BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS / , // / / / I "I give thtft Books for the /aundiag of a. ColUgt in this Colony' « YJ^ILIE«¥]MH¥IEIESinr¥« JQ06 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS A SERIES OF PLATES ILLUSTRATING BIBLICAL VERSIONS AND ANTIQUITIES BEING AN APPENDIX TO THE OXFORD BIBLE FOR TEACHERS NEW YORK: HENRY FROWDE PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 91 AND 93 Fifth Avenue 1896 All rights reserved Copyright, 1896, By henry FROWDE. / ElectrotgiicB aiiti ^rinlcB at ^Ra'-^^ fjc JSIbcrsibe Press, (!Caml>rib!;r, Mam., iS. .S. 9. PREFACE. The series of Plates contained in this volume is an enlargement of the series which has already appeared in recent issues of the ' Helps to the Study of the Bible,' published by the Oxford University Press ; and it has been prepared for a ne-sv edition of that -work. But as the series is accompanied by full descriptive letter-press, giving it an independent completeness to -which the earlier series had no claim, it has been deter mined to place it at once in the hands of Bible Students, in a separate form, -without -waiting for the forthcoming edition of the * Helps,' -with which, however, it will also be incorporated, with slight modifications. The former series consisted of sixty-eight Plates ; the present series has one hundred and twenty-four. This large increase is partly accounted for by several interesting additions to the illustrations of Old Testament History and Religion, drawn from Egyptian and Assyrian and Babylonian sources ; but chiefly by a very large number of facsimiles which have been introduced into the series, in order to amplify the speci mens of different versions of the Scriptures, and more particularly to place before the student a full collection of Plates showing the growth of the English Bible. The illustrations have been selected and described by Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, K. C. B., D. C. L., LL. D., Principal Librarian of the British Museum, and E. A. Wallis Budge, Litt. D., Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, who have also been assisted by A. S. Murray, LL. D., Keeper of Greek and Roman Anti quities, British Museum. Oxford Unj-versity Press, MarcJi, 1896. LIST OF PLATES. I. Ilhistrations of the Languages, Writings, and Versions of the Old and Ne-w Testaments. PLATE I. II. III.IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. ALPHABETS, INSCRIPTIONS, ETC. : Phcenician and Hebrew Alphabets . Greek and Latin Alphabets .... Doorway op a Tomb at Gizeh — About b. c. 3600 The Prisse Papyrus — About b. c. 2500 The Rosetta Stone — b. c. 195 .... The Moabite Stone — About b. c. 890 . The Siloam Inscription — About b. c. 700 . PAGE 12,1313, 14 14,15 15 15-1717-19 19, .20 L XVII. xvm. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS : Hebrew Pentateuch (Exodus xx. 1-5) — Ninth Century Hebrew Pentateuch (Numbers vi. 3-10) — Twelfth Century The ' Book of the Law ' — Fifteenth Century . Samaritan Pentateuch : Arabic Text (Deuteronomy i. 44-ii. 7) —A. D. 1219 Samaritan Pentateuch : Hebrew Text (Deuteronomy i. 44_ii. 7) _ A. D. 1219 Syriac Books of the Pentateuch (Exodus xiii. 14-16) — a. d. 464 Syi-iac ' Curetonian ' Gospels (St. Matthew xv. 20-25) — Fifth Century Syriac Book of Genesis (Genesis xlv. 5-11) — Seventh Cen tury Syriac Book of Isaiah (Isaiah xliv. 25-xlv. 3) — Seventh Century Arabic Book of Job (Job xxviii. 1-21)- — Ninth Century . Ethiopic Octateuch (Genesis xxix. 11-16) — Fifteenth Cen tury . Armenian Gospels (St. Mark iv. 40-v. 7) — Ninth Century Coptic Gospel of St. Luke (St. Luke v. 5-9) — Eighth Cen tury Greek Bible : ' Codex Vaticaniis ' (1 Esdi-as ii. 1-8) — Fourth Century Greek Bible : ' Codex Sinaiticus ' (Esther ii. 3-8) — Fourth or Fifth Century Greek Bible : ' Codex Alexandrinus ' (St. Luke xii. 54-xiii. 4) _ Fifth Century Greek Bible : ' Codex Ephraemi ' (St. Matthew xx. 16-23) — Fifth Century 2020 20,21 21 212121 2222222222 22,23 24 24,2525, 26 26, 27 LIST OF PLATES. PLATE XXV. } XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. xxxri. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. Greek and Latin Gospels and Acts of the Apostles : ' Codex Bezee ' (St. Luke xxiii. 47-xxiv. 1) — Sixth Century . 27, 28 Greek and Latin Pauline Epistles : ' Codex Claromontanus ' (Romans vii. 4-7) — Sixth Century 28 Latin and Greek Acts of the Apostles : ' Codex Laudianus ' (Actsxv. 22-24)— Seventh Century 28 Greek Gospels : ' Codex Regius ' (St. Luke i. 1-6) — Ninth Century 28, 29 Greek Gospels (St. John xx. 11-17) — Ninth or Tenth Cen tury 29 Old Latin Gospels : ' Codex -Vercellensis ' (St. John xvi. 23-30) — Late Fourth Century 29 Old Latin Gospels : ' Codex Bobiensis ' (St. Mark xvi. 6-9) — Fifth or Sixth Century 29, 30 Old Latin Gospels : ' Fragmenta Sangallensia ' (St. Mark xiii. 2-11) — Early Sixth Century 30 Old Latin Gospels : ' Codex Monacensis ' (St. Mark xvi. 16-20) — Seventh Century 30 Latin Gospels (St. Matthew xii. 42-45) — Sixth or Seventh Century 30 Latin Bible : ' Codex Amiatinus ' (St. Luke v. 1-6) — About A. d. 700 30, 31 Gothic Gospels : ' Codex Argenteus ' (St. Matthew vi. 9-16) — Sixth Century 31, 32 Latin Gospels with Anglo-Saxon Gloss : ' Lindisf arne Gos pels ' (St. Matthew xvii. 24-27) —a. d. 698-721 . . 32 Anglo-Saxon Gospels (St. John i. 1-13) — About a. d. 1000 32, 33 .3]Ifric's Pentateuch, &c. (Genesis xliv. 3-12) — Early Eleventh Century . , 33 Wyclif's Bible (St. Mark xv. 33-41) —Late Fourteenth Cen tury 33 -xvi. 3) — A. d. 1530 11) — A. D, PRINTED VERSIONS OF. THE ENGLISH BIBLE : XLiii. Tindale's New Testament (St. Matthew xv. 2 A. D. 1525 XLIV. Tindale's Pentateuch (Genesis xxxvii. 9-20) — XLV. Tindale's New Testament (St. Matthew iv. 23-v. 1534 XLVi. Coverdale's Bible (Ecclesiastes xi. 1-9) — a. d. 1535 . XL VII. Matthew's Bible (Job xvii. 1-15) — a. d. 1537 XLvm. Taveriier's Bible (Deuteronomy xxxii. 25-35, 47-xxxiii. 1) — A. D. 1539 xLix. The Great Bible (2 Kings xx. 1-7) — a. d. 1539 . L. The Geneva Bible (Galatians i. 1-13) — a. i>. 1560 LI. The Bishops' Bible (Isaiah xl. 3-9) — a. d. 1568 . Lir. The Rheims New Testament (Acts xiii. 1-15) — a. d, 1582 vi 33, 34 34 34 34,35 35 35, 3535 363636 LIST OF PLATES. FLATS mi. King James's Bible : ' Authorised Version ' (Revelation vi. 1-5) — A. D. 1611 36, 37 The First Oxford Bible (Psalms civ. 10-20, 33-35 ; cv. 1-6) — A. D. 1675 37 II. Illustrations of Old Testament History and Religion. a. EGYPT. THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS : ¦ > Egyptian gods and goddesses 42-44 Lvn. Ark of the god Amen-Ra — About b. c. 1500 . ., .44,45 LVill. Immortality. Preparing the Mummy 46 Lix. " Mummy and Coffin of Barneses II — About b. c. 1330 46 Lx. " Mummy of Rameses III — About B. c. 1200 . 46,47 Lxi. " Sepulchral Barge ...... 47 LXii. \ " The Judgement of the Dead — About B. c. Lxm. i 1400 47-49 LXiv. " The Soul Revisiting the Body — About B. c. 1400 49 Lxv. " ' The Fields of Peace' — About b. c. 1400 . 49 LXVI. Names of Egyptian Kings mentioned in the Bible . 49, 50 Lxvii. Rameses U enthroned — About b. c. 1330 .... 50 Lxviii. Rameses II in battle — About b. c. 1330 . . . . 50, 51 Lxix. Rameses H slaying his enemies — About b. c. 1330 . 51 THE ISRAELITES IN EGYPT : Lxx. Strangers coming into Egypt 51, 52 Lxxi. Egyptian Granaries 52 Lxxii. Egyptian Brickmakers 52, 53 Lxxiii. Brick of Rameses II — About b. c. 1330 .... 53 Lxxiv. Fishing Scene 53 Lxxv. Document on Papyrus 53, 54 Lxxvi. Table op Offerings and Chair of State ... 54 Lxxvii. Sandals and Collar or Breastplate .... 54 Lxxvm. Presentation of a Collar 54 Lxxix. Egyptian Harper 54 lxxx. Musical Instruments 54 Lxxxi. Dispatch from the Governor of Tyre to the King of Egypt — About b. c. 1450 54, 55 vii LIST OF PLATES. h. ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA. PLATE PAGE LXXXII. Names of Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Kings mentioned in the Bible 61 HISTORY OF ASSYRIA : Lxxxiil. Assur-nasir-pal, King of Assyria, performing a ceremony — B. c. 885-860 62 Lxxxiv. Siege of a City 57 Lxxxv. Royal Lion Hunt 57 Lxxxvi. Assur-nasir-pal, King of Assyi-ia, offering a libation . . 57 Lxxxvii. The ' Black Obelisk ' : Jehu paying tribute to Shalmane- ser II — B. c. 860-825 62,63 i.xxxviii. i The same scene enlarged 62, 63 Lxxxix. Brick of Shalmaneser II . ' 63 xc. Tiglath-Pileser III (orPul), King of Assyria — b. c. 745-727 55 xci. Siege of a City by Tiglath-Pileser III 55 xcii. Sargon's inscription recording the capture of Ashdod — About B. c. 722-705 63, 64 xciii. Annals of Sennacherib, King of Assyria — b. c. 705-681 . 64, 65 xciv. Extract from Sennacherib's Annals recording the Siege of Jerusalem 64, 65 xcv. Sennacherib at the Siege of Lachish 59 xcvi. Inscription of Esar-haddon, King of Assyria, mentioning Manasseh, King of Judah — b. c. 681-668 .... 65 xevii. Battle between Assur-bani-pal, King of Assyria, and the King of Elam—B. c. 668-626 60 XCVIII. xcix. c. CL CII. cm. HISTORY OF BABYLONIA {Later Empire) : Babylonian Chronicle — b. c. 7447-669 65 66 Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon, record ing his works in Babylon, b. c. 604-562 . . . . 66, 67 Brick of Nebuchadnezzar II 67 68 Prayer of Nabonidus, King of Babylon, to the Moon-god for himself and Belshazzar his son — B. e. 556-539 ... 68 Account of the Capture of Babylon by Cyrus — b. c. 539 . 68 Cylinder Seal of Darius 69 CIV. cv. cvi. CVII. CVIII. cix. RELIGION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA : Gods of Babylonia and Assyria Worship of the Babylonian Sun-god Combat between the gods of Light and Darkness Assyrian Eagle-headed deity .... Assyrian winged Man-headed Lion Procession of gods captured by Assyi-ian troops 7070 7071 7171 LIST OF PLATES. PLATE ex. CXI. CXII. cxm. cxiv. cxv. cxvi. CXVII. cxvrii. cxix. cxx. cxxi. CXXII. CXXIII. CXXIV. PAOE Inscription in Archaic Babylonian Characters — About B. c. 4000 71, 72 Babylonian Landmark — About b. c. 1100 .... 73 Assyrian Account of the Creation 73, 74 Assyrian Account of the Deluge 74, 75 III. Illustrations of Ne-w Testament History. The Emperor Augustus 75, 76 The Emperor Tiberius 75, 76 The Emperor Vespasian 75, 76 The Emperor Titus 75, 76 The spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem carried in triumph — a. D. 70 . • 76 [• Temple of Diana at Ephesus as depicted on Coins 76, 77 Diana of the Ephesians 77 Sculpture from the Temple of Diana at Ephesus . 77, 78 \ Coins of the Bible : the Daric, the Shekel, the \ ' Penny,' the ' Farthing,' the ' Mite,' &c. . . .78, 79 ix BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. This series of Bible Illustrations is arranged in three groups, viz. I. Illustrations of the Languages, Writings, and Versions of the Scriptures ; II. Illustrations of Old Testament History and Religion ; and III. Illus trations of New Testament History. At the head of Group I are tables of the Phoenician and Hebrew, and Greek and Latin, alphabets, all descended from the ancient writing of Egypt ; then follow specimens of Egyptian and Phoenician inscriptions and writing (Plates III-VII) ; these are succeeded by specimens of Biblical MSS., Hebrew, Samaritan, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Coptic, Greek, and Latin (Plates VIII-XXXVII) ; and the group is closed by a series of facsimiles, from both manuscript and printed sources, illustrating the growth of the English Bible, with a specimen of the Gothic, the earliest Teutonic, translation at their head (Plates XXXVIII-LIV). Group II consists of illustrations of the history, religion, and customs (1) of ancient Egypt, and (2) of Babylonia and Assyria. The section which deals with Egypt commences with the religion of the people and their belief in immortality (Plates LV-LXV) ; and then passes to histor ical and other subjects, chiefly with a view to illustrate the story of the oppression of the children of Israel (Plates LXVI-LXXIII) ; and to representations of domestic scenes and objects (Plates LXXIV-LXXX). Plate LXXXI, which must be included in this section, forms a link between the two sections, for it represents a document 'written by a vas sal of the king of Egyj)t, but in the characters and language of Western Asia. The section of Babylonian and Assyrian plates falls into two divisions : the first illustrating the history of the two empires (Plates LXXXII-GIII) ; the second dealing with their religion and myths, and customs (Plates CIV-CXIII). The plates selected to form Group III are of historical interest only, and are few in number ; for original material for the illustration of New Testament History is comparatively scanty. They represent portrait- heads of Roman emperors, scenes from sculptures of the Arch of Titus and of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, and coins current in Palestine (Plates CXIV-CXXIV). 11 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. I. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LANGUAGES, WRITINGS, AND VER SIONS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. Plates I, II. Alphabets. The principal languages through which the Holy Scriptures have been transmitted to us are Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. It is therefore of interest to know the origin of the alphabets in which those tongues were written, and the history of their development. ; The identification of their common origin is of quite recent date. It was not difiicult to connect the Greek alphabet with the alphabet which is usually called Phoenician, but to which it is perhaps better to give the wider name 6f Semitic. The forms of letters and, still more, their names and order, conclusively proved the relationship. But to prove the descent of the Semitic alphabet from the Egyptian was a long and difficult task. In outward shape the Semitic letters are to all appearance quite different from the Egyptian hieroglyphs ; their names are different ; their order is different. These difficulties caused scholars to reject the ancient tradi tion handed down by Greek and Roman writers that the Semites had originally obtained their letters from Egypt. The tradition has, however, proved correct. In 1859 the French Egyptologist, De Rouge, published the results of his study of an ancient cursive form of Egyptian writing, a form to which the name of 'hieratic,' or writing of the priests, has been given ; and showed, beyond reasonable doubt, that it was the connecting- link between the Egyptian and Semitic alphabets. The most important document of which he made use was the Prisse Papyrus (Plate IV), the date of which is conjectured to be about 2600 b. c. The oldest hieroglyphic inscriptions of Egypt are assigned to a period of about 5,000 years before Christ. The writing is not purely alphabetical ; . phonetic signs, or symbols of sounds, and ideographs, or pictorial signs, are used as well as simple letters. Of the latter, the number found in the inscriptions has been reckoned at forty-five. Some of these, however, , are used only in special cases ; others are only alternative forms. The total number of alphabetical signs may thus be reduced to twenty-five. The Semites adopted two-and-twenty of the Egyptian alphabetical signs ; and there can be little doubt that this formation of a new alphabet took place during the period of the Semitic conquest and occupation of the Delta. The reason why the Semites, while taking the Egyptian let ters, did not also accept their names, is probably that they made a selection only and did not adopt an entire alphabet. The Semitic, or so-called . Phosnician, alphabet was employed in the cities and colonies of the Phcenicians, and among the Jews and Moabites and neighbouring tribes. Its most ancient form known to us is preserved in a series of inscriptions which date back to the tenth century b. c.'- the 12 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I, II. most important of them being the one engraved on the ' Moabite Stone ' (Plate VI) about 890 b. c. The earliest inscription showing its use among the Jews is the 'Siloam Inscription' (Plate Vll) of about the end of the eighth century b. c. The forms of letters, as found in these two inscriptions, are set out in Plate I. No doubt the Hebrew Scriptures were written in the Phoenician char acter for many centuries, although they have not survived in this form. Phoenician letters appear on Jewish coins to a comparatively late date (see Plate CXXIII). The Samaritans, too, kept to the same character. But Hebrew writing, as it is known to us in MSS., is in square letters, the lineal descent of whicli from the old Phoenician alphabet is not so obvious. It has been customary to trace the change in the style of Hebrew writing to the period of the Captivity, and to attribute it mainly to the influence of the Aramaic character of Syriac, the use of which had spread to Babylonia. But, without denying that such an influence may have been at work, it may also be held that tlie development of the square character was perfectly regular, although, unfortunately, the destruction of early manuscripts has deprived us of the means of foUow ing it in its several stages. The elaborate and precise regulations which the Talmud laid down to ensure perfect accuracy in the transcription of the Scriptures would largely tend to create an artificially exact type of writing such as the square Hebrew. At least as early as the ninth century b. c, the Greeks learned the art of writing from the Phoenicians, the great traders and manufacturers of the ancient world, whose stations and colonies were established in remote times in the islands and mainlands of Greece and Asia Minor. It is not, however, to be supposed that the Greeks received the alphabet from the Phoenicians at one single place, whence it was passed, on throughout Hellas ; but rather at several points of contact, whence it was locally diffused among neighbouring cities and their colonies. Hence, while the Greek alphabet is essentially one and the same in all parts of Hellas, it exhibits certain local peculiarities, partly no doubt inherent from its very first adoption at different centres, partly derived from local influences or from local or other causes. As with Semitic writing, the Greeks at first wrote from right to left. Xext came the method of writing called houstrophedon, in which the lines run alternately from right to left and from left to right, or vim versa, as the ox at the plough forms the furrows. This method was commonly followed in the sixth century b. c. Lastly, writing from left to right became universal. To the two-and-tweuty letters of the Phoenicians the early Greeks eventually added five more, to meet the requirements of their language ; BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. but these were not universally employed. Many are the local varieties of forms in the alphabet of ancient Greece ; but they can be conveniently arranged in two geographical groups. Eastern and Western. The Eastern or Ionian group was in use in the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and in cer tain islands and states of Greece ; the Western, in other islands and states, and generally in the Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily. The two groups chiefly differed in the values to be attached to the letters X and S'. In the Eastern group the letters I, X, S' have the sounds of x, kh, and ps ; in the Western group J is wanting, and X, "f are sounded as x and kh. In a word, the special test-letters are : — Eastern : \ — kh. "^ = ps, Western \ = x . S' = ^h- The Romans derived their alphabet from the Greek alphabet of the Western type, not improbably as early as the eighth, if not the ninth, century b. c, through Cumae, an ancient colony of the Euboean city Chalcis. The primitive alphabet thus introduced has been called Pelas- gian. The Latin alphabet has twenty letters of the Greek alphabet, and, in addition, three adopted signs. The sound z in Latin being lost quite early, the letter Z {seta) dropped out. When, at a later period, being required for the transliteration of Greek words, it was restored to the Latin alphabet, it had to take a place at the end, as its original position had meanwhile been occupied by the new letter G. Till the middle of the third century b. o., the letter 0 was employed to represent both the hard c and the g sounds ; but gradually G, developed from C, was em ployed for the latter sound, and took the place vacated by zeia. The third adopted sign, Y, is a curious instance of repetition. The primitive sign for upsilon had become the Latin V ; but, in the time of Cicero, the Greek letter was required for literary purposes, and was thus again in corporated in the Latin alphabet. The position of Y shows that it was admitted before Z. Plate III. Tomb at Gizeh. The doorway of the tomb of a high official called Sethu, with inscriptions cut in the picture-characters or hiero glyphics as used in Egypt during the period of the Early Empire, about 3600 B. c. In the upper compartment the deceased is seated with a table of offerings before him, and the text enumerates a number of the funeral offerings brought to the tomb, such as wine, dates, beer, cakes, fowls, haunches of beef, linen garments, oye-paiiit, &e. On the right is a figure of the ' royal relative,' the i)rincess Nubt-hetep, who was probably his wife ; and on the left arc his two sons, Sethu and Hept. The central inscription is a prayer to the god Ap-uat to grant the deceased funeral offerings and an honourable and liappy burial ; and in the panel below 14 EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV, V. are his principal titles. On the right of the door is Nubt-hetep, ' the royal relative, the priestess of Hathor, the priestess of Nit (Neith),' and ' the son of his body Sethu ' ; on the left is a figure of the deceased holding the kherp sceptre in his right hand and a staff in his left hand. In many early tombs the hieroglyphics are filled with colours, which greatly- help the reader to identify them. Objects connected with the sky are painted blue ; men, reddish-brown ; to birds and metals are given their natural colours, &c. Several signs, however, which even at that early period had assumed a conventional form, cannot be interpreted. Plate IV. The Prisse Papyrus was found at Thebes and was given to the National Library in Paris by M. Prisse d' Avenues, in 1846. It contains copies in hieratic of two literary compositions generally known as the ' Precepts of Kakemna ' and the ' Precepts of Ptah-hetep.' Its actual date is uncertain ; some scholars considering it to be the work of the twelfth dynasty (about 2500 b. c), while others attribute it to the eighteenth dynasty (about 1600 b. c). The older date is more probably the correct one. The Precepts of Kakemna were composed in the reign of Seneferu, about 3766 b. c, and the Precepts of Ptah-hetep during the reign of Assa, about 3366 b. c. Both works consist of a series of moral precepts for guidance in our duties to God and man. The text represented in the Plate is to be read from right to left. It first directs those whom God hath favoured in their duty to those under them. Hasty words spoken by another in anger must not be repeated. Let him who hath been taken into his lord's counsel apply his heart unto wisdom ; let him strive to keep silence rather than to speak freely. Before a man speaketh, let him consider what arguments may be used against him ; and let him know that to speak in the council requireth great judge ment, for words are put to scrutiny more than any other thing, and that which can be spoken to gainsay the words of another is the true test of their value. For the purpose of comparison, the first line of the hieratic is here transcribed in hieroglyphic characters : — I /^A^AAA I li \^\ rara^ ^ p Plate V. The Rosetta Stone. Prom time immemorial the ancient Egyptians employed as characters for their hieroglyphic writing pictures of men and animals, and natural and artificial objects ; they continued to 15 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. do so, with certain modifications, for some centuries after the birth of Christ. Prom the fifth or sixth century of our era until the beginning of the present century the key to the decipherment of their inscriptions and writings was lost, and the only available information regarding them was to be gleaned from the works of classical and other early authors. In the sixteenth century a German scholar, Kircher, attempted to de cipher certain texts without success, and the same ill-result attended the labours of Jablonski in the following century. Towards the end of the eighteenth century some attention was paid to the subject by Zoega, who, observing the occurrence of groups of hieroglyphic characters enclosed within ovals or cartouches, rightly conjectured that they must form royal names. But in 1799 the Rosetta Stone was discovered by M. Boussard, an ofticer employed in the great expedition of Napoleon I. This stone, found at Rosetta, a city near the mouth of the Nile to which it gives its name, is of black basalt and measures 3 ft. 9 in. by 2 ft. 4J in. by 11 in. When complete it was inscribed with about fifteen lines of hieroglyphics, thirty -two lines of the demotic, or conventional form of writing common among the laity of Egypt, and fifty-four lines of Greek. Here, then, was a bilingual inscription in Egyptian and Greek, the Greek evidently a translation of the Egyptian. The Greek text proved to be a decree pro mulgated in the year 195 b. c. by the priesthood assembled at Memphis in honour of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, king of Egypt. In recognition of his- benefactions to the country, honours were to be paid to the king's statue, ; a yearly festival was appointed, and a copy of the decree in hieroglyphics j or ' the writing of the priests,' and in demotic, and in Greek, was to be engraved on stone and set up in every temple of the first, second, and third orders. The stone which had now come to light had been placed in the temple near Rosetta. The extreme importance of its discovery was at once recognized ; and, as soon as it was brought to England, copies of the inscriptions were circulated among the scholars and learned societies of Europe. The first to publish any important work on its decipherment was Akerblad, the Swede, who succeeded in ascertaining the true values of fourteen demotic characters ; he was followed by Young, who in 1814 rightly interpreted six hieroglyphic alphabetic characters. At length, in 1822, the French scholar, Champollion, formulated a demotic and hiero glyphic alphabet, which has successfully withstood all attacks upon it, and which is practically the alphabet in use among Egyptologists to this day. Champollion was better equipped for his work than either Akerblad or Young, and to him belongs the greater honour of completing the de cipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics; but the credit of discovering the alphabetic element in the demotic and hieroglyphic characters belongs to Akerblad and Young. The first clue for the reconstruction of the Egyp- 10 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. tian alphabet was found in the names of Ptolemy and Cleoi)atra, whicli occur on the Rosetta Stone and also in a bilingual inscription on an obe lisk at Philse. ^^'ith the alphabetic characters thus obtained Champollion was able to spell out the names and the titles of the Greek and Roman rulers of Egypt, and thus eventually to complete the alphabet. Plate VI. The Moabite Stone, bearing an inscription of Mesha, king of ]\Ioab, who reigned at the beginning of the ninth century b. (_'. He here records his wars with Israel, and other deeds. The jMua)jite Stone was discovered by the Kev. F. Klein, at Diblian, in the land of Moab, on August 19, 1868. It measures 3 ft. 10 in. by 2 ft. by 1 ft. 2 in., and is inscribed with thirty-four lines of text, each word of which is separated by a dot. About a year after its discovery the Arabs, hearing of its con templated removal, broke it into a number of fragments ; but a paper squeeze of the inscription had already been made, and thus, fortunately, almost the whole of the text has been preserved. A copy of the inscrip tion in Hebrew letters, as transcribed by Prim and Socin, and a translation are here given : — in . ^x-^ . i^o . -(-roii/^zD . p . y^o . v-i^ dSo . 1JX1 . nty . ]i!/hw . 3n:d . ^j; . i^n . -^n i ':y D . i'B'DD I nmpj . looDh . nxr . nnsn . wyt^i I 'iix . inx . 'n i::;' I 'Kjsy . bj3 . 'jx-in . oi . phnn . h^n . '2i)wr\ . o . i'w 1S3 . iyM . f]jx' . o . pi . p' . 3X0 . nx . u;*'! . hixit?' . -fin . ¦• *i3i3 . lox . '0-3 1 3X0 . nx . iji'x . xn . DJ . lox'i . nj3 . nij'7n'i i ns [ix] hj nx . '-lOi' . c-i'i . ahy . i3X . idx . hixisy'i i nnani . hd . xixi [ly-]! . nw i;?3-ix . nj3 . -o' . -sni . nn' . n3 . ats^i i xanrro . ]' pxi . nityxn . r\2 . ty^'xi . \};nhy2 . nx . pxi I 'D'3 tyoo . na ' . -^Sn . rh |3'1 . obyo . mta;? . px3 . 2m' . -\: . tyxi i )n'-ip . nx D . D;?n . '70 . nx . j-^nxi i ntnxi . ipD . nnnSxi i mo;; nx . Sxity DXi . mn . ^x-ix . nx. . db-o . aiyxi 1 2n^h^ . wo2^ . nn ipn 'B':"x nxi . pty . tyx . nx . nn . atyxi i n'ip2 . tyoD . 'ish . nnn [xj I '7Xity' . Sj; . n3j . nx . inx . -]'? tyna . 'S . lax'i l mnn [n]xi I Dinsn . •\v . mntyn . ;?p3n . n3 . onnSxi . rhh^ i^n jai . n-i3Ji I [[iJoni . pDjn . ^^ . n;>3E' •. dVj . Jinxi . ni [x]-^x . DtyD . npxi I nnninn . tyno . inty;;'? . '3 I nami n [nx] nj3 . Ssity' . -jSdi I tvaj . 'js*? . on'^noxi . nin^ •'S [i] ':iiD . tyDD . niyij'i i '3 . nnnnSno . nn . nty'i . ]'n' . ninxi . yno nxtyxi i ntyn . Sd . b-'x . pxo . nxnn . npx nnni . pp'rs . nnn . nn-^p . ^nj3 . "iJX i p'l . ^7;; . nuo"? XI I nn'7iJD . 'nja . pxi . nnyu- . •'nj3 . i^xi i '7i];'n Bib. Illus. b 17 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. aipa . j'[d'7 . jnjityxn . 'x'?^ . 'nty;? . ijxi . ¦^'70 . na . •'n:3 . iJ [S] . W]) . D;;n . h-:h -roxi . nnipa . ipn . 3ip3 . jx . i3i 1 ipn "iDXD . nmpS . nmonn . 'mj . -jaxj t nnoj . na . tyx . dj [1] pix3 . nSoan . 'nty;^ . -^jxi . i;>i;? . 'nja . -jjx i '7xib"d . [|] . Pi' . o . nv3 . 'nja . -^jx 1 xn . oin . o . noa . no . 'nja . ^jx [3]Sa . IJXI I ni'Dtyn . jan . '70 . ¦'3 . itynn . pn . ly nj2 pxi I yixn . '7;; . 'nsD-' . niyx . pp3 . nxn Hn [ip]j . nx . Diy . xtyxi . iiraS;?^ . n2i 1 pSan . nai . xo]i[nD . nx] .' [¦id]x . [p]ni . i[i]t . [|]3 . n:: . 3ty' . jmni 1 1'lxn . |NV [nSx]! . nixi I J3iin2 . nnnSn . ti . cdj . '^7 . inx [ijty;; . uwn . mM^jri . •'do . tynj . n3[iy'] jxiipnty . n[ty] ' I am Mesha, the son of Chemosh-melek, the king of Moab, the man of Dibhon ; my father reigned over Moab for thirty years, and I sat on the throne after my father. I built a high place for Chemosh in Korha, a place of salvation for Mesha, for he hath delivered me from all monarchs, and he hath let me look with scorn upon all mine enemies. Now (Jmri was king over Israel, and he oppressed Moab for many days, for that Chemosh was wroth with the land. His son reigned in his stead, and he said, " Now will I oppress Moab." Thus spake he even in my days ; but I have gained the victory over him and over his house, and Israel is laid waste for ever. Omri took possession of the land of Medeba and he dwelt therein in his own days and somewhile in the daj'S of his son, even forty years. But in my time Chemosh gave back the land unto me. Then did I build I'.aal-ileon, and I made . . . . , and I built Kiryathayim. The people of Gad had dwelt in the land of Ataroth from days of old ; and the king of Israel built the city of Ataroth. I assaulted the city and I took it, and I slew all the people thereof in the sight of Chemosh and Moab; and I carried away the Ariel'^ oi David, and I dragged it on the ground before the face of Chemosh at Kerioth. And I carried away the people of Saron and the people of And Chemosh said unto me, " Go, carry Nebo over Israel." And I went up by night, and I fought against the city from dawn even until noon, and I took it, and I slew every man, even seven thousand men, and children, and women, and maidens, and slaves, and I dedicated them unto Ishtar-Chemosh. And I carried away from thence the Ai-ieh of Jehovah, and I dragged them on the ground before the face of Chemosh. And the king of Israel built Yahas and dwelt therein after that he had fought against me ; but Chemosh drove him forth before me. I led forth two hundred of the men of Moab, I led them up to Yahas, and I took it 1 The Ariel waa probably a sacred emblem. 18 " EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV, V. that I might join it unto Dibhon. I built Korha, and the forest wall, and the .... wall, I built the doors and the towers therof. I built the royal palace, and I digged the sluices for the water cisterns in the city. There was no well in the city of Korha ; therefore I said unto all the people, " Let every man dig him a well in his own house " ; and I digged the water courses even unto Korha by the hands of the captives (?) of Israel. I built Aroer, I made the road unto Arnon, I built again Beth- Bamoth, which was ruined. I built Bosor .... I added one hundred cities unto the land of Moab. I built iledeba and Beth-Baal-Meon .... And Chemosh said unto me : " Go down and fight against Horonayim," and I went down and I fought against it . . . .' For the Biblical account of the campaign against Mesha, see 2 Kings 3, 4-27. Plate VII. The Siloam Inscription is an inscription of six lines cut, in Phoenician characters, on the rock-wall of the underground conduit which fed the Pool of Siloam. It was discovered, in June 1880, by Mr. C. Schick. A transcript of the inscription in Hebrew letters, from the text of Kautsch and Wright, and a translation are here given : — iii'3 . n::pjn . nai . n'n . nn . napjfi . . . i p.tyx.Sp.j; . . . . jnS . nnx . lySiy . ni;r2i . ij;i . Sx . tyx . [pjn 2 n . D'31 p'D . 1S3 . mr . n'n . o . ix'i . '7X . x=i . 3 .-iaVi . |nj . hy \tM . ^y•^ . mpS . bx . Djvnn . un . n::pj . 4 xai . nnx . ^iSxT. ?•nxD3 . noian . Sx . xyinn . p . D'an . s . D3snn . tyxT . hy . ixn . n2j . n'n . nnx . n . 6 ' (1) the breaking through. And this was the matter of the breaking through while yet (2) the pickaxe, one towards the other, and while yet there were three cubits to ... . the noise of one calling (3) to the other, for there was a cleft (?) in the rock on the right .... And on the day of the breaking through (4) the miners hewed, one to meet the other, pickaxe against pickaxe ; and flowed (5) the waters from the source to the pool over (a space of) one thousand and two hun dred cubits. And one hundred (6) cubits was the height of the rock above the head of the miners.' Several words are now wanting and many letters are doubtful ; but enough remains to show that the inscription is a record of the successful piercing of the channel. The miners, in two bodies, began the work from the two ends of the conduit and met in the middle. The exact date of the inscription is doubtful ; some authorities believe it to be as old as the time of Ahaz, about 740 b. c, while others attribute it to the reign of Hezekiah, about 700 b. c. It is in favour of the later date that B 2 19 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. Hezekiah ' made a pool, and a conduit, and brought water into the city ' (2 Kings 20. 20), and that he ' stopped the upper water-course of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of David' (2 Chron. 32. 30). Plates VIII-X. The facsimiles in these three plates represent three typical forms of the Hebrew Scriptures : a '\\'estern or Palestinian text ; an Eastern or Babylonian text ; and the Book of the Law in the form of a roll : — Plate VIII. Hebrew Pentateuch. The MS. from which this plate is takeu is the oldest known MS. of any part of the Hebrew Bible. It was probably written in the latter part of the ninth century, the writing being of a rather earlier style than that of the manuscript of the Pro phets at St. Petersburg which is dated in the year 916. There are other MSS. which bear earlier dates, but they are untrustworthy. The IMS. before us is a large folio of 186 leaves, measuring 16^ by 13 inches ; but only 130 of them represent the original vellum MS., the rest being of paper supplied at the beginning and end of the volume in the year l.-)40. The text is written in triple columns, with vowel-points below the letters, according to the Western or Palestinian practice. Along the upper and lower margins the Greater Massorah is written, and the Lesser Massorah is placed in the side margins. The MS. was purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum in 1891. Plate IX. Hebre-w Pentateuch, imperfect, beginning ¦\\-ith the last words of Leviticus 12. 8. The text is accompanied by the Aramaic (Chaldee) Targum, or translation, attributed to Onkelos ; the two versions being Avritten in alternate verses. The MS. is a large quarto of 121 vel lum leaves, measuring 14-| by llf inches, and Avas written in Babylonia or Persia in the twelfth century. The text is in double columns, and has the superlinear, or Babylonian, system of vowel-points. Ordinary vowel-jioints below the line have been frequently added to the Hebrew text in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. The (Greater ^Massorah is written in the upper and lower margins ; the Lesser ]Massorah in the side margins and between the columns. Plate X. The Hebre-w Book of the Law. This is a Synagogue Roll of the Pentateuch (Torfdi or ' Law '), written on leather measuring ISj inches in height, of the fifteenth century. In accordance with one of the precise regulations laid down in the Talmud to be observed in the ])roduction of the Synagogue Rolls, no vowel-points are inserted. The 20 EXPLANATION OF PLATES XI-XIV. roll, which tradition prescribes for these Biblical texts intended for public reading in the synagogue, is a most ancient form of book, and is most probably the form in which the original books of the Bible were written. Plates XI, XII. Samaritan Pentateuch. The ]\1S. from which these plates are taken is in the University Library of Cambridge. It is a large volume of 312 vellum leaves, measuring 13| by lOf inches, and contains the old Hebrew text of the Pentateuch with an Arabic version, both in Samaritan characters, arranged in double columns, the Hebrew on the right and the Arabic on the left, written in the year 1219. The Samaritan Pentateuch is of value, as it traditionally represents the He brew text dating from the days of Neheiniah. It is also interesting on account of the character in which it is written, the Samaritans having kept to the old form of writing Avhich was in use among the Hebrews be fore their adoption of the square character, and which is more nearly connected with the original Phoenician. Unfortunately, no Samaritan MS. of the Pentateuch is known of an earlier date than the tenth century. Plates XIII-XVI. These facsimiles represent four Syriac versions of different portions of the Bible, supplied from four volumes of the great collection of Syriac MSS. which was obtained for the British Museum, in 1842, from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara in the Nitrian desert in Egypt. They are written in the character called Estrangela. Syriac was a language spoken in Syria and ^Mesopotamia. Aramaic, the vernacu lar of Palestine in the time of our Lord, was a dialect of Syriac : — Plate XIII. Syriac Books of the Pentateuch, viz.. Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy in the Peshitta or ' simple ' version, which was probably made in the second or third century. The MS. is a quarto volume of 230 leaves of vellum, measuring lOf by 8J- inches, and is written in double columns. The first two books were written at Amid in the year of the Greeks 77."), that is, a. d. 464. The other books, though undated, undoubtedly form part of the original volume. The MS. is thus the oldest copy of any part of the Bible in any language which bears an actual date. Plate XIV. Syriac ' Curetonian ' Gospels. This version, which is contained in a single ]MS., takes its name from its discoverer and editor Dr. William Cureton, and appears to be older than the Peshitta version, although this point is not absolutely determined. The MS. consists of 88 vellum leaves, measuring 11| by 9J inches. The text is written in double columns in a hand of the second half of the fifth century. 21 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate XV. Syriac Book of Genesis, translated from the Septuagint, by Paul, Bishop of Telia, in Mesopotamia, early in the seventh century. The MS. contains 46 vellum leaves, measuring 8| by 5f inches, and is of the seventh century. Plate XVI. Syriac Book of Isaiah, imperfect, of a version identified as that made by Philoxenus, Bishop of IMabbogh, with the help of his chorepiscopus Polycarp, in the year 508. The ]MS. is a fragment of 14 vellum leaves, measuring 8| by 5 inches, written in the seventh century. Plate XVII. Arabic Book of Job, imperfect : an ancient version translated from Origeu's Hexaplar text of the Septuagint. Several Arabic versions of the Bible from Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, and Coptic are extant. The period of this version is not known, but must necessarily be later than the first half of the third century, the period of Origeu's work. The MS., which is in the British Museum, is a fragment of 15 vellum leaves, measuring 9^ by 6^ inches, written in the character of Arabic called Nashi, inclining to Kufic, in the ninth century. Plate XVIII. Ethiopic Octateuch, a version of the first eight books of the Old Testament. The period of the first Ethiopic translation of the Bible may be the end of the fifth or beginning of the sixth centurj-. It was made from the Greek. The MS. from which the plate is supplied is a large volume of 242 vellum leaves, measuring 18J by 14^ inches ; the text being written in double columns in the fifteenth century. Ethi opic MSS. of early date are unknown. The present volume is one of the large collection which Theodore, king of Abyssinia, gathered together at Magdala for his intended church of the Redeemer of the World, and which was brought to England and placed in the British Museum after the Abyssinian war in 1867. Plate XIX. Armenian Gospels. The Armenian version of the Bible was made, at the close of the fourth century, from Greek and Syriac ; and about the year 433 the translations were revised with Greek !MSS. brought, soon after the Council of Ephesus, from Constantinople. The MS. from which the plate is taken is in the British ]Museum, and is a volume of 244 leaves, measuring 11 1 by 8i inches. It is ascriljed to the ninth century. Few existing MSS. of this version are of so early a date. Plate XX. Coptic Gospel of St. Luke, a fragment containing 3. 8-6. .'!7, of "the Sahidic or Thebau version. Our knowledge of the Coptic versions is at present far from perfect, as modern discoveries are bring- EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. ing to light the remains of versions hitherto unlpiown. There are, how ever, two versions which have been long known : the Memphitic, or, as it is now more commonly called, the better to define its dialect, the Bohairic version, current in Lower, or Northern, Egypt, the chief city of which was Memphis ; and the Sahidic or Thebau version, current in Upper, or Southern, Egypt, the chief city of which was Thebes. The Bohairic ver sion is complete ; the Sahidic version exists only in fragments. Both versions are translations of the Greek, and were made at a very early period, perhaps in the second century, the Bohairic, however, being the first. Coptic is the name given to the language spoken by the natives of Egypt eaiijr in the Christian era, and is derived from the Greek word (Aiguptos) for Egypt. . The alphabet in which it is written is the Greek, which was prevalent in Egypt from the period of the Ptolemies, together with six signs to express special sounds. The fragment from which the plate is taken consists of only seven vellum leaves of large size, measur ing 14 by 10| inches, and is written in double columns. It is probably of the eighth century. Plates XXI-XXXI. Greek Manuscripts. The first ten Plates (XXI-XXX) of this series, are taken from the eight Uncial MSS. briefly enumerated in the General Introduction to the ' Helps ' (Section V (ii), ' Integrity of the New Testament,' Manuscripits) ; Plate XXXI represents a Cursive (minuscule) MS. The term ' Uncial,' the derivation of which is uncertain, unless we are to accept the conjecture that it is connected with the Latin word vncia, an inch, and indicates a large size of lettering, first api3ears in St. Jerome's Preface to the Book of Job, and is there applied to Latin letters, ' uncialibus, ut vulgo aiunt, litteris.' Uncial letters are a modifi cation of capital letters, in which curves take the place of right angles, as being more easily written with the pen. For example, the fifth letter in the Greek alphabet is E as a capital, and ^ as an uncial. In Greek Uncial MSS., however, fewer round forms are employed than in Latin Uncial MSS. The term ' Cursive ' has been applied, in Biblical criticism, to MSS. written in small letters, as distinguished from the large letters of the Uncial MSS. It is now too late to alter the term ; but such MSS. should more properly be designated by the broader title of Minuscule MSS., that is, MSS. written in minuscules or small letters ; for scarcely any of them are actually written in a cursive, that is, a running, hand. The writing is usually of an exact and formal type, and differs from true cursive writing nearly as much as our printed type does from our ordi nary handwriting : — 23 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate XXI. Codex Vaticanus (B). This is the oldest of the three great Uncial MSS. of the Bible in Greek, and there can be little hesita tion in assigning it to the fourth century. It appears to have already belonged to the Vatican Library as early as the middle of the fifteenth century ; but its previous history is not known. It is a quarto volume, composed of 759 leaves of extremely fine vellum, measuring 10^ by 10 inches. It originally contained the text of the whole Bible ; but it now wants, in the Old Testament, portions of Genesis and the Psalms, and also the books of Maccabees. The New Testament is complete, except in the latter part of Hebrews and in the Apocalypse, which has been supplied by a hand of the fifteenth century. The text is written in three columns to a page, except in the poetical books gf the Old Testament, which are in double columns. The original writing was in the purest form of uncials : there is no separation of words ; enlarged letters are not employed ; nor were stops or accents used by the first hand. The division into chapters and sections which is found at a later date does not appear in this MS., which has a system of its own. Unfortunately a scribe of the tenth or eleventh century, for some un known reason, but perhaps because he thought the original ink was fading, has retraced the whole of the text, leaving untouched only such letters and words as he considered superfluous or incorrect. Breathings and accents were also added by him. From the facsimile, representing a single column, a sufficient idea may be gathered of the injury done to the MS. by this treatment. An example of the oldest method of punctuating texts occurs in this column. Their object being to leave no space unoccupied, the early scribes did not necessarily begin a new paragraph with a new line, but went on with the text as though there were no pause, and inserted a short interlinear stroke above the first full line of the paragraph. Thus, between the first letters of lines 2 and 3 we see the stroke marking the paragraph which commences in the second line. Plate XXII. Codex Sinaiticus (s). This ]MS,. which is probably of the fourth or early fifth century, is now divided into two parts ; a small portion is in the Royal Library at Leipzig ; the greater part is in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg. The great Biblical scholar Tischendorf, when visiting, in 1.S44, the convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, piclied out of a basket of waste paper forty-three leaves of the Septuagint from this ilS., which he was allowed to take away, and which he presented to Frederic Augustus, King of Saxony. He again visited the monastery in 1859, under the patronage of the Emperor of Russia ; and, after some hesitation, the rest of the MS. was given up and 24 EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXII, XXIII. presented by the monks to the Emperor. It is a quarto volume of 390 leaves (counting those at Leipzig) of fine vellum, measuring 14J by 13^ inches. It once contained the whole Bible, but unfortunately a consid erable portion of the Old Testament had already been destroyed before Tischendorf's discovery. The books of the New Testament are complete ; and these are followed by the Epistle of Barnabas and a considerable portion of the 'Shepherd' of Hernias, two works which at a later period were rejected as apocryphal. The text is written in four columns to a page, except in the poetical books of the Old Testament, which are in double columns. The writing is in well-formed uncial letters, without separation of words ; a very few accents may be by the first hand ; and single points are sparingly used for punctuation. The text is broken up into paragraphs (an advance upon the system followed in the Codex Vaticanus), the first letter of each usually standing out a little beyond the marginal line of writing. With regard to the date that has been given to this MS., if it is the fact, as some maintain, that a portion of it was actually written by the scribe of the Codex Vaticanus, it naturally follows that the two MSS. must be of the same period. The facsimile represents a single column from one of the leaves at Leipzig. Plate XXIII. Codex Alexandrinus (A). This MS., from the fact of its having been the first most important text available for the use of scholars, is quoted by the letter A. It is of the fifth century, and is now one of the Royal MSS. in the British Museum. It has its name from having formerly belonged to the Patriarchal Chamber at Alexandria, whence it was taken by Cyril Lucar, who was Patriarch of Alexandria from 1602 to 1621, on his promotion to the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the latter year. Cyril intended to present the MS. to our King James I, but he did not actually place it in the hands of our ambassador at Con stantinople, Sir Thomas Roe, until the year 1627, when it was sent to England as a gift to Charles I, and was incorporated in the Royal Library in 1628. When, in 1757, George II gave that Library to the nation, the Codex Alexandrinus was transferred with it to the British Museum. At the time of its arrival in England, it was in a single volume ; but it was at once divided into four volumes, the covers of which bear the arms of Charles I. It consists of 773 leaves of fine vellum, measuring 12f by 10^ inches ; and it originally contained the whole Bible. The Old Testa ment, which occupies three volumes, is almost complete; .the New Tes tament, contained in the fourth volume, wants the greater part of St. Matthew as far as 25. 6 ; two leaves are missing from St. John, and three from 2 Corinthians. At the end is the First Epistle of Clement of Rome, with a fragment of the Second Epistle. The Table of Contents 25 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. shows that the Psalms of Solomon were also present, but not recognized as one of the canonical books. The text is written in double columns in finely formed uncials, of a somewhat broader type than those of the two older codices, without separation of words ; a few accents, and single points for punctuation are by the first hand. This is the earliest extant codex in which the Gospels are divided into the K£<^dAata or chapters proper, a system of division ascribed to Tatian the Harmonist, and the so- called Ammonian sections, attributed to Ammonius of Alexandria ; and also have the marginal references to the Eusebian canons or harmony compiled by Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea. It is to be noticed, too, that enlarged letters, standing out into the margin, mark the beginnings of paragraphs : a distinct advance upon the more simple writing of the two earlier codices. The facsimile of a single column presents examples of the particulars just described. A tradition that the Codex Alexandrinus was written by the hand of Thecla the Martyr, a noble lady of Egypt of the fourth century, appears to rest on no better evidence than a note in Arabic written in the ilS. in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. But there can be little doubt that Egypt was the country of its origin, as indicated by the Egyptian forms of certain letters. The general opinion that it was written in the fifth cen tury, and probably before the middle of the century, may be accepted. Plate XXIV. Codex Ephraemi (C). This is a palimpsest IMS. of the fifth century, and is now in the National Library at Paris. It w^as brought from the East early in the sixteenth century, and passed into the posses sion of the family of the Medici of Florence, but was taken to France by Catherine de' Medici when she was married to Henry, Duke of Orleans, afterwards Henry II of France. It thus became the property of the French Crown. A palimpsest MS. is one from which the first writing has been scraped off in order to make the leaves ready to receive fresh writing. The term, which is of Greek origin (Tra'Atv ipdw), imijlies that the surface of the mate rial has gone through a second process of rubbing down. In order to obtain writing material at periods when the supply ran sliort, great destruction of ancient texts of vellum IMSS. ensued. In the case of Greek MSS., so great was their consumption that a synodal decree of the year O'.ll forbade tlie destruction of :MSS. of the Scriptures or of the Fathers, imijerfect or injured volumes excepted. It has been remarked that no entire work has in any instance been found in the original text of a pa- limjDsest. If the first writing were thoroughly removed from the surface of vellum, none of it, of course, could be recovered. But, as a matter of fact, it was often very imperfectly effaced; and even if, to all appearance, 26 EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXV, XXVI. the vellum was restored to its original condition of an unwritten surface, yet slight traces of the text might remain which chemical re-agents, or even the action of the atmosphere, might again intensify and make legible. The Codex Ephraemi consists of portions of the Septuagint version of the Old Testament on 64 leaves, and of fragments of every book of the New Testament on 145 leaves ; the whole being less than two-thirds of the IMS. of the Bible from which they were taken. It measures 12^ by 9?r inches. The leaves were rewritten with Greek works of St. Ephraem the Syrian in the twelfth century. The text is written across the page in one column. The writing is in well-formed uncials, and is undoubtedly as early as the fifth century, but is not to be placed before the Codex Alexandrinus. Plates XXV, XXVI. Codex Bezee (D). This codex, which takes its name from its former owner Theodore Beza, is now in the University Library at Cambridge. It is the earliest extant example of a bilingual, Cxreek and Latin, Biblical IMS. ; its* period is the sixth century. It was obtained by Beza from the monastery of St. Ireneeus at Lyons in 1562, the year in which that city was sacked by the Huguenots, and was given by him to the L^niversity of Cambridge in 1582. The volume consists of 406 vellum leaves (out of a computed total of 534 leaves), measuring 10 by 8 inches. It contains the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, in Greek and Latin on opposite pages, the Greek on the left and the Latin on the right, wanting some lea-sTS. Originally the Catholic Epistles followed the Gospels ; but only a few verses of the Latin version (3 John 11-15) now remain. The text is broken up into ath, not later than the second half of the tenth- century. There are six MSS. of it still extant, two at Cambridge, two at Oxford, and two in 32 EXPLANATION OF PLATES XLI-XLIII. the British Museum ; the oldest of them being thought to be one of those at Cambridge, which was written at Bath by a certain Jlllfric. Plate XLI. ^Ifric's Pentateuch and Book of Joshua, here repre sented, are contained in a MS. in the British Museum, written at the beginning of the eleventh century. The volume is illustrated with numer ous coloured drawings. yElfric, Archbishop of Canterbury, who died in the year 1006, translated the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Kings, Esther, Job, Judith, and Maccabees, epitomizing or omitting passages at his dis cretion. Plate XLII. "Wyclif's Bible, the earlier version, of which the New Testament was completed about the year 1380, and the Old Testament in 1382. The IMS. from which the plate is taken is now in the British Mu seum and is one of the earliest in existence, the style of the writing justifying us in placing it before the close of the fourteenth century. Alternative renderings of different passages are underlined in the text. Wyclif was assisted by others in his translation, and notably by Nicho las Hereford in the Old Testament. The New Testament is attributed to Wyclif himself. The whole version is a translation from the Latin Vul gate. The later Wyclifite version was the work apparently of John Purvey, a friend and follower of Wyclif, who commenced it after his master's death and completed it about the year 1388. Plates XLIII-LIV. These twelve plates give illustrations of the eleven important editions of the printed English Bible enumerated in the General Introduction to the 'Helps' (Section VII, 'English Versions of the Scriptures '), together with a facsimile from the first Bible printed at Oxford : — Plate XLIII. Tindale's New Testament, A. d. 1525. This plate represents a page of the only copy in existence of a portion of the first edition of the New Testament translated by William Tindale, and printed by him in the year 1525. Finding it impossible to carry out in England his design of publishing the Bible in English, he went abroad and finished his translation of the New Testament at Hamburg in 1524. The next year he began to print it in a quarto form at Cologne, but he was inter rupted in the work and had to escape to Worms, where he finished it, and at the same time printed an edition in octavo form which differed from the quarto in being without side-notes. iefer)i, 'gods.' The gods were numerous and were the subject of the threats and denunciations of the Prophets of Israel from Moses (Exod. 12. 12) to Jeremiah (Jer. 43. 13). Their tem- 42 EXPLANATION OF PLATES LV, LVI pies and statues were to be seen everywiiere, and few indeed are the buildings of Egypt, whether temples, palaces, or tombs, which are not profusely ornamented with representations of them. They are depicted as men and women, animals and birds, or in other forms ; and each one has his or her characteristic emblem. The greater number tyjjified the forces of nature. Each nome, each city, had its local god, or its groups of gods, in triads, or in triads of triads, or in other combinations. But above all there were certain deities who, on account of their antiquity and universal worship, were regarded as the great ' gods of Egypt.' Ptah, the Creator, is represented as a mummy. In his hands he holds the signs of power, flail ^\, crook [, and sceptre 1, ornamented with Tj the emblem of stability ; on the back of the neck he has the menat (w> or emblem of joy and pleasure. He was worshipped at Memphis from the earliest times, and was the chief member of the triad of that city. Amen, or ' the hidden one,' was the chief member of the great triad of Thebes : Amen, Mut, and Khonsu. After the expulsion of the Hyksos, or ' Princes of the Shasu tribes,' about 1700 b. c, by his worshippers the Theban kings, he became the chief god of Egypt. He was identified with Ea, all of whose attributes were bestowed upon him. He had neither equal, nor second, nor like, and he was called ' One,' or ' One of Oneness.' In the period of the eighteenth dynasty his priests enjoyed almost abso lute power. On his head he wears two plumes, and in his right hand he holds the dnkh, the symbol of life, and in his left the sceptre. Ra was the sun-god, and his worship was most ancient. He was the actual representative of God. He has the head of a hawk, on which is borne the sun-disk encircled with a snake. In his right hand he holds the symbol of life. He sails over heaven in the ' boat of millions of years,' the course of which cannot be impeded by any of the powers of darkness. The chief seat of his worship was Annu, the On of the Bible. Thoth, the ' scribe of the gods,' was the divine intelligence, and uttered the words which created the heavens and the earth. He invented the arts and sciences, writing and letters, and he measured time. He was the god, also, of right and truth. He has the head of an ibis, and carries a palette and writing reed ; on his head he wears the feather, the symbol of right and truth, and the crescent moon as computer of time. Neith was one of the most ancient goddesses of Egypt. She appears as a woman wearing the crown of Lower Egypt, and, as goddess of weav ing and of the chase, she bears the shuttle and bow and arrows. She carries the symbol of life. Osiris, the king and judge of the dead and lord of the underworld, 43 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. was the chief of all the gods of the dead. On his head he wears the white crown, with feathers emblematic of right and truth, and horns, and in his right hand he carries the symbol of life. He suffered a cruel death on earth at the hands of his brother Set, the god of darkness, and his body was mutilated, and its members were scattered throughout the land of Egypt. By his divine power he rose again in a glorified body and became the god of the dead. The Egyptians based their hope of resurrec tion on the resurrection of Osiris. Sekhet was a member of the triad of Memphis : Ptah, Sekhet, and Nefer-Tmu, and was the symbol of the fierce heat of the sun. She appears with the head of a lioness, her solar character being indicated by the sun-disk, encircled with a snake, on her head. She carries the symbol of life. Hapi, the god of the Nile, is represented as a man with water stream ing from his breast. In his left hand is a frog, the emblem of fertility, from whose mouth also flows water. His head is crowned with lotus flowers. The human-headed bird which stands before him represents a soul which has come to the god to drink of his waters. His worship dates from a remote time ; and, as he was identified with many of the great gods, he was worshipped as the source of every material blessing. Plate LVII. Procession of the Ark. Amen-hetep III, king of Egypt, offering incense before the ark of Amen-Ra. The images of the gods were carried in procession by the priests, and incense was burnt before them as they moved along. It was customary to place the image in an ark or shrine, which was set up in a boat resting on a sledge. It was thus either carried on the shoulders of men or drawn on the ground. Here the ark and boat of Amen-Ra on a sledge are being borne in pro cession by thirty-two priests with shaven heads, two fan-bearers bringing up the rear. The ark is overshadowed by the winged disk, emblematic of the sun ; and on it is drawn a picture in which are seen the two god desses of right and truth, covering with their outstretched wings the beetle, emblematic of the sun-god, which holds aloft the disk of the sun. The legend above the boat reads : 'Amen-Ra, lord of the thrones of the earth. He giveth all life, and all health, and he passeth millions of years in festivals, and in festival-cycles of thirty years like unto the Sun for ever.' (')n the right, overshadowed by a vulture, the emblem of the goddess Mut, the universal mother, is the king, ¦ Amen-hetep, the prince of Thebes, the lord of diadems, the lord of the North and South, the beautiful god, the maker of things, offering incense unto Amen-Ra.' In his left hand is the thurible, and with the right hand he drops incense into the flame. The inscri])tion before him reads : ' He (i. e. the Sun) 44 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. giveth to him the gift of life and health like unto the Sun for ever.' Behind the boat is another figure of tlie king, who ' followeth the god in his course.' Plates LVIII-LXI. Egyptian Burial. The Hebrews, notwithstand ing their long sojourn in the land of Egypt, never adopted the Egyptian custom of embalming the dead, probably because they were settled chiefly in the Delta, where that custom was not so universally followed as in Upper Egypt, where the rocky and mountainous nature of the land off'ered better sites for permanent sepulture. Though tliere can be no doubt that, in common with other oriental nations, they made use of spices iu pre paring their dead for burial (see 2 Chron. 16. 14), yet the only recorded examples of Hebrews being embalmed or mummified after tjie Egyjrtian fashion, are the patriarchs Jacob (Gen. 60. 2, 3) and his son Joseph (Gen. 50. 26). The embalmed body of Jacob was taken to Canaan by his sons, and buried in the cave of the field of Machpelah (Gen. 50. 13). Joseph, we are told, was not only embalmed, but was put into a coffin in Egypt (Gen. 60. 26), and it is not impossible that his bones lay in the same coflin when the Israelites buried them in Shechem (Joshua 24. 32). The Bible gives no details of the embalming in either instance, although in the case of Jacob we may assume, from the statement that ' forty days were fulfilled for him,' that the process was elaborate. The practice of embalming among the Egyptians was most ancient. The preservation of the bodies of the dead was one of the first religious duties. It is almost certain that in the earliest times they believed that the actual body would rise again, although, on the other hand, it is de finitely affirmed in certain extant texts that the body remained in the earth, while the soul went to heaven. But, whatever their particular creed in this respect may have been, it is impossible to imagine that they were so devoted to mere traditional custom for a period of five thousand years as to follow the practice of mummifying unless they believed, as from their sacred texts we know they did believe, in the necessity of pre serving for the soul its earthly tenement. In the oldest method of mummifying, the intestines and other easily corruptible portions were removed, and the body, salted and swathed, was buried in the sand or in a rock-hewn tomb. At a later time, spices and aromatic and astringent substances were used to sweeten the body and arrest decay ; and the intestines were mummified separately. Mummies of as early a date as 3500 b. c. are found to consist of notliing but skin and bone. Our word ' mummy' is derived from the Arabic muiiua, 'bitu men,' an indication that that substance has always been an important agent. The process, in its more elaborate forms, was both lengthy and 45 _ BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. costly ; the time required might be as long as seventy days, and the cost might be as much as £250. A still larger sum might be spent on deco ration ; and the cost of the coflB.ns and amulets and of the rock-hewn sepulchre must have been very great : — Plate LVIII. Bmbalmers at work. In the upper scene two em- balmers are represented bandaging a mummy. After the body had gone through the process of embalming, it was swathed in bandages, never more than a few inches in width, but sometimes of very great length. There are instances of as many as 600 yards of bandaging having been used. As the bandaging proceeded, unguents and spices were used freely, and amulets and other symbols of the Egyptian creed were laid between the folds ; q,t times some object which the deceased had valued in life was thus bound up with his body. The lower scene represents the process of decorating a mummy. Here the body has evidently been encased in the plaster coating or ' carton- nage,' which was very commonly employed for many centuries by the undertakers of Egypt. This cartonnage was usuall}- painted in brilliant colours and decorated with mythological scenes, and was inscribed with prayers and other extracts from the 'Book of the Dead.' Plate LIX. The Mummy and CoflBn of Rameses II, king of Egypt, about b. c. 1330. The body of this great king, the Pharaoh of the oppression of the Jews, was found, together with many other mummies of kings and royal persons, concealed in rock-hewn chambers at Der el- Bahari, on the western bank of the Nile at Thebes, in the year 1871. When the bandages had been removed, it was seen how well the embalm- ers had done their work. The features were still perfect, and even the thin white hairs, though discoloured by the embalming substances, had not been destroyed. From the condition of the fragile bones and atrophied muscles, it is thought that Rameses must have been nearly one hundred years of age at his death. The coffin here represented is probably not the actual one in which he was buried ; for the inscriptions upon it record the removal of the body from the original tomb, and the repair of the band ages. Plate LX. Mummy of Rameses HI, king of Egypt, about b. c. 1200. This body was also found at Der el-Bahari. On the outer cover ing is drawn the winged beetle, with a ram's head surmounted by the sun-disk, emblem of the god Khepera, the self-created god, and with a feather in each claw. The four lines of hieratic writing record the 'establishment' of the mummy in a new tomb during the rule of the 46 EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXI-LXIII. priest-king Pinetchem, the son of Piankhi. On the band round tlie head of the mummy are drawn figures of the gods, to serve as amulets and protect the body from harm. Plate LXI. Egyptian sepulchral Barge. As the principal ceme teries of Thebes lay on the west of the Nile, the ceremony of removing the dead across the river was an important detail in the funeral. The barge here represented is conveying a decorated shrine, within which is the body. On its roof is a company of professional mourning women, with hair dishevelled and breasts bare. The barge is propelled by rowers and steered with an oar of great length. Once across the river and dis embarked, the body was accompanied by a long procession of priests, and mourners, and servants with the possessions of the deceased and furni ture for the tomb, and with animals for sacrifice and provisions for the funeral feast. At the entrance to the tomb religious ceremonies were performed, and, sacrifices having been offered, the body was borne to the mumm3--chamber, which was straightway walled up. Plates LXII-LXV contain scenes in the life beyond the grave, according to the Egyptian belief. They are taken from the papyrus 'Book of the Dead,' found in the tomb of Ani, a liigh official, whose titles were, ' True royal scribe, scribe and accountant of the divine offerings of all the gods, governor of the granary of the lords of Abydos, scribe of the divine offerings of the lords of Thebes.' He lived at the end of the fifteenth century b. c. The ' Book of the Dead ' is the name given to the collection of chapters or compositions consisting of prayers, hymns, con fessions, &c., whereby the dead might overcome his foes iu the under world, and arrive at the abode of the blessed or 'Fields of Peace.' It was customary to bury with the dead a papyrus roll containing this text or some selections from it, the extent and quality of the roll being regu lated by the price paid for it. The papyrus of Ani is an unusually perfect specimen. Whether the Judgement of the Dead was supposed to take place immediately after death or after burial we are not told ; but we may presume that it was more probably after burial. It should be noted that the dead, after passing the trial of his heart, becomes iden tified with Osiris and is addressed and spoken of by the god's name : — Plates LXII, LXIII. Judgement of the Dead. The two scenes form one picture in the papyrus. The first scene is the weighing of the heart, or conscience, of the dead man Ani, in the Hall of Double Truth, in the presence of Osiris, the judge of the dead. Ani stands on the left with his wife behind him, intently watching the result of the trial. 47 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. Between him and the Balance are his ' Luck ' or ' Destiny ' ; a human- headed object supposed to be connected with his birth ; his soul, which is represented as a human-headed hawk ; and the goddesses Meskhenet and Renenet, who presided over the birth-chamber and rearing of children. In the centre is the 'Great Balance,' upon the standard of ^^-hich sits the dog-headed ape, the associate of Thoth the scribe of the gods. His function is to see that the beam of the Balance is exactly even, for the gods only require that the heart shall counterbalance, not outweigh, the feather, the symbol of ' Right and Truth.' On the right of the Balance kneels Anubis, the god of the dead, jackal-headed, whose duty is to scrutinize the tongue of the Balance. Next is Thoth, the scribe of the gods, holding a reed and palette to record the result of the trial, and with him is a monster called the 'Devourer,' part crocodile, part lion, and part hippopotamus, ready to eat up the heart if found light. In the upper part of the picture are seated twelve great gods and goddesses, presiding over the trial. The short lines of text to the left of the Balance are the prayers of Ani . that the divine powers may in no way obstruct the weighing of his heart, that no false witness may be borne against him in the presence of the god Osiris, that his heart may not be separated from him, but may accompany him to the place whither he is going. The result of the trial is favourable, Thoth thus addressing the gods : ' Hear ye this judgement. The heart of Osiris hath, in very truth, been weighed and his soul hath stood as witness for him ; it hath been found true by trial in the Great Balance. Tliere hath not been found any wickedness in him ; he hath not wasted the offerings in the temples ; he hath not done harm bj^ his deeds ; and he uttered no evil reports while he was upon earth.' The gods replj^ : ' That which cometh forth from thy mouth hath been ordained. Osiris, the scribe Ani, trium phant, is holy and righteous. He hath not sinned, neither hath he done evil against us. Let it not be given to the devourer Ameniet to prevail over him. Meat-offerings and entrance into the presence of the god Osiris shall be granted unto him, together with a homestead for ever in Sekhet-hetepet (the Fields of Peace) as unto the followers of Horus.' In the second scene (Plate LXIII) Ani, now justified, is led into the presence of Osiris by Horus, the son of Osiris ; and, again, Ani kneels by a table of offerings (see also Plate LXXVI) before Osiris, the everlasting lord, who is eijthroned within a shrine,, holding the emblems of sover eignty and power, and supported by the goddesses Isis and Neplithys. Before him, on a lotus flower, stand the four gods of the cardinal points, who ]iresided over the intestines of the dead. To Osiris Horus says; ' I have come unto thee, O Un-nefer ' , and I have brought the Osiris Ani 1 A name of Osiris. 4S EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXIV-LXVI. unto thee. His heart is found righteous, coming forth from the Balance, and it hath not sinned against god or goddess. Thoth hath weighed it according to the decree given unto him by the company of the gods ; and it is very true and righteous. Grant him cakes and ale, and let him enter into the presence of Osiris ; and may he be like unto the followers of Horus for ever.' Ani then himself addresses Osiris : ' 0 Lord of the underworld, I am in thy presence. There is no sin in me, I have not lied wittingly, nor have I done aught with a false heart. Grant that I may be like unto those favoured ones who are round about thee, and that I may be an Osiris, greatly favoured of the beautiful god, and beloved of the lord of the world, I, the royal scribe indeed, who love him, Ani, tri umphant before the god Osiris.' Plate LXIV. The Soul revisiting the Body. The mummy of Ani lies on the bier ; above hovers the soul as a human-headed bird grasping an object which is connected with the sun and is the emblem of eternity. At the head and foot of the bier stands a flaming incense-burner. Ani's prayer which accompanies this scene in the Book of the Dead, is that he may lie in Annu (On or Heliopolis), ' wherein souls are joined unto their bodies, even iu thousands, that he may behold his body, that he may rest in his glorifled frame, and that he may never perish, nor see corruption.' Plate LXV. The Fields of Peace. In the Sekhet-hetepet or 'Fields of Peace' were the habitations of the blessed in their new life. The scene is divided into four compartments, in three of which Ani is represented as occupied in various ways. He is brought by Thoth into the presence of a triad of gods, he sails on the stream, he reaps, and drives the oxen which tread the corn, he ploughs his farm in the ' Fields of the Aanru plants.' In the fourth compartment is the ' abode of the shining ones,' where the wheat is reaped by the spirits of the blessed dead. Plate LXVI. Names of Egyptian kings mentioned in the Bible. The names of the kings here given are composed of two parts, the^sre/io- men and nomen ; and the titles ' King of the North and South ' and ' son of the Sun ' were commonly added. Both prenomen and nomen are enclosed in an oval ring or cartouche. The earliest king known to us bore a single name, Mena ; but even he employed the cartouche, which appears in carefully-cut inscriptions as a rope, but with exactly what signification is not known. The practice of using prenomen as well as nomen is as ancient as the period of the fifth dynasty. The six names in the plate may be translated thus : (1) ' Strong are the Right and Bib. Illus. d 49 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. Truth of Rii [for] the chosen one of Ra, Ra-messu (i. e., child of Ra), beloved of Amen ' ; (2) ' The creator of the double crown is Ra [for] the chosen one of Ra, Shashanq, beloved of Amen ' ; (3) ' Beautiful is the double of Rfi, Shabaka' ; (4) 'Taherq, the glorious one of Ra and Nefer- Tem'; (6) 'The renewer of the heart is Ra, Nekau' ; (6) 'The rejoicer of the heart is Ra, Ra maketh the heart to be stablished.' It was Mena (i. e., ' he that belongeth to the one that endureth for ever ') also who first adopted the title of ' King of the North and South,' implying sovereignty of Upper Egypt as well as of the Delta; and in the sixth dynasty the kings began regularly to style themselves ' son of the Sun,' for an Egyptian king was to Egypt what the sun is to the world. In the Bible, the kings of Egypt are always referred to by their noniens, viz., Rameses (Gen. 47. 11 ; Exod. 1. 11) ; Shishak (1 Kings 14. 25 ; 2 Chron. 12. 2, 5, 7, 9) ; So or Sabaco (2 Kings 17. 4) ; Tirhakah (2 Kings 19. 9) ; Necho (2 Kings 23. 29 ; Jer. 46. 2) ; Hophra (Jer. 44. 30). The title 'Pharaoh' is derived from the Egyptian words ( ^ J per da ' great house,' i. e., the house in which all men live. With this title we may compare the Ottoman ' Sublime Porte.' Plates LXVII-LXIX. The three scenes in these plates are copied from the walls of the Ramesseum or Memnonium, built in honour of the god Amen-Ra by Rameses II, at Thebes. They form part of a series of scenes illustrating the war carried on by Rameses II against the nations in Northern Syria in the fifth year of his reign : — Plate LXVII. Rameses enthroned. The king is clad in the simple male garb usually seen in royal statues. He wears the khepersh or helmet-shaped crown, having in front the two snakes, or uraei, of Upper and Lower Egypt, and lappets behind. On the feet are sandals. The side of the throne is sculptured in relief with papyrus and lotus plants combined, ^^j, typical of the union of the upper and lower countries. Plate LXVIII. Rameses in battle. This scene represents the king routing the nations of Northern Syria, under the walls of a besieged city. The battle is no doubt the one in which Rameses inflicted a decisive de feat on. the Kheta and their allies, before the city of Kadesh, on the Orontes. Rameses, drawn on a heroic scale as the great warrior, drives the enemy before him, and crushes them under the wheels of his chariot. Above his head is the sun-disk with uraei, the emblem of the visible pro tecting presence of Ra, the Sun-god. An assault on the walls of the city 50 EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXIX, LXX. is being repelled with vigour. The four warriors in the foreground on the right are sons of Rameses. The hieroglyphic text describes the prowess of Rameses and the submission of the enemy. Plate LXIX. Rameses slaughtering the revolted nations. This scene is often repeated on the walls of temples and other buildings of Rameses IL The king wears the combined crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt W (i. e. Q with L/), the broad collar round his neck, and bracelets on his arms. He is in the act of striking a blow with his mace on the heads of the conquered nations whom he has seized by the hair. The two cartouches of his name are just above his shoulder. The vulture, emblem of the goddess IMut, the universal mother, hovers over his head. Behind him is a banner of his titles : — ka nekht meri Maat ' Bull mighty, beloved of the goddess of Right and Truth ' ; with the hawk of Horus above. The hands of the human arms with which the banner is provided hold the feather I emblematic of Right and Truth, and the ' royal double 'th of the king. On the right is the god ' Horus the slaughterer,' presenting a slaughtering-knife to the king, with the words : ' I give unto thee power and might in their borders along with life and power. ' The scene is described in the hieroglyphics as ' the crushing of the wretched folk of every foreign land ; we make them to be as though they were not.' Plate LXX. Strangers coming into Egypt. This scene occurs in a sei-ies of wall-paintings in the tomb of an Egyptian noble at Beni- hasan in Upper Egypt, of the period of the twelfth dynasty, about 2400 B. c. The noble was Khnemu-hetep, administrator of the Eastern desert and prince of the city of IMenat-Khufu; one of whose duties was to receive the tribute of foreigners. The scene represents the arrival of a company of the tribe of the Amu from the desert. Commencing with the upper division of the picture, Khnemu-hetep stands on the right facing the royal scribe Nefer-hetep, who holds up an inscription stating that in the sixth year of the king Usertsen II a company of thirty-seven of the Amu brought an offering of stibium or eye-paint. Behind the scribe is the superintendent of the huntsmen ; and then come the foreigners, headed by their chief Abesha presenting an oryx. The men of the party have 51 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. beards, and the greater number, both men and women, wear garments embroidered or Avoven in patterns, contrasting with the simple dress of the Egyptians. Among their weapons will be noticed the throwing-stick. This scene recalls the visit of Jacob's sons to Egypt with their gift of 'a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds' (Gen. 43. 11), for Josejjh, ' the lord of the land.' Plate LXXI. Egyptian Granaries. Two rows of hive-shaped cham bers are here built on a plot of land, enclosed with walls, into which entrance is gained bj^ the doorway on the left. The grain is poured into the granaries through openings in the top. The process of loading, car rying, and counting the loads is here seen in action. The hieroglyphic inscriptions contain many references to famines caused by the failure of the waters of .the Nile. A text recently discovered records a seven years' famine in the reign of Tcheser, a king of the third dynasty, nearly four thousand years before Christ, who speaks thus : ' I upon the throne of my majesty am in grievous trouble for my household, and my heart suffereth by reason of an exceeding great affliction that hath come upon me. In mine own time, for seven years the Nile hath not risen. Grain is scarce, the herb of the field hath come to an end, and all that man eateth hath failed. Every man stealeth from his neighbour. Though they would run, yet can they not move. The babe waileth, and the child hardly draggeth himself along. The hearts of the aged are stricken down ; their legs tremble and they lie prone upon the earth, and their hands are upon their bellies. The counsellors can give no counsel. The storehouses have been broken open, and instead of victuals there cometh forth wind. Every being that liveth is in misery.' Again, an inscription of the twelfth dynasty in a tomb at Beni-hasan tells us how a wise governor would act in time of famine : ' When years of hunger came, I arose. I ploughed all the fields of the nome from north to south ; and I made the inhabitants to live, and I provided food for it. No man went hungry therein. I gave to the widow as to the wife, to the younger as to the elder. And when the high waters came, bringing forth wheat and barley and everything in abundance, I sought not again what I had spent on the land.' Plates LXXII, LXXIII. Egyptian Brickmaking. The process of brickmaking in Eg^it, as represented in the first of these plates, needs no comment. As with all other simple manufactures of a domestic character, when once a practical method of work had been settled, there was nothing to be gained by altering it. The English brickmaker of our own time mixes his material, and moulds and lays out his bricks on the EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXXIV, LXXV. drying ground, just as the Egyptian brickmaker did thousands of years ago. The presence of the taskmasters in this scene indicates that the labour is forced, even as it was exacted from the children of Israel (Exod. 1. 14). Egyptian bricks were usually sun-dried, not fired, and the mud of -which they were generally made reipiired the admixture of such a substance as straw or stubble to ensure cohesion. They are of a larger size than our modern bricks ; the one represented in Plate LXXIII measures 15 by 7J inches, and is 5^ inches thick. This specimen is of the reign of Rameses II, the Pharaoh of the oiipression ; and, according to the Egyptian custom, it is stamped with his name. Plate LXXIV. Egyptian Fishing Scene. This scene, like that in Plate LXX, is painted on the walls of the tomb of Khnemu-hetep, at Beni-hasan, about 2400 b. c. He is here 'canoeing in the papyrus-beds, the pools of wild-fowl, the marshes and the streams,' and spearing fish in the shallows. In the stream are seen the crocodile and the hippopota mus. The papyrus plant was widely cultivated in the Delta of Egypt, and afforded a most useful material for many domestic and other pur poses. It grew^ to the height of six feet, throwing up from its large horizontal root a tapering shaft, triangular in form, which bore a tufted head. Its most important use was in the manufacture of the writing material to which it gave its name, papyrus. The stem was cut longi tudinally into thin strips, which were laid side by side to the required width, and across them another layer of strips was laid at right angles. The two layers glued and pressed together formed a sheet of material as flexible and smooth as modern paper. By joining together the sheets, rolls of any length could be formed. We may also see in the papyrus the material of which the 'ark of bulrushes ' (Exod. 2. 3) was constructed. In the legend of the death of Osiris we are told that the boat in which Isis sailed about, in order to gather the god's scattered limbs, was made of papyrus because the plant was abhorred by the crocodile. It is possible that the supposed protec tive quality of papyrus may have suggested its choice for the ark in which the infant IMoses was laid. It will be noticed that the canoe in which Khnemu-hetep is afloat is constructed of papyrus stalks bound together. Compare the ' vessels of bulrushes upon the waters,' spoken of by Isaiah, 18. 2. Plate LXXV. Document on Papyrus. The use of papyrus as a writing material was widespread in the ancient world. From Egypt it was carried to other countries round the IMediterranean ; it was used in Greece and at Rome ; and long after the general establishment of vellum 53 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. as the ordinary writing material it continued iu favour for special pur poses in Italy and France through the early middle ages. From the earliest times to the first centuries of the Christian era the roll was the usual form of the book (volumen, volume), and papyrus was almost inva riably the material ; and even when the roll was superseded by the book composed of leaves, still papyrus continued to some extent to he employed. Plates LXXVI-LXXX. With regard to tlie different objects repre sented in these plates only a few remarks are necessary. The table of offerings frequently occurs in paintings on the walls of tombs, or in the illustrations of the ' Book of the Dead,' of the Egyptians (see Plate LXIII). Sandals made of papyrus (Plate LXXVII) or leather are found in con siderable numbers in the tombs. A good collection is in the British Museum. Judging by the slight construction of most of them, it may be doubted if they were made for any other purpose than to be buried with the dead. In the illustrations of the papyrus of Ani the deceased is represented only twice with sandalled feet. The scene in Plate LXXVIII illustrates an Egyptian custom men tioned in Gen. 41. 42, where we are told that Pharaoh put a collar (A. V. chain) of gold about Joseph's neck. Here the goddess Hathor presents a collar to Seti I, the father of Rameses II. The hieroglyphics give the titles of the goddess and of the king, ' Hathor, Queen of Thebes, the beautiful face, the mistress of Annu (Heliopolis) ' ; ' King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-Maat-Ra, Seti, beloved of Ptah ; may life be given to him as to the Sun, for ever.' Collars worn by nobles and men of rank were very elaborate (see Plate LXXVII). They were frequently inlaid with precious stones. Among the musical instruments (Plate LXXX) is the sisfi-um (rattle), which was carried by priestesses and used in religious ceremonies, the three loose wires producing a strident rattling noise when shaken. Plate LXXXI. Tablet from Tell el-Amarna. The Tell el-Amarna tablets were discovered in 1SS7 in a pit at the foot of the mountains behind Tell el-Amarna, a village in Upper Egy]it. IMore than three hundred are now in the museums of London, Berlin, and Gizeh ; a iev.' still remain in private possession. They are of the greatest value for the history of the relations between Egypt and Western Asia in the fiftee]ith century b. c. ; and they prove that the cuneiform writing was in use in the districts now called Palestine and Syria, as well as in Mesopo tamia. They are unlike any other group of tablets known to us ; and 54 HISTORY OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA. the language employed is in some important particulars closely related to the Hebre-w of the Old Testament. The greater number of the Tell el-Amarna tablets are letters and dis patches from allies in Northern Syria, and from tributary princes and governors in Palestine, to the Egyptian kings Amenophis III and Amenophis IV, whose reigns are calculated to have extended from about 1500 to 1430 B. c. Some of them are inscribed with mythological legends of an interesting character. Tell el-Amarna occupies part of the site of the ancient city of Khut-en- aten, which was built bj^ Amenophis IV on the east bank of the Nile, about 180 miles south of IMemphis ; and it was during the decadence of the Egyptian power in Western Asia under the weak administration of that king that most of the dispatches in the collection were written. The tablet represented in this plate is one of four dispatches addressed to the king by Abi-milki, the governor of Tyre, urgently appealing for assistance. The country was disorganized by rival factions, and Zimrida, governor of Sidon, had laid siege to the island-fortress of Tyre, first capturing the positions on the mainland and cutting off Abi-milki's supply of wood and water. ' To the king, my lord, my god, my sun, thus saith Abi-milki, thy servant : I prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, seven times and seven times ; I am the dust under the feet of the king, my lord, the Sun-god, who riseth upon the world daily by the decree of the Sun-god, his loving father.' If the king had not appointed' him to the command. Tyre would have been lost, and the king's government and his name would have been blotted out from the land for ever. ' I will guard the city of Tyre, the great city, for the king, my lord, and I will hold it until the king shall send forth his power to help me, to give me water to drink and wood to warm myself withal. . . . Thou art my Sun, who risest upon me ; thou art the stronghold of copper whereon I stand ; and by the right hand of the king I am strong, I am mighty, I am full of power. Thus I spake to the Sun-god, the father of my lord and king : When shall I behold his face ? ' 5. ASSYRIA AXD BABYLOXIA. Plates LXXXII-CII. These plates illustrate the history of the Assyrian and later Babylonian empires. In the following brief historical sketch suificient explanation of most of them will be found. Such as call for more detailed descriptions will be afterwards dealt with. The line of development of the two great empires of Babylonia and Assyria, which played so great a part in the history of the ancient world, and which had such a vital influence on the fortunes and destiny of the Hebrews, moved up the course of the Euphrates and the Tigris. The 56 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. broad tract through Avhich the Tigris and lower Avaters of the Euphrates flow, shut in, as it is, on the north-east by the mountain ranges of Kur distan, and on the south-west by the great Arabian desert, formed a natural path for the progress of invaders marching northAvards from the head of the Persian Gulf; and Avhen the power of the more northern kingdom of Assyria Avas consolidated, and sought an outlet for further expansion, the natural direction again lay to the north-Avest. Contempo raneously, the Egyptian Pharaohs, noAv feeling their strength, and embarking on a course of foreign Avars, chose the line which led them northwards into Syria. It was inevitable that the two chief powers of Western Asia and Northern Africa must sooner or later come into colli sion. It was also easy to foresee that in the end the tougher and more tenacious Semitic race of Mesopotamia must prove too strong for the Egyptian ; and, had not the vast sandy Avastes of Arabia and Syria inter posed and Avedged asunder the tAvo nations, curbing the expansion of Babylonia and Assyria on the west and extending the line of march round the northern apex of the desert lands, it is probable that Egypt Avould have fallen a prey to Western Asia far sooner than was actually the case. Syria and Canaan lay betAveen the anvil and the hammer and suffered accordingly, noAv the subjects and again the allies of one or other of the contending poAvers ; and the catastrophe of the captivity of the children of Israel was inevitable. Of the origin of the old Babylonian Empire we know nothing. The primeval inhabitants of the land were a Semitic race, settled in the country at the head of the Persian Gulf. At a very early period an immigration of a foreign people took place, led by the mighty hunter Nimrod, the beginning of Avhose kingdom Avas 'Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar' (Gen. 10. 10). The inA-aders have been named Sumerians or Accadians. Their language was used side by side with the native Semitic speech ; and, when the latter reas serted itself as the common tongue, Accadian still survived as a literary language. The reigns of the earliest kings of Babylon are dated as far back as 4600 years b. c Pushing northAvard, and noAv folloAving the course of the Tigris, the Babylonians gradually formed a northern colony. ' Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, and Resen, between Nineveh and Calah : the same is a great city ' (Gen. 10. 11, 12). Thus Avas created the kingdom of Assyria, Avhich flnally, about 1700 B. c, became strong enough to assert its independence. Four hundred years later it conquered the mother country ; and from that time to the fall of Nineveh the history of I'.abylonia becomes of secondary im portance. For centuries war was carried on Avith varying fortune between 56 HISTORY OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA. the two kingdoms, but the Assyrians were the more poAverful, and nearly always held the Babylonians in subjection. In the reign of Tiglath-pileser I, 1100 b. c, Assyria was engaged in active war with the nations inhabiting the country to the north-west, along the upper course of the Euphrates and in Northern Syria; but she appears to haA^e overtaxed her strength, for after the death of that king her poAver declined, and she suffered severe defeats. It Avas not till the beginning of the ninth century b. o. that she began to recover under Tukulti-Adar II, a king Avho once more subdued Babylonia and passed on the kingdom in a prosperous condition to his son Assur-nasir-pal in 885 b. c. From this time Assyria Avas ruled by a succession of enterprising kings who extended the boun daries of their empire, and Avho are brought more prominently under our notice by the wars with the Avestern nations. Assur-nasir-pal removed the seat of government from Assur some forty miles further north to Calah, the modern Nimrud, Avhere he built a great palace and carried out other works. From the remains of this palace Ave are enabled to judge of the knowledge of art and mechanical industries which the Assyr ians possessed at this time. Their favourite form of sculpture was the bas-relief, in Avhich they were not unsuccessful ; but in the higher artistic qualities required for rendering figures in the round they were Avanting. The sculptured slabs from Nimrud are executed in a broad style (Plates LXXXIII-LXXXVI) ; but the Assyrian artist trusted more to orna mental detail than to grace of outline to produce an effect, his work being more mechanical than artistic. The subjects represented are for the most part scenes of Avar or the chase ; the conquest of enemies and the ruthless punishments inflicted on prisoners ; and lion-hunting, the favourite sport of the Assyrian kings. The conquests of Assur-nasir-pal extended on every side, the chief line of progress being ever towards the Avest. His son Shalmaneser II (860-825 b. c.) was still more successful. His empire reached from the Persian Gulf to the mountains of Armenia, and from the frontiers of IMedia to the shores of the Mediterranean. His Avars in Syria first brought the Assyrians and HebrcAvs into contact. When the Syrians of Damascus Avere crushed by an overwhelming defeat in 842 b. c, and Shalmaneser became undisputed master of the country, the surrounding nations hastened to submit, and among them Jehu, king of Israel, paid tribute (Plates LXXXA^I, LXXXVIII). The submission of the Hebrews can be traced a little later in the records of the reign of king Ramman-nirari III, who levied contributions on ' Omri,' i. e. Israel. But greater evils befell them in the days of Tiglath-pileser III, who reigned from 745 to 727 b. c. The wars which he waged are a repetition of the wars of his predecessors. Again he subdued Babylonia, and again 57 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. he overran Sj'iia, pushing forward even to the confines of Egypt. If his identification Avitli Pul of the Bible account is correct, it was he to whom IMenahem the usurper turned for support on the throne of Israel, and to whom he gave 'a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him to confirm the kingdom in his hand ' (2 Kings 15. 19). It was also to Tiglath-pileser that Ahaz, king of Judah, appealed for help when beset by Rezin of Damascus and Pekah, king of Israel (2 Kings 16. 6-9). Beziii was slain, Damascus fell before the conqueror, and the Israelite tribes of Reuben and Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh were led into captivity. Hoshea, the new king of Israel, Avho 'made a conspiracy against Pekah, the son of Remaliali, and smote him, and slew him, and reigned in his stead ' (2 Kings 15. 30), could only hold power on suffer ance of the king of Assyria. With the death of Tiglath-pileser he seems to have thought that his opportunity had come. But the new Assyrian king, Shalmaneser IV (727-722 b. c.) Avas prompt. He came up against Israel, ' and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.' Then Hoshea looked to Egypt : ' and the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea : for he had sent messengers to So, king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year ; therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison ' (2 Kings 17. 3, 4). Hoshea's personal captivity only preceded the fall of his kingdom. The country was invaded and Samaria Avas besieged (b. c. 724), but held out for tAvo years. Before its fall, however, a sudden revolution drove Shalmaneser from his throne; and the usurper Sargon, 'the son of no one,' succeeded to the empire. Noav Samaria was taken, and the second captivity of Israel Avas accomplished. Sargon ' carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes ' ; and he ' brought men from Babylon, and from Cuthah, and from Ava, and from Hamath, and from Sephar- vaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel ' (2 Kings 17. 6, 24). Then he turned his arms against Egypt, and in a great battle overthrcAv the army of Shabaka (So), the Egyptian king, who, in alliance Avith the Philistines, met him near the frontier of Egypt. This appears to have been the first actual conflict between the armies of the great rival poAvers. But, liowever severe the defeat that he had inflicted, Sargon appears not to have had the strength to folloAV it up, and Ave hear of no further operations against Egypt in his reign. Among his other campaigns, the one which he undertook against Azuri, king of Ashdod (Isa. 20. 1), is knoAvn to us in his oAvn account of it recorded on a clay cylinder in the British IMuseum (Plate XCII). For eighteen years he reigned in almost ceaseless Avarfare, suppressing also Avith a firm hand the subject kingdom of Babylonia, and deposing the restless Merodach- 58 HISTORY OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA baladan III, of Avhom Ave read as intriguing Avith Hezekiah of Judah (2 Kings 20. 12). The remains of his palace at Khorsabad attest the mag nificence of his buildings. In 705 b. c. he was succeeded by his son Sennacherib. This king's reign lasted longer than that of his father (705-681, b. c), and was as eventful. Continual Avars and great building operations fill up the outlines of the picture of each succeeding reign of this later period of Assyrian history, and the repetition tends to monotony. In the case of Sennacherib, hoAvever, the prominence given to his campaigns in Pales tine by the Bible uarratiA-e at a critical moment in the history of the Jews, has iiiA-ested him Avith a more than general interest for us. After first putting doAvn reAJ-olt in Babylonia, Avhere the accession of a new monarch to the Assyrian throne Avas almost ahvaj^s the signal for an attempt to throw off the yoke, he marched in 701 b. c. into Syria, and, first subduing the king of Sidon and the neighbouring petty states, he moved south and recoA-ered the rcA^olted city of Askalon. His next object was the city of Ekron, but, before its capture, he fought a great battle and defeated an Egyptian army which Avas marching to its relief. Then he turned to punish Hezekiah, who was eA^en at that moment sheltering the fugitive king of Ekron. From the great cylinder of Sennacherib (Plates XCIII, XCIV), Avhich records the details of this campaign, we learn how the Assyrian king came up against Judah, and took six-and- forty of the fenced cities, enslaved tAvo hundred thousand of the inhabi tants, and laid siege to Jerusalem ; ' and Hezekiah gave him all the silver that was found in the house of the Lord, and in the treasures' of the king's house. At that time did Hezekiah cut off the gold from the doors of the temple of the Lord, and from the pillars which Hezekiah king of Judah had oA-erlaid, and gave it to the king of Assyria' (2 Kings 18. 15, 16). Thus did Hezekiah purchase safety. But tAvo years later Ave find Sennacherib again at war with Judah. Hezekiah, trusting to Egypt, the 'bruised reed,' had dared to refuse further allegiance. The Assyrian army first invested and captured Lachish (Plate XCV), and a threatening message warned the king of Judah that his punishment Avas at hand. But the Egyptian army was adA^ancing, and Sennacherib prepared to meet it. The battle, however, was not fought. A great disaster, perhaps a sudden attack of the plague, overtook the Assyrian host: 'the angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and five thousand : and when they arose early iu the morning, behold, they Avere all dead corpses' (2 Kings 19. 36). Sennacherib's later wars were chiefly against the stubborn Babylonians and their allies, the Elamites. Their resistance was only quelled after a succession of campaigns, in the course of Avhich the city of Babylon was 59 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. destroyed. ToAvards the end of his reign he carried his arms into Cilicia, and defeated the Greeks ; and he is said to have founded the city of Tarsus. The important position which the city of Nineveh attained may be set doA\'n in great measure to Sennacherib, for he appears to have been the first Assyrian monarch to make that place his residence. The remains of his palace and of those of his immediate successors have yielded not only an extensive series of sculptures, but also an invaluable collection of inscribed tablets, dealing with literature and history and science, being a part of the great library of Nineveh, the collection of Avhich Avas com menced by this enlightened king. ' And it came to pass, as he was wor shipping ill the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him Avith the sword. And Esar-haddon his son reigned in his stead' (2 Kings 19. 37). Again, Esar-haddon's reign (681-668 b. c.) is a long story of warfare. Phoenicia, Cilicia, Edom, Babylonia, Arabia, IMedia, are all in turn the scenes of his campaigns. But the most important event Avas the final subjugation of the great rival power of Egypt, which fell before his arms. Lower Egypt was occupied by the Assyrians in 672 b. c. Manasseh, king of Judah, paid the penalty of rcA^olt by the reduction of his kingdom and his OAvn captivity (Plate XCVI). 'The Lord brought upon them the captains of the host of the king of Assyria, which took Manasseh among the thorns, and bound him Avith fetters, and carried him to Babylon ' (2 Chron. 33. 11). But the Assyrian king, of a milder nature than most of his line, restored him afterAvards to freedom, and let him return to Jerusalem. Esar-haddon's reign closed in the midst of Avar in Egyj^t. That country had broken into armed revolt, which required all the energy of the neAV king, Esar-haddon's son, Assur-bani- pal, to subdue. But the empire of the Assj-rians had noAv become too extended for its strength ; Avith the result that, while rebellion was being suppressed in one direction, the flame of revolt would break out in another. Assur-bani-pal's long reign (668-626 b. c.) saAv a further in crease of the northern limits of his empire ; Elam on the south-east was subjugated (Plate XCVII) ; and Babylonia, again in revolt, was again crushed. But Lydia, Avhich had become a vassal state, Avas Avith difficulty retained ; and Egypt broke loose and maintained her independence. The closing years of Assur-bani-pal's reign Avere years of decline, and the great empire Avas already tottering to its fall. The groAving power of the Medes had become threatening ; but their advance Avas stayed for a fcAv years by the irruption of the Scythian hordes Avhich sAvept across Western Asia in their march of destruction. At length Cvaxares of Media and Nabopolassar, an Assyrian general commanding in Babylonia, 60 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII. joined their forces and invaded Assyria. Nineveh Avas captured about 609 B. c. ; and the great empire Avas divided among the conquerors ; Babylonia falling to the share of Nabopolassar, Avho is thus the founder of the neAV Babylonian Empire. This Empire Avas short-li\-ed, lasting only some seventy j^ears, the best- knoAvn king of the dA"nasty A\'hich ruled over it being Nebuchadnezzar II, who succeeded his father Nabopolassar in 604 b. c. He had just defeated Necho, King of Egypt, Avhen he Avas called to the throne, an occurrence Avhich seems to have preA^ented the iuArasion of Egypt, Avith AA'hich he Avould have folloAved up his Adctory. Of his Avars generally Ave kuoAV best the details of those against Judah. After a first campaign Jehoiakim submitted and became tributary for three years. Then he rebelled, and only his death saved him from the punishment which fell upon his son Jehoiachin. In 597 b. c. the Assyrians took Jerusalem, and most of the inhabitants Avere led into captivity with their king ; ' none remained, save the poorest sort of the people of the land ' (2 Kings 24. 14). Zedekiah, avIio was set up as king in place of Jehoiachin, a mere vassal of the Assj-rian, brought down, by his rebellion, the last act of vengeance on his country. In 586 b. c. Jerusalem Avas again taken, and Avas practically destroyed, and the captivity of the people Avas accomplished : ' So Judah Avas carried away out of their land.' Nebu chadnezzar's reign lasted till the year 562 b. c. He has left behind him records of great works in Babylon ; the Avails and temples were rebuilt, and the city was otherwise improved and beautified (Plates XCIX, C). But his successors were Aveak sovereigns, who could not withstand the advancing poAver of the Persians. In the reign of the last king, Naboni dus, the city of Babylon, Avhich, in the king's absence, seems to have been under the command of his son Belshazzar (Plate CI), was captured by Cyrus in 539 b. c, and the kingdom was absorbed into the empire of the conqueror (Plate CII). Plate LXXXII. Names of Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Elings, &c., mentioned in the Bible. Like many Hebrew proper names each name forms a sentence, thus : Tiglath-pileser (2 Kings 15. 29) = ' IMy help is the son of Ishara.' Shalmaneser (2 Kings 17. 3) = ' Shalmanu is chief.' Sargon (Isa. 20. 1) = 'The legitimate king,' or ' [God] hath established the king.' Sennacherib (2 Kings 18.' 13) = 'The Moon-god hath increased brethren.' Esar-haddon (2 Kings 19. 37) = ' Assur hath given a brother.' 61 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. Asnapper, i. e. Assur-bani-pal '(Ezra 4. 10) = ' Assur creates a son.' Merodach-baladan (Isa. 39. 1) = ' Marduk hath given a son.' Belshazzar (Dan. 5. 1) ^ ' Bel, protect the king ! ' Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings 24. 1) = ' Nebo, protect the boundary ! ' Evil-merodach (2 Kings 25. 27) = ' The man (i. e. the worshipper) of Marduk.' .Nergal-sharezer (Jer. 39. 3) = ' Nergal, protect the king ! ' The names Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes are of Persian origin. The king named Pul (2 Kings 15. 19) has been identified with Tiglath- pileser III, who reigned from b. c. 745 to b. c. 727, and to whom Menahem paid tribute. Plate LXXXIIL Assur-nasir-pal performing a ceremony before a sacred tree. This ceremony was connected Avith the fertilization of the palm tree. On each side of the tree stands a figure of the king with the right hand raised ; in the left hand is a mace. Above the tree is the emblem of the god Assur. Behind the king, on each side, is a winged attendant holding up in his right hand a palm inflorescence, and in his left a basket. The artificial fertilization of the palm Avas well knoAvn to the ancients, and no doubt was largely practised in Mesopotamia, where dates formed a staple article of food. The ceremony probably took place in the spring, and was no doubt inaugurated by the king in person. Plates LXXXVII. LXXXVIII. The ' Black Obelisk ' Avas set up at Nimrud (Calah) by Shalmaneser II, king of AssA'ria, about 860-825 b. c. On the lower part of the four sides are 190 lines of cuneiform writing detailing the principal events of Shalmaneser's campaigns, and on the upper part are cut bas-reliefs illustrating the historical narrative. The text relates that Shalmaneser conducted thirt5'-one expeditions against the peoples of various countries ; his sway extended to the shores of the Mediterranean on the Avest, to Cilicia on the north-west, to Babylonia and the Persian Gulf on the south and south-east, and to IMedia on the east. At certain places he set up memorial tablets sculptured with figures of his majesty and inscribed Avith his Avarlike deeds. In the Black Obelisk he records two Avars against Hazael of Damascus in the eighteenth and twenty-first years of his reign, and it appears from another inscription that the payment of tribute by 'Jehu, the son of Omri,' as represented in one of the bas-reliefs on this monument, took place after the first of these campaigns. From another inscription Avhich Shalmaneser set up at Kurkh on the Tigris, Ave learn that he defeated a confederation of tribes of Northern Syria, and that one of the allies was ' Ahab of Israel,' who contributed a force of ten thousand men. 62 EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXXXIX, XCII. The cuneiform text which describes the submission of Jehu is as follows : — ma - da - tu sha D. P.^ Ya u a mar Tribute of Jehu the son of D. P. Khu um - ri i kaspi D. A.^ Omri silver '[I received']. The winged disk, the emblem of the presence of the god Assur, is seen above the Assyrian king. Plate LXXXIX. Brick of Shalmaneser II, king of Assyria, about b. c. 860-825, inscribed with three lines of cuneiform : -^ m] ^h T -TItt ^T^H^ ikal D. P. D. P. Shal - ma - nu - asharid Palace of Shalmaneser \_king of Assyria], IrM - ^ I^ « ^.^ - abil D. P. Assur-nasir-pal shar D. P. Assur S071 of Assur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, V, 0 ^ « V - t] abil Tukulti-Ninib shar D. P. Assur-ma son of Tukulti-Xinih, king of Assyria. In Mesopotamia, where stone was scarce, clay bricks formed the com mon building material. The proper quality of clay for this production was found in abundance. Assyrian and Babylonian bricks were usually fired ; in form they are square and flat. The specimen here represented measures 13:| inches square, and is 3^ inches thick. Plate XCII. Fragments of a Cylinder of Sargon, king of Assyria, about b. c. 722-705. They describe the siege and capture of the city of Ashdod in the land of the Philistines (see Isa. 20. 1). Azuri, the king of Ashdod, had been deposed by Sargon, and Akimiti, his brother, had been made king in his stead. The people refused to recognize the latter, and chose a certain Yamani. Sargon thereupon hastily marched against the 1 Determinative preiix. ^ Determinative affix. 63 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS, place and captured it, carrying off the gods of the city with the inhabi tants ; and Yamani fled to Egypt. Sargon afterAvards rebuilt Ashdod and peopled it Avith captives from various countries. Plates XCIII, XCIV. Cylinder of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, about b. c. 705-681. This is one of the finest and most perfect objects of its class ever discovered, and its importance as an historical document can hardly be overrated. It contains 487 lines of closely written but legible cuneiform text, inscribed in the eponymy of Belimuranni, prefect of Karkemish, about 691 b. c. The text records eight expeditions of Sennacherib, viz. the defeat of Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, and sack of the city ; the conquest of Ellipi and subjugation of the IMedes ; an invasion of Palestine and siege of Jerusalem ; a second campaign against Merodach-baladan, who was deposed in favour of Sennacherib's son Assur-nadin-shum ; a campaign in the countries to the north-west of Assyria ; an expedition to the Persian Gulf and defeat of the Elamites ; and a final expedition to Elam and the conquest of the allied Babylonians and Elamites. The extract Avhich is given on Plate XCIV partly describes the siege of Jerusalem in the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah (2 Kings 18). It is taken from the central column shoAvn on Plate XCIII, beginning with line 11. The following is a translation of the whole passage : — 11. ' I fixed upon him. And of Hezekiah [king of the] 12. Jews, Avho had not submitted to my yoke, 13. forty-six of his fenced cities, and the strongholds, and the smaller cities 14. Avhich Avere round about them and which were without number, 15. by the battering of rams, and by the attack of engines, 16. and by the assault of foot-soldiers, and . . . . ^ 17. I besieged, I captured. 200,150 people, small and great, male and female, 18. horses, and mules, and asses, and camels, and oxen, 19. and sheep innumerable from their midst I brought out and 20. I reckoned [them] as spoil [Hezekiah] himself like a caged bird Avithin Jerusalem, 21. his royal city, I shut in. Banks against him 22. I thrcAv up, and Avhosoever came forth from the gate of his city I turned back. 23. I requited his sin. His cities of which I had made spoil from his dominions 24. I cut off, and to Mitinti, king of Ashdod, 1 Tlie thror words which end this line are the names of military engines 64 EXPLANATION OF PLATES XCVI, XCVIII. 25. to Padi, king of Ekron, and to Sillibel, 26. king of Gaza, I gave, and I cut short his borders. 27. Besides the old tribute, Avhich they paid yearly, 28. tribute and gifts to my sovereignty I added and 29. laid upon them. As for Hezekiah himself, 30. the fear of the majesty of my lordship overwhelmed him ; and 31. the Urlii and his trusty warriors, 32. whom, in order to strengthen Jerusalem, his royal city, 33. he had brought in, left him. 34. Thirty talents of gold, and 800 talents of silver, and precious stones, 35. And stibium, and .... and great .... stones, 36. and couches of ivory, and seats of ivory, and elephant hide, 37. and ivory, and 2tshti-wood, and iirkarinnu-wood, and divers things, 38. and great treasure, 39. and [his] daughters, and the women of his palace, and the male musicians, 40. and the female musicians, into the midst of Nineveh, the city of my sovereignty, 41. after me he brought ; and to give tribute 42. and to make submission he sent his envoy.' Plate XCVI. Portion of a Cylinder of Esar-haddon, king of Assyria, about b. c. 681-668. The text describes Esar-haddon's campaigns in Babylonia, in Palestine, and Cilicia, and his conquest of Media and Arabia ; and in the list of tributary kings of Palestine is the name of Manasseh, king of Judah : — D. P. Ja u di f Judah. The date of the cylinder is about 673 b. o. The Assyrian texts make no mention of Manasseh's captivity in Baby lon, whither, according to 2 Chron. 33. 11, he was taken by the captains of the host of the king of Assyria. Plate XCVIII. Babylonian Chronicle, b. c. 744-669. The events recorded on this tablet took place in the reigns of the Assyrian kings Tiglath-pileser III, Shalmaneser IV, Sargon, Sennacherib, and Esar- haddon. The following extracts shoAV the nature of its contents : — Bib. Illus. e 65 T T- -1 ^TT ^Vf fc^^ D. P. Me na si e shar Manasseh king BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. ' In the fifth year [of Esar-haddon], on the second day of the month Teshrit, the Assyrian host went forth into the wilderness. In the month Teshrit Avas the head of the king of Sidon cut off and brought unto Assyria. In the month Adar were the heads of the kings of Kundu and SisQ cut off and brought unto Assyria.' ' In the sixth year the king of Elam went against Sippar and made ready a blood bath. The god Shamash came not forth from E-barra. The Assyrians went forth against Milukhkha [hear to Egypt]. Khum- makhaldash, king of Elam, died in his palace, yet had he not been sick. Five years did he reign in Elam ; and Urtagu his brother reigned in his stead.' ' In the seventh year, on the fifth day of the month Adar, the Assyrian host went up against Egypt. The goddess Ishtar of Agadhe and the other gods of Agadhe came forth from Elam and entered into Agadhe in the month Adar.' ' In the eleventh year the king [Esar-haddon] abode in the land and made many princes to be slain with the sword.' ' In the tAvelfth year the king of Assyria went up against Egypt ; hut he fell sick by the way, and he died on the tenth day of the month Marchesvan. Twelve years did he reign in Assyria ; and Shamash-shum- ukin and Assur-bani-pal, his sons, reigned in his stead in the lands of Babylonia and Assyria.' Plate XCIX. The Building of the Walls and Temples of Baby lon, by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, about b. c. 604—562. This plate represents part of a text inscribed on a large basalt slab, uoav in the India Office, consisting of ten columns in the archaic Babylonian character, and recording the Avorks of Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon. It tells us how he travelled through distant lands and mountain ranges, through rugged ways and hj steep paths, from the Upper Sea even to the Lower Sea; and how he reduced all peoples to submission. From all parts of the earth he brought to Babylon silver and gold and precious stones, bronze, and cedar wood, and Avhat the mountains and the sea bring forth. He repaired and made beautiful the temples of E-sagila and E-kua, and the shrine of IMarduk, the temple at Borsippa, and the temple of E-zida, and many other holy places. He finished the building of the great walls of Babylon, even Imgur-Bel and Nimitti-Bel, Avhich his father Nabopolassar had begun, and he built a Avail round about the western side of the city. The great beams and the woodAvork of the gates were of cedar wood overlaid Avith copper, and the ways Avhich led up to the gates were furnished Avith bulls of great size and Avith serpents of bronze. The inscription concludes Avitli a prayer : ' () Marduk, thou lord, thou king of 66 EXPLANATION OF PLATE C. the gods, thou excellent governor, thou hast created me, and thou hast given unto me dominion over men. I love thy habitation on high, even as I love mine oavu dear life, and Avithout thy city of Babylon have I made no lasting abiding-place. And since I have the fear of thy godhead and ponder upon thy sovereignty, be thou gracious unto my prayer and hearken unto my petition. I am the king, the establisher who rejoiceth thy heart, the Avise governor avIio ruleth all thy habitations. By thy command, 0 gracious Marduk, let the house Avhich I have built endure for ever, ^laj 1 rejoice in its beauty, may I grow old therein, and may I receive much tribute from the kings of all parts of the earth and from all the race of man. From the foundation of heaven even to the heights thereof, and to the rising place of the sun, let me have neither foe nor adversary ; and may my seed have dominion over mankind for ever.' Plate C. Brick of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, about b. c. 604-662. The inscription, which is stamped, is as follows : — I. ^ -iiy H t^y i^H -M ^^ D. P.^ Nabu - ku - du ur ri usur j^ebuchadnezzar, shar Babili king of Babylon, za ni in E sagili restorer of E sagili 4- -»Jf- . The oldest sign for the ' sun ' was a circle Q , which became <*\ , and finally ¦'^y . The oldest sign for ' king ' was a rudely drawn figure of a man wearing a crown VIZ > -which became ^y,£l^^ (placed horizontally), and then j^^ , and finally t:^>. The primitive signs for 'star' and 'king' appear in this in scription. Cuneiform writing is read from left to right ; but some think that the picture characters were at first written in columns Avhich were read from top to bottom. The honour of finding the key to the cuneiform writing of the nations of Western Asia is divided among several scholars ; but the largest share falls to the late Sir Henry Rawlinson, although the labours of the scholars Grotefend, Saint Martin, Rask, and Burnouf contributed ma terially to the decipherment. To Grotefend Ave owe the identification of the names of the Persian kings, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and Hystaspes ; and Lassen could claim priority in the publication of a cuneiform alpha bet, although Rawlinson had independently constructed one essentially the same. Rawlinson also deduced from the texts the chronological order of the reigns of certain kings, and made out the names Arsames, Aria- ramnes, Teispes, Achasmenes, &c., and he was the first to translate a long and complete cuneiform text. In 1835, when a young officer holding a diplomatic appointment in Persia, he began to study the cuneiform in scriptions at Hamadan, which had been cut in three languages by Darius Hystaspes and his son Xerxes, and succeeded, like Grotefend," in deci phering the names of some of the Persian kings. This result he supple mented subsequently by the identification of other names in the great inscription of Behistun or Baghistan (i. e. the 'place of God'), where, high up on the precipitous face of a rock, Darius Hystaspes had cut an inscription in the Persian, IMedian, and Babylonian 'languages to record his victories. This inscription Rawlinson at the risk of his life succeeded in copying. In 1837 he communicated to the Royal Asiatic Society a translation of the first two paragraphs ; but it was not until after a careful 72 EXPLANATION OF PLATES CXI,, CXII. study of the Zend language that he deciphered the Avhole inscription, the publication of Avhich was further protracted by the Afghan War of 1839^0, and did not appear till the year 1846 Avhen it Avas printed in the tenth volume of the Society's JouniuL Plate CXI. Babylonian Boundary-stone. Boundary-stones or landmarks among the Babylonians and other Eastern nations had a par ticular significance ; for they Avere inscribed Avith the evidence of the OAvnership of the land. The removal or destruction of one's neighbour's landmark would be, in effect, the removal or destruction of his title-deed. The stone here represented is of black basalt, 22 inches in height. It is inscribed Avith the purchase-deed of a plot of land in Bit-Hanbi, sold by Amil-Bel to Marduk-Nasir, an officer of the king of Babylon, about the year 1100 b. c. The figure cut upon it represents the king, probably Marduk-nadin-akhi, who reigned about th3,t period. On the rounded top are figures which are thought to represent gods and planets and signs of the Zodiac. The vengeance of the gods is invoked on any man who shall destroy or remove this ' eternal landmark,' or shall tamper with the boundaries. Anu, Bel, and Ea are entreated to curse him ; Sin, to let him die like a wild ass outside the city wall ; Shamash, to turn his light into darkness ; Ishtar, to send uneleanness upon him ; Marduk, to plague him with dropsy ; Adar, to move his OAvn landmark ; Gula, to bring grievous sickness upon him ; Rimmon, to lay waste his crops ; Nebo, to cause barrenness ; and all the great gods to smite him with evils and diseases, and to blot out his name and his children's for ever. Plate CXII. Assyrian Account of the Creation. This fragment represents the first of the series of tablets, Avhich probably numbered not less than six, and were inscribed with the legends of the Creation. The copies which have come down to us are of the time of Assur-bani-pal, king of Assyria about 668-626 b. c, but the period of composition must have been far more ancient. The story of the Creation as told in this tablet is as follows : — When the heaven above was not named, and when the earth beneath bore no name ; when as yet Apsu, the primeval Ocean, Avho begat them, and Tiamat, Avho bare them, mingled their waters ; when no land was formed ; Avhen no reed was to be seen ; when as yet the gods had called nothing into being ; when no name was named ; when no fate was fixed; then were created the gods. Lukhmu and Lakhamu were called into being. Ages passed away, and then Anshar and Kishar were created. Long vrere the days, then came forth other gods. AfterAvards, Apsu and Tiamat rebelled against the rule of the ncAvly-born gods, and Tiamat gave birth to a brood of monsters to wage war against them. 73 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. This news Avas carried to the chief of the gods, who bade them go forth against Tiamat and her brood, but they would not. At length Marduk (JNJerodach) came forward, and was endoAved Avith great power and in vincible Aveapons. He met Tiamat in combat and slew her, and of one half of her skin he made the heavens ; then he established the earth and the underworld. Next he made the stars, the abodes of the gods, and the signs of the Zodiac, and he marked out the year into twelve months, and set the moon in the sky to fix times and seasons. The creation of the beasts of the field and of creeping things followed. Plate CXIII. The Assyrian Account of the Deluge is found in the eleventh tablet of the series of legends of the mythical hero Gilgamish. It is in the form of a story told to Gilgamish by Sitnapistim or Khasi- sadra, the Assyrian Noah. Like the ' Creation ' tablet given in Plate CXII, the tablet here represented was found in the Library of Assur- bani-pal. The great gods within Shurippak, the ancient city of the river Puratti (Euphrates), took counsel to bring a flood upon the earth. There Avas Anu, their father ; and there was Bel, the warrior ; Ninib, their mes senger, and Innugi who directed them ; and there was also Ea, the lord of wisdom. And Ea sj^ake unto Sitnapistim and said, ' Thou man of Shurippak, son of Ubaratutu, build thee a ship, and forsake thy posses sions and take heed for thy life, and bring into the shijD living seed of every kind.' Therefore Sitnapistim built him a ship of six storeys, and an hundred and twenty cubits was the breadth thereof ; and he pitched it within and without Avith pitch. And Avith all that he had of silver and of gold, and with living seed of every kind, he filled it ; and he brought into it his family and his household, and cattle and the beasts of the field. Then, at even, the ruler of darkness sent a heavy rain ; and Sitnapistim feared to look upon it. And he entered into the ship and he shut the door ; and the guidance of the ship he gave into the hands of Puzur-Bel, the mariner. And at dawn a black cloud came up, and Rimmon thun dered in the midst thereof; and before it Avent Nebo and IMarduk, even as messengers Avent they OA^er mountain and over plain ; and Uragal tore up the anchor; and Ninib Avent forth, and the storm followed after. The Annunaki lifted aloft their torches and lighted up all the land Avith their brightness. The Avhirhvind of Rimmon reached unto heaven : and day Avas turned into night, so that no man might behold his felloAV. The gods Avere afraid, and the}' drew back into the heaven of Anu ; they crouched like hounds and sat cowering in heaven. Ishtar cried as a Avomaii in travail, and with loud lamentation she bewailed the destruction of her people, which filled the sea like the spawn of fishes ; and with her wept 74 EXPLANATION OF PLATES CXIV-CXVII. the gods, they Avere boAved doAvn, their tears flowed, their lijis Avere pressed together. For six days and for six nights the tempest blew and the flood covered the earth ; but on the seventh day the storm and the deluge, which had fought like a great host, Avere abated, the sea sank to rest, and the hurricane Avas spent. Sitnapistim looked forth upon the waters and called aloud ; but the race of man Avas turned again to earth, and their habitations had become a sAvamp. He opened the AvindoAv, and the light of day fell upon his face ; and he boAved him doAvii and Avejit, for lo ! all Avas sea. After twelve days the dry land appeared. To the land of Nisir the ship floated, and the mountain of Nisir held it fast. For six days the ship rested, and, when the scA^enth day drcAv nigh, Sitnajpistim sent forth a doA-e. And the dove flew this Avay and that ; but she found no resting-place, and she returned. Then sent he forth a swallow. And the sAvallow flew this way and that ; but she found no resting-place, and she returned. Then sent he forth a raven, which flew away and, for that the waters were abated, came not back again. Then Sitnapistim went forth out of the ship, and offered up sacrifice and poured out a drink- offering on the mountain-top ; and the gods smelled the sweet savour, and like flies they gathered round the sacrifice. And Ishtar, the lady of the gods, drcAv near, and she said : ' Never shall I forget these days. Now let the gods come unto the offering ; but let not Bel come, for he was ill- advised and sent the flood and gave my people to destruction.' But when Bel saw the ship, then was he wroth and filled with anger against the gods, and he cried : ' Who then hath come forth with life ? Surely no man shall escape destruction.' Then Ninib opened his mouth and spake : ' Who but Ea could do this thing, since Ea knoweth all things ? ' Then spake Ea and said unto Bel : ' Ill-advised wast thou, 0 counsellor of the gods, that thou didst send the flood. On the sinner lay his sin ; and on the transgressor lay his transgression ; but let not all be destroyed. Let the lion and the leopard, let famine and pestilence, slay mankind ; but let there be no flood again. I divulged not the counsel of the gods in words ; but in a dream did Sitnapistim'learn it.' Then went Bel into the ship, and he took Sitnapistim by the hand and led him forth ; and he blessed him and his wife, and he said : ' Now let Sitnapistim and his Avife be as we, who are gods ; and let them dwell afar off at the mouth of the rivers.' And the gods led them away and gave them a dwelling-place even at the mouth of the rivers. HI. ILLUSTRATIONS OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. Plates CXIV-CXVII. Portraits of Roman Emperors. Our Lord's life on earth was passed during the reigns of the Emperors Augustus and Tiberius. Setting back the true date of His birth to the year 4 b. c. (see 75 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. ' Helps,' xxvi. i), He Avould have been in His eighteenth year at the time of the death of Augustus, a. d. 14. His IMinistry, commencing probably in a. d. 2(;, and His death and resurrection, a. d. 29-30, fall in the latter half of Tiberius's reign, the closing years of which also are marked by the preaching and martyrdom of St. Stephen. The revolt of the Jcavs against the Roman power which broke out a. d. 66, and Avhich was at first successful, Avas crushed by Vespasian and his son Titus. Vespasian was conducting the war in Judaea Avhen he was proclaimed emperor on the death of Nero, A. d. 68. Titus took up the command and brought the war to an end by the siege and capture of Jerusalem, a. d. 70 (' Helps,' xxxviii. 9-11). Plate CXVIII. Roman Soldiers carrying in triumph the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem. The triumphal Arch of Titus was erected in the Via Sacra of Rome to commemorate his conquests of Judaea; but it appears not to have been completed until after his death, a. d. 81. The bas-reliefs with Avhich it is sculptured represent the triumphal procession of the spoils of the Temple, and are considered the best examples of Roman work of this kind. The plate represents a bas-relief restored. Plates CXIX-CXXII. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus. The famous Temple of Artemis or ' Diana of the Ephesians,' one of the seven Avonders of the ancient Avorld, Avhich Avas standing at the time of St. Paul's sojourn in Ephesus, a. d. 54-57, was built about 330 b. c. on the site of an earlier temple Avhich was burnt doAvn by an incendiary named Herostratus, on the night of the birth of Alexander the Great, in 356 b. c. The earlier temple, Avhich in its turn had succeeded a still more ancient building, Avas erected in the latter half of the sixth century b. c. The site was excavated during the years 1869-1874 by Mr. J. T. Wood, Avho discovered considerable remains of the later building and also some fragments of the temple destroyed by Herostratus. They are now in the British Museum : — Plates CXIX, CXX. The tAvo representations of the temple here given are enlarged from the reverse sides of tAvo imperial coins of Ephesus, the first of the reign of Hadrian, a. d. 117-138, the second of a later date. They are of some value as contemporarA", though conven tional, designs, Avhich may be accepted as generally faithful to the origi nal, while they diff'er from one another in details. For example, in the first the sculptured bases of the columns, which Avere a particular feature of the building, are clearly shoAvn ; in the second they are only sug gested. The sculptures in the tAvo pediments also differ. It is, not 76 EXPLANATION OF PLATES CXXI, CXXII. improbable that these conventional representations may have been modelled from some of the silver shrines which were made in large numbers, and 'brought no small gain unto the craftsmen' (Acts 19. 24). On the first coin is the Avord COCCI OM = ' of the Ephesians ' ; on the second, COCCinN P NCnKOPHN ='of the Ephesians, thrice temple- keepers.' The Greek Avord veuiKopo^, Avhich is ajjplied in the Greek text of Acts 19. 35 to the city of Ephesus (translated A. V. ' Avorshipper ' ; R. V. 'temple-keeper'), Avas a title given to those persons or communities who kept in repair and attended to the business of the temples. Thus Ephesus received the title, as being devoted to the service of their great goddess. It appears to have also been sometimes a practice to renew the Neokorate or confer it afresh. The Ephesian coins of the reign of Claudius show that the city was then simply fslcnKOPGC '¦> fro™ Hadrian to Caracalla it was ^\q NenKOPGC or 'twice Neokoros'; under Caracalla TRIG NcnKGPOC or 'thrice Neokoros'; and in the time of Elagabalus JCTPAKIC NcnKOPGC or 'four times Neokoros.' But later it appears again asjPIC NenKGPGC,tlie fourth honour having been rescinded. Plate CXXI, Di&na of the Ephesians here represented is a Roman variation of the image of the Ephesian Artemis ' which fell down from Jupiter,' copied from a statue at Naples. There are many such statues, varying in the treatment of details, in different museums. The Ephesian goddess was quite distinct from the Greek Artemis, aind is generally thought to have been an Asiatic divinity adopted by the Ionian Greeks. She is the personification of the all-nourishing power of nature, and, as here, is represented Avith many breasts. Her lower limbs are encased in a cartonnage like that of a mummy, the surface of which is divided into compartments filled Avith mystical animals, which again occupy the nimbus and crowd upon her arms. As the goddess of the city she Avears the mural crown. Plate CXXII. Sculpture from the Temple of Diana. The piece of sculpture given in this plate is the most perfect of the remains of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, now in the British Museum. It is part of a section, or ' drum,' of one of the sculptured columns which adorned the building. We' now knoAv that the employment of sculpture in the lower part of the principal columns was not peculiar to the later temple of the time of St. Paul ; the same method was followed in the building .destroyed by Herostratus. From some archaic fragments of the latter, recovered from the site, the sculptured base of a column has been partially restored ; and it is interesting to find that portions of an inscription from 77 BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS. this or some other column, recording that Croesus dedicated it, confirm the statement of Herodotus that the Lydian king provided the greater number of the pillars of the temple. With regard to the sculptured drums of the later temple, it is the last opinion that they stood upon massive square pedestals enriched with sculptures in very high relief. Many fragments of these pedestals have been recovered, and have been built up Avith the drums, in accordance with this view. The subject on the drum given in the plate appears to illustrate the legend of the rescue of Alcestis from death. Only three figures remain fairly perfect, one of which is certainly Hermes, the others being a female and a winged male. They may be described as Thanatos (Death) and Hermes (Mercury) con ducting Alcestis from Hades. Plates CXXIII, CXXIV. Coins. These plates give most of the coins described in ' Helps,' liii. 1. Gold Daric. The obverse alone bears a design: the Persian king kneeling, armed with bow and spear. 2. Silver Shekel of Simon Maccabseus. Obverse : A chalice or cup, with inscription in early HebrcAv letters, ' Shekel of Israel ' ; and, above the cup, 'Year 3.' Eeverse : Triple lily, or Aaron's.rod; 'Jerusalem the Holy.' 3. Bronze coin of Herod .Agrippa I. Obverse. An umbrella; BACIAeCOC AT PI HA, 'Of King Agrippa.' i?(?rer.«e.- Three ears of corn; L (= eTovs)q^ 'Year 6.' 4. Large bronze coin of Agrippa II. Obverse: Head of Vespasian; AYTGKPA[TGPI] OYEC[nACIANn] KAICAPI C[E]BACTn, 'To the Emperor Vespasian Caesar Augustus.' Reverse : Fortune Avith cornu copia ; ET[GYC] AT BA[CiAeriC] ArplPHA, 'Year 14 of King Agrippa.' 5. Silver Stater of Augustus, or Tetradrachm of Antioch. Obverse: Head of Augustus; KAISAPGf SCBASTGY, 'Of Cwsar Augustus.' Eeverse : Female personifying Antioch, with figure at her feet personify ing the river Orontes; ETOYS QK NIKHS, 'Year 26 of Victory [of Actiuni]' ( = 5 b. c.) ; monogram YnA[TGY] IB, 'Consul 12,' i. e. the twelfth consulate of Augustus ; monogram, ANTX (Antioch). 6. Silver Denarius of Tiberius (Penny). Obverse: Head of Tiberius ; Tl[BERIVS] CAESAR DIVi AVG[VSTi] F[l LI VS] A VCVSTVS. ^^- verse: Seated figure of Livia, as Ceres; PGNTIF[EX] MAXlM[VSl- 7. Bronze Assarion (Farfhing). A coin of Chios. Obver.' wfr l^^ n th tongs 'loop .. r ¦¦= 0 ^6 w i leaves l t ^ \U ^ H^S 9 k throne .. .. J^ 2, 1/ yj 3 1 lioness j2^ ei U y «? m -' k y 17 n »B n water . . . . aaaaaa )1 D M s doorbolt — H — ^*. ^^ 9 a weapon ->-=> -^ o o V P door g i4 n J ^ t(ts) ' snake . . . . ^-=?\ ? hT^ *=c-. :: q knee? .. .. ^ A rrF TT 1? r mouth . , <;;;;^> ^ ^ ^1 n §(sh) field TfTtl IB w vVrv w ¦t(tu) 'arm with cake in hand ¦* " l4 ;< XX n Plate I. PHCENICIAN AND HEBREW ALPHABETS, as derived from the Egyptian hieratic characters. The Phoenicians, in order to form an alphabet, appear to have selected certain Egyptian letters from a type of the Hieratic character (a cursive form of Hieroglyphic), as found in papyri of about B. C. 2500. GREEK. LATIN. Cad- mean. Local forms. Eastern. "Western. Local forme. Latin. gtun. M hH " alpha . . . A A A A A A 1 A AAA a beta.... ^ ^ V^ Melos. etc. ^ P.iros, Siphnos, ^ Thasos,eic. ^B BB B BB b '~Li Corinth. Chalds, gamma . . ^ r /¦ f Corinth, \ ^ Megara, etc. N r A r r / ^ Phocis. \ >. Arcadia, Elis, D Locris, etc. A>D D d epsilon .. ^ fe ^ Cormth. etc KE & E K Ell e di gamma ^ F [P=] !^F t* FH f zeta..... X X ' X X X -^ a new Ll letter *- formed from C -1 g h ! eta 1 a B BH(h,e) BH(h) B H theta , . . © ® ® O ® O ® iota ^ <> < < Crete. Thera. <¦ ' Melos, Corinth, etc. 1 1 51 1' i kappa... >i K K 1< K K k lambda. . A h U Attica, r Argos. A A A A t Chalcis, Bceotia, L' etc. I H 1 mu ^ /w K M M M r M m nu v\ N NN M N t^ N n xi ffl a |-[-j Later Argos. [.XT, Attica, Naxos, Siphnos. Thasos, etc.] i [See below. ffi omikron O o Xi Paros, Siphnos, etc. O 0 o O 0 pi 1 r o c ^^^'°^- p n p n p P P P san(ss).. AA M rn Halicamassus, 1 Teos, Mesembria. . M koppa .. . ? 9 [9] o 9 Q <1 rho PI? !* PRI^ ^^ 1? R r sigma . . . J ? /LA Crete, Thera, Melos, '^» Argos. Corinth, etc ?5 ? ^ AA Phocis, etc. t $ 5 S s tau T T T T T T t upsilon.. VY V Y V V uv xi [See above.] x-i- X X X phi i ® * (D* ® chi 1 x + 4.t ^ psi ! [(^fl-jAttica, Naxos, Siphnos, Thasos, etc] 4.t >k' Ozol. Locris, 'r Arcadia. omega . . 1 r^ Melos ^ Siphn L\^ 0, ov , Paros, (-J OS, etc -^^ generally for Adopted ¦^ \y at a later I period as ¦ __ foreign /_ y j , <«>, except in z Ionia.1 letters. Plate II. GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETS. The Greeks adopted for their alphabet twenty two signs from The letters which follow tau were att^i™SdTrad'?d'"oriciUliy'the''ie'tter;wereVritt'^ei,T'rom" right to left i but afterwards from left to right. The prr?rRr?ek alphabet iSv be arranged in two groups (with locil varieties), yir.. the Eastern or Ionian used in Asia MinLand in certain i"and» and states of Greece ; ami the Western, used in other islands and states and generally in ?heGreJkcSon2rS Italy and Sicily. The early Italic alphabet, derived from the Western Greek alphabet has been SlletUhePelasSai alphabet ; of tbis the Latin alphabet rejected certain letters as superfluous, anct at a later date it introduced others. ' 9b ^^ ^ M bjl i:r^n oHwOOOOOO ; E M ""^f^ >J_/ ¦fl fen ^ "I Plate III. DOORWAY OF A TOMB AT GIZEH. — About B. C. 3600. The inacriptions are out in the earliest style of hieroglyphic charactera 5te^«}.M 9"t)tl o o N 6 H I. 1 g I P;! I PM - OSCQ Mrt ,,'ti i-E)&S!;ir,i!is!Ruiifnipro:SS5^ai;=»TIgJ©^M:g2i!£©?)'!VbT?ir!Tr<:V,lfiiiM.yn-i ,.J»iH*is»St°j:;m=r.v'j*Yvu-r'B:SHE+;»r.;fti;?ifs-: .ri^'«^:sITIiE^fl)IBs•-¦£?.1*t-J^iffi5^3f^:;«^¦iliai^;T2s;m* yi^u.iB/(si:£'"^ei'S.r.mrfiL!STKt'.=¦...-.. .,!%.= . .......v^^v-'.—— . ., . „ ,.w_ ..^..,.. y_.._ . < .. ¦> -i. r. S.c.'T: _ .. < f. c-.^ ... i_. -V.' r 4 ... ,rrfri(r..i li '. ..... , , ..^^ -r .. ..:(.. ..•*~i_Ji ifi.i_ ^([.iiosvat^is Plate V. THE "ROSETTA STONE." — B. C. 195. (Britiali Museum.) Inscription in honour of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, king of Egypt, in the Egyptian and Greek languages ; the Egyptian portion being in hieroglyphics or writing of the priests, and in demotic or writing of the people. The key to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics and the interpretation of the Egyptian language was obtained from this inscription. Plate VI. THE "MOABITE STONE. -About B. C. 890. (Paris, Museum of the Louvre.) Monument dedicated to the god KemSsh, by Mesha, king of Moab, to record his victory over the Israelites in the days of Ahab ; found at Dibhitn in the land of Moab in 1868. The inscrip tion is in the Phoenician character. Platio vii. THE "SILOAM INSCRIPTION." — About B.C. 700. This inscription, in the Piicenician ciiaracter, was cut on the wall of the conduit of the Pool of Siloam. ^ iM^irf&i^ •fT^^T\w'*?wf5jn^''Vf"^7 nt* ^y' wi'jv IPC o'^'T>'«'"i>r£' 'jibv-i Plate IX. HEBREW PENTATEUCH (Numbers vi. 3-10).— Twelfth Century. (British Museum, Oriental MS. 1,467.) The text is accompanied by the Chaldee Targflm or "translation," commonly attributed to Onkelos ; the two versions being written in alternate verses. The vowel points are written above the line. 1. «\w tSt V-1 "=¦> R. v-s-J^tTi-Wrol »i^ r^\ 2J,-' ^ Plate X. THE "BOOK or THE LAW." — Fifteenth Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 4,707.) The complete column of the Hebrew text contains the " Song of Moses " (Exod. xv. 1-19). c J3 fnf^ f^ !eii-xttyt^^<^^ ** ** . '4*<^ -^^i^ . '^ /«¦ Plate XI. SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH (Deut. i. 44^ii. 7).— A. D. 1219. (Cambridge, University Library, Add. 714.) The manuscript is bilingual, Hebrew and Arabic, in Samaritan characters, written in parallel double columns. This plate repreeents the Arabic text. ^ *< -^^ flf V ia wu»^.c*,5( ¦^ '^.'#" •^'^ "9.^ ' C^ CSC • t^wjf; a ^ i S ""isJd ^ i^Kr-^Hsr^ a js/ a -^a A'/^K-^/sf a #X c^ yS"'^ " '¦^^'*' c^'^^ "^ •'« A' ^M^ _ -a^as aA?*- w --« A' /r'A'"' »< D-^y jQ ii a i:iS-a'^'^ " '^fO-^t'^'yi-frj id c^c? />f -a-^cs: /»f"^"'S7id'^a Q qjg cc »-«»«¦ aA'a 2 -:Ci3 ojvvq ^"^i/*"^ aia ^ Plate XII. SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH (Deut. i. 44-ii. 7).— A. D. 1219. (Cambridge, University Library, Add. 714.) The manuscript is bilingual, Hebrew and Arabic, in Samaritan characters, written in paraUel double columns. This plate represents the Hebrew text. Plate XIII. SYRIAC BOOKS OF THE PENTATEUCH (Exod. xiii. 14-16). — A. D. 464. (British Museum, Add. MS. 14,425.) Four books of the Pentateuch, viz. Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, accord ing to the Peshitta version, in the Estrangela-Syriac character. The oldest dated Biblical manuscript in existence. <7iA:3i oom ^vt>(\ *i^T^-iQa»t<' ^>-~v Jits SYRIAC "CURETONIAN" GOSPELS (St. Matt. xv. 20-25).— Fifth Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 14,451.) ar^ Plate XV. SYRIAC BOOK OF GENESIS (Gen. xlv. 6-11).— Seventh Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 14,442.) A version from the Septuagint by Paul, Bishop of Telia, early in the seventh century. .-TVin^o ;^>^.* <^^o . li'^Tno • #XAt<^ -.^aiJj r^^oeeiWx >io<<^ t^ii <^i^f ^2k.))n> -v^ Plate XVI. SYRIAC BOOK OF ISAIAH (Isaiah xliv. 25-xlv. 3). — Seventh Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 17,106.) A version Identified with that of Philoxenus, Bishop of MabbOgh, A. D. 485-519. Plate XVII. ARABIC BOOK OF JOB (Job xxviii. 1-21).- Ninth Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 26,116.) d>^X".A'5*:AAnt(P-7i»^:€P AXn'y:H'5'i'''^7^V.'^/»n: n A^: (P/fi+XTs cdA CP 1[ 1 C: A A n -. Vl*' A«-r Hl'fr5lt9

.u^*iiun:nir.«>nii Kn;^«i««u:wi|i;a'i: oi-winiiiiuiwi. lU'iM-yry • ^isHiiii »ii;"iu»:rv>-c^«i»>u irt ijinii.-t:i.i.rui'i-q_^ i»oi>1u-.^Miiri:i> i: in.tS i*iiuw.»«^i 5> 0.«vi3 ii-Mn.iii on •?.ui'Ui-ui.i» • M\^ d>iiifi:<*iu~ifi»tUM' i: iiV'Hiiyi-:>i:ui: -ov iitT|ii-:>, . ijkioii p. *>tiuun.-3r.i''i"u V I'M un.Qiun.iMii i- MTJt«Hiiui'»J|»>»'»i lii iiiio i;poirii..> I. ri;in.uir.»Ut^'i' • \ .\'i\'vvxv,\\vv • ••uu'i;sr.\:-?,i.u i: Uri'wi i..riiiic>;Mn' uirui-i'Mi.ri.oin; ls*'ivi'.o»vu.i.i: • ri^> ¦i«i;*viio.«rnnii: r i.H'.M:iiiH«»"Mi' i* iv:,ii'«ii«i js • ur»3 i.'ur.'i^t" r- • I'.Oii. Plate XIX. ARMENIAN GOSPELS (St. Mark iv. 40-v. 7).— Ninth Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 21,932.) - r M ly M M -vn fi uj I le ¦ / 'PI l|'/xrji Miii;i II i-v rN|-|-i:iM>vi' 1 1 Aixe jr>-c:<>viM = eov»i. M< >V~I II 1 1 Hl>lif I •i-V,'f-i!i I j«i>¦)(- - _Xi:i iJi I unr IM; AV -Tcciif'i mi U:Vu;Ke <£ r < : • I - ;• I I M X f r X o p' 'r<>(STt>vrnui jv: ji vtjixc'jivi iC: ;* ii-vc*X<:r Mvrcix: ¦^-r-T(:r:"i'lM:-^ti»i I cr- xi M ' I ' < .= P < ' < • i • I H I N 1 1 G. 1 •|I'1>(:M Jl VCM Ml.. "^ jc| n jL?*rv*i* II in><:"?cu(:^vci»K 0-r.t>xi ii icViDCGJL rirt>-v-|'Ciiii C: M r C: t H' *^ * > •''^^- ' • "^^^ GlO" MtJlOV-^JIe OVOMMHiG'i-rm iijcicixtrrcoov Plate XX. COPTIC GOSPEL OF ST. LUKE (St. Luke v. 5-9).— Eighth Century, or earlier. (Library of the Earl of Crawford ) Written in the Sahidic or Theban dialect of the Coptic language. 2 f ^^^«:f§ Kct k c,yo n to c iqf ^f TO ye I c oy Nn'cXe/^vN -« H M *. TO C K y CN CTOM J>. Ti fe p c M I'o Y Hrei fCA* kc'to Vi M e Y KAKKyl oy g >,c 1 X e'lii c n'e: f c CO UKii e K h'i" y X GN 6Vn T H & ».« I .*ve I i.. i yn oy »cx ri'M t^t^ii. r J" A ri TcbiM >^e'ra.'> w ta'' ^ e -A g'tg 1 ci E xc I Aeyc ner COJN Ky|)oCG' M_eV N et,st 7. 6 M E »^c ( Ae'xT H CO / .HT-y ^^ c Vj H CO \ I cTo cioLi- fe C K M H N e'N MO I 6 I lk I xy ^UJ ol K.or* e NI r.e j> oy cX \H M THew T.H I o^y X X I X 6 fT I G e c-rr 6y K/y MciiN eKToy^eM-yc X Y T o Y e c T cjL> o KTcCyrJy M eTx')-Y.,oY Ki^ii^Ni. s*.<: e ( CT A Ki Y € poycxXH M TH N CNTH I oyXMKoihJ AO M 6 I 'Civ T"d N O I KO Mlif KyjToyi'crA t-ixoyToc O KC O KXTXC KHMiyCX' eN I ej'oyc'xXH wocoi 6^ N KXTA;nr«$YCTd>Ty<: o 1 K o y c I H .g o" H e^iTtuciT" •i^Y~r y^c i'a> Kxi c KJ X !• r y J- j'tu,iic J^ i d* ki a.o' ceo\ n MedrnrtcuM k\\ KTH^4tuM cy>i-yor<^,XA AojcTo) c.»<>TeyXA.c nj p cTe«ei m«'n ot cere ToY G p o MToy xVxof M J _ e r O y O x A H MKX l hrxTAcrw cxNTecoixPTCiebyAor TtuN riXTr'fl?NTHcioyi,j Plate XXI. CODEX VATICANUS (1 Esdras ii. 1-8). — Fourth Century. (Home, Vatican Library::) The Bible in Greek, written in uncial letters. The MS. was already in the Vatican Library in Rome in the fifteenth century, but nothing is known of its previous history. KAtAOeHTUJCMHr M AKAIHAOmHe I iiMeAiAKAiryNM H ANAP6CH -TXl)g.Mri Aei RKCI K67Cei AN TiAcri NiOMHfece Tcu li AC I /vei rori p a TMAKAI^nOlHCe OYTtOC KAI A.Mepf KACIAeY<^-KA KYAtPMOCKAIHM 'rcyyrcui i Aicepe ri T H e T I ATK r A m i NI A A A g: A A t- Avj>0 y / 1 KTyiiCfcfToyiKxi TO o M C) M A xy TM r ecen f eN AeT<.>> M eTAA AAXAI AT TH CToycno M c i c en e AeyceN Ayn;i5:<>^»'A» €ATTtuei cryM ai "''"' KAKAtH NTOKOpA C I O M K X AH -nx> tf I AMK-^ir KAioTGH KoyceH"7J,;^ TDTTOyKACJACCOC ITPOCTArM ACyNH xo H CAr/m N n o. XI Mynoxe^ipxrAr- Plate XXII. CODEX SINAITICUS (Esther ii. 3-8). — Fourth or Fifth Century. (Leipzig, Royal Library). The Bible ki Greek, written in uncial letters. The MS. belonged to the convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai. jf^.* 0-^^'erM>^c»c:^noioo?<'»-oiO'Oi-v ^ LK>-lTe l^t;d>evr-ir^.Vr~IX-i eAxorc^ . -x-r io^vcf^ci>f^evoe«Jocxef c- T-v I or I oiv^ K po.ce. {'xei >• *C '<-*-> trr-vr-rrJOTo -r IT J e O rJ TA>. C I C'l t : O T 1 1< xvoco ^Cr Al |-"re.AOi< i r^>-2-c i r^ TOi^t-i^C K.vi poi^'i'OViOr-rrrxjJC ov-s-OK I tvix^ere TLA.e ie _^ AviTLOt-^OYKp't^ei ero-Vi iccp rAC ixini>.t ixvaxxo*^* A.-riXY'i"0 V f^ uTTO'reKA-r-xovp'' CerTT-poCTOr~> Kp iTM r^ iiC G » ToJti xp i< I oj- 1 i<^iOn7Aivx>> i< M ixi .Aor-o->co I OVN^ ne2:e>?onc c iX'rrxrrexxOM1^CAYru> ¦Ti e I' I rci ) ^g rx A I XX I CO ixrtL> M-ro ¦ Al ^-«x-I^OlX>:rOCe^-^ I^GMKiCl'A -r-ci ) r^ O YC I eL>K,A.yi COIN. - KXJXT IO Krioe/ooicerrnei-jAYT-oic . -i^u3 icGiTxiOT loi rxxixxroiOYioi XK^ Xj>-rCL)XO ITlXpATTTXrvj-i-vcnoYo rxxrvxiOYCCrersior^T-ci OTiii,^ •Xyix-rrc?* I01-40XC I fN^ OYVvxer.. Yi^-i n^-vxxexK**^ MMeTXIxlOnc-r, r-e ^^ xrg-recci,>cxYTCi.>OXT»o^ir^e Hi e i K I ci) e< ;AK/» "KX I AnTGKl CI rslCM Plate XXIII. CODEX ALEXANDRINUS (St. Luke xii. 54^xiii. 4).— Fifth Century. (British Museum, Koyal MS. 1. D. v.-viii.) The Bible in Greek, written in uncial letters. The MS. once belonged to the Patriarchal Chamber of Alexandria. It was sent as a present to King Charles the First in 1627. 1 xf^ .^¦.* Tuf sH>NxosrAj'..iieii:^5C-x*jToif^.Airalki!«iTobJoVjAercuh4QW-tc"C -?^ AiKAir>rHMOAbjapA^-J eicxHkeiCANiABTTAhJTecoi r>-iUJC-TOi AYToyATTO >iAKpoee»^u~-'nj'0»~'0 ''ATlXiJaCHC^ — m\yAey-tHCVTiAjxu3j-i AT-Aeoc>:AiAiKAioc OYTDC oYKHh-lcyM>CATATIOeIViei-JOC:THBoyAH KAlTHrij>AzflAyTC13W ATIOAPIMAOIAC ^loAe^-u^TCl^^4^oY.AAJUL>^J oclij'oce AeXPTO THr-UiAciAriAt-JTOYeY'''rTr"-9*=A««j-ii-JTUjiieiA/cru> T-AT. HTHCATOTOCUjIVlATOy IHY;KAJJFT yAi2ei-JTOccuiviAToYiHYei-JciM.Aowi K A I e e M J< e i-J A Y T o r^ c i-J M NI H M e I «.o veAATo-MHriei-jcn oYoY-K HMoy-n lo -oyAeroceiM^'Kioc KAieeKiTocAYToyeneeHKe" TUU MI-OH lyi ^It-O AelOOM ObJMOf IC e iKori "Ma eK yA iohJ:Mt^AeH Hiviej'A"npoc a{> b AToy "^^ i|'ACAlAe ¦ ' HTOIMArXl-JArAij'oy CAl AHTOIMACAl-J KAlTIWeCCyivl AyTAIC •eAori^-oNiTQAe e»vie aytaic Plate XXV. CODEX BEZiE (St. Luke xxiii. 47-xxiv. 1). — Sixth Century. (Cambridge, University Library, Kn. ii. 41.) The Gospels and Acts of the Apostles in Greek and Latin, written in uncial letters, the Greek version being on the left and the Latin on the right. It was presented to the University of Cambridge by Theo dore Beza in 1581. SC^ ,I,'JCAM~ 5<"'5^»JmeyT e=rceKiTi-i_K.ioclAmAM.S boiviojjiFicAbATdrrS diceNij «-iCj;e ivO'To5ej:AT l^icHoma e i om rJFj quisuniilvjehJeKASJTAd JSrecTAcui uo,j.oi.oi, UI cj e t~J T es s u A e F A c T AS U M T j'e>;cij » leMTesrecTojiA eTj=jiQM-tej jieuejiTebAMTUKS-TAbANirAuTeonomhJei •MOTienjs AloNiqe excnuiiejies S"Ae5ec«JTAeSuMTexicr> AC,AlilAeA uideMxeshAec eTecceuijv NioiT-j-» Ai;ior»AThiA ClOITAT e llJdAC Ojiuni M«-i1 exrecTAbAT ^eCKiucndei CTACcedei-jy Adi'll ATucrv reTiuiT coj:j'iori>v«J_eTdei>or-jeKj..S iNuol oiTcai:j'«->J 'hu i (vi^iKidohJe^ €Tpa_SuiTe\jm iNJrnoi-JutneKJTo JCulj'TO ubiAdhvjC >-»etnoj>oi5iTu^ erj-QsiToeo iMj'Oi uiT Jt^«rmrvivjmer--iTol AjMdem quemvji.xoicn~oTi •noxjebAhJT ejiATAuTeondie^ A^4TesAbbAT«-lm .Sec»-iTAe_Sv»hJTAtJTecr> duAe cnul lej; e^ qxjAee_KAtviT Jur»ul oei-JieKiTes AqAltlAeA eroiOejtxjKJT *»otvjirr>etvJTtjrr» eiviS Ke'«-J«MLSAeAuTeo-» JA|:A'»->e4:vjNJTAIP-omATA eT vlKiCJe-NJTA tTquidern^AbbAT«-innjtes'JidJG^Ji»->'^i}«-"^AA«^^TE .SAbbATf rr>ANiedil uctjl o *^eMiebAr-JTAdonoKii^T eT S^ji d Amcuimll iS fOQIT AbAKiT A^T eon 1 l--»Tj: A.^ e . Plate XXVI. CODEX BEZ-ffi! (St. Luke xxiii. 47-xxiv. 1). — Sixth Century. (Cambridge, University Library, Nn. ii. 41.) The Gospels and Acts of the Apostles in Greek and Latin, written in uncial letters, the Greek version being on the left and the Latin on the right. It was presented to the University of Cambridge by Theo dore Beza in 1581. «i'»c r«»»-»*i KAjy Meic eeA MATLoeHTeTtbNO m o) eicToreMecBAiyMAceTepcp TdjeKHeKpcuMtTepeeHT). _ I NAKApnocbopHcu)MeHTci)otJD' OTerXpHMUHtKlTMCApKl TAnAeHMA'TATd>MAMApTIN. e I CTO KA (^ n o cb o p H CA iTcb e A MATcq • MyKltiAeKATHpFHOHMeN A n OTdy N b M oy Toy ©a m AToy. eMc£3jlTeio us c] u 1 exmo RTTJ1 s i^^es u Rj^e xit ,-:?JT7RX3CTif icemu sdeo ^ume7e5seor>cisi KioxR>Jtf pxssioKiesreccxTOTLum c| uxepeRleqecYXERVKjTOPeRxbxKiTu P^ 1K10r>eor>bTi3SKI05TR.IS . IJTFTiUCT I F ICVRi? M imOTlT I KIXJKI C XJJ TeCYl SQlXJ T ts u mu s XLececY^OR-Tis TKicjuxde n NcbxrouR^ ITvxjTseiiuixrous I MMOviiTKreSPs exTsioKi I Ki\i e I u5 r xre 1 1 ttc R.\e ^ aide wx>c3icecY^as lexPecGvrume5TAl>5iT sec3 peccxrucv»MOhsieoc nou i •MIS 1 pepHegeoo MXiY-jcoKicupiscx: KI nvroKiesc lebxnn KIT SI lexcl 1 ce Rf^T . Plate XXVIII. CODEX CLAROMONTANUS (Romans vii. 4^7). — Sixth Century. (Paris, National Library.) St. Paul's Epistles in Greek and Latin, written in uncial letters, the Greek being on the left and the Latin on the right. The MS. belonged to the Monastery of Clermont, near Beauvais, in France. pg.iaios |>e^cT7Awum eojium fiAec HroyMeMoyc 6HTOIG>Aex«^« rpK>J^A.WT6G Auxeipoc KyTUUM KposToU eTsewiou QixnocTOKoi e^RATp-tiS KAIOI\Afi/Vd)oi e^:svlU^e•eTc^Ucli.6. kAicypiAM-K&iK^'wKiA- c-fXTjubos AAeKq>oio tiui5UKiTex9eMTilu5 xoiCfe^eewojM SM^uTecn (lUOHIACn auiA qilldACn eXNObijy uos uepbis€:U6)lTeNTer HKOyCA.M6KI OTI Tiwec etHMCJUW eie\eoN rec yuAC \ororc Plate XXIX. CODEX LAUDIANUS (Acts xv. 22-24). —Seventh Century. (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Cod. Laud. 35.) The Acts of the Apostles in Latin and Greek, in parallel columns, written in uncial letters. The MS. was presented by Archbishop Laud to the University of Oxford in 163G. nei^H nefno\ Aoi6nex*6i <|>I\6-^IN/I6ni rNwcnspfwM pHfANANTAl^AC MrWHH'HHAtA^A Al^lfirtiiltl-' LAilAli-*- , nfAlTWMnffiAH ^irfNfvde'NT»Aic BAtlAHVCTHCifV fKlHIlAl'Mn OAPhAA nA|)fAOf AN«M«»* fllAnAfVHCAYT* nTAI-KAIYnHdf TAirfNOlVAfMiJi'T'y AoVov-eA^^^^f'^* KCnFlVNVWftfHnA CINAKftlBWC' i«A '^f5^Hf'cfl^^pA^^A|* vvcTHCify WAIAC- IfjlfYCTlC 0"N^iy«A'TIZ,AVA|)» Af-£2lf<|>HM6Al Af-^ASM-KAIMry HHAVnriVf KnvUN ^ y r/l rp 0 A CV Ijl A i A l/tA^ K AiT^ fl 0 ri 0 M A 4 Y f ANA f A » » txn finX &nj Lj-o I c .kaj-frG|^ o ^i!&p o iBT* • 6- ^ dO -T-rp o trw I^ fr^ tl/JH . It CIA ^ CO a. -TTpocronr'TTooH>*.6"a")ufrlLC[°TT3 CIS -t^trobp-cu-rouilj* KcLtXt'irMXTT' J^trrH frilly Of r«JJJR.iTilvuut('c*X&' pf eLLTTB"! c' Crri Hy a*ri-TTjy 1^1* ^i-ou. "~r«j oirrio-oo* i^ai-e-Gxopef-rDTi-iN ^^-rTt».i<;eLi owicKcJl:^ 6-r4 {cCorl* A6/^otlija^r o^iMcmcorc pCIKMlJSfX TiTc'^F-<>cxENorp.or t|t.O>>^^fs|v»* icp.uo5irse'^cc^K !N in>rxrc^;\ Urr-?oMSUS n>Aiuo5f.x ^ '^U<'?vhUC7MO n>\5r}5ejcf.c rCUStl5SUK '<::^i^l5tlSq«LK^ CJUKO'^JNNO NIXil'^cCO.X^^'-^'* cim Men ^ccr«' <."K5UieiAf"^^ .. T!IC4!IXCCUNC 'iKcmacmfH TlS<.UCMibjLj huHCtt^uN ; -i.K%U4Jti%^sfr l:^^unHA'f^.Ui-o rvv-jNVH..iiV>cr f ^4 .<>i%'(.>K<>fXT|lC- '^IMlhU^i' i.:' or'nlU^is , r-^tietl^of Ml ! ^iruiiCcccNtirr, ts%%yf-4ci-i -^^ fXlXo-'^Io^uc S|n>U.? !Ut*«1^..H ^!5^tM5l«l^fi| . FAi.>iKM\;5ii:: KJv^lH^^M^ : ^)*-tK^«-<'-v:*rxi.^ Ixn^Mci^l^t^ '^Cf CUni^miX> t JL^mORjf t rAUOKmO Plc MHviC/Lc QoiMIAAUT^iMCjUAcCOni^Uc pW^ BK^Ui I >5 tcr^CpOiUcflLUNn p05ThX6C air>'e ri?AdrAK.ujic=iAi>of:icMi^ T<^ni055ANClAinei?^COpUlpI>^» ^•• P/vAc^lCAJ(ONN Plate XXXIII. OLD LATIN GOSPELS (St. Mark xvi. 6-9).— Fifth or Sixth Century. (Turin, National Library.) Portions of the Gospels of St. Mark and St. Matthew, of the " African " type, written in uncial letters. IT vsNIBUS xcmoUciei icomt p.a icmj'ttimiMic p-P-o TOpe T P-USCT IXCO 5US fUOKvNNcSClXM t)jUrNS0lCMOMS<-lUyV c>oK\£cep-UNif I ^uo?>stg Numct if"n INCI pic N lOmN IA hA.cccoN5(.im(V>,vJU C(p.cSpONbeNS ^nillisuibc'icNeM'Jis uossec)uCAt<^uli) eNimueNiCNMN res<^uiAeco-SLimci no^l^ossebucc:^^I CunnAFiep.iseDNo c>uo-»csiF iNjsexsyt. CeTCNHVlCCNSSUpe p-cc N If mc I p^c Nui'v^su peppecMu" fTcpiMnep-pen-vo 7Cl5Cip.CAloC/VeTIA 0'>esi M n iun-><>olo pun^omNiAhACC^etMi?eLiosipsos lpXt)eMllMCONCJ llXt:ilNS)"MACOC1S bAPuLv&mseiAi^ p p,ve5 iLic'seiAb p-e Ce^Sl \b I ^ I5CA.U5A o^eiNicsiimoNi UO'>ll.l-lSCTI^JomNj feusge M 1 1 BUS IN r jM misoropjicfippAc t>icxp.eeuA|s»ceLiu"" £^J T eS|>JO Lucsol lien icsscNCc Plate XXXIV. OLD LATIN GOSPELS (St. Mark xiii. 2-11).— Early Sixth Century. (St. Gall, Chapter Library.) Fragments of the Gospels, of the " European " type, written in uncial letters. fTrnuicne6i6e nn eTDapri?jTu.<:}-ue- pn S4UJUsei?ir^ fJUUie|70HOHCl7P6l ^enii <>Arr»M.ADmp SiCH.^aiMeanijFr CRC^tHTJDU.SSUC. sequcHrui? imo fOiHrmeo^enio HMricieNi Fil|H ^UlSlOqueHJUR Houis scjtv^uirs ToUfHT rrsimop TlfeRUfnqut*M OflflHIHOWlUlS Hocccn Supra poHC^r CrceMf ADFDUMl (i6HS quiderorhs pos^r- cjUAmtPcuruscsr lUjs nrcrpiusesx iMCTiis eTset!>rrx& 6evTFr?Arn&T- /U| A U T em p R OT,e^ MARKVM. I :AiKrrfnAMeH Plate XXXV. OLD LATIN GOSPELS (St. Mark xvi. 16-20). Seventh Century. (Munioli, Koyal Library.) The four Gospels, of a transitional type between the '* European " and " Italian," written in uncial letters. ? 31C f <:T CON B eCY>NI cVBlT eA< Y> Vi€RH ^e A.I-J01 Re-T- ^ ^^ ODONiS;^"** Xyxj s sp s ex » c RI t^ fVBooooiNe-' A HD B U l,jVT p e R LOC/V A. Rd Oa., c| u/veRCNSKeg ui enc^er JSJ O M 1 KU ON 1^ TUNGOICIT U e. u e R r A. ri m^ ocn u ar> cneAO^ UNDeexitii .eru.ewieNSiNue>aiTe1^ uAC^.^JTeor) S.cop I sai u nT) fVT A.a>eT ORN»VTAa.l ^ TxiN cu JVOiTe rX^sufDiT s epT e rn fVJUi o s s ps s ecu CD N e g u 1 o R^se-^ er pi ti NTN Oxj I s s I m A. boa)iNisil,Lius Plate XXXVI. LATIN GOSPELS (St. Matthew xii. 42-45). — Sixth or Seventh Century. (British Museum, Harley MS. 1,775.) The four Gospels, of the version of Saint Jerome, written in uncial letters. '^ TURBXelNTRUeReNTINeUCTO UTXU<>I UCNT UeRRQCV OT eTipsesTM3\T secus stac^ncT cjeNesxReih exuiOiT (>uAS N\ues5T\NTes secussTAc^Nucn piscxTORcs xuTecoOiscesCe |:iANTeTUxUXB\NT RCTIX xscesOeNS A.uTecr> inunxcy> ? Nxuecr* quxecRXT sktdonis Ro9AuiTAUTea^ xre^nx Re<^uceRe pusiLLua> erseOcNS Ooccrxt ,":y;^CjToessxuiT A.uTecr> Lpqui Oixrrr x^sio^oiseci^ (>ac iNxUiTicD e-rLxxxReTTX UeSTI^lNCXpTURXCT:) eTRespOM^eNs skidoiv pRxecepTOR peRTOT\Ct> NOCTtXTO IXBORXNTeS Nibil^ cepimus IN ueRBo \aiiea>Tuo JLXXXBO RCTie excucn hoc pecisseNT Plate XXXVII. CODEX AMIATINUS (St. Luke v. 1-6). -About A. D. 700. (Plorenoe, Laurentian Library.) The Bible in Latin, of St. Jerome^s version, in uncial letters. The MS. was written by order of Ceolfrid, Abbot of Jarrow and Wearmouth in the kingdom of Northumberland, and was sent by him as a present to the Pope just before his death, a. u. 71G. It subsequently belonged to the Monastery of Monte Amiata, near Siena. «|»oiNs- syelNhlMlN^3^h^N^ M|;.t|>|Vl- h^(il|r^NSjVR^NJ^.^bflN|^SlN TeiNj^Nri|:nNshiM M(viyj^.r^- cj^h M:K6Tn NS t|> fs.Te ISK n K \NS sic;^ KKIUMIIINSMCMM- C3^hNlB|M^ ^^lsnNs^Nt|<^lSTm^N^;^l• ^l<^^M Kel^Ns^|:^)'jv^M^^lJl^^N• iiNTe i|>eiNjaiiT<(>ui6.KNrM<.Ai- c^jvhMJHi.s c,^hyll^\);ns¦|N^lylNs• ^MeN » ^NX6c)^^s<^l^^^exlif'M ^^^ nkm IzyIs^TT^^^YM!.s^^tjl^!.hm^N^7 iv}>CKB)ii NI ^|:^eTlv)>M iiMN /v K n I s 1 y^)<.^|:^6Tl^>Mlss^^>'6«s.lN.s¦|¦zy^ 'f^- fy.v, : >.v^J4'^Nble|:^sT^lv|^Nlyfvl|^ T ^)MljJsy^sYe^>^lMnT^NS^^^)c^^ I Plate XXXVIII. GOTHIC GOSPELS (St. Matt. vi. 9-16).- Sixth Century. (Upsala, TTuiversity Library.) Portions of the Gothic Version of the Gospels by Ulfilas or Wulfilas, Bisliop of the Moesian Goths, who died A. D. 388. The MS. is written in uncial letters in silver and gold on purple vellum, and Ie known as the " Codex Argenteus." <^^n (jQ^icuTnuenTsse^ occph ocRncarm ODCcessCTurutr-QUTtn anaxhTncccoxipieottl f"*^ ODdpetRom 6s3pDeRuJ Tn ocn fSen-u estER. uou SoLuTtrditJmiidiTncL carreaccm QxxiTn nrcRocsserdoTnii' pROjeueiiTtTtiJTn i ns Dicens QuTOti6i umetuRsimon RCt^XERRoc&ajqui o*. cxcapiinjtrXRi oiTCU ueLcensuTTi GCp6is suis GCuqmctZjds .J 'Ire- cue-i K^ Half3ioii5i'>»7 ea tleT)pat7r]dbciZieTiis 'DpatnUnlrs CRTD . Plate XXXIX. THE LINDISFARNE GOSPELS (St. Matt. xvii. 24-27).— A. D. 698-721. (British Museum, Cotton MS. Nero D. iv.) The four Gospels in Latin, of St. Jerome's, version, in halt-uncial letters. The MS. was written by Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne, in honour of his predecessor St. Cuthbert, who died A. d. 698. An interlinear Anglo-Saxon gloss in the Northumbrian dialect was added in the tenth century. ?^ lf V^ F*T mi^gode.-|go^ ^cer p -|nanpir^n£C|'gerpapliC7btrmnktm. ^* 1>ce|r Uy; jjeonliT re-pojiKr y<^'-S ti^ pcet* •manna; ieolxcr'^ leo{rcUlxr;(m^ytp.u . <^Tid|?y'|Tpof n&ernartiOTi^. Q^ann-pcer |2|iaTobe#i|Tcn3-|7a leolrtc^^ealte- men jjupli KNnere{vt^cm.«S4tCj^keieofTC-ac Uoltcr; ^od leote-'pcer.'p onUKtrcelcne- CMtnendnr man oTi|nrne-nii3^n eaji^. kepccr onmi^^an eon^e- -i mt^^an ecip2> lxerreT)0]ilTr|?u?ilT ViinCr.-jTni^^anenji^ liinetierecnepp; ToKirtJ^enu Wcom- kjrvlcc- ipalwnerun^e]^ -pergon .Ke-yiBaiL icr hTan]^ea6 ^ipftjion go^epbea|vnl?5 Jj^dbh:adonmrnanian'|7ane'|NiTr a- ccnne3eo|:blodii • ncc?pyiefpa1iym bebbbpn fc^^^hahi^^^an^ztm ^^ce^on-htapa^oti onapum |iiccum . vh-hxi^on tc^tr O'^duinaanlaniitr, yvnyzv hcet pe|wIon fnTi^TiI^o|tJ>E|-5ofe,o^[>f hy|-j^Bol^on.- ^pcpliir ^Hrc"' oci-l^ini -pefef uhir mio ^n?E^- •Bocjxrf^ ht^n£ tP^^ cpccdoti ^ ^tb ipi Ii^atn |^4tc,htr tnt& tr^n^p^ brohp mw |)cop , ^ J^rontJO/ of^ne" Plate XLI. .iELFRIC'S PENTATEUCH, &c. (Genesis xliv. 3-12). — Early Eleventh Century. (British Museum, Cotton MS, Claudius, B, iv.) Tlie Pentateuch and Book of Joshua, partly translated and partly epitomised by .^Ifric, Archbishop of Canterbury, who died A. D. lOOG. i»)juevc l>our yftt 19 notmji-Trc i W Imw air cntlt \&it' grtte vottrfci'rjBC I; c\o)>.\)Cto>» Aft m a?ft\) atati;)/ V^ 1^1^^ rtjicmttiytiO ieaiivgoD.tii>^SOt). incrtCutneof ttim (tonOrgcftl)ontt. Ijm^ugtrCfvtrn/loo l/ertqjivJ^lJ^/ g^ \«iv vtfhrg^l- vttttfffc at?otitt to ii frc^ct.r(?« \\?c ;if ijrl;^ cowc fintp to Itmi D5il/fMC6veipr»ftSitct? voict iV^Wt ofvetempttt^tittm totuw* ctntimo if5nigerei^>tr!)c ftote cxicii fl|tnfr»fi)ivo tpttsfpcVflO Oi^cOrCfir/ vvti]> vi^nimi \Uft«^5o00t^foiie/ravlp ho afeirn mongc vmM^ttBftrmwtf iiiflivtclont ?^tnftnc pf ^mncs yclctir, t tiiotnr of ^ofq)!) tCfllomtt/t^&l)mic ijrciuns mgnmcryn folnmtcnMn. t m>n)^ftntcn tolnfn ? ^ wftTTVC w wj)^ men VRfrtogpif ftn^rtcnirpi^inln Plate XLII. WYCLIF'S BIBLE (St. Mark xv. 33^1). — Late Fourteenth Century. (British Museum, Add. MS. 15,580.) The earlier "Wyclifite translation, which was completed about the year 1382. fi'5intc/tt?bi4)faIifronu{)crcrtiafI / 5e ^\ttdtl)e/cvcubc\yrcfuZri!:>hcvt>cus^Mveae> itiaa tiew^cletpcn«tb«t famct)>mc. CZ^cn3efi}& rociitfttraye from t^cjict/ anb cam tiy< »nM tj)c' fet of galy Ic/an> tpcnt vppe in to a ntotirayne/anb fat bo^ un(t|)cr(. 2(nbtiicc^e peopkcaih vnto^);nt ^arj^n^e tvit^ tbcm/^alr/bIj?nS«/&oft)/iiKiymcb/ anb otbtr many; anb ca(l tbcm bonne at 3efii6fctc. 2.'n&^c |)cal«bf|>cm/mfo mcc^e t^ar t^c people roonbrcb /to fc t^e bofn fpcafc /t^t niayme^ whole /anb tbe^altto 00/ t^cblyribetofe/ anb glcryfycbtjje gobofifra^el. j'afi>!»i'.j[3bf(ue calkbbi6bifcip[c0 to ?»im anbfaybe; J^ave contf *'9' paflion on t^c people/be canfetbcyjjapecontjjnneb tritb me noroe itj.bayes/anbbavenotbinge toe«te;anb3ttjyI[not[et tbem bcpartc fafiingc Icfic t^ey per-y\\pt in t^e t»«yc.2(nb bi» bifciple&faib vnto^im:\r^ece f()ulb tre 0et fo mod^e brceb in t^(n>)^(beme»aef^uIbcfuff)i>fe^o0reateanlu(tltube:fAnb3<^fudfaib^vntotbe: botremany(ove«f)<^ve)>c :f onbt^e)* (eybe: (ere anb a fearce fy(|J>ee.3nb ^c cdtnaunbebt^c people toOt SoHncontbe0rounbcan&toFet|)efe»elore»/anbt{>cfyfJbea <^nb {live tbanFf / cirib brafe t bcm/anb gave to ^y« bifapicft/ cnb I;yebifdplc60arel^ctot^e people. 2(nbtbeyalIate/an^ were fu jfyfcbonb t^ey toFe rppc of t^e b:of e meate tbat »«• lefte vitj.ba6FettfulL£j)ey tbat ate were iiii. fcTl. men/ btfybe tremcn ani) (!^ylbren.^nb|>efent airayc t^e pcople/«nb tcfc f{>yppeAnbcannntot^epartiedofma0bala: «,.r i^^n>nt mm to bim titt tidarifra — T*'* Ij^^l'wttb t^cfabuceft aI(o /anbbyb tepte bi'm / bcfvr* ***•*' ll^^H|'"0«t^** ^twck>cit>cwc tbe feme fygne fro ^cf ye faye/we ftallbaoe fayre webber.anbtbatbecaufetbe (iFye yfireeb:ii tbe niornigetyefaye/tobayefbalbefoulc webber/s X«(W|.t^atbccaMf<(^tffytt^c fofittcanbt^moo HI ftnl>.;i. (Carres niabc obayfaunce to mc,2ln^ ve^m ^e ^ja^tol^ it cnro j^ie father nnx> l^ia bi£t\)etnl\>ie father rebufe^ bim ant> faybtun* to {)iiti:w&«t mtAnti^t^is. "bxeame TO|)jf ^ t^oa ^flftt>?fame& :f?)' mot^n-anM^ bjctl)«n come anb fall on tl^ie 0rMJ^^e bcfott tbc^ranb ^ie b:«t^crn Jjateti^tm/ but ^is flw J^er iiottfe t^fayn^e, ^is b:et|)rcn went to Eepe t^eir fatbcra fljepe *n ©if|)cm/ant) SNfffTay^c B"to 3ofepb;'>o iioti^b:etf)ernfcpcin(:5id?cm7come t|ait 3 iflfly fcn5 y to t^£. 2Jnt> be anfcrereb {)ere am 3 2t»it>beO»y^s>"fol)imrjjoo anb fee w^etber It be trctF Witt) t ^y Icetbren mi* t^e fbcpe/oi* l):yn0emet«>oibceg«yn«:anbfmt^im Out of t^e caleof ^ebwn/foj ro cjo ro^c^ni. 2(nti a ccrtayncmftn founbe ^tm wantayi}^ ^r of ^16 wjyc in tbe fcl&e/ao ajreb ^tm trt)at ^tfou0^te.2fnb ^eanfEPcrcbrg felt my bie^ t^jcn/tefl me 3p:ayc t|)etP^eretbf ytcpe fi)fp« 2Inbt^cm«nf^ybc/f^fj><;reb£part(bbcfe/fo: gbcrbc tfjem (ay /let do goo unto eorf^an. Cttje went 3o(ep^ after ^le b:ct^.n/jiib fo» iMibe tfcem in ©ot^an, a nf> DO^f <^e]^ fatre ^«m a farr of befb:e ^e fame tfttbem/tbey toFe councefFagaynfi^im/ fe j.ro Hey bim/anb layb* one to anotber/B*^ ^Ibet^ie ti:canj/fomfcB«i»ftn& /e| Plate XLIV. TINDALE'S PENTATEUCH (Gen. xxxvii. 9-20)-- A. D. 1530. (British Museum, C. 23. a. 2.) cfjyrtff ifltOnrfyntfgogf6/ana piesc^ynge^ cofpfffof t^fiftyngOowe/ ttno ^feO aff md* nrtofficfeHf6'(iattmttnct>6yfrt«ff6 amSge ^ Btopfe.^n& f>i& fttmcfpier b aSioobf t^xougl) ontrnffjfein'a. ^nb t^q- 6:ong^t rnfo ^ym affffcfeepeopff t^t trete takn) witf^ Oircrs btffafee (f grtpmgf /(I t^ero v 'coete po|fe|Tei> ttft^ brDif6/(j t^off 'a>()icf} ¦were fumityfee/ani> t^ofet^f ^b tl)c paffir:? P^e^eateb t^?,Znf> t^f tfbfoweb'^ytn a greate nom6ie of peopfe/ from CatiUi tanb from t^f tei) cyf fee / anb f^om7rmfaffm,'«nbfrom3luty/attb fromy tegtoit6 tffttt fye iefoniie "^oiban. CTOf-T'-C^ptft. " * 21 ^JT^ IpQen^' fowf tfiepropfe/^e wentflp ^Wl ff t/^6 btfcipfce came to Qym/onb Ije vi^tneb Rv6 moHtl)e/ anb taught tOem fay» tftgeiBfefTebflretJ^eporrein fpxctcrfM theirs f ub.'0j.> I'etOe feyngbome of ^err^. Bfeffrbare t^fy t^at moincfoi t^y f^af 6f confoite b. iBfr (Tfb rtrrtf^emrftr. foit^ey fflaff mfterrtfftf (xtf). JBfeftcb are t^eyw^fcl^ longer anb f^urfl foi CouenttS tigOteiccefttesrfoit^eyfiiafeffifieb. BfcffeO tee. «rre ^ mero'fnflifoj tRey ffiaff o6tey«e nutry. J6fe(Tf&are tfiepure it) ^ette.-foxt^cy %aX fe IBob . JBferfeb are t^e peacemakers : fot tncyfJ)af6ecflftfbtaecRyfbienof0ob.J6fef : tie.iiii.c feh ate tf^evxo^ic^ fuffre prtfecuciS foj rig^t. tcefnes fa^e : fot tfieirs ye t^e feyngbome of Reuei) . 36fe(feb ate ye n>Rf») men reuyfc pon/anb perfecuteyou /anb f^fafffy fa? ¦iTituHWpr of jTvr^ f^F^Sffi «»;gaynft you foiimp Plate XLV. TINDALE'S NEW TESTAMENT (St. Matt. iv. 23-v. 11). A. D. 1534. (British Museum, C. 23. a. 8.) This copy is printed on vellum, and belonged to Queen Anne Boleyn. C^eXI.C^flpter. ignOetby vytjile6 0«crtl;c waters, 4nt) |o fi?4lt t^ou fynt)c t^e txfuv ni.; ny yc4rc8. (5cue tt rt tvrt^e nmon^e |c uettot ci'g^t, |«i t|)Ou titowefl not n?^atmi|c yy (l^rtl come vpo c «?^e f tre fallet^, (wbct|>eir ft betowrtr fest^efoutl; Oi ncit^)m w^Atplacefo cuer it f(tU,t^cre It lyet^. /jc t|>Atrcg4r&ctl> ;? iv>y»i ^e, (l7rtl not foxve: ijnb ^c t^at ^<:ttl; rcjpecte rnto tl;e clonics, P?«l not rcitpc. tTon? life flOt^Oit tnowcfl nottl)c Wityeof t^e wyi;- fec,ner^ow y bortcs are fyllet>m<^ mothers jvcmbc: ^ucn fot^ou t'nOwefJnott^e «?oj tes of <&ot>,w^tcb i5t^ctt?0jHem4ffer ofrtll. j^ <£eafe net tt)out|)crfoje wit^ ti>y ^an- fcestofOwet^yfe&Cjiv^ctl^eh'tbem ^ mo? nyngeojmt^c encnynjetfozt^ou tnotwcf^ not tt?^et^cr t^fs o: t^^t ft}nH pjOfpere,7 yf t^cybot^t4fc,it fot^c better. C^cltcf^t 15 f«5ctc,7 be^Ut) in tbetii an,(et Ijim re membjet^cb^yes of t>4rcF nefle, xvb^id-} ^iXl be nirtny:r w^m t|>ey comc,rtll twinges P74r be bnt »«nite . 25c gkt> t^en ( Ut t\)im bert b c mC' ry I'ntby yongebayes : folowe tb^ wrtyes of tb'wc owncbert , 4rtt> tbe luft of tbf ne eyes: botbe tbou fttrc,tb«t (So^ f^fll bii'nge tbe W tombgmentfo: rtllt^efetbtngee. Plate XLVI. COVERDALE'S BIBLE (Eccles. xi. 1-9). — A. D. 1535. (British Museum, C. 18. o. 9.) .iteneD;3iambarDcat6eat^ei3bo?e.*^ uta ttfn* iteneD;3iamqaro«; atetaiin» wf*.. unt ttttu 3'ibaueDifceaueDno ntS/yet mutt fye anbtcytnea ii^^Jrarne ef e cotmne m fteurncflie.flD "^^"^f "X C^^e/an8 fet me bv t^e-.tobo Qjall tjen K „?» be able to tbnift «^P banoeg togetberrcbou of toi)B torrca> DafltDttiJDolDcn tbeirUertesfrobnijerQan^bt^ bisuiouQe fivnae / t^etfo?e (ball t^e^notbe fett up on «?^^ JE°";'^« Rep%m/fetUbP3 ftentitgpamof ^pg '"^./5e,u!,.b 5000 /but Dig atone cbrlD?e fpeoe ft. 3^ baib -^ maoe me a? it toere a bptoo?oe of t^e comon people, lam lirsJ geftrns^ ftocfieamonge tbe si^pcountenauncetiStieuvfo? berpan« oer/ 5 tbe memb^esi of mp boDp are become mt a QjaDoto.mertuouS mene^ecfo?c Iball^ toell confpD;e t^tff/5 tije innocent (ball tafic<* parte agavna tberpocute. C^e rvg^teou?! topll liepe biiS toa?e/ 9 be tbatbatb cieane ^SDeg/topll euet be Crogec 9 aronget.3C!5 fo?F!U/t«tne pcu/ eget^oii bcnce / fo^^i can not Ce onetD^fe mSamogc ?ou.^¥DapC!3 arc patt / mr t^ougtjteg are tanyflbeoatDape/ tDbPcbbaneteiceDmrne bette/cbaungtnge tbe nrgl)t m to uare/ anD ^ ^ ligbttntoDarchnep.cbougbl tan?neuE«; fomocb/rct§grauei0mpbcuCe/anl)5fmutt mabc mv bED in tlje Darcbe. "T call co?mpci3 mFfatber/5tbetoo?mE0call5mpmotUcr^ rtipCpftet. a^'batbelpetbtbenmp longe taa tyengei €>?/tobo topll fulfill ^ tbpnge/tbaC 5 loBe to;-^M ti)at% ^am 1 (ball go uotone in to tbe pptt/anD Ipc tottb me in tbe fiuCt. Plate XLVII. MATTHEW'S BIBLE (Job xvii. 1-15). — A. D. 1537. (British Museum, C. 37. 1. 14.) OP MOSES. DEVrER.ONOMrVM. Ll X X r 1 1 1. vomt toomen , and tbt fatltelpngcs.tDifb tbe mcnof gtcpcbtWM. 3 banc Dttctmineb to fcattec tOem tt);otoe out c^e vuotlDe , anD to abolpfSie mm name ttom amonge men , but fo? tbcp? fncmpcfl taufe 3 ^auc fojbotne tl)C, If cQ toepi aDuctiatUB tooioe taUc bpon tOfm anb fapr : ouc Upe ^anoe OatOe bone all t^Qcfe too>l»c0,anDnott(jciLo»Oc. fot It 18 a nation ttjat mb no fojf t aO, anb batU no tonbcttJanDpng m tbtm : 3 tooio (Ocp tocte topft.anb bnbctQobe toWianb toolD ton ftocttbcu latter enbe. „„„,h»r«,<. ©otoc tt tommtti? , t&at one Qjall tftafe a fbouianbe.anb ttoo put ten tboufanb ot tocm toflFBbtc-.buttUattOepl o6 tjatOcioulDe tO«n, anb bytauft ibtTLot^i DatU fipwcn tocm if oj BUI cocb (8 not ae tfictt totb,no tbougb out tncmpcs be tuogcJiBut tOf P? bP"' ^ "fj't tbebpnea of fl>obom,anb of tt)t telbes of ©o mojta.Sbeu gcapca ate aiapgs of gal,* toe»t Jluftet8bebptt«. %dep;toipne(s tbe popfon of Dragons, ans tbe tcneii gal of abbtcs.i^te not (utbetDuiges lapb in Oo;e toitb me, ano feaUD bp amongea mp tiearutef i Ji^&Bngeaunce (» mpne . anb 3 Plate XLVIII. TAVERNER'S BIBLE (Deut. xxxii. 25-35, 47-xxxiii (British Museum, 4. c. 5.) peCdall pnolongepoutbapes m(l)clant)eU>b< Cbcc pe go ouct ^lotban to conqucte (t. sa«ib tbe iIo;d fpahc bnto &io(se. (be Tame bape.faptng : gcrtoc bp m to t^ts mountapnc Slbarim. bnto mount j^t bo , tobitbc ie tn tlje ftnbcoffl^oaboutiagapnQJeritljo.anDbP S^aMnom boioe tlje lanDt of Canaan toUulje J gpuc bn» I'P,^I'*° "*°'* to tu« cIjplD»cn of JCeaelto pofft ac.anD bpc (n w"'""^ tbe mouncc abicbc tbou got(l bpon , anb be tbou put bnto t(jp people: 98 aaronttipb)09 (bee bpeb in mounte ?^o} , anb teas put bnto bt8 people.^o; pe tt(Q)ar(b agama me among tbctbplb;cnof3(taeiat tbetoatne ofQcpfe, at £abc8 (n t^e toilbetnetlit of Ztn -.bttaure pe balotocb me not amonge t^c ct}tlb;en of 3fca« cl.Sbou ibalt fe tbe lanb before f be,but tbon (balte not goo bnto t^e lanDe xottUHt J gpue tt)ecbFl&ienof3iirca(K Chores bpinse bkaeili aU t^e trplies of HCtacb CAP I. XXXIII. Tfe(8(Bfbcble(rpngitobetto Capingc s 1.) — A. D. 1539. CEIie.jcjc.CIjapter. fSbejebta is tptbcsteceaued) tl)c fpsae oiijii bealt^. e ceceauctb cetDacOes of 35enoD3Cb,$ is cep>ebenoel» ^by becaute be (bttbeo b^nt tbe ttesTuce.S^c Dpetd aiiD iinanal&b b^s bnne capgnetb (n b(S (tcaDe. JBoutetbattpmctoasi l^eje^ bia fpcbe>3ntotbc Deetb. 3lnl> tbe p?opbete 3fav tbe f onnc of 3mo5 came to l)im,anD fapDc lt»nto !)i: '€:l)usi faptb p Lo^Dc; _ 9+ put tjjpneftouffboltiein an _ ;ou l^alt Die, anb not Ipue . 3llnli I^e^eb lLo?li,cememb?e bora 5 baue raalUcb be= fo;ie tt)e in tructb anD uiitba pccfecte |)trte,$ |)aue Done ttjatrabicb i0 gooD m tljp fp0t)t> anD I^ejf feia toeptefo^c. 3anD it fo^tuneDtbat »* afO(ie 3faptua!5 gone out intopmyDDleof pcourte,^\X)o;iDc of p ioJD came to oi, fapeng:turne agapnc, anD tell l^e^efeta tbe captapne of mp people: %l^ii9i ^aytt^ tbe io?D (l5oD of ^auiD tijp fa= 25 tber.l baue l)erD tl)p pzapct , 9 fene tbp tea* refl!.3nD bebolDe.J mllficale tbe,(o ttiat on t})e tIjirD Dap^fJ Qjalt 50 tjp into ti)e boufe of p Lo?D. 3[lnD 3 toill aDDe tjnto t^p DapexJ pet f pftene pearcanD iXJill Delpuer tje 9 tl)i!S t^tit out of tbe^anD of tI)ebpnseof 3ffp= na,f ujpU DcfenDe tlJisf cttie f 0? mpne arane fake,f fo;M)auiDmpferuauntcsifake. ZnH Plate XLIX. THE GREAT BIBLE (2 Kings xx. 1-7).— A. D. 1539. (British Museum, C. 18. d. 1.) Aul'an Apoftlcf apt "of mSnjnether/by i" nia>buc byiESVS CHRIST, and God cbe Father w hathe raifed him from the dead) And all the brethren wr are with me, vnto y Churches of Galatia: Grace be with you and peace from God the Father, &/r(imour Lord kfusChnft, Which gauehim felffor our finnes, that he might deliuer vs ' from this ' prefent euilworlde according cothewil of God euen our Father, To whome be glojiefor euerand euer, Amen. or our 6 Imarucilethatyeiirefo&neremoueda- wayvBtoanother"6ofpel, from him that had called you in the 4'grace of Chrift, 7 Which is not another Go/pel, faue y there be fotne which trouble you,and mtende to « peruerc the Go/pel of Chriit. g But thogh that wc, or an 'Angel from heauen pte^che vnto you other wife , the thiT which we haue preached vnto you,let himbe."accurfcd.. As wefaidbefore/o fay I nowagafne.If anie man preache vnto you otherwife,the f ye hauereceiued^let him be accurled. For 5 now preache I mans do(bine, or. Gods.^or go I abouttopleafemen.iforiF I fhulde yet pleaie men,I were not the fer uant ofChrift. t'yZi'.'nX^" •Nowlcertifieyou,brethreo,.that the fcjrmji auroii Giofptl whjch was prcached of me i wai lie do I prci* * f . ' chcit not alter'' man. uts.f.t. It For nether receiued I it of man, nether i.dm«ic'i't« was I taught it, but by the • reueJation of le'Tr lefus Chrift. k Ti.Ven.orJ IJ For ye haue heard ofmytonuerfation in LwofGod A time pafte.inthelcwiflircligio.how that Iperfecutedthe'Church of Oodcxtre- Titt,s- t ¦ For God ii ihc ftt)ptf)? bopce \i)iU) potbec ^ cl)ou p^eacDei; 3^iecufaletti,lv& bp Ibtt^out feace, 9 lap bnto t!)e cities ofShtoa riaebolDe fouc <150D, Plate LI. THE BISHOPS' BIBLE (Isaiah xl. 3-9). — A. D. 1568. (British Museum, 469. g. 7.) Cha. xiii. OF THE ¦ Sdrieif I a»ii^^ii APOSTLES. JI7 ND there were in the Charch which vvasat Antiochc.ProphetsaiidDoaors,, among whom was Barnabas, & Simon that was called Niger.and Lucius^of Cy- rene,and Manahen vvho^was the fofter- brother of Herod the Tetrarch, and SaiiL t And 'as they .were "miniftiing to our Lord,and fafting.ihc holy Ghoft faid r^Separafe me iau! and Barnabas vnto the worke , whereto I haue taken them. t Then they ° farting and praying,and " impofing hands vpo them, dimilled them. t And they being'Tentoftheholy Ghoft, wentto Se- leucia.and thence failed to Cypres, t And when they were come to Salamina, they preached the word of God in the fyn.ngogsof the lewes.And they hadlohnalfoin their mi« 6 niftcrie. t And when they had walked through out the whole iiand as farrc as Paphos , they found a ceitaine man that wasamagician,afalfe-prophete,a lew, whofe name 7 was^ Bar-ic(u', f who was with the Proconful Sergius Paulus a wife man. He fending for Barnabas & Saul, 8 defired to heare the word of God. t But Eiymas the magician ( for fo is his name interpreted) refifted them,feeking to auerc 9 the Proconful from the faith, t But Saul, othcrwife Paul, 10 replcnifhcd with the holy Ghoft,lookin'g vpon him, t faid: O ful of al guile, and al deceit , fonne of the deuil, enemie of aliuftice,thou ceafeftnotto fubuert the right vvaies of our 11 Lord, t Andnowbtholdthehandof our Lord vpon theCj and thou fhalt be blind, not leing thefunne vncil atime.And .• forthwith there fel dimneire.and daikenefl'e vpon him , and' going about he fought fome body that would giue hiiu his 12 hand, t Then the Proconful,wiien he had fecn that which vvasdone,beIeeucd,maruelingattbe doftrinc of our Lord. IJ t And when Paul and they that were with him had failed! from Paphos ,thcy came to Perge in Pamphylia. And lohre 14 departing from them, returned to Hieiufalen]. t But they paffing through Perge.cameto Antioche in Pilidia :anden- tringincothcfynagogueonthe day of theSabboths , they fate dovvne. t And after the lefTon of the Law and thcPro- phets,the princes of the Synagogue fent to them, faying,Meii brcthren,if there be among you any fermon of exhortation DO thcpeople,fpeakc. And 15 Plate LII. THE KHEIMS NEW TESTAMENT (Acts xiii. 1-15).- (British Museum, 1,008. o. 9.) -A. D. 1582. il50 3 faXDe vo^tn tfte liambe openeo one of tge feaies,anii3li)eartia$a tbere tt)enotte of t})nnoer> one of tl)e foure beades, fapmis, Come ano fee. z Znn 3 fatti, ano Oe!)olO, aiCbl)ite Do;tfe, ano l)ee tt)at fate on l)tm Dao a l)ott)e , ano a crotone KDag giuen t)nto t)tm,ano Dee tbent foo;ttt) conquettng, anotoconcinere* 3 ::ano toDen Dee Dao openeo tfte (e^ conofeaie,3il D^aro tD^lecono beadfap, ComeanD&e* 4 :^no tDete iDent out anotljec Ijo^fe tDat toajg tto : ano potbet ibas gtuento Dtni tDat fate thereon to tal^e peace from t^e earti), ano t^at tDe^ Cl)ouio Mi one anotDet: anb tDere iDaiS! giuen t)(ito Dim a great ftoo;tO. Plate LIII. KING JAMES'S BIBLE: "AUTHORISED VERSION' (Rev. vi. 1-5). — A. D. 1611. (British Museum, 466, i. 6.) tHsb ftHdttk Gtdi 'Wtftdersinthe ereathft. Psalms. His frovidenie, - IO ^Hefendeth the fprings into the vallies, jj I will fing nntothe Lor d as long as I J.......' ° which + run among the hills. live : I will fing praife unto jny God , while I Wt''' I ' They give drink to every beaft of the have my being. rVb field: the wild aflesf quench their third. 34. My meditation of him Ihall befweet : I ** II By them (hall the fowls of the heaven will ba glad iniheL o R D have their habitation , mWf/s t fing among the jf Let the fin ncrs be confumed out of the i"*' branches. earth, and let the wicked be no more :' bleft ^'" * 15 He watereth the hills from his chambers: thouthe Lord, O my foul. Praife ye the the earth is fatisfied with the fruit of thy L o R d. works. P S A L C V 14 Hecaufeththegrafstogrowforthecat- * o n fe. . tel, and herb tor tue lerviceot man . tndt uc G,rf,,„.„(^„„oOTry«*ra4.jm, if..>frtdilimriKSlblIfrtihirs ,iy tyir ite Ifrstlml may bring torthtooa out 01 ine eartn K/4,r;;£/„,./,iy„,/.„,7,^,;««^toC.»«;,. ,,. ,f And* wiaethit maketh glad the heart of *• ' ' '! "man.and + oil tomake /xVfacetofhine, and /^ » Givethanksuntothe Lord ;call upon, _^^^_^^ L":';/" bread wA./c/jftreng.heneth mans heart. ^liis name: make known his deeds among ,«_f. '""/'?' 16 The trees of the Lorb are full of thepeople. iu " ' o7«,7' /^s; the cedars of Lebanon which he hath 1 Sing unto him, fing pfalms unto htm: tall^ """'¦ planted ye ofali his wondrous works. 17 Where the birds make their nefts: as for j Glory ye i* his holy name: let the heart of the ftork, the fir-trees are her houfe, them rejoice that feek the L o R d. 18 The high hills are a retuge for the wild 4 Seek the L o r o , aod hisarengtb : lecK poats ;cobhijebfifeD, TbsMt do'' Plate LIV. THE FIRST OXFORD BIBLE (Psalms civ. 10-20, 33-35 ; cv. 1-6). — A. D. 1675. Plate LV. EGYPTIAN GODS AND GODDESSES. AMEN, father of the gods. PTAH, the Creator. RA, the Sun-god. THOTH, scribe of the gods. Plate LVI. EGYPTIAN GODS AND GODDESSES (coniinucd). OSIRIS, judge of the dead. ^TO^ The goddess The goddess SEKHET, NEITH, the Weaver. the Sun-flame. HAPI, the god of the Nile. Plate LVII. AMEN-HETEP III, king of Egypt about B. C. 1500, offering incense before the Ark of the god Amen-Ra, the king of the gods. (From a bas-relief at Thebes.) Plate LVIII. EGYPTIAN EMBALMERS BANDAGING A MUMMY. EGYPTIAN EMBALMERS PAINTING A MUMMY. (From an Egyptian wall-painting.) i>m Plate LIX. 1. MUMMY OF RAMESES II, king of Egypt. — About B. C. 1330. (Probably the great Pharaoh of the oppression of the Jews.) 2. WOODEN COFFIN OF RAMESES II. (Museum at G!zeh.) V^. .i^a i .-, — J PL.4TE LX. MUMMY OF RAMESES III, king of Egypt. — About B. C. 1200. (1) With the outer covering, and (2) with the outer covering removed and showing the bandages. (Museum at Gizeh.) Plate LXI. EGYPTIAN SEPULCHRAL BARGE. (From a wall-painting in an Egyptian tomb.) Plate LXII. JUDGEMENT-SCET^E FROM THE PAPYRUS OF ANI.- About B. C. 1400. The weighing of the heart in the Hall of Double Truth in the presence of Osiris the judge of the dead. (British Museum papyrus, No. 10,470.) 12 II IO 9 876 5 Above are the twelve gods and goddesses : (1) Harmachias, {'2) Tmu, (3) Shii, (4) Tefiiut, (5) Seb, ((j) Nut, (7) Isis, (8) Nephthya, (0) Horus, (10) Hathor, (11) Hii, and (12) Sa. Tlie heart of Ani is being weighed against the feather, emblematic of Law. On tlie right of the balance kneels the jackal-headed god (fi) Anubis, scrutinizing tlie tongue of the balance, and on the left are (1) Ani'.s "Luck" or " Dnstiny," the goddesses (2) Me.qklienet, and (3) Reiieiiet, who pre sided over liis birth and in fancy, his soul (5) in the form of El human-headed bird, and a human-headed object or ' mesk-hen tamua, ready to devour the heart if found too light. 9 32541 6 .^ , ^ , ^ . t^> '^'"'^^' '« thought to be connected with his place of birth. Behind Anubis (I'.) stands the ibis-headed god (7) Thoth the scribe of the gods, having h.s palette and vee.l to record the result of the weighing, and by hia side atands the beast called (S) Ameniet, part crocodile, part lion part hippopo fn« i.nruf The scrlbe Ani (9) and Tutu (10) his wife are present with bowed heads. 12 3 465 Plate LXIII. JUDGEMENT-SCENE FROM THE PAPYRUS OF ANI. — About B. C. 1400. Ani led into the presence of Osiris by Horus. (British Museum papyrus. Wo. 10,470.) 1 Ani the scribe. 2. The god Horus. 3. Ani kneeling before a table of offerings. 5. The goddess Isis. G. The goddess Nephthys. 4. The god Osiris. Plate LXIV. THE SOUL REVISITING THE BODY. Vignette from the papyrus of Ani, about B. C. 1400, showing Ani's soul, in the form of a human-headed bird, revisiting the raummied body on a bier in the tomb. (British Museum papyrus, No. 10,470.) Plate LXV. •'THE FIELDS OF PEACE" OF THE EGYPTIANS. Vignette from the papyrus of Ani. — About B. C. 1400. (British Museum papyrus, Wo. 10,470.) Plate LXVI. NAMES of EGYPTIAN KINGS mentioned in the Bible. I. m (MM ^- CMmvl Suten net Usr-maat-Ra, se-Ra, Ra-messu meri (or Bat) setep-en-Ra, son of Amen. King of the the Sun, (J?ameses //.) North and South. King of the Kheper-sekhet-Ra, son of Shashanq meri Amen. North and setep-en-Ra, the Sun, (Shishak.) South, King of the North Nefer-ka-Ra, son of the Sun, Shabaka. and South, {Sabaco.) King of the Ra-nefer-Tem-Khu, son of the Strn, Taherq. North and {Tirhakah.^ South, ^- M (3M\ ^ CmEI King of the North Nem-ab-Ra, son of the Sun, Nekau. and South, {Necho.) C3SI ¥ C gTO^ King of the North Ha5-ab-R5, son of the Sun, Uah-ab-Ra. and South, {Hophra.) 1 The group o£ characters in this oval forms the prenomen. "^ The group of characters in this oval forms the nomen. io>i^ue Plate LXVII. RAMESES II, king of Egypt. — About B. C. 1330. (Prom the Memnonium at Thebes.) Plate LXVIII. RAMESES II, king of Egypt, about B. C. 1330, attacking the allied forces of the nations of Northern Syria before a fortified city. (From the Memnonium at Thebes.) Plate LXIX. RAMESES II, king of Egypt, about B. C. 1330, slaughtering the rebel nations of Western Asia, in the presence of the god Horus, the slaughterer. (From the Memnonium at Thebes.) Plate LXX. STRANGERS COMING INTO EGYPT. (From a tomb of the twelfth dynasty, about B. C. 2400, at Beni-hasan in Upper Egypt.) '^^.^^^^^^^^^^y^^^^..^^^.^^^..^^.^.^^^.^y^y.^^^y^'' Plate LXXI. EGYPTIAN GRANARIES. (From a wall-painting in a tomb at Thebes.) Plate LXXII. EGYPTIAN BRICKMAKERS. 1. Bringing water from a pool. 2. Mixing the mud. 3. Carrying prepared mud. 4. Moulding bricks. 5. Laying the bricks in rows. 6. Workman mending his mud-hoe. 1. Overseers or taskmasters. 2. Carrying bricks with a yoke and cords. 3. Returning with empty yoke. 4. Carrying and depositing mixed mud for the moulder. (From a wall-painting in a tomb at Kurna.) Plate LXXIII. UNBAKED BRICK, made of Nile mud and chopped straw, stamped with the prenomen of Rameses II, /¦ ^^1 o~~N king of Egypt, Usr-maat-Ra, setep-en-Ra { O Jifli;'^ — » 1 (about B. C. 1330). V I gl^ww^^ (From brick Ifo. 6020 in the British Museum.) W" "^^agliiikf?^^ ^"-4,^;^ (^J^i Plate LXXIV. EGYPTIAN FISHING SCENE. (From a tomb of the twelfth dynasty, about B. C. 2400, at Beni-hasan in Upper Egypt. L ^r: ^m ^^t: V Plate LXXV. DOCUMENT ON PAPYRUS, FROM EGYPT, in the form of a roll bound round with strips of papyrus and sealed with two clay seals ; of the Grseeo-Roman period. (British Museum.) Plate LXXVI. EGYPTIAN TABLE OF OFFERINGS, Laden with a haunch of beef, fruits, flowers and cakes. The vessel to the right of the support contains a drink-offering. (From a waU-painting in a tomb.) EGYPTIAN CHAIR OF STATE. The human figures represent captives of conquered nations. (From a wall-painting in a tomb.) Plate LXXVII. EGYPTIAN SANDALS, made of papyrus. — About B, C. 1000. (British Museum.) EGYPTIAN COLLAR OR BREASTPLATE. About B. C. 1300. (From a wall-painting in a tomb.) Plate LXXVIII. THE GODDESS HATHOR, the lady of Thebes, presenting a collar to Seti I, king of Egypt. — About B. C. 1370. Plate LXXIX. EGYPTIAN HARPER. (From a wall-painting in a tomb at Thebes.) Plate LXXX. EGYPTIAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 1. Flute. 2. Cymbals. 3. Bell. i. Sistrum. (British Museum, Wos. 12,742, 6,374, 6,365, 6,373.) Obverse. Eeverse. Plate LXXXI. CLAY TABLET FROM TELL EL-AMARNA, IN UPPER EGYPT, inscribed with a letter in cuneiform characters from Abi-milki (Abimelech), governor of Tyre, to the king of Egypt. — About B. C. 1450. (British Museum, No. 88-10-13, 51.) 4. T 5^^ -TT^ ^^ D.P. Shar - gi - Sargon. na TT--T ba Plate LXXXII. NAMES OF ASSYRIAN, BABYLONIAN, AND PERSIAN KINGS mentioned in the Bible. I. T' s=T igf ^y< ts j^T 5=TTIT -4 ^-IT a. y ^- Sf D.P. Tukulti - pal - ishar - ra D.P. Pu Iu Tiglath - pileser. Pul. 3. y ^Hf- f D.P. D.P. Shulma nu - asharid Shalmaneser. 5. T -T -II--TT ^5SH D.P. D.P. Sin - akhi ir Sennacherib. 6. y -^v t'^i ^, ^^ 7- T -T 4 ^ T? D.P. Ashur akh - iddin - na D.P. D.P. Ashur - bani - pal Esar-iiaddon. Asnapper (Ezra iv. lo). 8. T ^-y <::^y Vi ^ 9. y -m\ t^ ^^ D.P. D.P. Marduk - pal - iddin D.P. Bel shar usur Merodach-baladan. Belsliazzar. 10. -Hh -llf H "ST -TTTI m^iW^^J^ Plate LXXXVIII. " JEHU, SON OF OMRI," submitting to Shalmaneser II, king of Assyria. — About B. C. 860-825. (From the " Black Obelisk" discovered at Calah (Nimrfid), now in the British Museum [No. 98].) '^ ¦t.m(\"'^'^-^'<"-'yA .^ -t' M v> ^ f^; Plate LXXXIX. BRICK OP SHALMANESER II, king of Assyria. About B. C. 860-825. (British Museum, No. 139.) '^S^^f^y/y^^igCWsai.xig^is^^^^^^^^ Plate XC. TIGLATH-PILESER III, king of Assyria, about B. C. 745-727, in his chariot. (From a bas-reUef on the walls of the palace of Tiglath-Pileser III, discovered at Calah (Nimrud), now in the British Museum.) Plate XCL SIEGE OP A CITY BY TIGLATH-PILESER III, king of Assyria. — About B. C. 745-727. (From a bas-reUef on the walls of the palace of Tiglath-Pileser III, discovered at Calah (Nimrud), now in the British Museum.) A battering-ram is making a breach in the wall, under protection of archers who are shooting from behind screens. In the background are impaled captives. Plate XCII. FRAGMENTS OF A CYLINDER OF SARGON, king of Assyria. — About B. C. 72*2-705. (From the Library of Assur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, about B. C. 668-626, at Nineveh. [British Museum, Nos. 1668 a, 1671.]) The inscription gives a fairly full account of Sargon's famous campaign in the ninth year of his reign against Azuri, king of Ashdod, when Hezekiah was king of Judah (see Isaiah xx. 1). 1- M, ^*- \ ( .4 * ¦< . . (1 '.. ^ ( .M)r'»>il!;a,'» „ ! ftn Plate XCIII. SIX-SIDED CYLINDER, inscribed with the Annals of Sennacherib, king of Assyria. — About B. C. 705-681. (British Museum, 55-10-3, 1.) The text includes an account of the siege of Jerusalem. m^Mi^ m^Jl^^ ^T^^^^^f^-^F- ^ ^»T^ ^ ^ ^-T>ir ^ ^^TA^^^^^ ^>< ^^ 0-^^ ^r^^>^^ ^r" ^^^gr^r>-i<^ ;^ ^^^"^ >-f^ <3^g-¥ r --^m ^^ ii>" ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^r ^^ Ji^ M ^^ ]f Tf ;l^^ r If ^^ >^K" i^gr :^^^r ^^ A -^ ^ Plate CL EXTRACT PROM A CYLINDER OF NABONIDUS, king of Babylon, about B. C. 556-539, containing a prayer to the Moon- god for himself and Belshazzar his son. (British Museum, KK. 1689-1692.) 1—1 P< O > (1) ^ a « go ¦iH 02 o o M P4 n |ZiM 03 o ao o « "3 o >> n a9 (S Plate CIII. CYLINDER SEAL inscribed with the name of Darius. (British Museum, Babylonian Boom, Case B.) Plate CIV. GODS OP BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA. The goddess ISHTAR of NINEVEH standing on a gryphon. (From an impression of a cylinder-seal in the British Museum, Babylonian Koom, Case B.) The Assyrian god DAGON. (Prom a bas-relief on the walls of the palace of Assur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, about B. C. 885-860, The Babylonian MOON-GOD. discovered at Calah (Nimrud), now (From an impression of a cylinder-seal in the in the British Museum.) British Museum, Babylonian Koom, Case B.) The Assyrian heroes, GILGAMISH and EABANI, wrestling with a lion and a bull. (From an impression of a cylinder-seal in the British Museum, Babylonian Boom, Case B.) Plate CV. W^ORSHIP OP THE BABYLONIAN SUN-GOD. Scene from a stone tablet recording the restoration of the Temple of the Sun-god at Sippara, near Babylon, by Nabu- pal-idinna, king of Babylonia. — About B. C. 900. (British Museum, No. 12,137.) Plate CVI. COMBAT between the monster Tiamat, the personification of chaos, darkness, disorder, and evil, and Marduk (Merodach), the god of light, armed with thunderbolts. (From a bas-relief on the walls of the palace of Assur-nasir-pal, kini; of Assyria, about B. C. S85-860, discovered at CalaU (Nlmriid), now in the British Museum.) Plate CVII. ASSYRIAN EAGLE-HEADED DEITY. (From a bas-relief on the walls of the palace of Assur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, about B. C. 885-860, discovered at Calah (Nimrud), now in the British Museum.) Plate CVIII. ASSYRIAN WINGED MAN-HEADED LION. (From a doorway in the palace of Assur-nasir-pal, king of Assyria, about B. C. 885-860, disoovered at Calah (NimrAd), now in the British Mu seum.) Plate CIX. PROCESSION OF GODS CAPTURED BY ASSYRIAN TROOPS. (From a bas-reUef in the palace of Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria, about B. C. 745-727, discovered at Calah (Nimrud). now in the British Museum ) Plate CX. INSCRIPTION IN ARCHAIC BABYLONIAN CHARACTERS. - About B. C. 4000. > (British Museum, 82-7-14. 1046.) Plate CXI. BABYLONIAN BOUNDARY- STONE OR LANDMARK, inscribed with the purchase-deed of a plot of ground. — About B. C. 1100. (British Museum, No. 106.) Plate CXU. ASSYRIAN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION. (From a clay tablet from the Library of Assur-bani-pal. king of Assyria, about B. C. 668-626, at Nineveh.) (British Museum, No. K. 5.419.) Plate CXIII. THE ASSYRIAN ACCOUNT OF THE DELUGE. (From a clay tablet from the Library of Assur-bani-pal, king of Assyria, about B. O. 668-626, at Nineveh.) (British Museum, No. K. 3,375.) Plate CXIV. THE EMPEROR AUGUSTUS, Born B. C. 63; died A. D. 14. (From a marble head in the Vatican Museum.) Plate CXV. THE EMPEROR TIBERIUS. Born B. C. 42 ; died A. D. 37. (From a marble bust in the Berlin Museum.) Plate CX"\'I. THE EMPEROR VESPASIAN". Born A. D. 9 ; died A. D. 79. (From a bronze bust in the Louvre.) Plate CXVII. THE EMPEROR TITUS. Bom A. D. 40 ; died A. D. 81. (From a marble head found at Porta Portese, Rome, now in the British Museum.) Plate CXVIII. PROCESSION OF ROMAN SOLDIERS carrying the seven-branched candlestick, the table of shewbread, and the silver trumpets taken at the capture ol Jerusalem by the Emperor Titus, A. D. 70. (From a marble relief on the Arch of Titus at Eome.) Plate CXIX. TEMPLE OF DIANA AT EPHESUS, showing the image of the goddess which had fallen from heaven, and the columns sculptured on the lowest drum, as they have been found and may be seen in the British Museum. (From a Boman Coin.) This was the temple which existed in the time of St. Paul. Plate CXX. TEMPLE OP DIANA AT EPHESUS, showing in the interior the image of the goddess which had fallen from heaven. (From a, Boman Coin.) Plate CXXI. DIANA OF THE EPHESIANS : a Roman variation of the image which had fallen from heaven. Plate CXXIL SCULPTURE PROM ONE OF THE COLUMNS OP THE TEMPLE OF DIANA AT EPHESUS, as it existed in the time of St. Paul. (British Museum.) Plate CXXIII. Gold Daric. Silver Shekel of SIMON MACCABJEUS. Bronze Coin of HEROD AGRIPPA I. Large Bronze Coin of AGRIPPA II. Plate CXXIV. Silver Stater of AUGUSTUS, or Tetradrachm of Antioch (Matt. xvii. 27). Silver Denarius of TIBERIUS (Penny, Matt, xviii. 28, &c.). Bronze Assarion (Farthing, Matt. x. 29.) Bronze Lepton (Miie, Mark xii. 42). YALE UNIVERSIT-. I IBHARY 3 9002 08844 5276 M