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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

province of Btitisb Columbia,

VANCOUVER CITY,

-ITS

Progress and Industries,

WITH PRACTICAL HINTS

-FOR-

Capitalists and Intending Settlers,

By D. OFPENHEIMER, Mayor.

Dancouvec :
NEWS-ADVERTISER : PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING, CAMBIE STREE'J

ANNUAL IVTEETING

Vancouver Board of Trade.

HELD MARCH 9th 1889.

PRESIDENTS REPORT.
It is exceedingly pleasant to me that I have occasion to congratulate you upon
our material advance in wealth and prosperity during the period of the last
t-welve months and I do not hesitate to predict that if we continue to use our ex-
.ertions as we have hitherto done, the realisation of our most cherished dreams is
not far distant and our phoenix-like young Terminal City will attain that promi-
¦nent rank amongst her sisters on the Pacific Coast, to which she is entitled by
her geographical position and other natural advantages.
The trade area with which we do business, is becoming more fully settled by
reason of the larger immigration which has been steadily pouring in. In ccnse-
.quence sales have augmented and although competition from the outside has been
very keen, the wholesale houses of -Vancouver have been fully able to hold their
•own against competitors both of the Pacific Coast and the Eastern Provinces.
Our Chinese and Japanese Trade is steadily on the increase as will be seen
by the Secretary's statistics, and the chances for a direct steamer connection with
the Australian Colonies via the Hawaiian Kingdom and New Zealand are growing
irom day to day, hi fact the steam communication without calling at Honolulu
has been settled.
It is to be regretted very deeply that a kind of apathy seems to have over
come the promoters of a submarine Cable from Australia to Canada, and it is to

8
be hoped that the previoti.5 efforts will gain reanimation. A cable with the Sand
wich Islands is a feature, the carrying out of Avhich appears to be an achievement .
<sl a near period. RAILROADS.
The railroad situation as compared with that of twelve months ago may be-
decidedly declared as "developing." The C. P. R. have been true to their wortL
in making Vancouver their terminus, of which the centralization of their work.
and machine shops, car factories &c. in the portion of our City called Yale town
gives the best proof. Further, this City will shortly become the connecting lmk_
between (1) The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. (2) The Kew West-
ininster and Southern Railway, {'i) The Gulf Railway across Seymour Xavrows
to Vancouver Island. (4) The Delta Railway, the preliminaries of which lines
are being rapidly pushed, so that de facto Vancouver cannot help becoming and
remaining the actual terminus of five Railway Systems on the Korth Pacific
Slope for transmission of freight and passengers to and from the Orient and j\u3-
tralia. It is therefore needless to say, that with these increased transportation
and terminal facilities our merchants will reach out for the trade of all districts
ramified by these Imes." VANCOUVER'S MANUFACTURES.
It is gratifying to be able to state that our industries are commencing to be
varied and extensive. Nearly all kinds of manufacturing are carried on. \^e-.
have: Smelting and Chlorinating Works, ilachine Shops, Car Factory, Foundry
and Iron Works, Boiler Shops, Carriage Factories, Lime Kilns, Brick Yards,
Furniture Factories, Cigar Factories, Breweries, Stove and Tin Ware Factories,.
Saw Mills, Shingle Mills, Candy Factory, Ship Yard and many others. The fol
lowing are under contemplation : Blast Fornaoe and Rolling Jlills, Sugar Refin
eries, Flouring Mills, Grist Mill, Manufactortes of Oil Clothing, Boots and thoes,,
i5ocks and Stockings, Tanneries, a Paper Mill &c. Yet v.itli all these industries
at hand, it should not be neglected further to give every possible encouragment.
to industrial and intending settlers in the shape of bonuses and other facilities
by which the City of Vancouver will be as much a gamer as the recipient of such
favors. During the last year there have been continuous enquiries from Great Bri
tain, tho United States and otlier Covuitries involved in the Iron Industry, about
the desirability of erecting within the limits of our City prominent imoortant in
dustrial establishments as for instance, Blast Furnaces and RoUinf Jfills. I am
happy to be able to state that there is every reasonable prospect for a speedy
realisation of even the most sanguine expectations iii this matter. The immense-
advantages which our City will derive from such enterprises are so evident that I
need not further enlarge upon the subject.
OUR RESOURCES
are not only varied but also abundant. There is .?cope for the introduction, •

9
=a,nd the employment of large Capital in developing not only agricultural and
pastural lands, but in searching for, and utilizing the vast and rich mineral de-
-_posits that exist all over the Province.
It is the obvious duty of the Government to induce the inflow of that capital,
and to make investors look witb eager eyes on these new fields of industry. So
--far little has been done in that direction, except by private enterprise, emanating
Jrom this Board of Trade, with some pecuniary assistance on the part of the
.Aldermanic Board of Vancouver. Let us see what has been done with regard to
'ithe following ii-nportant factors of our resources :
(a) Mining ;
(b) Lumber Industry ;
(c) Fisheries ;
<d) Sugar Beet Culture ;
(e) Fruit Culture. MINING DEVELOPMENT.
I look upon the development of Mining in this Province as one of our most
aiecessary requirements, and to aid in this subject, to the best of my abilitiesi
have prepa;-ed a pamphlet on the "Mineral Resources of British Columbia," which
will go forth in thousands of copies to all parts of the globe.
I trust that the new Council of the Vancouver Board of Trade will constantly
keep before them, and the public, the urgent necessity for fostering our natural
lesources in this respect ; as to that industry we must look to it as one of the
means which is to make this Province unparalleled for richness.
We are now, I may say, in the experimental stage of its development, but
¦once the matter has got into fall swing, there will come a time of such prosperity
to this City as the present generation little dream of.
Energetic work is now being undertaken by various private individuals and
Syndicates in this direction, and I have no doubt, that the introduction of many
new processes in smelting and chlorinating by the British Columbia Smelting Co.
¦ will result in the desired solution of the difficulty that has hitherto been en
countered in dealing with some of our refractory ores.
The successful passing of the "Bill to incorporate Foreign Mining Companies"
has been a step in the right direction, which will soon show its benefit to the
Province. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.
This industry has shown a remarkable growth during the year; every mill at,
and in the vicinity of our City, is running to its full capacity, many of them being
in operation day and night. Other large mills, whose operations will be exten
sive are in process of completio.n.

10
Our lumber is continually finding new markets, and its merits are .becoming
more and more appreciated. The local demand, of course, is large and increasing
as the Country fills up, but enormous quantities are shipped to Chma, Australia,
the Sandwich Islands, South America, the East Indies, and in fact to all coun
tries where woods indeginous to our climate are not to be found.
THE FISHERIES.
In addition to the existing Salmon Canning and^ Packing Companies and-
Establishments on the Fraser River, and to the North of Burrard Inlet, the deep
sea Fishery has commenced to attract the attention of expert fishermen of vari
ous nations. The last year has called into existence quite a fleet of local fishing
boats, which pursue their remunerative trade in the waters of the Gulf of Georgia,
and North West Coast, but make Vancouver their port, headquarters and market
ing place, where at the present time, and for all the year round, every imaginable
species of the finny tribe can be observed, from the Smelt to t'ne famous black
Cod ; from the Butter Flounders to the Halibut — ready for local consumption,
enticing those who eat to live, and enrapturing the epicure who lives to dine.
A great business has also commenced through the exportation of fresh fish,
packed in ice, and sent via the C. P. R. to eastern Canada, and the eastern Unit
ed States, "w-hich allows of great expansion and expectations for the future.
Not much advance has so far been made in the Oyster culture. This pecu
liar branch of industry still remains somewhat undefined. Yet it is to be hoped
that the right class of people will soon arrive amongst us, so that we need not
send East for the refreshing mollusc.
Experts with imported Lobsters have also proved futile so far.
SUGAR BEET CULTURE.
The ever increasing demand for sugar, and the great profits which are to be-
derived from the cultivation of the Sugar Beet Root, in comparison with sugar
cane, have led to experimenis with imported seed in our neighboring agricultu
ral districts and Municipalities. The results have been surprising, as may be
seen m the statistical notes on Analyses mado by Dr. A. P. Atken, Chemist to
the Highland and Agi-icultural Society of Scotland, Dr. Paul Hcrbing, Analyti
cal Chemist, Vancouver, B. C. , and Edward P. Dyer, Esq., Expert of Alvarado,
Cal. According to these reliable sources our exjjcrimental beets have, in many
instances even without proper attendance or treated by inexperienced hands,.
yielded a percentage of saccharine matter which is totally unknown in the old.
world. The explanation is to be found in tho virginity of our soil and our favor
able geographical position, as our mild climate permits to let the beet remain im
the soil after completed growth for two months longer than in Europe, the very
period for the accumulation of additional saccharine matter. To exemplify of

11
-•^vhat importance is the fostering of this industry as a mainstay of agriculture, I
-will submit in brief a calculation, based on a, comparison between 40 acres of
iSugar Beet and 40 acres of Wheat.
The cost of beet seed will be about 12 cents per lb.
It takes from 15 to 25 lbs. to sow an acre.
This makes the cost from SI. 80 to §3.00 per. acre for seed.
The average yield per acre of sugar beet is from 25 to 30 tons, yielduig in
-.sugar say 10 per cent.
In 25 tons there will be (say) 2i tons or 5,500 lbs. refined sugar per. acre.
Price for sugar beets is ^i.OO per. ton ; prices ranging according to percen-
'¦tage of saccharine matter.
This will give from -SlOO to S120 for the gross yield of land planted in beets.
Whereas Wheat at 50 pu.shels to the acre would only yield at Spl.OO, $45,
'which would bo an increase of 555 to .$75 per acre over the profits obtained on
wheat. Assuming the cost of ! )otli to be the same, with a very small farm a man
v,-ould easily' secure a good income, as 40 acres would give a net profit of ^2.200.
I should judge the estimated area of lands from Harrison River to the Pacific
Coast capable of Beet Culture to contain about 400,000 acres at $100 per acre
^or equal to $t3,030,0.X) as returns to the farmers.
Besides this return the industry v/ill give steady employment to about 40,000
men, and it -ivill further support many industries and the population incidental
thereto.
FRUIT GROWING.
The result of our fruit cxhiliifc at the Colonial Exhibition in London and the
Industrial Fairs of Toronto and London, Ont. , resulted in the visit ot one of Can
ada's most prominent men in this industry, Mr. Alex. McD Allan, President of
the Ontario Fruit Growers Association and a resident of Goderich, whom the
members had a chance of meeting on November 22d, 18S8 in these rooms. Mr
Allan at this meeting, tlie minutes of which will be submitted in the Secretary's
.¦report, so clearly convinced us of the imperative urgancy of promoting fruit cul
ture, in all its branches, that I thought it advisable to take the formation of a
"British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association" in hand, for which purpose close
upon 200 individual invitations were sent out. The Meeting, which was held in
these rooms on- Friday February 1st, to organise the Association, was a decided
success and resulted beyond all sanguine expectations in a consolidation of our
Fruit Growers' and Horticulturists' interests, in a well inaugurated and well
¦ officered Society, exceedingly representative of all parts of the Province.
At ray I'equest some very valuable information has been furnished me from
•different parts of the Provitice by interested aiid experienced parties, setting forth

12
urgent needs and requirements, on the strength of which I have prepared and sub'
mitted to the Hon. the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, a scheme for
the easier and more beneficial development of Fruit Culture, especially in theses
districts where the fruit raiser, in most instances a pre-eniptor, at this early stage"
of his strenuous efforts, is severely handicapped by the stringent land sale con--
ditions and the delay occasioned through the unavoidable clearing of the neces
sarily required ground.
The honorable gentleman in charge of our Lands has at once, in his ever-
ready manner, taken up the suggestions laid before him, and, if unf orseen obstacles
do not present themselves, the present Session of the House will witness the in
troduction of such Amendments to the Agricultural Act, as will enable fruit
growing pre-emptors to absent themselves from their lands during the developing
period of their fruit trees &c. , under conditions advantageous to both the settlers.
and the Government.
I trust that the new Council of the Vancouver Board of Trade will continue-
to render assista,nce to the new institution, which, to a certain extent, may be-
said to have sprung from it, and whose aims, although apparently running in other"
grooves, yet have the same object in view ; viz. — the future prosperity of our'
Province.
THE WORK DONE REVIEWED.
I will now in brief recapitulate what has been done by this Board duriiig the
elapsed twelve months and what still remains to be completed and lookediafter..
A grateful feeling ought to permeate us for the successful acquisition of some
very important matters at issue, and if a good deal has still been left uncompleted,.
we have only to continue putting our shoulders to the wheel and success will not
be far distant.
The Mechanics Lien Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly.
School accommodation has been improved.
The North Arm Bridge is under Contract,
A Savings Bank has been established.
A Mail Service to the North Arm has been started.
Post Office Letter Boxes have been fixed up in prominent parts of the City.
I have no doubt, but what some of the following items will be satisfactorily
dealt with by the Dominion and Provincial Legislatures, now in Session, as great
strain has been brought to bear on these Legislative Bodies, to effect a speedy
settling of the all important questions of i
Appointment of a Resident Judge.
Appointment of an Immigration Agent.
Erection of Immigration Sheds.
Erection of a Post Office and public buildings.
Cession of the False Creek Foreshore.
An interinsular Mail Subsidy.
Marine Hospital and Quarantine Station.
Land Registry Otfice.
Fortification of Burrard Inlet.

13
During the year this Board has had several interviews as a body with per
sons of importance and influence. Amongst the Official Visitors of the Vancou
ver Board of Trade we may especially mention . — The Deputy Minister of Marine,
Wm Smith. The Minister of Customs, Hon, McK. Bowell. Sir Fred, Middleton,
Alex McD. Allan, President Ont. F. G. Association. W. C. Van Home, Presi
dent C. P. R. , and others.
Each of these Officials have minutely dealt with the particular objects having
welcome reference to their special Departments, and it is to be hoped that the
representations made to them as to our City's wants will have the desired results.
As you are aware, Tho Street Railway is an accomplished fact, as far as the
preliminary work is concerned and the next six or eight months will see this im
portant means of communication in full working order, covering those parts of the
City within its limits, which are the most frequented ones.
A good deal has been said, written and spoken about the Fortification and
Defences of our harbor, and I feel confident that the efforts used in the interest of
this question will soon bear fruit.
The subsidy which has been asked by both the Provincial and Dominion
Governments for tho construction of Railways, branching from the C. P. R. to
the important mining districts of Nicola and Cariboo, have received due attention
at the handi of all interested in these projects, and I am glad to be able to say
that I am in possession of such reliable mformation as leads me to the belief, that
we may look forward to the giving out of fontracts for the construction of these
lines at an early period of the year after the Sessions have been closed.
The bridge over False Creek, and the Road to the North Arm have been
completed, and we majr look now to a general increase in the importation of Agri
cultural prodciee into the City. In fact the whole farming Districts are now in a
position to make our City their regular market, and as soon as our new market
house and weighing scales will be completed, there is no doubt but every farmer,
near and far, will be anxious to send his products to this convenient means of
exchange. In close connection with the development of our agricultural lands is the re
demption of the Pitt River Meadows, by which extensive scheme fully 20,000
acres of very fertile land in near distance from the City will be gained.
After the territory has been obtained from the Dominion Government, it
merely requires the working of this gigantic undertaking, which, being in compe
tent hands and under able management, is fast Hearing its entii-e completion.
I consider it the duty of this Bo.ard to continue the efforts made last year with
regard to a display of our resources, products and industries at Eastern Canadian
Fairs, and acting in this spirit I have thought it advisable to invite the Mayors

14
and Rseves of the different provincial Municipalities, and other prominent resi
dents of British Columbia, to meet me at an early date, so that preliminary steps,
and effective measures, may be discussed and our competition with the eastern
Sister Provinces may be shaped into a system which will enable us to display ad
vantageously our capabilities, not only before the American Continent, but also
to the population of Earopeiu Countries, as there is an ever and steady increase
of enquiries about our beautiful home of the West.
By proper representations I think that this Board may 'oe very instrumental
in obtaining a sufficient grant or annual subsidy from the Local Legislature, which,
while assisting the object in -view, will concentrate the management of the
Eastern Exhibitions in our City.
I think I have now fully touched upon the different items of interest to our
City and Community. I believe that you would prefer to read the carefully pre
pared statistics of the Secretary of this Board, when our Annual Report will in its
f -all extent be laid before you in prmt, instead of my giving you this matter at the
present time, but I feel induced to invite not merely your attention, but also,
and to a very great extent your competition in the attempt to conquer a feeling
which from time to time appears to creep up amongst our brother- Colonists. Let
us one and all try to convince the Citizens of our neighboring Cities that there
does not exist, nor was ever dreamt of a struggle for Supremacy on the part of
the Citizens or Authorities of Vancouver.
Our port was evidently designed by Nature to be the out-let of Canada's com
merce to the Orient and Australia. Why should we not make the best of this
opportunity to further the future welfare of our Province, which in the eyes of
the whole world has within the short period of one generation brought itself into
prominence before Countries of Centuries' standing ? I am fully comduced that
it is not petty jealousy -irfiieh leads to occasional controversies, but simply a sad
misunderstanding of our aims and intentions, which are construed into party
feelings. Against this we have to guard and by showmg our hand and intentions
openly and trustfully we shall soon be able to convince our fellow citizens else
where of our earnest endeavours in the interests of our "glorious Province, British
Columbia,'' the "Queen Colony of the Pacific.''
Permit me to thank you for the patience you have had in listening to my
report which after all has become longer than I intended to make it ; and allow
me to again soHcit your energetic exertions on behalf of the Vancouver Board of
Trade, during the year ISSO.
D. Oppexheimer,
Pre-:ident.

15

STATIISTICS, ETC.

( Extracts frofm Secretary's A. H. B. Macgowan to Vancouccr Board of Trade).

Population Feb.
' ' Jan. Jan.
" July
Jan.

APPROXIMATE.
 GOO
 2.000
 6.000
88  7.000
89  ii.ooa
CITY ASSESSMENT.

1839  §6,604,008
1888  8,471,2-15
Number of Buildmgs Jan. '88  1.000
" '89  2.700
Graded streets Jan. , '86  1 mile.
" '89  38 miles.
Side walks Jan. , '87  IJ mile.
" '88  18| "
" '89  463 "
Total He. of Brick Buildings  125
Buildings under construction 30 or upwards, chiefly Brick.
OUR SCHOOLS.
have been much improved during 1888. Vancouver has now four Public,
and several private schools presided over by a most competent staflf of Teachers,
and the erection of a magnificent brick building for High School purposes has
already been commenced. The present accommodation is altogether inade
quate, and the teachers are much overtaxed.
A WATER WORKS SYSTEM
second to none on the Continent is in full operation.
The elevation of the reservoir on Capilano River opposite the City, is over
400 feet above liigh water mark, the average height of the City being about 100
feet, extreme height South of False Creek 200 feet.

IG
A Sewerage System of wooden boxes is giving satisfaction. Some 15.000 feet
have been laid, which will be greatly extended.
PARKS.
Stanley Park has 950 acres almost surrounded by water encircled by a beau
tiful 10 mile Driving Road and intersected by many beautiful drives and walks.
East End Park contains 160 acres granted by the Local Goverimient.
The City has also been presented by Mr. Clark of Toronto with -40 acres of
land on south side of False Creek for park purposes.
A STREET RAILROAD.
will shortly be in operation on leading streets of our City, some of the con
tracts in this connection havuig been already let and work is now rapidly
progressing. CLIMATE.
To summarize :
Summer is warm, even temperature, cool nights.
Autumn bright and pleasant.
Winter, damp, snow falling occasionally, remaining but a short time, inter
spersed with clear, beautiful weather.
Spring early and mild.
My record of weather from 1st. July, '88 shows as follows :
Fine. Showery. Wet.
July  27 1 3
August  28 3
September  25 2 3
October  14 6 11
November  14 12 4
December  18 9 4
January  19 6 6
February  18 7 3
Very slight night frosts, November 13 14 15 16 and 17, during twelve days
in December and on 1st. 10 12 13 14 15 16 and 27th January. A little snow, say
i an inch falling on morning of 16th January.
With a little care to provide against night frosts the hardier bloommg plants
might remain out of doors the year round.

1/
ilr. W. Pickering, of Vancouver City, has kept a record of the weather for
the year from February 13 1888, to 12th of February, 1889, and it is as follows:
Partially very
Wet. Wet. Dull. Fine. Fine.
February  3 5 1 3 4
March,. »  9 4 1 3 13
April  6 5 7 9 3
May  3 0 3 4 21
June  3 8 7 1 11
July  3 14 5 18
August  0 3 2 5 21
September  4 2 1 8 15
October  8 9 4 11 0
November  3 13 6 4 4
December  3 10 3 8 7
January  6 6 9 2 8
February  1 3 1 4 3
52 69 48 67 128
There was snow on two days. February 1st and March Ist, 1888.
On the 7th of May there was a heavy gale at night; and thunder on June
14th and July 13th.
The first snow on the mountains fell 25th of October, Tho»o mountams
while being in sight of the city are a considerable distance from it.
AT NEW WESTMINSTER FOR 1888.
the rainfall for the year by months was : Jan. 7.1 1 in. ; Feb., 5.56 ; March, 6.75;
April, 3.78; May, 1.40; June, 6.46; July, 1.47; Aug., 0.45; Sept., 1.78; Oct.,
8.49; Nov., 7.80; Dec, 10.74—81.29; average monthly rainfall, 5.10.
75. The number of days which rain fell during the year was, in order, for the
months. 15, 16, 14, 3, 9, 14, 6, 3, 7, 17, 22, 19,-160 in all out of tlie 365.
The barometric and thermometric observations for the year would require more
space than would be interesting to you, but briefly stated the mean tempera
ture for the year was about 50° above; the maximum 90°, and the minium 2°. The
establishment of a first-class meteorological station in British Columbia, by which
the favorable weather of the Provmce could be officially and fully taken note of,
is one of the needs to which the attention of the Government should be partiou"
larly drawn.

18

PRECIPITATION BY MONTHS, SEASONS AND YEARS,
LAT. 49° 12' 47" N.,

YEARS.

SEPT.

oct'b.

NOV.

DEC.

jan'y.

feb'y.

— t 
MAR.

APRIL.

may.

1873 ....

9.77
3.61
1.87
1873-4 . ,
0.37
2.51
11.61
7.63
13.95
9.62
6.09
3.46
3.70
1874-5 . .
3.70
0.72
7.65
7.04
4.52
4.05
11.22
2.46
7.13
1875-6 . .
0.08
8.80
10.61
17.06
4.14
9.11
8.02
4.95
2.89
1876-7 . .
2.64
5.27
6.07
4.29
7.35
4.95
7.47
1.55
1.62
1877-8 . .
6.15
4.65
9.96
5.81
4.82
6.72
6.79
1.33
2.17
1878-9 . .
5.05
7.08
7.41
5.64
8.81
11.22
11.02
f, ri-
.5. .52
1879-80 .
2.04
8.44
4.23
7.39
5.46
1.43
1.45
2.95
14. .39-
1880-1 . .
2.02
4.95
2.49
15.99
5.89
14.19
6.33
1881-2 . .
2.09
6.16
6.36
11.23
5.46
7.75
7.12
0.05
2,02-
1882-3 . .
1.97
8.24
5.33
11.74
9.17
1883-4 . .
2.34
5.53
16.71
6.62
8.02
3.70
1.G3
2.11
3.05
188-1-5 . ,
5.93
8.77
3.56
3.61
10.43
9.07
2.48
0.87
3.91
1885-6 . .
7.53
3.14
11.56
5.83
7.68
4.77
-161
3.28
2. .35
1886-^7 . .
2.94
5.28
7.00
15.89
10.34
9.76
9.46
5.3S
3.74
Mean . . .
3.20
5.61
7.90
8.98
7.57
6.88
6.68
3. IS
2.41
jan'y.
feb'y.
MABCH.
APRIL.
M.\Y.
Me\n Te^iperature 
34.2
36.4
40.0
48.2
,i4.3
Highest Temperature, 92°— July 15, 1877; August 11, 1SS7. Lowest Tem-
momcter fell below zero was January 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 1S7.3 — perfectly calm.
on the first high land from the sea, the rainfall is greater than at other places in
19

AT NEW WESTMINSTER, BRITISH COLUilLIA
LONG. 123° 53' 19" W.

.htne.

JULY.

AUG.

AUTUMN
Sept. -Nov.

WINTER
Dec. -Feb.

SPRING
Mar. -May.

SUMMER
June- Aug.

ANNUAL.

3.91

0.81

1.00

15.25

5.72

2.31
0.93
2.24
14.49
31.20
13.25
0.4S
CI. 42
4.81
0.02
2.20
12.07
15.61
20.81
7.04
5.3.53
c. ;-i5
l.,58
2.27
19.49
30.31
15.87
6.20
71.87
•2.65
1.03
2.78
13.98
16.59
10.64
6.46
47.67
0.65
1.24
0.53
20.76
17. .37
11.39
2.42
51.94
1.2i
5.14
2.62
19.54
25.67
19.91
9.00
74.12
2.27
2.53
1.11
14.71
14.28
8.79
5.91
43.00
5.26
2.20
2.48
9.46
30.07
9.94
2.23
4.08
1.93
8.34
15.54
24.44
1.5.19
8.34
56.31
3. 28
0.77
7.01
22.61
18.34
6.79
11.06
58.80
•0.47
0.48
0.02
18.26
23.11
7.26
0.97
49.60
.1.54
2.40
1.60
'^2 23
18.18
10. -24
5.54
57.19
t)-84
0.23
0.74
15.22
36.99
18.58
1.81
71.60
2.-42
1.67
2.03
16.19
23.16
13.38
i
.5.2S
58.49
JUNE.
JULY.
AUG.
SEPT.
OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
MEAN.
58.3
63.1
60.9
56.2
48.1
40.5
34.5
47.9
perature, 7° below zero — January 14, 1875. The only time for 14 years the Tlier-
Mean number of days on which rain or snow fell — 152. New Westminster being
the I)istrict. Ladner's, near mouth of Fraser, is about 4 inches to N. W.'s 7.
-^. :f':h'3::xje:, capt.
20
THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.
Tlie great chain wl'iich binds British Columbia to the Eastern part of our
t)ominion, which first gave existence to Vancouver and which is doing much for
its prosperity as well as for the general good of this Province has disbursed during:
the past year in Telegraph line Labor, Building, Repairing and extending Build
ings and Wharves, Land clearing, improvements &c. and in connection with.
Steamship Lines &c., some $648,234,65.
It is estimated that expenditures of 1889 will exceed this sum by some
8144,500,00. By tills line there arrived 38,895 tons of merchandise, goods, machinery &c.
Shipped to the East 21,441 tons.
The carrying trade is rapidly increasing as is also the passenger traffic over
this most popular route, the regularity of their trains being shown by following
table :

^1
STATEMENT OF ACTUAL TIME OF ARRIVAL OF CANA
DIAN PACIFIC TRANSCONTINENTAL TRAINS, AT
VANCOUVER, DURING THE 'WINTERS
OF 1888 AND 1889.

November,

December,

January,

February,

1888.

1888.
1889.
1889.
B
ACTUAL TIME
p^
actual time
a
ACTUAL TIME
M
ACTUAL TIME
<
OF
OF
^
OF
5
OF
a
ARRIVAL.
Q 1
arrival.
a 1
ARRIVAL.
o 1
ARRIVAL.
1
14.15
None.
14.15
14.15
2
14.15
2
14.15
2
14.15
2
None.
3
None.
3
15.15
3
1415
'3
14.15
4
14.15
4
16.15
4
14.15
4
1415
5
14.15
5
14.15
5
None.
5
14.15
6
14.15
6
15.15
6
14.15
6
14.15
7
14.15
7
14.15
7
15.30
7
14.15
8
14.15
8
None.
8
14.30
8
14.15
9
15.40
9
14.25
9
14.15
9
None.
10
None.
10
16.15
10
14.15
10
14.15
11
16.00
11
14.15
11
14.15
11
14.15
12
15.30
12
16.45
12
None.
13
14.15
13
1.5.15
13
14.15
14
15.40
14
14.15
14
14.15
15
14.15
15
None.
15
14.15
16
17.00
16
14.30
16
14.15
17
None,
17
14.15
17
14.15
18
15.13
18
16.30
18
14.15
19
14.15
19
14.15
19
None.
20
14.15
20
14.15
20
14.30
21
14.15
21
14.15
21
14.15
22
14.15
22
None.
22
14.15
23
14.30
23
14.15
23
14.15
24
None.
24
14.15
24
15.10
25
14.15
25
14.15
25
14.15
26
14.15
26
14.15
26
None.
27
14.15
27
14.15
27
14.15
28
14.15
28
14.15
28
15.00
29
14.15
29
None.
29
14.15
30
16.30
30
14.15
30
3.30
31
14.15
31
14.15
NOTE.— The schedule time for the above trains to arrive was 14.15 o'clock.
Total number of trains from Nov. 1st, 1888, to Feb. 11th, 1889, was 88.
Number of trains arriving on time, 67.
Number of trains arriving late, 21.
Number of trains under one hour late, 7.
Number of trains over one hour late and under three hours late, 13.
Number of trains over three hours late, 1.
22
CHINA STEAMERS.
In direct communication between China and Japan and Vancouver, there
v.rere 18 arrivals and departures of steamers bringing and taking away freight and
passengers for various European, American and Canadian points; disbursements
at this Port being some §180,000. AGRICULTURE.
British Columbia has generally been looked upon as anything but a farming
country, which is quite a mistake. Agricultural pursuits are flourishmg much
more at present than heretofore. The Dominion Land Office at New V,' estminster
reports 300 homestead entries during 1888.
The Provincial Government preemption records of 160 acres eac'ii, number
over 500, covering 80,000 acres. The climate, soil and other conditions of our
Province arc particularly adapted for farming.
Of the 341,000 square miles it can safely be said that tens of thousi-.ni.ls of
these contain some of the finest fertile tracts that the sun shines upon. While
parts may be difficult to clear and prepare, the advantages of clmiate and prices
of the production much more than ofl'set this.
Cultivatable parts have in the past been much divided, but by the advent of
Railroads, Steamers, Bridges, and other nineteenth century developments these
are being better connected almost every day.
One section is said to contain .] of a million acres of Prairie a most fertile
tract. To treat of the many similar though smaller parts would detain you too long>
Statistics show crop yield to the acre as follows : —
Wheat  40 to 60 Bushels
Oats  60 " 120 "
Barley  50 " SO
Potatoes  30 Tons
Turnips  4.0 "
Hay  3J '•
I have seen greater estimates than those published, but I prefer being guided
by moderation. The wheat is of a superior quality and makes a first class grade of flour.
Vegetables and roots attain an enormous size ; Potatoes reachmg 31bs each
or 20 to the bushel, and being solid to the heart and very dry and mealy. I have
heard that Turnips reachmg some 40 bs weight have been exhibited.
Onions can be most successfully grown as will be seen by the fact that from 1
and a fifth acre of land on Lulu Island ne'ar the mouth of tl-.c Fraser, 27 Tons of

23
first class onions were harvested, which averaged a price of $25.03 per Ton or
upwards of nearly $600.00 per acre.
Sugar Beet culture has beeu tried and analysis has proved that the roots pro
duced contain a good average of saccharme matter, and it is to be hoped that an
early date will witness the establishment of a Sugar Refinery in Vancouver. Our
great distance from the refineries and the high freight on Canadian sugars and
duties on the American article particularly point to this as a most desirable point
for such an establishment.
Hop growing is looked upon as one of the certainties of the near future, as it
has been proved that there is not the slightest doubt as to the adaptability of
this Province to this very profitable line which might reach very great pro
portions. Linseed it seems to me might be most successfuUygrown and crushed here.
Our mild climate and the fine grazing lands scattered through the Province,
much of it low lying- as in Holland, gives promise of a great future for British
Columbia in Stock Raising, and as our cities grow ^nd our Provmce is developed,
the consumption of Beef, Milk, Butter and Cheese will increase in greater pro
portions (probably than any other line. ) Added to this might be the export trade
in butter and cheese, which is now but in its infancy, or even scarcely opened up.
The Province seems to be peculiarly adapted to Fruit Gro-wing, notably the
Prune and Drupe, and it has been fully demonstrated that all the smaller fruits-
can be most successfully grown.
That most wholesome of all the small fruits the Cranberry is to be found in-
great quantities almost every where, and if a little care was taken in its cultiva
tion it could not but prove a most profitable addition to our list of small fruits.
I am pleased to note that largely through the instrumentality of the proprie
tor of a leading Journal here, who is also a member of the Council of this Board,
F. C. Cotton Esq. , a most interesting interview was held withj McD Allan Esq. ,
the President of the Ontario Fruit Growers Association which resulted in the
formation of the B. C. Fruit Growers Association which took place in this room,
receiving the enthusiastic support of many leading residents from different places,.
and promises to be a great benefit to the Province.

¦/o

THE TREASURER'S REPORT 1889.

Mr. G. F. Baldwin, City Treasurer, submitted abstracts of the city's fin
ances, which are published below, and also a detailed statement, showing a rev
enue balance of $5,828.95 on the 31st of December, and a debenture balance of
$36,820.66. From these balancer, however, must be deducted the outstanding
accounts. In concluding his report, Mr. Baldwin says: " The work has in
creased so much in my departments that I find it impossible to attend to it my
self, and beg, therefore, to respectfully submit for your consideration the advisa
bility of adopting some scheme whereby the labor and responsibility of the
officer in charge may be lessened."
ABSTRACT OF RF:V]::;UE account 1888.
KECEirTS :
Balance on hand January 1, 188S  $ 7,7GG.52
Profit on purchase of Ftrect dcbentiu-es 1887  2,830.38
Cemetery fees  484.50
Taxes  ,34,129.51
Licenses (all classes)  15,387.83
Police court receipts  5,652.20
Provincial Government Grants  3,250.00
Sundries  791.44
Profit on sale of debenture No. 64  3,000.00
Accrued interest  1,661 37

$74,962.75
EXPENDITURE :
Finance Committee. .  $26,418.28
Board of Works  4,966.52
Board of Health  '  10,5S9.S8
Fire, Water and Light  7,590. 15
Police Commissioners  7,697.25
Grants to meet overdrafts on debenture accounts  8,871.73
Balance on hand  5,828.95

$74,962.75

26
abstract OF DEBENTURE ACCOUNTS.
RECEIPTS :
Balance on hand January 1, 1888  $15,365.05
Balance Park Debenture account  15,500.00
Proceeds By-Law 64  $150,000.00
Proceeds Market By -Law.... 13,660.00 163,650.00
Revenue Grants to meet debenture over
drafts  8,871.73
$203,386.78
EXPENDITURES :
Streets, Ward 1  $33,754.14
Streets, Ward 2  11,736.44
Streets, Ward 3  11,312.45
Streets, Ward 4  6,883.55
Streets, Ward 5  9,298.75
Streets, Sundry  4,298,75 .$77,213.65
Lands in lieu of 2-2 0. G. T  920.00
Park Road  19,982.84
Sewerage  6,328.27
Surface drains  3,777. 57
City Hall  2,754.22
Park road gravel  3,599. 25
False Creek Bridge  11,440.95
Coal Harbor  3,364.31
East park road  130.00
Cemetery  1,523.00 $52,671.81
Shade trees  :  359.27
Hose, five reels, etc  8,692.00
Tanks  1,485.20
Hospital Buildings  8,429.15
Hospital Furniture  2,199.31 20,805.69
Market site  13,035.55
Street debentures paid to revenue  2,839.38 2,839.38
Balance at credit of debentures account,
December 31, 1888  36,820.66
$203,386.74

27

REPORT OP THE BOARD OF WORKS,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1888.
The undersigned experiences real pleasure in submitting to tlie Council the
following report, on behalf of the Board of Works, showing the magnitude and
variety of the work carried on during the year 1888.
At ths time the present Board of Works assumed office there were completed
up to that dat'3, and extending, from the year 1886 : —
Streets graded  134 miles.
Streets planked  5J miles.
Streets gravelled  1 mile.
Culverts  3 miles.
Sidewalks  18J miles.
Eighteen hundred and eighty-eight v/ill be memorable as being the year our
young and prosperous city made gigantic strides in opening up, grading and
improving the streets generally, and following out with vigor and energy the
¦work initiated by our predecessors. These works were proceeded with as
rapidly as possible and without interruption the whole year.
While street construction was being proceeded with in the different wards,
the Coal Harbor and False Creek Bridges were, in the latter half of the year,
well under way, thus enabling the city through its various contracts to give
employment to all comers.
In the early spring there were placed to the credit of each ward, to be
expended in street improvements the following amounts :^
Ward One  $33,000
Ward Two  12,000
Ward Three  17,000
Ward Four  13,000
Ward Five  10,000
Making a total of  $85,000
This large amount has been expended judiciously and well. A recapittsla-

28
tion of the different amounts, the number of miles graded and planked, sidewalks,
bridges, culrerts and lanes in each ward will be given below — lanes separate.
There was also a sum of $2,500 allotted for sundry accounts.
RECAPITULATION. SINCE JANUARY IST.
Streets — Miles.
Ward One, graded  8-28
Ward Two, graded  1-28
Ward Three, graded  1 '44
Ward Four, graded  3 '37
Ward Five, graded  4-00
Lanes — Ward Two, graded  "50
Ward Three, graded  '43
Ward Four, graded  '05
Box-drains — Feet.
In all the Wards  9,878
In all, 21 '35 miles of streets graded not including the Park Road.
The Park Road alone is 9 miles long, and was completed in September.
Sidewalks — Miles.
Ward One  2-37
Ward Two  057
Ward Three  1 30
Ward Four  O'OO
Ward Five  0-02
111 all, nearly 5 '34 miles of sidewalk. We can add to this 1.} mile of gravel
laid. Bridges — Ward One — Feet in
Length. Cost.
False Creek Bridge  2,400 $16,000
Coal Harbor Bridge  800 2,400
And three rustic bridges on Park Road.
Water-tank — Ward One —
One on Georgia Street, 50 feet long, 12'12 inside measurement.
Bridges — Ward Five — Feet in Feet
Length. High.
Fifth Avenue Bridge  200 46
Fifth Avenue Bridge  60
Sixth Avenue Bridge  75
Ninth Avenue Bridge  196 32
Water-tank — Ward Two —
One, 50 feet long, 12-12 inside measurement.
Water-tank— Ward Three-
One, 50 feet long, 12'12 inside measurement.

29
When adding to the above the pubUc buildings that have been constructed,
it will be found that a very large amount of work was carried on during the
past year by the corporation, and, we hope, satisfactorily to all.
The False Creek Bridge, at the foot of Granville Street, and the Coal
Harbor Bridge, are the largest and most costly, and are both creditable to the
city and to the city engineer who designed them: notably the False Creek
Bridge, which is pronounced by an eminent authority to be a substantial
structure, framed for strength and durability.
Fire Hall, Seymour Street, built at a cost of $1,837.30. The building of
this hall and the purchase of the fire-engine " Jos. Humphries " have placed our
city in a recognized position of safety against fire.
Hospital, built at a cost of $8,182.18, ground levelled, morgue built, fenced,
under the superintendence of the Board of Works. A more exhaustive report
upon its complement in all respects will appear in Board of Health report.
City Hall. — Addition to City Hall was built— offices, vault, fencing, jail-
yard, etc. — at a cost of $2,600. This addition was considered very necessary, as
the offices in the old building were entirely too small.
The Cemetery. — There was a caretaker appointed, and a house built for him
at a cost of $400. The lanes running through the five acres already cleared and
fenced are kept in order by him, and he plants trees at the alternate corners of
plots. The ground has proved to be naturally adapted for the purpose, being
high and of a dry soil, the land sloping gradually to the north-west and east,
drains the whole enclosed plot, and in the course of time the natural features of
a British Columbia landscape can be taken advantage of for beautifying and
ornamental purposes. We urgently recommend to our successors the improve
ment of the road leading to the cemetery as far as the city limits, if no further,
and that the importance of this road being made good from the city limits to the
cemetery should be by every available means impressed upon the Chief Com
missioner of Lands and Works and members of the local Government. It is now
at the present time nearly impassable for all vehicles, and the small sum about
to be spent on its improvement is perfectly inadequate and of little service. I
should say that the Board of Works did not neglect the road to the city limits
this summer ; but they ordered ditches cut on each side, and the road was pro
perly filled and rounded up in the centre ; but the very large and unusual
amount of traffic constantly going over it this winter, with the heavy rains, has
certainly cut it up badly, and it needs attention at once.
School-house. — A very neat and comfortable school-house was constructed,
pleasantly located on Ninth Avenue and the old Westminster stage road, on lots
liberally donated by H. V. Edmonds, Esq. The ground was cleared, fenced,
out-house built, well bored, sidewalk laid, at a total cost of $1,397.38. This
amount will be reimbursed to the corporation by the local Government the
coming summer.

30
Bridge. — The old False Creek Bridge was repaired this season at a cost of
$908.75, and a foot-bridge, that was greatly needed, constructed on the east side.
This side was considered the better, as there was less risk of drift logs and.
timbers floating do-vvn against it, and causing direct and possibly irreparable -
damage to the bridge timbers and piles.
Ornamental Trees. — Four hundred and seven trees were planted on the three
principal and widest streets in the city — Georgia and Hastings Sereets and West
minster Avenue — at a cost of $407 ; which includes fencing. These trees being -
ornamental will in a few years present a handsome appearance, and become a ¦
really pleasing and attractive feature in our youthful and rapidly growing city.
Stanley Park. — The drive around this magnificent park has been completed
at a cost of $19,982.84, and three miles gravelled, costing $3,435.25, the material
used being clam-shells, which packed closely present a remarkably white -
appearance, adding greatly to the attractiveness of the park ; and although much
requires to be done in making drives and serpentine walks, underbrushing in
close proximity to the road, planting evergreens, grass-seed, and making rustic -
arbors and seats, yet our city park of nine hundred and fifty acres, in its native
grandeur and primitive beauty, will certainly rival if not eclipse any park on the
Pacific slope.
East-end Park. — Tlie Gorernment have liberally donated one hundred and
sixty acres to Vancouver city, in the East-end, for park purposes, -with the
understanding that the corporation will grade » road to it. This they have
agreed to do ; and at a late Council meeting it w£ks unanimously carried that
tenders should be called for clearing and grading the said road this winter. Tiiis
park vrill no doubt become a pleasant pleasure resort in the near future, having
many equal advantages with Stanley Park. It is situated a. short distance
beyond the eastern boundary of the city and in the -vicinity of the famous
Brighton Hotel at Hastings, and m two years' time is to be connected by street
cars with the city's centre and the West-end, the road leading to it having a fine
view of the inlet for the whole distance and connecting with the present shore
road at Hastmgs, forming a seven-mile drive -with many pleasing features. This
park must eventually become a constant resort for all lovers of romantic wood--
land scenery and lovely groves. RESUME.
EXTENDING FROM THE 13tH JUNE, 1886, TO THE 26TH DECE.MEER, 1SS8.
Total number of miles graded  ."G '33
Total number of miles of sidewalks  24-09
Total number of miles of bridging (5,280 feet)  1
Total number of miles of sewers 
Total number of miles of gravelling (9,400 feet)  1 4-5
Total number of miles of culverts  (j
Total number of tanks constructed  10
Park Road, number of miles graded  g
Park Road, number of miles gravelled  3
Park Road, bridges  430 ft
Respectfully submitted.
CHAS. A. COLDWELL,
Cliairman Bocurd of Worh^.

31

REPORT of BOARD of HEALTH.

To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Vancouver.
Gentlemen, — There were twenty-seven meetings held during the year.
The work done included many matters of importance to the city ; amongst
others, the completion and operation of a system of sewerage extending over a
part of the city, the appointment of a licensed scavenger, the completion and
equipment of a city hospital, the more efficient enforcement of the by-law regard
ing the inspection of incoming vessels, and the successful quarantine and eradica
tion of two threatened epidemics.
The sum of $3,850 was appropriated for the Board of Health out of the
general revenue, and the sum of $11,829.82 from debentures sold, making in all
$15,679.82, which was appropriated as follows : —
APPROPRIATIONS FROM REVENUE.
Paid out Balance Over-
Salaries, to Date. on Hand. draft.
$1,830 00 $1,529 17 $ 310 83 
Supplies.
$1,000 00 $1,244 90  $ 244 90
Inquests.S 150 00 $ 116 00 $ 34 00 
Medicines, Etc.
$ 460 00 $ 425 32 $ 34 68 
Drayage, Etc.
$ 60 00 $ 34 00 $ 26 00 
Fuel.
$ 100 00 $ 123 75  $ 23 75
Contingencies.8 250 00 $6,747 15  $6,497 13
Under the head of contingencies, the sums required for the quarantine
expenses to date, and for the suppression of the glanders which occurred among
cattle during the year, are included.
APPROPRIATIONS FROM DEBENTURES.
Paid out Balance Over-
Furniture, to Date. on Hand. draft.
$2,000 00 $2,199 31  $ 199 31
Lots.
$2,500 00  $2,500 00 
Building.
1887 loan— $1,829 82
1888 loan— 5,500 00
$7,329 82 $8,146 90  $ 817 08

32
RECAPITULATION.
Appropriations from general revenue  5 3,850 00
Appropriations from last year's debentures  1,829 82
Appropriations from this year's debentures  10,000 00
Makmg a total of  $19,556 52
Expenditure in excess of revenue  •$ 3,876 70
As shown by the above statement, the expenditure is largely in excess of the
sum appropriated ; but this excess is owing to circumstances which it was impos
sible to foresee at the time the estimates were passed. The statement also shows
that, were it not for these unforeseen contingencies — the outbreak of small-pox
and quarantine expenses — the Board would have kept well within its appropria
tions, and would have had a balance to carry on to 1889. The extra expense,
however, is trifling in comparison with what the city would have incurred, if 'che
most energetic steps had not been taken to stamp out the threatened epidemic.
A great deal of thought and time were bestowed by the Board upon the
construction, arrangement and organization of the City Hospital and the details
of its management. A medical staff of five members was appomted, whose duties
were defined by the Board. We may now congratulate ourselves upon having,
for its size, one of the best-equipped hospitals on the Pacific coast ; and its open
ing on the 22nd of September marked an era in the progress of Vancouver.
Additional accommodation is already rccjuired, only one wing of the proposed
building being completed ; and it will be necessary before long to enlarge it to
the full extent of the original design.
As will be seen by the appended report of the medical health officer, the
health of the city during the past year compares favorably with other places of
the same population. This is satisfactory so far ; but much remains to be done
to place the city in a proper sanitary condition. An extended system of sev.-er-
age and a supply of pure water are absolutely essential ; and when these are
secured, as we may reasonably expect them to be within a short time, ^'ancouver
will have utilized to the utmost the advantages of her position from a hv^-ienio
standpoint, and will owe still more to the teachings of sanitary science than she
now does to tho natural salubrity of her surroundings and her climate.
J. M. LEFEVRE,
Chairman Board of Ileal; k.
PUBLIC HEALTH. Vancouver, December 31st, 1888.
To His Worship the Mayor ani City Council.
Gentlemen,— Durmg the year 92 deaths, 43 births and 35 marriages have
been registered in the city ; roughly estimating the population to be in the neii-b-

33
bourhood of 10,000, gives a death-rate of 9-2 per thousand for the year, which
compares very favorably with the death-rate of other cities of the same size.
The deaths resulted from the following diseases :—
Typhoid-fever  j4
Phthisis  '  Q
Cholera infantum  ' g
Stomatitis  o
Morb. valv. cord  g
ConTulsions  4
Spine-disease  2
Asthenia  g
Meningitis  3
Apoplexy  3
Pycemia  , i
Urinaria  j
Peritonitis  2
Bronchitis  2
Diarrhoea  g
Pneumonia  g
Measles  ,  X
Dysentery  2
Premature births  4
Laryngismus strid  1
Pericarditis  1
Laryngitis  1
Empycemia  1
Violent deaths  I3
92
EPIDEMICS.
Several times during the past year has the city been threatened with an
epidemic of small-pox, and it was only by the closest vigilance on the part of the
civic authorities that the disease has been prevented from gaining a foothold.
On the 18th of April last, small-pox was introduced into the city by a
steerage passenger from the steamship Parthia, who brought the contagion from
China. Decisive steps were at once taken to prevent the spreading of the
disease, with the fortunate result that only three cases developed, all of whom
recovered. Quarantine was raised on the 5th of July. Again, in October, it was
discovered that t'ne disease was prevalent among the Indians living on Burrard
Inlet, and along tlie coast north of the city. Tlie Indian Department was
immediately informed of the fact ; and notwithstanding the efforts to stamp it
out, a case developed on Brockton Point, among the half-breeds who had been
in direct communication with the infected Indians. Brockton Point and tho

34
whole park were placed in quarantine, and all residents and squatters were
vacecinated on the 29th day of October. Water and land patrols wore also
instituted, to keep the Indians out of the city. Only two cases developed,
both of whom recovered ; and on the 31st day of December quarantine was
raised, after burning all infected materials and houses, and thoioughly disinfect
ing the patients and nurses.
\Vhile on this topic, I would respectfully beg to recommend, inasmuch as I
consider the ho-ases on Brockto;i Point a source of danger to tlia city, iliat they
be destroyed as soon as possible, and that in the future no Indians coming from a
distance be allov-ed to camp there. CIVIC HOSPITAL.
There have been 108 indoor patients treated in the old and nev,- hospitals
during the past year, 12 of whom died.
Death resulted from the following causes : —
Tj'phoid-fever  4
Enipytemia  1
Heart-disease  2
A.sthenia  2
Phthisis  1
Pneumonia  1
Accidents  1
The remaining 93 surgical and ijiedical cases wore discharged cured or
improved. A large number of outdoor city patients have been visited and
treated l)y myself. SCHOOLS.
The district schools have been inspected and found lo be in a good sanitary
condition. The change from the one overcrowded building to the three large
airy^ones will no doubt have a beneficial effect over the health of the children of
the city. I have the honor to be, sirs.
Yours respectfully, A. ^1. ROBERTSON, M.D.,
City Health Officer

35

ANNUAL REPORT

FII^E, ^ATAT^J^X AND LIGHT
COTvIlVIITTEE.

To His Worship the Mayor, and City Council.
Gentlemen: — On account of the decease of our chairman. Alderman Hum
phries, I have taken the liberty, as senior member of the Committee, of furnish
ing you a report of our business durmg the past year.
The appropriations for this Committe for the year were as foUo-vi'S :
REVENUE.
Salaries  $1,930.00
Feed of Team  460.00
Patent Harness  250.00
Engine Repairs  200.00
Oil and Waste  150.00
Fuel and Coal Oil  550.00
Fure Alarm  400.00
Team  650.00
Street Lightmg  3,000.00
Contingencies  500.00
Total Revenue Appropriation  $8,090.00
DEBENTURE.
For Fire Alarm  $ 800.00
For Tanks  1,513.00
For Engines, Etc  8,534.00
Total Debenture Appropriation  10,847. 96
Grand Total  $18,937.96

36
THE EXPENDITURE HAS BEEN
Salaries  $1,736.92
Feed of Team  423.71
Patent Harness  250.00
Engine Repairs  244. 55
Oil and Waste  3.75
Fuel and Oil  ,393.12
Fire Alarm  141.00
Team  650.00
Street Lighting  2,096.05
Contingencies  1,022. IS
Lands  1,485.20
Engine, Etc  8,701.00
Total   $17,148..39
Balance  81,789.59
This balance will more than suffice to meet the outstanding liabilities for
the month of December. Re PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE.
Your Committee has endeavored to throw as many safeguards around the
city as possible to protect the lives and property of the people, and -with that
object in view we have introduced into the service during the last twelve months
the following equipments :
One engine; two hose carts; fifteen hundred feet of hose; one team, with
patent harness; three water tanks, an additional fire hall, and night telephone
service. Another fire brigade has been formed, so that we have now ready for im
mediate service, fully equipped, the following apparatus :
One fire team; two fire engines; four thousand feet of hose; one hook and
ladder truck, complete: twelve buckets; two Babcock extinguishers; one Silsby
heater, ready provided with steam; twelve water tanks, with abundance of water
and coal, and a night telephone service for fire alarm purposes.
We have under consideration the Installation of a regular fire alann system
of the most modern description, which, we trust, will be placed in working order
as soon as a sufficient appropriation will be set aside for the purpose.
Re WATER.
We have made arrangements with the Vancouver Water Works Company
for a supply of water both for fire purposes and for the flushing of the sewers,
and have entered into an agreement to have sixty hydrants placed at convenient

37
'^c»nts throughout the city, so that when the Company has everything in working
¦^>rder, which, we trust, will be at at an early date, we will have an inexhaustible
.-supply of water for all purposes. Re STREET LIGHTS.
We have now in use for street lighting purposes sixty electric lights scat-
itered throughout the city, which have been increased In candle power where con-
-iadered necessary in the business portion of the city. However, I do not con-
^der the present light a good one, but we have done the best with the means at
•our disposal, and I hope the incoming Council will provide means to light the
-.city second to none in the Dominion. I. OPPENHEIMER, Chairman pro teni.

38

Report of the Chief of the Vancoiiver
Fire Department.

To City Council:
Gentlemen : — The past year has been very fortunate in the way of fires^
We have only been called out by alarms of fire eight times ; three of which there
was no water thrown. The damages sustained we estimated at $1,600, very
little of which was covered by insurance.
As my term of office as Chief has ended, I have to thank you for the hearty
response to all of our wants, and hope that the present officer will meet with the-
same. Only a little more attention is required in the Department, and the
present officer is in a position to do so, or should be.
My term of office has been a pleasant one, and the men have worked well for
the interest of the city, and should be encouraged in all possible ways. I would
strongly recommend that the Chief should be a paid officer as soon as the city
can afford it, and I should think that time has come ; I also recommend that the
Seymour street hall be lighted, and have rooms with windows so that men could
live comfortably in it. The new Chief will have more to bring before the new
Council. I also hand in an invoice of appartus now in hand :
J. W. CARLISLE, Ex-Chief.
INVOICE OF APPARATUS.
Two Engines.
One Hook and Ladder Truck complete.
One Heater.
One Span of Horses.
Two Sets of Harness.
Six Hose Reels.
One thousand feet Cotton Hose.
Two thousand nine hundred and fifty feet Rubber Hose.
Two Stoves.
Twelve Lanterns.
One Wagon.

39

ANNUAL REPORT

OHiLII^lMiLN OF POLICE COIVI-
TsZLITTEE.

To His Worship the Mayor, and Council of the City of Vancouver.
Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit to you, as Chairman of the
Police Commission, the following report for the year 1888 :
In the estimates for 1888, the amount of $7855.00 was appropriated for the
Police Department as follows :
Salaries  ;"  .$4,680.00
Uniforms  :  , . 500.00
Boarding Prisoners  1,000.00
Specials  200.00
Travelling Expenses  250. 00
Interiireting  25.00
Fuel  100.00
Secret Service  100.00
Contingencies  1,000.00
Total  $7,855.00
The amounts actually expended during the year will amount to the following
.-Bums, viz: Salaries  $5,333. .32
Uniforms  709.50
Boarding Prisoners  900,00
Specials  300.00
Travelling Expenses  90.00
Interpreters  16.50
Fuel  7.00
Secret Service  10.00
¦Contingencies  600.00
Total  $7,974.82

40
Police Court receipts for the year ending December 28th, 1888, were aE=
follows :
January  $456.90
February  128.50
March  452.4ft
April  392.95
May  373.50
June  872.40
July  416.00
August  263.80
September  365. la
October  1,042.30
November  374.00
December  288.00
Total  .$.5,426.50
Owing to the rapid increase of the population of the City of Vancouver, am?
the large area which the city now covers, it was lound necessary to add tiree-
specials to the force, and this accounts for the increase in the expenditure im
salaries. During the year the officers and men of the force have discharged tl*^-
duties m the most satisfactory manner.
In the foregoing statement you will see that the expenses of the force isa^sr
been kept in the most economical manner, and the large number of couneetianE-
show that this Department have been active and on the alert.
You will also observe that the large sum of $5,426.50 has been added toXhn
City Treasury by the effectual workings of the forae. In fact this DepartjiM-nt
is mostly self-supporting I have the honor to be, gentlemen.
Your obedient servant,
GILBERT McCONNELL, Chaurman V. P, C_

41

SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

T)I3TRICTS IM WHICH CULTIVATION HAS MET WITH
FAVORABLE RESULTS.
Tlichmond Municipality.
Delta Muidcipality.
liangley Jlunicipality.
-Surrey Municipality.
Matsqui Municipality.
¦Sumas Municipality.
Mission Municipality.
Burton's Prairie Municipality.
Maple Ridge ilunicipality.
• Chilliwiiack Municipality. SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION.
As early as 1867 this subject occupied attention in California. In 1869 a
-aompany, with a capital of $250,000, was formed to test the matter. In 1870 the
Alvarada was built ; a crop was put in, and the factory started in November
¦'Jiie capacity was fifty tons per day. The first year $18,000 wa-s made, but the
next, owing to the low prices, there was a loss, and the factory was removed to
:Santa Cruz, where it was quite as unsuccessful, owing in a great measure to
fceavy expenses. The Alviso factory was started, and ran successfully until 1887,
when it was destroyed by fire.
From 587,000 pounds in 1871 the production increased to 1,500,000 in 1872,
aiid to 1,688,285 in 1886.
The consumption of sugar in the United States is about 1,300,000 tons a
year, and increases at a rate of 134,400,000 pounds u, year.
Sugar beet can be produced at less cost than in Europe, and are richer in
.saiccharine matter. No fertilizing is needed, and less weeding is necessarry.

42
A factory to consume 35i' tons of beet every twenty-four hours would "cost about-
$400,000. The requirement is that 2,500 acres will be planted every year ; a.
site of thirty or forty acres must be supplied ; it must be near a railway.
Cost of seed $1.80 to $3.00 per acre.
Such a factory would produce thirty-five tons of sugar per day, or say 70,-
000 tons in 200 days, which would be about its running season.
By Alvarada factory in 1884, 516,354 tons of beets produced 967 3-5 tons
of sugar, taking nearly seventeen tons of beets per ton. For the beets $4. 50 per
ton were paid, say-$73,593 ; for the sugar 5J cents per pound, or $113,782.55,
leaving about $40,000 for expenses and profit, and it is claimed that much.
expense could be saved in the manufacturing.
Good California land produces twenty-five to thirty tons of sugar beets tee
the acre, yielding ten per cent, the greatest known yield.
At $4.00 to $4.50 per ton farmers would gross $100 to $135 per acre.
To the above figures might be added Offal, which has been kno-vra to reach.
to about as much as twenty-five per cant, of the whole production.
In addition to good returns to the farmers, the industry gives employmen at
the rate of one man to every 30,000 pounds of sugar produced. Then the bar
rels to contain the sugar would require hands in manufacture, the 2 per cent.
slacked lime used in making the sugar, the coal consumed, and everything in
connection with such an industry, would create necessities for the employment-
of help. On a basis something like this, the above sugar can be produced at
4 '84 cents per pound ; and it is asserted that it might be made to cost consider
ably less, some claiming as low as 3i to 4 cents.
Now all the above-stated can be safely said also for the province of British.
Columbia, and in particular of the agricultural lands in proximity to Vancouver,.
where all the product could be, disposed of.
Let us then recapitulate : —
The cost of beet seed will be about 12 cents per pound
It takes from 15 to 25 pounds to sow an acre.
This makes the cost from $1.80 to $3 per acre for seed.
The average yield per acre of sugar-beet is from 25 to 30 tons, yielding in.i
sugar 10 per cent.
In 25 tons there will be, say, 24 tons, or 5,600 pounds, refined sugar per acre-
Price for sugar-beets is $4 per ton ; prices ranging according to the percent
age of saccharine matter the beets contain.
This will give from $100 to $120 for the gross yield of land planted in beets ;
whereas wheat at 50 bushels to the acre would only yield at $1.00 "^45 which)
would be an increase of $55 to $75 per acre over the profits obtained on Mheat.
Assuming the cost of both to be the same, with a very small farm a man-
would easily secure a good income, as 40 acres would give a net profit of $2 200
I should judge the estimated area of lands from Harrison River to the Pacific-
coast to contain, capable of beet-culture, about 400,000 acres, at .'?100 per acre 
.$40,000,000 as returns to the farmers.

43
Besides this return, the industry gives steady employment to 40,000 men,
¦representing a population of about 280,000, including traders, manufacturers,
wives and^children ; and it would further support many other industries, and the
population incidental thereto.
BRITISHgCOLUMBIA SUGAR-BEET ANALYSES.
Chemical Labokatoky, 8 Clyde Street,
Edinbukgh, 9tli November. 1888
Analysis of sample of sugar-beet, sent by the Mayor of Vancouver to Mr.
"William Clark, Canadian Court, Exhibition, Glasgow, received here 6th inst. : —
Moisture  77-14
Sugar  13-80
This sample consisted of three well-grown sugar-beets. They contain nearly
14 per cent, of sugar, which is considerably above the average of sugar grown on
the continent of Europe. The choice of seed has much to do with the amount of
sugar contained in the roots, and with careful selection beets have been grown
containing as much as 17 per cent, of sugar, but the average produce is from 10
to. 12 per cent.
These sugar-beets may have dried to some extent. Probably the original
percentage of water would be about 80. If so, there would then be aliout 13-3
per cent, of sugar in the fresh beets.
A. P. AITKEN,
Chemist to the Highland aiid Agricultural Society of Scotland.
William Clark, Esq.,
Canadian Court,
Exhibition Buildings,
Glasgow. Alverado, September 27th, 1888.
Beets from British Columbia.
Sacohr. Sugar. Diff. Qust. Value.
Small beets  19-80 16-31 3-49 83-4 13-60
Medium beets  18-90 15-53 3-37 82-2 12-76
Large beets  16-50 13-40 3-10 81-2- 10-88
The beets designated as "small beets" were the smallest in the bags.
Really they are not what we would call a small beet, as they are the proper
size for sugar-making. The term "value'' shows the amount of available
sugar in the juice.
We consider all the above very good ; they all were higher than the average
•German beets. (Signed) EDW. P. DYER.
Vancouver, B.C., September 27th, 1888.
His Worship the Mayor of Vancouver, B.C.,
D. Oppenheimer, Esq., City Hall.
De.ar Sir, — I have the honor to report on the samples of experimental
.sucar-beetroots handed me for analyses on the 15th instant.

44
My selection was made from beets ranging from a half-pound to three aBO?
a, half pounds in weight ; and in order to obtain a thoroughly reliable ami-
unflattering proof of the quantity of the sugar available for manufacture, I made-
two separate analyses — the first one of roots over average size and weight ; tbe-
second of such of a size below medium and of low weight — which furnished tljc-:
following results : —
large size. small size.
Per Per
Cent. Cent.
Water  837 Water  81-G
Gluten  2-9 Gluten  3-1
Fibre  3-8 Fibre  4-&-
Sugar  9-2 Sugar  10-2
Waste  0-4 Waste  0-4

100-0 100-0
According to the above scrupulously-obtained analytical statement, the-
smaller roots practically yield the greater percentage of sugar available for
manufacture ; while on the other hand (as by analysis rendered), the larger-sizecl^
beets are of more value, on account of the higher quality of the contents.
I herewith beg to hand you samples of sugar produced, and think that I may
safely recommend the propagation of a sugar-beet cultivation in British Columbiii,
the analytical results being, according to my own extensive e-xperience, a'oove the-
average in comparison with the growth of various other countries.
I have the honor to be, dear sir,
Yours truly,
DR. P. HERBING,
Analytical Chemiit..
Medical Hall,
Vancouver, B.C., December 8th, ISsS.
His Worship) Mayor D. Oppenheimer.
Dear Sir, — I have the honor to submit herewith my analytical report on-
four different kinds of sugar Jbeetroot, handed to me on the 8th of November and?
respectively marked German No. 4, German No. 5, German No. 6 and Imperial
Rose. From the samples, which were well-matured, and consequently furnished
better results than those furnished in September last, I took large as well as
small specimens and analyzed them separately, with the subjoined favorable-
effect : —
German No. 4, — A sound beet with reddish skin, the flesh changing;
towards the centre into a yellowish hue. Large size, 10-2 per cent
saccharine matter ; small size, 9-7 per cent, saccliarine matter.

45

.Germ.an No. 5. — Skin pink, flesh of a pale yellowish pink, turning to a
bright yellow near the centre. Large size, 10 '9 per cent, saccharine
matter ; small size, 1 1 per cent saccharine matter.
German No. 6.— Skin pink, flesh white. Large Small
Size. Size.
Sugar  11-8 11-6
Fibre  2-9 46
"Water  82-0 80-5
Gluten  '  3-0 28
Waste  0-3 0-5
Imperial Rose. — Skin reddish, flesh pink. Large Small
Size. Size.
Sugar  12-2 11-8
Fibre  3-0 38
Water  81-5 81-9
Gluten  .T  31 23
Waste  0-2 0-2
The best, tierman No. 6, promises, if properly treated with saltpetre manure,
a more advantageous result, on account of its rich percentage of fibre and gluten.
Apparently all the four kinds have been raised in a soil which is entirely
free from alkali admixture and manure.
I am, dear sir.
Yours truly,
DR. P. HERBING,
Analytical Chemist.

• •

REAL ESTATE BIKE

HEAD OFFICE— Vancouver, B. 0. Branck
Offices New Westminster, B. G.,
and 107 Cannon Street,
London, England.

Beal in Britisli ColumMa Sseurities

-AND-

4lHEHLi ESTATE!^
In all Parts of tlie Province,

Vancouver Pfopeitj, Timber Limits, Coal Lands, Etc., Etc.

DON'T FORGET THE NAME.

47

BIRTISH COLUMBIA
Fruit-Growers' Association,

(From Daily News-Advertiser. February 2nd, 1889.)
Over sixty persons, representing the fruit-growing interests of the provmce
from various sections, assembled in the Board of Trade rooms in this city last
evening, at eight o'clock. Mayor Oppenheimer occupied the chair and welcomed
the delegates, of whom the following were officially appointed and responded to
their names : E. Hutchinson, Delta ; AVm. Perkins, jMission ; Thomas Cunning
ham, New Westminster ; Chas. A. Semliu, M.P.P., Cache Creek; 0. D. Sweet,
Richmond ; G. W. Henry, Maple Ridge ; James Punch, Surrey ; W. J. Bran-
dreth. North Arm.
The chairman then explained the objects of the meeting in the following
speech. THE MAYOR'S ADDRESS.
Ge>-tlemen, — It afi'ords me great pleasure to see so many delegates present
from various parts of our province, and to ha/e the honor of welcoming you to the
Terminal City of the Pacific, for the formation of a fruit-growers' association.
Your attendance here to-night as delegates from your divers districts, is in itself
ample proof of the unportance which we are irresistibly drawn to attach to the
future of British Columbia's fruit-culture.
Step by step, from the provincial agricultural shows to the Colonial Exhibi
tion in London, and later at the industrial fairs at Toronto and London, Ontario,
the fruit raised in our province has worked itself into the appreciation of a wide
circle ; and it required but the recent successes to attract the general attention
of experts to this particular branch of our resources. One of them, Mr. Alex.
McD. Allan, president of the Fruit-Growers' Association of Ontario, with whom
horticulture is paramount to a creed, honored us with a visit in November last,
on which occasion he was received in these rooms by the Council and some
members of the Board of Trade. We must be grateful to this gentleman for his
interesting speech made on that occasion, and that he has plainly shown us, that
with the great advantages of our soil, our geographical position and the mildness
of our climate, we would almost commit treason to our provincial interests should
we allow the capabilities of our country to remain dormant.

48
I will leave it to you to make suggestions as to the establishment of the
Fruit-Growers' Association of British Columbia ; but I think we may safely
follow the hints given us by Mr. Allen, during his recent sojourn amongst us.
It seems as if the Ontario association is a well-organized body, which works
properly ; and having carefully examined its modus operandi, I believe that we
may adopt its system without hesitation.
After a few suggestions as the practical working, the chairman concluded as
follows : —
And now, my friends, before closing let me address you with words similar
to those spoken by our wellwisher, Mr. Allan, at a meeting of the Ontario
association last year, and which so thoroughly convey what seems necessary to
a successful carrying out of our plans.
"Let us one and all work, speak, write and think for the interests of
horticulture. " Enlist the sympathy of your friends and neighbors : spread everywhere
the necessity of cultivation, more planting; growing only the best varieties, and
buying and selling honestly.
"In our association we want all classes of our people ; especially do we want
the influence of ' woman ;' and I believe even now our women are fairly enlisted
and willing to work for the grand, elevative interests of horticultm-e.
" Let us work up enthusiasm in our subject, and thus solidly and surely
elevate the standard of everything that is good.
' ' Tliere is room always for improvement, and we should never rest fully
satisfied with the results of past experiments, but go on working up to a high
ideal and encouragmg others to work too."
LETTERS.
A number of letters were read from those who were unable to be present, but
who sent their best wishes for and heartiest encouragement in -writmg to the
association, as follows : T. R. Figg, Mayne Island ; Frank Barnard, M. P. ,
Victoria ; G M. Sproat, West Kootenay ; Colonel Prior, JI. P. , Victoria ; Judge
Vowell, Donald ; E. Crow Baker, M. P. , Victoria ; Alex. JIcD. Allan, president
of the Fruit-Growers' Association of Ontario ; John Bowron, Government agent,
Barkerville; Clement J. Cornwall, ex-Lieutenant-tiovernor, Ashcroft; and
others. THE ASSOCIATION FORMED.
It was moved by Mr. Thomas Cunningham, seconded by ilr. Punch, that
the name of the society be " The British Columbia Fruit-Growers' Association."
THE OFFICERS ELECTED.
After it had been decided that the oflScers should be a president, vice-president,

49
secretary-treasurer and a board of directors, the following were elected to
position, the election in each case being unanimous : —
President — J. M. Browning, Vancouver.
First Vice-president — Tliomas Cunningham, New Westminister.
Second Vice-president — G. W. Henry, Maple Ridge.
Secretary-treasurer — A. H. B. MacGowan, pro tern.
Board of Directors — Vancouver, city and vicinity : G. Mackay ; West
minster, city and vicinity : Peter Latham ; Victoria, city and vicinity : G. A.
MoTavish ; Richmond : 0. D. Sweet ; Chilliwhack : John Reece ; Sumas : D. H.
McGillivray ; Matsqui : C. B. Sword ; Langley : Samutl Robinson ; Surrey ;
James Punch ; Burton's Prairie : H. P. Bales ; Mission ; William Perkins ;
Delta : E. Hutchinson ; Maple Ridge : W. J. Harris ; Yale district : (Nicola)
John Clapperton, (Kamloops) W. J. Roper, (Okanagan) Alfred Postill, (Spillama-
¦cheen) A. L. Fortune, (Cache Creek) John Murray, Spencer's Bridge ; Lillooet :
R. Hay ; Sooke and Esquimalt : Hon. C. E. Pooley ; Saltspring Island . John P
Rooth ; Comox and vicinity : W. M. Dingwall ; Saanich : J. D. Bryant ; Mayne
Island : R. T. Figg ; Nana/mo : J. G. Halpenny ; Cowichan : Henry Fry ; Ash-
¦oroft : Ex-Lieut. -Governor C. J. Cornwall; Clinton : C. Semlin, M.P.P. ; North
Arm : J. W. Lawson. RESOLUTIONS.
The following resolutions were then put and carried : —
Moved by D. Oppenheimer, seconded by 0. D. Sweet, that whereas the
Fruit-Growers' Association of British Columbia has been established, and the
revenues and means of the said Fruit-Growers' Association are somewhat limited,
and inadequate to defray the expenses necessarily incurred by an association of
such vital importance to the province as the Fruit-Growers' Association of
British Columbia ; be it therefore resolved, that the Provincial Government be
requested to aid and assist the Fruit-Growers' Association of British Columbia
with an annual grant of .^1,800 (eighteen hundred dollars), similar to the appro
priation made by the Government of the province of Ontario for the Fruit-
Growers' Association of Ontario.
Moved by D. Oppenheimer, seconded by E. Hutchinson, that whereas it
appears expedient and of the greatest importance to the interests of the Fruit-
Growers' Association of British Columbia that delegates should attend a large
<;onvention, to be held in Montreal or Toronto in the month of January, 1890, for
the purpose of discussing subjects suitable to the fruit-culture of the Dominion of
Canada in general and the different provinces of Canada in particular ; and
whereas this association is still in its infancy, so that its necessary circumstances
do not justify an expenditure of money sufficiently large to defray the necessary
travelling costs of such delegates ; be it therefore resolved, that the Fruit-
Growers' Association of British Columbia request the Dominion Government to
place a liberal sum in its estimates, for the purpose of covering the expenses of
delegates to a large convention of fruit-growers, in JMontreal or Toronto, in the
month of January, 1890.

50
THE ilAYOR AND VANCOUVER THANKED.
Mr. Sweet moved, and half a dozen gentlemen offered to second, a resolution-
of thanks to Mayor Oppenheimer, but Mr. Thomas Cunningham claimed pre
cedence as seconder ; and after Mr. Sweet had spoken to his motion, he took
occasion to remark that the whole province was indebted to Mayor Oppenheimer
for his efi'ort^ in this matter. If there were more Oppenheimers in this province
it would be better for it. He thanked the people of Vancouver generally. Its
enterprise was stimulating the whole of British Columbia, and acting, if the
comparison could be allowed, in the capacity of a push-engine shoving them
up-grade. Mr. McKay also spoke flatteringly of the mayor's efforts to promote.-
the association. The motion was passed by a standing vote.
THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.
The president then read the constitution and by-laws of the Montreal
Horticultural Society and Fruit-Growers' Association of the Pro-vince of Quebec,
which with slight variations were adopted as those of the British Columbia
association. The objects are defined as follows : " The object of the society shall
be to encourage the cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and pursuits pertain
ing to horticulture, the promotion of bee-culture, the holding of exhibitions, and
the collecting of information regarding the different varieties of fruits best
adapted for cultivation in this province." It is provided, briefly, that the
annual meeting shall be in January of each year ; the officers elected by ballot ;.
five a quorum of directors ; thirteen a quorum of the society ; directors hold
quarterly meeting ; fees $2 a year ; life membership §20 ; any person outside tlie-
province may join for $1 for exhibition purposes, and to receive reports, but for
no other ; annual exhibitions.
A spirited discussion took place over the following clause : " The financial.
year shall end . . . ; and no one shall be entitled to vote at the
annual meeting who has not been a member the precedhig year and has paid his
subscription for the current year. " The president thought that clause very
necessary to prevent the association being used for private or political ends, by
members being rushed in just before the annual meeting. Several voted to have-
the part providing for last year's membership as a qualification to vote struck
out, and it was vigorously attacked by one speaker ; but the good sense of the-
meeting snowed under the amendment, which received only four votes.
It was also proposed that members living more than one hundred miles from
Vancouver could be represented by proxy ; but that was not largely supported,.
it being considered a dangerous principle to adopt m a society of the kind.
It was decided that the directors should meet next mornmg at nine o'clock
ii the same place. LIST OF MEMBER.?.
The following signed the membership roll : 0. D. S^\-eet, J. M. Brownincr,
George McKay, C. R. Townley, Rev. Father Fay, E. Hutchinson, A. Howell,.

51
Thomas Cunningham, W. J. Harris, J. Canning, C. Chamberlain, William Prout,
J. Punch, N. Allan, Charles Clark, W. H. May, ^Y. J. Brandreth, G. W. Henry,
F. C. Cotton, E. V. Bodwell, W. Cargill, — Powis, J. C. McLagan, George
Elden, George Coldwell, W. J. McMillan, William Perkins, H. P. Bales, Charles
A. Semlin, M.P.P., A. W. Vowell, J. Boultbee, Thomas Dunn, D. Oppenhemier,
F. X. Martin, R. Clarke, W. F. Salsbury, R. E. Gosnell, Philip Fewster.
TALK ON FRUIT.
By request several gentlemen, practical fruit-growers, gave their experience
in fruit-growing for the benefit of those present.
Mr. Thomas Cunningham was pleasing and instructive in his remarks. He
-spoke of strawberries, in which he had had great success. Last year_ he had
raised the Sharpless, which went twelve to the pound. In regard to pears,
British Columbia set the experience of all the rest of the world at defiance, and
he could only attribute it to the cool nights and long season for maturing. It
was generally taught that pears required a hea-vy, rich, compact clay soil ; but
here, the best pears he had ever seen in his life were grown on gravelly ridges,
which would produce $300 to the acre in crop. Mr. Cunningham had grown the
Silver Prune to a degree of perfection and quality he had never seen equalled.
British Columbia, he said, was the home of the plum. En passant he advised the
association to consider well and look after the insect pests, in which the apple
alone had two hundred enemies. A sovereign remedy against most of them was
to wash the trees with soft soap, diluted to the proportion of one to six with
water. He warned fruit-growers against the excessive pruning of stone-fruit
trees. His experience in that direction was that all the trees overtrimmed had
burst the bark. The explanation of that was that the destruction of the foliage
produced a too rapid growth of the wood of the trunk. In planting trees, they
. should not cut the head too much. They should allow the leader to grow : save
centre, and the tree will grow every time. In concluding, Mr. Cunningham said
he was enthusiastic in the matter of fruit-growing. It was an elevating pro
fession, and had excellent moral effects. He never saw a bad man engaged in
horticulture. (Laughter.) In talking to the warden of the penitentiary the
•other day, I asked him how many fruit-growers they had in the penitentiary,
and the reply was, "Not one." It brought men into harmony -vvith nature and
nature's God. It was helping the work of the Creator, and through it was
divined the operation of his laws. In regard to the market for fruit, he added, it
was not a matter of anxiety to him. They, in fact, would never overtake the
market. There was room for all.
In reply to questions, he said he had planted strawberries successfully all
through from August to December, and even on the 22nd of June. He con
sidered the Baldwin and Northern Spy the best winter apples, the Yellow Trans
parent the best early apple ; the Italian the best prune ; the Bartlett and Chipp's
Favorite the best pears. Strawberries would yield ^1,000 to an acre.
George Henry, Maple Ridge, as a practical nurseryman pjid fruit -grov,-er of

52
some years' experience, had reaped S3000 off a quarter-acre of Crescent seedlings-
He had plum-trees that had made eight and a half feet of growth in a season,
and apple five and six feet. He had good success with raspberries': Cuthbert
and Marlborough were the best varieties. He disagreed with Mr. Cunningham
about the pruning of stone-fruit trees, the effect being largely due to the season
in wiiich it was done. All the dead wood, which retarded growth, should be cut-
back in the spring. He also called attention to one insect which was at work m
the province, which he described as the black-headed apple-borer. The members
should be provided with the entomologist's report, which was published by the
Government. Mr. E. Hutchinson, Ladner's J.van ding, gave an account of his operations as a
fruit-grower and nurseryman, which are quite extensive m apples, pears, black
and red currants, and gooseberries. He was going in for shipping black
currants to San Francisco next fall, where they could not raise them. As to
insects, he had only seen two kinds as yet. For caterpillars, he recommended a-
solution of paris-green as infallible.
Mr. C. R. Townley spoke of experiments in his nursery, but his experience
had not extended sufficiently to judge of results.
William Perkins, Mission, a veteran fruit-grower, had been raising strav/-
berries seventeen years in this province. A variety of strawberries had been
planted eighteen years ago by the Oblate fathers, which he christened the King,
and it was considered then the king of strawberries. Afterwards the Sharpless
was introduced and mixed with the Kmg, and the hybrid berry was the finest
that was ever put on the market. Three years ago he measured one which was
nine inches in circumference — (sensation) ; and although since they had not
attained to such a size, they would go one hundred and seventy-five to two
hundred bushels to the acre. He had seen Mr. Cunningham's estimate of one
thousand dollars to the acre beaten all hollow. British Columbia was the home
of the small-fruit, which was proved by the fact that all kinds of domestic small-
fruit were found in the wild state in the province. He occasioned a hearty laugh
Ijy stating that he hesitated to say anything about gooseberries, because they
wouldn't believe hiiii if he did. But nobody doubted him -nhen he mstanced
berries one and one-eighth inch in diameter and one and three-eighths inch in
length. The above is only a hint at the nature of the discussion on the topics of
interest to fruitmen, which occupied the association for several hours, space
not adnutting of a more extended report.
Throughout the evening the interest -fl-as thoroughly maintained, and the
proceedings, with probably a single exception, were of the most harmonious and
enthusiastic character. The promoters are to be congratulated upon the excellent
result achieved, as a greater success for its inauguration could not have been
anticipated by the most sanguine.

53
OUR WEALTH IN FISHERIES.

The aggregate value of the fish catch of the four Maritime Provinces is
given at $14,750,281 in last year's returns. Of that $548,223 is the yield for
salmon, or about 4 per cent, of the total. Of the value of the British Columbia
fisheries, $1,974,887, for the same year, $1,556,654 represents salmon, oi nearly
80 per cent. Deducting the value of seals and other products, not strictly toj^be
classified as fish, $174,508, a comparison between the Atlantic and Pacific shows
the following to be true, and is significantly in favor of the latter, that -whereas
the British Columbia rivers give in the proportion of $9 and the sea $1, in the
Maritime Provinces the rivers only yield a proportion of $1, while the fishermen
have to fight the sea for the other |9. Our salmon industry is already many
times greater than that of the Atlantic, whereas other kinds of fishing is scarcely
started to be developed, and, therefore, while in the aggregate it bears no com
parison with the annual product of the Atlantic with an equal, if not greater
extent of coast line, with valuable fisheries all along it, the possibilities arc greater,
and to say that with, fair hopes of realisation, is to open out prospects for the
Province of British Columbia, and particularly so for New Westminster District
and Vancouver as the head centre of the trade, which its wealth of minerals and
timber combined cannot render incomparable. For the year 1888 the
\VHOLE FISHERIES PRODUCT.
of the Province, New Westminster forming the most considerable part, the
returns are as complete as it has beeu possible to obtam them :
Salt Salmon  bbls. 4,216 @ $10.00 $ 42,100
Fresh Salmon  lbs. 1,917,000 @ .10 191,000
Smoked Salmon  -lbs. 12,500 @ .20 2,500
Canned Salmon  lbs. 8,833,944 @ . 12i 1,104,243
Sturgeon  lbs. 175,500 @ .05 8,775
Halibut, fresh  lbs. 77,000® .05 3,850
Halibut, smoked  lbs. 30,000 @ .10 3,000
Herrmg, fresh  lbs. 82,900® .05 4,145
Herring, smoked  lbs. 3,000 @ .20 600
Oolachan, fresh  lbs. 10,200® .10 1,020
Oolachan, salt  bbls. 232®. 10.00 2,320
Oolachan, smoked  lbs. 200 @ . 20 40
Trout  lbs. 4,500 ® .10 450
Assorted  lbs. 110,000® .05 5,500
Smelts, fresh  lbs. 8,000 @ .06 480
Skil (Black Cod)  bbls. 484 @ 18.00 8,7!2
Sardines  lbs. 3,100® .10 310
Tooshqua (cultis cod)  lbs. 20,000® .06 1,'200
Fish Oil  gals. 26,745 (a\ .50 13,:;72-i
Seal Skins, fur  24,843 ® 10. 00 248,430
Total of Returns  $1,638,507-1
Estimated value of returns to be made  250,000
Estimated value of consumption by 36,000 Indians  4,385,000
Total British Columbia catch  $6,273,507

54
VALUE OF FISHING OUTFIT.
53 Vessels, 2,270 tons  $183,700
1,207 Boats, Etc  68,042
224,865 Fathoms Gill Nets  1.50,110
2,990 Fathoms Seines  17,960
Total  $420,712
STATISTICS OF INDUSTRY
23 Salmon Canneries valued at  $569,000
3 Oil Factories  18,.5C0
2 Freezing Establishments  10,000
4 Ice Houses  1 >000
Total  .5020,000
No. of Salting Stations  6
No. of Sailors and Sealers  4,82.5
No. of Fishermen and Cannerymen  5,374
THE CANNING INDUSTRY.
The Fraser River enjoys the distinction of possessing the largest oannuig
industry in the world. It st.irted into life about 1873 and quickly grew into an
importance which places it in the first rank among the industries of the Province,
and causes it to be pointed to with pride when the various sources of wealth of
the Dominion are being enumerated. When giving the returns for 1SS8, it must
be remembered that last year was one of the periodically poor seasons ^^¦hieh is
looked to occur every four years. This is no doubt caused by the conditions
which exist at the spawning beds at certain intervals, causing the destruction of
the eggs through being frozen or other causes. However, to ^^-hatever cause it
may be attributed the fact of a periodic scarcity exists, followed by the years of
plenty, and the cannery men look forward to the incoming season as one of great
abundance. The catch, therefore, of last year on the Fraser was small compared
with some previous yea)'s, although what is true of the Fraser does not apply to
other canning grounds, where there was an increase, which brings up the average
for the Province. The returns for the Province complete are as follows :
FRASER RIVER.
NAME OF COMrAKY. CANNINc; CKOUND. >,0. OF CASES.*
PhcL'nix  Mouth of the River  —  4 qqO
B. A. P  ^\'ellington Canoe Pass  10,000
Wellington  Wellington Canoe Pass  7,700

55
Harlock & Co  Ladner's Landing  4,440
E. A. Wadhams  Ladner's Landing  5,720
Delta  Ladner's Landing  6,771
Fraser River Canning Co  Deas Island  3,300
Ewen & Co  Lion Island  10,470
B. G. P. Co  Anneville  5,000
Laidlaw & Co  Sapperton  6,771
Bon Accord  Coquitlam  5,140
Richmond  Richmond  7,804
* A case contains 48 pounds and is valued a 12J cents per pound.
SKEENA RIVER AND ELSEWHERE
NAME or COMPANY. CANKING GROUND. NO. OE CASES.
Skeena Packmg Company .... Port Essington  16,060
Inverness Packing Company . . Balmoral  '  10,600
E. A. P  Port Essington  17,709
Windsor Canning Company . . .Aberdeen  12,872
Rivers Inlet Canning Co  Rivers Inlet  12,000
Wharnook  Rivers Inlet  8,000
A. J. McLellan  Naas River  12,318
Alert Bay Packing Co  Alert Bay  5,000
Tl e following is a reliable return of the salmon pack of the Fraser so far
this year : CASES.
Hobson & Co  15,000
English & Co  18,600
Beaver Cannery  ,  14,600
British American Packing Company  21,000
Canoe Pass Canning Company  15,000
Wellington Packing Company  19,000
Harlock Packing Company  14,000
Wadman's  15,000
Delta Canning Company  20,000
Fmdlay, D. & Brodie  11,680
Ewen & Co  29,800
British Columbia Packing Company  15,500
Laidlaw & Co. (Sapperton)  20,000
Bon Accord Fishing Company (Coquitlam)  16,000
Munn's (Sea Island, North Arm)  15,000
Richmond Canning Company (North Arm)  16,000

Total  276,180
The complete pack of the Northwest coast salmon canneries for 1SS9 is as
follows :

56
NAAS RIVER.
McLellau's Cannery  9,500
Fiudlay, D. & Brodie  4,500
Cascade Canning Company  2,500
Total  16,500
SKEENA RIVER.
N. P. C. Co  10,000
Inverness Co  9,500
Balmoral  9,."',00
Windsor  10,000
Cunningham  1 1,500
B. A. & P. C  12,500
Total  03,000
RIVERS INLET.
Rivers Inlet Canning Company  16,000
Wannock  10,000
Total  2i3,00O
Alert Bay  6,500
Grand total pack of the Nortliwest coast  1 12,000
Estimated pack on the Fraser River  310,000
Total  422,000
Reckoning the total pack at an average value of •?5. 7.J per case, withou);
allowing anything for losses one way and another, the value of this season's
pack would be s2,i'2G,~A)0.

57

THE COAL BEDS

WRSTMIKESTRR J3J@/J^;^J(3/J^.

The Report of the Department of the Interior, just recently issued, among
other exploratory surveys discovered, has the following :
dTea 0^ f^® seaboard of British Columbia Mr. Amos Bowman commenced field
work in New Westminster district on tho 1st of April, contuiuiiig [to the end of
August. The area delineated comprises a rectangle of a degree of latitude lying
ijOrth of the 49th parallel, and three degrees of longitude lying eastward from the
Gulf of Georgia to the canon of the Fraser. In this region are situated the cities
of Westmmster and Vancouver. It includes the delta of the Fraser, and also the
much larger pleistocene delta of the stream. A considerable expanse of lignite-
bearing tertiary, and alsO of bituminous coal bearing rocks of Cretaceous age,
occur in this region, the two series presenting a system of outliers and ranges
flanking the higher coast mountams of granite.
In May and June the limits of the Tertiary were traced, first south of the
Fraser, commencing at Mud Bay (Semihamoo) and thence eastward to the Chilli
whack River Mountains. The same rocks were then delineated (and incidentally
others) on the north side of the Fraser, especially in the vicinity of Westminster
and Vancouver.Workable beds of lignite and coal, in the older as well as the newer series of
rocks, are believed to exist, and will be developed when pro,speoting for them by
boring, or drifting to the depths beyond atmospheric influence, is undertaken.
In the adjacent United Stales territory the same rocks have been more extensively
prospected, and in several places where exploited, show every indication of pre
valence and continuance of favorable coal making conditions along the whole
eastern or mainland side of the Puget Sound and Fuca Straits from the southern
extremity of the former as far northward as the valley of the Fraser — in other
•words, on the Westminster side of the trough as well as on the opposing Van
couver Island side. The older or Cretaceous series of rocks are extensively
developed in Canadian territory in the Harrison Lake District, and in the south
ern portions of the field described.
The quantity of Territory coal or lignite which may be developed by means

58
of judicious boring operations in the vicinity of Westminster and Vancouver, can
only be conjectured by the experience at Bellingham Bay, which furnished one
of the earliest examples of profitable coal mining on the Pacific Coast ; the basin
there and its rocks being oontmuous, it may be fairly inferred that the coal seams
are so also.
Although coal has been found in very many localities north of the interna
tional boundary-line in the Tertiary delta of the Fraser, in only two instances
have attempts been made, by sinking or boring, to prove the thickness of the
seams at depths where they would be uninfluenced by atmospheric weathering,
and in both instances without adequate capital — at Coal Harbor (Vancouver) by a
boring, and at Sumas Mountain by an incline. The results, so far as they go, are
by no means discouraging.
The conditions now existing, which justify prospecting by boring operations,
and luinmg lignite for local use, are its cheapness, and a local market greatly
extended beyond that heretofore existing which would enable it nov/ to successfully
compete for many purposes with coal transported from Vancouver Island.
Proximity to croppings of seams known and considered to be more or less
promising, so as to test these at a distance from the surface, would be the first
consideration in selecting sites suitable for boring operations. Otherwise located,
a bore hole might be put down very widely astray, and might succeed only in
testing a theory ; but thus guided the bore could not fail to test the ground in
association with the seam or seams in question to the depths explored.
The thickness of the measures desirable to be tested in the same connection
will of course govern the deptli of the Bore in any given locality. The entire
series exposed in the vicinity of Burrard inlet is not far from 3,000 feet in- thick
ness. But all these beds, except some unknown, possibly underlying ones, come
to the surface ; those exposed nearest to the Inlet being at the bottom and those
nearest to the Fraser River at the top of the series. A bore near Port Moody,
say at the terminus of the "North Road," would test the lower series ; but could
reveal nothing respecting the next overlying strata, which at that place have
been removed by denudation. To test these it would be necessary to wo as far
up the coal ravine of the "Gravel Pit" (nearly opposite the North Arm or Burrard
Inlet, known also as camp No. 1, and the "Italian camp,'' on the railway) as it
would be possible to haul the machinery. The same rocks wouldbe far below the
surface at Burnaby Lake, and probably several thousand feet beneath the city of
Westminster. A very short mcline, shaft or tunnel, might test the ground satisfactorily in
one place, while a bore of several hundred feet might suffice at another • the
choice being determmed by the contract price. Sinking by shaft, necessitating
pumping of water would be undertaken only after the ground has been tested
and proved to justify that expense.
Boring for water, a question of present public interest, is quite another prob
lem, if the water be looked for in the porous gravelly or sandy strata overlying
the coal, as at Westminster. In a bore there, for an artesian well, at a depth of

59
from one to two thousand feet would have to be attained before any coal yet found
could enter into consideration at all ; and at such a depth, even if found in thta
vicinity, it could not be profitably worked.
Cretaceous coal measures already referred to, lie probably too deep in the
littoral district under consideration to be reached by boring, except possibly
along the south shore of Burrard Inlet, where a bore would probably go through
some shore edges of the cretaceous before reaching the underlying granite ; such as
opposite the valley of the North Arm and of Pitt River, both of which may repre
sent arms of the cretaceous sea.
Any point between the smelting works and the terminus of the ' 'North
Road," would be suitable for a bore to search for the deep-lying cretaceous coal
measures in their vicinity. That of the coal croppings on Hastings town site,
half a mile west of Hastings, is as favorable as any other ; and presents, in
addition, the inducement of connected -jfld interesting developments in the terti
ary series. At Sumas Mountain, and at the Warnok-Kanaka Creek Mountain, the terti
ary coal, so far as known, lies near the bottom of the series. Kanaka Creek
presents a favorable locality for test by boring in the line of the ancient valley of
the Lillooet River.
Two series of coal seam.s come to tho surface on opposite sides of the city of
Vancouver. The coal measures occupy the v/hole of Stanley Park, and also
immediately underline the city. By means of a bore of over 400 feet put down
near Granville Hotel, Vancouver, nearly twenty years ago, some lower beds of
the series comhig to the surface in Stanley Park have been proved to be either
uneontinuous or barren. But the seams which have given Coal Harbor its name
more probably escaped the investigation of the prospectors altogether, from the
circumstance that the locality selected appears to have presented only strata over-
ying the coal. The upper coal croppings of Brewery Creek, and other localities
on the south side of False Creek, do not anywhere extend to the northward of
False Creek. They could be conveniently intersected by a bore on a line with
False Creek trail to Fraser River, which could be so located as to reach the coal
at any desired depth below the surface.

IPPEffliMER m mOS.,

« •

^•-^-^

Importers and Wholesale Dealers in
GBOCERIES, I PROVISIONS, i CI&ARS,
TOBACCOS, I ETC., i ETC.

CORNER OF POWELL STREET and COLOMBIA AVENUE.
P. 0. Box 100.
Vancouvep, ¦ - Bpitish Columliia.

61

LUMBERING INDUSTRY.

A FEW FACTS ABOUT THIS IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF
PROVINCIAL WEALTH.

In the report of the Minister of Land and Works recently issued, there are
some interesting statistics as to the lumber industry. There are 25 sa^vmills in
the Province, with a daily capacity in the agregate of 170,000, or about 275,000-
OOO per annum. The acreage of timber leases held from the Provincial Govern
ment amounts to 135,063 acres, and on crown lands, 10,939,400; timber lease
hold, 9,429,565; private property, 3, ,342, 352 ; total, 31,878,384; royalty collected,
$12,575.59 ; rebate on timber exported, $3,051.48.
Tne mills with situations, etc., are : Moodyville Saw Mill Co,, Burrard Inlet,
,six locations, in New Westminster district, 33,577 acres in all ; Hastings Saw
Mill Co., Vancouver, with 8,316 acres on coast, 5,391 New Westminster district,
3,961 coast and Sayward districts; Royal City Planing Mills Co. , New West
minster and Vancouver, with locations in Sayward, on the coast and New West.
minster districts amounting to 20,458 acres in all ; Leamy and Kyle, Vancouver
€,239 acres in coast and Sayward districts ; W. P. Sayward, Victoria, 1,380 acres
in coast district ; Wm. Sutton, Cowichan, 7,069 acres in Cowichan district ; J_
Martin k Son, 787 acres, Harrison Lake ; Harlani & Lees, Nanaimo, 18,462
.acres in Sayward district ; Croft & Angus, Chemainus, 1,413 acres in New West
minster district ; Ross & McLaren, 23,600 acres in Westminster; Knight Bro's
mill of 25,000 daily capacity, Shuswap MUlingCo., Yale district, 3,200 capacity;
MuirBros., Sooke, 12,000; Brunette Sawmill Co., New Westminster, 80,000:
Fader Bros., Vancouver, 75,000 ; Port Moody Sawmill Co., 15,000; W. A. John,
ston. Cariboo district, Quesnelle, 20,000 ; J. B. Nasou, Cariboo district, Barker
ville, 6,000; Indians, Alert Bay, 5,000, Cunningham & Co., Port Essington, 8,000;
«-G. Williscroft, Georgetown, 12,000 ; N, Hanson, Kootenay district ; Indians,
Naas, 3,000 ; Vancouver Lumber Co., Vancouver, 8,000.
The annual report of T. S, Higginson, Crown Timber Agent, for the year
ending October 31st, 1888, gives the following particulars about the lumbering
interests of Westminster District: The Royal City Planing Mill Co., of New
Westminster, with a capacity of 75,000 feet per 12 hours, showed an annual cut

62
of 12,378,678 feet; The Brunette Saw Mill Co., of New Westminster, with a
capacity of 40,000 feet per 12 hours, annual cut, 4,858,906 feet ; W. C. AVells,
(Palliser Lumber Co.) of Palliser, with a capacity of 20,000 feet per 12 hours,
annual cut, 438,178 feet ; F. Robinson, of Beaver, with a capacity of 20,000 feet-
per 12 hours, annual cut, 4,208,5,35 feet; Knight Bros., Popcum, capacity of
50,000 feet per 12 hours, annual cut, 85,598 feet ; Hugh Burr, Ladner's Landing,
capacity of 10,000 feet per 12 hours, annual cut, 567,000 feet ; J. McDonald,
Craigellachie, capacity of 20,000 feet per 12 hours, annual cut 1,000,000 feet ; S.
W. McKay, Griffin Lake, capacity, 15,000 feet per 12 hours, annual cut, 800,000
feet. Altogether making a grand total of 24,436,895 feet of manufactured lum
bar in one year.
Mr Higginson in his report adds that during the past year there have been
many inquiries by Eastern Canadian and American lumbermen, with the view of
establishing extensive mills in the Province at an early day. The Douglas pine
and cedar of the Province are recogidsed by competent judges to be, in many
respects, superior to any wood found in the east, while the trees contain from 5
M to 23 M feet B. M., something almost incredible to eastern men, and defective
trees are the exception.
Another advantage here is that they have the whole civilised world as a
market, these superior woods finding ready access by water to the markets of
China, Japan, Australia, and the South American Provinces ; while the demand,
in consequence of the completion of our gi-eat National and Im.perial highway, ij
steadily increasing for our finer grades in the Canadian Northwest Territories
and Western and Eastern Canada, as well as the Western States.
Considering therefore that the lumber supply is about exhausted in the east,
and we on the Pacific Coast possess the pine and cedar forests of America, the
trade must, in the near future assume enormous proportions.

63

Eiditeen Years of Proo-ress.

[ Sumrixerside Journal, F. E. I. ]
British Columbia has just celebrated her admission to Confederation, eighteen
years ago, and the News Advertiser, an enterprising daily published in the rapidly
growing city of Vancouver, devotes a couple of columns to an mteresting review
of the great progressmade in that time by the "sunset province of the Dominiou."
After a comparison of the condition of affairs prior to and subsequent to the
Union, the WTiter sums up his observations in the following statistical contrast,
which indicates the immense progress made by British Columbia during the past
few years :
The population of British Columbia in 1871 was estimated at 36,000, exclu
sive of 30,000 Indians, and it is now placed at ovnt 100,000.
In 1876 the value of the fish product, in round numbers, was $100,000 ; it is
now $2,000,000.
The coasting trade in 1876, 125,000 tonnage, now 1,500,000 tonnage.
The exports in 1872 were $190,000 ; now, $350,000. Imports, 1872, $180,000;
now, $3,600,000.
Duty collected in 1872, $350,000 ; now, $900,000.
Tonnage of vessels in and out, 260,000 ; now, 1,200,000.
Output of coal in 1874 was 81,000 tons ; in 1888, 500,000 tons.
The above figures could be multiplied greatly in detail, but a general outline
-Tvill indicate pretty clearly the progress made.

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