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Vol. XXX.— THE OLD EGYPTIAN FAITH. By Professor Edouard Navillb. Illustrated. 4s. 6d. net. Vol. XXXI.— THE CONSTITUTION AND LAW OF THE CHURCH IN THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES. By Dr Adolf Harnack. 5s. net. Vol. XXXII.— THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. By Dr Rudolf Kittel. ss. net. Descriptive Prospectus on Application. IV THE DATE OF THE ACTS AND OF THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS BT ADOLF HARNACK PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN TRANSLATED BY THE REV. J. R. WILKINSON, M.A. LATE SCHOLAR OF WORCESTER COLLEGEj OXFORD ; AND RECTOR OF WINFORD WILLIAMS & NORGATE 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON NEVi? YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1911 CONTENTS OHAP. PAOK I. The Identity of the Author of the " We "- Sections of the Acts of the Apostles with THE Author of the whole Work . . 1 II. The Chief Argument against the Lukan Authorship of the Acts : Jewish Chris tianity (Judaism)j St Paul and St Luke . 30 Introduction ...... SO A. St Paul's attitude towards Jewish Chris tianity and Judaism according to his Epistles ; his Jewish limitations . . 40 B. The attitude of the Apostle St Paul towards Judaism and Jewish Christianity according to the last chapters of the Acts . . 67 III. The Date of the Acts of the Apostles and OF the Synoptic Gospels .... 90 Introduction ...... 90 1. The conclusion of the Acts ofthe Apostles and its silence concerning the result of St Paul's trial 93 vi THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS OHAP. PAOB 2. Further negative indications in favour of an early date for the Acts .... 99 3. The importance of the passage Acts xx. 25 (xx. 38) in determining the date of the book 103 4. Positive evidence for an early date drawn from terminology . . . .103 5, Objections to an early date for the Acts of the Apostles (Conclusion) . . . 114 6. The date ofthe Gospel of St Luke . . 116 7. The date of St Mark's Gospel . . .126 8. The date of St Matthew's Gospel . . 133 IV. The Primitive Legends of Christendom . 136 DATE OF THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS CHAPTER I the identity of the author of the " we "-sections OF THE acts of THE APOSTLES WITH THE AUTHOR OF THE WHOLE WORK One of the strongest arguments in favour of this identity is the argument from language and style. In my two earlier works (LuJce the Physician and The Acts qf the Apostles) I have presented this argument in full detail, and it is to be hoped have proved conclusively that the hypothesis of a difference of authors is imten- able. We are here concerned not only with a striking agreement in the use of words, but with an agreement in syntax and style which is just as striking, and above all with an identity of interest which extends into the minutest details of the narrative, such as the literary treatment of persons, lands, cities, peoples, houses, dates, etc., and which shows itself even in similar instances of carelessness and petty discrepancy. But a certain number of critics still regard the proof as unsatisfactory. Thus Paul Wilhelm Schmidt i declares that " linguistic ^ Festschrift ziir Feier des /fSO-jahr, Bestehens der Univ. Basel (De Wette-Overbeok's Werk zur Apostelgesoh. und desaen jiingste Bestreit- ung), 1910, S. 44. 2 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS homogeneity is not the same thing as linguistic identity ; between even St Luke's gospel of the Childhood, especially the Magnificat and Benedictus on the one hand, and the rest of the gospel of St Luke on the other hand, there exists, as Harnack has lately shown, a far- reaching linguistic harmony." But it is just identity, and not merely homogeneity, which is disclosed by our researches into St Luke's language and style ; and the gospel of the Childhood, including the two canticles, is shown to be no source which, like the supposed " diary of travel," has been incorporated into his work, but either a free elaboration of oral tradition or a free translation of an Aramaic record. From the study of the source Q in the gospel we can learn how a source that has been adopted by St Luke stands out from his own work. Of the 261 words which occur in the New Testament only in the gospel of St Luke, 3 at the most are to be found in the sections of the gospel derived from Q ^ ! Compare with this the vocabulary of the " we "-sections in its relation to that of the whole Acts of the Apostles ! Is not this in itself enough to convince any critic that the " we "-sections could not have been an independent source ? But how much easier it is to obtain credence for some questionable hypothesis than to gain accept ance for what admits of stringent logical demonstration ! So it has ever been, and so it will ever be ! It is the same with Clemen. Again the proof based upon language and style makes no impression. He writes^ — all is ' Sayings of Jesus, Preface. ^ "Professor Harnack on Acts" [Sibbert Journal, viii. 4 1910 July, p. 787). ' ' THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 3 explained " partly from the fact that these details are historical and therefore could be mentioned by various writers, partly from the terminology common to the whole book of Acts." This is a way out of the difficulty that can be acquiesced in only by one who has not studied in detail the actual nature of the coincidences and is content to quiet his intellectual conscience with preconceived opinions.^ Seeing that so much depends upon the argument in question, I have now determined to lay before my readers the whole material upon which it is based. In my treatise Luke the Physician (pp. 40-65) I verse by verse pointed out the linguistic coincidences in the passages Acts xvi. 10-17 and xxviii. 1-16, and then gave a summary description (pp. 67-84)) of the vocabulary of the " we "-sections in comparison with the whole Acts of the Apostles. I shall now in the following pages print the whole text of the " we "-sections, underlining those words or constructions which occur again in the Acts and in the gospel of St Luke, while in the rest of the historical books of the New Testament they find either no parallel or one of a slight description.^ From ' I am the more pleased to find that Moulton, the foremost authority on New Testament Greek, upholds the unity of authorship. He writes (A Chammar of the New Testament,^ 1908, p. 14): "I was quite content to shield myself behind Blass ; but Harnack has now stepped in with decisive effect. The following pages will supply not a few grammatical points to supplement Harnack's stylistic evidence in Luke fhe Physician." As a matter of fact, Moulton has himself noticed a whole series of delicate stylistic traits which confirm the unity of author.4hip. 2 We add a few other peculiarities which the " we "-sections share with the whole book of the Acts, apart altogether from the gospels. 4 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS considerations of space I may be allowed to omit a com mentary on these passages, such as that which I have given upon ch, xvi. 10-17 and xxviii. 1-6. The principles in accordance with which the passages are selected remain exactly the same ; and the careful reader, with the help of a concordance — the commentaries, with the exception of that of B. Weiss, will often fail him — will easily be able to ascertain in each particular case the reason why a particular word or construction is under lined. It is obvious that the distinction by underlining is not always of the same value, but it is impossible to represent in print different degrees of importance, especially when in many cases the valuation cannot be other than subjective. xvi. 10-17. ¦^*'f2y Se TO opafj.a eiSev, evdiwi e^r/T'qa'aiJ.ev e^eXOeiv et? M.aKeSovlav, avu^i^d^ovTeis on irpoaKeKkriTai tj/xai 6 Oeoi evayyeXla-aardai avrovs. ^^ avaxOevreg Se atro TpwaSog evdvSpofijja-afjLev et? ^afia6paKt]v, ry Se etriovcrfi eh Neav IloXti', ^^KOicetOev ety ^iXiTnrovi, ^rii ea-Tiv Trpurrt] r^i fxeplSoi tiJ9 MuKeSovlai troXn, KoXwvla. ^/xev Se iv twuth tu troXei SiaTpi/Sovreg ^fiepas Tivag. ^^ fti ''¦6 ^l^ipf f^v iTa^j3aT(jov e^ijXOofiev e^oo T?y irvXris ¦ irapa troTafxov, o5 evofxi^ofiev irpotrevxriv eivat, koi KaQla-gvreis eXaXov/nev rats arvveXOovcraif yvvai^iv. ^^ KUi T(s y WJ? ovofiaTi AvSia, irop^vpoTTcoXii TroXewg QvaTeipwv, (re^ofji.ev>] tov 6e6v, rJKOvev, ^f 6 Kvpios Sirivoi^ev t^v Kup- Slav trpoa-ixeiv Toh XaXovfievoi? vvo IlaiyXoi;. •'^ w? ^e e/SatrTia-dri koi 6 oIkos avTijs, irapeKoXecrev Xeyovcra' el KeKpiKUTe fie ttictt^v tw Kvpltp etvai, elcreXdovTeg els tov THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 5 oIkov fjLov ixeveTe' Ka\ trape^idcraTO fip.ds. ^^ iyevero Se, tropevoij.evwv rjixwy eis Trjv trpoaevxv^, traiSiaKrjv Tiva exovcrav TrvevfjLa irvBwva viravTrjaai fjfuv, tJTis epyacriav TroXXrjv trapeixev tois Kvp'iois auTfjs fiavTevofievij. ¦'•' aih-ri KaTaKoXovOoOcra tw TLavXtp Ka\ ^fxiv eKpa^ev Xeyovcra' oStoi 01 avBpunroL SovXoi tov 6eov tov v'^icttov elcriv, oiTives KaTayyeXXovaiv v/uliv oSov crcoTripias. tovto Se eiroiei eiri iroXXas ^fiepas. XX. 4-16; xxi. 1-18. * Swi/et Trero ^6 avToi [JlavXw] StoTraTpoy Hvppov Bepoiaioj, QecraraXoviKeoov Se 'ApicrTapxos ««' 'SieKovvSos Kal Tdios Aep^aios Kal Ti/moOeos, 'Kcriavoi S'e Tvxucos Kal lLp6cj>iixos. ^ oStoi Se trpoeXBovTes e/xevov tjfias ev TpcpdSi. ^j/jwety ^e i^eTrXevcra/j.ev jmeTa tus fi/j-epas twv a^vfjLwv ctTTo aXiTnrwv Kal '^Xdo/mev trpos avTOvs eis Trjv TpcpdSa axpi ^fiepaiv trevTe, oS SieTpi'^ajxev ^p.epas etrTa. '' ev Se T^ fiia twv cra/3^dT(t)v crvvriyfAevcev ^p-wv KXacrai apTOv 6 TLavXos SieXeyeTO avTOis, p-eXXoiv e^ievai Ty etravpiov, trapeTeivev Te tov Xoyov M^X/" p.ecrovvKTiov. ® ^crav Se XafxtrdSes iKUval ev tm ytrepcfico, o5 ^p,ev avvtjy- fievoi. ^ Kade^o/mevos Si tis veavias 6v6fx.aTt EvtvXos etrl T^y QvpiSos, KaTacpepo/mevos vtrvw ^adei, SiaXeyofievov TOV UavXov etrl trXeiov, KUTevexOeh atro tov vtrvov etrecrev atro tov TpWTeyov kutoo Kal '^pOtj veKpos- ^° /cara/Scty ^e o ILavXos etretrecrev avTW Kal crvvtrepiXa^wv ettrev' /mrj dopv^eicrde. rj yap i^vxh avTov ev avTW ecTTiv. "avO/Say Se Kal /cXcttray tov apTOv Kal yevcrdfievos e<}> iKavov TB ojmiXncras axpi- ai^y??, ovTwy e^rjXQev. '^^ nyayov Se TOV tratSa ^wvTa, Kal trapeKXijOrjcrav ov /xerptwy. 6 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS ^^ rip-els Se trpoareXOovres etrl to trXoiov dv^x^lf*'^" ^'"''^ Tr/v" Aarcrov, eKeiOev fieXXovTes dvaXap.^dveiv tov JlavXov ' oi/Twy yap SiaTeTay/j-evos ^v, fieXXwv avTOS tre£eveiv. ^* COS Se crvvi^aXXev Tip.LV els tV "Acrcrov, avaXa^ovTes avTOV r/XQopiev els M.iTvXrivriv. ^* KUKeidev dtrotrXevcravTes Ty etriovary KaTr]vTi^crap.ev dvTiKpvs Xtow, Ty Se ecrtrepa trape^aXofiev els ^dp-ov, Kal fjLeivavTes ev TpcoyiXia Ty exop-evy '^Xdopiev els MiXt/toV ^^ KeKpucei yap 6 HavXos trapatrXevcrai Trjv "E^ecroi/, otrcos p-h yivtiTai avTcp XpovoTpi^rjcrai iv Ty 'Acria' ecrtrevSev ydp, el SvvaTov elri avTW, Trjv ^p.epav Trjs trevTtjKocrTrjs yevecrdai eis 'lepocr6Xvp.a .... xxi. ^'fiy ^e eyeveTO dvaxO^vai fip.ds atrocrtracrQevTas (xtt' avTwv, ev6vSpop.^cravTe]Xdop,ev eis Trjv Kw, Ty Se e^fjs els T^v 'ToSov, KUKeidev els IXctTapa. ^ koI evpovTes trXoiov Siatrepwv els ^oiviKriv, itri^dvTes dvrixQyiP-ev. ^ ava(f>dvavTes Se Trjv Ki/7rpoi/ Kai KaToXitrovTes avTr/v evwvvfjLov etrXiop.ev els 'Lvpiav, koli KaTrjXQop.ev els TJpoi'. eKelcre yap to trXoiov ^v atro(popTi^6p.evov tov yop.ov, * avevpovTes Se TOi/y p.adr]Tas itrep.eivap.ev avTOV ijnepas etTTa. oiTives tu> YLavXcp eXeyov Sia tov trvevpuTos p.tj itri/3aiveiv els 'lepocroXvpa. ® oTe Se iyeveTO i^apTicrai rip.as Tas ^p.epas, i^eXdovTes itropevopieda trpotrep.trovTnrevovcTai. ^° ittymwrwv S'e ^/uepas trXeiovs KaT^Xdev TIS. atro tSjs 'lovSalas trpocpriTtis ovopaTi "Aya^os, " Kal eXOwv trpos rip.5.s Kal apas Trjv ^txivnv TOv IXay'Xow, S^iras eavTov TOVS troSas Kal tus X«P«? ettrev' TdSe Xeyei to trvevfxa to dyiov' tov dvSpa, oS icsTiv ri ^wvrj aijTri, ovTtos Syjcrovcrw iv lepovcraXrip. ot 'lovSaioi koI trapaSdocrovcriv eis X^'P"? iOvwv. ^^ ftjy Se ^K0iicrap.ev TavTa, trapeKaXovp.ev rip.eis TB Kal oi ivTotrioi tov p.ri dva^aiveiv avTOV els lepovcraXrip.. '^Tore dtreKpiOn o IXauXoy" ti troieiTe KXaiovTes Kai crvvdpvtrTOVTes p.ov Tr]V KapSiav ; iyw ydp ov P.0V0V Sedfjvai dXXd koi dtroOaveiv ek 'lepovcraXrip, eT0ip.ws ex(t) vtrep tov ovofAaTOs tov Kvpiov 'Irjcrov. p.ri trei9op.evov Se avTOv ^g-vxdcrapev eltrovTes' tov Kvpiov TO deXiip,a yivecrdca. ^^ p.eTd Se Tas mipo^i TavTas itricrKevacrdp.evoi ave^aivopLev els 'lepocroXvua. ^^crwrjXBov Se Kal twv p.a6riTwv atro l^aiaaplas crvv ipiv, dyovTes trap'

ris, ^'^^ dpavTes BorjOeiais expwvTO, vtro^wvvvvTes to trXoiov' (po^ovp-evoi tb p.ri els Trjv ZivpTiv eKtrecrwcriv, x«Xa(rai/T6y to crKevos, ovtws eepovTO. crcpoSpws Se x^'M^^o/xeVoii' ripiwv Ty e^ijs eKpoXriv etroiovvTO, ^^ Kal Ty TpiTy avTOX^ipes t^v CTKevriv TOV trXoiov eppi^p^av. ^ p.riTe fjXiov pijTe acrTpwv etri^aivovTwv etri trXeiovas fifxepas, x^'f^^"^^ ''"^ ovk oXiyov etriKeipevov, Xoitrov trepiypeiTO eXTrJy trdcra tov crw£eavai ^pds. ^^ troXXrjs Te dcriTias vtrapxovcrris totb CTTadeis o IlavXoy ev fiecrcp avTwv eitrev' eSei p.ev, & dvSpes, trei QapXficravTas p.oi p.r] dvdyecrOai atro Tijs Kpj^TJjy KepSrjcrai Te Tr/v v^piv TavTrjv Kal Triv ^Jjp.iav. ^^ Kal Ta vvv trapaivw vp.ds evdvfxeiv' dtroBoXt] ydp '^vxvs ovSep.ia ecTTai i£ vp.wv trXrjv tov trXoiov. ^^ trapecrTrj ydp p.oi TavTy Ty vvkti tov Oeov, oS elp.i, ch koi XaTpevw, dyyeXos ^* Xeyo)!/' p.ri (poBov, Ilay Xe" ^aicrapi ere Set trapacsTrjvai, Kai iSov KexapicTTai crot o deos travras tovs trXeovTOS p.eTa crov. ® Sio evdvuiecTe, dvSpes' tricrTevw ydp tw decfi OTi OVTWS ecTTai Kaff ov Tpotrov XeXdXt]Tai p.oi. ^® els vrjcrov Se Tiva Set fjp.ds iKtrecreiv. ^^ wy Se recraapecr- KaiSeKaTr] vv^ eyeVero Siacpepo/me'vwv fip,wv iv tw 'ASpt'a, KaTa p.ecrov Trjs vvktos vtrevoovv oi vavTai trpocrayeiv Tiva avTois X">P'^v- icai poXicravTes evpov opyvias e'lKOcri, Bpaxv Se SiacTTricravTes Kal trdXiv ^oX/crai/Tey evpov opyvias SeKatrevTe' ^ ^oj3ovp.evot tb ijlij trov KaTa TpaXBiS TOtrovs iKtrecrwp.BV, iK trpvp-vijs pi'^avTBS ayKvpas Tecrcrapas evxovTO r]p.epav yevecruai, Twi' oe vavTwv ^rjTOvvTwv ^vyeiv iK tov trXoiov Kal x«Xa(7ayTft)y Triv aKacpriv els t^v ddXacrcrav trpocpdcTBi ws in trpwptis dyKvpas p,bXX6vtwv iKTeiveiv, ^^ Bitrsv 6 IlauXoy tw BKaTOVTdpxjy Kal tois crTpaTiwTais' iavjuj oStoi p.eivwcriv 10 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS iv TW trXoiif), vp.Bis crwO^vai ov Svvaa-dB. ^^Tore atre- KO'^av oi CTTpaTiwTai Ta crxoivia Tijs cfKacpris Kai eiacrav avTrjv iKtrecreiv. ^ dxpi Se od tip-ipa 'r]p.eXXev yivecrdai, trapBKaXei 6 ILavXos dtravTas p.eTaXa^eiv Tpocfjrjs Xe'ywi/' TecrcrapearKaiSeKdTijv cn]p.epov ^p.epav tr pocrSoKWVTes acriTOi SiaTeXeiTB, p.^Ssv tr poa-Xa^opiBvoi. ^Sio trapoKaXw vp.ds pLBTaXa^Biv Tpocprjs' TOVTO ydp trpos Trjs vp-erepas crcoTtiplas vtrdpxei' ovSevos ydp vp.wv Opij atro Ti?y KB^aXrjs dtroXeiTai. ^^ eltras Se TavTa Kal Xa^wv dpTOV evxatpicTTrjcrev tw 6bw ivwtriov trdvTWV Kal icXacras ^pfaTO ecrdieiv. ^evdvpoi Se yev6p.Bvoi ¦Trai'Tey Kai avTOi trpocr- eXd^ovTO Tpo^rjs- ^"^ '^p-sda Se ai trdcrai yjrvxai ev TW ttXo/w SiaKocnai eBSopLrfKOVTa e£. ^ KopBcrdevTBS Se Tpo^ijs iKovcpi^ov TO trXoiov iK^aXX6p.evoi tov ctitov els Triv QdXacrcrav. ^® oVe ^e rip-ipa iyeveTO, Triv yrjv ovk itreyivcocTKov, KoXtrov Se Tiva KaTBvoovv exovTa alyiaXov, els ov i^ovXevovTO el Svvaivro i^wcrai to TrXoioi'- *° kui Tcty dyKvpas trepieXovTes etwv els Tr/v ddXacrcrav, dfia avevTBS Tas ^evKTripias twv trriSaXiwv, kui etrapavTBS TOV apTepwva Ty trveovcry KaTeixov «y tov aiyiaXov. *^ trepitrecrovTes Se els TOtrov SidaXacrcrov etreKeiXav Triv vavv, Kul ri p.ev trpwpa ^pieivev ctcrdXei'Toy, ^ ^e trpvp,va iXvBTo vtro Trjs Bias. ^^Twj/ Se (STpaTiwTwv jSovXti eyevBTO 'iva tovs Secrp-ooTas atroKTBivwcriv, p.ri tis bkko- Xvp.^ricras Siacpvyy' ** 6 Se iKaTOVTapxiS ^ovXop.evos Siaa-wcrai tov YLavXov iKcaXvcrBV avTovs tov fiovXi^fiaTOs, BKeXevcrev tb tovs Swa/xevovs KoXvp-Bdv atropi'^avTas trpwTovs itrl Tr]v yrjv i^ievai, ** Kcii tovs Xoitrovs ovs p-ev etri cravicTiv, ovs Se etri Tivwv twi' dtro tov trXoiov. Kai oi/Twy iyeveTO travTas Siao'wOrjvai itri Triv yrjv. xxviii. ^ Kai SiacrwBevTBS tote itreyvwp.ev OTi MeXtTJj THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 11 il vrja-os KoXeiTai. ^ ot t6 ^dp^apoi trapeixav ov Triv Tvxovarav ({tiXavQ pwtriav ^p,iv' d'yfravTes ydp trvpdv trpocr- eXapovTO trdvTas fip.ds Sid tov vbtov tov icpecrTurra Kai Sia TO '^vxos- ^ crvcTTpe'^avTOs Se tov JIavXov ^pvyavwv ti trXrjOos koi etriTidevTOS itrl tw trvpdv extSva atro Trjs 6epp.ijs e^eXOovcra Kadrj\[/'e Trjs X^'po? avTOV. ^wsSb etSov ol B'^pB'^poi- Kpep.dp.evov to drjpiov BK Trjs x^'P"? avTOv, trpos aXXyXot/y eXeyov' Trai/Twy ipovevs ecTTiv o dvQpwtros ovtos, ov SiacrwOevTa iK Trjs 6aXacrcrr]s fi AiKr/ ^ijv ovk e'lacrev. ^ 6 pev o5v dtroTivd^as to Qrjpiov els to trvp etradev ovSev KaKov. ^ oi Se trpo- creSoKwv avTov peXXeiv trtp,trpacrdai ^ KaTatritTTBiv dcpvw VBKpov. etri troXv Se avTWV trpocrSoKWVTWv Kal QewpovvTwv p.riSev aTOTTov ety avTov yiv6p.evov p.BTaBaX6pevoi eXeyov avTOV elvai deov. Ev Sb tois trepi tov Totrov iKelvov vtrrjpxev x'opt'o' TW trpWTtp Trjs vijcrov, ovOpaTi IIoTrXtw, by dvaSB^dp.Bvos fip.ds fip.epas TpBis iXo?/xay Kai avayo/nevois itredevTO Td trpos Tas xpstc?- ¦"¦^ MeTct ^e Tpety prjvas dvrixOrip.ev bv trXoicp trapaKBXBi- p.aK6Ti iv Ty vijcrcp, 'AXB^avSpivw, trapacr)ip.ip AiocrKovpois, ^^ Kal KaTaxdivTBs ety 'LvpaKovcras BtrBfj.Bivap.Bv rip.epais Tpicriv, ^^ oObv trepieXdovTes KaTrivTwafMBv ety 'Vijyiov, Kal pLBTa p.iav fip.epav itriyevopevov votov SevTepaioi 'ijXdofXBv ety XIoTtoXoi/y, ^*o5 evpovTes dSeXcpovs trapB- 12 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS KXriQrip,BV trap' avTOis itripBivai ^pLspas etTTa' Kai ovtws bIs Triv'Ywfi.riv r^XdafABv ^^ kukbiObv oi dSeXcpol aKOVcravTBs Ta Trept ^fjLwv ^dav ety dtravTrjcriv tipiv axfii 'Atrtriov ^opov Kal Tpiwv Ta/SBpvwv, ovs ISwv 6 IlauXoy Evxcipi.- (TTrjcras tw Obw eXa/3ei/ ddpcros- ^* OTe ^e BlcrrjX6op,ev ety 'FwfjLijv, itTBTpatrr] tw IlayXw p,evBiv KaO' eavTov crvv Tcp vXacrcrovTi avTOV CTTpaTiwTy. No one who surveys these passages can any longer uphold the position that the author of the Acts has here edited and incorporated in his work an original document which had come into his hands. Why is this hypothesis excluded.'' Not only because of the general impression made by the overpowering multitude of coincidences, but above all because of two indications whose evidence is complementary : — (1) In no other part of the Acts of the Apostles are the peculiarities of vocabulary and style of the author of the twofold woric so accumulated and concentrated as they are in the " we "- sections. I have thoroughly investigated both halves of the history as to vocabulary and style from all imaginable points of view and in all possible combina tions, and I can answer for the statement — which is, moreover, suggested by a glance at the foregoing text, with its underlined passages — that Luke, i.e. the author of the twofold historical work, proves himself as an author to be nowhere more Lukan than in the " we "- sections. Setting aside the technicalities of the chapter on the shipwreck, very many more singularities of style are to be found in any other part of the Acts and the gospel of St Luke than in the " we "-sections. THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 18 These sections, however, both in vocabulary and style, bring the author complete in himself before our eyes ; here, as in a jewel case, the critic of language and style finds heaped together all that goes to make the peculiar character of this author ; while the other passages of the book may be said to have only a share, though it be an important share, in the treasure. This is just what we should expect upon the hypothesis of the identity of the author of the " we "-sections and of the author of the whole work (while upon the contrary hypothesis it presents an insoluble problem) ; for in the " we "-sections alone he writes quite independently, because he simply reports his own experiences ; while in all the rest of the work he is dependent upon oral and written tradition, which has so influenced his vocabulary and style that, as we have already mentioned above, in the portions derived from Q scarcely 3 of the 261 words peculiar to St Luke make their appearance (to say nothing of the Semitic syntax in which these passages are composed).^ Nearest in style to the " we "-sections come parts of the second half of the Acts in which the "we" does not occur. This, again, is just what we should have expected ; for here the author certainly had no written sources at his disposal and no fixed oral tradi tion to depend upon, and could thus let himself go. — (2) " Lukanisms," if I may use the word, are as strongly represented in the fundamental passages, those which ex press the aim and interests of the " we ''-sections, as in the subsidiary passages and all that belongs to the external literary form of these sections. If we were only con- ' 'Vide my Sayings of Jesus, pp. 157 ff. 14 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS cerned with Lukanisms in the subsidiary passages it might be said that the author of the Acts had acci dentally come into the possession of a record written by a man extraordinarily like himself in disposition and education. Such an accident, taking into account all the details of coincidence, would be strange enough, neither can I think of an instance comparable with it. Still, it is just possible that, among certain circles of the cultured middle class, agreement in vocabulary and modes of expression had become extraordinarily close ; somewhat in the same way as among our newspaper circles of to-day a reporting style of meagre sameness has been evolved. But this is not the only phenomenon that presents itself to our notice. It is not only in the literary form in which the author of the Acts expresses what interests him, but also in his sphere of interest itself, that he shows himself identical with the author of the " we "-sections. Only on the hypothesis of a thorough, nay, an absolutely revolutionary, editing of the source on the part of the author of the complete work does this phenomenon become in any sense intelli gible; as, indeed, is also admitted by the few critics who have gone into the question at all thoroughly ;i ^ Fide Schiirer {Theol. Lit, Ztg,, 1906, col. 405, in his notice of my Imke the Physician): "All the statistical facts brought forward by Harnack are quite satisfactorily explained on the two hypotheses that (1) the author of the ' we '-source and the author of the Acts belong to the same sphere of culture and linguistic expression, and that (2) the latter did not incorporate his source unaltered, but revised its language." But why in the world should he have so severely edited a simple, straightforward record of events whose style was similar in character to his own ? The example to which Schiirer refers, the revision of Q (also THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 15 the hypothesis of an accidental likeness between the two authors as authors is in this case insufficient. If, however, we try the hypothesis of revision, every possibility qf ascertaining what really stood in the source at once vanishes ; for the " revision " must have been so detailed and so severe that it is now simply impossible to form any distinct conception of the source. And yet in spite of this we are to suppose that the " we " was carefully preserved while everything else was recast ! Let us take, by way of trial, the account of the ship wreck ! If a source were present here it would be exceedingly improbable a priori that we should discover between it and the rest of the Acts of the Apostles or the gospel of St Luke any relationship either in language or in style that would be worthy of mention ; for neither work is elsewhere concerned with sea voyages. And yet, how overwhelming even here is the multitude of coincidences! Let u.s consider only the first three verses. Verse 1. wy 5e] is specifically Lukan ; it is nowhere found in St Mark and St Matthew, in St Luke (Gospel and Acts) on the other hand it is exceedingly frequent, and that in all parts of both works. — iKpiQri] KpivBiv does not occur in this weakened sense in St Matthew, St Mark, and St John, nor is it found at all frequently in this significance ; yet St Luke uses it thus no less than twelve times. — tov dtrotrXBiv rjp.ds ety Triv 'iTaXt'aj'] Compare with this not very common construction of st Mark) in the third gospel, is not a parallel instance ; for these sources were written in a style which the cultured editor could not allow to remain unaltered. 16 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS Acts xxiii. 15 : eToifiol icrp.ev tov dveXBiv avTov, also St Luke iv. 10: ei/TeXetTat to5 SiacpvXd^ai cre.^ — dtrotrXeiv in the New Testament is exclusively Lukan, vide Acts xiii. 4 ; xiv. 26 ; xx. 15. — aTroTrXeri/ ety as in Acts xiii, 4 and xiv. 26, — 'iToXiav for 'Fcofiriv as Acts xviii, 2, — Trape^t'^ow] The use of the imperfect here is peculiar; it is perhaps intended to express that the ship came from elsewhere, hence St Paul and the other prisoners embarked while the ship was on her voyage {vide Blass on this verse). The delicate use of the imperfect is not rare with St Luke, and is worthy of special investigation. In the "we"- sections alone are found 40-50 imperfects (apart from imperfect participles). — tov tb IXauXoi' Kal Tivas eTepovs SecrpLWTasI eVepoy is a word of which St Luke is particularly fond : it is found 51 times in his writings (never in St Mark, once in St John), In com bination with Tty it is also found in Acts viii, 34 : eavTOv rj trepi BTepov tivos. — BKaTOVTapxy ovopaTi 'lovXicp crtreipr]<} Se/Sao-T^y] Other passages testify to St Luke's fondness for introducing numerous subordinate personages by name, and that fust in this way; vide St Luke i, 5 ; v, 27 ; x, 38 ; xvi, 20 ; xix, 2 ; xxiii, 50 ; ' Moulton {Gtrammar,^ 1908, p, 218) remai-ks concerning tov c, inf. , ' ' Luke supplies two-thirds of the total for the New Testament. In Luke we have 23 exx., of which fiive may be due to dependence on a noun, and about one-half seem clearly final ; in Acts there are twenty-one with two adnominal aud less than half final. . . . Before turning to grammatical detail let us parenthetically commend the statistics just given to the ingenious analysts who reject the unity of the Luoan books. The uniformity of use is very marked throughout Luke and Acts : cf. Acts xxvii. 1 ('we '-document) with xv. 20 ; xx. 3 ; Luke xxi. 22 with Acts ix. 15 ; xx. 27 (' we '-document) with xiv. 18." THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 17 Acts v. 1, 34 ; viii. 9 ; ix. 10, 11, 12, 33, 36 ; x. 1 ; xi. 28; xii. 13; xvi. 1, 14; xvii. 34; xviii. 2, 7, 24; xix. 24 ; XX. 9 ; xxi. 10 ; xxviii. 7, where 6v6p.aTi is found in each case. Again he here expressly adds the name of the crtTBipa. We may compare Acts x, 12 : dv^p tis ovofiaTi K.opvr]Xios BKUTOvTapxriS e/c crtrBipijs Trjs koXov- pLBvrjs 'iTciXiKrjs. Except in these two passages the name of a crtrBipa is not found in the whole New Testament, and how similar is the construction of the two clauses ! Verse 2, itri^avTBs Sb TrXot'w ''ASpafxvTTrjvw] itri/Saivw is, with the exception of the quotation from the LXX. in St Matt, xxi, 5, absolutely peculiar to the Acts, vide XX. 18 ; xxi. 2, 4 ; xxv. 1. In the last passage, as here, it occurs with the dative. The interest which is shown even in such details as the name of a ship is not peculiar to the " we "-sections, but appears also in other parts of the book if St Luke was in the position to satisfy it : vide my Acts of the Apostles, pp. 49 ff. — plbXXovti trXBiv ety Toyy KaTa Trjv 'Acriav Toxoiiy] The use of fxiXXBiv {vide Moulton under this heading) is especially frequent with St Luke (47 times, twice in St Mark) ; p.eXXeiv 'ea-BcrOai, which is found in the " we "-account xxvii. 10, is found again in the New Testament only in Acts xi. 28 and xxiv. 15 ! — ^The simplex trXBiv is found once in the " we "-sections, elsewhere in the New Testa ment only in St Luke viii, 23 and Rev, xviii. 17, — The expression ety t- KaTa t, 'Acriav Totrovs is specifically Lukan : vide for Totrovs Acts xvi, 3 : tovs 'lovSaiovs TOVS ovTUs iv TOIS TOtTOis iKBLVOiSt for KaTa t. 'Acriav Acts xi. 1 : oi 'ovTes KaTa Trjv 'lovSaiav, for 'Ao-t'a in 2 18 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS the sense of the Roman province (so everywhere in this book) see my Acts of the Apostles, p, 91 f, dv^X'^tjP-Bv] The word is wanting in St Mark and St John, it occurs once in both St Matthew and St Paul, while in St Luke's writings it is found 21 times. It is used of a ship not only in the " we "-account but also in St Luke viii. 22 ; Acts xiii, 13 ; xviii, 21, WToy crvv fifiiv ' ApicTTapxov M.aKeS6vos Geo'traXow/rewy] vide xxii, 9 : ot truv ifiol ovtbs and other passages, 2w is, as is well known, a rare preposition in St Matthew, St Mark, and St John ; in all three together it is found only 10 times (in Q not at all); in the Lukan writings, however, 77 times. — It is characteristic of St Luke to combine city and province, i.e. to be care ful to give the name of the province together with the city; vide my Acts of the Apostles, pp. 59 ff. Twice, indeed, he writes Taptreiiy (Tapo-oy) T^y KtXt/ctay (xxi. 39; xxii, 3), This is more remarkable than the present passage, because in it MaKeSovos comes first. Verse 3. Ty Te eTe'pa tcaTJ^x^"?/"^" ^'f ^iSHva] This use of Te for the continuation of the narrative, though not to be found in St Matthew, St Mark, and St Luke, occurs in Acts i, 15; ii, 33, 37, 40; iv, IS, 14, 33; V, 19 ; xiii, 52 ; and in very many other passages, — Ty BTBpcx occurs here only; for in xx, 15 it is most probable that eo-Trepa should be read, a word found in the New Testament only in the " we "-sections, in the Acts (iv. 3 ; xxviii, 23), and in the gospel of St Luke (xxiv, 29), — KaTayBiv is found with St Luke (gospel and Acts) 8 times, elsewhere in the New Testament only THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 19 once (Rom, x, 6 : tov ^pia-Tov KaTayayeiv). Also in St Luke V, 11 it is used of a ship ((caTayayoVTey Tct TrXota), .cpiXavOpwtrws tb 6 'lovXios tw IlavXw xP^'^'^f^^^s etreTpe-^Bv^ This is the only clause in the first three verses of chap, xxvii. which, apart from the use of Te as a connective in the narrative, has no lexical nor stylistic kinship with the rest of the text of St Luke, TTpoy TOVS cpiXovs tropevQevTi itripeXeias Tvxetv] HopevecrOai is a very favourite word with St Luke (88 times ; in St Mark it is wanting altogether, in St Matthew it is not rare); notice also the Lukan participle. For ^iXovs, vide xix, 21 ; x. 34. — etripeXeia only here in the New Testament, but it is with St Luke alone that we find itrip.eXBicr9ai (St Luke x. 34 f.) and itrip.eXoos (St Luke XV, 8), — Tvyxdveiv is wanting in St Matthew, St Mark, and St John ; see however St Luke xx, 35 : ToC alwvos iKBivov tvxbiv. Acts xxiv, 3 : xoXX^y Blprjvrjs TvyxdvovTBs, Acts xxvi. 22 : itriKovpias tvxwv. In the " we "-section xxviii. 2 we read : ov Trjv Tvxovcrav ipiXavOpwtriav, and in Acts xix, 11 : Svvdfxeis ov Tcty Tvxovcras itroiei 6 deos. All these coincidences are found in the small compass qf three verses ! That this is due to accident, and that through accident the author of the Acts had come into the possession of an original document whose style and vocabulary so completely, and in every tiny detail, co incided with his own, is an impossible assumption. Hence, if one would escape from the admission of identity, there remains only the hypothesis that the author has entirely recast the document that had come 20 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS into his hands. But what were the words of this docu ment, and what could have led the editor to recast a record so absolutely simple in character ? No ! everyone must recognise that we have here primary narrative, that there has been here no working up nor revision. Thus the author of the " we "-account, and the author of the Acts of the Apostles who writes in exactly the same style as he, are one and the same person. What we have been able to demonstrate from these three verses can be also shown in all that follows. Of course, we must not make absurd demands and expect to find the technical terms of the " Shipwreck " in the sayings of our Lord, or in the narrative of His life, or in the stories concerning the early community in Jerusalem, But wherever a passage in the " we "-account at all admits of comparison, parallels with the Acts and the Lukan gospel at once raake their appearance; indeed, as the text above printed shows, there are only few verses even in the story of the Shipwreck which do not contain one or more parallels ! Among these are such striking instances as verses 34, 35, However, still more impressive than the coincidences in vocabulary are the coincidences in delicate characteristics of style which pervade the whole of these sections ; in fact, in the " we ""-sections the author speaks his own language and writes in his usual style ; ^ in the rest of the work just so much of this style makes its appearance as was allowed by the nature of the sources ' It is therefore not surprising that he here shows himself a more cultivated and refined writer than in the rest of the work where either the style of the Septuagint is purposely imitated or the sources are allowed to preserve their characteristics. THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 21 which he u^sed and the historical and religious colouring which he aimed at imparting. One of the weightiest arguments for the identity of the author of the " we " - sections with the author of the twofold work, that is, for its composition by the physician St Luke, is the demonstration of the author's knowledge of and interest in matters of medicine. The instances produced first of all by Hobart, and then by Zahn and myself, have been assailed by P, W, Schmidt ^ and Clemen,^ The former seeks to deprive a part of them of their force, in some cases perhaps with success ; and yet he himself allows (S, 16 f.) that: "A good acquaintance with medical science and terminology may be ascribed to ' Luke.' " ^ This is quite enough for my purpose. One of a sceptical turn of mind may with reason dispute that the author of the Acts was a practising physician. If he, however, admits that this author possessed a good acquaintance with medical science and terminology, then the unanimous tradition that the author was Luke the physician receives the strongest support ; for to what other Christian writer of the first two centuries can we ascribe such good acquaintance.? To none that I know of. Certainly it is possible that even a layman — Schmidt lays stress upon this point — could have been interested in medical matters and have possessed good medical ' Loc. cit,, S. 6-18. ' Loc, cit,, pp. 785 ff. ' Schmidt describes this as the most that can be said in this connection. 22 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS information ; but is it permissible to assume a well- informed layman of this kind, when tradition with all explicitness names a physician ? That would indeed be a rare freak of chance ! Clemen makes even further admissions. In set terras he allows : " that the author of the ' we '-sections was a physician can be regarded as probable." When, however, he continues, "but that such a one was the compiler of the whole book of Acts and of the third gospel, is very improbable," he has not considered that those very instances which speak in favour of the medical interest and information of the author are more weakly represented in the " we"- sections than in the rest of the work. If the author of the " we "-sections is a physician, then much more is the author of the whole twofold work ; both, indeed, are physicians, because they are only a single person. Hence, even taking together the half admissions of these two scholars, it follows that the autor ad Theo- philum was a physician, and that the tradition is there fore justified. In conclusion, among other objections I have heard it said that one does not even know that St Luke was a physician ; some would have him to have been a painter. I refrain from refuting this argument ; for it sets the record of St Paul, the contemporary and friend of St I,uke, on a line with an obscure Byzantine legend, I must, however, touch upon a very unmethodical and — I cannot describe it otherwise — thoughtless objection of Clemen, He writes (p. 786) that I have started from false premises, since in dealing with the " we "-source I have confined myself to those sections in THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 23 which the " we " occurs, while from the way in which these sections make their entrance and exit in the book we can conclude with certainty that the source must have been more comprehensive and must also have included verses in which the " we " does not occur ; " so one of the two objects Harnack compares with each other is to be circumscribed otherwise." It is a raatter of controversy whether the " we "-sections form a source at all ; it is, however, a still more disputable question, or rather a question involved in hopeless obscurity, how far this source, if there were such a source, extends. It is a raatter of coraraon knowledge that some scholars, in spite of the absence of the " we," include in it almost the whole second half of the Acts. But how can a man, who does not believe in the source at all, extend its boundary beyond the occurrence of the "we".'' This would be a more difficult task for him than the squaring of the circle ! Neither can he attach himself to any hypothesis, which has gained a fair amount of accept ance, concerning the extent of the supposed source, seeing that no such hypothesis exists.^ Hence it ' Compare the guesses of Overbeck, Pfleiderer, v. Soden, Clemen, and many others concerning the extent of the supposed "we "-source, and note how widely they differ. P. W. Schmidt himself is not in agree ment with Overbeok's idea of the source, and confines it within much more modest bounds (S. 46). He too repeats the assertion that the abrupt character of the entrance of the " we " proves that a source here makes its appearance (S. 45). But the question really stands thus : the absolute abruptness of the entrance and exit of the riinis is in any case a strange and perplexing fact (yet in xvi. 10, on closer considera tion, the entrance is not altogether abrupt). But it is not to be seen why it is less objectionable to suppose that upon each occasion some source makes its appearance than to suppose that the author who was present at the given time abruptly introduces himself as an eyewitness. 24 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS was not only correct in method, but also the only possible course, to bring together only those passages where the "we" actually occurs. AU else that could be done I have already done, seeing that, in my in vestigation of the vocabulary of the " we "-sections in relation to the whole work, I have distinguished be tween the first and second halves of the Acts; vide Luke the Physician, pp. 67 ff. Clemen ought to have noticed this. He would then also have seen that the relation of the " we "-source to the first half of the work is not essentially different from its relation to the second half; so that even if we extend the source con siderably beyond the limits of the actual " we "-sections, the close relationship with the whole work and with the gospel of St Luke remains unaffected. Just as, in the investigation of Q, I confined myself strictly to those passages which, apart frora Markan sections, are coraraon to St Matthew and St Luke, because otherwise all certainty vanishes,^ so also in dealing with the The former hypothesis is to me much more doubtful and objectionable, especially when one must assume that the author has thoroughly re vised the source and yet has allowed the " we " to remain. In this case, indeed, it is difficult to suppress a suspicion of intentional decep tion. Schmidt, it is true, will have nothing to do with an hypothesis of editorial transformation (S. 46 : "apart from perhaps one sentence, xxviii. 8, no evidence can be adduced that Luke has anywhere [! !] exercised even a modifying influence upon the ' we '-sections") ; in form ing such au opinion he cannot have realised the force of the argument from language and style. 1 But even for this I have been found fault with by those critics among whom there is slight recognition of the fact that in these matters the first consideration of all is to find firm foothold and to pro duce real evidence instead of working in a fog of uncertainties. Such critics, however, are, I am sorry to say, in the majority. THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 25 supposed " we "-source I ara compelled to confine my self strictly to the " we." The difference consists only in this, that both in St Matthew and St Luke there are certainly other sections which corae from Q (only they cannot be distinguished with certainty), while the " we "- source cannot have contained raore than the " we "- sections, because it is nothing but a phantora, '- The most plausible argument for the distinction of the " we"-sections from the complete work is, after all, that tone, that nuance oi historical sobriety and actuality, which distinguishes these sections raore especially frora the first half of the book.^ All that can be advanced in this connection has been collected together in my Acts of the Apostles, chap. iv. pp. 133 ff., 141 ff., and 144 ff. But I have there also shown that a criticism of this kind applies to those parts of the second half of the Acts, in which the " we " is wanting, with much more force than to the " we "-sections, I can therefore only repeat what I have already stated summarily at p. 143 of the work just mentioned: St Luke — whose own " we "-account shows him to have been a physician endowed with miraculous gifts — possessed for the first half of the Acts a source, or sources (oral or written), which was congenial to his own peculiar temperament — indeed, in this direction went even further than himself, ^ One might also add the nuance of meagreness and brevity whioh distinguishes them from the other passages of the last third of the book, were not the "shipwreck" dealt with in such striking fulness. The long and to a great extent identical, speeches of the last quarter of the book must proceed from some purpose of the author whioh we cannot fathom quite satisfactorily. 26 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS On the other hand, for the second half he did not possess such sources (with the exception of what is told us of Ephesus), but only, so far as he was not him self an eyewitness, had at his disposal simple records, into which he has inserted nothing except two con ventional accounts of visions (xviii. 8 ff. ; xxiii. 10 ff.), which illustrate the development of the plot. It cannot be otherwise; for if he hiraself had introduced the supernatural element into chapters i.-xv., it is unin telligible why he should have refrained frora doing the sarae thing in the second half, except, or alraost only except, where he himself was an eyewitness. That the parts of the narrative where the colouring is most sober are not the " we "-sections, but the accounts of St Paul's visits to Thessalonica, Beroea, Athens, Corinth, Jerusalem (the last visit), Csesarea, and Rorae, is a convincing proof that his narrative is kept in close accordance with sources of information. The crasser traits in the first half of the work {vide pp. 144 ff.) are explained by the crasser calibre of the sources. An historian, however, who clearly enough wishes us to regard the story of Eutychus as an instance of resurrec tion from the dead, and the story of St Paul and the serpent likewise as a miracle (and yet in either case shrinks from tampering with the facts themselves), who, moreover, represents the Apostle in the Shipwreck as prophet in the popular sense — such an one could very well, indeed with special pleasure, relate crass things such as those we read in the first half of the Acts. We ought not, of course, to overlook the difference in the miraculous accounts as given in the "we "-sections and the THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 27 first half of the book ; still less, however, ought we to forget the strong agreeraent wherein they are bound together ; see above all, chap, xxvii. 22-26. The gulf which divides the author ofthe "we "-accounts from the author of the whole Acts of the Apostles, is not wider than the gulf which yawns between Eusebius the chronicler of the first books of the Ecclesiastical History and Eusebius the sober-minded historian ; it is in my opinion considerably less wide, and yet the ultimate ground for reluctance in recognising the unity of the Acts and the " we "-account is to be found in the gulf which yawns between the first chapters of the work and the " we "-account — a gulf which it is thought cannot be bridged over. I can only repeat that the gulf that lies between chaps, xvi.-xxviii., minus the " we ""-sections, and chaps, i.-v. is considerably wider. The elasticity and play of feeling which we recognise and do not regard as out of place, not only in such authors as Eusebius and Sulpicius Severus, but even in a Livy and Tacitus, we must also allow to such an one as St Luke. Baur's criticism has brought us much that is valuable, but it has not escaped the danger of raaking the writers of the New Testament, one and all, merely types, with the consequence that a less rigid view must appear as wanting in logical accuracy, if not as something worse. As a result, either the authors were driven into exile out of their own period, or their works were condemned to amputation and mutilation. This danger has in essential points been removed through the advance of science ; yet there still remains a disposition to conceive of a writer of the New Testament as more of a type 28 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS and to make more stringent demands upon his con sistency — and even upon his conscientiousness, inward integrity, and intellectual constancy — than human nature can bear, and than the spirit and circumstances of the times allowed. The unanimous tradition that St Luke is the author of the Acts of the Apostles has come to us with the book itself,^ Besides the acquaintance which the author of the third gospel and the Acts shows with medical subjects, this tradition is supported by the following considerations, which I have developed in greater detail elsewhere {Luke the Physician, pp, 12 ff,), 1, St Luke is nowhere mentioned by name in the Acts, which is just what we should expect if he himself were the author of the book. On the other hand, Aristarchus, who appears in the Epistles of St Paul side by side with St Luke, is thrice mentioned by name. Why is St Luke left out ? ^ For one who is assured of the Lukan authorship the answer is very simple, for one who opposes that view it is not an altogether easy one. 2. St Luke was, according to St Paul, a Greek, belonging to the middle plane of culture ; so was the author of this great historical work. ^ Even if the tradition were false, it could not have arisen later than the beginning of the second century, and then only through correction of the original title ; for, as the dedication shows, the work was not anonymous. This consideration makes it difficult to believe that the title Karb, AovKav is mistaken. " The omission of Titus— who is the only other person we should expect to find mentioned in the Acts — is not so strange, because he is not elsewhere mentioned with St Luke. Moreover, Titus was not in such an independent position as St Luke in relation to St Paul. THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR 29 3, St Luke, according to St Paul's epistles, was at times the Apostle's companion; so was the author of the Acts, and both were with St Paul in Rome, whither he came with only two companions. Again, judging from the Pauline epistles, it is improbable that St Luke was with St Paul when he wrote the epistles to the Thessalonians, the Corinthians, and the Romans, From the Acts we deduce that the author was not at that time in the Apostle's company. 4. The author of the third gospel was acquainted with the gospel of St Mark ; we know frora the Pauline epistles that St Luke and St Mark were sometimes together (wherever in the Pauline epistles St Luke's name is found, there also we find the name of St Mark). The author of the Acts actually knows the name of a maid-servant in St Mark's house. 5. St Luke, according to the testimony of St Paul, was not only his companion but also his "fellow-worker" (thus not simply a serving brother, like Timothy). From the Acts we deduce (xvi. 10, 13) that its author was an active missionary, working together with St Paul in a position of sorae independence. 6. St Luke, according to good tradition, belonged to an Antiochian family ; the author of the Acts of the Apostles, as appears from his work, stood in an especially close relationship with Antioch, and most probably made use of a source which had its origin in that city. — Of these arguments only a few refer to the " we "-sections alone. CHAPTER II THE CHIEF ARGUMENT AGAINST THE LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE acts: JEWISH CHRISTIANITY (JUDAISM), ST PAUL AND ST LUKE The following are the principal arguments that are generally adduced against the composition of the Acts by St Luke : — 1. Nuraerous discrepancies and blunders in historical details, such as cannot be ascribed to a companion of St Paul, even if he were only at times in the company of the Apostle, 2. The representation of the Council of Jerusalem and of the Apostolic Decree (contrast Gal. ii.). 3. The portraiture of St Paul, unsatisfactory in general and incorrect in particular, in so far as it assigns to the Apostle an attitude towards Jewish Christianity (Judaism) which is inconsistent with that of his epistles. Of these arguments I have thoroughly investigated the first partly in ray first study, Luke the Physician, partly in my Acts ofthe Apostles, pp. 203 ff., and I hope that it raay pass as refuted. I have shown that St Luke, with all his general excellence as an historian, was 30 LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 31 careless and negligent in details of narrative, and has thus to answer for many discrepancies of smaller or greater importance. The real mistakes, however, never go so far as to make it no longer possible to maintain that the writer was an occasional companion of St Paul, We raust assume that only, or almost only, in those parts of his work where the " we " occurs was St Luke an eyewitness of what he records, so that in all the rest of his narrative he was dependent upon written or oral information. The raere employment of these sources would produce discrepancies — even in the second half of the work, — abbreviations of the narrative leading to obscurity, and so forth, which are the less remarkable seeing that they are not wanting even in the " we "-sections. However, these mistakes, which are for the most part harmless, even though they are often gross blunders, do not as a whole avail to alter our judgment concerning the value of the narrative and concerning the personality of the historian ; even though we must deplore that he had not at his disposal better authorities for the first half of his work, that his plan excluded very raany things about which we should gladly have been informed, and that he loves nothing better than to tell the wonders of Christian Science. As for the second argument, it has been dealt with in detail in Acts of the Apostles, pp. 248-263. Together with Hilgenfeld and Resch jun., I en deavoured to show that the authorities of the Western Text present the original version of the Apostolic Decree, and that, if this is true, the historical difficulty, which this decree has hitherto presented, now vanishes. 32 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS My exposition has met with only slight approval ;i but I cannot see that it has been disproved. The interpretation of the decree, as if it were concerned with regulations about meats, makes shipwreck upon the simple fact that St Luke, in Acts xv., puts into the mouth of no less an one than St James the words that "Moses" need not be imposed upon the Gentile Christians, seeing that he had continually his observa- tores among the circumcised. " Moses " surely implies laws concerning meats. Again, the imposition of laws concerning meats would then only have significance if it were a question of establishing communion and fellowship between Jewish and Gentile Christians. But nothing is said of this either in Acts xv. or Gal. ii. The point in controversy was simply the recognition of the principle of a raission to the Gentiles without the imposition of the yoke of the Law upon the converted. To receive this recognition it was necessary that the Gentile Christians should observe the fundamental laws of raorality. But I cannot here repeat all that I wrote three years ago. How ever, even supposing that I was raistaken, there ' Schiirer {Theol. LU, Ztg,, 1908, col. 175), P. W. Schmidt {loc. cit,, S. 18 ff.), Clemen {loc, dt,, pp. 794 ff. ), Sanday, Bacon, Diehl, Bousset, etc., have declared against me. I imagine that I have shown {Ads of the Apostles, pp. 248 ff. ) that the Apostolic Decree alone here stands in question (the rest of the description of the Apostolic Council in Acts XV., be its mistakes many or few, could very well have proceeded from a later companion of St Paul). On this point many scholars who find the decree itself a stumbling-block are at one with me. Finally, the Apostolic Epistle is also not in question. Even Blass admits that in it St Luke himself has summarised the chief points, a procedure which was open to the historian of antiquity. LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 38 arises, it is true, a certain doubt as to St Luke's authorship ; but a negative decision, in face of all the evidence that speaks for St Luke, as well as in itself, is altogether too precipitate. In the first place, it must be remerabered that the words of Acts xv. 28 {fKrjSev trXeov itriTidecrdai vfuv jSapoy trXrjv tovtwv twi/ eTTctj/ay/cey) presuppose that those addressed were already bearing this burden. Next, I refer on the one hand to Zahn, Einleitung, ii., S. 437 ff., whose remarks concerning the scope of the decree in its Western form (which he regards as original) deserve all consideration, and, on the other hand, to what I myself have written in answer to Schiirer {Theol. Lit. Ztg., 1906, col. 467), (1 ) Concerning the more intimate relationship of St Luke with St Paul in theological views, nothing is known to us ; we only know that he makes his appearance in St Paul's coijipany as from the first a relatively independent evange'ist. To what extent he shared St Paul's peculiar views can be learned only from his own works. The common assumption that a companion of St Paul raust be pictured simply according to the pattern of the master is without any basis, and is doubly reprehensible in the case of a Gentile of no slight culture, who already, before his conversion to Christianity, was in touch with the Synagogue. Tatian was a disciple of Justin, and mentions Justin with the highest praise in the very work which shows us how far in teaching he is removed from his master. (2) When St Luke wrote, the ecclesiastical situation was different from what it was at the time of the Apostolic Council and the Epistle to the Galatians. (3) We 34 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS have no means of knowing what kind of reports other than information derived frora St Paul, St Luke possessed concerning the Council, nor what was the bias of his authorities. St Luke in all probability described that event just as ancient historians again and again describe controversies of the past — that is, from the standpoint of their own times. What he puts into the mouth of St Peter and St James is in part at least very appropriate; but there is absolutely no reason why the author, even though a companion of St Paul, should not have invented it. He did not, at all events, invent the central fact that the leaders on both sides came to an agreement that was tempor arily satisfactory, and that the mission to the Gentiles was thus recognised ; for here we have also the testimony of the Epistle to the Galatians. Acts xv. is not to be regarded as a protocol nor is the Epistle to the Galatians ; indeed, the account given in this epistle, written in all the agitation of soul of an insulted apostle and an injured father, and glowing with passionate indignation, not against the Primitive Apostles but against those who were disturbing the peace of the Galatian church, is anything rather than a perfect record; and, in spite of its coraplete trust worthiness in main points, it gives absolutely no description of the course of the conferences which led up to the verdict, and offers no guarantee that important circumstances of secondary rank have not been left unmentioned. Without in the least degree im peaching the integrity of the Apostle, one may also ask whether the relation of rank in which St Paul LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 35 stood to the Primitive Apostles, as actually expressed in the negotiations of the Council, was quite what St Paul himself regards it in Gal. i. 1 ff. He himself writes in chap, ii, 2 : p.rj trws ety kbvov Tpexw rj eSpap.ov. P, W, Schmidt {loc. cit., S. 26), indeed, in his anxiety lest St Paul the hero and the saint should suffer detriment in a single trait of his character, cries : " Where else in the epistles has an emotion snatched the reins from the hand of St Paul ! " In the face of not a few passages of the Pauline epistles I cannot join in this exclamation. But to very many scholars the third seems to be the decisive argument against the composition of the Acts by St Luke, Just as in days gone by, Baur, Hausrath, and others advanced it with the strongest emphasis ("it is more credible that Calvin on his death-bed should have vowed a golden dress to the Mother of God than that St Paul should have acted in this fashion"), so now it is thrust forward as the greatest obstacle to be surmounted. Thus Schiirer {Lit. Ztg., 1906, col. 408) writes: "No companion of St Paul could have put into the Apostle's mouth the statement that he was accused because of the hope of the Resur rection (xxiii. 6), or because of the hope of the promise given to the fathers (xxvi. 6) ; the companion of St Paul (who wrote the " we "-account) knew that the reason of the imprisonment was quite different." Again {loc. cit., 1908, col. 176) : " Can we really believe that a well-informed companion of St Paul could have put into his mouth the gross untruth of chaps, xxiii. 6 and xxvi, 6 ? From the more accurate report of xxi, 27 ff., we know that the reasons were quite otherwise." P, W, 36 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS Schmidt is still more pronounced. He rejects the narratives of the circumcision of Timothy, of the vows which, according to the Acts, St Paul undertook, etc, ; he asserts with Overbeck that a " dogmatic Judaising " of St Paul pervades the Acts, Then he proceeds (S. 33) : " In all important points Overbeck has pointed out the most obvious and surest way towards a purely scientific criticism of the Lukan work [what else does any of us wish for ?]. On the other hand, in so far as the attempt of Harnack to enhance the historical reputation of the Acts is really successful, there in evitably follows a corresponding depreciation of the historical value of the Pauline epistles. The only school qf criticism which could rejoice in su^h a result of the investigation of the Lukan writings would be the school that would banish the Pauline epistles into the second century into the company of Marcion."" Similarly, but still more decidedly, writes Jiilicher {Neue Linien i. d. Kritik d. evangel, tyberlief, 1906, S. 59 f.) : " If the Acts of the Apostles is really coiTect in its portraiture of St Paul, if this colourless rhetorical representative of average Christianity is the genuine Paul, then I can no longer resist the baleful attraction [what attraction can there be .?] of the hypothesis pro claimed by the school of Leyden : that Paul the great epistolary writer is a later fiction, an ideal form, which an unknown artist has elevated upon eagle's wings out of the lowly circumstances of the real Paul into heavenly heights. , , , Those, however, for whom the Paul of the four great epistles abides the most certain, the most unimpeachable thing in the whole New Testament, must LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 37 describe the portraiture of St Paul in the Acts as woefully deficient and poor, just because it preserves absolutely nothing of the peculiar characteristics of the raan : and if one who for raany years was a companion, a friend, indeed a fellow-worker of St Paul — as was St Luke — in spite of the multitude of reminiscences which even in unimportant matters stood at his disposal, and in a writing where a picture of the genuine Paul was above all things called for — if such a one could not introduce into his portrait even one of the grand and noble characteristics of the Apostle, then indeed it is alto gether vain to expect, or even to cherish a raodest hope, that the Gospel historians, who depend entirely upon the testimony of others, present us with anything more than notices concerning external events in the life of our Lord and an artificial scheme of His ministry : how can we expect to receive frora them genuine words from the lips of Jesus, or to feel through thera the breath of His spirit pass upon us ! If one of St Paul's most intimate friends tells us (Acts xxi, 20 ff,), without the slightest hesitation, that the Apostle when in Jerusalem was ready, merely for the sake of peace and by a pre meditated and elaborate act of hypocrisy, to convince the Jews that he walked now as before in strict observance of the Law ; and if this piece of information, alleged to be given by a friend who must have known St Paul's real attitude towards the Law, deserves to be described as good tradition, then all trust in an intelligent trans mission of actual history in the Primitive Church sinks to nothing, and we can no longer oppose with confidence the negation even of the best-attested statements," 38 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOFITC GOSPELS I could wish that Jiilicher had not written these words ; for while on the one hand they show a want of circumspection and accuracy of thought, and moreover introduce considerations that are alien to dispassionate judgment, on the other hand they are an echo of the criticism of Baur, Lipsius, and Hausrath, which in this point ought to be regarded as superseded. Seeing, however, that such distinguished scholars of the present day repeat the apprehensions which Liidemann often expressed more than twenty years ago, when he asserted that my view of history (in my History of Dogma) led straight to the rejection of the genuineness of the Pauline epistles, it must be necessary to submit the point which gives rise to these apprehensions to a close examination. Of course, my opponents are as far as myself from allowing "consequences" to affect their recognition of the truth of any question, and this reference to "consequences" it were better to leave altogether out of consideration, because — apart from the shifting of standpoint that may easily be discovered in the argument — these consequences absolutely do not exist. Must the epistles of St Paul be spurious because he found in his companion St Luke a poor or, as far as my argument is concerned, even an untrustworthy biographer.? What kind of logic is this? Where, however, St Paul himself, rightly interpreted from his own epistles, really stands opposed to St Luke — when have I ever given occasion to anyone to imagine that in such a case I should demand that the latter rather than the former ought to be believed ? But the real question is this, whether St Paul, on the point here in question — LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 39 namely, his practical attitude towards Jewish Christianity and Judaism— has been rightly interpreted from his epistles by such scholars as Schiirer, Jiilicher, and P. W. Schmidt.^ And next, in regard to the further question as to the character of St Luke as an historian, we are in the fortunate position of being able to compare his gospel with its sources St Mark and Q, and to ascertain the measure of freedom which he allows himself in their use; and frora his two books we can raoreover determine, with a great degree of certainty, his own views on Jewish Christianity and Judaism.^ ^ Schiirer, moreover, took up an intermediate position. In the first place he held (in opposition to Jiilicher) that Acts xxi. 27 ff. was a good and trustworthy account; secondly, he closed his review of my Acts of the Apostles (1908, col. 176) with the words : " More particularly I find myself at one with Harnack in the opinion that we arrive at a false impression of St Paul if we confine ourselves solely to the Epistle to the Galatians. The Apostle's own testimony in 1 Cor. ix. 20 is just as important The perception of this point clears up many strange notices aud stories in the Acts, though still only one class of the same." Other scholars also have expressed similarly moderate views. Wendt {Comment, z, Ap, Gesch., S. 346 ff.), Pfleiderer {Vrchristenium, P, S. 521 ff.), and Joh. Weiss {Uber Absichi, u, lit. Character der Ap, Oesch,, S. 36 ff. ) are of the opinion that Acts xxi. 23 ff. is practically correct, but that the reason for the action given in verse 24 is to be set to the account of the author of the Acts. Pfleiderer well remarks: "How far it is morally possible to proceed in 'accommodation' in matters that one regards as indifferent in themselves is a question that depends so much upon the particular case that it seems out of place to make any decision a priori. It is certain that St Paul regarded ' accom modation' for the sake of peace as right in principle." But was it only a question of "accommodation"? This concession does not go far enough, though it is far in advance of Jiilicher, who is as convinced as the Asiatic and other Jews in Jerusalem that St Paul, if he took part in the Nazarite vow, was guilty of gross hypocrisy and deceit. 2 Let me here, by the way, make the following remarks : — The diffi culties in the way of the identification of the author of the Acts with 40 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS In determining to investigate the relations of St Paul with Jewish Christianity and Judaism I am aware that I am fixing my eye upon a point which is guarded by the critics with jealous care and with the whole ardour of Protestantism, The indignation into which they fall, not only if a statement of St Paul in the great epistles is not received with complete acquiescence, but even if the absolute inward and outward consistency of the Apostle is called in question, proves that they are convinced that they are defending a main fortress of their position. Though a situation of such a kind raay not hinder a patient and scientific inquiry, it may well be detrimental to the persuasive power of the results of such an inquiry. A, — St Paul's Attitude towards Jewish Christianity AND Judaism according to his Epistles ; ^ his Jewish Limitations The problem with which we are here concerned is generally stated as follows : firstly, the description of the religious attitude of the Apostle to the Law, given St Luke, a man who had companied with St Paul, are most strongly emphasised by the critics ; but the difficulties that arise from supposing that the man who had spoken with Silas, James, Philip, and Mark nevertheless composed the third gospel, and the difficulty that St Mark the ' ' interpreter " of St Peter should have written the second gospel, are relatively little noticed ! According to my opinion, this is a case of straining out the gnat and swallowing the camel. Fide infra con cerning the cause of this meting with two different measures. ^ It is uot proposed to give here a complete representation ; attention will be drawn only to those points— though these are indeed the most important — which come under consideration in connection with the question of the faithfulness of the portrait drawn in the Acts. LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 41 in the epistle to the Galatians, is treated as a complete and absolute representation of St Paul's mind, and is regarded as the major premise ; then as minor premise is added the saying : " To the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain Jews, although I myself am not under the law" (1 Cor. ix. 20). But the problem so stated, leading to the conclusion that St Paul continued to submit to Jewish customs purely from motives of "accommodation,"'"' does not cover all the facts that come into view in connection with the attitude of the Apostle to Judaism and Jewish Christianity. The problem is more complicated. It is certain — for we have also the testimony of the Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians — that the Apostle's religious attitude to the Law, as represented in the Epistle to the Galatians, was not a temporary position acquired, narrowly defined, and sharply formulated when he was engaged in a conflict of peculiar bitterness ; it indeed formed a cardinal article of his profession of faith. St Paul never withdrew from the position that the Christian — that is, every Christian, Jew as well as Gentile — is no longer, frora the religious standpoint, under the Law, i.e. the Law no longer comes into consideration so far as his relation to God and the moral value of his conduct are concerned ; for as a child of God the Christian is led by the Spirit ^ which he has received ; and the Law, in so far as righteousness was of the Law, is satisfied by Christ, " the end of the Law " ; 1 In so far as the Christian has still a law to fulfil, it is the "law of Christ, " the conditions of which are altogether different from the law of Moses ; vide Grafe, Die paulinische Lehre vom Gesetz, 1884. 42 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS hence the Law is abolished. It further follows that in the sight of God and in their mutual relations and intercourse there can no longer be any distinction between Jew and Gentile. This is expressly stated not only in Gal. iii. 28, v. 6, but also in Rom, x, 12 and 1 Cor. vii. 19, xii. 13; and in these passages and else where it is also said that they all are baptized into one body and are all Abraham's children, and that thus the promises belong to them all. This position is so clear that it seems necessarily to exclude every doubt as to the proper attitude now to be adopted towards the Law and as to the attitude which St Paul hiraself adopted. Yet, as a matter of fact, we learn (1 ) frora the accusations of his opponents, (2) from definite statements and arguments of the Apostle hiraself, that his attitude was different from what we should have expected. 1. As we raay learn frora the Epistle to the Galatians, the Judaising opponents of St Paul brought against hira the accusation that he still ^ preached circumcision (v. 11), and that he thus stood in flagrant contradiction with hiraself. He raust have given some occasion for such an accusation.* 2. Such occasions are to be found even in his epistles (not only in the story of Acts xvi. 3 that he had circumcised Timothy), ' To understand this " still " as if St Paul here admits that at the beginmng of his missionary career he had still demanded circumcision, is quite uncalled for. ' In return the Apostle brings against his opponents the reproach (vi. 13) that they, while peremptorily demanding circumcision, did not themselves keep the Law. LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 43 {a) Here 1 Cor. vii. 18 f. above all comes into view. In this passage the Apostle gives to the circumcised the direction firj itricrtrdcrdw ; for, says he, each should abide in the condition in which the Divine call found him. This p.ri itricrtrdcrdw, together with the general admonition, naturally cannot have only its narrow literal signification, nor can it only mean that the converted Jew should leave his children uncircumcised ; it can only mean that the converted Jew should remain faithful to the customs and ordinances of the fathers. Though the motive is implicit it is nevertheless clear enough: that it has anything to do with salvation is most distinctly denied in verse 19 (^ trepiTop.ri ovSiv icTTiv, Kal fj dKpo^vcTTia ovSiv icTTiv, dXXd Trjprjcris ivToXwv deov: cf. Gal, v, 6, where we read as the apodosis aXXo tricrTis Si' dydtrris ivepyovpivri) ; the command, therefore, must have been given because St Paul recognised that it depended upon the Will of the Creator whether a man is born Jew or Gentile,^ and because he felt that this Will ought to be respected. This attitude in itself was enough to give rise to the charge that the Apostle taught circumcision, and this charge need not have been simply due to malice. Wa.s it such a simple thing to distinguish between the saving Will of God and His Will as Creator, and to declare that according to the former Will the law was abrogated, while allowing it to stand for Jewish Christians accord ing to the latter WHIP Was one who attempted to draw such fine distinctions entirely above suspicion ? (6) But in the Epistle to the Galatians itself this 1 This is implied in the abbreviated expression iv rp K\i\aii § iK\ii9ri. 44 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS opinion concerning the continuance of the obligation to observe the Law has received still harsher expression, so that it becomes at once explicable how the reproach of V, 11 could have been made. In Gal. v, 3, St Paul writes : " I testify again to every man that is circumcised that he is bound to observe the whole Law." This statement, according to St Paul's meaning, is by no means confined only to the circuracised who were not Christian, but applies also to circumcised Christians, otherwise it would not have been written in terms of such general connotation.^ If we now add as a major premise that the Law no longer possesses religious and moral obligation because it has now absolutely ceased to exist as a divine means of salva tion, we are again led to the same conclusion, that the Jewish Christian is to keep the Law because in it is given the manner of life which God had willedybr him. Hence the whole Law continues to exist as custom and ordinance for Jewish Christians. What a dialectic, to be sure, which allows God to preserve the Law in force as a customary rule of life for a particular circle of men, while asserting that the same God has abolished the Law as a means qf attaining to righteousness, for all men, cmd thus also for those for whom it is still in force ! Can we then wonder that misunderstandings arose and that strong opposition was stirred up .? (c) But does St Paul, in asserting the lasting obligation upon Jewish Christians to observe the Law, really base his opinion solely upon the ground that the Jew still remains a Jew and therefore must con- 1 So also B. Weiss, Bibl. Theol,, 3. 348, and many other commentators. LUKAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE ACTS 46 tinue to live in accordance with Jewish custom and ordinance ? Is this somewhat petty motive really the only one ? By no means ! The Epistle to the Romans here gives the needed information. The great division formed by chaps, ix.-xi, of this epistle comes from the pen of one whose very soul is bound by every tie of passionate affection to his people. He is, to his most bitter sorrow, forced to recognise that this people, because of its unbelief, is on the way seemingly to eternal destruction. He struggles for light as to the purposes of God ; he is ready himself to suffer eternal damnation if only his nation raight be again accepted by God, Yet can the nation — wv fj viodBcria Kai fj So^a kuI ai SiadrJKai Kal fj vofnodBcria Kal tj XuTpBia Kai ai BtrayysXiai, &v oi traTepes Kai i^ &v 6 Xpto-Toy TO KOTa crap/ca — actually come to destruction ? What of the Divine promises and pledges ? In chaps, ix. and x. the Apostle seems to acquiesce in the answer that the promises still remain in force because they apply to Israel KaTd trvBvpa. Through the gift of the righteousness which is by faith, the Gentile is engrafted into this Israel KaTa trvevp.a ; and so this Israel continues to exist even if no Jew by birth is found therein ! But this answer, though it ought to have sufficed, does not, nevertheless, satisfy the Apostle ! Therefore in chap. xi. another entirely different view appears by the side of the first. There is fulfilment ofthe Divine promises also for Israel Kard crdpKa. God cannot and has not rejected His people — meaning here, Israel KaTd crdpKa ! As a proof there is : in the first place, the Apostle himself (verse 1 : Kal ydp eyw 'IcrparjXeiTris 46 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS elp.1, iK s eiViropeuo/ueyoui jrpbs avT6v, vide St Luke viii. 16 ; xi. 33 ; xix. 30 ; xxii. 10 ; Acts iii. 2 ; viii. 3 ; ix. 28. — Kitpitraay r- Pa ii. 38 ; iii. 6 ; iv. 10 ; viii. 12 ; x. 48 ; xv. 26 ; xvi. 18. 2 ii. 31, 36 ; iii. 18, 20 ; iv. 26 ; v. 42 ; viii. 5 ; ix. 22 ; xvii. 3 (bis) ; xviii. 5, 28 ; xxiv. 24 ('Itjo-ouv is not genuine) ; xxvi. 23. 106 THE ACTS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS means; for he postulates it as an official title. This is an attitude which, as has been said, St Paul no longer adopts nor any Gentile Christian after him. It is primitive, it presupposes a circle of readers which was still in connection with Judaism ; or, rather, it characterises an author who had not yet been forced, in the interest ofthe majority of his readers, to take the fateful step of treating " Christ " as a proper name,^ (6) 'O Traty deov In the four gospels, in the epistles of the New Testament, and in the Apocalypse, except in the quota tion from Isaiah (xiii, 1) in St Matt, xii, 18, our Lord is never called 6 trais deov,^ but always " the Son " ; however, in Acts iii, 13, 26; iv, 27, 30 he is called 6 Traty deov.^ This is extremely primitive ; for it is only found elsewhere in the primitive prayers of the first epistle of St Clement, of the Didache, and of the Mart, Polycarpi.* Where it occurs in later literature it is de pendent upon this tradition. Therefore, just as St Luke • Vide B. Weiss, Bibl. Theologie » (1896), S. 576 f. ' ' 'IjjcroCi XpiarSs almost always occurs only where the name is mentioned in solemn form. . . . 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ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. Transactions. Issued irregularly at various prices. LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE. Memoirs. I. -XIX. already published at various prices. Fauna of Liverpool Bay. Fifth Report written by Members of the Com mittee and other Naturalists. Cloth. Sj. 6d, net. See p. 47. ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. Memoirs and Monthly Notices. Yearly volumes at various prices, ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. Transactions and Proceedings issued irregularly ; prices vary. Cunningham Memoirs. Vols. I. -XL already issued at various prices. Vide pp. 43-44. ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. Transactions and Proceedings. Issued irregularly at various prices. 14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. INDEX UNDER AUTHORS & TITLES Acland, Sir C. T. D. Anglican Liberalism, 12. ' aS?-°^w^-.^P'^t\^¥' Harnack, 12 ; Zeller, 8. Addis W. K. Hebrew Religion, 11. .^neidea. Jaraes. Henry, 152. Aeroplane, How to Build, Petit 48 Agricultural Chemical Analysis. Wiley 50 Alchemy of Thought, and other Essays. Jacks, 20. Alcyonium. Vide L.M. B.C. Memoirs, 46. Allin, Rev. Thos. Universalism Asserted, 14. Alton, E. H. Romans, 33. Aiviella, Count Goblet D'. Contemporary Evolution of Religious Thought, 14. Alvielia, Count Goblet D'. Idea of God, 13. Americans, The. Hugo Miinsterberg, 30. Analysis of Ores. F. C. Phillips, 48. Analysis of Theology. E. G. Figg 17. Ancient Assyria, Religion of. Sayce, 14. Ancient Egyptians, 33. Ancient World, Wall Maps ofthe, 53. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Annotated Texts. Goethe, 30. Antedon, Fide L.M. B.C. Memoirs, 47. Anthems. Rev. R. Crompton Jones, 21. Antiqua Mater. Edwin Johnson, 20. Anurida. Fide L.M. B.C. Memoirs, 47. Apocalypse. Bleek, 7, Apocalypse of St John, 37. Apologetic of the New Test. E. F. Scott, 12. Apostle Paul, the, Lectures on, Pfleiderer, 13. Apostolic Age, The. Carl von Weizsacker, 6. Arabian Poetry, Ancient, 34. Arenicola. yide L.M. B.C. Memoirs, 47. Ar^ment of Adaptation. Rev. G. Henslow, 19. Aristotelian Society, Proceedings of, 30. Army_ Series of French and German Novels, 38. Ascidia. Johnstone, L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Ashworth, J. H. Arenicola, 47. Assyrian Dictionary, Norris, 35. Assyriolo^, Essay on, George Evans, 34, Astigmatic Letters. Dr. Pray, 48. Athanasius of Alexandria, Canons of, 37. Atlas Antiquus, Kiepert's, 52. Atonement, Doctrine of the. Sabatier, 10. At-one-ment, The. Rev. G. Henslow, ig. Auf Verlornem Posten. Dewall, 38. Avebury, Lord. Prehistoric Times, 51. Avesti, Pahlavi. Persian Studies, 34. Babel and Bible. Friedrich Delitzsch, 9. Bacon, Roger, The " Opus Majus " of, 2^. Ball, Sir Robert S. Cunningham Memoir, 44. Bases of Religious Belief. C. B. Upton, 14. Bastian, H, C, Studies in Heterogenesis, 43. Baur. Church History, 7 ; Paul, 7. Bayldon, Rev. G. Icelandic Grammar, 38. Beard, Rev. Dr. C. Universal Christ, 14 ; Reformation ofthe Sixteenth Century, 13. Beeby, Rev. C. E. Doctrine and Principles, 15, Beet, Prof, J. A. Child and Religion, 10, Beet-Sugar Making, Nakaido, 48. Beginnings of Christianity. Paul Wernle, 4. Beliefs about the Bible. M. J. Savage, 25. Benedict, F. E. Organic Analysis, 43. Bergey, D. G. Practical Hygiene, 43. Bevan, Rev. J. O. Genesis and Evolution of tbe Individual Soul, 15. Bible. Translated by Samuel Sharpe, 15. Bible, Beliefs about, Savage, 25 ; Bible Plants, Henslow, 19 ; Bible Problems, Prof. T. K.. Cheyne, 9 ; How to Teach the, Rev. A. F. Mitchell, 22; Remnants of Later Syriac Versions of, 37. Biblical Hebrew, Introduction to. Rev. Jas. Kennedy, 35. Biltz, Henry. Methods of Determining Mole cular Weights, 43. Biology, Principles of. Herbert Spencer, 31. Blackburn, Helen. Women's Suffrage, 51. Bleek. Apocalypse, 7. Boielle, Jas. French Composition, 39 ; Hugo, Les Mis6rables, 39; Notre Dame, 39. Bolton. History of the Thermometer, 43. Book of Prayer. Crompton Jones, 21. Books of the New Testament. Von Soden, 10. Bousset, Wilhelm. Jesus, 10. Bremond, Henri. Mystery of Newman, 15. Brewster, H. B. The Prison, 29; The Statu ette and the Background, 29 ; Anarchy and Law, 29. Britain, 11. c. Sharpe, 54. British Fisheries. J. Johnstone, 45. Bruce, Alex. Topographical Atlas of the Spinal Cord, 43. Buddha. Prof. H. Oldenberg, 36. Burkitt, Prof. F. C. Anglican Liberalism, iz. Calculus, Differential and Integral. Harnack, 44. Caldecott, Dr, A. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Campbell, Rev. Canon Colin. First Three Gospels in Greek, 15. Campbell, Rev. R. J. New Theology Ser- mons, 15. Cancer, Fide L.M.B.C, Memoirs, 47. Cancer and other Tumours. Chas. Creighton, 43. Canonical Books ofthe Old Testament, 3. Cape;Dutch. J. F. Van Oordt, 41. Cape Dutch, Werner's Elementary Lessons in, 42. Cardium. Fide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Carlyle, Rev. A. J. Anglican Liberalism, iz, Casey, John, Cunningham Memoirs, 43. Catalogue ofthe London Library, 51, Celtic Heathendom. Prof. J, Rhys, 14, Celtic Studies. Sullivan, 41. Chadwick, Antedon, 47 ; Echinus, 46. Chaldee Language, Manua] of. Turpie, 37. Channing's Complete Works, 15. Chants and Anthems, 21 ; Chants, Psalms and Canticles, zi. Character of the Fourth Gospel. Rev. John James Tayler, 26. Chemical Dynamics, Studies in. J. H. Van't Hoff, 45. Chemistry for Beginners. Edward Hart, 45. Chemist's Pocket Manual, 47. Cheyne, Prof. T. K. Bible Problems, 9. Child and Religion, The, 10. Chinese. Werner, 33. Chondrus. Fide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46 58 INDEX— Continued. Christ no Product of Evolution. Rev. G, Henslow, 19. Christian Creed, Our, 16. Christian Life, Ethics ofthe, 2. Christian Life in the Primitive Church. Doh- schutz, 3. Christian Religion, Fundamental Truths of the. R. Seeberg, iz. Christianity, Beginnings of. Wernle, 4. Christianity in Talmud and Midrash. R. Travers Herford, ip. Christianity? What is. Adolf Harnack, 5, 9. Chromium^ Production of Max Leblanc, 46. Church History. Baur, 7. Schubert, 3, Cleveland, R. E. Soliloquies of St. Augustine, Closet Prayers. Dr. Sadler, 25, Codium. Vide L.M.B.C. Meraoirs, 46. Coit, Dr. Stanton. Idealism and State Church, 16; Book of Common Prayer, 16. Colby, A. L. Reinforced Concrete in Europe, 43. Cole, Frank J. Pleuronectes, 46. Collins, F. H. Epitome of Synthetic Philo sophy, 29. Coraing Church. Dr. John Hunter, 20. Commentary on the Book of Job. Ewald, 7 ; Wright and Hirsch, 28 ; Commentary on the Old Testament, Ewald, 7 ; Commentary on the Psalms. Ewald, 7 ; Protestant, 8, 23. Common Prayer for Christian Worship 16. Communion with God. Herrmann, s, 10. Conductivity of Liquids. Tower, 49. Constitution and Law of the Church, Adolf Harnack, 12. Confessions of St. Augustine. Harnack, 12. Contemporary Evolution of Religious Thought. Count Goblet D'Alviella, 14. Contes Militaires. Daudet, 38. Cony;beare, F. C, Apocalypse of St John, 37, Cornill, Carl. Introduction to the Old Testa raent, 3. Cosmology ofthe Rigveda. H. W. Wallis, 37. Creighton, Chas. Cancer and other Tumours, 43 ; TuberculosiSj 43. Cuneiform Inscriptions, The. Schrader, 8. Cunningham Memoirs, 43, 44. Cunningham, D. J,, M.D. Lumbar Curve in Man and the Apes, 43 ; Surface Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres. Cunningham Memoir, 44. Cussans, Margaret. Gammarus, 47. Daniel and its Critics ; Daniel and his Pro phecies. Rev. C. H. H. Wright, 28. Darbishire, Otto V. Chondrus, 46. Daudet, A. Contes Militaires, 38. Davids, T. W, Rhys. Indian Buddhism, 13. Davis, J. R, Ainsworth. Patella, 47. Dawning Faith. H. Rix, 24. Delbos, Leon. Student's Graduated French Reader, 39. Delbos, L. Nautical Terms, 39. Delectus Veterum. Theodor ^^6ldeke, 36. Delitzsch, Friedrich. Babel and Bible, 9; Hebrew Language, 34 ; Assyrian Gramraar, 34- Democracy and Character. Canon Stephen, 26. Denmark in the Early Iron Age. C. Engel- hardt, 51. De Profundis Clamavi. Dr, John Hunter, 20, Descriptive Sociology. Herbert Spencer, 33. Development of the Periodic Law. Venable, 50. Dewall, Johannes v,, Auf Verlornem Posten and Nazzarena Danti, 38. Differential and Integral Calculus, The. Axel Harnack, 44. Dillmann, A. Ethiopic Grammar, 34. Dipavamsa, The. Edited by Oldenberg, 34. Dirge of Coheleth. Rev. C. Taylor,_z6.^ Dobschutz, Ernst von. Christian Life in the Primitive Church, 3, 16. Doctrine and Principles. Rev. C. E. Beeby, 15. Dogma, History of. Harnack, 18. Dole, Chas. F. The Ethics of Progress, 16. Driver, S. R. Mosheh ben Shesheth, 23, Drummond, Dr. Jas. Philo Judaeus, 29 ; Via, Veritas, Vita, 13. Early Christian Conception. Pfleiderer, 10. Early Christian Ethics. Scallard, 31. Early Hebrew Story. John P. Peters, 9. Ecclesiastical Institutions of Holland. Rev. P. H. Wicksteed, 27. Echinus. Vide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Echoes of Holy Thoughts, 17. Education. Spencer, 32 ; Lodge, School Reform, 40. Egyptian Faith, The Old. Naville, 12. Egyptian Gramraar, Erraan's, 34. Electric Furnace. H. Moisson, 47. Electrolysis of Water. V. Engdhardt, 44. Electrolytic Laboratories. Nissenson, 48. Eledone. Videh.M.B.C Memoirs, 47. Elementary Chemistry, Emery, 44. ElementaryOrganic Analysis. F.E.Benedict,43 Emery, F. B., M.A. Elementary Chemistry, 44. Engelhardt, C, Denmark in Iron Age, 51. Engelhardt, V. Electrolysis of Water, 44, Engineering Chemistry. T. B. Stillman, 49. English Culture, Rise of. E. Johnson, 52. English -Danish Dictionary. S. Rosing, 41. English-Icelandic Dictionary. Zoega, 42. Enoch, Book «f._ C, Gill^ 17. Ephesian Canonical Writings, Green, 17. Epitome of Synthetic Philosophy. Collins, 29 Erman's Egyptian Grammar, 34. Erzahlungen. Hofer, 38, Espin, Rev. T., M.A. The Red Stars, 44. Essays on the Social Gospel. Harnack and Herrmann, 11. Essays. Herbert Spencer, 32. Ethica. Prof. Simon Lawrie, 30. Ethical Import of Darwinism. Schurman, 30 Ethics, Data of. Herbert Spencer, 32. Ethics, Early Christian. Prof. ScuUard, 31. Ethics, Principles of. Herbert Spencer, 31, Ethics of the Christian Life. Haering, z. Ethics of Progress, The. Dole, 16. Ethiopic Grammar. A. Dillmann, 33. Eucken, Prof. Life of the Spirit, 12. Eugfene s Grammar of French Language, 39. Evans, George. Essay on Assyriology, 34. INDEX— Continued. 59 Evolution, A New Aspect of. Formby, 17. Evolution, Christ no Product of, 19, Evolution of Christianity. C. Gill, 17. Evolution of Knowledge. R. S. Perrin, 23. Evolution of Religion, The. L. R. Farnell, 10. Ewald. Commentary on Job, 7 ; Comraentary on the Old Testament, 7 ; Comraentary on the Psalras, 7. Facts and Comments. Herbert Spencer, 32. Faith and Morals, W. Herrmann, 9. Faizullah-Bhai, Shaikh, B.D. A Moslem Present, 34 ; Pre-Islamitic Arabic Poetry, 34. Farnell, L, R. The Evolution of Religion, 10. Farrie, Hugh. Highways and Byways in Literature, 52. Fertilizers. Vide Wiley's Agricultural Analysis, SO- Figg, E, G. Analysis of Theology, 17. First Principles. Herbert Spencer, 31. First Three Gospels in Greek. Rev. Canon Colin Campbell, 15, Fischer^ Prof, Emil._ Introduction to the Pre paration of Organic Compounds, 44. Flinders Petrie Papyri. Cunn. Memoirs, 44. Formby, Rev. C. ^y. Re-Creation, 17. Four Gospels as Historical Records, 17. Frankfurter, Dr. O. Handbook of Pali, 35. Free Catholic Church. Rev. J. M. Thomas, 27. Freezing Point, The, Jones, 45. French Composition. Jas. Boielle, 39, French History, First Steps in, F, F. Roget, 41. French Language, Grammar of. Eugene, 39. Fuerst, Dr. Jul. Hebrew and Chaldee Lexi con, 35. Gamraarus. Vtde L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Gardner, Prof. Percy. Anglican Liberalism, 12 ; Modernity and the Churches, 12. General Language of the Incas of Peru, 40. Genesis, Book of, in Hebrew Text. Rev. C. H. H. Wright, 28. Genesis, Hebrew Text, 35. Geometry, Analytical, Eleraents of. Hardy, 44. Gerraan Idioms, Short Guide to. Weiss, 42. Gerraan Literature, A Short Sketch of. V. Phillipps, B.A., 41. Gerraan, Systematic Conversational Exercises in. T. H. Weiss, 41. Gibson, R. J. Harvey. Codium, 46. Gill, C. Book of Enoch, 17; Evolution of Christianity, 17. Glimpses of Tennyson. A. G. Weld, 55. Goethe, W. v. Annotated Texts, 39. Goldararaer, H. The Kindergarten, 52. Goligher, Dr W. A. Hellenic Studies, and Hellenistic Greeks, Romans, 33. Gospel of Rightness. C. E. Woods, 28. Gospels in Greek, First Three, 15, Greek Ideas, Lectures on. Rev. Dr. Hatch, 13. Greek, Modern, A Course of. Zompolides, 42. Greek New Testament, 6. Greeks : Hellenic Era, 33. , , Green, Rev. A. A. Child and Religion, 10. Green, Right Rev. A. V. Ephesian Writings, 17. Grieben's EngUsh Guides, 52. Gulistan, The (Rose Garden) of Shaik Sadi ot Shiraz, 36. Gwynn, John. Later Swiac Versions of the Bible, 37. Gymnastics, Medical Indoor. Dr. Schreber, 49. Haddon, A. C. Decorative Art of British Guinea, Cunninghara Meraoir, 44. Haering, T. Ethics ofthe Christian Life, 2. Hagraann, J. G., Ph.D. Reforra in Primary Education, 39. Handley, Rev. H. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Hantzsch, A. Elements of Stereochemistry, 44. Hardy. Elements of Analytical Geometry, 44 ; Infinitesimals and Limits, 44. Harnack, Adolf. Acts of the Apostles, 12 ; Constitution and Law of the Church, 12; History of Dogma, 4; Letter to the ''Preus sische Jabrbucher," 18 ; Luke the Physician, II ; Mission and Expansion of Christianity, 3", Monasticism, 12; The Sayings of Jesus, 12 ; What is Christianity? 5, 9. Harnack, Adolf, and Herrmann, W. Essays on the Social Gospel, 11. Harnack and his Oxford Critics. Saunders, 25. Harnack, Axel. Differential and Integral Calculus, 44. Hart, Edward, Ph.D. Chemistry for Begin ners, 45 ; Second Year Chemistry, 45. Hatch, Rev. Dr. Lectures on Greek Ideas, Haughton, Rev, Samuel, M.A., M.D. New Researches on Sun-Heat, 43. Hausrath. History of the New Test. Times, 7. Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon. Dr. Fuerst, 35- Hebrew Language, The. F. Delitzsch, 34. Hebrew, New School of Poets, 35, Hebrew Religion. W. E. Addis, 11. Hebrew Story. Peters, 9. Hebrew Texts, 19, 35. Hellenic Studies, 32. Hellenistic Greeks. Mahaffy and Goligher, 33. Henry, Jas. .^neidea, 52. Henslow, Rev. G. The Arguraent of Adapta tion, ig; The At-one-raent, 19; Christ no Product of Evolution, 19 ; Spiritual Teach ings of Bible Plants, 19 ; Spiritual Teaching of Christ's Life, ig ; The Vulgate, 19. Henson, Rev. Canon Hensley. Child and Religion, 10, Herdman, Prof. W. A. Ascidia, 46. Herford, R. Travers, B.A. Christianity in Talmud and Midrash, ip. Herrmann, W. Coraraunion, 5, 10 ; Faith and Morals, 9. Herrraann and Harnack. Essays on the Social Gospel, II. Heterogenesis, Studies in. H. Bastian, 43. Hewitt, C. Gordon. Ligia, 47. Hibbert Journal Suppleraentfor 1909, entitled Jesus or Christ? 20. Hibbert Journal, The, 20. Hibbert, Lectures, The, 13, 14. Hickson, Sydney J. Alcyonium, 46. Highways and Byways in Literature, 52. Hill, Rev. Dr. G. Child and Religion, 10. 6o INDEX— Continued. Hindu Chemistry. Prof. P. C. Ray, 48. Hirsch, Dr. S, A., and W. Aldis Wright, edited by. Commentary on Job, 28. History of the Church. Hans von Schubert, 3. History of Dograa. Adolf Harnack, 4. History of Jesus of Nazara. Keim, 7. History of the Hebrews. R. Kittel, 5. Historyofthe Literature of theO.T. Kautzsch, 20. History of the New Test. Times. Hausrath, 7. Hodgson, S. H. Philosophy and Experience, 29 ; Reorganisation of Philosophy, 29. Hoerning, Dr. R. The Karaite MSS., 20, Hofer, E. Erzahlungen, 38. Hoff, J, H. Van't, Chemical Dynamics, 45. HoUins, Dorothea. The Quest, 52. Hornell, J. Marine Zoology of Okhamandal, 45- Horner, G. Statutes, The, of the Apostles, 36. Horse,Life-Size Models of. J.T.ShareJones,45; the. Surgical Anatomy of, 45. Horton, Dr. R. Child and Religion, 10, Howe, J. L, Inorganic Chemistry, 45. How to Teach the Bible. Mitchell, 22, Hugo, Victor, Les Mis^rables, 39; Notre Dame, 39. Hunter, Dr. John. De Profundis Clamavi, 20; The Coming Church, 20 ; God and Life, 20. Hygiene, Handbook of, Bergey, 43. Hymns of Duty and Faith. Jones, 21. Icelandic Grammar. Rev. G. Bayldon, 38. Idea of God. Aiviella, Count Goblet D', 13. Imms, A. D. Anurida, 47. Incarnate Purpose, The. Percival, 23. Indian Buddhism. Rhys Davids, 13. Individual Soul, Genesis and Evolution of. Bevan, 15. Individualism and Collectivism. Dr. C. W. Saleeby, 30. Indoor Gymnastics, Medical, 49. Industrial Remuneration, Methods of. D. F. Schloss, 54. Infinitesimals and Limits. Hardy, 44. Inflammation Idea. W. H. Ransom, 48, Influence of Rome on Christianity. Renan, 13. Inorganic Chemistry. J. L. Howe, 45. Inorganic Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Leavenworth, 46, Introduction to the Greek New Test. Nestle, 6. Introduction to the Old Test. Cornill, 3. Introduction to the Preparation of Organic Compounds. Fischer, 44. Isaiah, Hebrew Text, 35. Jeremias, Prof. A. Old Testament in the Light of the East, 2. Jesus of Nazara. Keim, 7. Jesus or Christ? The Hibbert Journal Supple ment for igog, 20. Jesus. Wilhelm Bousset, 10. Jesus, Sayings of. Harnack, 12. Job, Book of. G. H. Bateson Wright, 28. Job, Book of. Rabbinic Comraentary on, 37. Job. Hebrew Text, 35. Johnson, Edwin, M.A. Antiqua Mater, 20; English Culture, 20 ; Rise of Christendom 20. Johnstone, J. British Fisheries, 45 ; Cardium, 46. Jones, Prof. Henry. Child and Religion, 10. Jones, Rev. J. C. Child and Religion, 10. Jones, Rev. R. Crompton. Hymns of Duty and Faith, 21 ; Chants, Psalms and Canticles, 21 ; Anthems, 21 ; The Chants and Anthems, 21 ; A Book of Prayer^ 21. Jones, J. T. Share. Life-Size Models of the Horse, 45 ; Surgical Anatomy of the Horse, 45- Jones. The Freezing Point, 45. Jordan, H. R. Blaise Pascal, 29. Journal of the Federated Malay States, 56. Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany and Zoology, 45, 56. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 45. 56* Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 45. 56. Justice. Herbert Spencer, 32. Kantian Ethics, J. G. Schurman, 30. Karaite MSS. Dr. R. Hoerning, 20. Kautzsch, E. History of the Literature of the Old Testament, 20. Keim. History of Jesus of Nazara, 7. Kennedy, Rev. Jas. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew, 35 ; Hebrew Synonyms, 35. Kiepert's New Atlas Antiquus, 52. Kiepert's Wall-Maps of the Ancient World, 53. Kindergarten, The. H. Goldararaer, 52. Kittel, R. History ofthe Hebrews, 5; Scienti fic Study, O.T., 12. Knight, edited by. Essays on Spinoza, 33. Knowledge, Evolution of. Perrin, Z3. Kuenen, Dr. A. National Religions and Uni versal Religion, 13 ; Religion of Israel, 8. Kyriakides, A. Modern Greek-English Dic tionary, 3g. Laboratory Experiraents. Noyes and MuUi- ken, 48. Ladd, Prof. G. T. Child and Religion, lo. Lake, Kirsopp. Resurrection, 11. Landolt, Hans. Optical Rotating Power, 46. Laurie, Prof. Simon. Ethica, 30 ; Meta- physica Nova et Vetusta, 30. Lea, Henry Chas. Sacerdotal Celibacy, 22. Leabhar Breac, 40. Leabhar Na H-Uidhri, 40. Leavenworth, Prof. W. S. Inorganic Quali tative Chemical Analysis, 46. Leblanc,^ Dr. Max. The Production of Chromium, ^6. Le Coup de Pistolet. MerimSe, 38. Lepeophtheirus and Lernea. Vide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Letter to the "Preussische Jahrbucher.'" Adolf Hai'nack, 18. Lettsom, W. N., trans, by, Nibelungenlied, 40. Lewis, Agnes Smith, Old Syriac Gospels, 35. Liberal Christianity, Jean R6ville, 9. Life and Matter. Sir O. Lodge, 22. Life ofthe Spirit, The. Eucken, iz, Lilja, Edited by E. Magnusson, 40. INDEX— Continued, 6z Lilley, Rev. A. L. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Lineus. Vtde L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Ljnnean Society of London, Journals of, 56. Liverpool Marine Biology Committee Meraoirs, I.-XVL, 47. Lluria, Dr. Super-Organic Evolution, 47. Lobstein, Paul. Virgin Birth of Christ, 9. Lodge, Sir O. Life and Matter, 22 ; School Teaching and School Reform, 40. Logarithmic Tables. Sang, 49 ; Schroen, 49. London Library, Catalogue of, 51. London Library Subject Index, 53. Long, J. H. A Text-book of Urine Analysis, 47- Luke the Physician. Adolf Harnack, 11. Lyall, C. J., M.A. Ancient Arabian Poetry, 35- Macan, R. W. The Resurrection of Jesus Christ, 22. MacColl, Hugh. Man's Origin, Destiny, and Duty^ 30. Macfie, R. C. Science, Matter, and Immor tality, 22. Machberoth Ithiel. Thos. Chenery, 35. Mackay, R. W. Rise and Progress of Chris tianity, 22. Mad Shepherds, and other Studies. Jacks, 20. Magnusson, edited by. Lilja, 40. Mahahharata, Index to. S. Sorensen, 36. Mahaffy, J. P., D.D. Flinders Petrie Papyri. Cunningham Memoirs, 44 ; Hellenic Studies, 33- Man and the Bible. J. A. Picton, 24. Man's Origin, Destiny, and Duty. MacColl, 30. Man versus the State. Herbert Spencer, 32. Maori, Lessons in. Right Rev. W. L. Williams, 42. Maori, New and Complete Manual of, 40. Marine Zoology of Okhamandal, 45. Markhara, Sir Clements, K.C.B. Vocabularies ofthe Incas of Peru, 40. Marriner, G. R. The Kea, 47. Martineau, Rev. Dr. James. Modern Materialism, 21 ; Relation between Ethics and Religion, 21. Mason; Prof. W, P. Notes on Qualitative Analysis, 47. Massoretic Text. Rev. Dr. J. Taylor, 26. Masterman, C, F. G, Child and Religion, 10. Meade, R. K, Chemist's Pocket Manual; Portland Cement, 47. MedieBval Thought, History of. R. Lane Poole, 24. Melville, Helen and Lewis. The Seasons, Anthology, 54. Mercer, Right Rev, J. Edward, D.D. Soul of Progress, 22, Meredith, L. B. Rock Gardens, 54. Merimee, Prosper. Le Coup de Pistolet, 38. Metallic Objects, Production of. Dr. W. Pfanhauser, 48, Metallurgy. Wysor, 50. Metaphysica Nova et Vetusta. Prof. Simon Laurie, 30. Midrash, Christianity in. Herford, 19. Milanda Panho, The. Edited by V. Trenckner. 35. Mission and Expansion of Christianity. Adolf Harnack, 3. Mitchell, Rev. A. F. How to Teach the Bible, 22. Mitchell, Rev. C. W. Refutation of Mani, Marcion, etc., 37. Modern Greek - English Dictionary. Kyria kides, 39. Modernity and the Churches. Percy Gardner, 12. Modern Materialism. Rev. Dr. James Martineau, 22. Moisson, Henri. Electric Furnace, 47. Molecular Weights, Methods of Determining. Henry Biltz, 43, Monasticism. Adolf Harnack, 12. Montefiore, C. G. Religion of the Ancient Hebrews, 13. Moorhouse Lectures. Vide Mercer's Soul of Progress, 22 ; Stephen, Democracy and Character, 26 ; Green's Ephesian Writings, 17- Morrison, Dr. W, D. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Mosheh ben Shesheth. S. R. Driver. Edited hy, 23. Moslem Present. Faizullah-Bhai, Shaikh, B.D., 34- Miinsterberg, Hugo. The Americans, 23. My Struggle for Light. R. Wimmer, 9. Mystery of Newman. Henri Breraoncf, 15. Nakaido. Beet-Sugar Making, 48. National Idealisra and State Chiurch, 16 ; and the Book of Coraraon Prayer, 16. National Religions and Universal Religion. Dr. A. Kuenen, 13, Native Religions of Mexico and Peru. Dr, A. Reville, 14. Naturalism and Religion. Dr. Rudolf Otto, 23- Nautical Terms. L. Delbos, 39. Naville, Prof. E. The Old Egyptian Faith, IZ. Nestle, Introduction to the Greek New Test., 6. New Hebrew School of Poets. Edited hy H. Brody and K. Albrecht, 35. New Theology Sermons. Rev. R. J. Campbell, IS- New Zealand Language, Dictionary of. Rt. Rev. W. L, Williams, 42, Nibelungenlied. Trans. W. L. Lettsom, 40. _ Nissenson. ^ Arrangements of Electrolytic Laboratories, 48. Noldeke, Theodor. Delectus Veterum, 36 ; Syriac Grammar, 36. Norris, E. Assyrian Dictionary, 36. Norwegian Sayings translated into English, Noyes, A. A. Organic Chemistry, 48. Noyes, A. A., and Milliken, Samuel. Labora tory Experiraents, 48. O'Grady, Standish, H. Silva Gadelica, 41. 62 INDEX— Continued. Old and New Certainty of the Gospel. Alex. Robinson, 25. Oldenberg, Dr. H., edited by. Dipavamsa, The, 34. Old French, Introduction to. F. F. Roget, 41. Old Syriac Gospels, Lewis, 35. Old 'Testament in the Light of the East. Jeremias, 2. Oordt, J. F. Van, B.A. Cape Dutch, 41. Open Letter to English Gentleraen, 54, Ophthalmic Test Types. Snellen's, 49. Optical Rotating Power. Hans Landolt, 46. " Opus Majus " of Roger Bacon, 29. Organic Cheraistry. A. A. Noyes, 48. Otto, Rudolf. Naturalisra and Religion, 11. Outlines of Church History. Von Schubert, 3. Outlines of Psychology. Wilhelm Wundt, 33. Pali, Handbook of. Dr. O. Frankfurter, 35. Pali Miscellany. V. Trenckner, 36. Parker, W. K., F.R.S. Morphology of the Duck Tribe and the Auk Tribe, 44. Pascal, Blaise. H. R.Jordan, 29. Patella. Vide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 47. Paul. Baur, 7 ; Pfleiderer, 13 ; Weinel, 3. Paulinism. Pfleiderer, 8. Pearson, Joseph. Cancer, 47. Pecton. Vide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 47, Peddie, R. A. Printing at Brescia, 54. Percival, G. H. The Incarnate Purpose, 23. Perrin, R. S. Evolution of Knowledge, 23. Personal and Family Prayers, 23. Persian Language, A Grammar of. J. T. Platts, 36. Peters, Dr. John P. Early Hebrew Story, 9. Petet, R. How to Build an Aeroplane, 48. Pfanhauser, Dr. W. Production of Metallic Objects, 48. Pfleiderer, Otto. Early Christian Conception, 10; Lectures on Apostle Paul, 13 ; Paulinism, 8 ; Philo-sophy of Religion, 8 ; Primitive Christianity, z, 3. Phillips, F. C. Analysis of Ores, 48. Phillipps, v., B.A. Short Sketch of Gerraan Literature, 41. Philo Judaeus. Dr. Drummond, 17. Philosophy and Experience. Hodgson, 29. Philosophy of Religion. Pfleiderer, 8. Picton, J. Allanson. Man and the Bible, 24. Piddington, H. Sailors' Horn Book, 48. Pikler, Jul. Psychology of the Belief in Objective Existence, 30. Platts, J. T. A Grammar ot the Persian Language, 36, Pleuronectes. Vide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 46. Pocket Flora of Edinburgh. C. O. Sonntag, 49. Polychaet Larvae. Vide L.M.B.C. Memoirs, 47- Poole, Reg. Lane. History of Mediaeval Thought, 24. Portland Cement. Meade, 47. Pray, Dr. Astigmatic Letters, 48. Prayers for Christian Worship. Sadler, 24. Prehistoric Times. Lord Avebury, 51. Pre-Islaraitic Arabic Poetry. Shaikh Faizul lah-Bhai, B.D., 34. Primitive Christianity. Otto Pfleiderer, a^ 3. Printing at Brescia. R. A. Peddie, 54. Prison, The. H. B. Brewster, 29. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 30. Proceedings of the Optical Convention, 48. Prolegomena. R6ville, 8. Protestant Comraentary on the New Testa ment, 8, 24. Psalras, Hebrew Text, 34. Psychology of the Belief in Objective Exist-^ ence. Jul. Pikler, 30. Psychology, Principles of, Spencer, 31 ; Out lines of, Wundt, 33. Punnett, R. C. Lineus, 46. Qualitative Analysis, Notes on. Prof. W. P. Mason, 47. Ransom, W. H. The Inflammation Idea, 48. Rashdall, Dr. Hastings. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Ray, Prof. P. C. Hindu Chemistry, 48. Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte. Herbert Spencer, 32. Re-Creation. Rev. C. W. Formby, 17, Recollections of a Scottish Novelist. Walford, Reform in Primary Education. J. G. Hag raann, 39. Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. Rev. Dr. C. Beard, 15. Refutation of Mani, Marcion, etc., 37. Reinforced Concrete in Europe. Colby, 43. Rejoinder to Prof. Weisraann, 32. Relation between Ethics and Religion. Rev. Dr. James Martineau, 22. Religion and Modern Culture. Sabatier, 10. Religion of Ancient Egypt. Renouf, 14. Religion of the Ancient Hebrews. C. G. Montefiore, 13. Religion of Israel. Kuenen, 8. Religions of Ancient Babylonia and Assyria. Prof. A. H. Sayce, 14. Religionsof Authority and the Spirit. Auguste Sabatier, 4. Renan, E. Influence of Rome on Christianity, 13- Renouf, P. L. Religion of Ancient Egypt, 14. Reorganisation of Philosophy, Hodgson, 29. Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Lake, 21 ; R. W. Macan, 21. R6ville, Dr. A. Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, 14 ; The Song of Songs, 24. Reville. Prolegomena, 8. Reville, Jean. Liberal Christianity, g. Rhys, Prof. J. Celtic Heathendom, 14. Ring of Pope Xystus, 54. Rise and Progress of Christianity. R. W. Mackay, 22. Rise of Christendom, Edwin Johnson, 20, Rise of English Culture, Edwin Johnson, 20. Rix, Herbert. Dawning Faith, 24 ; "Tent and Testament, 24. Robinson, Alex. Old and New Certainty 'of the Gospel, 25 ; Study of the Saviour, 25. Rock Gardens. L. B. Meredith, 54. ¦' Roget, F. F. First Steps in French History 41 ; Introduction to Old French, 41. INDEX— Continued. 63 Romans. Alton and Goligher, 33. Rosing, S. English-Danish Dictionary, 41. Royal Astronomical Society. Memoirs and Monthly Notices, 56. Royal Dublin Society. Transactions and Proceedings, 56. Royal Irish Academy. Transactions and Proceedings, 56. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Transactions of, 56. Runes, The. Geo. Stephens, 55. Runic Monuments, Old Northern. Geo. Stephens, 55. Ruth, Book of, in Hebrew Text. Rev. C. H. H. Wright, 28. Sabatier, Auguste. Doctrine of the Atone ment, 10 ; Religions of Authority and the Spirit, 4. Sacerdotal Celibacy. Henry Chas. Lea, 22. Sadi. The Gulistan (Rose Garden) of Shaik Sadi of Shiraz, 36. Sadler, Rev. Dr. Closet Prayers, 24 ; Prayers for Christian Worship, 25. Sagas of Olaf Tryggvason and Harold the Tyrant, 54. Sailors' Horn Book. H. Piddington, 48. Saleeby, C. W. Individualism and Collec tivism, 30. Sang's Logarithms, 49. Saunders, T. B. Harnack and his. Critics, 25. Savage, M. J. Beliefs about the Bible, 24. Sayce, Prof. A. H. Religion of Ancient Assyria, 14. Sayings of Jesus, The. Adolf Harnack, 11. Scallard. Early Christian Ethics, 31. Schloss, D. F. Methods of Industrial Re- rauneration^ 54. School Teaching and School .Reform. Sir O, Lodge, 40. Schrader. The Cuneiforra Inscriptions, 8. Schreber, D. G. M. Medical Indoor Gym nastics, 49. Schroen, L. Seven-Figure Logarithms, 48. Schubert, Hans von. Historyofthe Church, 3. Schurraan, J. Gould. Ethical Import of Darwinism, 30 ; Kantian Ethics, 30, Science, Matter, and Immortality. R. C, Macfle, 22. Scientific Study ofthe Old Testaraent, 12. Scott, Andrew, Lepeophtheirus and Lernea, 46. Scott, E. F. Apologetic ofthe New Test., n. Scripture, Edward W., Ph.D. Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory, 31. Seasons, The ; An Anthology, 54 ; Sentimental Journey. A. G. Sterne, 55. Second Year Chemistry. Edward Hart, 45. Seeberg. R. Fundamental Truths of the Christian Religion, 12. Seger. Collected Writings, 49. Seven-Figure Logarithms. L. Schroen, 49. Severus, Patriarch of Antioch. Letters of, 26. Sharpe, Henry. Britain B.c, 54- ^ , Sharpe, Samuel. Bible, translated by, 15; Critical Notes on New Testament, 26. Shearman, A. T. Symbolic Logic, 31. Shihab Al Din. Futuh AI-Habashah. Ed. by S. Strong, 36. Short History of the Hebrew Text. T. H. Weir, 27. Sichel, Walter. Laurence Sterne, 54. Silva Gadelica. Standish H. O'Grady, 41. Snellen's Ophthalmic Test Types, 49. Snyder, Harry. Soils and Fertilisers, 49. Social Gospel, Essays on the, 11. Social Idealism. Stocker, 33. Social Statics. Herbert Spencer, 32. Sociology, Principles of. Herbert Spencer, 31. Sociology, Study of. Herbert Spencer, 32. Soden, H. von, D.D. Books of the New Testament, 10. Soils and Fertilisers. Snyder, 49. Soils. Vide Wiley's Agricultural Analysis, 50. Soliloquies of St. Augustine, it. Sonntag, C. O. A Pocket "Flora ot Edin burgh, 49. Sorensen, S. Index to the Mahahharata, 36. Soul of Progress. Biahop Mercer, 22. Spanish Dictionary, Larger. Velasquez, 41. Spencer, Herbert, A System of Synthetic Philosophy, 31 ; Descriptive Sociology, Nos. 1-8, 31 ; Theory of Religion and Morality, 32 ; Works by, 31-32. Spinal Cord, Topographical Atlas of. Alex. Bruce, M.A., etc., 43. Spinoza. Edited by Prof. Knight, 33. Spiritual Teachingof Christ'sLife, Henslow, ig. Statuette, The, and the Background. H. B. Brewster, 29, Statutes, The, of the Apostles. G. Horner, 26. 37- Stephen, Canon. Democracy and Character, 26. Stephens, Geo. Bugge's Studies on Northern Mythology Examined, 55 ; Old Northern Runic Monuments, 55 ; "The Runes, 55. Stephens, Thos., E.A., Editor. The Child and Religion, 10. Stereocheraistry, Elements of. Hantzsch, 44. Sterne. A Study. Walter Sichel, 54 ; Senti mental Journey, 55. Stewart, Rev. C. R. S. Anglican Liberalism, 12. Stillman, T. B. Engineering Cheraistry, 49. Stocker, R. D, Social Idealisra, 33. Storms. Piddington, 48. Strong, S. Arthur, ed. by. Shihab Al Din, 36. Study ofthe Saviour. Alex. Robinson, 25. Studies on Northern Mythology. Geo. Stephens, 55. Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory. Edward W. Scripture, Ph.D., 31. Subject-Index to London Library Catalogue, 53- Sullivan, W. K. Celtic Studies,_4i. Super-Organic Evolution. Lluria, 47. Surgical Anatomy of the Horse. J. T. Share Jones, 45. Symbolic Logic. A. T. Shearman, 31. Synthetic Philosophy, Epitome of. F. H. Collins, 33. Syriac Grammar. Theodor Noldeke, 36. System of Synthetic Philosophy. Herbert Spencer, 31. 64 INDEX— Continued. Tayler, Rev. John Jaraes. Character of the Fourth Gospel, 26. Taylor, Rev. C. Dirge of Coheleth, The, 26. Taylor, Rev. Dr. J. Massoretic Text, 26. Ten Services and Psalms and Canticles, 27. Ten Services of Public Prayer, 27. Tennant, Rev. F. R. Child and Religion, 10. Tent and Testament. Herbert Rix, 24. , Testament, Old. Canonical Books of, 3 ; Re ligions of, II ; Cuneiforra Inscriptions, 25 ; Hebrew Text, Weir, 27 ; Literature, 21. Testaraent, The New, Critical Notes on. C. Teschendorf, 27. Testaraent Times, New. Acts ofthe Apostles, 12; Apologetic of, 11; Books of the, 10; Comraentary, Protestant, 8 ; History of, 7 ; LukethePhysician, 11 ; Textual Criticisra, 6. Test Types. Pray, 48 ; Snellen, 49. Text and Translation Society, Works by, 37. Theories of Anarchy and of Law. H. B. Brewster, 28. Therraometer, Historyofthe. Bolton, 43. Thoraas, Rev. J. M. L. A Free Catholic Church, 27. Thornton, Rev. J. J. Child and Religion, 10. Tischendorf, C. The New Testament, 26. Tourist Guides. Grieben's, 52. Tower, O. F. Conductivity of Liquids, 49. Transactions ofthe Royal Dublin Society, 56. Transactions ofthe Royal Irish Acaderay, 56. Transactions of the Royal Societyof Edinburgh, 56. Trenckner, V. Pali Miscellany, 36. Truth of Religion, The. Eucken, 2. Turpie, Dr. D. M'C. Manual of the Chaldee Language, 37. Universal Christ. Rev. Dr. C. Beard, 14. Universalism Asserted. Rev. Thos. Allin, 14. Upton, Rev. C. B. Bases of Religious Belief, 14. Urine Analysis, A Text-Book of. Long, 47. Vaillante, Vincent, 38. Various Fragments. Herbert Spencer, 31. Vega. Logarithmic Tables, 50. Veiled Figure, The, 55. Velasquez. Larger Spanish Dictionary, 41. Venable, T. C. Development of the Periodic Law, 50; Study of Atom, 50. Via, Veritas, Vita. Dr. Druraraond, 13. Viga Gluras Saga. Sir E. Head, 41. Vincent, Jacques. Vaillante, 38. Virgin Birth of Christ. Paul Lobstein, 9. Vulgate, The. Henslow, 19. Vynne and Blackburn. Woraen under the Factory Acts, 55. Walford. Recollections, 55. Wallis, H. W. Cosmology of the Rigveda, 37. Was Israel ever in Egypt? G. H. B. Wright, 28. Weir, T. H. Short History of the Hebrew Text, 27. Weisse, T. H. Elements of German, 41 ; Short Guide to German Idioms, 42 ; Systematic Conversational Exercises in German, 41. Weizsacker, Carl von. The ApostoUc Age, 6. Weld, A. G. Glimpses of Tennyson, 55. Werner, E. T. C. Chinese, 33. Werner's Elementary Lessons in Cape Dutch, 42. Wernle, Paul. Beginnings of Christianity, 4. What is Christianity? Adolf Harnack, 5, 9, Wicksteed, Rev. P. H. Ecclesiastical Institu tions of Holland, 27. Wiley, Harvey W. Agricultural Chemical Analysis, 50. Wilkinson, Rev, J. R. Anglican Liberalism, 12, Williams, Right. Rev. W. L., D.C.L. Diction ary of the New Zealand Language, 42; Les sons in Maori, 42. Wimraer, R. My Struggle for Light, 9. Women under the Factory Acts. Vynne and Blackburn, 55. Women's Suffrage. Helen Blackburn, 51. Woods, C. E. The Gosijel of Rightness, 28. Woods, Dr, H. G. Anglican Liberalism, 12, Wright, Rev. C. H. H. Book of Genesis in Hebrew Text, 28 ; Book of Ruth in Hebrew Text, 28 ; Daniel and its Critics, 28 ; Daniel and his Prophecies, 28 ; Light from Egyptian Papyri, 28. Wright, G. H. Bateson. Book of Job, 28 ; Was Israel ever in Egypt? z8. Wright, W., and Dr. Hirsch, edited by. Com raentary on the Book of Job, 28. Wundt, Wilhelm. Outlines of Psychology, 32. Wysor. Metallurgy, 50. Yale Psychological Laboratory, Studies from, '3. Yellow Book of Lecan, 42. Zeller, Dr. E. Acts of the Apostles, 8. Zoega, G. T. English-Icelandic Dictionary, 42. Zompolides, Dr. D. A Course of Modern Greek, 42. PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD.. EDINBURGH. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 08844 1333