suspension. Where Is the argument which
proves that the laws of nature cannot be
suspended ? We have never heard such an
argument sustained. If the Almighty cannot
deviate in particular cases from laws estab
lished by His own free will, He ceases to be
almighty. And as for the evidence required.
It simply comes to this : that a certain amount
of evidence produces conviction on every
reasonable mind, and that there is no escape
but in scepticism, which throws doubt upon
every kind of testimony. It is all very well
to resort to this scepticism as a captious ob-

Conditions of Revelation. 145
jection to a revealed truth, but it violates
reason and every just notion of God or man.
The Divine "Wisdom did not so make us that
we should distrust the senses He gave us
and the Intelligence by which we differ from
the brute creation. I am as capable of judg
ing of a miracle as of any other sensible
operation. I can judge of death, and, there
fore, of a resurrection from the dead. Sick
ness of every class, in Its external manifesta
tions, is within my knowledge, and, therefore,
an instantaneous recovery from disease to
health is a matter of which my senses can
take full cognizance. To tell me that what I
see Is a deception, is to shake my faith in all
that I can see and know. If God can de
ceive me at one time. He Is likely to do so
at another, and, therefore, becomes unworthy
of my confidence. And when I lose my trust
in the veracity and goodness of God, I am

146 Conditions of Revelation.
utterly without faith. Against such practical
atheism reason revolts in its strongest accents,
and demonstrates how her would-be votaries
have dethroned their goddess, and trailed her
glories in the dust.
2. Another proof of the authenticity of a
revelation may be found In prophecy, or the
distinct foretelling of future events which
can be known to creatures by no natural
means. It is self-evident that all future
events are known to God, to whom there are
no gradations of time, no past nor future ;
and hence it Is In His power to make known
to the creature whatever He shall choose.
No argument Is here requisite, and hence the
conclusion follows that he who is able clearly
to predict future events Is sustained by
divine power, and is a messenger from God
In the truths which he teaches. The enun
ciations of the prophet, and the fact of their

Conditions of Revelation. 147
literal fulfilment, are closely to be examined,
and every point is rigidly to be scrutinized.
No indistinct utterances, no oracular sayings,
capable of diverse interpretations, are pro
phecies. Thus, false prophets are to be de
tected from the nature of their predictions
and the ambiguous words in which they are
conceived. When, in the history of the
Hebrews, Moses stood before the king of
Egypt, and day after day foretold the
plagues and judgments about to come upon
him and his nation, there was the plainest
evidence of divine interposition. Moses
could have not wrought any of the plagues
of which he spoke, since they implied divine
power; neither could he have known of them,
except by the inspiration of God. Again,
when our Lord Jesus Christ painted the fear
ful scenes which were to occur after His
death in the destruction of Jerusalem, the

148 Conditiotis of Revelation.
exact fulfilment of all His prophecy was an
unanswerable proof of the divinity which He
claimed. And though we know not the ex
tent of angelical or diabolical knowledge,
we are quite certain that both angels and
devils are subject to Almighty power, and
will never be allowed to deceive us in the
truth or falsehood of a revelation. A teacher
whom God sends to be the medium by which
He communicates truths supernatural to
mankind must show the credentials of his
mission. If he can work miracles, or rightly
foretell future events, then there is no room
for doubting his authority. There have been
many false prophets, who have spoken in
vague and equivocal language ; but they are
easily distinguished by the failure of their
predictions, which were only attempts to im
pose upon the ignorant and credulous, and
to make a gain of their superstitions. The

Conditions of Revelation. 149
prophets of the true God have announced
certain and determined events, remote in
place or time, with all their circumstances,
even the most minute ; while the event has
verified their words and redounded to the
glory of Him who inspired them.
3. A religion coming from God, and com
municated to man in a supernatural manner,
will necessarily need for its preservation the
divine care, and so the continuity of its life
and the manner of Its propagation will speak
the nature of its origin. This is eminently
true of a system of doctrines which combats
the natural passions of men, and calls themi
from indulgence to self-denial and virtue.
Every false religion has compromised with
the animal demands of our nature, and to
a greater or lesser degree has sanctioned
vice. Teachers who inveigh against im
morality and openly rebuke sin excite at

150 Conditions of Revelation.
once the opposition of the world and
the bitter enmity of the sensual. The
life and triumphs of such a religion are
proofs of more than human vitality, and are
an evidence that the Almighty power which
interposed by signs and wonders to authen
ticate its mission to man has never deserted
its onward march in the regeneration of the
world. This testimony becomes doubly
strong when no human means are employed
to sustain it, when its apostles are not war
riors enforcing with fire and steel. the accept
ance of Its doctrines, when no kingdom sends
forth its armies in its behalf when still more
the powers of earth are arrayed against it,
and the strong and mighty rise up on every
side to destroy it and blot its name from his
tory. Where there are no material weapons ;
where, on the contrary, there is a constant
struggle with human strength, and still, in

Conditions of Revelation. 1 5 1
spite of all, there is a triumphant life and
fertility which persecution does not quench,
there is the presence of the power which
rules in the armies of heaven, and does ac
cording to His will among the inhabitants of
earth. No human pride can counterfeit the divine
life, no earthly organization the vitality which
defies decay. "Thy throne, O God, is for
ever and ever. , . . Thou in the begin
ning didst form the earth, and the works of
Thy hands are the heavens. They shall
perish, but Thou shalt continue ; they all
shall grow old like a garment, and as a ves
ture shalt Thou change them, and they shall
be changed ; but Thou art the selfsame, and
Thy years shall not fail."* Time, as he passes
in his work of destruction and brings to
decay all human things, adds to the strength
*E, Hebrews, i. 8-12,

152 Conditions of Revelation.
of this testimony in favor of a religion which
partakes of the unchangeableness of the
Divine Being.
4. Mankind have also a right to judge
of the moral influence of the truths revealed,
and in their enlightening and sanctifying in
fluence to receive a new evidence of their
divinity. There are deep wants in our
souls, and we must look to God alone to
fill them. There is the high sense of right
and wrong, the appreciation of truth and
beauty, the Insatiable desire to know, the
longing to rise above passion and sense,
and to see more perfectly the providence
which encompasses us. Hence, we are the
judges of the effects of a religion which
thus we test, as the tree is known by its
fruit. The Great Artificer knoweth well the
work of His hands, and the light which
comes from Him answers the end of our

Conditions of Revelation. 1 5 3
being. Shadows flee away from the domain
of the Intellect and the heart, all things take
their proper place, truth presents its attrac
tions without fear, and beauty high and holy
captivates the affections without ensnaring
the reason. Hence, passion no longer sways
the understanding, and man rises from the
level of the brute to the purity and nobility
of his nature, which once came from God
crowned with glory and honor. We have
a right to demand that every teaching of
God should lead to holiness, and produce
its happy effects on the soul yielding to its
influence. No immorality is from above.
No creed which debases man or lends sanc
tion to vice bears the mark of a heavenly ori
gin. But where we are able to see mighty
conquests over self advance in real pro
gress, self-denial carried to a heroic degree,
we behold the emancipation of man from

154 Conditions of Revelation.
the slavery of sin ; we behold him ascend
ing toward the divine sanctity, whose only
purpose in revelation must be such a re
generation and exaltation of our race. Let,
then, the religion which professes to be
from God be tried impartially by such a test.
Let Its influence upon the world, upon
society, upon the Individual man, be care
fully examined, and let the voice of history
come to add its testimony to the many proofs
of divine revelation. This is a test which
the word of God itself suggests. "Beware
of false prophets, who come to you in the
clothing of sheep, but inwardly they are
ravening wolves. By their fruits you shall
know them. Do men gather grapes of
thorns, or figs of thistles ? Even so every
good tree bringeth forth good fruit, and
the evil tree bringeth forth evil fruit.

Conditions of Revelation. 155
Wherefore by their fruits you shall know
them."*

Before closing this lecture, we have to
speak briefly of the most Important of all
questions, and to bring yet more into light
the manner in which a revelation shall be
introduced into the world and maintained
consistently with its necessary conditions.
Here we shall endeavor to reason with the
utmost candor, and In such a simple manner
as to carry conviction to every mind. We
take it for granted that, on the supposition
of a revelation, the truths made known to
mankind in so extraordinary a way are of
the highest Importance to our whole race.
We require, then, that on the most indubi
table signs of divine Intervention they be

156 Conditions of Revelation.
taught us plainly, so that the sincere mind
need not err, and that a method be devised
for extending the knowledge of these truths
and maintaining them intact, in order that
the successive generations of men may em
brace them with the same assurance as that
which crowned the confession of the first
believers. In regard to the introduction of a revela
tion, we can see no method, except that
which has In fact been adopted, of enlighten
ing the minds of one or more among men
with the clear perception of the truths to be
communicated. In this method are implied
two things — the imparting knowledge to the
individuals who are employed as the me
diums through whom God speaks, and, se
condly, the enabling them to express clearly
the doctrines made known to their minds.
They must have correct notions of the

Conditions of Revelation. 157
truths they declare by divine impulse, and
be so guided in teaching them that there
is no corruption of the sacred trust com
mitted to them. Supernatural light is not
communicated to them for their own bene
fit, but for the whole race to which they are
sent as messengers. As we have already
seen, their mission requires authentication
to themselves and to mankind. Hence, by
well-substantiated miracles, or by prophecies,
they must vindicate their authority as teach
ers from God. No one is required to be
lieve without sufficient reason, and no mere
man has any right to dictate to another.
When the first teachers of a . revelation have
thus, by signs and wonders which divine
power alone can work, proved the supernat
ural character of their doctrines, there is
evidence sufficient to convince all to whom
their words may be addressed.

158 Conditions of Revelation.
But, Inasmuch as the knowledge of truth
is for the good of all men, how shall the
revelation of God, successfully introduced
into the world, be preserved, and be extend
ed throughout the earth, and safely deliver
ed to the various generations of mankind?
We can conceive of no other way than that
of a succession of teachers who shall receive
the sacred trust intact and be able to impart
it to others. To preserve this continuity
of life the divine power is certainly necessa
ry, but this is presupposed, and affords no
difficulty to the reason. The Supreme Be
ing, who planned in mercy a revelation, is
bound to preserve the work of His own
hands. Neither is it required that miracles
or prophecies shall accompany continually
the line of teachers who derive their author
ity from the original messengers of God.
It will be sufficient that these first founders

Conditions of Revelation. 159
of a religion shall provide for coming ages
by a divine impulse, that they shall fortify
their successors with the promise of super
natural guidance in the office they are called
to discharge. That promise will rest on the
veracity of God, pledged to them by the un
mistakable signs which authenticate their re
velation. Until this authority shall be with
drawn by the same mighty power. It will
stand on the unchangeable nature of Him
who is truth Itself Wonders may be
wrought at will, but the first miracles stand
as sure in their testimony as when they
were seen by the multitudes that gazed In
awe upon them, or listened in rapt admira
tion at the voice of the prophet.
The proofs of which we have spoken as
substantiating a revelation after its first es
tablishment will ever be present. The true
religion will live in a superhuman , manner.

i6o Conditions of Revelation.
and In spite of opposition from all the might
of this world. Time, as it crumbles the
monuments of fame to dust, will leave it
untouched. Age shall only strengthen its
power, and from every conflict it shall come
forth with the freshness of enduring youth.
The line of Its divinely-guided teachers shall
never fail, though the enmity of its adver
saries be armed with fire and sword. One
failure would be the destruction of all ; for the
line once lost, could only be recovered by a
new revelation. And men should be the
impartial judges as to the influence of the
doctrines so miraculously taught and wonder
fully preserved. They should tell us if high
morality and the elevation of man to every
noble virtue are the consequences of reli
gion. If society owes to it Its progress in civi
lization and honor, if the departure from its
principles leads to vice and the darkness of

Conditions of Revelation. i6l
pagan degradation. On such points the de
cision of mankind could not long be in error.
Here, then, we perceive a safe and reasonable
way by which, in perfect consistency with
every attribute of God or man, a revelation
may be preserved in its purity and taught In
its power. And we can perceive no other
way. Traditions are likely to become cor
rupt unless they are guarded by divine care,
and It Is almost an axiom that the learner
must be taught, and in a clear and Infallible
manner. Much has been said In late years
in regard to infallibility, as if in it there were
any difficulties for the reason. But every
sincere person will see that, if there is to be
such a thing as the teaching of supernatural
truth, that teaching must be infallible, other
wise It is no truth, but falsehood. Between
truth and error there is no medium. If a
doctrine be not true, it is false. Partial truth.

1 62 Conditions of Revelation.
if we may even use the term, is the most de
ceptive and dangerous form of error.
And as for the method of teaching by
means of writing, it is impracticable and im
possible according to the ordinary modes of
mental discipline. Let us suppose that the
original founders of a religion wrote down in
a book, or collection of books, the truths they
were inspired to make known. The line of
living teachers of which we have spoken would
be required to prove the authenticity of their
writings, and to apply them. Man without
this assistance would be easily deceived, and
could have no divine safeguard against error.
And then, in the understanding of the writ
ten revelation, the individual mind, unaided
by any external authority, would certainly fall
into misapprehension and misinterpretation.
No man could be sure of his creed, or pre
tend to Impose obligations of belief upon

Conditions of Revelation. 163
another, and hence all faith would fail. God
Himself could not teach men by means of a
book unless He were In each individual case
to supply infallibility of the understanding.
For this the same evidence would be requir
ed as that which first authenticated a reli
gion. Moreover, very few of men could ever
see the divine writings, or read them if they
could see them, so that the largest part of
the world would be at the mercy of the edu
cated minority. The scenes of Babel would
return, and if ever there were one language,
the tongues of men would speedily be con
fused. In the statements and arguments now ad
vanced, we believe that no one can accuse us
of partiality. If the facts and miracles of
religion have given us the light by which
our path has been illumined, it is certainly

164 Conditions of Revelation.
no proof that we have not followed the
honest dictates of reason. We could not
argue as if we were living in the natural
order, and as if the sun of God's mercy were
not shining over our heads. But we have
violated no principle of our nature when, on
the great question of revelation, we have
sought to bring Into exercise the faculties
by which it is given us to apprehend the
author and end of our being. The simple
argument we have made is wholly In accord
ance with our reason, and must be admitted,
or all of truth must be lost in infidelity. And
how does it add to our worship of the All-
wise Creator that thus in living characters
He has written His message to our souls,
and, condescending to the work of our re
demption, has left in every path of His mercy
the beams of His glory, the evidence of His
greatness ! All His works praise Him, but,

Conditions of Revelation. 165
above all, the intellect of man, formed to
know, admire, and embrace His perfections.
" We shall say much, and yet shall want
words : but the sum of our words is. He is
all. What shall we be able to do to glorify
Him ? for the Almighty Himself Is above all
His works. Who shall see Him and declare
Him, and who shall magnify Him as He is
from the beginning ? There are many things
hidden from us that are greater than these ;
for we have seen but few of His works. But
the Lord hath made all things, and to the
godly He hath given wisdom."*
* Ecclesiasticus xliii. 29-37

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Lecture IV.

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eyelation and

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rotestantism.

N our preceding lectures we have
endeavored to lay down the prin
ciples which we are now to apply to
the great question of the day. We feel well
assured that no one can reasonably dispute
the conclusions we have drawn from the
most obvious truths. Reason, well under
stood, has no conflict with faith, but is, on
the contrary, its handmaiden. All depends
upon the fact, to be well established, that
God has made a revelation to man, and that
He has authenticated that revelation by suffi-

Revelation and Protestantism. 167
cient testimony. We have considered the
evidence which reason has a right to ask, and
with which it ought to be satisfied. When
that evidence is afforded us, every dictate of
our enlightened nature will call us to hear,
believe, and obey the voice of God. Here
the understanding may rest without fear. If
God be not true, there is no such thing as
truth. Yet objects to us the inquirer, that there
are many claimants to the authority of reve
lation, that there is discordance among those
who believe in truths supernatural, and that,
consequently, it is not easy to know where
the voice of God is to be heard. We must,
therefore, apply the principles we have es
tablished, and try the claimants by the tests
of reason, which we have seen to be accurate
and sufficient. Any system that will not
stand these tests can have no rightful title

1 68 Revelation and Protestantism.
to the obedience of men. Moreover, there
can be no discord in a true revelation, where,
oi necessity, every part must be consistent.
There is only one God, and there can be
only one religion which has His sanction.
Looking around us at the position of those
who believe in any divine intervention for
the good of our race, we find certainly, sects
and organizations whose name is " legion ;"
but they may be fairly ranked in two classes,
under the denominations of Protestants and
Catholics. It is our purpose briefly to ex
amine, this evening, the relation which the
former bear to a well-attested revelation, leav
ing the claims of the CathoHc Church for the
discussion of our closing lecture. It will
be our duty to define Protestantism, to see
how far it can be called a teacher, to ask for
the proofs of its divine mission, and in its
history to determine if it has any thing more
than human vitality.

Revelation atid Protestantism. 169

Protestantism is a negative term, implying
more the denial of doctrines than the asser
tion of them. In fact, Protestants are those
who protest against the creed of the Catholic
Church, either in a body or as individuals.
The general term has a very wide applica
tion, and embraces all who protest, whatever
may be their difference of opinion or mutual
animosity. There is almost every conceiv
able shade of belief on every point of doc
trine. Some approach the dogmas and dis
cipline of the Catholic Church, while others
are as far as possible removed from every
appearance of ecclesiastical organization.
Some receive the mystery of the Trinity and
accept the system of sacramental grace, while
others are found who deny nearly every thing
but the existence of God. There are various

170 Revelation and Protestantism.
bodies or churches holding different ideas,
and there are those who belong to no organi
zation whatever, who must be Included in
the denomination of Protestants. They call
themselves Christians because the greater
number accept our Lord Jesus Christ as the
founder of their religion, although some re
ceive Him only as a messenger directly or
indirectly from God, and not as a divine
person. The origin of these representatives of re
velation is very singular. The movement of
the sixteenth century, generally called the
Reformation, gave birth to their system ; and
while the first use of the term Protestant may
be traced to the assembly held in Spire in
1529, it became shortly after the appellation
of all who, seceding from the Roman Catholic
Church, denied the right of that church to
teach, and inveighed against any of its doc-

Revelation and Protestantism. 171
trines. Up to that time all believers in Chris
tianity had accepted the authority of the
church as the authorized teacher of the faith
revealed to the world by our Saviour Jesus
Christ. Protestants revolted against this long-
received and undisputed claim, asserting that
the truths of Christianity were contained in
the Bible, and that every individual mind was
able there to find them out, there to read his
creed, there to discover the full proportions
of his articles of belief The various doc
trines held for ages as integral parts of the
Christian faith were to be examined, and
approved or rejected by the individual reason.
At first there was no ecclesiastical organ
ization, and the upholders of the Reforma
tion were held together by only a common
bond of sympathy. But as time went on,
and the necessity of some greater external
unity was felt, churches were formed bear-

172 Revelation and Protestantism.
ing different titles and adopting diff'erent
creeds. From these have originated all the
various religious bodies which cover our
land. Some retained many of the forms
and much of the polity of the ancient church,
while others, stigmatizing the Papacy as the
Harlot of Babylon spoken of in the Apoca
lypse, eschewed every thing which bore in
any way " the mark of the beast." Greater
diversity could not be conceived of and the
progress of time has only increased the dis
cord. One church has given birth to many
others, who In turn, with an unparalleled
fecundity, count a more numerous progeny.
Every year beholds new accessions and new
divisions, and so the face of Protestantism is
ever changing. Yet aU agree in rejecting
the Holy Roman Church, and, therefore, by
this one negative characteristic are bound
in sympathy If this system be the true

Revelation and Protestantism. 173
representative of revelation, then certainly
the Catholic system is not, since there is a
direct contradiction between them. If any
number of Protestants accept portions of
the old creed, we are to understand that
they do so on the authority of private judg
ment, and not because of any ecclesiastical
influence. There is, therefore, a direct opposition
which can never be removed between Pro
testant and Catholic Christianity ; and If one
is right the other is wrong, and there is no
middle ground on which the intellect may
rest. These two systems dispute the right
to teach the truths of revelation, and be
tween them there never can be harmony.
Let us, in the name of God, be open to the
convictions of reason, and apply without
fear the tests of our former lectures.
Before proceeding to our next point, how-

174 Revelation and Protestantism.
ever, we briefly note that there are perhaps
those who would like to hold a middle
ground, and be at the same time neither
Catholics nor Protestants. We ask any
honest mind if such a position is a possibi
lity. We may call ourselves by any name
we choose ; the question is not what we
are called, but what we are. And on the
definition we have made, all those organiza
tions are embraced under the general term
of Protestantism who owe their origin to the
Reformation, and agree in protesting against
the Church of Rome. The quantity of pro
test is not material, since the right to deny
one doctrine of what professes to be reveal
ed religion implies the right to deny afl.
The truths of revelation must be accepted
as they stand in a body, or they cannot rea
sonably be accepted at all.

Revelation and Protestantistn. 175
II.
From what we have now seen, it will not
be difficult to decide the claims of Protest
antism as a teacher. We shall observe
that it teaches nothing clearly, pretends to
no authority, and is able to present us with
none. I. We cannot view the various sects in
dividually, since time would not allow us
to do so, but the general remarks we are
to make will apply to them all. Taken to
gether they teach nothing; for, on compar
ing one with another, we find that the doc
trines asserted by one are rejected by an
other. Perhaps beyond the truths taught
us by nature there is no agreement what
ever, and even these truths are sometimes at
tacked in whole or in part. As to dogmas
said to be revealed, there can hardly be found

176 Revelation and Protestantism.
one on which there is perfect accord. The
divinity of the founder of Christianity has
been denied, and certainly one would argue
that this Is an essential condition of the
whole scheme of revelation through Him.
No one could make up a creed out of the
confessions of the many sects ; and if such a
thing were possible, it could not be held
with any consistency, since where many
teachers really teach contradictions, there is
nothing taught.
If we separate the various divisions of Pro
testantism, and seek to follow any one of
them, we meet with new difficulty. Nothing
is taught distinctly, and truths admitted are
not followed to their just conclusions. The
confession has many interpretations even
within the same spiritual communion, and
there is no one to decide which is right or
which is wrong. The resurrection of the

Revelation and Protestantism. lyj
body, for example, will be professed in the
written formulary, and many who hold to the
formulary will deny that this refers to the
body of flesh which we have now, and ex
plain it by the creation of a new and spiritual
body. We know a large and wide-spread
communion which differs on the question of
man's fall by original sin, and consequently
on his need of a redemption. We know
another where there is a diametrical opposi
tion on the question of the utility of forms in
religion, on the necessity of baptism, and on
the existence of any visible signs of inward
grace. We know religious bodies where the
members and ministers, opposing each other,
are as much estranged as if they belonged to
different communions.
Here, then. Protestantism is no teacher,
since it proposes no positive truth ; and if it
be concordant in the negation of certain

178 Revelation and Protestantism.
articles of belief this is not teaching. I need
no man and no authority to tell me what is
not true ; I ask for truth, which is the positive
want of my soul, and this I need in clear and
unmistakable terms.
2, No one can teach without authority
clearly shown. He who proposes a doctrine
with hesitancy or uncertainty does not pro
pose it as an article of faith, but merely as a
possible opinion. There is only one authority
which can teach any supernatural truth, and
that is God's. He only can know it, and He
only can impart It. When such authority is
not shown, I cannot be asked to believe. No
man and no body of men has any right to
dictate my faith. Now, is there one Protest
ant church which pretends to teach on the
authority of God, and therefore to be an
infallible witness of what has been divinely
revealed ? If there is, we do not know it, and

Revelation and Protestantism. 179
have never even heard of it. If there is no
individual sect which has this authority, then
certainly all taken together do not possess it ;
and where it is not known in the individuals,
it is not known in the collection of individu
als. Surely, then, according to the plainest
demonstrations of reason, Protestants cannot
exercise that faith which we have defined,
and which rests solely on the divine veracity.
We take them at their own word, and give
them just that authority which they claim,
and nothing more. They do not claim any
divine authority, and why, therefore, should
they be thought to possess it ?
3. It has been said, however, that, although
Protestantism has no divine authority, and
pretends to none, yet the revelation of God is
contained in the Holy Scriptures, which are
the common property of all faithful men, and
that the truths of God's revelation are plainly

i8o Revelation and Protestantism.
announced in them. We answer, then, in the
clearest argument, which it seems to us no
honest mind can resist: Firstly, the whole
authority of Protestantism is waived by this
assertion, unless the power to interpret the
Scriptures infallibly be possessed by one or
all of the many sects. Such power is claimed
nowhere, and therefore, according to the obvi
ous sense of mankind. Protestantism becomes
an abstraction, and has no longer a concrete
existence. It represents an idea, and is not
a body of living men.
Secondly. If the Bible, interpreted by
the individual, and therefore fallible mind,
be the authority on which alone divine
truth rests, then there are important ques
tions to be answered, and by each individual,
before he commences the work of finding out
what he should believe, a work which he has
no right to intrust to another. He must

Revelation and Protestantism. i8i
determine, without the fear of error, what
the Bible is, and of what parts it consists.
He must prove by an infallible, that is, by a
divine authority that this Bible, in its vari
ous parts, is the inspired word of God. His
own opinion will not be sufficient. He
must have the proofs of a revelation which
we have spoken of in our last lecture. If
these are not afforded, he can neither con
vince himself nor others. He cannot trust
to any translation of the Scriptures, but
must recur to the original text, to which
alone the character of inspiration is affixed.
When these points are settled, has he found
a teacher ? Is the truth contained in the
sacred books so plainly expressed, that, to
use a phrase peculiarly Protestant, " The
ignorant and wayfaring man, though a fool,
cannot err therein"? Let history reply,
against whose facts there is no argument.

1 82 Revelation and Protestantism.
From that which has been, we may safely
conclude that which shall be. Men have
not found the Scriptures so clear as to cause
them to agree on any one article of belief
And the truth is, that no book whatever
can be so written that the individual mind
may not differently interpret it. And when
you add the power of prejudice, and the in
fluence of passion, there is no further need
of disputation. " This is my body," is made to
mean, this is a figure of my body. " Whose
sins you shall remit they are remitted," is
applied only to external ecclesiastical dis
cipline, as " I and my Father are one " is
explained of unity of sentiment. We re
peat that God Himself cannot teach by a
book, unless in every individual Instance
He send special light to guard against error.
And passing over all other arguments, if
the Bible be the only divine way of teach-

Rroclation and Protestantism. 183
ing truth, has not God signally failed ?
Where is His revelation ?
The greater part of mankind have had no
way of knowing what the Scriptures contain
except through the medium of others. The
art of printing was not discovered before
the fifteenth century, and until that time the
sacred manuscripts were accessible to but
few. Were the Scriptures privately inter
preted the rule of faith before that time ?
And even since that date and the more
general diffusion of knowledge, are the
majority of men able to read, and thus see
with their own eyes? That cannot be the
Christian religion which only commenced
four hundred years ago, nor have the Scrip
tures ever been to the individual reason in
place of a teacher.
4. The remarks we have made upon the
subject of private judgment apply to the

1 84 Revelation and Protestantism.
whole system of Protestantism, since, accord
ing to the principles which lie at its very
foundation, every doctrine is referred to this
ordeal. On the private interpretation of the
Bible the original Reformers justified their
secession from the ancient and received Chris
tianity, and on the use of this same right the
constant changes which history has record
ed have taken place In their organization
and articles of belief We have only then
to repeat our argument, and conclude that,
where every individual mind is the judge
of the intrinsic credibility of a doctrine, there
is no authoritative teaching, no faith, no
appearance of the necessary conditions of
a revelation. How, then, for one moment,
can the reason accept a theory so irrational,
which confuses the most evident principles
of philosophy, and subverts the very idea
of truth supernatural? And how unwise

Revelation atid Protestatitisin. 185
for those who transgress the primary laws
of the human mind, to appeal to that rea
son which everywhere they disobey and
trample under foot ?

III.
Finding that Protestantism can teach us
nothing, we might conclude that It can in no
way be the representative of a divine revela
tion. But let us continue our application of
the tests of reason, and ask for the proofs of
its mission from God. The evidence which
established Christianity will not apply to
the religious system we are examining, be
cause it is essentially modern and in all its
features an innovation upon that which had
been known as the doctrine of Christ.
We need new evidence which will direct
ly apply to Protestanism itself It began

1 86 Revelation and Protestatitism.
by attacking the church which for four
teen centuries had been the only teacher of
truth supernatural, and its chief character
istic is still to war against the same church.
The fact of secession proves a contradiction
and the inauguration of a new system. If
it retained certain of the dogmas of the old
faith, it did so professedly by the exercise
of private judgment. It could not have
kept them on the authority of the church
so violently renounced. And whatever evi
dence these dogmas may have, they do not
derive it from the movement of the Reform
ers. If it be said that Christianity became
corrupt, that the Catholic Church did not
keep the doctrine revealed, or overwhelmed
it by inventions and superstitious practices,
then, according to such a supposition, the
revelation made through our Lord Jesus
Christ had failed, and it was necessary for

Revelation atid Protestatitism. 187
God to introduce a new one, or to revive
the old one by the usual proofs of a divine
interposition. There is much greater op
position between Protestantism and Catholi
city, than there was between Judaism and
Christianity. The old law was a figure of
the new, and was fulfilled in it. " I came,"
said our Lord, " not to destroy, but to fulfil ;"
while the reform cuts down the church,
root and branch, and inveighs against her
doctrine and worship, and above all, her
authority. The Jew might have become a
Christian without renouncing any essential
of his creed. The Catholic cannot become
a Protestant without utterly renouncing his
former belief and adopting new modes of
worship, new grounds of faith. Yet we ask
and receive for the revelation of Christ the
unmistakable proofs of divine mission, and
therefore much more must we do so on the

1 88 Revelation atid Protestatitism.
introduction of Protestantism. We, then, ac
cording to reason, demand of the Reformers
or founders of their system the testimony of
heaven that they are sent of God to teach
a new revelation, or revive an old one lost
in corruption.
I. Miracles are not pretended, and so far
as we have heard, were not wrought through
the agency of any of these new teachers.
They appealed to the word of God, and from
It argued the tenets they were pleased to
hold. They applied prophecy, some in one
way, some in another, but no one of them
claimed a mission from on high to be attest
ed by miracles. They demanded the right
to treat at will the received Christianity, but
professed to show no proof of special inspira
tion. They even went so far as to assail the
miracles of the Catholic Church as imposi
tions upon the credulous, and part and parcel

Revelatioti and Protestantistn. 189
of the dark superstition which had bound the
minds of men so many years. They admit
ted generally no miracles save those record
ed in Scripture, and consequently could ap
peal to none as the evidence of their mission.
Martin Luther professed that he had an ex
traordinary vocation from God, and yet gave
as the proof of it only the remarkable success
of his preaching, which he considered mira
culous. We shall shortly have occasion to
speak of this success. But he did not argue
so with Muncer, the Anabaptist, who assum
ed the title and function of a pastor. He
would not allow him to prove his doctrine
from the Scriptures, but ordered that he
should be asked, " Who had given him com
mission to teach ? Should he answer, God,
then let him prove It by a manifest miracle ;
for when God intends to alter any thing In
the ordinary form of mission, it is by such

190 Revelatioti atid Protestantism.
signs that He declares Himself" * Why did
not this remarkable man apply to his own
case the argument he used against others?
Here, then. Protestantism comes into the
world singularly unblest. It undertakes to
overthrow a great and universally extended
religion, and brings no miracle whatever to
prove that God is its author. How can it
ask the consent of the reason when it pre
sents no motive of credibility?
2, The same want of credentials appears
when we ask if any of their leaders were
gifted with prophecy. Unfortunately for
them, the few predictions they ventured
upon failed, and they confined themselves
generally to Interpretations of the Apoca
lypse, none of which have been verified.
Luther foretold more than once the downfall
of the Papacy. " The papal reign was to
* Sleidan, I. v.

Rez'clatioti atid Protestatitism. 191
expire on a sudden by the breath of Jesus
Christ ; namely, by the preaching of Luther.
Daniel was express on this point. St. Paul
left no doubt. The. space of two years was
the longest reprieve he could allow." * Many
of his followers have continued the same
strain of prophecy, and yet the Papacy
still lives with as much apparent vitality as
ever. We are not aware of any other at
tempts at prediction of the future. The
curious explanations of the mysterious utter
ances of the Apocalyse can hardly be consider
ed in the light of genuine prophecies. They
have not yet been fulfilled in the sense in
which they were interpreted, and, as days go
by, the likelihood of such fulfilment becomes
less and less. We need not, therefore, d'well
any longer upon this point. Whatever the
Reformers might have been, God gave them
* Bossuet's 'Variations, i. 40,

192 Revelatioti and Protestatitism.
no knowledge of future events to vindicate
their extraordinary mission.
3. Martin Luther appealed to the success
of his preaching, as a miraculous sign of di
vine favor. We have already seen that suc
cess alone is not a note of the true religion.
Many false religions have succeeded, and
that to a most wonderful degree. Witness,
for example, the religion of Mohammed,
which spread with the most remarkable
celerity, and still lives In the observance of
a large part of mankind. Success, to be a
note of revelation, depends upon three con
ditions : First, That the doctrines taught do
not flatter the senses or excite the animal pas
sions ; secondly. That the Instrumentality of
the moral power of these doctrines Is alone
employed, and that no arm of human force is
used ; and, thirdly. That the success be a
veritable one, not simply the destruction of a

Revelatioti and Protestantistn. 193
certain religious belief but the permanent
establishment of a new one. Let us apply
these three conditions and see how far
Luther's claim holds good. First, The
doctrines of the Reformers did flatter the ani
mal side of man, so far as this, that they pro
claimed the specious notion of liberty to the
reason, and freedom from all the restraints
which the old religion had imposed. The
whole system of penance was struck at its
root ; good works were no longer necessities
In the scheme of salvation, and every pre
tence of ecclesiastical authority ceased. Each
man was set free to follow the promptings
of his own private judgment. The vows of
poverty, chastity, and obedience, the celibacy
of the clergy, the utility of austerities were
all assailed. Now, we do not here discuss
the merits of any of these things. Our single
point is, that the removal of these received

194 Revelation atid Protestantism.
notions of God's service opened the way to
the gratification of passion. The time when
Luther commenced his work was also very
favorable to the success of his movement.
There were abuses in discipline which the
church was laboring to correct, men were
becoming impatient of all restraint, and ra
tionalism was ready to strike a decisive blow.
So when the opening was made, the torrent
flowed on with fury, bursting all bounds.
The first Reformers were themselves astonish
ed at the result of their own movement, and
made vain efforts to restrain the excesses of
their followers. There is nothing wonderful
in the sight of men following the instincts
of appetite, and rushing in the direction of
license. When, then, we see reasons enough
in the frailty of man for the success of the
Reformation, we cannot ascribe to the hand of

Revelation and Protestantism. 195
God alone the rapidity with which Luther's
doctrines spread throughout Europe.
Secondly, It was not owing to the moral
force of Luther's propositions that they
were embraced by so many. Eagerness for
liberty In its widest sense, and freedom from
obligations voluntarily incurred were cer
tainly the ruling motives with very many.
And the arm of civil power was very often
called in, and, wherever the reformation ex
tended, the flame of revolution was speedily
kindled. In some countries the Protestant
confession was introduced and established by
the patronage of the court. In England, for
example, the king almost forced the reforma
tion upon an unwUHng people. When the
arm of human power united with the gratifi
cation of passion, we need not wonder at the
progress of the new doctrines.
Thirdly, It is seriously to be questioned

196 Revelation atid Protestatitism.
whether demolition was not the principal
work of Protestantism, whether any religion
having a positive character was established
by it. The first truths proposed by Luther
did not stand even during his lifetime. In
numerable teachers arose, each with a new
doctrine of their own, or a new version
of an old one. The landmarks of the
first reformers were soon swept away, and it
is difficult to gather any positive creed from
the host of their followers. Negative teach
ing there certainly was, greater and greater
departure from the catholic faith ; but in this
we see only the hand of the destroyer, not
the work of the master-builder. Men lost the
faith which they had, and gained opinions of
a doubtful nature which could hardly be
called faith, and many ceased to have any re
ligious belief at all. Under all these circum
stances it will be difficult to predicate any

Revelatioti atid Protestatttistn. 197
real success to the system of Protestantism as
it first appeared to the world. There are
very few at this day who hold the views of
the early reformers ; and although nations and
kingdoms fell away from the Catholic Church,
this is no more the proof of the establishment
of a true religion, than a wide-spread revo
lution is the necessary preface to a solid and
permanent government. Scarcely any thing
that Luther and his co-workers established,
has remained, except prejudice and hostility
to the catholic religion.
4. In judging of the influence of Protes
tantism upon the mind and heart of man,
we must, with all candor, weigh those results
which are justly to be attributed to It alone.
If any system of doctrine purifies men from
vi-ce, and leads them to the practice of high
virtue, it is so far an evidence of divine favor.
But in Protestantism we must separate any of

198 Revelation and Protestantism.
the doctrines received and professed before
the Reformation from those which were new,
and only take into consideration that which
is peculiar to itself It would be unfair to
give the reformers the credit of the faith be
lieved, and practised before their own day,
and before the revolution of which they were
the promoters. We ask, then, has Protestant
ism been the parent of morality and high
virtue, and has its influence upon mankind
been salutary? Let us examine these three
points, its effect upon faith, upon morals, and
upon society In general.
I. Faith in God's revelation lies confes
sedly at the foundation of all that tends to
man's highest good. If God has made a
revelation, and man rejects it, he does him
self and those whom he can influence the
greatest possible injury. For he does all in
his power to divert man from the great su-

Revelatioti atid Protestatitistti. 199
pernatural destiny to which he is called. Any
thing, then, which shakes confidence in re
vealed truth is of the greatest possible evil to
society, and could hardly be ascribed to God.
Now, we say that such was the result of Pro
testantism. It took away from mankind the
living teacher on whose words for genera
tions the faithful had rested, and it gave no
substitute. It remitted men to the Bible,
there to learn their faith, but gave no suffi
cient proofs of the inspiration of the Scrip
tures, nor any unerring clue to their interpre
tation. The motives of credibility which
reason demands for assenting to a revelation
were all taken away, or so confused that they
lost their power to persuade. Upright men
asked for clear explanations and arguments
in favor of Christianity, and received nothing
satisfactory, and so gave up all in disgust.
Reason, shocked with the discordance and

200 Revelatioti atid Protestantistn.
antagonism which characterized the profes
sors of the new system, recoiled upon blank
infidelity. Change after change passed over
the scene, as every day marked the birth of
some new theory, or the organization of some
new church. Thus may really be attributed
to the reformation, the divisions which now
prevail among Christians, the scepticism and
indifference which reign wherever that religi
ous movement has had sway. Can God be
called the author of such confusion, or will
any one honestly say that such a state of
things is pleasing to Him who is Truth un
changing and Mercy ineffable ? Is it of no
consequence that disunion and uncertainty
as to all the essentials of Christian belief are
the inseparable characteristics of Protestan
tism wherever it is to be found ?
2. As faith in the divine being is the
foundation of morality, we would naturally

Revelation and Protestatitistn. 201
look for serious results upon the morals of
men wherever it is attacked or subverted.
Nothing sooner flows into the Hfe of man
than any resistance to the divine light. We
are far from accusing Protestants of immo
rality, nor do we accuse them of consistency
with their own principles. The majority of
them are little concerned with theories, and
many never reflect upon the creed they have
received from their parents or associates.
But the tendency of their system is to infi
delity, and the tendency of infidelity is to
immorality. The forgetfulness of God in
the daily concerns of life leads at once to the
practical denial of His moral government.
We charge this denial to Protestantism, and
we find in it many fruitful sources of immo
rality. It shakes, by its system of negations,
all our confidence in the great facts of reve
lation ; and as these facts can be overlooked

202 Revelatioti and Protestantism.
by no Intelligent mind, it introduces doubt
Into all man's relations with his Maker. By
many the divine providence Is reduced to an
inexorable fate, and by nearly all Protestants
the value of good works is denied. The
doctrine of retribution In a future state has
ceased to be held by some of the new sects ;
while the Ideas of hell and purgatory are dis
missed as the dreams of ancient and un
enlightened days. Exhortations to virtue are
often founded solely on self-love, wherein we
are taught that man is happier if he break
not the laws of his being. Secret sins, known
only to God and the sinner, do not enter into
the common estimate of vice, while all notion
of penance or austerity is laughed at as the
delusion of weak or superstitious minds.
Under these circumstances, it can hardly
be alleged that Protestantism leads to high
morality; and the real virtue which we see

Revelation atid Protestantistti. 203
among its followers is owing to the doctrines
which they hold in common with the Catholic
Church, and to the grace of God which would
guide them to a better and truer faith. The
principle of private judgment is the logical
foundation of infidelity, while among Catho
lics the immorality which exists is due simply
to the transgression of the plain commands
of their religion, for which the church can In
no way be made responsible.
3. Society, as constituted by Christian prin
ciples and enlightened by supernatural faith,
owes its existence to the Catholic Church.
The rights and duties springing from the re
lations of the individual to the family and to
the state are all established by the law of
Christianity, The dignity of woman, the
sacredness of marriage, the principle of sub
jection to lawful authority, are evident by the
sanctions of revelation, and the church which

204 Revelation and Protestantism.
converted the world from barbarism and the
dark superstitions of paganism is the founder
of order and the mother of all true social
progress. Any movement which disturbs the
columns on which society rests is fruitful of
untold evils. If then, the Protestant reforma
tion has shaken the principle of obedience to
just authority, and opened the way to license,
if under the holy name of liberty, it has kin
dled the fires of revolution, then has it laid the
axe to the very root of society and given its
voice in favor of anarchy. If it has taken
from the sanctity and indissolubility of the
marriage bond, by lowering that divinely
appointed relation to a mere human contract
from which the parties can be freed by human
tribunals, then has it uprooted the very foun
dations of social order. We leave the candid
student of history to determine these ques
tions of fact, and in the light of events trans-

Revelation and Protestatitism. 205
piring every day around us, to judge where
the evils which threaten the destruction of
the family and the state shall find their pro
per remedy. The experience of three hun
dred years ought to be a faithful teacher, if
men would only listen and reflect.
Certainly the doctrines of Protestantism
can bring no evidence of divine sanction by
the fruits of their influence upon the world.
They have done their most to do away with
revealed truth, to produce doubt as to all
things supernatural, to lead men to infidelity,
and so to introduce disorder into all the re
lations of life. Such doctrines with such re
sults cannot be from God, the ever prolific
source of harmony and beauty, who in all
His works showeth forth not only the glory
of His power, but also the perfection of His
wisdom.

206 Revelation atid Protestatitism.
IV.
We have seen in a former lecture that a
true revelation from God ought to have the
means of extending Itself and preserving its
vitality from age to age. We have also
proved that it would be against reason to
suppose that God would introduce into the
world, by signs and wonders, a revelation,
and then allow it to die away or be lost in
the confusions of opinion. As every tree
came from the divine hand having Its seed
in itself so the more glorious fabric of high
and holy truth must have the principle of
life in its own bosom. Reason could suggest
to us no other way of teaching mankind than
by the lips of a competent teacher, and there
fore, where such an instrumentality is want
ing, how shall the mind be enlightened ?
This leads us to our concluding test, with

Revelation atid Protestatitistn. 207
which we shall leave our present argument.
Protestantism has no unerring teacher, no
body of essential doctrine, is ever subject to
variations which are destructive of all faith,
and, therefore, has no vitality and cannot be
a messenger from on high.
I . As we have fully shown, there can be no
teacher where the individual mind is made
the judge of the intrinsic credibility of every
truth proposed. And, in fact, among Pro
testants all Infallibility is denied in express
words ; and, even if the Scriptures be admit
ted infallible, an unerring interpreter is not
to be found. We conclude at once that he
who does not teach infallibly does not teach at
all, and that where infallibility does not exist
there is no teacher in the strict sense of the
word. There was no such authority among
Protestants in the beginning, and there is
no provision for continuing it even if there

2o8 Revelation and Protestantistn.
had been. No line of teachers exists, since.
In all the reformed churches, power flows
from the flock to the pastor — from below, and
not from above. All distinction between the
priesthood and the laity by any divine ap
pointment, is removed. The people have as
much right to study the Scriptures as the
pastors. The idea of a commission from
God to a body of teachers, having power to
confer their own powers upon their successors,
was abandoned at the very first stage of the
Reformation. This was a necessary step to
justify the secession from Catholic Christen
dom and the renunciation of the ministry
regularly descended from the apostles of
Christ. In the various churches which were
then constituted, the election of the ministry
came from the people, or was assumed with
out any external call, and, although some of
these organizations have continued to the

Revelation atid Protestatitistn. 20g
present time, they have been subject to the
most essential variations. There is no con
tinuity of life in Protestantism, no power to
reproduce its like. And we are not aware
of any one of the reformed churches which
claims to teach with authority. If even
Luther, Calvin, Cranmer, and Melancthon
were inspired men, there Is no one to repre
sent them at this day, no one who bears the
credentials of mission from them, while, in
the confusion of claimants upholding dif
ferent opinions, the inquirer for truth meets
with no definite answer. We do not see
how he can find a response to the question,
"What shall I do to be saved?"
2. Not only is there no teacher whose
word is reliable, but there is not even a creed
or body of essential doctrine. We argue
strictly when we give to Protestants all the
liberty which they claim, and decide that no

2IO Revelation atid Protestantism.
man and no sect has a right to dictate to
another. Comparing, therefore, the testi
monies of the various sects, we find no body
of truth to which all agree. In fact, we do
not find one single doctrine to which all
subscribe, and, as we are not willing to set one
above another, we have no test whatever of
orthodoxy. Where, then, is the revelation of
Christ? What is Protestantism, that we
may define and know it ? We return to our
first assertion. It Is a system which denies
certain truths, which proposes nothing what
ever to faith, a system of negations which
can consistently present nothing positive to
the mind. Where, then, there can theoreti
cally be no doctrine to be taught, there is no
place for a teacher.
3. Any variation in teaching is an argu
ment against the authority proposing a dog
ma, and Is destructive of the dogma itself

Revelation and Protestatitistn. 2 1 1
If the first reformers had no mission from
God for the extraordinary work they under
took, they were the most miserable of impos
tors. If they had such mission, the truths
they taught were divine and unchangeable.
Any departure from these truths supposes
either the introduction of error, or that the
original teachers were not from God. Va
riations therefore break down the whole sys
tem, and leave no foundation whatever for faith.
The prophet that hesitates or vacillates In the
message he has to deliver is no apostle from
on high. His confusions mark the heresiarch
and the seducer. Now, we are bold enough
to declare, first. That all the leaders of the
Reformation hesitated in their utterance of
doctrine, and were subject to strange varia
tions of opinion. Which is the true Protestan
tism, that which they began, or that which
they left?

212 Revelatioti atid Protestatitism.
Secondly. So great and radical changes
have passed over the face of reformed Christi
anity, that there no longer exists the Protes
tantism which they begun or left. Old age
does not necessarily destroy identity; but
here we have nothing to remind us of what
has been, save the denial of the Catholic
religion and the assumed right of private
judgment. We do not know how the honest mind can
find the motives of faith In such a system,
and do not wonder that, failing to see any
traces of divine authority, it falls, where so
many have been wrecked, in blank infidelity.
Judged by the true signs of vitality, Protes
tantism has no life, no ability to contend with
the decay which attends all the ravages of
time, and no prospect of a future. The evils
which it has engendered may live from age
to age, and be fruitful of manifold results in

Revelatioti and Protestatitistti. 213
intellectual and spiritual ruin ; but itself the
parent of disorder and infidelity, has changed
its face with the shifting of each scene, and its
constant variations mark the power of death
which has dominion over all human things.
Here, then, we rest the argument which
establishes that there is no connection be
tween divine revelation and Protestantism.
Viewed as a system in the abstract, or as
existing in the various sects which bear its
banner, it has not even one mark by which
the reason can know it as the work of God.
Tried by the fair conclusions of the under
standing, it has already been condemned as a
tissue of inconsistencies which no rational
mind can accept. Will it be believed that
they who have not one reasonable ground of
belief not one foot on which to stand, attempt
to array reason against the Catholic faith, as
if stern logic did not utterly confound their

214 Revelatioti atid Protestatitistn.
every position ? Would to God that the
earnest and sincere would but open their
eyes to the plain deductions of reason, and
follow the teachings of their own intelligence.
It would lead them to eschew contradictions,
to cast aside prejudice unworthy of any
reasonable mind, and to fear not truth in any
phase in which it presents itself Protestant
ism can never be made to bear the stamp of
divine revelation, and the attempt so to repre
sent it before mankind will end in disbelief
of all things supernatural and contempt for
all religion. History is our witness that we
do not exaggerate. God hath set His signs
high in heaven, that they may fail not to
stand as lasting testimonies ; and the light of
nature leads to that of grace, and reason
guides to the threshold of faith. In aU, God
guides the soul formed in His own image,
Himself the unchanging truth, the great end,
and sovereign rest of His creatures.

Lecture V.
JIeyelation and the Catholic Church.

E approach the end of our short
discussion. Having called reason
and nature to our aid, we have
been able to determine the conditions of a
revelation, and by them we have tried Pro
testantism, and have not found one proof or
one sign of the divine sanction. Nothing
remains but to test, in the same manner, the
Catholic Church, If she will not stand these
tests, then she must be discarded. If she
satisfies all these conditions of reason, then
every rational man must confess her to be

2i6 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
the messenger of truth, the house of God and
gate of heaven.
Let us proceed, as in our last lecture, to
define the Catholic Church, to examine her
constitution, that we may know if she has the
qualities necessary to a teacher, to ask for
the proofs of her divine mission, and to de
termine whether she has a true vitality with
the promise of perseverance in the future.
I.
The Catholic Church is that one body of
Christians which, recognizing Christ as her
founder and invisible head, recognizes the
successor of St. Peter as her head upon earth,
and is, therefore, bound together by the most
rigid unity. She Is called sometimes the Holy
Roman Church, not on account of any na
tionality, for she is essentially Catholic, but on

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 217
account of her relations to the Apostolic See
and her august pastor. Throughout the
world she is easily known by all men, having
everywhere an unmistakable identity. No
counterfeit has been able to retain either her
name or image. Subject to various for
tunes, time has not weakened her strength
nor taken from her vigor. Schisms and
heresies have arisen, but have been unable
to mar her unity or disturb the distinctness
of her teaching. No one has ever mistaken
any thing else for her. Ancient eastern sees
have rebelled against her authority, and
wandered from her sheltering arms ; yet in
their faded and lifeless fires no one can re
cognize the unction of Pentecost, and the
quickening breath of the Word made Flesh.
Men put on her garments and borrow her
majestic ceremonial, yet the sober world
looks on as at the mimicry of the stage or

2i8 Revelatioti and the Catholic Church.
the pantomime of the humorous. The lion's
skin does not make the lion, nor the dress
the man. That which she is, nothing else
can be, and in her kind she stands solitary,
without a rival. It is a fact that she has
existed since the days of Christ, and that her
ministry descends in an unbroken line from
the Apostles. No fact is more evident than
this, and it is also admitted that for fourteen
centuries she was the only representative of
Christianity upon earth. The Reformation, as
Protestants have termed it, caused the falling
off" of large numbers of her priests and
people, but did not disturb her unity, shake
her doctrine, or discourage her in the work
of evangelizing the world. Misrepresenta
tion and calumny have turned many away
from her ; but above all she has persevered,
and stands before mankind at this day with
the same claims of divine mission that she

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 219
has ever made. There Is something wonder
ful in her power wherever she makes herself
known. No student of history can overlook
her, no thinking man can ignore her. She
is the most striking feature on the page of
time since the birth of Jesus Christ. All
the world knows that she professes to be the
one Church of God, to which all His pro
mises are made, the divinely inspired oracle ,
of truth to the nations. If such claims are
just, then there is the closest connection
between her and revelation, since she is its
keeper and expounder, " the pillar and
ground of the truth." Let us, with honest
minds, examine the proof she can give of so
high and Important a mission.
II.
Our former lectures, which have laid down
the relations of reason to faith, have removed

220 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
any preliminary difficulties which might be
raised as to the manner of God's revelation
or the mode which He may deem best for
its preservation. There is no reason what
ever why the Catholic Church should not be
that which she claims to be, and no repug
nance on the part of God that He should
make her such. All Is resolved into a ques
tion of fact, to be determined by evidence.
Before, however, we approach the proofs of
her divine mission, we must ask if she is
really a teacher, with the qualities of which
our reason has sh9wn the necessity. Here,
then, we shall find that she does teach;
that in so doing she discharges her office
with clearness subject to the comprehension
of any one, and with the assurance of an in
fallible authority ; and that she is easily ac
cessible to all mankind.
I. No one disputes the fact that the Catho-

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 221
lie Church is a teacher, maintaining certain
truths as necessary to salvation through the
merits of Jesus Christ. She realizes the
words spoken to the Apostles : " Go ye there
fore and teacli all nations, baptizing them in
the name of the Father, and of the Son, and
of the Holy Ghost."* Her principal office is
to uphold the faith which she has received,
and no one can be admitted to her com
munion or remain in her fold who does not
accept the truths which she delivers. In
these matters she proposes nothing to
opinion, but all to faith founded on the ve
racity of God. In matters not revealed there
is scope for speculation, but the reasonable
mind can only believe that which the divine
voice declares to be true, and therefore be
yond the reach of doubt. Such is the cha
racteristic of the Catholic Church, and we are
* St. Matthew xxviii. 19.

222 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
not acquainted with any other body that
teaches in like manner.
2. In the method of her teaching we also
find clearness and distinctness, which leave
no room for misapprehension. There is no
hesitation as to the truth revealed, no pro
posal to excite doubt or stimulate investiga
tion. She does not say to the inquirer, " I
will give you the benefit of my opinion, and
then leave you to judge for yourself" She
simply answers, " This is the truth, fixed and
certain, because it has been taught by God,
who cannot deceive nor be deceived." From
that sacred trust no temptation has induced
her to swerve. There is not a Catholic in all
the earth who is left in any uncertainty, since
the doctrines of revelation are as explicitly
contained in the smallest catechism as in the
most labored theology. The youngest child
has aU that the most learned scholar has of

Revelation atid the Catholic Church. 223
essential truth, and the perfect accord which
prevails throughout her whole communion
shows that she does teach with distinctness.
When, through the frailty of men, errors arise,
she is quick to detect and expose them, so
that in her wide-spread borders there can be
no jarring voice, no discord to mar the har
monies of her creed. So far she is just what
man needs — a guide which never vacillates,
answering distinctly the great questions of
the soul, and leading the mind to certitude,
and therefore to peace.
3. All this would, however, be of no use,
nay, it would be fraught with the greatest evil,
if she were not an infallible teacher. With
out unmistakable authority she would only
lead men into error, and perhaps hopeless
blindness. We trust that It has been suffi
ciently shown that God must teach infallibly if
He teach at aU, and that therefore any agency

224 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
which He employs is necessarily kept from
error. That can be no agency of His which
supports falsehood or conducts to vice.
There has been much unnecessary miscon
ception upon this point so evident to reason.
The infallibility which the church claims, re
sults from the fact that God was her founder,
and that He promised to guide and keep her
in the mission on which He sent her. He
sent her to teach, and therefore was bound to
prevent her teaching error in His name.
" You have not chosen me," said our Lord to
the Apostles, " but I have chosen you, and
have appointed you, that you should go, and
should bring forth fruit, and your fruit should
remain."* " When the Spirit of truth shall
come. He shall teach you all truth."! It was
of the highest interest to Jesus Christ Him-
*St. John XV. i6, fSt. John xvi, 13,

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 225
self that the doctrines He came at so much
cost to teach should be maintained pure
among men whom He came to redeem, and
that His revelation should not die out, as
such a failure would be an argument against
His divinity. Therefore, in perfect consist
ency, the Catholic Church claims infallibility,
the first and most essential requisite of a
teacher of supernatural truth.
4. The church is so accessible to us that
reason itself could not devise any way by
which God could more easily teach mankind.
No one man could reach the entire world, no
line of individual teachers could be heard by
all tribes and tongues. But here a vast
society spreads itself throughout the earth,
and takes of every nation into its bosom, and
sends its messengers to every clime. In
Catholicity, unity is still preserved, that so the
one voice may speak everywhere, and that in

226 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
all lands one faith may be preached. We
confess that all this presupposes the constant
exercise of divine power. But are we not
speaking of things supernatural, of God's
way of making known His revelation to men ?
Are we, then, not to expect the continual aid
of that same Almighty hand which proposed
at first to intervene for man's salvation?
Are we not by " one Spirit baptized into one
body" ? Is not the Church called " the body
of Christ, the fullness of Him who filleth all
in all" ? If we abandon the supernatural
character of the agency by which revelation
is preserved, we may as well abandon revela
tion itself So far, therefore, as reason can
guide us, it shows to us that the Catholic
Church has all the qualities of a teacher, and
is fit for the office of instructing mankind.
Her perfect unity, which no vicissitudes have
been able to break, speaks everywhere of one

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 227
unchangeable faith in utterances too plain to
be misunderstood. No one can be at any
loss where to find her, nor in any doubt as to
what her teaching is. There Is nothing on
earth to be compared to her. Her existence
is a great fact which no intelligent mind can
ignore, and if she be not a divine teacher,
there is none upon earth. There is no other
body which even claims her office, and hence
we are left to the conclusion that either she
must be from God or that He has no repre
sentative upon earth. III.
The Catholic Church, then, appears before
us with all the qualities necessary to be the
agency in making known and preserving
God's revelation. So far, we find nothing
which offends our reason ; but, on the con-

228 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
trary, many things which answer to the very
demands of our nature.
But will she be able to present the world
with proofs of her divine mission such as we
have shown to be sufficient? This is the
great question, which we propose now to
settle, and in such a manner as shall carry
conviction to every honest mind,
I. In the remarks we are about to make,
we shall refer to the Scriptures as authentic
histories of facts, waiving altogether for the
moment the question of their inspiration.
The Catholic Church builds her claims on
the divinity of Jesus Christ, her founder.
Several important inquiries at once arise in
relation to these claims which ought to be
examined before we proceed to the proofs
which are given by miracles. These inqui
ries are. Who is Jesus Christ ? Did He found
the Catholic Church, and for what purpose ?

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 229
Did He promise that it should continue to
the end of time ? Is the body known as the
Roman Catholic Church the identical one
which He founded ?
In reply to the first question, we declare
that Jesus Christ is God and Man in one
person ; that there was no doubt of His man
hood, and that, being perfect Man, He pro
fessed to be God ; that He is the second
person of the Holy Trinity, incarnate, or the
eternal Word made flesh. We need ad
vance no proofs to show that He was man,
since his life is a matter of the world's his
tory, and His ignominious sufferings are
written on its saddest page. That He was
God also. His words and acts sufficiently
proved. " No man hath ascended into heaven, but
He that descended from heaven, the Son of
man who is in heaven. . . , For God

230 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
so loved the world as to give His only be
gotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him
may not perish but have life everlasting."*
" The Jews sought the more to kill Him,
because He did not only break the Sabbath,
but also said that God was His Father,
making Himself equal to God. . , . Then
Jesus said. As the Father raiseth up the
dead and giveth life, so the Son also giveth
life to whom He will. For neither doth the
Father judge any man, but hath committed
all judgment to the Son, that all men may
honor the Son as they honor the Father.
He who honoreth not the Son honoreth not
the Father who hath sent Him."!
" Amen, amen, I say unto you, before
Abraham was made I am,"t
" Dost thou believe in the Son of God ?
* St, John iii. 13-16,
t St. John V. 18-23. X St. John viii. 53.

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 231
He answered and said. Who is He, Lord, that
I may believe in Him ? And Jesus saith to
him, Thou hast both seen Him, and it is He
that talketh with thee."*
" I and the Father are one."! " He that
seeth me seeth the Father also."t
To these plain words of Jesus Christ we
add the language of St. John :
" In the beginning was the Word, and the
Word was with God, and the Word was God.
. . . And the Word was made flesh and dwelt
among us, and we saw His glory, the glory
as of the only-begotten of the Father, full of
grace and truth."§
The burden of His accusation before the
Jews, was blasphemy in that He had declar
ed Himself the Son of God, and this was
the title which He assumed, and which was
* St. John ix. 35-7. t St. John x. 30.
X St. John xiv. 9. § St, John i. i, 14.

232 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
even affirmed beneath the cross. So says St.
Paul in his epistle to the Hebrews. " God
having spoken on divers occasions, and
many ways, in times past, unto the fathers, by
the prophets : last of all, in these days hath
spoken to us by His Son, whom He hath ap
pointed heir of all things, by whom also He
made the world."*
That the claims of Jesus Christ were true is
abundantly proved by His miracles, wrought
so many times and in the presence of nume
rous and competent witnesses. The evidence
of these miracles is unquestionable, and must
be received by every honest mind on the
plainest principles of reason. His own death
and resurrection were predicted by Himself
and took place precisely according to His
words. The greatest of all miracles was His
*E. Hebrews i, 1-2,

Revelatioti and the Catholic Church. 233
resurrection, of which there are testimonies
such as no one can refuse to accept. As He
died publicly on a cross, so He rose from the
grave in the presence of the guard who were
watching His sepulchre, and was seen and
known by many and indubitable witnesses.
Therefore, on the simplest principles of evi
dence, no one can doubt that He was pre
cisely what He professed to be — the Son of
God, made man for our salvation.
The second question admits of an easy
answer. The Scriptures record the fact that
the Church was established by Him, and for
the purpose of teaching the world the truths
He came to make known.
" And it came to pass in those days that
He went out into a mountain to pray, and
He passed the whole night in the prayer of
God, and when it was day He called His dis-

234 Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church.
ciples, and He chose twelve of them whom
also He named Apostles."*
" And if he will not hear the Church, let
him be unto thee as the heathen and the publi
can. Amen, I say unto you, whatsoever ye
shall bind upon earth, it shall be bound also
in heaven ; and whatsoever ye shall loose upon
earth. It shall be loosed also in heaven."!
" And I say to thee (Simon) that thou art
Peter, and upon this rock will I build my
Church, and the gates of hell shall not pre
vail against it."t
The Acts of the Apostles record the forma
tion and constant increase of the Church
which Jesus Christ established.
" And the Lord added daily to their society
(that of the Apostles) such as should be
saved."§ * St. Lulfe vi. 12, 13. fSt. Matthew xviii 16. 17.
X St. Matthew xvi, 18. § Acts ii. 47.

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 235
" Take heed to yourselves, and to all the
flock, over which the Holy Ghost hath placed
you bishops, to rule the Church of God,
which He hath purchased with His own
blood."* These texts, with many others which might
be quoted, leave no doubt of the fact that
Christ founded a Church and provided all
the necessary means for its existence. The
purpose for which He established it, is also
plainly shown by the same historical testi
mony. " All power is given unto me in heaven
and on earth. Go ye, therefore, and teach all
nations ; baptizing them In the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost; teaching them to observe all things
whatsoever I have commanded you."!
* Acts XX, 28, fSt, Matthew xxviii, 18-20.

236 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
" When He, the spirit of truth, shall come,
He shaU teach you all truth."*
" The house of God, which is the Church
of the living God, the pillar and ground of
the truth."!
Jesus Christ came as a teacher to reveal to
man the way of salvation through His blood.
There is no doubt, then, that the end of the
Church which He formed is to make known
to all mankind the blessed truths which He
taught. But, thirdly, was it His intention that this
Church should continue to the end of time ?
If the object of His coming into the world
was to reveal to men new and saving truths,
and if the end of the Church was to teach
those truths to the successive generations of
mankind, then by the plainest deductions of
* St. John xvi. 13, 1 1 St, Timothy iii. 15,

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 237
reason, the Church ought to continue until
the work for which it was instituted is accom
plished. It is absurd to suppose that Christ
died and sent out His Apostles for the bene
fit of only one age, leaving all who were to
come after without any guidance, and in
danger of forgetting all He had taught at so
great a cost. Whatever He did, must have
been for the advantage of the whole world,
as the evangelist tells us. He was " the true
light, that enlighteneth every man that
cometh into the world." But we are not
left even to the evident deductions of rea
son ; we have the words of Christ Himself
assuring us that His Church shall never
fail. " Upon this rock will I build my Church ;
and the gates of hell shall not prevail against
it."* * St. Matthew xvi. 18.

238 Revelatioti and the Catholic Church.
" Behold, I am with you all days, even unto
the consummation of the world." *
" I have chosen you and appointed you,
that you should go and bring forth fruit, and
that your fruit should remain." !
As to the question whether the Roman
Catholic Church is the identical church
which Jesus Christ founded, we very briefly
reply. It is the lineal successor of that
church, having all its essential notes, unity,
catholicity, apostoUcity, and sanctity. The
uninterrupted succession of bishops can at
once be traced to the Apostles, while there
are many testimonies of identity, as, for ex
ample, the series of fathers and doctors, the
decrees of councils, general and particular,
and monuments of a complete ecclesiastical
unity. There have been heresies and
schisms ; but as revolutions in states and even
* St. Matthew xxviii. 20. f St. Jolin xv. 16.

Revelation atid the Catholic Church. 239
secessions of provinces do not impair the
identity of a kingdom, so no divisions have
ever been able to break the unity of the
Catholic Church. It alone has prescription
and any just claims to antiquity. Attempts
to identify any of the reformed bodies with
the ancient ecclesiastical organization, are
singular failures, both logically and histori
cally. Again, the Roman Catholic Church is the
only body existing with the necessary quali
ties of unity in discipline and infallibility in
teaching. The fact that no one of the Pro
testant churches makes claim to such quali
ties is sufficient proof that they are all of
human origin, and, therefore, in no way
formed by the hands of Jesus Christ. And
so we come to the conclusion that either the
Roman Catholic Church Is the church which
our Lord established or that there is no such

240 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
church on earth. There was a long time
when all who professed themselves Chris
tians acknowledged the office and powers
of that church, for there was no other Chris
tian communion in the world. And in these
latter unhappy days of dissent, there is no
rival which even pretends to be what that
church is, or assumes to teach men with au
thority from God. We cannot admit that
the church which Jesus Christ founded has
become corrupt, or ceased to exist, without
making His words untrue ; and if we make
Him guilty of ignorance or falsehood, we
cannot believe Him to be God ; and if we do
not believe Him to be God, as He profess
ed to be, we actually declare Him an im
postor, and the whole fabric of Christianity
falls to the ground. Nay, even more, the
principles of reason and the laws of evidence
are also subverted, and man becomes a seep-

Revelatioti and the Catholic Church. 241
tic, without light and without God. So
closely connected are the first truths of re
velation with the claims of the Catholic
Church that, to an honest mind, they really
stand or fall together.
We are now prepared to examine the
proofs which can be given to show the di
vine mission of the Catholic Church, accord
ing to the tests laid down in the preceding
lectures. Having shown the continuity of
this church with the revelation introduced
into this world by Jesus Christ, we proceed
in regular order.
I. Miracles are necessary, in the beginning
of any supernatural intervention from God,
to authenticate the messenger employed by
Him. A revelation once established by in
dubitable evidence needs no further authen
tication. It stands for ever, and the precepts

242 Revelatioti and the Catholic Church.
it enjoins are binding until their abrogation
by divine authority manifested under the
same nature of proofs. Jesus Christ was
the founder of the Catholic Church, as we
have demonstrated, and His mission was
abundantly attested by miracles more fre
quent and remarkable than those of any pro
phet who had preceded Him. His Apostles,
also, who were sent in His name, worked
many and remarkable miracles in the pre
sence of witnesses hostile to their religion
and totally indisposed to deceive. The fact
that these wonders were wrought is gener
ally admitted as a matter of history, and can
not be honestly contradicted. We have,
then, sufficient evidence to put beyond all
question the divine mission of Christ and
His Apostles
The church, therefore, which owes its ex
istence to their labors has the full weight of

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 243
the evidence which authenticated them. It
must in reason be admitted the teacher of
truth until, by the same proofs, a new mes
senger be substituted in its place. On no
other principles can the miracles of Jesus
Christ and His Apostles be made to bear
upon any system of Christianity existing at
this day. For Christianity, introduced into
this world by means of a founder whose
deeds are part of human history, must have
an historical life, and be treated as the rigid
continuation of the mission of Christ. He
who asserts that the Catholic Church is not
the lineal successor of the church established
by Christ asserts, at the same moment, the
failure, and at an early day, of the revelation
made known through Him, and the utter in
competency of the means He employed.
Yet, unnecessary as they are to rigid evi
dence, miracles have never ceased in the

244 Revelation and the Catholic Church.
ages all along to testify to the divine char
acter of the church. They have occurred in
every age, and even in our own day. Even
unbelievers have admitted this, and though
they have sometimes referred them to arts of
designing men, yet, in any well-attested case,
there has been no evidence of such arts, and
no possibility of their exercise if there had
been any disposition to deceive. Miracles,
such as these we allude to, have happened in
public sight and before witnesses every way
competent, and have been of such a nature
that no human power could have produced
them. Not one saint is added to the calen
dar of the church without the evidence of
miracles wrought through his means. And
the testimony is sifted and tried by every
ingenuity, lest there should be deception or
mistake of the imagination. Persons unac
quainted with the processes of the Catholic.

Revelatioti and the Catholic ClnircJi. 245
Church would be surprised at the rigor with
which the evidence of any thing supernatural
is treated, and at the length of time occupied
in such investigations. If the well-substan
tiated miracles of the church be not admit
ted, then nothing superhuman can be allowed.
The wonderful works of Christ and His
Apostles have no stronger weight of testi
mony. We have heard of those who are
willing to receive only the miracles recorded
in the Scriptures, and at once reject all
others because they are not there mentioned.
We need not say that any honest mind will
see at once that such a course is the fruit of
ignorance and prejudice, and contrary to
every dictate of reason.
We find, therefore, the Catholic Church
to have been weU authenticated at her founda
tion, ahd that, through the centuries of her
existence, she has given many and unmis-

246 Revelatioti and the Catholic Church.
takable proofs of her divine character. In
this respect, as in many others, she stands
solitary and alone, having no rival on earth.
2. The testimony of prophecy is not want
ing to confirm the divine character of Jesus
Christ and His Church. In the first place,
the prophets of the old law had distinctly
predicted His generation of the Blessed Vir
gin, His office, and His sufferings, and these
predictions were exactly fulfilled in Him and
in no other person.
" The Lord himself shall give you a sign.
Behold, a Virgin shall conceive, and bear a
son ; and shall call his name Emmanuel,"*
" A child is born unto us, and a son is
given unto us, and the government shall be
upon His shoulder, and His name shall
be called Wonderful, Counsellor, God the
* Isaias vii. 14.

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 247
mighty, the Father of the world to come,
the Prince of peace."*
" He was offered because it was His own
will, and He opened not His mouth. He
shall be led as a sheep to the slaughter, and
he shall be dumb as a lamb before His
shearer, and He shall not open His mouth."!
"And after sixty-two weeks Christ shall
be slain, and the people that shall deny Him
shall not be His. And a people with their
leader that shall come shall destroy the city
and the sanctuary. "t
Our Lord Himself gave many proofs of
His divine knowledge, not only in reading
the hearts of man, but in distinct predictions
of the future. Such were the prophecies
by which He foretold the nature and circum
stances of His passion and resurrection, the
* Isaias ix. 6, f Isaias liii, 7. | Daniel ix. 26.

248 Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church.
denial of St. Peter, the treason of Judas, the
dispersion of His disciples, and many similar
events. He predicted also the diffusion of
His Gospel throughout the Gentile world,
the perpetuity of the church which He was
to build upon Peter, the persecution and mar
tyrdom of His Apostles, Distinguished
among all is His wonderful prophecy of the
destruction of Jerusalem, which, by the testi
mony of heathen writers, was fulfilled to the
very letter. And even, three centuries after,
when Julian the Apostate endeavored to
rebuild the temple, the hand of God was
evident in the signs and wonders which ren
dered futile his blasphemous audacity.
There can, therefore, be no doubt that Jesus
Christ was a true prophet, and that His
words are to be taken in their literal sense
as the words of God. The system which He
founded cannot fail, and the church which

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 249
He established rests on His divine autho
rity. That the gift of prophecy has been pour
ed out at various times upon many members
of His Church there can be no doubt ; and
although this has not been for the authenti
cation of a revelation already made and suf
ficiently attested, yet it has always been in
confirmation of Catholic faith, and to the
exaltation ofthe true religion.
3. The progress of the Catholic Church
has been so wonderful that this alone, under
all the circumstances, is proof of her divine
origin. We find arrayed against her all hu
man power, and every kind of opposition, both
moral and physical. Her origin from a Jew
crucified in extraordinary ignominy ; the
condition of twelve rude fishermen who were
her Apostles ; the nature of her doctrine, in
volving mysteries on the one side, and on
the other declaring constant war against hu-

250 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
man passions, and inculcating precepts diffi
cult of observation ; the profession of Judaism
and heathenism for many ages ; the practices
of idolatry, with all the gross superstitions
that accompanied them — all these things con
spired to render the progress of Christianity
possible only by divine power. To this must
be added likewise the pride of philosophers,
the avarice of the priests, and the entire
strength of the civil arm employed to crush
out the ne-w reHgion by a wide-spread cruelty,
and a persecution unparalleled in the annals
of time. In spite of all these difficulties, the
Catholic Church took lasting root in Judea,
where her Master had been crucified, and,
passing the bounds even of Galilee, spread
throughout the Gentile world, and soon made
the capital of heathenism, from which the
proud Caesars ruled the world, the seat of its
chief bishop. The Apostles and the first

Rci'clation and the Catholic Church. 25 i
bishops became martyrs for the truth they
preached, and Christians everywhere were
subjected to exile and death ; yet above all
their religion triumphed. The civil power
was extended to crush it, the passions of men
were incensed against it, yet no force was
able to subdue its wonderful vitality. The
Apostles, relying upon the promises and
power of Christ, went through the nations
with the success of conquerors ; so that after
a few years St. Peter, St. James, and St. Jude
were able to write " Catholic Epistles" to the
whole world. St. Paul does not hesitate to
assert that the Gospel had- brought forth fruit
in the whole world, (Coloss. I. 6,) and that the
faith of the Romans was spoken of through
out the earth. (Rom. i. 8.) From the most
certain monuments we know that an immense
multitude of Christians flourished In the first
three ages, and that, after the most severe per-

252 Revelation attd the Catholic Church.
secution under Diocletian, in which the hea
then boasted that they would extinguish utterly
the religion of Christ, the greatest portion of
the Roman empire was united to the Catho
lic Church, Now, no one can attribute this
success to any human power, of which there
is no trace, and therefore it must be ascribed
to God alone, who, as He had many times
authenticated the Gospel by miracles, caused
it to live and increase by the still greater
exercise of His divine power. For in truth
the progress of the Christian religion is the
greatest of all miracles. The form in which
Christianity diffused itself was a yet greater
evidence of continual divine assistance, for
everywhere was preserved the most rigid
unity in faith and discipline. Heresies which
arose only proved the supernatural power of
the Church, which could detect and resist
them.

Revelatioti atid the Catholic Church. 253
The wonderful preservation of the Catholic
Church even to our own day, through the
terrible vicissitudes of nineteen centuries, is
another proof that she is the only representa
tive of Christianity, and that Jesus Christ, the
Son of God, was her founder. In the history
of the Catholic Church, we behold the per
petual spectacle of every kind of opposition
on the one side and continual triumph on the
other. She alone has wonderfully fulfilled
the prophecy, " Thy gates shall be open con
tinuaUy : they shall not be shut day nor night,
that the strength of the Gentiles may be
brought to thee, and that their kings may be
brought. For the nation and kingdom that
win not serve thee sh'aH perish."* " No wea
pon that is formed against thee shaH prosper."!
Against her have conspired the Jew and
* Isaias Ix. 11, 12. f Isaias liv. 17.

254 Revelatioti and the CatJwlic Church.
the Pagan, the Persian and the Islamite ; nume
rous sects of every kind, from the earlier here
tics to the more virulent divisions of Protest
antism ; wars without and contentions within.
And often arrayed on the side of these hostile
sects have been the most powerful kings, who
have left no means untried to extinguish the
Catholic religion. And yet the Church has
held her way In spite of every opposition, re
gaining in one age the children she lost in
another, and ever repairing her losses with a
superhuman vitality. There is no nation
nor kingdom which has lived any thing like
her memorable life, or been subject to her
strange vicissitudes. She has seen her
enemies one by one pass away before her
face, and even the monuments of their mighty
power have crumbled into dust. Surely
such a history as hers is an evidence of more
than human power, a proof that she alone is

Rcz'clatioti and the Catholic Church. 255
the inheritor of the graces and miracles of
Pentecost. And at this day, when men have
so often foretold her extinction, she appears
before the world with all the energy of youth
and every promise of perpetuity. She is the
only guardian of revelation, the only teacher
of a distinct and unalterable creed. Rational
ists call her obsolete amid the mighty
marches of modern society, but yet she
applies herself with vigor to the needs of
the age, and, judging from the past, she will
live and flourish when their vagaries are for
gotten. To our minds, the very existence of
the Catholic Church is one of the most strik
ing of miracles, one of the most convincing
of proofs that God is her founder. Were
man her author, she would have long ago
succumbed to the law of decay and the
terrible arms which have been used against
her.

256 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
4. The doctrines taught by the Catholic
Church are of such a nature, and their In
fluence upon mankind has been so beneficial,
that herein is found another proof of her di
vine mission. Her teaching is worthy of
God, and her discipline is formed to lead
men to the highest degree of perfection.
The mysteries which she proposes to our
faith elevate all our ideas of the divine
wisdom and mercy. They are entirely in
accordance with all we know of God in
nature, and they lead to an admiration and
love of Him which become intelligent crea
tures redeemed by the wonderful condescen
sion of their Creator. All her dogmas stand
upon the sole word of God, and yet they are
calculated in themselves to exalt man even In
the sphere of intellect.
And as for their influence on the heart
and Hfe of man, we need only say that they

Rci'clation and the Catholic Church. 257
tend directly to purify the soul from sin, to
lead It in the path of selfdenial and self
conquest, and so to union with the infinite
holiness. No reasonable mind would judge
of the Catholic religion from its unfaithful
members. Let any one look well to those
whose steps are ordered by the strict obser
vance of its precepts, and in them he shall
find purity, reverence of God, faith in His
providence, and every virtue. The power of
our religion goes down to the very inmost
recesses of the heart, and purifies the foun
tain whence human actions proceed. It
were vain to speak of individual lives, whose
exact merits are known to the omniscient
eye alone; but any one may judge of the
results, which are evident upon the face of
society. And the Catholic Church alone is
the promoter and mother of heroic virtue,
leading her children in the higher paths,

258 Revelation attd the Catholic Church.
from which the world in its fever of passion
shrinks back. She alone can point to a
noble army of martyrs, an unending train of
confessors, a holy choir of virgins, who have
counted all things but dross that they might
win Christ and follow closely His footsteps.
Let men reason as they may, they must ad
mit that here is a victory over the flesh, a
realization of the invisible and eternal, a high
morality of which no spirit of evil can be the
author. They who are led by the teaching
of the Catholic Church are trained in the
principles of faith and obedience which lie at
the foundation of all religion. And were
men more guided by her wise counsels, how
soon would the evils which menace social
order pass away, how quickly would be dis
pelled the errors which threaten to destroy
the hopes of all civil government ! Did time
allow, we might easily take up each portion

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 259 .
of the Catholic creed, and show its salutary
influence upon the human heart. While
man is lifted up toward his Maker, and
taught to look beyond the things of sense,
he loses nothing of his responsibility. Grace
extinguishes not the powers of nature, but
only elevates them, and enables man to do
good works meritorious of reward, in the
true and just probation which is to terminate
by an impartial judgment such as an Omnis
cient God alone can make. Here are all the
incentives to virtue that can be drawn from
the great motives of fear and love. With a
fixed and certain creed, with moral obliga
tions clearly defined, the Catholic has a plain
and simple course. If he fail of peace here
and happiness hereafter. It will be through
his own inexcusable fault. Before him is
continually placed the all-perfect example of
his Master, Jesus Christ, with Its divine les-

26o Revelation dnd the Catholic Church.
sons of patience, meekness, and self-sacrifice.
And around him are the many witnesses
who have gone before to animate and en
courage him by their good deeds — the saints
of the church, whose virtue the world itself
applauds, the teachers of all that is high and
holy. To the Catholic religion belongs the
honor of such lives, for she formed them in
her school, and from her inspirations they
drew their vigor and beauty.
Far different is it with Protestantism,
which has no distinctive features, no one
creed, no one school of morality. And the
virtue which is seen among its adherents is
really to be attributed to doctrines of the an
cient creed, which it has retained, rather than
to the denials or negative statements which
are Its peculiarity, and which, from their very
nature, can have no positive influence upon
the heart and life.

Revelation atid the Catholic Chmch. 261
IV.
We have only now to ask if the Catholic
Church, with all the qualities we have seen,
and the proofs of divine mission we have ex
amined, has a true life and the promise of
perseverance. In answer to this question we need only
argue from the past, and conclude that an
organization which has endured through so
many centuries and in spite of so many un
exampled persecutions will certainly with
stand any future attack which enemies visible
or invisible may bring against it. Nothing
but a divine power could have kept alive the
Catholic Church in the clash of conflicts
which have cast many a mighty kingdom
into oblivion. The same divine power will
preserve her to the end, and until her work is
accomplished. God's promises cannot fail.

262 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
and, as we have demonstrated, she alone is
the fulfilment of His gracious word.
And there is a characteristic of true vi
tality which belongs to her, and to nothing
else upon earth, which Is an unmistakable
sign of her divine origin. While the world
changes, and seasons show the power of
decay over all things human, she never
changes. She has ever the same doctrine,
the same exhortations to virtue, the same
way of dealing with souls. Her features are
ever the same, easily known, and strongly
marked ; and if you go back to the early day,
or seek for her in later days, you will find the
same unvarying faith, the same inflexibility
in teaching the word of life committed to her
trust. Her great communion spans the earth
from north to south, from east to west, and
yet her children are of one mind, one belief
and one hope. The Catholic is ever at home,

Revelation atid the Catholic Church. 263
whether he kneels before his lowly altar in
regions just converted to faith, or bows down
in the ancient temple where all around him
are the bright memories of the apostolic day.
The man of science and the unlettered
peasant meet together in the confession of
one glorious creed, not in accents of doubt,
but in the bold language of a faith more
certain than sight — faitfi which is " the sub
stance of things hoped for, the evidence of
things unseen."
Who can deny the work of God, or ven
ture to ascribe such concord to human
power? Who will not grant to the Catholic
Church the supernatural life which thus far
has marked her wonderful career, which has
distinguished her from every society which
has appeared on the page of history ?
"Behold, I am with you aH days, even
unto the consummation of the world."

264 Revelation atid the Catholic Church.
" Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my
word shall not pass away." If the Catholic
Church could have been destroyed, she would
long since have vanished from the earth.
Now, when she stands before us after eigh-
een centuries in all the vigor of youth, shall
she not persevere to the end to the glory of
Jesus Christ her founder, and the salvation
of men whom He redeemed ? Yes ; the only
witness which God has upon earth, the only
"piUar and ground of the truth," she shall
finish her glorious career, stand in her lot
amid every storm, and only deliver up her
great commission when Christ, her master,
shall come again to gather together His elect,
and establish His reign of everlasting peace.
Here, therefore, we conclude our brief dis
course. We have shown the nature and
sphere of both reason and faith, and by the

Revelation and the Catholic Church. 265
deductions of reason alone have been able to
know that God has made a revelation to man,
and that this revelation has been committed
to the Catholic Church, that through her we
may learn the divine purposes of grace and
the wisdom that leads to salvation. Here
are harmonized all that we have learned in
the light of nature, and by the more resplen
dent beams of grace. Here the soul which
thirsts for truth shall find itself satisfied. Here
the heart which yearns for God shall taste
the well-spring of delight. Oh ! that the sun
of righteousness would arise upon our belov
ed country, and guide minds honest and true
to the rest they long for, that the mists of
error and prejudice might melt away, and
display to the unquiet wanderer the home of
faith in its true beauty! His thanksgiving
would go up to God with the royal psalmist :
" This is my rest for ever and ever ; here will

266 Revelatioti and the Catholic Church.
I dwell, for I have chosen it." * " How lovely
are Thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts ! My
soul longeth and fainteth for the courts of the
Lord. My heart and my flesh have re
joiced in the living God. For the sparrow
hath found herself a house, and the turtle a
nest : Thy altars, O Lord of hosts, my king
and my God."!
* Psalm cxxxi. 14. f Psalm Ixxxiii, 1-4,

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