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THIS rJ^OOK

BELONGS TO

W.A.LHAMMERSLEY.

If thou art burrow'u by a friend
Ri^'ht welcome shull he be.
To i-ead, to study, not tn lend.
But to return t'j me;
Not that iuipiut'.'d knowledge doth
Diminish li'iiruin^''^ hture.
But hooks, I find, if often lent,
Return to me no more.

Riiad slowly, pause frequently, think
seriously, keep cleanly, return duly, with
the I'lirners of the leaves not turned down.

'7rt)E number of Subseiibers to tbis
IDoluine bas been lfmite5 to iFour
Ibunftreb. H 3Li8t of tbe IRames ts
appenCeD bereto.

[Bll rights are reserved.]

THE
PICTORIAL RECORD
OF THE
ROYAL JUBILEE EXHIBITION,
MANCHESTER, 1887.

OLD SI2flRCReSGei^& SflLFOI^D

The
Pictorial Record
of the
Royal Jubilee Exhibition,
Manchester, 1887.

BY
WALTER TOMLINSON, (11
WITH SPECIAL ARTICLES BY
THOMAS W. HARRIS, CHARLES ESTCOURT, F.C.S., F.I.C., AND JOSEPH NODAL.
EDITED BY JOHN H. NODAL
WITH
ILLUSTRATIONS BY HAL HURST AND OTHER ARTISTS.

MANCHESTER :
J. E. CORNISH, 16, ST. ANNE'S SQUARE AND 33, PICCADILLY.

1888.

PREFACE.

F all the Exhibitions on a large scale, held in this country since the
memorable first in 185 1, it is not unreasonable to claim for the
Manchester Exhibition of 1887 the distin6lion of having been the
most historic in its chara6ter, and, in many respects, the most
unique in its composition. Some, gathering their contents from a
wider area, may have been more varied ; others have possibly shone
with greater splendour. But the central idea of the Manchester
Exhibition — the commemoration of the fiftieth year of Her Majesty's
reign by the illustration of the progress of Art and some important
Industries during the half-century — gave to the undertaking an all-
round completeness, an educational value, and a national significance which were possessed by none of
its predecessors.

IT has been the obje6t of all concerned in this literary and piftorial record to present a fairly
adequate survey of the salient features of the colleftion at Old Trafford. To a vast number of
the visitors, and especially to the residents in Manchester and its neighbourhood, the outdoor
attra6lions of the Exhibition— the gardens and promenades, the open-air music, the wonderful
fairy fountain, and the pifturesque streets of Old Manchester and Salford — had a never-failing
fascination. For once, our usually rainy district: was favoured with phenomenally fine weather from
May till the end of 06lober ; and Manchester was thus able to realize the charms which make life so
much better worth living in Paris and other continental cities. The forty or fifty sketches from the
pencil of Mr. Hal Hurst, who left to fulfil an engagement in America immediately after their
completion, will recall and perpetuate pleasant reminiscences of this rare experience.

' PART from the Art Se6lion, it was wisely decided at the outset that the Exhibition should not be
the usual heterogeneous gathering of all kinds of miscellaneous objefts ; but that, broadly
speaking, there should be four well-defined classes, namely, Industrial Design, Machinery,
Chemistry, and Handicrafts. Further, that the things shown should each be the best of their
kind and class — a condition which the Committee were able to realize with unprecedented success,
owing to the extraordinarily keen competition for space. They had thus a complete command of the
situation, and, in the rivalry, the fittest only survived. The Handicrafts Department alone was
somewhat disappointing ; the idea was a comparatively new one, and the time for preparation too
short. But the display in the other three Se6lions was superb, and in Machinery and Chemistry has
never been rivalled or approached. The two last-named Departments were peculiarly in place, and
their prominence was more than justified, at an Exhibition in Manchester, in a memorable year of
Her Majesty's reign. The application of Chemical Science to the affairs of daily life and to industrial
processes, together with the most remarkable of its pra6lical discoveries, belong wholly and entirely

(vii)

PREFACE.
to the Vi6lorian era. On the other hand, as regards Machinery, the distinguishing fa6l of the half-
century has not been the introdu6lion of new principles or methods — of which there have been few of
importance — but the combination of principles or methods previously known and in use, accuracy in
workmanship, compa6lness in arrangement, and increased size and power. The chapters on
Chemistry and Machinery deal historically with the marvellous advances made in each. It is almost
superfluous to add that the most eminent workers and discoverers in engineering, mechanics, and
chemical science have had their homes and the scenes of their labours in Manchester and Lancashire.
Hence the peculiar fitness of the special care and attention given by the Exhibition authorities to
these two great seftions.
'HE magnificent colle6tion of pi6lures illustrative of British Art during the Vi6lorian era surpassed
the most sanguine anticipations. By a happy concurrence of circumstances, the fine suite of
galleries was placed almost on the exaft site of the Art Treasures Exhibition, which, thirty
years previously, in 1857, first made known to the people the extraordinary wealth of the
country in the masterpieces of art of all ages and nations. Water-Colour Art and Sculpture might,
no doubt, have been better represented, but there were singularly few regrettable omissions or
deficiencies in regard to the painters in oil. Although much was done in the way of grouping the
produ6lions of individual artists and schools, the arrangement of the colleftion was not chronological,
and therefore did not lend itself readily to the service of the visitor who wished to study the growth
and ever-changing, ever-developing phases of English Art during the half-century. In this volume
the historical method has been followed, and the competent contributor to whom this important se6tion
of the Exhibition has been entrusted has endeavoured to compress within a brief compass a review
and an estimate of the successive stages and eminent masters of the English School, from the later
days of Constable and Turner down to the present time.
'Y I NLIKE the Pifture Galleries, the Machinery Annexe, and the Chemical Court, the remaining
( i Departments — with the possible exception of the Irish and the Photographic Sefhions — could
lay no claim to novelty of idea as compared with other Exhibitions. But they were stored
with the finest picked produ6lions, and they showed industrial art at the highest point of
perfe6tion yet attained. It has been a matter of no little difficulty for the writer of the chapters on
these se6tions— which form the bulk of the book — to do full justice to so embarrassing an array of
multifarious objefts. The most distincflive and suggestive features have, however, been indicated,
and the writer has here and there endeavoured to show, by a reference to older processes and by
historical notes, the changes that have been brought about and the triumphant advances made in
the useful arts during the fifty years of the Queen's reign.
'o much for the literary portion of the volume. It is but bare justice to add that the burthen
and responsibility of choosing the illustrations, and superintending their execution, have been
borne by Mr. Robert Falkner. It has further been the anxious desire of his firm to put forth
a volume which for general appearance and typographical excellence should be a worthy artistic
and literary memorial of a memorable and now historic Exhibition. J. H. N.
March ist, 1888.

(viii)

CONTENTS.

Preface.
The Committees
List of Illustrations . . .
Introduction
The Opening Day
The Exhibition Complete : A Rapid Glance Round . . .
The Pictures : English Art during the Queen's Reign ...
Sculpture
The Pottery
Glass and Mosaics
Jewellery, Clocks, and A¥atches
Furniture and Decorative Work
Musical Instruments and Autographs
Chemistry
The Photographs
Handicrafts
^\^aterproofs, Old Embroideries, and Furs
Machinery
Silk
The Irish Court
Old Manchester and Salford, and the Grounds
Household Matters and Miscellanies
Appendix
List of Subscribers
Index

AUTHOR.
[ohn H. Nodal

Walter Tomlinson

Thomas W. Harris
Walter To?nlinson

Charles Estcourt, F. C.
Walter Toinlinsoti

Joseph Nodal
Walter Tomlifison

S, F.I.

PAGE. vii. X.
xi. I
8
15
2039
47 52
596572 79
8992
99
103
116 121127135
142143
146

THE EXHIBITION COMMITTEES.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Sir JOSEPH C. LEE, Chairman.
Mr. CHARLES J. GALLOWAY, Deputy-Chairman.

ALDERMAN PHILIP GOLDSCHMIDT, Treasurer.
Mr. C. p. SCOTT, Honorary Secretary.

CHARLES S. AGNEW.
GEO. W. AGNEW.
WILLIAM AGNEW.
V. K. ARMITAGE.
W. MARK ASHTON.
ALDERMAN W. H. BAILEY.
J. H. BUXTON.

JOHN BOWDEN.
NEVILLE CLEGG-
WILLIAM J. CROSSLEY.
RICHARD CURTIS.
F. W. FOLLOWS.
JOHN GALLOWAY, Jun.
ABEL HEYWOOD, Jun.

ALEXANDER IRELAND.
JAMES KAY.
C E LEES
IVAN LEVINSTEIN.
CHARLES MOSELEY.
JOSEPH MOSELEY.
JOHN D. MILNE.

JOHN PLATT.
WATSON SMITH.
W. G. SUTHERLAND.
THOMAS SOWLER.
HON. WILLIAM VERNON.
THOMAS WARDLE.

The Chairman, Deputy-Chairman, Treasurkr, and Honorary Secretary constituted a Special Committee
known as the Executive Officers. There were also ex-ojfficio Members of all Sectional and other Committees.

BANKERS :
Lancashire and Yorkshire Bank, Limited.
SOLICITORS :
Payne, Galloway, and Payne.
AUDITORS :
Broome, Murray, and Co.

ARCHITECTS :
Maxwell and Tuke.
ARCHITECTS FOR OLD MANCHESTER AND
SALFORD :
Darbyshire and Smith.
CONDUCTOR OF THE ROYAL JUBILEE
EXHIBITION BAND.
Edward De Jong.

GENERAL MAN.\GER :
S. Lee Bapty.
SECRETARY :
Andrew A. Gillies.
OFFICES :
Exhibition Buildings, Old Trafford.

SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.

SECTION I.— INDUSTRIAL DESIGN.
NEVILLE CLEGG, Chairman ; W. G. SUTHERLAND, Vice-Chairman.

G. F. Armitage.
W. Mark Ashton.
Lennox B. Lee.

COMMITTEE:
J. H. Reynolds.
Colonel Salis Schwabe.
C. P. Scott.

J. Waterhouse.
Henry Whitehead.

SECTION IL— MACHINERY.
W. J. CROSSLEY, Chairman ; C. E. LEES, Vice-Chairman.
COMMITTEE:
George Cawley. I Richard Curtis. | Harold Lee.

John Craven.

James Gresham.

John Piatt.

SECTION III.— CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES.
I. LEVINSTEIN, Chairman; WATSON SMITH, Vice-Chairman.

J. Carter Bell.
F. Baden Benger.
H. Brunner.
F. Ermen.

COMMITTEE :
C. Estcourt.
Josiah Hardman.
Dr. D. B. Hewitt.
A. Hoegger.

Prof. J. J. Hummell.
Dr. F. Hurter.
Samuel Mellor.
Dr. E. Schunck.

SECTION IV.— HANDICRAFTS AND OLD MANCHESTER
AND SALFORD.
ALDERMAN BAILEY, Chairman ; J. D. MILNE, Vice-Chairman.
COMMITTEE :

Thomas Barraclough.
Thomas A. Bazley.
John Bowden.
j. H. Buxton.

F. W. Follows.
Walter Higginbottom.
Colonel F, Howarth.
James Johnston.

George Milner.
Albert Nicholson.
Hon. WiUiam Vernon.

SECTION v.— WORKS.
JOHN BOWDEN, Chairman ; J. H. BUXTON, Vice-Chairman.

Alderman Bailey.
Henry Boddington.
Edward N. Galloway.

COMMITTEE :
George Milner.
Charles Moseley.
John Newton.

ames Ramsay.
Edwin Simpson.

SECTION VI.— FINE ARTS.
WILLIAM AGNEW, Chairman ; JOSEPH MOSELEY, Vice-Chairman.

Geo.Agnew, Hon.Sec.
Peter Allen.
T. Gair Ashton.
Thomas Johnson.

COMMITTEE:
C. E. Lees.
James Murgatroyd.
C. J. Pooley.
George T. Redmayne.

Emil Reiss.
Alfred Waterhouse.
R. Willis.
Flon. William Vernon

SECTION VIL— MUSIC, ELECTRIC LIGHTING, REFRESH
MENTS, AND GARDENS.
CHARLES MOSELEY, Chairman ; CHARLES AGNEW, Vice-Chairman.

V. K. Armitage.
E. J. Broadfield.
Joseph Broome.
Geoige Cawley.

COMMITTEE:
W. J. Crossley.
Bruce Findlay.
F. W. Follows.
George Freemantle.
W. Grimshaw.

C. J. Hall.
James Kay.
Col. Salis Schwabe.
,, Sowler.

SECTION VIIL— FINANCE AND AUDIT.
JOHN GALLOWAY, Jun., Chairm.in ; V. K. ARMITAGE, Vice-Chairman.
COMMITTEE:
Charles Agnew. | Alexander Ireland. I Colonel Sowler.

Aid. Goldschmidt.

Warwick Brooks.
A. Brothers.

I Joseph Moseley.
PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.
ABEL HEYWOOD, Jun., Chairman.
COMMITTEE:
W. I. Chadwick.
J. R. Greatorex.
Samuel Okell.

J. T. Pollitt.
E. Leader Williams

SILK SECTION.
THOMAS WARDLE, Chairman; JOHN BIRCHENOUGH, Vice-Chairman.

Sir George Birdwood.
Dennis Bradwell.
Edward T. Broadhurst
Rev. G. F. Browne,
M.A.

COMMITTEE :
J. Chadwick, Jun.
H. T. Gaddum.
George Griffin.
Harvey Heywood.
T. G. Lomas

Arthur Nicholson.
John Thorpe.
Aid. A. S. Tomson.
G.C.Wardle, Hon.Sec.

John Bowden. |

IRISH SECTION.
W. J. Crossley. | T. Walton Gillibrand. | George Lord.

(x)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Old Manchester
Head Piece
General View of the Exhibition and
Grounds
Plan of Buildings and Grounds
Corridor, looking towards the Entrance
Opening Ceremony, Procession 1
under the Dome J
Golden Key
The Royal Entrance
Band and Concert Room
Facades in Nave
Entrance to the Pifture Gallery from \
the Nave /
The Burial of Wilkie
Central Pidlure Gallery
Romeo and Juliet
The Wheel of Fortune
Daphnephoria
At the Golden Gate
Hard Times
A Look at the Model
Preparation for the First Communion.
Mount's Bay
Daniel in the Lions' Den
The Python Slayer
Teucer
A Moment of Peril
Henry Irving as Hamlet
Doulton's Indian Pavilion
Doulton's Terra Cotta Arcade
Glass Fountain in the Chemical Seffion
The Council Chamber
Interior
Drawing-Room in the Renaissance )
Style \
Dining-Room Wall Decoration
Drawing-Room in the Palm House ...

Jlltss E. G. Thomson

Hal Hurst

PAGE.
Frontispiece.
1
4
6

12
14 17 i8

/. M. W. Turner, R..4. ...
Hal Hurst
Ford Madox Broiun
E. Burne Jones, A. R.A
Sir Fredk. Leighton, P. R.A.
Vat Prinsep, A. R.A.
Hubert Herkomer, A. R.A.
E.J. Gregory, A. R.A. ...
Henry Woods, A. R.A
Henry Moore, A. R.A
Briton Riviere, R.A
Sir Fredk. Leighton, P. R.A.
Hamo Thornycroft, A. R.A.
T. Brock, R.A
.5". Onslow Ford
Hal Hurst

2326 27
29 31ZZ
34 3435
36374142 43
45 4849 53S8
616467

Carved Chimneypiece, Italian (
Renaissance (
Evening — The Western Band Kiosk
Afternoon — The Western Band Kiosk
A Relic of Waterloo
Column of Alum
The Lake from the Tool House
Original Spinning Frame, 1760
Canadian Section
Chinese Pavilion
Hat Making
Manufaiflure of Sweetmeats
Large Fly-wheel
Locomotive Engine and Tender
Stokers and Boilers
Cathedral Tower and Old Manchester
Girl sitting under n Tree
Big Bell in the Irish Secflion
The Dome Steps
Garden Tool-house
Fairy Fountain ...
Cathedral Doorway
Chetham College
Interior, "Parker's"
The Roman Towers
Stocks and Pillory
The San(ftuary
Caxtonian Printing Office
Off Market Sted Lane
Old Manchester and Roman Archway
Rustic Bridge
Chimney, S. W. Park
Lifeboat
The Switchback Railway
Candle Making
Telephonic Switch Room
Chinese Junk

The Way Out
( With forty Head and Tait Pieces and seventeen Initial Letters, draivn from the Antiqjie, the Italian Renaissance, and the Fr
including several reproduiHions from the early English Printers.)

ARTISTS.

PAGE

— ... .

. ... 70

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 73

— ... .

. ... 76

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 77

„ ...

. ... 88

>> ¦•• •

. ... 92

. ... 94

. ... 98

J. F. Wecdon ... .

. ... 105

— ... .

. ... 107

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 109

— ... .

. ... iti

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 113

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 120

121

. ... 123

. ... 124

,, ....

. ... 126

— ... .

. ... 127

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 127

Herbert Railton ...

. ... 128

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 128

,, ... .

. ... 129

Herbert Railton ... .

. ... 129

,, ....

. ... 129

Hal Hurst

. ... 130

Herbert Railton ... .

. ... 131

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 132

— ... .

• ... 132

Hal Hurst ... .

. .¦¦ 133

,, ... .

¦ ••• 133

. ... 134

— ... .

. ... 136

— ... .

• ¦¦¦ 139

Hal Hurst ... .

. ... 140

141

jnce, and the French S

chools.

OCIENCE, oArt, and Labour have out-pour'd
Their myriad horns of plenty at our feet.

Lo ! the long laborious miles
Of Talace ; lo! the giant aisles,
1{ich in model and design ;
Harvest-tool and husbandry.
Loom and wheel and engin'ry,
Secrets of the sullen mine,
Steel and gold and corn and wine,
Fabric rough, or Fairy fine,
QAnd shapes and hues of oArt divine. TENNYSON.

The Royal Jubilee Exhibition,
Manchester, 1887.

INTRODUCTION.

' T the time when the projeft of holding a great Exhibition in
Manchester was first mooted, about the middle
of the year 1886, various matters conspired to
induce in the minds of many of the public a
certain feeling of doubtfulness as to the advisability
of making such an attempt. It was thought by
no inconsiderable numbers of intelligent people
that, although monster Exhibitions of the kind suggested had
been well enough in their day and generation, we had seen sufficient of them ;
and that their time had practically passed away. Others again altogether doubted
their usefulness, especially in a manufafturing country like ours, and argued that we
had already done far too much in the way of gratuitous instru6lion to the keen-eyed foreigner,
ever wakeful and alive to the opportunity of picking up useful information concerning our
machinery and processes. In addition to these came the faint-hearts pure and simple, whose

INTRODUCTION.
one question was — " How could we, by any stretch of the imagination, expe6l it to pay ? " We
had staring us in the face the great London series, to say nothing of minor gatherings such as
those of Liverpool and Edinburgh, and could we, straggling up at the tail-end as it were,
expeft any reasonable measure of success .''
'o argued the pessimists. Nothing daunted, however, by the apparent gravity of these
objeftions, the optimistic few abated not a jot of their enthusiasm ; an a6live newspaper
correspondence began, converts came in shoals, and in a very short space of time opinion
was so far advanced in favour of the scheme that it was deemed advisable to reduce the
mass of floating ideas into something like a concrete shape, and see what might really be
effe6led. After the manner of our praftical people, this was done, and done at once.

rj, ^,g 1 'ARLY in June 1886, a deputation of prominent citizens presented a requisition to
ee mg. j — ^ Alderman Harwood, Deputy-Mayor (the Mayor at the time being absent from

the city), to call a town's meeting, for public consideration of the suggestion that a great
Exhibition should be held here in 1887 — the year of the Queen's Jubilee. In accordance with
this requisition, a meeting was held in the Town Hall on Friday, June 11, the Deputy-Mayor
presiding, accompanied on the platform by a numerous body of gentlemen fairly representative
of the city. As might be expefted from such an assemblage, the meeting was eminently
business-like. Objections to the scheme were calmly and dispassionately considered, but it
was pointed out that there had been no Exhibition here of any importance for thirty years
past, and that the Exhibition held in 1857 — the Art Treasures — remarkable and successful
as it was, did not represent the industrial and mercantile features of this distri6l ; that, in fa6t,
there had not been in Manchester an Exhibition either of the processes of its industries or
of the producfts of those processes ; and it was pertinently observed by another speaker that,
as the Exhibitions in London, Liverpool, Edinburgh, and other places were largely stocked
with the produfts of Manchester industries, it would be strange indeed if Manchester or
Lancashire could not get up an Exhibition of its own.
'HE resolutions moved at the meeting, and passed unanimously, were, first — " That, in the
opinion of this duly-convened public meeting of the citizens of Manchester it is

INTRODUCTION. 3
desirable to consider the advisability of holding a National Exhibition of Arts, Science, and
Industry at Manchester, in 1887, to commemorate the Jubilee Year of the reign of Her
Most Gracious Majesty Queen Vi6loria." This was proposed by Mr. (now Sir) W. H. Houlds-
worth, M.P., and seconded by Mr. Oliver Heywood. The second resolution, moved by
Mr. Daniel Adamson, and seconded by Mr. Charles J. Galloway, ran as follows — " That,
with a view of carrying into effeft the foregoing resolution, a Committee, with power to
add to their number, be now appointed, and requested to report to a future meeting
to be convened by his Worship the Mayor." Upon the motion of Alderman Batty,
seconded by Mr. George Milner, a strong list of names was thereupon submitted to the
meeting, and agreed to.
^ 'y^^HE Committee thus appointed lost no time in the matter. Further deliberate
Guarantee /^^
^" ¦ ^^-^ consideration only intensified the convi6lion that the scheme could be
successfully carried out, and a few months sufficed to put everything in proper train.
At the Meeting above referred to, Mr. Adamson stated that — in his opinion — the Committee
ought not to stir with a less guarantee fund than ;^50,ooo ; but in the result, so confident
were the public in its success, that when the Committee issued their prospe6lus, they were
able to announce a guarantee fund amounting to ^134,231, subscribed by a body of over
three hundred noblemen and gentlemen of the distrift.
UCH warm discussion, as was natural, ensued when the question of site had to
be determined. Each side of the town had its own interests at heart, and
the neighbourhood of Longsight, Potter's Park, and Chorlton all had enthusiastic and plausible
advocates. The Committee ultimately decided upon a site at Old Trafford, adjoining the
Botanical Gardens, which by arrangement were to be incorporated with the Exhibition, thus
giving control over a space of about thirty-two or thirty-three acres in all ; and a more
fortunate seleftion never was made, as the grounds thus temporarily acquired have proved of
incalculable value in the way of enhancing the attra6liveness of our great show. Also of
infinite importance was the faft that the position was readily accessible by road or rail, and
equally so from Manchester and Salford.

H
o o o

GENERAL VIEW OF THE EXHIBITION AND GROUNDS.

INTRODUCTION. 5
The "TFfter due consideration, the plans of Messrs. Maxwell & Tuke were sele6led.
Buildings. *^-l / * and the contra6l for the ere6lion of the Buildings was given to
Messrs. Robert Neill & Sons. Some little merriment was created, and opportunity offered
for the display of their powers on the part of the minor humourists of the town, by an
entirely novel proposition made by the archite6ls to use iron gas-piping largely in the
construction. This, it was argued, offered various facilities in the first instance, combined
with a better chance of turning the materials to good account at the close of the Exhibition
than would otherwise be afforded. When the time of opening came, it was seen how
effectively this piping had been used, and the wits were silenced.

s time went on, the adual area to be covered by the Buildings was increased from
the original estimate of about eight acres ; and the later official statements gave the
entire covered space as amounting to about fourteen acres, or four more than the Buildings
area in the London Exhibition of 1886. Most of the departure from the first estimate
of covered space required was occasioned by the vast demands made upon the Committee
by the machinery seftion. At the beginning it was supposed that between six and seven
thousand square yards would be sufficient for this seClion ; but this estimate grew and grew
until at the last nearer twenty thousand were thus appropriated. Divided from the machinery
annexe by a seventy foot roadway was the Main Building. This consisted chiefly of a
grand nave, over one thousand feet in length, and fifty-six feet high, with a great central
transept and two lower ones, one at each end. The central transept was three hundred
and seventy feet long, and at its intersection with the nave rose a magnificent dome, one
hundred and forty feet high and ninety feet in diameter, immediately underneath which, upon
the floor, was a raised circular dais, having in the centre a fine fountain, consisting ot
several jets, and springing from water-lilies. A long Gallery of Approach — as it was
somewhat awkwardly termed — ran from the central transept to the Royal Entrance in Chester
Road; and near this entrance, within the grounds, lay the picturesque group of ereCtions
known as "Old Manchester and Salford."

2H,o a o H
o

INTRODUCTION.

Objea of -TIccording to the Official Prospe6tus, the objeCt of the Exhibition was to illustrate,
the Q>
Exhibition. / i as fully as possible, the progress made in the development of Arts and
Manufactures during the ViCtorian era ; and this it was ultimately proposed to do under
various seCtional headings, described in the paragraph next following.

The
Executive.

*HE Earl of Sefton, K.G., Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire, consented to aCt as President;
and the Vice-Presidents comprised a long list of noblemen, members of
Parliament, clergy, professional men, merchants, and district Mayors, beginning with the Duke
of Westminster, K.G., and ending with the Mayor of Wigan. Thirty-one gentlemen con
stituted the Executive Committee, headed by Sir Joseph C. Lee, as chairman ; and the chairmen
and vice-chairmen respectively of SeCtional Committees were as follow : — Industrial Design
— Neville Clegg, W. G. Sutherland ; Machinery — W. J. Crossley, C. E. Lees ; Chemical
and Allied Industries — J. Levinstein, Watson Smith ; Handicrafts and Old Manchester
and Salford — Alderman Bailey, J. D. Milne ; Works— John Bowden, J. H. Buxton ; Fine
Arts — William Agnew, Joseph Moseley ; Music, Electric Lighting, Refreshments, and
Gardens — Charles Moseley, Charles S. Agnew ; Finance and Audit — John Galloway, Junr.,
V. K. Armitage ; Photographic. Section — Abel Heywood, Junr. ; Silk Section — Thomas
Wardle, John Birchenough. In addition, special committees were nominated for the Irish
Section, and for Receptions. S. Lee Bapty was appointed General Manager, and Andrew
A. Gillies Secretary.

THE OPENING DAY.

URELY never before was there such a time in Manchester. Our
staid and prosaic city, having once fairly made up
its mind, took up the matter of the royal reception
with a boundless enthusiasm, and carried the affair
through with an unfailing vigour and determination thoroughly in
keeping with its world-known characteristics. Had the Prince of

The
Reception and
Procession.

Wales decided to come by himself, the prepara
tions would, without doubt, have been equally
worthy of the occasion ; but — as one paper put
it in homely Lancashire fashion — "to the delight
of the people of Manchester he was accompanied
by his wife." And this increased the enthusiasm
of our home-loving people tenfold. It was
determined that nothing possible should be
lacking to make the visit of one of the prettiest
and the best-loved princesses in the world an
entire success.
'he Prince and Princess arrived at Tatton
Park, near Knutsford, where they were

,l;,^« Hr^^ 'fyi V'-ay".

THE OPENING DAY. 9
the guests of Lord Egerton of Tatton, on Monday evening, the second of May, and did not
leave Manchester until the following Wednesday afternoon. Tuesday was fixed for the formal
opening of the Exhibition; and between eleven and twelve on the morning of that day the
royal pair and suite arrived at the Central Station from Tatton Park, were received by the
Mayor of Manchester and the members of the Reception Committee, and proceeded thence,
escorted by troops of the Third Hussars and the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry Cavalry,
to the Town Hall. There an elaborately illuminated and emblazoned address was presented,
after which a procession was formed, and their Royal Highnesses started for the Exhibition.
The route had been carefully arranged to give as many as pra6ticable of the lieges opportunity
of seeing the royal visitors, and the procession went to Old Trafford by way of London Road,
Ardwick Green, Brunswick Street, Oxford Road (thus giving the Prince and Princess an
opportunity of seeing Owens College), and Stretford Road. The five miles thus traversed
occupied nearly two hours.

The I T had been thought that Manchester was unsuited to decorative displays ; but
orati —
and

Decorations I
Illuminations. nothing could well have been more successful than the result upon this
occasion. Albert Square and the Town Hall were made all glorious within and without.
Our statues, which have a knack — quite equal to that of their London brethren — of hiding
their merits under a somewhat gloomy exterior, had all been restored to nearly their
pristine beauty; triumphal arches of various designs had been ereCted at many points of
vantage, and the Corporation had done all it could besides in the way of Venetian masts,
and streamers, and garlands ; but the greatest triumph of all lay in the spontaneous
outburst of private effort. The town was literally ablaze with colour ; and doubtless few
were prepared for such a manifestation of the possibilities of brilliant decoration as was
afforded by the city upon this occasion. All the outdoor effeCls were materially added
to and enhanced on the evenings of Tuesday and Wednesday, when, from dusk until midnight,
the various public buildings, clubs, and numberless shops and private ereCtions were made
gay with a splendour of eleCtric and other illumination. Of course, the Town Hall took
the lead, and the speCtacle in Albert Square was witnessed by vast crowds of people. One

THE OPENING DAY.

THE OPENING DAY. n
of the most successful sights of Tuesday evening was organized by about four hundred
students of Owens College, who marched through various principal streets, arrayed in fancy
costumes, and carrying lighted torches.
Cer^rtf / '^^ great day was rather dull and cold, but from a comparatively early
at the \S^) 1 1 T- 1 -7 • • 1 •
Exhibition. ^"^ hour the Exhibition and its approaches had been thoroughly astir with life,
with people crowding up towards the royal entrance in Chester Road, to witness the
scene from without, and with season-ticket holders who had paid an extra guinea for the
privilege of witnessing the ceremony within. Here for some hours sat a well-dressed
crowd, patiently awaiting the moment when — the preliminary reception business and entertainment
by the Exhibition executive being over — the Prince and Princess should arrive at the
raised dais, immediately fronting the great orchestra and the grand organ. The choir
for the occasion consisted of several hundred singers, conduCted by Mr. Charles Hall6,
whose band occupied the forepart of the orchestra. During the interval of waiting, the
audience was easily beguiled into sweet patience by the exquisite music of the band of
the Guards, conduCted by Mr. Dan Godfrey, and to this was added the attraction of
watching the arrival of all sorts of notabilities, titled people. Members of Parliament, Mayors of
our own and neighbouring districts resplendently arrayed, all sorts of municipal authorities,
consuls in gorgeous uniforms, professional gentlemen, and others ; not the least regarded of all
observers being the President of the Royal Academy, Sir Frederick Leighton. Madame Albani
and Mr. Edward Lloyd were the chief vocalists of the day, and the lady's advent, with a
bright cheery face and merry smile, was hailed with great enthusiasm by the spectators.
¦ UDDENLY a great shouting and cheering were heard in the background — band and organ
crashed into the strains of the National Anthem, and the Prince and Princess,
escorted by a crowd of notabilities and officials, including Mr. Malcolm Wood, the chief
constable, in a splendid silver-braided uniform, advanced to the dais between lines of
Volunteers who kept the way. The Princess was conduCted to one of the crimson and
gold chairs upon the blue cloth-covered dais by Sir Joseph C. Lee, but after the first
minute or so neither she nor the Prince sat down throughout the somewhat prolonged

THE OPENING DAY.

ceremony. The dais was rather low, and they evidently had a kindly desire to gratify the more
distant spe6tators, who otherwise would scarcely have seen them at all. Both seemed in excellent
spirits, altogether pleased with their reception ; and the Prince shook hands most cordially with
Sir F. Leighton, whilst the Princess turned round and smiled a recognition of Madame Albani.
*HE singing of " God save the Queen," with solo verses by Madame Albani and Mr. Lloyd,
came first upon the programme, followed by the reading and presentation of the address,
to which the Prince replied in an audible voice ; then — the beautiful and elaborate key of gold
and enamel having been handed to him — he, with a strong clear utterance declared, in the name
of Her Majesty, the building to be open. During the proceedings, the " Old Hundredth " was
sung; a prayer was offered up by the Bishop of Manchester, and the magnificent singing of
Madame Albani in " O, Praise God in His Holiness," was evidently greatly appreciated by
both their Royal Highnesses. After the formal business was over, they
proceeded through the piCture galleries and certain other portions of
the building, not leaving until long after their appointed time.
Of course the sister Borough of Salford was a direCt participator in
the ceremonials and rejoicings of the two days. Besides being
fully represented at the Opening Ceremony, the borough was honoured
by a • visit of the royal pair on Wednesday, when an address was
presented at Peel Park, and replied to by the Prince. Leaving Salford,
the royal party proceeded to the Manchester Town Hall, where
luncheon was served ; and soon after two o'clock the Prince and Princess
started for home from London Road Station, having thus brought to
a close, perhaps, the most successful royal visit ever paid to Manchester.
That the Prince and Princess were greatly delighted with their reception
was evident from the extremely cordial letters written by their command
to the two Mayors and Sir Joseph C. Lee, Chairman of the Exhibition ;
and nothing gratified them more than "the admirable order which every
where prevailed among the vast crowds who witnessed the procession."

THE ROYAL ENTRANCE.

THE EXHIBITION COMPLETE

A RAPID GLANCE ROUND.
ORE MOST among the remarkable features of our Exhibition was
its general air of finish and completeness. This was noticeable
even on the very first day. There was a conspicuous and
agreeable lack of that ragged wretchedness and those half-hidden
skeletons which too often characterise openings of the like kind ;
and it is doubtful if there was ever a Great Exhibition of
equal size and importance which, on the day of its opening
ceremonial, showed so little to deplore in the way of dilatory
unfinish. 'HERE was also an appearance of compaCtness, rather than of
vastness, giving one a feeling of having the whole thing
in one's grasp at once, which was in truth somewhat delusive. This arose from the faCt
that some of the greater se6tions — not to mention the vast Machinery Annex6 — were so
thoroughly separated by constructive partitions from the main portions of the building, the
great nave and its transepts, as to become veritable minor exhibitions, complete in themselves,
in no way interfering with, or adding to, the general effeft. Such were the Irish Se6tion,
the Fine Arts Se6tion, and the great and crowded expanses known as the Chemical SeClion.
Only by degrees did you become cognisant of the real extent and variety of the show; and

i6 THE EXHIBITION COMPLETE: A RAPID GLANCE ROUND.
it was one of its never-ending surprises that the more you saw of it the more you became
conscious of having left unseen and unexamined.
'HERE were two entrances from the road, and one from the railway station. The
main building was entered from the latter by way of the Machinery Annex^,
and thence over a covered bridge thrown across Talbot Road. Of the others, Talbot
Road and Chester Road, the latter was the chief, and was commonly called the
Royal Entrance, on account of its being used by the Prince and Princess of Wales on the
opening day. It was fairly commodious ; but there was nothing particularly striking
about it or its surroundings, except the sight of the continuous thronging of the thousands
who daily besieged its turnstiles. Entering here, the visitor at once found himself in a long
covered way, called the Gallery of Approach, leading direCtly into the central transept, past
the furs, the East Indian exhibits, and the marvellous Silk SeCtion, and so to the raised
dais under the great dome — the central point of the whole Exhibition. This dais, with its
tall fountain-jet springing from a base of metallic water lilies, soon became a favourite and
noted spot with all visitors. From it could be obtained the best view of things in general.
It became a recognised halting ground ; a place of assignations without end ; a cool and
refreshing refuge for the weary, where an unlooked-for puff" of wind would occasionally treat
one to a delightful shower bath without any extra charge. Here forlorn maidens and
fuming cavaliers would walk round and round in ceaseless lamentation for the loved and
lost ; irate husbands and fathers would stalk about in impotent rage at the inevitable
unpunCtuality of their womankind ; and here, wise and jolly souls, who had their weaker
vessels under safe convoy, would deposit their wives and tired children for just five minutes,
whilst they disappeared with other beaming and thirsty souls round the corner into the near
neighbourhood of the Irish SeCtion. Alas ! Those five minutes ! How long they too often were.
pyROM the dais could be obtained the best view of the general effeCt of the eastern
* and western portions of the main avenue — the great central nave. Looking
from this point up the eastern avenue the effeCt was often very brilliant, especially

THE EXHIBITION COMPLETE: A RAPID GLANCE ROUND. .17

upon musical occasions. In the immediate foreground were the fine stalls of Porcelain,
Lambeth, Royal Worcester, Limoges, and others ; next came a glittering display of Musical
Instruments, a gorgeous array of Precious Stones elaborately guarded, and
so on to the dividing railing which marked off that portion of the nave
known as the concert room, at the further end of which rose the great

orchestra, capable of accommodating five to six hundred per
formers, all backed up and the nave closed in by
Bishop <2f Son's Grand Organ, from which were

evoked twice a day delightful strains by Mr. ^lli|f|il||||B

,-**s

Kendrick Pyne, the Cathedral organist. In this
Orchestra from time to time were
to be heard such represen
tative European bands
those of the Eng-lish
Guards, under

-.'- ^ ^_-=»-? •'^^¦::j

55^^i;J^'

Dan Godfrey,
and the Belgian
Guides, in addi
tion to others of

'J^ggiPim'^ high standing, including
the fine and well-trained
Exhibition band, under
the direction of Mr. De Jong.
'¦^A ij/'/i ^'^ Here, also, were heard such

vocalists as Madame Albani and
Madame Trebelli. Of course, upon such
occasions, the great concert room was usually
crowded to its utmost capacity by thousands of well-
dressed and attentive listeners of both sexes.

'urning round and walking across to the other side
of the raised platform, the entire extent of the
western nave was brought into view, with its wealth of
brilliant Cutlery, pf gorgeous and glowing Venetian, and Bohemian, and English Glassware,
and the ingenious model of the Manchester Ship Canal. Near to this were beautifully

i8 THE EXHIBITION COMPLETE: A RAPID GLANCE ROUND.

finished Pleasure Boats from the Ribble, and models of famous Ocean Steamers; and this
end of the nave was closed in by the very extensive and elaborate exhibit of Doulton's
Lambeth pottery, which included within its limits illustrations of the entire art of pottery
making, from the rough clay to the final painting and glazing, and firing in the kilns.
How great an attraction this proved may be easily imagined. High up aloft, over these
works, was the monster Empire clock, showing the time in nearly all parts of Her Majesty's

dominions. From the dais could be seen to advantage the quaintly picturesque decorations
of the sides of the nave, consisting principally of reproduftions of old English gabled and
half-timbered house fronts, which, in their varied uniformity of form and colour, produced an
unique and altogether pleasant effeCt upon the eye. Underneath these fronts were recessed bays
or rooms, in which were exhibited all kinds of furniture and household requisites, esthetic
wall-decorations, leather papers from Japan, and numerous other articles of use or ornament.

THE EXHIBITION COMPLETE : A RAPID GLANCE ROUND. . 19
1~^IGHT and left of the dome was the central transept, wherein was situated the important
* \ and exceedingly interesting Silk SeCtion, also the attractive show-case of Elkington & Co.,
the Indian goods, the exhibits of various schools of art, the offices of the general
management, and many other things.
COMING down the nave from the orchestra, the long range of PiCture Galleries lay to
the right, extending to the central transept ; to the left extended the Chemical SeCtion,
and to the right of the western nave was the great Irish SeCtion. The Machinery Annex^
was reached by flights of stairs in the central transept, leading to the covered way over
Talbot Road.
'o the student, the interest of the Exhibition would be mainly centred in the marvellous
and unique collection of pictures, the stupendous collection of machinery, and — if
interested in the burning problems of the life of to-day — in the extraordinarily fine show
made in the Irish SeCtion. This latter came to many as a shock and a revelation, and
ought to have been shown the kingdom over. Of the handicrafts, the carriages, and the
vast crowd of miscellanies, we need not speak in this chapter.
\ T othing connected with the Exhibition proved to be more successful than the Gardens,
/ N the Fairy Fountain, the Bands, the Toboggan and Switchback, and, above and beyond
all, the exquisite reproductions of Old Manchester and Salford. Of this latter show, with
its delightful old shops and pretty maidens and quaint dresses, and resurrections of old-world
characters and costumes, we shall have opportunity of speaking more at length elsewhere.

THE PICTURES.
ENGLISH ART DURING THE QUEEN'S REIGN.
NGLISH Art, in the sense in which the term art is generally used, had
no existence before the days of Hogarth. Hogarth's first important
work, the Harlot's Progress, was
completed in 1733, just one hundred
and fifty-four years
that date may be taken
as the commencement of
pictorial art in England.
The fifty years of our
Queen's reign, illustrated
at the Manchester Jubilee
Exhibition, constitute, as
it will therefore be seen, almost an
exaCt third part, in point of time, of
the entire artistic life of the nation ;
in point of growth, development, and
performance, they completely dwarf,
as we shall endeavour to show, the
period which went before.

THE PICTURES.
/~\wing, in a measure, to its recent origin, and perhaps, in a still greater degree, to our
^^ national chara6teristics, English Art has been distinguished from that of the foreign
schools by its originality, individuality, and spontaneity. As a consequence of this
individualism, none of the English painters of the ante-ViCtorian era founded a school of
his own. Hogarth left no followers ; Richard Wilson, the first of our great landscape
painters, exercised no perceptible influence on his successors ; Reynolds and Gainsborough, as
portrait painters, were replaced by Sir Thomas Lawrence and Sir Martin Archer Shee.
Blake lived and worked, and starved, unnoticed, and it was left to the present generation
to recognise his extraordinary genius. John Constable, who is beginning to be recognised
as one of the greatest original forces in modern European art, and who died in March 1837,
almost on the threshold of the Queen's reign, had revolutionized French landscape painting,
before his influence, at second-hand, made itself felt in the art of his native land.
'T the commencement of the ViCtorian era Sir Martin Archer Shee was President
of the Royal Academy, and he and E. A. Chalon, R.A., shared the lucrative field
of fashionable portrait painting. Among the landscape painters. Turner stood in a class by
himself, although his best days had gone by ; John Linnell had already been an exhibitor
at the Royal Academy for thirty years ; Sir A. W. Callcott was at his best ; Miiller was
beginning his brilliant and too brief career ; and Creswick and F. R. Lee were rising into
notice. William Hilton was the acknowledged head of the historical painters ; Benjamin
Robert Haydon was continuing his heart-breaking struggle for what he considered high art ;
Etty stood alone as a painter of the nude figure ; Wilkie, C. R. Leslie, Mulready, and
Webster were the foremost representatives of domestic and illustrative art, generally called
genre painting, and John Martin still continued to exhibit his extraordinary quasi-religious
pictures. Among animal painters Sir E. Landseer was undisputed chief, but there were
minor men, yet of note, pursuing the same branch of art.
'HE foregoing is a goodly array of names, and the work of each of the artists mentioned,
with the exception of Hilton, Haydon, and Martin, could be studied, more or less

22 THE PICTURES.
completely, on the walls of the Exhibition. The rule adopted by the Committee which
excluded from the walls works produced before the commencement of the Queen's reign,
and which was only relaxed in the case of a few portraits of interest from an historical point
of view, shut out all the very best works of Turner, Etty, and Wilkie, but it certainly
increased the interest of the colle6tion to the student of progressive art. The absence of
Hilton, Haydon, and Martin is to be regretted, though the former died so soon after the
Queen's accession that little or nothing of a representative charaCter was available, and the
colossal size of most of the pictures of the latter two may, in some measure, account for
their omission from an Exhibition where a limited space had to be divided among so many.
Want of space, too, probably was answerable for the absence of the works of many painters
who, fifty years ago, enjoyed high reputations, who are now remembered only by those who
have a fancy for the study of old catalogues. Examples of the works of all these men
would have added to the completeness as well as the historical interest of the coUeCtion, as an
objective history of ViCtorian Art; but their presence would have marred the beauty of the Exhibition
as an Exhibition. As it was, the colledtion of pictures was the most perfeCt representation of the
pi6torial art of a single nation and period which the world has yet seen, and the conditions under
which such an Exhibition could alone become possible are hardly likely to recur.
'o deal with the artists living and working fifty years ago, Turner stands absolutely alone.
He was entirely unlike any one who went before or came after him. His pictures
at the Exhibition, some of which had faded in parts, gave no idea of the scope and extent
of his power, which can only be fairly estimated after studying him at the National Gallery.
The minute fidelity to faCt, so noticeable in the works belonging to his first and second
periods, almost entirely disappears in those he produced in the ViCtorian age. Instead of
representing concrete fafts he attempted to paint abstra6t truths, and preach a gospel in
colour as Beethoven preached a gospel in sound. He tried to do in his pictures more
than pictorial art gives scope for; and there is little doubt that in his later years his colour
sense was affeCted by an obscure disease of the eyes. The celebrated Rain., Speed, and Steam
may be called a magnificent apocalyptic opium dream. The Burial of Wilkie, of which we give

THE PICTURES.

a reprodudtion, is one of the finest
of Turner's later works, and has
suffered little if anything at the
hands of time. Although exhibited
at the Royal Academy in 1842, it
is painted more in his style of ten
or fifteen years earlier, and is a
fine and poetic rendering of an
eminently piCtorial subjeCt.
'HE chief characteristics of the
early ViCtorian painters, ex
cept Turner, and in a lesser degree,
Etty, weres a certain timidity the burial of wilkie (painted by f. m. w. Tumer, r.a.)
in the choice and treatment of subjeCts, and a positive horror of strong light and powerful
colour. They sought examples in the masters of the Dutch school rather than in those of
Italy. Their subjeCts and handling were alike akin to those adopted by the Dutchmen,
whether in landscape or figure painting. Wilkie, who will always be kindly remembered
for his sympathetic humour, is distinctly Dutch in manner and feeling, in spite of his intense
Scotch nationality. Owing to the rule as to dates his only works at the Exhibition were
two unfinished pictures of subjeCts taken from his fatal Eastern tour, returning from which
he died and was buried at sea, as so nobly rendered by Turner. Mulready was influenced
by Wilkie, and in his turn a6ted on Webster, and in the works of each this Dutch feeling
is apparent. The Integrity of the former was immoderately praised when exhibited among
the Art Treasures at Old Trafford in 1857, but attra6ted comparatively little notice here.
For the time in which he lived Mulready's colour and drawing were excellent, although in
neither respeCt would he be considered remarkable to-day, and all his pictures were simple,
wholesome, and easily understood. Thomas Webster, who was born with the century and
died so to speak, yesterday, was very similar in scope and aims, but was rather a smaller

24 THE PICTURES.
man than either of the two with whom his name is naturally associated. He did for
South England, with rather less success, what Wilkie had done for Scotland, and depiCted
the simple joys and sorrows of humble life, and particularly of school-boy life, sincerely and
unpretentiously, and with kindly humour. His two pictures, The Smile and The Frown,
illustrative of the lines describing the school in Goldsmith's Deserted Village, his Practising
for the Village Concert, and Sunday Morning, all hung in the Ninth Gallery, were typical
examples of a very loveable though anything but a great artist.
'MALL in aim and timid in treatment, these men and others of their time and class strove
only to tell a story, and had little heed of the unity and essentially piCtorial aspeCt
of a subject. They neither attained nor seemed greatly to value the high technical
excellence which makes the least scrap of Velasques, or the corner of a bed-quilt by Millais,
admirable on account of its mere painting. Nevertheless, they were good men and true,
doing their best according to their lights, and worthy of honour from a generation enjoying
better illumination. The same remarks apply to those illustrators of books, whether
of history, poetry, or romance, who called themselves Historical Painters. C. R. Leslie,
whose style comes between genre and history, may be taken as the first in order of the
series at the Exhibition. His clever Scene from Roderick Random, hard and poor in colour,
with the artist's usual excellence in composition, and skill in the management of light, is a
fairly good example of his work, though not so good as some of his Don Quixote series.
The story could not be better told, and we may say the same of the piftures by John
Phillip, Egg, Elmore, Cope, Ward, and Frith. Many of these have, in addition, high
technical merits, and this is notably the case with the work of by far the greatest of them
John Phillip. We cannot particularize pictures which must be familiar in the recolleCtion
of all visitors to the Exhibition, and most of which are well-known as engravings.
In landscape, this Dutch feeling is even more evident. Callcott painted English meadows,
* seen through the eyes of Cuyp ; and Lee and Creswick, English woodlands, refrafted
by the spedacles of Hobbema. Very sweet and pleasant piftures, not very strong or

THE PICTURES. 25
workmanlike in the handling, but good to live with. Clarkson Stanfield, whose works made
a great show at the Exhibition, to the detriment of an already-failing reputation, drew ships
and wave forms with the knowledge to be expeCted from a sailor, and painted sea water as
Vaudervelde would probably have done if he pra6tised as a scene painter. Miiller, whose
susceptibility to the influence of other minds makes one doubt his aCtual genius, after doing
his best work in the manner of Constable-=— the Eel Bucks at Goring and the Baggage
Waggon in the Eighth Gallery were grand examples — fell into the style of Callcott, and died
before he had aCtually decided on a style of his own.
'TOUT old John Linnell, with English heart and English eye, went on steadfastly
painting English woods and cornfields, troubled little by the notice of the high
priests of English Art. David Cox, the Constable of water colours, when producing the
drawings which now realize thousands, was hardly recognized ; De Wint and Copley Fielding,
much smaller men, though still good men and true, were highly appreciated. Except
Cox and Linnell, our painters in this department seemed afraid to look nature direCtly in
the face, as if that would have been an impertinence — to hold that the light of day was
unsuited to the purposes of Art till filtered through a studio skylight. The fault was the
fault of the time and not of the men, and it is unfair to blame them for not rising above
the standard which was set them.
WE have striven to give a fair, though necessarily slight and imperfeCt sketch, of the
state of English Art before the revolution which must have been evident to all who
examined the pictures at the Exhibition, and noted, in spite of their arrangement on the
walls, their chronological succession. We have not space even to enumerate the causes, still
less to follow the course, of this revolution, which had its germs in the competition for the
decoration of the new Palace at Westminster, which began in 1843. We may say,
however, that we believe the movement itself, as well as its subordinate causes, was merely
a part of a general revival of culture, and a revolt against the smug utilitarianism of the
period preceding it.

THE PICTURES-

If li ' k 111. I ^]
"'li'i'ili'k^ 'I'ffj 'III 'j./'i '• /

r iirr

HE pioneers of the new
order were Dyce and
Maclise, who were almost the
first to introduce dignity of
design into English Art.
Neither was seen to advan
tage at the Exhibition, for
their greatest work is in
fresco — Dyce's Arthurian car
toons in the Queen's Robing-
room, and Maclise's Meeting
of Wellington and Blucher and
The Death of Nelson, in the
Royal Gallery in the Houses of
Parliament. The corner of the Tenth Gallery,
where Dyce's pictures hung, will remain a
pleasant memory with many, when works at first
more striking have faded from their recolleCtion, but the examples of Maclise were hardly
calculated to do justice to that master's memory.

'HEN came that remarkable development known as Pre-Raphaelitism. Once a pointing-
mark for the finger of the scornful, the movement has become better understood,
especially since the death of its arch-priest, Dante Rossetti ; and its principles and its
practice too, stripped of the immature crudities of its founders, pervade all the vital art of
to-day. Holman Hunt's Strayed Sheep and Claudio and Isabella will be remembered by all,
and no student will forget Millais' Escape of a Heretic; but the latter's glorious Boyhood
of Raleigh is as true to the Pre-Raphaelite principles as either of the three pictures just
mentioned. Holman Hunt and Madox Brown (the grandfather, as he has been called, of
the Brotherhood, to which he never nominally belonged) alone continue, as mannerisms

THE PICTURES.

or eccentricities, the peculiarities of treatment which, in the earlier Pre-Raphaelites,
arose from an imperfeft mastery of their craft. Mr. Madox Brown is an admirable

ROMEO AND JULIET
(painted by Ford Madox Brown).

and irritating artist-the Robert Browning of painting. His piftures are never without
real greatness, but they are seldom without a jarring note, which almost sets the teeth

28 THE PICTURES.
on edge. His piCture of Romeo and Juliet, of which we give an engraving, is a
typical example of his work. No piCture in the Exhibition was so easy to make fun of.
The Juliet certainly does not embody the popular conception of Shakspere's hapless child-
bride. There are passages of sheer ugliness, and quite unnecessary ugliness, in the
picture. But for pure dramatic force, for absolute passion, there was nothing in the Exhibition
to equal it. The sick swoon of the senses in the madness of farewell has never been so
powerfully rendered by any artist dealing with this well-worn theme. The Elijah and the
Lear were also representative examples ; and in the piCture Work, from the Manchester
Corporation Art Gallery, there is sufficient thought and invention and honest labour to furnish
forth a score of pictures ; but it is too much a produCl of the mere intelleCt, and, piCtorially,
in spite of its splendid colour and beautiful detail painting, it is not a success.
•HE great colledtion of pictures by Dante Gabriel Rossetti was a distindt feature of the
Exhibition, and would come as a revelation to the generality, for during his life the
public saw litde of his work. Essentially a poet, whether in words or on canvas, Rossetti
succeeded more completely in conveying his conceptions in the vehicle of verse than in the
pictorial form. The mechanism of his poems is more perfeCt than that of any poet of our
day ; but in painting, he never entirely overcame the want of sufficiently thorough early
training. The gem-like beauty and purity of his colour remain unrivalled, but even his
warmest admirers, among whom we rank ourselves, are forced to admit his occasional
deficiency in drawing. It was to be regretted that so little of his earlier work was at
the Exhibition ; all his important pictures there were clouded with the great sorrow which
shadowed his life.
r-^DWARD Burne Jones, A.R.A., was at Oxford, studying for the church, when he came under
i — ' the spell of Rossetti's personal influence, and straightway left the plough in the half-turned
furrow, and became his disciple. This painter is generally, and quite erroneously, supposed to
carry on the traditions of the Pre-Raphaelites. The latter were essentially realists ;
Mr. Burne Jones is as essentially an idealist. The old-world myths with which he delights

THE PICTURES.

to deal are tinged by his imagi
nation with a mediaeval hue, as
in Morris's Earthly Paradise.
In his inventive works, such
as Le Chant d' Amour, and the
exquisite Love amongst the Ruins,
in the Twelfth Gallery, he shows
poetic fancy of the very highest
order, and for purity and subtilty
of colour he has no living equal.
The Wheel of Fortune, of which
we give an illustration, was at
the Grosvenor Gallery in 1883.
The Lazarus of F. J. Shields,
a worker in a similar spirit,
which was hung near the ceiling
in the Third Gallery, deserved
a better place. Mr. Simeon
Solomon's beautiful drawing. Two
Sleepers and One that Watches,
will be remembered among
works of this class.
OF the noble allegorical de
signs of Mr. G. F. Watts,
R.A., which hung in the
Third Gallery, we can say little.
They prove that even in this
latest quarter of the nineteenth

THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE
(painted by Edward Burne Jones, A.R.A.).

30 THE PICTURES.
century religious painting of the highest class is not impossible. The Love and Death is
perhaps the greatest achievement of modern art. Watts' portraits, and those painted by
Millais, Frank Holl, Ouless, and Herkomer, were not only interesting as recording the
outward form and habit of the leading men of the last twenty years in politics, in arms,
and in the liberal arts, but as showing what our contemporary school of portraiture can do.
It is a school any nation might be proud of. To find anything to compare with the
subtle insight of Watts, the brilliant dire6tness of Millais, the robust manly force of Holl,
we must go a long way back — further back than the days of Gainsborough and Sir Joshua —
back to such men as Titian, Velasquez, and Moroni. The portraiture of to-day bears the
same relation to that of Sir Francis Grant and Sir Martin Archer Shee as our Town Hall
does to some stucco villa in the " builder's Gothic " of thirty years ago.
MONG the causes which have led to the renovation of English Art, none has been more
effective than the introduction of the influence of foreign contemporary schools of
painting. This influence first became markedly noticeable in the work of Sir F. Leighton,
the all-accomplished President of the Royal Academy. It is unnecessary to enumerate the
many schools in which he studied ; the individual hall-mark of no single one of them is
stamped on his handiwork ; but everything he has done, since his Procession of Cimabue
startled the world in 1855, has been marked unmistakably with an air of general artistic
culture unknown in England before his day. The display of his pictures at the Exhibition
was fully worthy of him, and the collection together of so many of his important works,
an ordeal which has often proved disastrous to weaker men, has undoubtedly tended
to enhance his great reputation. No visitor with any pretence to artistic knowledge
is likely ever to forget The Summer Moon, in which, without any very exalted aim,
and seeking to solve no problem of special difficulty, the artist has succeeded, within
his limits, in producing perhaps the most perfeCt piCture in the Exhibition. With much
learning and other high qualities, the principal note of the President's work is grace.
His frescoes of The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace, at South Kensington
Museum, are among the greatest works of decorative art England has produced.

THE PICTURES.

i, --'//
;^-p j^
DAPHNEPHORIA
(painted by Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A.).
The Daphnephoria, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1876, and of which we
give a sketch, filled with honour the chief place in the Central Gallery.
WITH the name of Leighton those of Poynter and Long are usually associated, as much
from choice of subjeCt as for treatment. Poynter is a scholarly painter, and his
Visit to ^sculapius is a delightful piCture. Atalantds Race, too, in spite of the woodenness
of the figure of Melanion, is a fair work. Long's Gods and their Makers and Babylonish
Marriage Market were excellent examples, and there is much talent, as well as a good
deal of sickly sentiment and pseudo-religious feeling, in the Diana or Christ ?
'HE works of George Mason, A.R.A., and Frederick Walker, A.R.A., in the Seventh
Gallery, in which, also, the Rossettis and several of Dawson's finest landscapes were
hung, will make that room one of the pleasantest memories of the Exhibition. The foreign,
and particularly the French influence, was unmistakable in both Mason and Walker, though
whence it was acquired it is hard to guess. The grace and tenderness, the sympathy and
insight, the love for all things pure and innocent, which are abundantly evident throughout
the pictures of these two men — their delight in the simple faCts of kindly homely life, and
r- THE PICTURES.
their power to see and reproduce the beauty underlying all common things — render their
work among the most wholesome and lovable in the world. The Harvest Moon, the
Pastoral Symphony, the Old Gate, the Harbour of Refuge— vjhz.t tender memories they leave
behind them! Mr. Macbeth, who has laid the public under an obligation by reproducing,
as etchings, the masterpieces of these artists, has himself caught much of their spirit, and
his Sodden Fen will not readily be forgotten.
MONG the genre and history painters of to-day, who were well represented at the
Exhibition, Orchardson deserves a foremost place. Napoleon on board the Bellerophon
is historical painting of a high order, and the Mariage de Convenance, and its sequel
Alone, are worthy to rank with Hogarth's masterpieces. Pettie, a rather smaller man, but
a kindred spirit, was hardly so adequately represented, and Mr. Seymour Lucas is so
distinctly a man of to-day and to-morrow, rather than of yesterday, that we need say no
more of him, beyond noticing the exceptional excellence of his draughtsmanship. Calderon
will be better remembered by visitors to the Exhibition by his beautiful Aphrodite than by
his illustrative work, good as it was ; and Val Prinsep, who formerly painted in a very
similar spirit to Calderon, was best represented by The Golden Gate, a fine work, very
decorative in feeling, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1882, and presented
by the late Mr. W. A. Turner to the Corporation of Manchester ; of it we give an
illustration. 'HE pleasant but rather thin sentimentalities of Marcus Stone, and the innocuous but
somewhat namby-pamby illustrations of school-girl life of G. D. Leslie, will be
sufficiently familiar to our readers. Mr. Herkomer and Mr. E. J. Gregory, who together
founded what may be known to the art historian of the future as the Southampton School,
were represented principally by the Last Mtister and Hard Times of the former, and
Drawing-Room Day in Piccadilly, a Portrait of a Lady (whose family is well-known in
Manchester), and several water-colour drawings by the latter. Hard Times, of which we
give a slight sketch, was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1885, and belongs to the

THE PICTURES.

pqr^iv

AT THE GOLDEN GATE
(from the Pidture by Val Prinsep, A.R.A.).

THE PICTURES.

HARD TIMES
(by Hubert Herkomer, A.R.A.).

Manchester Corporation. A working
man on tramp, with his wife and
little ones, tired out by the roadside,
near a prosperous homestead and
village. The story is told with un
forced pathos, and the piCture is full
of honest and masterly painting.
IN A Look at the Model Mr. Gregory
has given us a portrait of him
self, at work in his studio. The

technical handling of this, as of everything Gregory has shown, is admirable.

A LOOK AT THE MODEL
(drawn by E. J. Gregory, A.R.A., Royal Institute, 1884.).

THE PICTURES.

"TI NOTHER little group of young painters, on whom the influence of contemporary foreign art
/ 1 is very strong, is the Anglo-Venetian school, of whom Van Haanen is the leader, and
Fildes, Woods, and Logsdail the principal English members. The Venetians, by Fildes, the
Piazza, Venice, by Logsdail, and the Preparation for the First Communion, by Woods (of
which we give

PREPARATION FOR THE FIRST COMMUNION
(by Henry Woods, A.R.A.).

a sketch), are
typical examples
of the work of
this school. The
skill with which
these artists,
painting, so far
as paint will go,
up to the full
blaze of sunlight,
obtain truth of
local colour, with
out losing the

truth of values, is marvellous. In Mr. Wood's piCture the drawing and characterization are
admirable, and the scene is realized with kindly humour, and without a touch of exaggeration,
into which a weaker man might so readily have fallen.

OF the landscape painters we have left ourselves little space to speak. Vicat Cole and
C. E. Johnson are the chief representatives of tradition, and their work meets with
considerable acceptance, and, within its limitations, deserves it. With them may be named
W. H. B. Davis, whose landscapes with cattle belong to the same order. Peter Graham,
MacWhirter, and Maccallum are the most prominent of a school of painters which does
credit to Scotland, possessing considerable robustness and literal fidelity to nature. Alfred
Parsons and David Murray may be mentioned as exemplars of a class of painters who treat

THE PICTURES.

nature subjedtively, and in whom the influence of Mason and Walker, as well as of the modern
French landscape school, and particularly of J. F. Millet, is paramount. We have, again, our own
Manchester school of landscape painters who, for want of a more exaCt terminology, must be classed
among the impressionists. Of all these, except the last, adequate representation was afforded at
the Exhibition. Such men as Anderson Hague, Knight, Partington, Somerset, and Meredith, not
to mention other.s, are to be reckoned with when the accounts of currCnt art are made up ; but
they were so poorly represented and so badly hung at the Exhibition, that for all pradtical
purposes they may be taken as not having been there at all. Millais' landscapes, for mere

mount's bay
(painted by Henry Moore, A.R.A.).
mastery of painting, are sufficient to stamp him as a great artist, if he had never done anything
else, and the Winter Fuel v^ds a splendid example of his skill in this branch of art. Hook's Cow
Tending and Wise Saws, delightful for their quaint humour as well as for the breezy nature of
which they are full, almost held their own against the same master's sea-pieces. It was in 1862 that
Hook discovered that, instead of the mud and treacle and ink and soap-suds marine painters had
been in the habit of depicfting, the sea was full of real water, and he painted it accordingly. Since
then others have followed in his footsteps, notably Colin Hunter, John Brett, and Henry Moore,
and at a longer interval, Napier Hemy, Ellis, and Bartlett. Moore's principal pidure. Mount's Bay,

THE PICTURES. . 37
of which we give an illustration, is a grand work, the lift and movement of the living water
being rendered with wonderful truth.
TX ID space permit, we might mention many men whose work is worthy of notice, both
Q^ in the middle ViCtorian period and at the present day, but we must reluCtantly
forbear. Among the animal painters the mantle of Landseer has fallen on Briton Riviere.
Without the extraordinary dexterity in texture painting and the unerring certainty of
draughtsmanship of the earlier master, Briton Riviere has a truer dramatic instinCt and a

DANIEL IN THE LIONS' DEN
(from the Pidlure by Briton Eivihe, R.A. By kind permission of Messrs. Agnew ^^ Sons).
finer sense of colour, and his animals have the characters of animals, and not, as was so
often the case with Landseer, of human beings in masquerade. The Daniel in the Lions'
Den, of which we give an illustration, was in the Royal Academy in 1872.

THE PICTURES.

gEYOND the few incidental remarks we have already made, we can say nothing of the
works in water-colour. The progress of this branch of art is sufficiently indicated by
the fadt that, in John Varley's day, a water-colour drawing was, literally, a drawing ; at the
present time, although the word drawing is still conventionally used, the thing it represents
is as completely and essentially a painting as any work in oil.
•HE art of to-day is larger in its aims, and higher in its purpose, than at any previous
period in England. Its followers have acquired a knowledge of the mere craftsman
ship of their craft of which their predecessors never dreamed. The collection of pictures
at the Manchester Jubilee Exhibition was not only a thing of beauty, and as such a joy
for ever, to all who saw it with a seeing eye and an understanding heart; but it was
likewise an honourable record of our art in the past, a splendid exemplification of our art
in the present, and a glorious promise of our art in the future.

T. w. H,

SCULPTURE.

i^^^

i^jk

C">8flp//&

Il^Bi

^^:^c^

s^i

JUST and enlightened appreciation of the higher forms of
Art, as manifested in Sculpture, is a thing of slow growth;
and a long education in taste and refinement is necessary
ere the general body of any people or nation can be
brought to look upon such with anything beyond a cold
and languid interest.

CERTAIN kinds of Sculpture will, without doubt, arouse attention and regard on the part
of the simplest and most uncultured mind. The fetish of the savage, the grotesque
or terrible idol of the semi-civilized, the modern merely pretty domestic devices eked out
with skilled-artizan trickery of veils and draperies, and shoelaces and rush-bottomed chairs
and what not, will each and all appeal direCtly and successfully to the least educated ; but,
if we get beyond these things, it is questionable whether, since the days of ancient Greece,
a genuine love of the highest forms of Sculptural Art has existed among the masses of
any nation whatsoever ; and among the masses must be included, for this purpose, the
great body — with comparatively rare exceptions — of our modern middle class. The rush
and turmoil of our present-day business life are eminently unfavourable to the cultivation of
those refinements of thought and feeling, which alone will enable men to have any true
love of, and sympathy for, those subtle delicacies of line and form in which are clothed the
purest and most elevated manifestations of the greatest art, as exhibited in Marble Sculpture.
Only those blessed with cultured leisure would seem to be able to attain this development

40 SCULPTURE.
of refined taste; and accordingly we find that whilst in London, the centre around which
revolves of necessity all we have of such a class, there is a certain, although limited, demand
for and appreciation of these things, in the great manufacturing centres of the provinces
high forms of Sculpture are at a discount.
\]o stronger evidence of this can, in our opinion, be afforded than the position Sculpture
/ ^ has occupied in our great and marvellously-successful Exhibition. Grandly representative
as our gathering has been in so many other ways — notably that of PiCtorial Art — the few
and scattered pieces of Sculpture have in the main simply served to emphasize our
indifference in that direction. It can hardly be thought possible that the same energy
which brought together so magnificent and unique a collection of the choicest produCts
of the Pictorial Art of the ViCtorian era, could not have overcome the perhaps slightly
greater difficulties attendant upon the acquirement of an equally fine representative gallery
of Sculpture, had either the taste or the inclination been in existence. A grand educational
opportunity has been unfortunately missed, and it is hard to say when its like may recur.
Such a collection as might and could have been brought together would have made
many among us, who take their ideas of English Sculpture from the not very inspiriting
portrait statues which too often cumber the land with stiffness and wooden absurdity, to
say nothing of downright ugliness, — such a collection, we repeat, would have made many
among us open their eyes wide in delighted surprise and wonderment. None could have
looked without benefit upon the exquisitely refined graces of Foley, or the classic beauties
of Gibson, or the best works of Bailey, not to speak of the best work of our later artists.
'HE works exhibited were very limited in number, doubtless ; but it is not certain that
they would not have been better placed in a small gallery by themselves. Fortunately,
we had a few works of the very highest class; and although, had these been
gifted with speech, they might not unreasonably have grumbled occasionally at the company
in which they would sometimes have found themselves, had all been assembled together,
the result might have been not without benefit to the student. It is sometimes just as

SCULPTURE.

useful to learn by the contemplation of utter feebleness what to avoid, as to be spurred
into emulation by the successful efforts of undoubted genius and power.

I / IRST and foremost, and above all else was the work of our many-sided President of
* the Royal Academy, Sir F. Leighton, We all knew him as a painter whose grace
and refinement and poetic feeling have rarely been equalled ; we knew him also as the
ever-courtly and accomplished gentleman ; but these very qualities all tended to increase,
rather than diminish, the startled surprise with which the world of art gazed upon the new
manifestation of his powers afforded by his splendid achievements in Sculpture, Who could
have expected from this arch-priest of elegance, and almost over-refinement, some of the
most vigorous and masculine work ever produced ? His Python Slayer is a marvel of
strength and fine and learned modelling, worthy of any age or country ; and his Sluggard
is as good in its own way. If the

Exhibition had done nothing more than
give us an opportunity of seeing these fine
works, we could not have been altogether
ungrateful. Next come the various works
of Hamo Thornycroft, A.R.A., of which
the chief is the Sower, probably the
best figure ever modelled by this
talented artist. The figure is full of life
and movement, and is a very powerful
rendering of an exceedingly difficult subjeCt.
Teucer watching, with the most anxious
intentness, the flight of his arrow, just
discharged, is also an excellent piece of
art, with a soul and purpose in it quite
above and beyond the " heroic-figure "
business with which we are all too

THE PYTHON SLAYER
(by Sir F. Leighton, P.R.A.).

SCULPTURE.

familiar in the works of ordinary
Sculptors. Lot's Wife, by the same
artist, is a good figure, with much
strength of modelling. We had only
one example by the great men of the
first half of Her Majesty's reign, a
figure of Egeria, by J, H. Foley, R. A.,
which, exquisitely refined and chaste
in treatment as it undoubtedly is,
cannot in any sense be regarded as
a representative work. For its
own special qualities nothing in the
Exhibition could rival it in the
slightest degree ; but what would
one not have given to have seen
here this Sculptor's glorious group
of The Mother and her Two
Children, or its companion, Ino
and Bacchus, one of the finest
classical groups ever produced in
this country.

T~\ EsiDES these there were various
(^ \ noteworthy productions ; one
of the best being A Moment of Peril, by T. Brock, R.A., purchased by the President and
Council of the Royal Academy, under the terms of the Chantrey bequest. A boa-constriCtor
has attacked a mounted American Indian, and wound its fearful coils about one of the
hind legs of the horse, bringing down both the animal and its rider. Its repulsive head,
with horrible distended jaws, is raised against the horseman, who as yet has not lost his

TEUCER
(from the Bronze by Hamo Thornycroft, A.R.A.).

SCULPTURE.

seat, and raises his spear in aCt to strike. This is altogether a fine and vigorous piece
of -work, and not unworthy its destined position among the Art Treasures in the private
collection of the Royal Academy. By way of a digression, it seems unfortunate that the
private collection of diploma and other works referred to is not more accessible and more

A MOMENT OF PERIL
(by T. Brock, R.A.).
known by the general public. The diploma works deposited by the artists upon their enrol
ment in the ranks of the eleCt are, it is true, rarely examples of the finest work they can
do ; still, though minor examples, they are presumably executed when the men are at their
best ; and they undoubtedly form a most interesting series from an historical point of view.
It might also come to pass that some of the more ambitious and conceited men of the

44 SCULPTURE.
younger generation, who systematically treat with flouts and gibes the feeble efforts of old
and worn-out artists, would discover that these men had really done something in their day
and generation to justify the estimation in which they once were held.
'HE works shown by E. Roscoe Mullins possessed considerable merit, and not a little originality.
His most ambitious production, representing the never-forgotten and most pathetic interview
between Isaac and Esau, after the latter has been defrauded of his father's blessing, attrafted
much attention. There is a certain amount of dramatic power in this group, and considerable pathos.
The Autolycus is very successful ; a bright, lively youth, well modelled and full of humour.
EVERAL works Were contributed by A. Bruce Joy, of which the best was a group entitled
Forsaken, with the quotation — "Oh, Jesus, my Saviour, what have I done?" appended.
Good and clever it undoubtedly was, so far as skilled modelling and execution went ; but the
choice of subjeCt seemed to us a mistake. The group represented a forsaken mother in an
agony of remorse after having stabbed her infant child. Mr. J. W. Swynnerton's Victor is
a strongly-modelled figure of the familiar heroic type ; without which, and such prettinesses
as Calder Marshall's Undine and Ophelia, and T. Woolner's Godiva, we suppose no well-
regulated collection of Sculpture, however small, would be considered complete.
'wo large panels in Doulton Terra-cotta, modelled in alto-relievo, by Mr. George Tinworth,
would have attraCted notice, had it been only from the nature of their subjeCts ; and they
were really noteworthy as works of art. The incidents illustrated were The Release of
Barabbas and The Entry into Jerusalem. Their method of treatment is perhaps piCtorial
rather than sculpturesque ; but the excited groups of priests, apostles, soldiers, and people in
general have great dramatic force, and individual figures are full of chara6ter and expression.
If we say that the Christ in each composition is not the Christ of the world's ideal, it is to
say little more than that this artist has failed where every other artist has failed. The man
has yet to be born who will achieve this apparently impossible task, and we think the chances
of his appearance are becoming more remote every day.

SCULPTURE.

•w

,5.4 ¦ l:MV X

HENRY IRVING AS HAMLET
(from the Statue by S. Onslow Ford, Royal AcaJcfWj', iSSs).

46 SCULPTURE,
'HERE were several life-size works by Count Gleichen, of which the chief was an excellent
figure of a Scotch Fisherwoman, well posed and draped, and with genuine Scotch
character in the face. An undraped figure of Hero, holding aloft a lighted torch for the
guidance of her lover, was gracefully designed and modelled ; and this gentleman had also
some life-size portrait statues. There was a considerable quantity of portrait-work, busts, and
the like, besides that of Count Gleichen, the most important and noteworthy being the statue
of Henry Irving as Hamlet, modelled by S. Onslow Ford, a good performance, highly
dramatic in treatment. T. Woolner, R.A., exhibited busts of Lord Tennyson and Sir
William Fairbairn ; A. Bruce Joy, busts of Mary Anderson and the Archbishop of
Canterbury: S. G. Bucknall one of Francis W. Newman; T. Nelson Maclean, a bust of
Dr. Angus Smith; and there were two local exhibitors — E. G. Papworth and J. Cassidy.
Mr. Papworth's chief exhibits were busts of the late Sir Elkanah Armitage, and the late
Mayor of Manchester, Alderman Curtis — both good portraits. Mr. Cassidy, a promising
young Sculptor, hailing from the Manchester School of Art, occupied a studio in Old
Manchester during the Exhibition, and modelled various busts, characterized by much strength
of treatment and truth of resemblance. In the Royal Avenue were busts of Mr. T. R.
Wilkinson and Dr. Keats, executed by him.
'cuLPTURE of a somewhat different class from the more serious work of the Exhibition
crowded the stall of Antonio Frilli, of Florence. It was pretty and pleasant and
attractive enough in its way, and was the delight of thousands to whom such work as the
Python Slayer or the Sower would be as a sealed book. Veiled ladies, laces and wool-work
in marble (!), little children playing at cat's-cradle, and the like, may be looked upon with
contempt by those of us who are supremely clever and knowing; but there is no denying
that they are pretty and easily understanded of the people. So, Messieurs, what can you say ?

NE Other fi_gure ought not to be passed over— it was a clever study, called Dawn of
Womanhood, by T. Stirling Lee.

THE POTTERY.

BRAVE front was presented- in our big show by the Pottery
and Porcelain. There were not many exhibitors — some of our
most noted home manufacturers could scarcely be said to be
represented at all, and we had no examples of the finest
foreign productions. Still, the exhibits were of great importance,
and, if not entirely and thoroughly representative, were very
characteristic. It was interesting to observe how completely
separate and distinCt were the aims, tastes, modes of thought,
and methods of produ6tion of each firm. Here were no
monotonous rows of stalls, each competing with the others in
the same or similar classes of goods. On the contrary, no one stall had anything in common
with its neighbours ; each had its specialty ; and one such specialty, we may note with a
little pardonable pride, was the exhibition of such delightful English ware as could not well
be surpassed in any time or country. That the merits and attractions of these exhibits were
keenly appreciated by the great body of intelligent visitors, and that a lively interest therein
was constantly manifested from the morning of the opening day to the closing hour in November,
when they were relu6tandy compelled to bid them farewell, was patent to the most cursory
observer.

THE POTTERY.

DOULTON S INDIAN PAVILION.

'HE most vivid impressions
carried away by the
general mass of sightseers, in
connection with Pottery and
Porcelain, will doubtless be
associated with the name of
Doulton, of Lambeth. This
was inevitable, from various
causes. The show was ex
ceedingly good and attractive
in itself ; it was so varied and

extensive that in one form or dther it cropped up all over the Exhibition, and the
illustrations of the processes employed were alone of sufficient interest to., captivate the
attention of most visitors. The Indian Pavilion of this firm, at the western end of the
nave, composed mainly of glazed and enamelled terra-cotta, was, with its contents, too
bright and prominent to be overlooked, and will be remembered by all. It occupied
the entire width of the nave, and was thirty feet in height. Here the manufacture was
always in progress, and at the back, entering under the great clock, were the kilns. Of
this Pavilion we give an illustration. The glazed terra-cotta fountains in the nave, twenty feet
in diameter, and the central fountain under the great dome, thirty feet in diameter, were by
these makers. They exhibited also the elegant architectural screen in red terra-cotta, which
encircled the central dais ; and first in order in the eastern nave, next the great transept,
they had a stall upon which were shown seleCted specimens of their choicest productions in
Lambeth Faience, Chin^ Ware, Burslem Faience, and Doulton Ware. Examples of an entirely
different kind were the two large and vigorously-executed works of art in high relief, referred
to in the chapter on Sculpture. Specimens of the kind of ware for which they have been
more generally famed for very many years past — brown earthenware for sanitary, chemical, and
manufacturing purposes — were shown in the Chemical SeCtion, where, among other things, was
an extraordinary jar, calculated to hold two hundred and fifty gallons.

THE POTTERY.

DOULTON S TERRA-COTTA ARCADE.

^ EAR sleepy
old Wor
cester, Royal
Worcester, city of
loyalty, pottery, and gloves, was
very wide awake indeed among the
Porcelain exhibitors, and showed
work of such a high class as to
fairly astonish and utterly charm
all connoisseurs and people of taste. The stall of the Worcester Royal Porcelain Company
stood among the choicest of the Porcelain exhibits in the eastern nave, and fairly over
topped all competitors by the exquisitely refined charaCter and perfection of taste displayed
in its contents. The ware was entirely quiet and unobtrusive in style. No glaring
colours, no exaggerated forms, cried aloud to the vulgar to stop and admire. The softest
and most delicate of ground-tints, subdued richness of colour in the decorative portions,
and the most chastely elegant forms, combined to produce works whose beauty cannot
soon be forgotten by those who examined them with any care or attention. Vases,
tazzas, ewers, and other articles in Oriental Renaissance, in Italian Renaissance, in Cloisonn^,
were all beautiful as need be ; but the great specialty of the firm was its Carved Ivory
Porcelain. This was unique. The soft creamy tint of old ivory which formed the ground
was absolutely perfeCt of its kind, and upon this were raised the most delicate traceries and
modellings, sometimes in the richest of subdued colours, sometimes in line-work of pure gold.
Of necessity the results achieved could only be obtained by the employment of the finest

50 THE POTTERY.
talent available, combined with the utmost care and deliberation at every stage of the work,
the natural consequence being that, unfortunately, the prices became prohibitive to all but
wealthy people. Thus, two Vases exhibited, of no great size, not at all too big for chimney
ornaments, were presents from the women of Worcester to the Queen, at a cost of three
hundred and eighty guineas. The price of another of these "old ivory" Porcelain Vases,
ornamented in gold and enamel, and not more than fifteen or sixteen inches in height, was
two hundred and sixty-two pounds. It is highly creditable to the taste of the wealthy
inhabitants of our district that scarcely any piece of importance in this exhibit was left
unsold at the close of the Exhibition. It may as well be stated here that, so far as we
could ascertain, most of the principal Porcelain exhibitors were well satisfied with the business
results of their enterprise.
*OTALLY different in charaCter and aim from the foregoing, having withal their distinctive
merits, were the specimens of ware exhibited by Haviland and Company, of Limoges and
Paris. Limoges, as many of our readers will very well know, is a great pottery place, with
nearly fifty china factories, which give employment to a great number of people, the firm of
Haviland alone finding occupation for about a thousand hands. They showed some good
Vases and other articles of the finer and more artistic kinds of Porcelain ; but their chief
claim to consideration lay in a special kind of strong and hard china for o-eneral use
dinner services particularly — handsomely decorated and sold at a moderate cost. The chief
charafteristics of this ware — its power of resisting a high degree of heat without damage,
and the smaller liability to fra6ture as a consequence of its extra hardness — are attributed
mainly to the peculiar qualities of the china clay used in the manufacture, and found in
the neighbourhood of the works. Independently of the qualities of the goods, the firm
relies for much of its success upon a careful and continuous study upon the spot of
the likings and prejudices of each foreign people and market, instead of endeavouring
futilely to thrust everywhere, without discrimination, French forms and ideas; an example
which might occasionally be followed without detriment by sundry manufafturers
nearer home.

THE POTTERY.

'HE Other foreign Porcelain most worthy of notice was a show of Bohemian China,
Hungarian Faience, and Vienna Ware, exhibited by Ernest Wahliss, of Vienna. Most
prominent among the articles shown were some grand vases and a china table-top. Of
the vases, we may instance a fine one in royal blue and gold, and a pair — reproductions
of some made for the King of the Netherlands — elaborately decorated with Dutch subjeCts,
The table-top was circular and beautifully embellished with painted figures of children
representing the months.
gRETBY Ware, exhibited by Tooth and Co., of Woodville, was, in its way, remarkable, and
totally different from everything else. In this nothing could be too brilliant and
glowing in colour. The richest and brightest of reds, of greens, of flame colour, of orange
or blue, were used systematically and without stint upon everything,
'N excellent seleCtion of Crown Derby was shown by Mr. H. C. Stephenson, of the
Barton Arcade, Manchester ; and Wedgwood and Minton specimens were exhibited
by T. Hayward and Co., of Deansgate, There was also a small collection of Majolica by
Gino Lofiego, of Turin.
ONE other important case of Porcelain, shown in the western nave by Messrs. Brown —
Westhead, Moore, and Co., of Cauldon Place, Staffordshire, was well deserving of notice.
They had quite a wealth of beautiful vases, some of them — decorated with charming landscapes,
or fruit and flowers — being quite three feet in height. Some were in creamy white and turquoise
blue and gold ; others, with intensely rich blue grounds, had classical groups painted thereon
in bluish white; others again, flat-sided, were in pale cream and pink and gold, with panels
of dark blue. Perhaps the finest piece of painting in the case was a great circular dish,
with gold ornamentation and Watteau figures, richly coloured.

GLASS AND MOSAICS,

LASS-MAKING, pure and simple, is an operation
of no more complex a nature now than in the
days of the Pharaohs. Given a furnace for melting
the materials, a blow-pipe, and half-a-dozen of the
simplest of tools, the skilled workman then can produce
the very finest of crystal Glass and the most elegant
forms conceivable. Notwithstanding the wonderful and almost endless applications of machinery
to manufafturing processes during the present century, little has been done in that direCtion for
Glass-making, except in the case of the commonest and least worthy kinds of ware. Most of
this inferior stuff is pressed and moulded by machinery ; and here, strangely enough, the English
manufacturer has much ado to hold his own. We were, indeed, rather ruefully informed not
long since by an eminent firm that the Americans can, when they choose, send this cheap Glass
over here and beat us, as regards price, in our own home markets. The causes of this are
pretty plainly to be seen, and are not altogether peculiar to the Glass trade; but this is not
the place for their discussion.

'HE specialty of the English manufa6turers lies in downright good, honest, clear, and brilliant
crystal Glass, plain or cut; and fine as was the foreign display in our Exhibition, there

GLASS AND MOSAICS.

was little or no attempt to emulate us in these
qualities. In a conversation the writer had with
one of the most intelligent of the foreign exhibitors,
this was readily and voluntarily conceded, even
whilst superiority was claimed for their own in
other ways. The lines of demarcation between
the British and foreign work were strongly indi
cated in our show. We made little or no attempt
to compete with the Bohemian and Venetian
Glass in the matters of richness of colouring
and splendour of decoration; whilst the foreigners,
in their turn, carefully abstained from entering
into any serious competition with the exquisite
purity and elegant cutting of our finest crystal.

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CHOICE show of British Glass was contributed by Messrs. F. & C. Osier, of Birmingham
and London, who occupied one of the bays in the eastern nave. The firm are old
hands in the exhibition line; and even so long ago as 185 1, their crystal fountain, shown in the
first and finest of the long series of Great Exhibitions, was talked about all over the country.
In the Chemical SeCtion of our own show this year they exhibited once more a crystal fountain,
twelve feet in height, which, to our delighted eyes, seemed an exaCt reproduction in its forms
of the celebrated one of long ago. It discharged variously-coloured waters at one and the same
time, and was greatly admired. Their exhibits in the nave comprised many beautiful examples
of cut-glass vases and flower boats, and the like, besides all kinds of table-glass. They showed,
as curiosities and examples of the possibilities of Glass manufacture, an oCtagon table, and
elaborate sideboard and cabinet, about nine feet high. In appearance these were strong enough ;
but there was an ominous inscription upon them to the effect that "these are not intended for
English domestic use," Possibly the maid servants of foreigners have not as much aptitude for
breaking sample specimens off everything as the English housemaid possesses.

54 GLASS AND MOSAICS.
LOCAL firm of old standing, Messrs. Percival, Vickers, and Co., of Manchester, well
maintained the special characteristics of good English ware, by their bright show of
cut and engraved crystal Glass of all kinds, either for use or ornament. Their table-ware
was of fine quality ; and it would not be easy to surpass some of the engraved specimens,
notably a vase of rare excellence, whereon was portrayed a battle piece of unusual • vigour.
They exhibited also articles in ruby-coloured Glass, which, when cut, revealed a white ground
underneath. Worthy of note, too, were some samples of another kind — bottles and retorts of
gigantic size, used by chemical manufacturers, some of them holding no less than forty gallons.
'N English exhibit, which to some slight extent entered into competition with the foreign
decorated and coloured ware, was that of Messrs. Stevens and Williams, of Brierley Hill.
This firm showed many good specimens, cut, and decorated in colours and gold ; but what
especially attraCted our notice were the exquisite examples of cut cameo Glass, a particularly
beautiful piece being a cameo plate, with a representation of Venus and Cupid.
IT was the foreign exhibitors however, who, with their glorious jewelled and stained Glass,
1 lighted up the nave with its most gorgeous blaze of colour. Many a thousand persons,
to whom the words Venetian and Bohemian Glass had heretofore no definite meaning, were
amazed at and enchanted by the glories displayed upon the various stalls.
PiRST of all, if it were only by reason of the world-wide renown achieved by the great
reviver and re-discoverer of the subtle arts involved in the mysteries of ancient
Venetian Glass-work and Mosaic, we must mention the stall of Dr, Salviati and Co., of Venice.
The great doctor's exhibit of Venetian Glass was beautiful exceedingly. Whilst not without
great richness and brilliancy, there was yet a softness of tone in the general colour effeCt,
a chaste delicacy, which distinctly separated it from its gorgeous neighbours upon the
Bohemian stands in its vicinity. Much of it was entirely modern, but there were many
imitations of the ancient manufacture. The forms of vases, jugs, goblets, and other drinking
glasses, were infinitely varied in shape and style of decoration, with many oddities and

GLASS AND MOSAICS. 55
grotesques intermingled, at the same time that they all, in some inscrutable manner, retained a
certain family likeness which distinguished them from all other. Of the two. Dr. Salviati is
perhaps more celebrated for his Mosaics than for his Glass-ware ; and it was matter for
regret that so few specimens, and those comparatively unimportant, were shown in our
Exhibition. Even to the few examples sent no adequate positions could be assigned, owing
to the exigencies of space, and they were therefore only seen at a disadvantage. From this
cause, the two or three religious subjeCts exhibited were passed unheeded by the most of those
who would naturally have taken an interest therein ; and a finely-executed life-size head of Christ
was practically lost for the same reason.
POR gorgeousness of effeCt, for unstinted boldness in the use of the most glowing and
brilliant colours, and lavish expenditure of gold and enamel work, the Bohemian Glass
surpassed all other exhibits. There were several exhibitors, the most prominent show being
made by Ludwig Moser, of Carlsbad, which will be remembered by visitors as standing next
to Salviati's stall, in the western nave. There were little cups and trays of exquisite design
• and colouring, with birds, inseCts, and flowers in raised enamel and gold ; great vases, three
feet in height, decorated with vines and leaves and birds almost the size of life, in enamel
colours, and gold, so perfeCt as to be almost illusive, and enormously costly ; altogether too-
lovely sets of wine and other glasses, gold-handled cups, jewelled or frosted punch-bowls,
and other articles without end. Another large exhibitor, one of the chief makers of this kind
of Glass, was Count Harrach, of Neuwelt, Bohemia, who, in addition to fine specimens of the
kind just described, had some very beautiful specialties in the form of semi-opaque vases,
white within, and having the most intense hues of green, ruby, or ultramarine, combined with
gold, upon the outer surface.
'EVERAL Carlsbad manufacturers combined their forces, and massed their goods in one
general exhibit of much excellence. Their strong point lay in so-called jewelled ware,
consisting of all kinds of vases and jugs and glasses of elaborate designs, in enamel, colours,
and gold. The gold was all raised in high relief, and the enamels glittered and glowed like

GLASS AND MOSAICS.

clusters of real jewels. Some of the imitations, in high relief of luscious fruits were
wonderfully natural. With these were exhibited Hungarian vases of somewhat different
character; being generally of an opaque white, well decorated with colours and enamelling, but
without the gold work so conspicuous in the Bohemian ware.

GOOD word should be said in conclusion for the effeCtive show made by the Glass
Decoration Company, of Hatton Garden, London. It consisted entirely of specimens
of their new process of glass-gilding, with or without the addition of under-surface painting.
The pure gold is laid upon the glass by precipitation ; over the gold a coating of silver is
given, and when the whole is finished the gold decorative work is said to be impervious
to damp and unaffeCted by heat or cold. Its uses appear to be almost endless, and fine
examples were shown of door panels, overmantels, church tablets, door plates, tiles for fire
places, and many other things*

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JEWELLERY, CLOCKS, AND
WATCHES.
HE treasures of Jewellery in the Exhibition were not, we should imagine,
by any means either adequately seen or appreciated by the majority
of the visitors. Although the cases containing them were in a
central position, near to the dome, and close to one of the principal
entrances to the piCture galleries, they, like most precious things,
were altogether non-obtrusive, and had to be sought for by the
appreciative minority. True, some very fine jewels were exhibited
in the gilded cage in the eastern nave, but the rarest were to be
found in the cases, under the care and never-ceasing watchfulness
of the attendants in charge.

I lAViNG alluded to the gilded cage and its contents, we may as well begin with a
1 1 few notes concerning the exhibit of which they formed a portion. The cage
itself was praCtically a fac-simile of one of world-wide fame, which we remember in the
main avenue of the great Exhibition of 1851, containing one of the most treasured historic
diamonds of the world, the famous Golconda jewel, the Koh-i-noor, or " Mountain-of-Light."
This diamond was then rough and irregular in form, and about the size of a pigeon's egg;

60 JEWELLERY, CLOCKS, AND WATCHES.
but soon afterwards it was re-cut, and although its size and weight were much reduced
thereby, its beauty and value were supposed to be much enhanced. In the cage at our
own Exhibition were exhibited models of the Koh-i-noor, as it appeared before and after
re-cutting, which, to all but experts, looked nearly as well as the original. There were also
exaCt imitations of various other historic jewels, including Mr. Hope's famous blue diamond.
With these models were shown about thirty thousand pounds worth of real gems, including
a clustered diamond necklace, valued at three thousand, and a riviere of the same, estimated
at the same price; also a parure of sapphires and diamonds, and rubies and diamonds; a
delightful aigrette, and a diamond ostrich feather for the hair, the stones of which were set
upon springs, which permitted them to wave and flash in the light,
LL these things were exhibited by John Hall and Company, of Manchester; and near
to the picture gallery was a case containing many other beautiful and rare jewels,
shown by the same firm, numerous unset gems being especially curious and worthy of notice.
Sundry rough uncut diamonds and a dull reddish-brown stone, likewise uncut, which we were
told was a ruby, bore little resemblance to the brilliant and flashing gems in a finished
state. There were sun-stones, moon-stones from Ceylon, and curious star-stones from the
same country, which, when the light falls upon them, show a central nucleus, with star-like
rays emanating therefrom. Among other rarities were sapphires, which contradicted one's
preconceived notions concerning their colours, being brown, pink, and yellow ; pearls, not
only white, but pink and black. These so-called black pearls are not really black, but a
dull shade of grey. There were topazes of white, pink, and yellowish brown ; and an opal
from Queensland, which was one of the most beautiful stones we ever saw. Of gems little
known to the general public, all of which were to be seen in this case, were tourmalines^
brown and green — very hard stones of exceedingly complex chemical constitution ; the Siberian
alexandrite, a curious green stone which changes to pink when seen by gaslight ; jacinth
red streaked with purple ; diopside, dark olive green ; zircon, a crimson stone ; spinel, from
the East Indies, and of nearly all colours ; peridot, a beautiful and delicate green gem,
obtained from Egypt ; a magnificent aquamarine, and many others.

JEWELLERY, CLOCKS, AND WATCHES.

FIVE thousand pounds for a diamond necklace
would not, perhaps, be considered an outrageous
sum by some few favourites of fortune in this poor
world ; but the sight of a necklace of this kind and
value in the show-case of Messrs. Ollivant and
Botsford, of Manchester, was sufficient to set the
mouths of many of us agape in envious wonderment.
It was composed of twenty-four stones, the smallest
being as big as the end of one's little finger, and
the largest as big as the end of the thumb ; and it
was accompanied by two other stones of equal beauty,
for ear-drops. Besides these, there were beautiful
diamond necklets, brooches, flowers, crescents, and
pendants ; and a diamond moss-rose, the buds of which
were pink pearls, A pearl necklet was there, the
price of which was six hundred pounds ; and there
were rings of sapphire and emerald and ruby, Indian
cats'-eyes, and a black pearl ring with diamonds.
Among their curiosities were a head of Her Majesty cut in Japanese moonstone, and set in
diamonds and rubies ; a head of Marie Stuart carved in yellow topaz ; and a marvellous

62 JEWELLERY, CLOCKS, AND WATCHES.
" piping bull-finch " gold snuff"-box. When a spring was turned in the latter, the lid flew
open and a little bird sprang up, who turned his head from side to side, fluttered his
wings, and piped most musically.
'N excellent coUeCtion of moonstones, sapphires, rubies, amethysts, tourmalines, and
other valuable stones was exhibited by James Hayward, of Colombo, Ceylon ; and
there were also various stalls of minor matters, such as the amber jewellery of J. L. Jazowski,
of Liverpool, the Byzantine mosaic of E. Montani, of Rome, and — in the Irish SeCtion —
a considerable display of articles in bog oak, and Wicklow spar, and Connemara marble.
'HE most complete collection of precious stones however, and incomparably that of most
interest to the student, was shown in one of the bays of the eastern nave. It
included contributions by the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Colonel Rimington, Professor
Church, M.A., Mr. Samuel Learoyd, and Mr. J. R. Gregory, the whole having been brought
together and arranged by Mr. Learoyd. This collection was so varied and extensive that
the casual visitor, unless provided with an especially intelligent guide, was hopelessly bewildered.
/^ LOCKS did not form one of the strong points of the Exhibition. The great British
^^ Empire Clock, shown by Alderman Bailey, with its twelve-foot dial and puzzling array
of names, was scarcely likely to be overlooked. Inside the bay occupied by the Decorators'
Supply Company, a tall ormolu and gilt clock, in the style of Louis the Sixteenth's time,
and worth about seven hundred pounds, was interesting to some extent, as showing the
difference in style between that time and the present day; and a large clock in the style
of Charles the Second, with modern works, was a source of great amusement to the masses.
It told the day of the week and date of the month, was an eight day clock, and chimed
the quarters upon eight bells. At each quarter of an hour a curtain rose, and figures were
seen striking the chimes, whilst the hour was told by a man with a rope in his hand who
pulled a bell. This was shown by T. R. Russell, of Liverpool; and on the same stand
was a quaint little clock, modelled like the stern of a ship, with a man at the wheel who

JEWELLERY, CLOCKS, AND WATCHES.

worked the pendulum. A large case of clocks and watches was exhibited by Messrs.
T. Armstrong and Brother, containing clocks in black marble, in gold, clocks with figures
in oxidized silver, with relievos, with paintings, and comparatively plain ones in carved
wood cases. There was also a large turret clock in the Irish SeCtion by Chancellor and
Son, of Dublin, adapted for showing the time on four dials of eight feet each.
'HE watches of most interest to the student and connoisseur were shown in a case in
one of the rooms of Old Manchester, and comprised very many quaint and curious
specimens of by-gone styles ; but the watches which had most attractions for the general
public were in the jewellery cases. In Hall's show-case was a "Jubilee" watch, capable
of doing all sorts ot things, the price of which was five hundred pounds, and it took six
years in the making. They showed also a little watch about the size of a shilling ; but
that which we should suppose to be the tiniest English lever watch in the world was
shown by Ollivant and Botsford. It was set upon a gold finger ring, the face was much
smaller than a threepenny bit, and round this was set a circle of diamonds, which had to
be turned whenever the watch needed winding or the hands needed setting. This latter firm
exhibited also a gold watch, the price of which was one thousand pounds.

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FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE
WORK.
HE furniture and wall decorations occupied a large amount of
space, including most of the bays in the eastern nave, and
much of the work exhibited was of considerable interest, as
showing the result of experiments in the matter of house-
furnishing, and indicating an endeavour in various instances to
do something towards the solution of sundry social problems.
[MONO the most noteworthy of these efforts — and one
altogether exceptional in its chara6ler — was the small
.but elegant exhibit of Miss Charlotte Robinson, of Manchester.
This deserves a prominent position here, not only because
of its own intrinsic excellence, but because it showed the
successful result, bf a courageous and talented young lady's determination to ignore
conventionalities and "go into business" for herself, deliberately entering into competition
with the other sex, fearing nothing and asking no favour. It is very satisfaftory to find, since
the close of the Exhibition, an announcement in the public prints which gives evidence of the

66 FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE WORK.
Queen's acquaintance with and appreciation of this lady's work, inasmuch that she has been
appointed Home Art Decorator to Her Majesty. Miss Robinson's little show was very quiet
and unobtrusive, and so femininely delicate in chara6ter as to stand no small chance of being
overlooked in the company of its louder- voiced brethren all around. It was supposed to
represent a portion of a room, the walls of which had a light frieze of roses, and birds, and
palms, running round the upper part, the lower portions being hung with blue brocade. Indian
matting and litde squares of carpet were upon the floor ; and round about were arranged various
articles of furniture, small paintings, screens, vases, and so on. The furniture was exquisitely
simple and elegant in design and colouring ; but the quaint little " tuck-away " tables, the
dainty corner cupboards, overmantels, and other things, were certainly not intended for the
rough and clumsy use of individuals of the male persuasion.
POR the more massive stuff, and the sterner side of the Furniture department, we had to
turn to the men's productions, and one had not far to go in search of a sufficiency of
contrasting material. Close at hand was some intensely strong and masculine work in the space
allotted to Messrs. Turner and Company, of Manchester; of whose productions we may
especially instance a big sideboard of massive make and noble proportions, nearly ten feet in
height, manufactured entirely of British oak, and in sixteenth century Italian style of design.
In this, enormous strength appeared to have been obtained without an undue appearance of
heaviness. It had a mirror at the back, was full of drawers and cupboards, and was decorated
with various panels carved in high relief, representing peace, plenty, hunting, and fishing.
But that which to us constituted one of its chief glories was the wondrous beauty of the grain,
the like of which, for richness and variety of marking, we had never before seen equalled in oak,
and, indeed, would scarcely have thought such to exist. There was a handsome overmantel in
polished oak to match the sideboard, in one side whereof was a novel arrangement in the shape
of a patent coal receptacle which, when not aCtually in use, shut up entirely out of sight, and
did away altogether with the need for a separate coal scuttle. A delightful easy chair, fitted
with cradle springs, was so soothing in its aCtion as to make all of us who were verging upon
middle age, and addi6ted to after-dinner naps, drowsy with longing.

FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE WORK.

r\F course the artizan's dwelling question was not overlooked by the exhibitors, and various
^^ more or less successful results were achieved by one or other of them. The difficulty
did not seem to be so much in the possibility of producing furniture simple in charadter, not
devoid of a certain elegance of design, and infinitely better than the gimcrack rubbish with
which the British workman is too often fain to be content, as in the achievement of all

OAK, RICHLY-CARVED AND INLAID, WITH REPOUSSE COPPER FRIEZE
(a sample of Dining-room Wall Decoration, designed and manufadlured by Messrs. Kendal, Milne, and Co., Manchester).
this at a price such as a thrifty artizan could be supposed capable of paying. There is the
rub. At what age could an ordinary skilful workman, a man of moderate habits, be expeCted
to have saved sufficient money to enable him to start housekeeping w^ith an outlay upon
" model " furniture of sixty pounds or over ? The coming man in the matter of artizans'
furniture will have to be an artizan himself, one who knows thoroughly not only his needs,
but also his capabilities of paying.

FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE WORK.

G. F. Armitage, of Altrincham, showed some excellent rooms— kitchen, parlour, and
bedroom, designed by him for the use of the working man, in which the furniture
was very good and substantial.

ffi'

workman's dwelling, suitable for a rental of six or seven shillings per week, was
exhibited by Messrs. Kendal, Milne, and Company. The bedrooms were of the usual

INTERIOR VIEW OF THE DRAWING-ROOM IN THE PALM HOUSE, USED BY THEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS OF WALES
(designed and furnished by Messrs. Kendal, Milne, and Co., Manchester).
type, but the parlour and kitchen were well fitted and pleasant rooms. The kitchen contained
an improved fire range, an ingeniously combined settee and table, and a brass line over the
mantel instead of the usual cord one. The parlour held, among other things, a substantial
sideboard and bookcase, a suite of oak covered with corduroy, and a simple and inexpensive

FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE WORK. 69
overmantel. Other rooms, furnished with greater pretension, for middle-class people, were shown by
the same firm. Of these were a parlour and dining-room, the latter having a mantel and overmantel
of walnut, and furniture of the same, side-mirrors being fixed in the overmantel. The dainty
boudoir of the Prince and Princess of Wales speaks for itself in the illustration we give.
\ T OTHING could be much prettier or more elegant in its way than a drawing-room shown
/ ' by Mr, David Murray, decorated and furnished in Renaissance style. Pillars, a modelled
frieze, a panelled and ornamented ceiling, a chaste mantel and overmantel, light and elegant
chairs and tables, pictures, mirrors, vases, rich carpets, and a tribe of pretty knick-knacks,
combined in the production of a most charming room. The angle seats on each side of the
fireplace will not fail to be noticed in the illustration appended ; and it is pleasant to be told
that such an artistically decorated and furnished room as this can be produced at a moderate cost.
1"^ EPRODUCTIONS of work in the style of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries formed the
^ \ chief of the contents of a small house of four rooms, exhibited by Messrs. Dovestons.
The dining-room, furnished in the Chippendale manner, of course attraCted much attention,
seeing how much sought after is furniture of that kind at the present time ; but the chief
attractions were in the rooms upstairs. The white bedroom was in white enamel upon a
mahogany ground, and was besides marvellous in its wealth of inlaid work and other valuable
matters. Another room was in the style of the Italian Renaissance, and contained a curious
bed, the framework of which was made of wrought iron and hammered copper.
/'>|^ESSRS. Goodall and Company showed several rooms supposed to be furnished in a style
AlA suitable for a house of between one hundred and two hundred pounds a year rental,
in which elegance both of form and colour, without attempt at gorgeous display, was the
prevailing characteristic.

F wall decorative materials there was a plentiful supply, making altogether a rich and
interesting show. It is scarcely necessary to say that the head and front in all these

FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE WORK.

FINELY-CARVED CHIMNEY PIECE, IN THE STYLE OF THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
(designed and manufactured by Messrs. Kendal, Milne, and Co., Manchester).

FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE WORK. 71
matters — the great high-priest and didlator in such points of taste — was Mr. William Morris,
poet and decorative artist; although there were plenty of rebels who refused to bow the knee
to the occasionally strange gods set up by him for general reverence. The space occupied by
Messrs. Morris and Company was too confined and limited to allow of a proper display of
the firm's productions, and some of their articles were consequently seen at a great disadvantage.
Especially was this so in the case of the big tapestries in the middle room of their show.
In another room were some rather curious tapestries, well illustrating certain weak points in
the aesthetic craze now rapidly passing away ; but there were in other rooms excellent wall-papers
which left nothing to be desired, and hanging stuffs which were exquisite beyond comparison.
'OME of the chief decorative exhibitors were the Decorators' Supply Company, of Deansgate,
Manchester, who exhibited many varieties of material. Notable among these were the
numerous specimens of Japanese so-called leather papers ; and they also had fine examples of
the peculiar stuff known as Lincrusta- Walton, and a special material called " Muraline," which,
like the other, is washable. Near the entrance to the PiCture Gallery, in the east nave, was a
fine show of wall decorations in paper, in satin, and in lacquered white metal, by Jeffrey and
Company, of London ; among these being an exceedingly beautiful design by Walter Crane,
entitled The Golden Age, embossed on rich amber satin, which was a perfeCt delight to the eye.
There was also a small drawing for a frieze panel by W. J. Mlickley.
FRIEZE and ceiling in modelled plaster, consisting of figures and arabesques, shown by
Heighway and Son, of John Dalton Street, Manchester, was well worthy of notice.
The Tynecastle Company, Edinburgh, exhibited some bold and florid ornamentation for walls
and ceilings. Some effe6tive panels for walls and ceilings, all executed by the artist's own hands,
were shown by Reuben Bennett, of South King Street, Manchester; and many wall-papers,
excellent in tone and colour, and suitable for ordinary living-houses, were sent by Messrs.
J, Davenport and Company, John Dalton Street, Manchester.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND

AUTOGRAPHS,

O things have greater capabilities in themselves of contributing
to the highest and most purely pleasurable sensations than
have perfeCt musical instruments ; but it is nevertheless a
sad truth that the best of them hold not unfrequently a
conspicuously high position among instruments of torture.
Therefore it is that one approaches with considerably mixed
feelings a consideration of the crowd of pianos, American organs, loud
bassoons, drums, fiddles, and all the rest, which contributed in such an
attractive form to the delights of our Exhibition. What a joy it would
have been to the squeaky clarionet amateurs, the pum-pumming trombone
men, the amateurs of the loud bassoon, and so on, if they could only
have turned out the contents of the brilliant cases of Boosey and Co,,
or Higham ! And how thankful are we all for their inability !
HE piano is popularly supposed to be the musical instrument of the
age, and we should be disposed to grant its pretensions, were it
not for the rush into favour made in our day by that sweetly thrumming
instrument of the "cullud gen'lman's" concerts— the banjo. Of this latter

- ¦iM.A.:^!itA.A£

EVENING— THE WESTERN BAND KIOSK.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTOGRAPHS. 75
it is darkly hinted that even Royalty takes lessons upon it ; it is boldly asserted that pretty
actresses are becoming highly proficient in its use ; and we all know that gorgeous clerks and
shopmen are the maddest of its votaries. At some time in the near future we may even
resurreCtionize the old milk-and-water days of sentiment, and spend our time in sighing, in
twanging the lute, or touching the light guitar. Nevertheless, for the present we suppose the
piano must be accepted as having the greatest share of popular favour.
OF good pianos at the Exhibition, by various makers, there was no lack — that is, of the
ordinary kind. Of novelties there were few. Among the latter, Messrs. Binns Brothers
(for Challen and Son) showed a combined organ and piano ; it had what was termed an " organo "
attachment which, when a certain pedal was pressed by the foot, produced sonorous tones and
sustained effeCts, so long as the keys of the piano were held down, the volume of sound being
regulated by a knee-swell. The organo attachment does not, it is said, in any way alter the
touch ' of the piano itself At least thirty years since we saw what was termed a combined
piano and organ ; but in that instance, if we remember rightly, the ordinary empty space
underneath a square piano was boxed up, and true organ-pipes fixed therein, the key-board being
shifted as required by a very simple mechanical device. A gift of the gods, shown by
Messrs. Binns, was the " dulcephone," a truly seraphic apparatus, consisting of a layer of felt —
easily applied to any piano — which, when in use, would effeCtually prevent the cat-gallop
practising of our neighbours being heard by us through the jerry-built house-walls of this musical
and perverse generation. The same firm also showed a piano by Kirkman, in which superior
mellowness of tone was obtained by the use of a steel frame instead of an iron one.
somewhat noteworthy improvement in connection with piano and library-organ
cases, invented by Messrs. Locke and Son, of Strangeways, Manchester, was exhibited
by them at their stand in the eastern nave. It consisted of an improved desk, combination
book-case, and gardevin. There was a little cupboard with folding doors just above the
key-board, which, when opened, disclosed two candle-stands ; and you pulled out a desk to
hold the music, which was about as convenient as one could wish for. The music-sheet

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTOGRAPHS.

being raised rather higher
than usual, was brought on a
level with the eye ; thus
raising the head, keeping the
chest straight, and enabling
the music to be read with less
difficulty. These local makers
had an excellent show, quite
as good in its way as that
of the London and Continental
firms. The Avenham Piano,
and the one designed in the early English style, reflected great credit upon the firm ; and
sundry pretty carved panels of American origin were used upon some of the small organs
with excellent effeCt.

AFTERNOON — THE WESTERN BAND KIOSK.

SEVERAL fine examples of Collard's work — grand, semi-grand, boudoir, and semi-cottage
were exhibited by Messrs. Forsyth, of Manchester; whilst Messrs. Henshaw and Co.
made a feature of Steinberg Pianos. Both these exhibitors also showed good specimens of
American Organs. Various foreign makers of distinflion were represented; but their special
excellencies and points of difference were of too technical a nature for detailed description
and discussion in this place. A piano which had great interest for all musicians, professional
or otherwise, was that of Beethoven, made expressly for him by Conrad Graf

*HE brilliant cases of Messrs. Boosey and Co., and Mr. Joseph Higham, of Manchester,
each containing a most dazzling display of brass instruments— were constant centres of
attradtion. In a musical county like Lancashire, where nearly or quite every village has its
well-trained brass band, the interest excited by these exhibits may be readily understood.
Everything pertaining to a brass band was to be seen therein, every instrument being
a delight to see, and the variety shown being something astonishing to outsiders.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTOGRAPHS.

Messrs. Boosey showed one hundred and thirty-nine, all different, and including a dozen varieties
of flutes, and as many of clarionets. Several kinds of cornets, including jewelled ones, were
exhibited by Mr. Higham, and there was also a cornet apparatus for learners, called the
" echo," which serves the same beneficent purpose as the " dulcephone " in connection with
the piano — deadens the sound — and enables the budding cornet player to praCtice without any
specially imminent risk of murder happening. It is easily attached to or withdrawn
from the instrument.
'HERE were several cases of violins, and materials for the same. Mr. G. A. Chanot,
of Manchester, showed some reproductions of violins by old makers, and a SanCtus
Seraphim, valued at .1^210. Another local man, Mr. Edward Crompton, exhibited instruments
by George Craske, dated 1820 and 1836; and Mr. Alfred Shepherd some with a rich and
powerful tone, of which the cases were yew, from trees fifteen hundred years old.

WITH the exception of Bishop and Son's grand organ,
which occupied so prominent a situation at the
back of the orchestra in the eastern nave, and was
listened to with so great delight by thousands day after
day, there was little more to chronicle in the musical
instrument department. There were banjos and concertinas
exhibited by Mr. Arthur Tilley and Messrs. Henshaw
and Loebell, drums by Messrs. Boosey and Co., and
Mr. Higham, and Mr. George Potter of Aldershot ; and we must not forget to mention
"A Relic of Waterloo," a veritable drum used on the famous battlefield.

•HOSE interested in autograph letters, and especially musical enthusiasts, found a rare treat in
the contents of some small cases, consisting of autographs of celebrated composers, singers,
and musicians, together with many original scores. These were colleCted and exhibited by
Mr. Watson Smith, leCturer at the Victoria University, Manchester. There were in one case

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTOGRAPHS.

examples by Joachim, Wieniawski, Ernst, Sarasate ; a letter in English in Jenny Lind's big,
distinct handwriting; letters by Madame Malibran, Giulia Grisi, Braham, Mario, Staudigl, and
Madame Sabatus Ungher. The latter lady, when Fraulein Ungher, sang the contralto music in
Beethoven's Choral Symphony, upon a celebrated occasion when the great composer, who was
then quite deaf conduCted the performance himself; so deaf was he that he could hear nothing
of the applause with which it was received, and the Fraulein thereupon turned him round that
he might see it. There were also letters by Madame Schumann, Henry Bishop, Liszt, and
one from Rubinstein tb Mr. Cusins, written in English, and dated in April 1877, in which he
says that he will "be to the service of Her Majesty on the 7th Mai, three o'clock, in
Windsor Castle." In another case, close to Beethoven's piano before mentioned, was a further
series of these letters, comprising autographs of Beethoven, Handel, Haydn, Weber, Meyerbeer,
Mendelssohn, and others ; together with sundry autograph musical scores.

CHEMISTRY.

HEMICAL Science has made extraordinary strides during the
reign of Victoria, and its progress during the past fifty years
was exemplified with marked success in this Exhibition.
What marvels this progress has effeCted may have been
very faintly imagined by the ordinary observer, during his
visit to the Chemical SeCtion. The marvels really
performed can only in this brief paper be touched upon.

CHEMISTRY claims the gratitude of the whole civilized world for the work it has done.
No art, no science, no trade, no profession, would have achieved the successes which
have attended it without the aid of the chemical research of the past fifty years. The
philosopher's stone of the middle ages has been discovered and applied. The objeCts of
the old alchemists, who risked life and reputation in the hope of obtaining essences and
spirits which were to replace the grosser compounds from which they were obtained, would,
if they could revisit the glimpses of the moon, find all their failures become successes.
Probably one of the most striking examples of this success is the production of artificial
alizarine. The madder plant, from which all our fast dyes for cotton were formerly
obtained, was a plant which took three to five years to arrive at maturity, the root only
being of use. It occupied a large area of land, thousands of acres in France, Italy,
Holland, and Turkey being under crop with the madder plant, which, from its mode of

8o CHEMISTRY.
cultivation, was a costly crop to rear. When it was gathered, there were only contained in
the fresh root about three-fourths of one per cent, of the colouring matter which was of value
for dyeing and printing purposes, and even this had to be extraCted by chemical processes.
In the Chemical SeCtion, case 746, might have been seen, by all who visited the
Exhibition, the complete story of the production, artificially, of the essence or spirit of the
madder root. The story is interesting, and illustrates markedly the great value of the
work of original research, carried on year after year, by scientific men who received neither
honour nor reward from the government of the day, nor profit from the industrial application
of their work. Two chemists, Dumas and Laurent, discovered a body produced from the
distillation of coal, to which they gave the name of paranaphthaline, and attributed to it a
certain composition. This was in 1832, and for thirty-seven years longer no one discovered
the important bearing this compound had upon the trade of the whole world. In 1869,
Messrs. Graebe and Liebermann, during their researches upon the constitution of the
colouring matter of the madder plant, discovered that this colouring matter, on being treated
in a certain manner, gave, amongst other compounds, one which they had no difficulty in
recognizing as anthracene, the paranaphthaline of 1832. Their next step was to attempt to
build up from the anthracene of the coal tar, in which anthracene was originally discovered — the
colouring matter of the madder root. They succeeded, and in June, 1869, took out a
patent for the production of artificial alizarine. Since then, large works have been engaged
in the manufacture, and instead of being beholden to the thousands of acres, and labour of
foreign countries, we can now produce from our own coal, much more artificial alizarine
than is needed to supply the whole of the country for dyeing or printing purposes.
GAIN another miracle. The time-honoured and lucrative business of indigo planting is
threatened. Exhibit 795 gave an excellent idea of the difficulties attending the
produ6tion of indigo from the plant (Indigofera tinHoriaf When such elaborate processes only
result in rough-looking cakes, which contain, with the colouring principle, a large proportion of
useless matter, it is not to be wondered if chemists have turned their attention to the produaion
of artificial indigo. Artificial indigo has been successfully produced, and again from our former

CHEMISTRY. 8i
useless and well-known produCt — coal tar. At present, and perhaps for some years to come,
the chemical re-aCtions for its production will be too complex to be easily carried out
commercially, and for this reason it waits the coming man. Probably a share of the honours
which are showered upon the profession of law and of politics, if judiciously distributed among
workers in science, might cause this desideratum to be anticipated by many years.
NOTHER spirit or essence is the newly-discovered sweetening compound — saccharine. This
body, which is three hundred times sweeter than ordinary sugar, which itself has recently
been artificially prepared, has none of the characteristics of the grosser compound sugar, except its
sweetness. Saccharine is non-fermentable, and does not aggravate certain diseases as ordinary sugar
does. It is for these reasons a valuable dietetic aid, inasmuch as it restores to many suffering from
dangerous diseases (by permitting them the use of sweetened viands) much of the pleasure of life.

ANY more instances could be given of this aspeCt of Chemistry, for it is probable that its
value, indirectly especially, may have been overlooked by those who have but a surface

knowledge of it. For one example, I will call attention to the very beautiful cases which were
devoted to the exhibition of soda ash, and its congeners. One of our great statesmen, whose
death some years ago deprived both literature and politics of a world-renowned name, alluded
once, in a speech which became famous, to soda ash as an indication of the condition of trade
in this country. When one thinks of the numerous industrial applications of this wonderful
compound, it is felt that its importance was not on this occasion over-estimated. The revolution
also which Chemistry has worked in the processes for the production of soda ash are nothing less
than marvellous. Until 1873, only one method was praCtically employed for its production.
This entailed the use of thousands of tons of coal, limestone, salt, and sulphuric acid, and
of all these thousands of tons, only a very small proportion was produced of this desired
compound — soda ash. The remainder was deposited in heaps, which grew in the course
of years into hills of almost geographical dimensions. The town of St. Helens may be
taken as an example ; here are hills of waste from soda ash, not only waste, but offensive,
giving off" vapours to the air and to the water. The Sankey Brook, which represents this

CHEMISTRY.

effeCt upon the watershed of St. Helens,
is a foetid offensive stream, making a
large area of land valueless, and the
treatment of which has for years been
an unsolved problem. As a contrast
to the Leblanc process, which produced
this condition of things, may be taken
the new one, which, without offensive
heaps and almost without odour,
produces this valuable compound — soda
ash.

IN 1839, two chemists discovered a
certain re-aCtion, by which carbonate
of soda or soda ash could be produced.
This re-aCtion, owing to difficulties of
chemical engineering and the prominence
of the old process, was valueless until M. E. Solvay, a French chemist, . applied himself
to the solution of the problem. It took several years to devise appliances and
successfully to work the method out. In 1873 a large works was started at Northwich,
and here, praCtically without waste or obnoxious smells, the ammonia-soda process has flourished ;
and it is now only a question of time as to when the Leblanc process, which was formerly
the only one in use, and which produced such woeful unsanitary results, shall become extinCt.
During the last year, indeed, the ammonia-soda process produced thirty-three per cent, of
the alkali turned out by the whole of the alkali works in the United Kingdom.

COLUMN OF ALUM CRYSTALS IN THE CHEMICAL SECTION.

I N recording the service rendered to the world by Chemistry, it is probable that the technologist
1 would not be satisfied to omit the subjeft of iron and steel. These, either in the finished
shape exhibited in the Machinery Sedion as locomotives of enormous power, or machinery of

CHEMISTRY. 83
most ingenious construction, would compel some study of iron in its more elementary stages.
The Chemical SeCtion showed (Nos. 809, 811, 812) some striking examples of the applications
of Chemistry is this direCtion. Not many years ago our knowledge of processes for the production
of a pure iron or -steel was in its infancy. The Chemical knowledge of the iron manufacturers
only enabled them to produce steel by a roundabout process. Thus, pig-iron, which contains
four to five per cent, of carbon, was submitted to the operation of puddling, which removes the
greater portion of carbon. This carbon had again to be introduced to the extent necessary to
produce the steel of commerce. Bessemer, with that intuition which has always distinguished that
successful experimenter, thought that he might devise a method of treating iron, by which he
could leave in the iron the proportion of carbon needful to produce steel. In 1855 he took the
first practical step towards the elimination, by a simple process, of the injurious elements always
more or less present in the native iron. By his method he at the same time reduced the carbon
present, producing from pig, or refined iron, steel of almost any quality, and thus, when working
with fairly pure ores, he obtained results which caused a revolution in the iron trade. Iron rails,
which all may recolleCt as being — not many years ago — the only wear for railways, and which
had a short and ragged existence, were replaced by steel rails at as low a price, but of
immeasurable superiority for wear and life. The rails of the present day, instead of presenting
the jao-ged rough appearance once so familiar to us, are now always bright and smooth on
their edges, even after many years of work.
'HE discovery of Bessemer, however, applied principally to iron fairly free from phosphorus
and sulphur, and was inapplicable to the greater proportion of our British ores. In 1879
Mr. (afterwards Sir) Lowthian Bell, the great ironmaster, made an attempt to get rid of the
phosphorus and silicon, which prevented to a great extent the use of the cheaper ores for the
production of steel, indeed only one-tenth of the total European produce of iron ore could be
used for producing pure iron or steel. He was to some extent successful, but a very simple
suggestion was to cause a revolution in the iron trade. Messrs. Thomas and Gilchrist, after
careful experiments, came to the conclusion that Chemistry must again be called to the aid of
the ironmaster. They proposed to line the Bessemer converter, in which the real change was

84 CHEMISTRY.
effefted, with some basic material, which at a high temperature would combine with the
phosphorus and silicon. The material they adopted was magnesium limestone made into bricks.
This change was so successful in eliminating the impurities existing in the poorer ores that,
since that time, thousands of tons of British iron ores have been manufactured into metal containing
only faint traces of their former injurious impurities, prominent amongst which were phosphorus
and silicon. The immense importance of this process may be imagined from the following
figures: — in 1878 only twenty tons weight of basic steel was produced in the world; in 1886
four and a half million tons were produced. This discovery is even more widespread in its
effeCt than could have been contemplated by Messrs. Thomas and Gilchrist. Large quantities
of a material (basic cinder), containing a valuable manure, namely, phosphates of lime and
iron, are the results of this process, and the slag phosphate may be said, by many successful
experiments, to have established its position in the agricultural world.
•he space at our disposal is too limited to treat, as they deserve, of the wonderful
colour derivatives of coal tar, which were represented, in brilliancy at any rate, by
the magenta, solferino, &c., of Perkin, and other diligent workers in this department of
Chemistry. The Exhibition, as all will recoiled, contained many brilliant examples of those
more fugitive coal-tar colours in their solid state, as lovely crystals of various hues.
These, as well as the colours produced during the past decade, from another comparatively
useless body, naphthaline, found in coal tar, owe their origin entirely to original research.
Faraday, who discovered benzine— the basis of all aniline colours; Mansfield, who showed how
benzine might be industrially prepared, paved the way for the magnificent researches of Hofmann,
which culminated in the immense industrial produ6tion of coal-tar colour by Perkin and other
chemists. The results of years of research might have been seen in case 741 c, which contained,
amongst other interesting compounds, produced artificially, coumarine, the odoriferous principle of
the Tonka bean, and a small specimen from the first make of the once famous colour— mauve.
In therapeutics Chemistry has not been idle. There were some exceedingly fine
1 preparations of rare alkaloids and other bodies of organic origin, both artificial and

CHEMISTRY. 85
natural. Salol, a new anti-rheumatic, h^matoxylm, pilocarpine (just prepared artificially),
compounds of quinine, cocain, antipyrin, and others, showed that pharmaceutical chemistry
had not been allowed to lag in the race.
I T would be impossible to claim this as a record of Chemistry at the Exhibition without
' reference to one remarkable exhibit. This is the one containing the reHcs of those
who, at the beginning of this century, were the scientific giants. Dalton was here
represented by his blocks of wood, presenting to the eye what he imagined to be the
atomic condition of bodies. Here also admiring chemists gathered to study the original table
of atomic weights, as first determined by Dalton. The unique simplicity of the apparatus used
by him, consisting, perhaps, of a penny inkpot, or an ordinary bottle, put to the blush many of
the elaborate appliances of the present day, when the results produced form the test. In the
same case Sir Humphrey Davy's balance, a large and cumbrous appliance, was shown side by
side with several of the famous Davy lamps, in various stages of completeness. Here was to
be seen the note -book of this famous chemist, open at the very page upon which is recorded
the discovery of the metals sodium and potassium ; to the former metal we owe almost
direCtly the magnesium light, which, at the present day, in the hands of our photographers,
competes advantageously even with the eleCtric light. The third great chemist and physicist,
whose relics were here on view, was Faraday. His discovery of the possibility of the
liquefaction of various gaseous bodies, which had until his day been considered permanent gases,
is now historical. Many years of interval occurred between this discovery and its large
application, to which, indeed, we owe so much. Ice-producing machines, and, later still, our
diving dresses, owe their existence to these compressed gases, such as ether, sulphurous acid,
and oxygen.
OUR record would be incomplete without some mention of those living scientists whose names
are as household words, and whose exhibits gratified both the chemist in embryo and the
mature chemist from even remote Russia. Here was to be seen the simple apparatus used by
Joule in his classic research with the view of determining the mechanical equivalent of heat.

86 CHEMISTRY.
The results of his researches, performed with that apparently insignificant little iron cylinder, are
now received by scientists all over the known world as the most correCt expression of the
mechanical equivalent of heat. In case 741 a were to be seen the many interesting bodies
connected with colouring matter, as derived from the vegetable kingdom. This case contained
the results of a lifetime devoted to research by Dr. Edward Schunck, F.R.S. The discoveries
made by him as to the constitution both of alizarine and indigo have been of incalculable value.
Sir Henry Roscoe, F.R.S. , in case 741, showed some remarkable compounds, the most
interesting of these being the salts of the metal vanadium, without which it may safely
be asserted that the production of good aniline blacks would have been impossible. It is to
Sir Henry Roscoe that the knowledge the chemist possesses of the compound of this
valuable metal is due.
I n conclusion it is safe to affirm that everyone who visited the Chemical SeCtion must have
* felt that the Committee which had special charge of it justified their expressed intention
that of making this department of the Jubilee Exhibition of 1887 the most representative
exposition of chemical produ6ts the world had ever seen. i
c. e.

THE LAKE FROM THE TOOL HOUSE.

THE PHOTOGRAPHS.
UN pictures, for practical purposes, may be looked upon as produ6ts
almost entirely of the period of Her Majesty's reign, although
attempts at their production, resulting in some measure of success,
were made at a much earlier date. In the Photographic Se6tion
a rare and unusually excellent opportunity was afforded the
student of inspecting some of the very early specimens, and of
following up the gradual development from these comparatively
rude essays to the splendid works of art of the present day. Photographs are not always works
of art, neither are all photographers artists ; but that some of the latter are true artists of great
refinement, and that many of the former are works of art of a high class, it would have been impossible
for anyone to dispute who examined with the slightest attention the coUeCtion in our Exhibition.

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•he cases containing the historical coUeCtion were not very large, but the gentlemen who
had charge of the display had been successful in storing them with a great amount
of exceedingly interesting matter. We can only refer to a few of the things shown therein,
many of which were worthy of all attention, not only as examples of work done at the
dates given, but as verisimilitudes of famous people in days long past. A fac-simile was
shown of the earliest known sun-pifture, taken by Thomas Wedgwood about 179 1-3; and
there were illustrations of most of the phases of development down to the splendid photo-
chromic works of Leon Vidal. There was a paper copy, clear and good, of a daguerreotype
portrait of Daguerre himself There was also a daguerreotype of Charles Dickens in his days

THE PHOTOGRAPHS.

of swelldom— 1 84 1— very curious, with a great mass of long hair and tremendous coat-collar
up to his ears. Another was that of Louis Philippe, taken about the time when he ambled
away from the throne of France with his umbrella under his arm. Other interesting portraits
were those of Michael Faraday and Sir David Brewster, taken in 1842; and of Mr. Ruskin,
and Etty the painter, taken in 1844. Then we had paper negatives of a date so long
back as 1844, and early glass positives of 185 1, and so on through the various improved
processes until the time came when matters were so far perfeCted that it was possible, in
January 1881, to take a view, by moonlight only, at midnight. Another triumph of the art
was the photograph of a steamer at sea, traveUing at the rate of fourteen miles an hour,
taken in the forty-second part of a second. A piCture in this historical coUeCtion, of interest
to many besides Manchester people, was one by Mr. Alfred Brothers, of a group including
Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince Consort, and their two boys, the Prince of Wales and
Prince Alfred, taken in the Art Treasures Exhibition in 1857.
¦>. RESENT-DAY photography was fairly well represented by our local artists, and by exhibitors
C ^ hailing from all sorts of places, from London to the Isle-of-Man, and from Ireland.
The Autotype Company showed many works, some of them of very large size, and all
permanent as a steel engraving. Some of the most noticeable were reproductions of two
well-known drawings by F. J. Shields — The Good Shepherd, and Christ and Peter — and a
large plate of the work which made Mr. E. J. Poynter famous, Israel in Egypt.
I ARGE numbers of pictures were shown by the local Photographic Society and the Amateur
i— ^ Photographic Club. The chairman of the seftion, Mr. Abel Heywood, junr., to whose
enthusiastic endeavours its success was largely due, and who is well-known as a skilled
amateur, exhibited various subjeCts. Mr. Warwick Brookes had a big case with much
exceUent work therein, some large portraits of children taken dire6t — that is, not enlarged
from small negatives — being especially noticeable; as was likewise a large untouched carbon
enlargement of Edwin Waugh. Mr. A. Sauvy and Mr. F. Baum both showed portrait-work of
a high quality, the latter gendeman's including one of the Earl of Derby. Mr. James Mudd,

THE PHOTOGRAPHS.

who, in addition to his reputation as a portrait artist, is specially known for his photographs
of machinery, from want of space exhibited only specimens of the latter; and Mr. J. S. Pollitt
showed a series of very attractive views of old halls and places of interest in the neighbour
hood of Manchester. Altogether the work of our local men generally was of much excellence.

good frame of portraits, rich in tone, was exhibited by Abel Lewis, of Douglas ; and
some of the most charming portrait work in the seCtion was that of Mr. W. J. Byrne,
consisting of a number of pictures of Viscountess Hood and her daughters, all executed by
ordinary daylight in their own living rooms at home. Some of them were really beautiful
pictures, with a graceful ease and naturalness rarely to be found in the pictures of the
photographic studios. The pretty pictures of children by R. Faulkner and Co. ; the fine
views by Vernon Heath and William Bedford ; and a series of interesting studies of Canadian
life and scenery lent by Mr. W. T. Chadwick, each and all in their turn charmed the visitors.
Something out of the ordinary run was seen at the stand of Messrs. Annan and Swan, who
exhibited a fine show of photogravures, and the process of printing from the plates ; whilst Messrs.
Waterlow and Sons showed the processes of Woodbury-typing, photo-zinc engraving, and the like.

'HE Irish photographs were in the Irish SeCtion, and the show was particularly rich in quahty
if not in quantity. Some of the portraits, notably those of the Marchioness of London
derry, the Duchess of Leinster, Lady Brooke, and others, photographed by Lafayette, of
Dublin, seemed to be well-nigh unsurpassable. Two portraits of the Queen, taken in her
own drawing-room at Osborne, were very excellent. In the matter of quality, Lafayette's
principal rival Avas Chancellor, of Dublin, one of whose chief pi6tures was also a portrait of
the beautiful Marchioness. Other good work was shown by Werner and Son, of Dublin,
J-. C. Semple, and W. Lawrence.

HANDICRAFTS.

[OME most interesting matters were to be found in the Handicrafts
SeCtion, and at many of them the people seemed never
to tire of looking. It was, for instance, always a difficult
matter to get within seeing distance of the pottery making.
There appeared to be a never-ending charm in the deftness
and delicacy of touch shown by the potter as he sat at
his wheel — a flat disc made to revolve horizontally at a
rapid rate. There was no apparent haste or hurry in the
worker's movements ; but the celerity with which the vase grew up under his hands, out of
the lump of pie-crust-looking clay upon the wheel, seemed to the admiring crowd around
little less than magical. As the clay spun round, he put his fingers into the lump, squeezed
it a little with his hands, and it rose like a straight jar; then it was squeezed in at the
neck, and spread out at the mouth, and modelled here and modelled there, until in two
or three minutes you looked with amaze upon a beautifully-shaped vase before you upon the
stand, This, and the after processes of carving and etching to produce designs in relief (no
two being of exaftly the same pattern), the hand-painting or transfer printing, the glazing
and firing, were all in aCtive operation at the stalls and rooms of Messrs. Doulton and Co.
Most of the painting and some of the modelling were executed by ladies, headed by Miss
Groom, a very clever artist, who divided the modelling honours with Mr. Butler.

HANDICRAFTS. 93
ly Tear to this exhibit was a little machine, at the needle and pin stall of W. Avery and
/ ^ Son, of Headless Cross, Redditch, which had a special attraction for the ladies. This
curious little apparatus, upon which no small ingenuity had been expended, was engaged all
day long in sticking pins in rows upon paper; the operation being not a little puzzling until
one had an opportunity of inspecting the interior works. Thousands of pins were poured
into a hopper at the top, the attendant rapidly getting them straight and in order with a
small brush ; they then slid down a series of grooves in a perpendicular position, a blade
came down and separated a row, and the machine stuck them into the paper. The whole
was done very rapidly, and saved an immense amount of labour.
NOTHER matter of much interest to the fair sex was lace-making, especially the old-fashioned
and now somewhat rarely-seen process of making pillow lace. This mysterious operation
was being carried on with great apparent skill and excellent results by a lady at the stall of
W. J. Pintner, of Lytham ; but no outsider could give anything like a satisfactory explanation of
the manner in which taper fingers and multitudinous ever-shifting bobbins tangle themselves up
into yards of pretty lace, and we shall not attempt the task. There was also hand lace-making
at the stall of Messrs. John Bacon and Co., of Manchester ; where also were to be seen very
choice specimens of antique laces, modern Honiton and Flemish lace, and of both ancient and
modern hosiery. A patent circular knitting-machine was shown by J. Higham, of Manchester,
which would turn out a pair of socks in half-an-hour ; and J. Foster, of Preston and Manchester,
exhibited a straight machine, the "Victoria," for which it was claimed that it differed from all
others of the kind by having the carriage under the needle bed, and that it was capable of
making every kind of knitted goods.
^ET another matter for the ladies' inspection was the artificial flower faCtory, brought to the
Exhibition under the auspices of the London Flower Girl Mission. Here might be seen
a continuous creation of roses, and Hlies, and heliotrope, and the whole community of flowerdom,
all out of cambric and bits of wire ; with the exception of the stamping out of the leaves and
petals (performed by men), all the processes — such as curling, ribbing, fashioning, and fitting

HANDICRAFTS.

together — were performed by girls, and some of the results were exceedingly pretty and true
to nature.

\ (5)arious pretty little things, both curious and useful, were being turned at the ivory-
' working stall of R. E. Fades, of London. One of these was an odd little needle-case
holding cotton, thimbles, and needles, all in less than the space of a pigeon's egg. Both the
ordinary and vegetable ivory were being used ; the vegetable being a hard solid nut, about the
size of a not-very-large potato, and not unlike it in appearance. This vegetable ivory is now
extensively used for small articles, but we have never seen any of sufficiently large size to
enter seriously into competition with the animal produCt.

/^NE of the most successful stands in the buUding was that comprising the host of
^^ beautifully-fashioned articles made by Canadian Indians, and shown by W. J. Thompson,
of New Brunswick, Canada. All the articles were made by hand, of really exquisite design
and workmanship, but totally unlike anything with which we had heretofore been familiar.
There were baskets made of sweet grass, the perfume of which is never lost; baskets of
white ash and sweet grass ; trays and baskets of dyed moose-hair and birch bark ; seal-skin
slippers and Cariboo mocassins; feather screens, all sorts of things made from birch bark.

HANDICRAFTS. 95
toboggans, snow-shoes, and heaps of other matters. The Indians cut the white ash trees,
split them up into very thin ribbons, and dye them ; and the articles, when finished, look more
like coloured satin than anything else. Two real genuine Indians of the Abenika tribe,
dressed in the orthodox deerskins and fringed leggings, were always at work at the stand,
making articles for sale.
^... .0 .he Canadia. s.,, we. so.e glass e„,.ave. and shell c.«e,s. Vessie.e Al„4
/ " of Baccarat; was engraving glass in very rapid and simple style. Such an ordinary
matter as cutting your name on a tumbler was done in a minute or so ; but we waited
perhaps five minutes, whilst he engraved a flying bird in a style and with a precision such
as is rarely attained by ordinary artists who use pencil and paper. This was done without
any preliminary sketching upon the glass, and by means of little revolving copper wheels or
discs, tipped with emery and oil. Another glass engraver was Antonino Fisichella, and at
his stand shells and stones were being cleverly cut. The pieces of shell are fixed upon the
end of bits of wood with gum, which serve as handles for holding by ; the design is then
roughly sketched with pencil, and the artist cuts it out with common gravers and small files.
We saw cameos of considerable merit, also various birds, leaves, flowers, and the like. In close
neighbourhood of these things was a brilliant stall of East Indian produCts and art work,
shown by Mr. John Preston, of London ; the beautiful brass work to be seen thereon,
hammered and chased, was shown in process of production by skilled artists.
' s a matter of course the chUdren had handicrafts exhibited after their own hearts, and for
their own special benefit. Dolls galore, which it was next to impossible to break or
injure by any amount of banging or sitting upon, were being finished off at the stall of
Mr. Maden ; their heads were made of gutta-percha, and their bodies were stuffed with hair.
But the most wonderful doll was one to be seen at the stand of Mr, A. Davis, of London, which
not only walked about upon a table, but talked also ; it was a baby doll, which, when wound up,
walked about by itself and said "papa" and "mama" quite distinctly. For the boys there
were at this stand tops w^hich sounded like (rather small) church organs, and tops which would

HANDICRAFTS,

spin upside down or hanging by the leg to the neck of a bottle, or in almost any other position ;
and there were walking bears, and jumping pigs, and hopping chickens, and a hen which
strutted about and laid eggs, and a boomerang, and a house where a little fireman ran up a
ladder and jumped in at a top-storey window, and lots of other things besides.
OF other matters, we may mention the process of grinding and polishing crystals for spectacles
and eye-glasses, shown by Mr. Joseph Lyons, of Kilburn ; the cutting of diamonds,
amethyst, and crocidolite, by Mr, Levi, of London Wall and South Africa; the process of
printing floorcloths from engraved blocks, by B. Hembry and Co., of Cross Street, Manchester;
and the musical-instrument making of Mr. Higham, whose showcase has been referred to in
another chapter. The shoemaking and carpentering shop of the Strangeways Boys' Refuge,
Manchester, will not be forgotten by those who saw 'the little men of ten to fifteen, working
with all the gravity of big men of fifty.
•here were many handicrafts being exercised in the shops of Old Manchester and Salford,
but these will be mentioned elsewhere.

THE CHINESE PAVILION.

WATERPROOFS, OLD EMBROIDERIES,

AND FURS.

[DER the necessity of endeavouring to render our Record
as complete as possible, it would be positively ungallant
and well nigh fatal to our chances of getting along
comfortably in this world, were we to omit the mention
of various small matters of great importance to the ladies.
Embroideries have not yet entirely lost their charm for
the fair sex, although Avonderful stitchings of Mary and
her Lamb, and cross-eyed wool-piCtures of the household cat, are less often
seen now-a-days than formerly upon chair-cushions, or hung up in frames in
the best parlour. There is, however, even yet, a demand for embroideries
of a better class for tea-cosies and church furniture.

N the Royal Avenue, between the SUk Seftion and the long GaUery of
Approach from Chester Road, were exhibited various old embroideries
and silk fabrics lent by the Manchester Royal Institution, comprising
examples dating from the Middle Ages down to the eighteenth century.
Of the many specimens of old silk fabrics, some were merely interesting and curious, whilst

loo WATERPROOFS, OLD EMBROIDERIES, AND FURS.
others possessed great beauty ; but we can only call attention to one little bit executed at that
period, when the frivolous lords and ladies of the French court amused themselves by playing
at being shepherds and shepherdesses. It was executed in satin, and represented creamy-white
pastoral figures upon a crimson ground. The figures were two children sitting under a rose
bush, playing upon shepherd's pipes, and the whole sketch was fairly suggestive of the kind of
thing which found favour in those days. An exceedingly gorgeous embroidery in gold, upon
green silk damask, was made in a Rhenish convent in the seventeenth century ; and there was
a very curious piece of old work in the Spanish style, in gold bullion with a high degree of
relief To many ladies the most interesting frame was one containing pieces of embroidery
taken from church vestments of the fifteenth century, worked in finest broad-stitch in ancient
gold thread, and executed by the Cologne Guild of Embroiderers.
'he waterproofs, and "rubber" goods generally, were to be found in the ChemicaJ SeCtion.
" Rubber " is a stupid name to give the chief material used in waterproofs ; but it
seems to be generally adopted in the trade. It serves, however, to remind us that until
comparatively recent years, the chief use of caoutchouc (indiarubber) in this country was
the rubbing out of lead-pencil lines, or soils upon paper; and we may concede that
"rubber" is easily pronounced, whilst "caoutchouc" does not roll readily off an English
tongue. This material is the congealed milky sap, or gum, obtained from certain trees in
various tropical countries, by making incisions in the bark, and thus allowing the juice to
exude. The best is said to come from Para, in Brazil; and we are told that the natives
of Central America were of old well acquainted with many of its capabilities, including
even the waterproofing of cloth. The vulcanization of rubber — that is the modification of
its nature by certain processes which render it permanently elastic, insensible to cold as well as
to heat, and also counteract the dissolving a6tion of oils or fatty matter — has enabled it to be
used for an infinite variety of things which otherwise would have been impra6ticable.

very extensive and complete series upon the stands of C. Macintosh and Company,
of Manchester, enabled the visitor to examine rubber in all its stages, from the

WATERPROOFS, OLD EMBROIDERIES, AND FURS. loi
original liquid state to its use in the produaion of a legion of finished articles. There
were rubber sheets, belting, rings, and floorcloths; rubber boats and beds; and what is of
more importance just now, very excellent waterproofs for ladies and gentlemen, which had
no macintosh appearance about them whatever, all the seams being stitched just like
ordinary cloth. Not less important was the exhibit of David Moseley and Sons, of Ardwick,
comprising tyres for cyclists, rubber mats which are almost everlasting in wear, fishing
brogues, stockings, rubber thread for the Russian market, a complete diving-dress, and endless
other things. But the chief attractions were numerous beautiful waterproof garments hung
in a case. Remarking that some of them looked like silk, we were informed that they
really were silk of the best quality, with a film of pure rubber coating the inside, upon
which was laid in some instances a further lining of silk of a colour differing from the
outside. Silk waterproofs were also to be seen at the stand of J. Mandleberg and
Company, of Pendleton. A very dainty one, which we carefully examined, weighed only
sixteen and a quarter ounces. Another notable thing was a patent ventilating waterproof
coat, with hidden ventUating means in the arms and back. I. Frankenburg, of Salford,
showed rubber soles for lawn tennis use, pretty shoes and dainty gaiters for ladies, and
excellent waterproof tweeds. W. Currie and Company, of Edinburgh, sent, among other
things, mantles and macintoshes, and fishing trousers ; and at the stall of Messrs, Bilsland
and Company, of Edinburgh, was to be seen another ventilating coat, with air-holes at
different levels communicating with pockets beneath the lining, and a novel ventilating
fishing-jacket which could be turned into a cape if necessary.
•he furs in the Exhibition occupied a considerable amount of space on either side of
the Royal Avenue, and were contributed by Pavel Michailovich Grunwaldt, of St.
Petersburg, furrier to the Emperor of Russia and many other royalties. There were specimens
of all the most valuable furs, and the prices of some of them were astounding. A little
bundle of small and dark Russian sable skins, about twenty in number, was valued at one
thousand pounds. Of royal ermine there were many fine pieces ; and fox skins of all kinds —
silver blue, red, or black. A dolman of the skin of the silver fox was priced at one hundred

I02

WATERPROOFS, OLD EMBROIDERIES, AND FURS.

and fifty pounds. Another rarity was the fur of the deep-sea otter of Kamschatka, a
beautiful and very dark brown. There were seal-skin jackets and dolmans, sable dolmanettes,
muffs, rugs, bags, and heaps of boas like the tangles of Medusa's hair; one of these latter,
not very long, made of finest sable tails, was only priced at the modest sum of twenty-five
pounds !

MACHINERY

HE great hall devoted to Machinery covered an immense area, and — as
was fitting in perhaps the greatest engineering centre in the world —
the collection has never been surpassed or equalled for quality and
completeness. And as almost all the machines were aCtively in
motion, performing their allotted tasks, the place was alive with an
endless variety of busy industry. In the presence of this wonderful
spectacle, it was natural enough to enquire what had been the main
direction, and what were the realized results, of the ingenuity and invention of the ViCtorian
era. The inevitable answer is one that will probably cause some surprise, and has not,
so far as we know, been elsewhere recorded. We shall try to give it with sufficient
clearness in the limited space at our command.

*he progress of the last fifty years has been more in the direCtion of accuracy in work
manship, compactness in arrangement, increased power and size, combination and adaptation,
than in the introduction of new principles or methods. To the late Sir Joseph Whitworth
is mainly due the first of these — accuracy of workmanship — by his introduction, first, in 1840,
of the means of obtaining true metal surfaces, and later, the standard screw, the measuring
machine, and the standard gauges, all of which were to be seen amongst the exhibits of
Sir Joseph Whitworth and Company. By the use of these the mechanical trades were enabled
to prepare work in one department that would fit the place prepared for it in another, by

I04 MACHINERY.
which the division of labour was greatly facilitated. Inaccuracy in workmanship now meant
confusion, and therefore the employment of the Whitworth Standards became general, and
"sizes" almost an universal language. The lathe, planing, and other machine tools were also
greatly improved, which necessarily affe6ted the work produced by them, and the application
of self-aCting arrangements again increased their efficiency and labour-saving powers, whilst the
Exhibition of 1851 was the means of bringing these improvements before the notice of the
country. Gradually they became adapted to special purposes where great repetition of work
was required, and so enabled makers of special machinery to produce it with accuracy and at
small cost. Examples of these special tools were shown by Messrs. Craven Brothers, Smith
and Coventry, Kendall and Gent, and W. Hulse and Company, in their capstan rest lathes
for making turned screws and studs from plain bars of iron. The spindle of this lathe is
hollow, and through it the bar is passed until it projeCts the required length. It is then
gripped and carried round by the spindle, when a series of cutting tools, held in a revolving
rest, are brought into operation one after the other, each doing its own work from the roughing
out to cutting off the finished piece, when the bar is pushed forward and the operation
repeated. As an instance of "grouping," Messrs. Craven Brothers showed four machines —
practically constituting one — for the making of copper stay bolts for locomotive fire-boxes.
new machine within the era, the introduction of which marked an epoch in the forging of
*' metals, was only represented by a model. Originally invented by the late Mr. William
Ryder, of Bolton, for forging spindles, its applicability to all classes of small forge work rapidly
carried it into the shops of the engineers and spindle makers through the kingdom. It has
several forging heads in one frame, each over its own anvil, both heads and anvils being prepared
on their meeting faces for swages or dies, which are fixed into the machine in pairs, the number
of pairs depending upon the number of forms to be given to the forging. The movement of the
heads when in motion is so rapid that they appear as elongated blocks of thick mist. The
heated end of an iron bar being placed under each head in succession, the forging grows complete,
when the finished end is cropped off", the bar returned to the fire, and another withdrawn to
continue the work of forging.

MESSRS. J. WOODROW AND SONS' EXHIBIT OF THE VARIOUS PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF SILK AND FELT HATS.

I06 MACHINERY.
•HE Steam Hammer, also invented within the Vi6torian era, by Mr. Nasmyth, of Patricroft,
and which always excites interest as an instance of vigorous power under great control,
is, for the heavier class of work, giving way to the hydraulic forging press, a tool of enormous
power, sUent in its working, and whose forging head rises and descends with a slow, short,
crushing motion. Though no machine of this kind was exhibited, the splendid display of
steel gun and propeller shaft forging, shown by Sir Joseph Whitworth and 'Company, were
samples of its work.
•HE Milling Machine has been the gentleman of the tool family. Although in use before
the Victorian era, it has untU lately held aloof from the hard work of the engineering
shops. The cost of making and repairing its steel cutters has been the cause of this.
These cutters have the appearance of a small thick circular saw, round which the teeth are
cut to various seCtions to suit the work required. These teeth were formerly cut with a
file by hand, which was both tedious and costly. This was not all. When finished
they had to be hardened, in which process they frequently twisted, and so were useless.
In 1853, Mr. George Kerr Hanney patented his' Emery Wheel, but not until some twelve
years later did it come into general notice. Being made of a composition, the principal
ingredient of which is emery, it can be moulded into almost any size or form, and, by means of
the indestruCtible diamond, can be turned true, and to any form of seCtion on the cutting
face. Its application to the truing up and grinding of hard metal surfaces is almost unlimited ;
and through what neither file nor chisel nor finest tempered steel will touch, these discs will cut
their way. It was only natural that sooner or later it should occur to somebody that they could be'
applied to the making of Milling Machine Cutters. The thing was done, and the Milling Machine
is one of the handiest and hardest-worked tools where repetition work is wanted, with every
appearance of a great future before it. It was the best represented machine tool in the
Exhibition. Emery discs of all sizes and forms, with their different modes of application, were
equally well represented, principally by Messrs. Luke and Spencer, of Manchester, and Messrs.
L. Stern and Company, of Glasgow, while Messrs. Kendall and Gent showed two machines
specially designed for cutting and forming Milling Machine Cutters. Circular and band saws for

wz
u

THE MANUFACTURE OF SWEETMEATS, IN THE MACHINERY ANNEXE, BY MESSRS. FAUI.DER AND COMPANY, OF STOCKPORT.

io8 MACHINERY,
cutting hot and cold metals are coming into more extensive use, and were exhibited by several
of the tool-makers. Perhaps no class of tools has developed or grown into more general use
of late years than wood-working machinery, of which special designs were shown by Messrs.
Thomas Robinson and Son, of Rochdale, and John Pickles and Son, of Hebden Bridge.
POLLOWING in the wake of the improvement made in machine tools — an improvement which
may be represented all round by the saving effeCted by the planing machine, by which
a square foot of true surface can be obtained on cast iron for one penny, which cost twelve
shillings by hand labour — Textile Machinery is now made with an accuracy almost equal to
that of a scientific instrument. But notwithstanding the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of
patents which have been taken out in connection with it during the last fifty years, they have
been for the improvement of details, not for the introduction of new processes. By continually
correcting small faults, by striving for better results with simpler methods, by making all self-
aCting from feed to delivery, by adding ingenious movements where a suspicion hinted at an
advantage, and finally by the recent introduction of eleCtricity as an agent for effeCting some
of the more delicate movements (as the stopping of a machine on the breaking of a thread) —
which, while it promises to give a simple, positive, and reliable means, will dispense with a
complication of parts, which from their number and the delicacy and irregularity of the operations
they have to perform are always elements of uncertainty — this system of machinery has been
lifted out of the sphere of mere automatons into a mechanism that seems to possess a nervous
system and almost a sense of forethought. The show in this class of machinery, both for
completeness and magnitude, was simply splendid, the exhibitors ranking as the first makers
in the world.
"HE greatest triumph of the ViCtorian era has been the development of the Self-ACting
Mule, whilst the other machines have been made to keep pace with it, the endeavour of
the makers being never to allow one machine to make good the short-comings of another. Of
recent years, however, the principal attention has been dire6ted to the development of the Ring-
Spinning Frame, which, for the production of ordinary yarns, has already superseded the

MACHINERY.

109

Throstle, and is fast becoming a rival to the Mule. Invented before the ViCtorian era, it made
but little progress until Messrs. Rabbeth and Attwood introduced their new spindle in 1867,
which, though not very successful, formed the basis of subsequent improvements. In 1871 the
introduction of the Booth-Sawyer Spindle gave an impetus to this system of spinning, by the
speed of the spindle being brought up to seven thousand revolutions per minute. Subsequent
improvements on the Rabbeth Spindle, and in the machine itself, have increased the speed to
ten thousand revolutions, whilst the quality of the yarn has improved. Manufacturers at first
resisted the ring spun yarn, as being inferior to that of the throstle, but the throstle's limit of
speed having been attained at some five thousand revolutions, whilst the increasing speed of
the ring spindle was leaving it far in the rear, competition broke down resistance, and the old
throstle for all ordinary yarns died out.

•HE Steam Engine, in all its essential principles,
remains as it left the hands of Watt, its form
only having altered to meet modern requirements.
The aim of the last fifty years has been economy
of fuel. Engineers were agreed that this was to
be found in the proper employment of the expansive
power of steam, but were not agreed as to the method to be adopted.
One seCtion advocated the single-cylinder engine, the other seCtion the
double-cylinder or compound engine, in which the steam, having done
its work in the first, is allowed to pass into and continue its work in the second. This idea was
patented by Jonathan Hornblower, as early as 1781, but he used low-pressure steam, and of course
it failed. Another thing all were agreed upon, was the necessity of finding a valve and valve gear
that would control the steam in a certain way in its passage from the boiler to the cylinder.
This valve was discovered by Corliss, an American, in 1863. The compound engine has had a
mottled career. In 1845, when the old cotton-mill beam-engines were giving way under the
increasing loads of the enlarging mills, the late Mr. W. Mc. Naught, of Manchester, pieced
them out by providing a higher pressure of steam with a cylinder to work it in before it

no MACHINERY.
should enter the old cylinder at the old pressure, which proving a success, was taken up by
the Scotch engineers. Then, for certain reasons, it fell into disfavour. In 1859 Messrs.
Humphry and Tennant engined the steamers Poonah, Mooltan, Carnatic, and Baroda, of the
Peninsular and Oriental Company's fleet, with compound engines, and it was the announcement
that the Mooltan had made her run with 2>^-lbs. of coal per horse-power that took the engineering
world by surprise, and again revived the system on the mill engines, especially in Lancashire
and Yorkshire. Six years later the Mooltan, with all her sister ships, were re-engined with
single cylinders, and the manufacture of compound engines was pretty much abandoned, both
for land and sea purposes. Compound engines are again to the front, and the system is
extending to triple cylinders. It is the triple cylinder engine that is now propelling the
Ormuz, whose wonderful passage with the Australian mails was announced in November 1887.
Both classes of engines were admirably represented by those which drove the different seCtions of
the Exhibition machinery. All were fitted with the Corliss valves, and with some modification
of the Corliss or other valve gear. The engines of Messrs. Hicks, Hargraves, and Company,
and J. and E. Wood, of Bolton, were of the single-cylinder type ; those of Messrs. Musgrave
and Son, of Bolton, and Daniel Adamson and Company, of Dukinfield, of the double-cylinder
compound type, as also were those of Messrs. W. and J. Galloway, for driving the dynamos
for Uluminating the fountains, and for driving the pumps for supplying their water. The
London and North-Western Locomotive, exhibited by Mr. F. W. Webb, of Crewe, was an
example of the compound principle applied to the locomotive ; all the others, including those
in the Irish SeCtion, being of the single-cylinder type. In marked contrast to all these modern
engines was the one designed by Richard Trevethick, about the years 1803-9, and the model
of Stephenson's old "Rocket," by which he gained the competition at RainhUl in 1829, both of
which were exhibited by Mr. F. W. Webb, of Crewe.
•HE times demand a motive power where many things prohibit steam. The Gas Engine
meets this case. All endeavours, from that of the French Abbot Hautefeuille in 1678,
until the invention of Otto and Langen in 1863, possess now but an historical interest. This
last engine was first shown at the Paris Exhibition in 1867. It was noisy and ungainly, but

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THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND TENDER EXHIBITED BY THE MANCHESTER, SHEFFIELD, AND LINCOLNSHIRE RAILWAY COMPANY,
IN TPIE MACHINERY ANNEXE.

112 MACHINERY.
worked with reasonable economy and prospered. Messrs. Crossley Brothers became the English
makers. In 1874 Frederic GUles, of Cologne, invented a formidable rival, but it was too late,
for close upon it came the second "Otto," out-distancing aU others. The success of gas engines
has produced many forms, and many types were represented, Messrs. Crossley Brothers leading
with the Otto, from a domestic motor to a fourteen horse-power horizontal. Andrew and
Company, of Stockport, showed the Bisschop, invented about the- time of the Otto ; Wallwork
and Company, Sturgen's ; H indie and Company, Dougill's ; Dempster and Sons, Campbell's ;
and J. Wolstenholme, the Ratcliff". When the engine got into praCtice it was found that
the gas of towns — in which the heat-giving properties are eliminated, and the light-giving and
therefore soot-producing hydo-carbons are retained — was not altogether suited to the purpose.
To meet this, Mr. J. E. Dowson invented his gas-producing apparatus, by which not
only is this order of things reversed, but the driving is done at much less cost than with
town gas. The Dowson Company showed their apparatus at work in the grounds, driving
a fourteen-horse Otto.
IN some trades, certain machines requiring power are isolated and far from the main driving.
Then they either want separate engines (when steam must be carried to them from the
boilers) or shafts carried underground or overhead. If engines are used the steam is wasted by
condensation in passing through the pipes ; and long shafts, with power taken only from one
point, are extravagant and often awkward. Messrs. Mather and Piatt met the difficulty by
calling in the aid of ele6tricity, illustrating at the same time the eleCtrical distribution of power
from a central point. From a dynamo driven by their engines in the eleCtrical lighting room,
a current was passed by wires to a twenty-horse eleCtro motor one hundred yards away,
working in its turn a ten-colour calico-printing machine. The Ele6tro Motor was originally
invented by Elias, of Amsterdam, and its discovery in 1842 marked a new era in eleftrical science.
TONES are sdll used for grinding grain. The roUer system is in favour; the disc system
has striven for a place. Rollers or discs, they are made of chiUed cast iron, some fluted,
some smooth, and the discs are mounted to work on their faces, like the stones. An exhibidon

MACHINERY.

113

can give no idea of modern milling. You enter an enormous four or five storied mill, packed
with live machinery. The grain delivered is carried forward until it enters the first machinery
in the top room, and, gravitating, is seen no more until ready for the lurries on the bottom floor.
The machines are the parts, the building the frame, and the whole is one machine. The
machinery excepted, the mill is all but a desolation. Mr. Henry Simon, of Manchester, Hind
and Lund, of Preston, and T. Robinson and Sons, of Rochdale, showed roUer mUls, and the first
two firms, worm conveyors, elevators, silk (flour) dressing, and other machines.
'HE one-flued cylindrical " Cornish," and the two-flued " Lancashire " boilers, first introduced
with high pressures, have held their ground against all comers for land purposes.
They had two chief faults, bad
circulation — the cold water under
the horizontal tubes taking little
part with that in violent
ebullition above them — and a
rigidity in the flues themselves,
which caused unequal expansion
and contraction. Messrs. Galloway
improved the first by the introduc
tion of their cross tubes, about the
year 1850. Mr. Daniel Adamson
remedied the second with his flanged tubes about the same date. The Locomotive Boiler,
except in size, remains as Stephenson left it. The ten " Galloways," driving the machinery —
excellent examples of modern steel boilers — were the only ones under steam or exhibited,
except the American water-tube boiler of Messrs. Babcock and Company, in the grounds.

I I EAT passes quickest into coldest bodies. The gas in flying from boiler to chimney,
• ' though too cold to be of use to the hot boiler, will, if led through a chamber of
pipes, heat cold water to boiling. This, forced into the boiler instead of cold water, saves

114 MACHINERY.
fuel. Hence the Fuel Economiser, originally invented by Messrs. E. Green and Son, who,
in addition to those attached to the working boilers, had a large exhibit. Messrs. Lowcock
had another.
INCREASING pressures, strains, and wear, were overtaxing iron, when Mr. (now Sir) Henry
Bessemer opened a prairie of good and cheap steel — dawn of a new era in Chemical Science,
the cause of another in Engineering, giving strength and durability to meet all wants for years
to come. Of its allied benefits, the one most quickly and universally felt was — third-class by
all trains ! Steel in all forms, made by the now-various processes, was exhibited by some
thirty leading firms. Six showed the basic process, the slag from which is a fertilizer, the
effeCt of which was shown by a chart from the College of Agriculture, Downton, Salisbury.
The largest and most suggestive exhibit was that of Sir Joseph Whitworth and Company —
heavy ingots of fluid-compressed cast steel ; hollow shafts, tubes, and rings made by the hydraulic
forger ; a thin cylindrical case, fourteen inches diameter, quarter inch to one-third inch thick,
and five-and-a-half feet long, for compressed air for driving the propeller engines of a Whitehead
torpedo, which a test of 3,350-lbs. per square inch had failed to rupture ; a surprise, in a forged,
seamless, marine boiler ring, twelve feet diameter, six-and-a-half feet wide, suggestive of three hundred
to five hundred pounds steam-pressure, if required, in the near future ; the seventy-pounder, flat-
ended solid shot, that established the use of these projeCtiles by being the first to penetrate a
four-inch armour plate; and, finaUy, the four-hundred-pounder steel sheU, which in 1883 was fired
on Birkdale sands from one of the four twenty-ton guns, forming the armament of the Brazilian
war-ship Riachuelo, and which, leaving the gun's muzzle at two thousand feet per second, pierced
a target composed to represent a penetrative power equal to a twenty-three inch solid rolled
armour plate, and still seems fit to do it again !
p\ RiCKMAKiNG, laundry, sewing, pumping, ventilating, and printing machinery (the three first being
^ J new within the era), have grown into such demand as to have passed almost entirely into
the hands of special makers, whilst machinery is now devoted to the production of such homely
requirements as preserves and hats. Of the manufa6ture of the latter we give illustrations.

MACHINERY.

115

'HE year 1887 was the Jubilee of the Eledric Telegraph. In 1816, Mr. (afterward Sir)
Francis Ronald drew the attention of the Government to his discovery of the Ele6tric
Telegraph, and after twenty-three days received from the Secretary to the Admiralty the
reply "that telegraphs of any kind are now wholly unnecessary." In 1837, the first practical
EleCtric Telegraph was carried into London by private enterprise, and now the stone, which
in J 816 the Governmental buUders rejected, has become the head-stone of our commercial
intelligence. Lighthouses excepted, the first public eleCtric illumination in this country was
when Mr. Conrad W. Cooke, in 1873, instaUed the signal-light on the Clock Tower of the
Houses of Parliament. In the same year the first faCtory was permanently lighted in Paris,
and a signal was maintained by Messrs. Siemen Brothers, of Berlin, on the dome of the
Vienna Exhibition. The popular movement began in 1878, when Gramme and Jablochkofif
illuminated parts of Paris during the French Exhibition. In 1880, Swan, of Newcastle,
and Edison, of New York, simultaneously announced their incandescence system — the first step
toward the solution of domestic illumination. What it has grown to, the Manchester
Jubilee Exhibition illustrated in a remarkably striking and attractive way. J. N.

SILK.

T needed but litde to draw attention to the Silk Se6tion. Speaking
for itself with no uncertain voice, it was full of matter to
interest not merely the idly curious people who dawdled
languidly through every seCtion in the Exhibition, or those
who cared merely for the finished results ; but also the most
earnest of scientific investigators, and all those who were
interested in endeavouring to discover the reason of the sad
decadence of the silk industry in England.
•hat the climate of our country is eminently adapted to
the manufacture of silk fabrics — although not to the
produ6tion of the silk itself — is admitted by those most competent
to pronounce an opinion; and yet our own manufactures
have been steadily decreasing in quantity for many years past, whilst at the same time we
have been buying manufaftured silks from the Continent to the extent of eleven to twelve
millions sterling per annum. Spasmodic attempts have been made to revive particular
portions of the trade in certain districts, but apparendy without much in the way of permanent
effea. The causes of the general decay of the silk manufafture are, rightly or wrongly,
said to be the same as those of which we are too often hearing in conneftion with other
industries— the (comparatively speaking) negled of scientific research, and lack of technical

SILK. 117
instruction. Mr. Thomas Wardle, the chairman of the SUk Se6tion, whose high posidon as
an authority upon the matters under survey will be readUy acknowledged by all, not only
created an almost unprecedented opportunity of studying the subjeCt from its cradle unto the
topmost height and pinnacle of its glory, but also took especial pains to emphasize the
excellencies of both ancient and modern English fabrics ; particularly with reference to their
purity and genuineness, as compared with many imported productions.
IN a series of cases in the Silk Court, and the transept hard by, were to be seen specimens
of nearly or quite all the known kinds of silk-producing moths from all parts of the world.
Many hours could have been well spent over these cases, examining in detail the eggs, the
cocoons of various shapes and colours, the chrysalis of each kind, the larva, and the perfeCt
moth. The great variety in shape, and colour, and size of the silkworms and moths, was
remarkable. The eggs appeared to be much alike to a casual observer, and were about the
size of a big pin's head ; but the cocoons were very varied in shape and colour, and the worms
ranged in size from about four or five inches down to the tiny ones of an inch in length ; whilst
the moths ran from the size of an ordinary butterfly to great showy monsters, measuring, we
should think, quite ten inches from tip to tip of the outspread wings. ,
ONE of the cases contained some exceedingly curious cocoons from Nagpur, hanging in bunches
or colonies somewhat like a bunch of grapes, the said bunches being at least a foot in
length, and looking for all the world like frosted gold. Other cocoons reminded you of nothing
so much as musty filberts in the husk, covered with a whitish mould, like the filberts you may
occasionally have had brought out after dinner, in country farm-houses, to help you get rid of
the wine. Others again hung in twos and threes from a single twig, smooth, oval, plain in
aspeCl, and about the size of a pigeon's egg. Yet again, there were some cocoons from India
which looked like imitations in shining gold ot perforated almond shells.

F moths, as we have hinted, the variety in size and shape and colour was wonderful, and
utterly surprising to those of us who had a vague notion that the silkworm, in its perfeCt

ii8 SILK.
development, was nothing better than the dingiest of little butterflies, having neither beauty nor
comeliness. The biggest of all, the giant atlas moth, measuring from eight to ten inches across
the wings, is rather dark in colour and very curiously marked. The largest specimens of this
fine fellow came from Madras, and there were others of the same race from Ceylon, Burmah,
China, and Japan. The cocoons are a sort of long oval, nearly three inches in length. Various
other kinds, including one of a rich yellow colour, came from India; and there were some of a
colour like new leather, from China. There was a beautiful small moth — small as compared
with the Atlas before mentioned — perhaps five inches, across, with its cocoons, and the raw silk
of a light brown colour, from Demerara. Certain others came from South America ; and among
the more noticeable ones were specimens of the big Tussur moths, which produce the coarse-
looking, brown-coloured, raw silk. A light yellow one came from the Himalayas ; a bright
yellow from Japan ; some delicately-tinted greenish ones from South Africa ; smallj striped,
blueish from Spain ; and some great, curiously-shaped, delicately-coloured, and oddly-marked, were
Sikkim moths.
'HE silk cocoon reeling was one of the most interesdng things in the whole Exhibidon, if
one judged from the crowds of visitors which were perpetuaUy attra6ted thereby. The
deft way in which the almost-invisible threads were gathered up, and passed on to the six-sided
reeling wheel, was certainly something to be regarded with admiration. The threads were like
the gossamers of an autumn morning ; but they were handled with a freedom and apparent
carelessness which would rather suggest the handling of a ship's cable. The two French reeling
machines at work were engaged in reeling Bengal and Tussur and Muga cocoons, the machines
employed being such as are used in the south of France, and they were being worked by reelers
from Lyons. There was also an Italian one, in which the Tavelette Keller was used.
Italian Silk, in cocoons of a pale greenish yellow, spun silk, embroidery sUks, and so on
* to the most beaudful finished embroidery, could be seen at the stall of Messrs. Briggs
and Company, of Church Street, Manchester; and a gorgeous case, so far as colour was
concerned, although not a very large one, was that of Pearsall and Company, of Cheapside

SILK. 119
and Somersetshire, who exhibited some really exquisite samples of Filoselle. Bonnet and
Company showed a case of Lyons silks (black), a gift of which would have propitiated the
most inveterately-prejudiced maiden aunt, and turned the sourest spinster into a thing of
beauty and a joy for ever. But it was in the cases ranged round the walls of the seCtion,
containing ancient fabrics of English and foreign make, that some of the most attractive things
were found. Some of the vestments were truly wonderful to behold. There was the vest
of a treme;ndous dandy of the olden time, which would have not only made our feeble
njodern pretenders to dandyism pale their ineffectual fires, but have utterly extinguished them.
Think how elegant one would look in these dingy days, with a waistcoat of white silk,
embroidered and ornamented with crystals. Then there was an antique cloak, embroidered
with raised patterns in silk and silver; and there were antique embroidered coats, and a silk
embroidered opera cloak of the last century, and an embroidered quilt of the sixteenth century,
and a wonderful patchwork quilt, made of pieces of coloured silks, which would make all
the housewives of the country envious. Of absorbing interest to the ladies were the marriage
dress and train of Her Majesty the Queen, manufactured, and the train embroidered, at
Mr. Louis Schwabe's old mUl, in Portland Street, in 1839, a white satin, embroidered in colours.
The design was said to be Her Majesty's own, and the late Mr. Henry Houldsworth, of
Manchester (then with Mr. Schwabe), had some patent machinery constructed for the execution
of the embroidery. A curious piece of stuff" in one of the cases was a damask, woven as
an experiment by Mr. Schwabe, in which the warp was of silk and the weft of spun glass.
It looked very well, but apparently did not commend itself to the weavers.
A To one but a lady expert could do justice to the glowing exhibit of Coventry ribbons,
/ N so varied were they, so beautifully woven and dyed, , so delicate and entrancing in
colour. In the central transept was a fine case of brocades, brocatelles, and the like, shown
by Messrs. Cowlishaw, Nicol, and Company, who also contributed many articles to the
general cases, including various things made in the early years of Her Majesty's reign, and a
remarkable piece of silk brocatelle designed by Pugin, with which fabric the residence of
Sir James Watts was hung when he entertained Prince Albert, at the time of the Art Treasures

I20

SILK.

Exhibition. There were ancient silk fabrics of French, Italian, and Chinese manufacture; but
the gems of the seCtion were from India, and one could scarcely tire of examining the quaint
rich patterns, hand woven, and unlike in charaCter anything else in the whole show.

\ >E cannot conclude without referring to Mr. Thomas Wardle's excellent Handbook to the
^ ^ Silk SeSlion, which in matter and completeness of illustration was a model worthy of
all imitation.

CATHEDRAL TOWER
AND
OLD MANCHESTER,

AS SEEN FROM
THE BASIN
OF THE FOUNTAIN.

THE IRISH COURT.

^^^'ERTAINLY, to great numbers of thoughtful people, the magnificent

Irish Court possessed, for many reasons, unusual and abounding
attractions. It fairly startled us, and opened up entirely new
views of things to all who — through having had thrust ever
lastingly before them only the wrong side of the silk —
had come to regard Ireland with nothing but a feeling of
wearyful, hopeless sadness ; and to believe her to be
in reality and in all respeCts the most distressful and
unprosperous country on the face of the earth. We
had been somewhat prone to forgetfulness of the faCt
that Ireland is not entirely an agricultural country — that
it possesses other great industries, and that there is for instance such a town as Belfast, the
population of which is stated to have increased during the Queen's reign from sixty-
three thousand to two hundred and thirty thousand.

'HAT there is somewhere an Ireland of considerable present prosperity, and of much
greater promise, seemed an irresistible conclusion, as one looked around upon the varied
and crowded representative produ6ts sent to our Exhibidon. Linens and locomotives, poplins,
laces, carriages, glorious marbles, and other matters without number, came upon our astonished
eyes with the efte6l of a new revelation ; and we were assured that the show would have

122 THE IRISH COURT.
been much finer had time and space permitted, some of the largest industries being scarcely
represented at all. As it was, all friends of Ireland found plenty of cause for rejoicing.
•he largest trade in Ireland is that done in linen, its centre being Belfast. The cotton
trade is not extinCt, but the competition of Lancashire is too strong to permit of a
very vigorous life, and it is quite overshadowed in importance by linen. Since the old
system of hand-weaving was in the main superseded by power looms — introduced about
1853 — the production has increased immensely, and it is now estimated that twenty thousand
looms are employed almost entirely on linen, exclusive of the thousands of hand-looms still
used in the production of the finer kinds of goods, such as cambrics and damasks. The
extraordinary increase in the population and importance of Belfast afifords a measure of the
great growth of the linen manufacture, in which it is estimated that over seventy-five thousand
people are engaged in that town alone. The climate of Ireland is particularly favourable
to flax working, and we find accordingly that it has always been famous for it, fine linen
being made in Armagh so early as 1188. At the present time it is said the output is
increasing, but that the competition of cotton has necessitated a coming down of values.
I\A OST important among the many excellent cases of linen exhibited was that containing
/ » the combined exhibits of the Ulster Linen Trade, as represented by about forty firms
of that province. A peculiar interest attached to the great Ulster case by reason that ih
it the material could be studied in all its stages and forms, from the seed up to the most
perfe6tly finished goods. There could be seen flax seed, flax straw, flax in its various stages
of spinning, and yarns; all kinds of threads for sewing, embroidery, shoe-making, and numberless
other purposes; and then the various textiles, table napery of all sorts, damasks and diapers,
shirdngs, sheetings, and every kind of white goods. Then there were some gold-coloured
curtains, and some astonishingly glaring coloured materials for the West Indies.
ryLAX yarns and flax in various stages, macrame lace threads and fishing threads, were
shown by the Island Spinning Company, of Lisburn ; and the WolfhUl Spinning Company,

THE IRISH COURT.

12-

of Belfast, showed among other things rough flax, dyed yarns, and creamed yarns. Among the
exhibitors of finished goods were John S. Brown and Sons, of Belfast, who exhibited cambrics,
damasks, embroideries on linen, and bird's-eye diapers ; the Brookfield Linen Company, of
Belfast, who showed all sorts of linen
glass-cloth, costume linen, diapers, '// <^^ ,'' W/ ^ /
huckabacks, and damasks ; the County
Down Flax Spinning and Weaving
Company, exhibiting piece goods,
handkerchiefs, towels, and the like ;
and J. N. Richardson, Sons, and
Owden, of North Belfast, who had
a selection of lawns, pillow linens,
damask tablecloths, embroidered
handkerchiefs, and other matters.
A wonderful tablecloth piece was that designed by Messrs. Murphy and Orr, of Belfast, for the
Royal Jubilee. In the centre were flowers and foliage, whilst the borders consisted of fruit,
flowers, groups to represent India and the Colonies, and in the corners, busts of Her Majesty
the Queen.

r~xoPLiNS are nowhere else made in such perfection as in Ireland, and much of the rich
CLl^ and liquid lustre of these beautiful goods is attributed to the peculiar properties of
the water used in the dyeing processes. All poplins are made of silk and wool, the warp
being of the finest and purest silk, the weft of the very best Australian wool. They are
said to be alike on both sides, and to look bright to the last hour of their wear ; that in
faCt they wear too well, and outlast every other material. O'Reilly, Dunne, and Company, of
Dublin, had a capital show of these exquisite stuffs — plain, figured, and brocaded, black, white,
and coloured ; and they exhibited a hand-loom, at which a weaver was regularly employed at
work upon the production of a very excellent specimen. Pim, Brothers, and Company, ot
Dublin, also exhibited very delicate silk poplins, white and tinted ; and splendid lengths of

124

THE IRISH COURT.

brocaded silks for furniture, in gold, and crimson, and blue. Pretty poplin dresses were shown
by Forrest and Sons, of Dublin, trimmed with guipure lace of forty inches in depth, costing
thirteen guineas a yard.

^')c#^

OF laces there was a great show, and the prices seemed to the male mind something
marvellous. A flounce was sold for ninety pounds; the price of a litde film of a
handkerchief about sixteen inches square, was fifteen guineas, and another mite of a thing
cost eleven. The laces were shown with a host of other things, such as painted velvets,
crewel work, embroideries, and the like. One sad point in connexion with these fine laces
is that they are mostly the work of poor Industrial School girls, who, it is said, cannot
continue their produ6tion many years because the eyesight goes. We were told also that
the fancy goods we are describing, when not
made by these girls, are principally the work
of impoverished ladies who have lost their live
lihood through the agitations, redu6tions, or
entire loss of rents, and so forth. One was
glad to hear that our Princess when going
the round of the Exhibition gave some substantial
orders in this department. Among other things
to be seen was a fac-simile of a little frock,
made for one of the Queen's grandchildren, and it
was Her Majesty's especial wish that the dress should
be made by one of the distressed ladies just mentioned.
The little fifteen-guinea handkerchief was made by
Industrial School children in the Convent of
Poor Clares, in Kenmare. There were other lace
exhibits worthy of mention. Forrest and Sons
had noteworthy pieces of modern Irish point,
and copies of old point, flounces, handkerchiefs.

THE IRISH COURT. 125
and fan covers, and a pretty baby's dress of Carrickmacross guipure lace, which was the envy
of all the young mothers. A case of lace fans was shown by E. Laird, of Dublin, mounted
in tortoise-shell, in bog oak, and in ivory.
'he Irish woollen trade is said by an official writer to have "at this day a greater
promise than ever yet belonged to it," and it is even now of no mean importance,
as could be seen by an inspection of the various cases filled with friezes, and serges, and
tweeds, and knitted goods, exhibited by the Marquis of Waterford and many others.
PULL of surprises was this Irish Court, and one of the greatest was the truly splendid
display of native marbles and granites. Ireland would seem to be a perfeCt mine of
wealth as regards such matters. Specimens of grey, salmon, and red granite, which it would
be difficult to surpass, were exhibited by the Mayo Granite Company, whose quarries are at
Blacksod Bay, and whose offices are at 51, King Street, Manchester. The manager tells
us that, in one respeCt, the quarries are unique, inasmuch as stones of almost any size required
may be obtained without difficulty. Stones thirty to forty feet long, eight to ten feet wide,
and six inches to three feet in thickness, without a crack, may be quarried at any time.
Some of the most beautiful things in the SeCtion were the glorious marbles of H. Sibthorpe
and Son, of Dublin. The Bessbrook Granite Company, of Bessbrook, exhibited very fine
obelisks, pillars, and the like, of polished grey granite; and H. Campbell and Son, of Newry,
also showed good specimens.
HERE was a grand exhibit of telescopes and astronomical apparatus by Grubb, of Dublin;
and a design model for the Lick Observatory, California, representing on a small
scale an observatory of seventy feet in diameter, with a telescope of fifty-six feet in length,
which was very wonderful. We cannot pretend to give any detailed account of the host of
miscellaneous things, from locomotives and tramcars and jaunting cars, down to foods and
drinks, and bog-oak trifles, and Connemara marble brooches. Carvings in bog oak are
exclusively Irish productions, and those shown by Mr. Jeremiah Coggin, carver to the

126

THE IRISH COURT.

Queen, deserved a word of mendon ; as did also those of Messrs. Knaggs Brothers, of
Dublin, who made a specialty of the union of bog-oak and silver, thereby producing some very
effective pieces of work.
'HOSE interested in horses found much to admire in the safety stabling of Musgrave and
Company, of Belfast, who fitted up the Duke of Westminster's stables. Householders
were enraptured with Booth and Fox's eider-down quilts ; and found much to praise in the
Belleek pottery, a creamy white, ornamented with raised flowers.

ill' vi)fi I

OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD,
AND THE GROUNDS.

wonderfully delightful jumble of incongruities was the
reproduction of certain portions of Old Manchester
and Salford, and its popularity was immense. The
task set themselves by the architects, Messrs. Alfred
Darbyshire and Frederick Bennett Smith, was "not
to confine the representation to one particular style
or period of history, but rather to give expression
to the many aspedts of the town from the time of the
Roman occupation to about the middle of the Georgian
era.' The result was a conspicuous success, and
Market-Sted Lane became the most charming lounge
of all in our big show.

[T was a sort of dreamland, where nothing happened but the unexpe6ted. The Roman
I gateway, guarded by Roman soldiers in full costume, led to Tudor houses. You had

128 OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS.

a post-office where you didn't post ; a coach-office
pert Elizabethan shopwomen waited in the shops
and fascinating Marie Stuart, as she flashed
along the street, was jostled by Chowbent.
You went to a crockery shop for some
jewellery, to the blacksmith's to see Queen
Elizabeth's maids of honour use the knitting
machine, to a bookseller's for watches, to a
barber's shop to see fustian cutting ; and in
front of old Hulme HaU, a bevy of maidens
charmingly dressed in the style of Queen
Anne's days, bore about ices, and creams,
and chocolate, under the aegis of Messrs.
Parker and Sons. Among the reproductions,
we may instance Mr. Dickenson's house,
wherein Bonnie Prince Charlie stayed at

stocks and pUlory, and hideous ancient
crosses, and Chetham College, and the
first Exchange, all in a heap ; a
fine old bridge, spanning a river of
cobble stones ; a cathedral tower ninety-
three feet high, without any cathedral
attached. Edward the Third's cross-
bowmen wandered about the streets ;
the terribly fierce and warlike body
guard of the Young Pretender was for
ever on parade ; and anon you came
full tilt upon the ghost of a Georgian
watchman, bill-hook and all. There was
from which no coaches started. Pretty and
next door to Master Caxton, the printer ;

OLD MANCHESTER ANb SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS.

129

the time of his passage through
Manchester, in 1 745 ; Styan's Gun
and Pistol Shop ; Poet's Corner ;
Beaumont's Eating-House ; Harrop's
Prindng Office; Old Salford Bridge
and Oratory ; the residence of the
Syddall's, at Smithy Door; and
Ancoats Hall. In the church tower
were thirteen bells and a chiming
apparatus, contributed by W. H. Bailey
and Co., of Salford.

'HE lower portions of the buUdings
were for the most part used
as shops, wherein various handicrafts were carried on ; whilst in the upper portions was shown
an extensive loan coUeCtion of pictures and other interesting and valuable relics, having in
one way or other connection with the past of Manchester and Salford, contributed by over
a hundred ladies and gentlemen, and by various public institutions. Some of the handicrafts
and costumes may be here briefly described, as we walk leisurely down Market-Sted Lane
over its cobble-stone pavement, stopping here and there on the way.

'HERE were jewellers, glass engravers,
printers, bookbinders, pipe-makers,
eleCtro-gilders, umbrella makers, all at work,
busy as bees, and dressed in the most
charming of old-world costumes. Lloyd,
Payne, and Amiel were showing the aCtual
manufacture of costly jewellery, their shop, full
of resplendent gold and silver articles and

I30 OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS.
fancy goods, being looked after by a young gendeman and a young lady in the costume
of Queen Anne's dme, he in a plum-coloured suit, with knee breeches and buckled shoes,
she in flowered chintz. The cutting, engraving, and polishing of stones for jewellery were
being shown by Messrs. Joseph and Co., of London, who made an especial point of a stone
comparatively new in the market, called Crocidolite, or South African Cat's-eye. This ranges

MESSRS. GEORGE FALKNER AND SONS' CAXTONIAN PRINTING OFFICE, IN OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD.
in colour from old gold to rich brown, inclining to red, and sometimes blue and gold.
Glass engraving, and the process of making small fancy articles in glass, were being practised
by Burtles, Tate, and Co.. of Manchester.

/'>i^ASTER Caxton and his assistants, all correCtly costumed, were to be seen working an ancient
XIZ wooden press, in the printing office of Messrs. George Falkner and Sons, Deansgate,

OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS. 131

Manchester. This old press, at one time in the possession of
Richard Arkwright, inventor of the spinning jenny, differed
but little from the presses aCtually used in Caxton's days.
There were no ink-rollers in the early times, and the
ancient printers had to make their own printing balls,
or dabbers, of sheep-skin stuffed with wool, just such
as you see being used in the annexed illustration. From
this press were being issued JubUee Exhibition Memorial
Cards, printed in gold and colours, and various other things ;
but the great charm of the room lay in the coUeCtion of
rare manuscripts and books, and curiosities, exhibited therein.
There was a curious wooden composing-stick of the silcteenth
century ; and there were some hand moulds for casting type,
with specimens of the type cast therefrom ; various old chap
books, old wood-cuts, an early specimen of chromo-lithography,
produced so long ago as 1844, by G. and A. Falkner; and
a manuscript of Robert Burns. The fittings and furniture of ancient oak
carved work and other matters, gave an air of antiquity to the place
thoroughly in accordance with its quaint surroundings. The posters concerning
the Exhibition, for use throughout the country, were all produced by this firm.

•71 NOTHER printing establishment was that of Mr. John Heywood, who had secured
7^1 Harrop's printing office, and therein was another Master Caxton, pulling away at
another ancient press, and printing copies of Harrop's Mercury, of the date November 28, 1769.
There was also a completely-fitted bookbinding shop, wherein bookbinding was being carried
on in the good old-fashioned style of the times when books were really sewn and bound,
instead of being blown together and put in cases. The Elizabethan maidens, who were at
the sewing frames, looked very pretty and neat in white caps with cockscomb frills, and
brown dresses with white bodices and shoulder puffs.

132 OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS.

a,T%:?^

^'^^Vp^

HE process of ele6tro-gilding was
shown in the clock and watch
shop of H. Samuel, of Market Street,
Manchester ; and at the shop of Mr. Wilde,
of Macclesfield, a hand-loom was at work,
weaving silk Jubilee handkerchiefs,
ornamented with the arms of Manchester.
Other hand-loom weaving, and hand
spinning, were shown at the shop of the
Donegal Industrial Fund, together with
hand-knitted hosiery and smallwares. A
very important exhibit was sent by
Mr. Harrison, of Manchester, of many
kinds of knitting machines, a glove
machine, and samples of knitted clothing
and hosiery ; and near this could be
seen Marie Stuart, making umbrella
Withecomb's pipemakers, dressed in the costume

covers, at the shop of Mr. George Newton
of 1798, engaged in the manufacture of briar-root and meerschaum pipes, and the drilling
and shaping and polishing of
amber, attraCted the men-folk
greatly ; and Messrs. Elliott,
Edminson, and Olney, of
Deansgate, who showed the
process of producing repousse
work — metal work in relief, upon
which the pattern is not cast,
but raised by hammerwork —
had a very extensive and

ONE OF THE RUSTIC BRIDGES.

OLD MANCHESTER AN5 SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS, 133

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brilliant display of articles in burnished
brass and other metals.

LL the picturesque little old town
was ereCted in the gardens of
the Royal Botanical Society, which, by arrangement,
were added to the attractions of the Exhibition.
The acquisition of these pretty grounds was a
singularly fortunate and judicious matter. During
the fine summer weather they were continually thronged with
crow'ds who wandered to and fro among the brilliant flower
beds and well-kept lawns, or along the margin of the
beautiful little lake, listening to the delicious strains of the bands,
which played alternately in each of the two band stands. Then
there* were the refreshment kiosks, and the greenhouses, and the fountains ; and you could, if
you liked, ascend the old cathedral tower, and view the whole scene from its top. But the
crowning glory of the gardens came at dusk, when the banks of the lake were gemmed and
festooned with thousands of coloured lamps, and that wonder
of wonders, the Fairy Fountain was set playing. There had
been fairy fountains at other exhibitions, but surely never
was seen the like of this. The gorgeous hues, the shimmer
of liquid gold, of rose, of violet, of emerald, of we know not
what, could never be forgotten by those who saw.
•HE out-door attractions were not confined to these
gardens, as on the opposite side of the Exhibition
buildings, at the back of the Machinery department, were
very extensive grounds, which provided endless sources
of relaxation, and fun without stint. Here was exhibited

134 OLD MANCHESTER AND SALFORD, AND THE GROUNDS.
a real lifeboat, thirty-four feet long, with its carriage and all things complete, sent by the
Royal National Lifeboat Institution. There were also bands of music, and Hailwood's great
Creamery, and now and again days devoted to athledc festivals. The ^eat successes of these
grounds, however, were the switchback railways and the toboggan slide, the fun and delights
of which were apparently inexhaustible.

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HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND
MISCELLANIES. OTHING among household matters assumed such formidable
proportions in the Exhibition as soap. That this is a
cleanly-disposed age and time we had known beforehand ;
but we were not prepared for the overpowering demonstration
made by the soapmakers. After a walk through the
Chemical SeCtion one came away with soap on the
brain ; it was to the fore everywhere, both for use and
ornament. There were soap towers and pillars, soap
castles, chess-players, marbles and granites, life-size busts
of Her Majesty and the late Prince Consort, models of chUdren, and a whole set of rather
insecure soap Cleopatra's needles.

'HERE were makers without end of ordinary and dry soaps, dog soaps, health soaps, and
the like. Margerison and Company, of Preston; Crosfield and Sons, of Warrington;

136

HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND MISCELLANIES.

A. Finlay, of Belfast ; and Roy and Company, of Manchester, all had extensive shows ; and, of
course, we were not without the "Sunlight" and "Sensation." A little specialty called
" Pedeline," in the form both of a soap and a powder, was said to have a wonderful effeCt
in the way of curing sore and tender feet. Candles did not figure so largely as soaps,

price's PATENT CANDLE COMPANY'S EXHIBIT IN THE MACHINERY ANNEXE
(the largest Candle Makers in the World).

but there were very pretty exhibits in the cases of the Broxburn Oil Company, of the Dee
Oil Company, and in that of Price's Patent Candle Company. The latter firm also had a
candle-making stand in the machinery department, of which we give an illustration.

HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND MISCELLANIES. 137
IXeodorizers and disinfedtants were shown by various exhibitors. A preparation named
d)^ " Salufer," made by Winser and Company, of Manchester, ought to be useful in a house.
It is specially designed for the preservation in a sweet state of meat, fish, butter, milk, and
so on. At ofte place you came across a case of coal samples, at another a case showing
vinegar processes, exhibited by Messrs, R. and N. Pott, of London, who claim that their firm has
been in the same business and under the same name ever since 1641. From Northwich, in
the case of the Eureka Company, came rock salt, natural brine, table salt, hopper salt, dairy
salt, a salt bust of our gracious Queen, and a couple of salt herons. Numberless things
were exhibited by Messrs. Kay Brothers, of Stockport — perfumes, medicinal oils, china
cement, extraCts, and essences, and, of course, every possible form of linseed preparation.
Messrs. WooUey and Sons, of Market Street, Manchester, had a very extensive coUeCtion
of essences, oils, ointments, and drugs of all sorts, which we should not dare to attempt to
enumerate. 'EWING cottons, somehow or other, got into the Chemical SeCtion, and quite as extraordinary
things were done with them as with the soaps. A gorgeously-coloured ereCtion, about
ten feet in height, a fac-simile of our Albert Memorial, all built up with reels of cotton (!),
was shown by J. E. Waters, of Manchester; and even this astonishing performance was well-
nigh eclipsed by a large model, maybe six feet in length, of the Abbey Church at Paisley, built
up of similar materials, and shown by J. and P. Coates, of that town. Another exhibit in
this section, full of interest to Manchester people, was a series of patterns of calico prints,
showing the various styles in vogue from 1785 to 1887.
'T the lower end of the seCtion we found a very miscellaneous lot of things. Prominent
was the exhibit of the Liebig's ExtraCt Company ; and another, the Liebig's Wine
Company, had a case of beef wine, various extraCts, health sweets, and malt wine. There
were several sugar exhibitors, and tea was shown by the London and Counties Tea Company,
of Manchester. Starch was exhibited by a Manchester firm, H. L. Lilley and Company, and
by Stiff and Company, of Bristol ; and among the biscuits the Co-operative Society's case

138 HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND MISCELLANIES.
held its own very weU indeed. In the Irish SeCtion were many matters of interest in the
household department — several exhibits of butter in tubs and tins, cases of bacon, hams, lard,
and brawn ; tobacco for the smokers, whisky galore for the jovially-minded ; aerated waters,
sarsaparilla, ginger ale for the teetotallers; biscuits, sweets, delightful perfumes, more kinds of
vinegar than we ever heard of before, and gallons of fluid magnesia and fluid camphor for
those who chanced to have a special hankering after those delightful drinks.
IN and about the Machinery SeCtion householders found much to examine and admire. There
was the making of sweets and preserves at the stand of H. Faulder and Company, of
Stockport, who exhibited about one hundred and fifty different kinds of boiled goods (sweets),
besides creams and unnumbered oddments. Another pretty stall was that of J. S. Fry and
Sons, of Bristol, who exhibited machinery in motion for making chocolate and confeClionery ;
machinery for similar purposes being shown also by W. and M. Marwick, of Edinburgh, and
W. S. Sneade, of Liverpool. Near to these things was shown the making of silk and felt hats
by Messrs. Woodrow and Sons, of Manchester, which always attraCted a crowd. Of course
it would not be right in this chapter to omit the bakeries. If one wanted something nice and
toothsome, the Scotch bakery of W. H. Torrance, of Edinburgh, was just the place for it ;
or you would pay a visit to the great bakery in aCtive work under Mr. H. G. Harris, of London,
which occupied an enormous space, and kept about fifty men going, to say nothing of the pretty
bakeresses at the stalls, in flat white caps and aprons and neckerchiefs. There you got the
famous angel's cakes, and all sorts of nice things ; and there was done much of the general
baking for the Exhibition.

UR last chapter is now coming to a close, and with a few miscellanies — a few odds and ends
incongruously grouped together — we must end.

word about the telephone, which proved of so much service to exhibitors and to the
visitors. The Lancashire and Cheshire Telephonic Exchange Company, Limited, have
about seven thousand two hundred and fifty miles of wire working ; and during the Exhibition the

HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND MISCELLANIES.

139

local messages — those between the Exhibition and the Company's subscribers in Manchester
and Salford — which passed through the switch-room, reached about one hundred thousand ; and
there were in addition about seven thousand to and from outside places. Not only was there
the busy telephone office itself in the Exhibition, but the most important of the exhibitors had
the telephonic instruments connected with their stalls.

THE LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TELEPHONIC EXCHANGE COMPANY'S CALL-OFFICES AND SWITCH ROOM, UNDER THE DOME.

•he extensive system of ele6tric lighting was carried out by the Manchester and Distri6t
Edison EleCtric Lighdng Company, and was entirely successful. Provision was made
for a total of over three thousand glow lamps; and upon masts one hundred feet high arc-
lamps were fixed, to give light to the Gardens and Old Manchester and Salford.

140

HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND MISCELLANIES.

CHINESE JUNK IN THE CHEMICAL SECTION.

I COKING round the Exhibidon, picking
l—^ up a point here and a point there,
we remember the splendid show of brilliant
and luxurious carriages, the canoe landaus,
the Victoria and crescent phaetons, royal
hansoms, omnibuses, dog-carts, broughams,
spordng phaetons, Bath chairs, and invalid
carriages. Bellhouse's spiral stairs in
the church tower in Old Manchester
deserve a line. There were two of
these, so constructed that each step
supported the one above it, the
entire height being 75ft., width 2ft.8in.,

the total number of steps in each one hundred and twelve, and there were landings in the
bell-chamber. The large and varied show of linoleum and other floorcloths exhibited by
John Marsden, of Manchester, must not be omitted ; nor the art metal work of J. W. Singer
and Sons, of Frome ; nor the high altar piece in metal of J. M. Bennett and Sons, of Ardwick.
Leech Brothers and Hoyle, of Manchester, showed a variety of useful articles in polished brass,
a nickel-plated kitchen range, and other things ; and W. Wilson and Company, of Manchester,
exhibited fine fenders in polished brass and bronze, in conjunction with richly-coloured tile
hearths. Mention should have been made in the chapter on photographs of the work of
the London and County Photographic Company, who, as the official photographers,
executed the photographs of the buildings and grounds, and of the ceremonies conneCted
with the Exhibition.

'HERE were wares and curios from India, and China, and Japan — notably the Japanese ivory
carvings, shown by Mr. John Mark, of St. Ann's Square, Manchester— which deserved,
and ought to have had, detailed notices, but such are not possible. The greatest curiosity,
however, in the Exhibidon, was the veritable chair or throne of one of the most renowned

HOUSEHOLD MATTERS AND MISCELLANIES.

141

and brilliant of all the rulers of ancient Egypt — Queen Hatasu, who reigned with all the
masculine vigour of a king, about two centuries before the birth of Moses.

OUR description of this great and memorable Exhibition is now ended. The notices have
been all too brief, and hundreds of things have had perforce to be omitted. As a
matter of faCt, a larger volume than this would have been required to have treated any one
of the great SeCtions of Art, Chemistry, or Machinery exhaustively, to say nothing of the
thousand and one other subjeCts in the Exhibition, all of which were replete with interest.
•he vigorous way in which the whole affair was carried out by Sir Joseph C. Lee,
Chairman of the Executive Committee, and all concerned, down to Messrs. Walter HiU
and Company, the advertisement contractors, was in the highest degree creditable. Of the
great success of Mr. S. Lee Bapty, as General Manager, and Mr. Andrew A. Gillies, as
Secretary, the unprecedented triumph of the Exhibition is sufficient evidence without speech
from us.

'A'/', '¦'! '•'. i(^'-'iAyA~'\-' *%, ml iT'^'^^A "T*.

142

APPENDIX.

THE ATTENDANCE.
y^-'HE Exhibition was opened on Tuesday, May 3rd, by the
(to) Prince and Princess of Wales, and closed Thursday,
November loth, by Sir Joseph C. Lee.
Grand total of admissions, 4,765,137, including the
attendance of nearly 40,000 season-ticket holders and 52,656
children. The greatest number registered at the turnstiles in any
one week was for that ending Saturday, November sth,
during which the attendances reached 237,602.
Upon single days, the six largest attendances were as
follow : —
Tuesday, June 21st T°,^4^-
Monday, August ist 69,555
Saturday, Odlober 15th 741595
Saturday, Oftober 22nd 66,495
Saturday, Oftober 29th 65,807
Saturday, November 5th 69,602
The smallest attendance was on Friday, August 26th,
when the numbers were 14,171.
COMPARATIVE TABLE.
"Tl comparative statement of the admissions at the
l~\ various recent important Exhibitions is here given,
G/ by which it will be seen that, with the exception
of the Colonial, which was the Exhibition of an Empire,
Manchester heads the list —
Manchester Art Treasures (141 days).
Fisheries (147 days)
Health (151 days)

Inventions (163 days) .
Colonial
Edinburgh (151 days).
Liverpool (156 days), 1886.
Newcastle-on-Tyne (149 days), 1887
Saltaire (153 days), 1887 ...
American (1887), about
Manchester (166 days), 1887

i>336,7i52,7o3>°5i
4,153,390
3,760,581 5,540,3362,769,632 2,668,1182,092,273 823,133
2,500,000,
4,765,137

FINANCIAL RESULT.
^"^HE accounts were presented at a meeting of the Council
(to) of Guarantors of the Royal Jubilee Exhibition, which
was held on February 15th 1888, at the Manchester
Town Hall. An approximate balance sheet to January 21st
was supplied, from which we extract the following items : —
Estimated surplus ^43,239 6 i
SEASON TICKETS.
2,400 Royal Botanical Society, in terms of the
agreement, as part payment, gratis.
28,610 at ^i I o ;^3o,04o 10 o
4,087 at o 10 6 2,145 13 6

Financial Result — Continued.
ROYALTIES AND CONCESSIONS.
A. Mackenzie Ross, refreshment
contradtor ,^^42,690 13
A. Mackenzie Ross, oyster bar,
fluid beef, and lime juice . . .
T. Parker, fruit, flowers, and sweets
Joseph Baker Bros., working bakery
A. Hailwood, Creamery
W. H. Torrance, Scotch bakery ...

295
300 200
450 80

BANDS AND AMUSEMENTS.
"TTccoRDiNG to official statements the bands must have
W~| cost a great deal of money. In addition to the
(s/ excellent Exhibition band, under Mr. De Jong,
which played every day, there were various costly military
and other bands engaged. The Belgian Guides were paid
;^8oo for the fortnight. The charge for the Grenadiers was
;^4oo per week ; and the other great military bands, such as
the Royal Marines, the Royal Artillery, the Engineers and
Guards, were paid at the rate of a Guinea a man per day in
addition to railway fares.
The Switchback Railways were very successful, about
_5^9,ooo being taken thereat. These somewhat eclipsed the
Tobogganing, so far as public favour was concerned ; but the
latter was nevertheless used by about 366,000 persons.
Mr. Bapty stated that he spent some time in taking the
Duchess of Teck and her daughter, the Princess Vidloria,
upon the Switchback, and that they enjoyed it immensely.

THE BOTANICAL GARDENS.
rr~HE result to the Botanical Gardens has been one of
(to) considerable advantage. At the annual meeting of
proprietors, held on January 31st 1888, it was stated
by Mr. Joseph Broome (Chairman of the Council and
Treasurer) that they had to receive ^^4,000 from the
Exhibition Committee, out of which sum they would have to
restore the gardens. The Gallery of Approach, which had
cost the Exhibition Committee ^£'5,000, passed into the
hands of the Botanical Society; and in addition to that
gallery, the base of the fountain, the tower, and several
bridges came into their possession. Another speaker thought
the grounds might be re-instated for about one half the
sum allowed by the Exhibition Committee for that purpose,
so that there might be a gain of ^^2,000 under that head.
They had now shelter for about 7,000 persons, of which
they had long been much in need.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THIS VOLUME.

Abud, Richard Melville, Esq., 9, Queen's Terrace, Kent Road, Southsea,
Portsmouth, Hants.
Agate, Charles James, Esq., 24, Seedley Road, Pendleton, Manchester.
Agnew, Charles Swain, Esq., Beechwood, Prestwich, Manchester.
Agnew, Ernest, Esq., 5, Mount Street, Manchester.
Aitken, Mrs. Thomas, Ashfield, Fallowfield, Manchester.
AUnutt, J. W. F., Esq., 12, Chapel Row, Portsea, Hants.
Andrew, Frank, Esq., Chester Square, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Andrew, John, Esq., Ashton-under-Lyne.
Armitage, Joseph T., Esq., 48, Mosley Street, Manchester.
Armitage, Samuel, Esq., Chaseley House, Pendleton, near Manchester.
Ashton, Thos., Esq., Ford Bank, Didsbury, near Manchester.
Axon, W. E. A., Esq., 66, Murray Street, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Backhouse, Thomas James, Esq., York Cliff, Langho, Blackburn.
Bagnall, Benjamin, Esq., Ellerslie, Eaton Gardens, Hove, Sussex (.two
copies).
Bagshaw, Frederick, Esq., Bedford Street, Ardwick, Manchester.
Bailey, W. H., Esq., Summerfield, Eccles New Road, Eccles, near
Manchester.
Baker, Henry Ernest, Esq., 16, Gartside Street, Manchester.
Ball, Wm., Esq., Westbrook, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.
Barber, John B., Esq., 2, Cooper Street, Manchester.
Barge, R. H. , Esq., Wilbraham Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, nr. Manchester.
Barlow, John, Esq., Lincoln Cottage, Matlock.
Barnes, Isaac, Esq., 10, Albemarle Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Barnes, John J., Esq., L.R.C.P., Blackburn Road, Bolton.
Barrow, Mrs. Ivyhurst, Alexandra Road, Manchester.
Barton, Edward W., Esq., Holly Bank, Sale, near Manchester.
Batty, Wm., Esq., Dentville, Cambridge Road, Southport.
Baugh, J., Esq., Whalley Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Bayley, Chas. W., Esq., Woodleigh, Eccles, near Manchester.
Bazley, Sir Thos. S., Bart., Hatherop Castle, Fairford, Gloucestershire.
Beard, James R., Esq., 41, Richmond Grove, Chorlton-on-Medlock,
Manchester.
Beever, Cyril Howard, Esq., Egerton Lodge, Withington, Manchester.
Bennett, Richard, Esq., Lever Hall, Great Lever, near Bolton.
Bidder, Samuel Parker, Esq., Elizabeth Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Billington, Henry J., Esq., 228, York Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Binyons, Robinson, and Co., Messrs., 18, St. Anne's Square, Manchester.
Birley, Edward Hornby, Esq., Mansfield Chambers, St. Anne's Square,
Manchester.
Blair, George Beatson, Esq., Whalley House, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Bles, David S., Esq., Westbourne, Kersal, Manchester.
Bles' Marcus Samuel, Esq., The Beeches, Broughton Park, Manchester.
Boddington, Henry, Esq., Pownall Hall, Wilmslow ( two copies).
Boddington, Robert Slater, Esq., Broom Lane, Higher Broughton,
Manchester.
Boddington, W. Slater, Esq., Monton House, Eccles, near Manchester.
Boehm, Edward F., Esq., 8, Rumford Street, Manchester.
Booth, James, Esq., Hawthorns, Didsbury, near Manchester.
Borrowdale, George A., Esq., 24, Plymouth Grove, Manchester.
Bowman, Mrs. Mary, 74, Gilda Bank, Eccles, near Manchester.
Brame, Rev. John, S, Irwell View, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Bridge, John, Esq., The Hollies, Prestwich, Manchester.
Broadbent, George Harry, Esq., M.R.C.S., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.
Brook, J., Esq., Sunnyside, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Brooke, Miss, Harboro' Grove, Ashton-on- Mersey, near Manchester.
Brooks, John, Esq., Manchester.
Brooks, Sir Wm. Cunliffe, Bart., M.P., Forest of Glen Tana, Aboyne,
Aberdeenshire.
Brown, James, Esq., Hodge Lane, Salford.
Brown, Robert, Esq., Grove House, Newton Heath, Manchester.
Bryant' George E., Esq., Sunnyside, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Burnell, Mrs., Melbourne Villa, Middleton Road, Higher Crumpsall,
near Manchester.
Hury, Joseph, Esq., 45, Half Edge Lane, Eccles, near Manchester.
Bythell, John Kenworthy, Esq., Sale Lodge, Sale, near Manchester.

Carlisle, Mrs., High Lawn, Bowdon.
Carr, Henry, Esq., Oakfield, Ashton- on-Mersey, near Manchester.
Carter, William, Esq., 2, Union Terrace, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
Carver, Wm., Esq., Breeze Hill, Kersal Moor, Manchester.
Caunler, William George, Esq., Clifton House, Exeter.
Chadwick, J., Esq., Ryde House, Sale, near Manchester.
Champness, William, Esq., Woodlands Bank, Altrincham.
Chapman, Ed., Esq., Hill End, Mottram-in-Longdendale.
Chard,M.'ijor J. R.M., V.C, Royal Engineers, Fulwood Barracks, Preston,
Lancashire.
Charlton, Henry, Esq., Tytherington Hall, Macclesfield.
Chatwood, Samuel, Esq., Drinkwater Park, Prestwich.
Child, W. A., Esq., 43, Ilalliwell Lane, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
Chrystal, R. S., Esq., Davenham Villa, Urmston, near Manchester.
Chubb and Sons, Messrs., 128, Victoria Street, London, E.C.
Clapham, John, Esq., The Hills, Prestwich, Manchester.
Clegg, James Wild, Esq., Mumps House, Oldham.
Cobbold, Rev. R. F., Macclesfield.
Collier, Edward H., Esq., Ashfield, Alderley Edge.
Collins, James, Esq., Ada Villa, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Collinson, John, Esq., 13, Heywood Street. Cheetham, Manchester.
Conry, Robt. J., Esq., 11, Brunswick Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Cornish Brothers, Messrs., Booksellers, 37, New Street, Birmingham (seven
copies).
Cornish, James &" Sons, Messrs., Booksellers, 37, Lord Street, Liverpool.
Coulthard, C. M., Esq.. 14, Dale Street, Manchester.
Cross, John, Esq., Beaucliife, Alderley Edge, Manchester.
Crowley, Sydney, Esq., Grosvenor Road, liirkdale, Southport.
Cuthbert, Benj. Richd., Esq., 10, Napier Street, Salford.
Daeniker, Edward, Esq., Richmond House, Wilmslow Road, Fallowfield.
Daggett, Thos. Vincent, Esq., Highfield, Sale, near Manchester.
Darbyshire, Alfred, Esq., Hazel Grove, near Stockport.
Davies, Samuel, Esq., Frodsham, Cheshire.
Dean, Miss, loi, Halliwell Lane, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
Dean, Albert, Esq., King Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Dixon, Rev. Arthur, 21, Pitt Terrace, Miles Platting, Manchester.
Dixon, John William, Esq., Brooklands, near Manchester.
Dixon, W. H., Esq., Monton Street, Greenheys, Manchester.
Dodd, John, Esq., The Hollies, Werneth, Oldham.
Dodds, James, Esq., Landsbrook Villa, Brooklands, near Manchester.
Dodgson, Mr. Joseph, Bookseller, 35, Park Row, Leeds.
Dodgshon, John J., Esq., The Grove, Didsbury, near Manchester.
Doming, Arthur Harry, Esq., Pendlebury Cottage, Pendlebury, near
Manchester.
Doming, Herbert, Esq., 4, Park Wood, Victoria Park, Manchester.
Dowdall, J. B., Esq., 227, York Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Duckers, James, Esq., Ellison Villa, St. Annes-on-Sea.
Durden, Ebenezer, Esq., Halliwell Lane, Cheetham, Manchester.
EIvy, Rev. Canon, Moorside, Kersal, Manchester.
Emmett, W., Esq., 5, Corporation Street, Stalybridge.
Evans, Arthur, Esq. Haydock, St. Helens.
Evans, Miss Ruth, Hurst House, near Prescot, Lancashire.
Everatt, Geo., Esq., Bampton House, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.
Falconer, Miss, Ash Lea, High Lane, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near
Manchester
Farrar, James, Esq., C.E., 12, Market Street, Bury, Lancashire.
Faulder, Henry, Esq., Lancashire Bridge, Stockport.
Femyhough, Joseph, Esq., The Grange, Cheadle, near Manchester.
Finney, James, Esq., 20, Angle Bank, Bolton.
Fletcher, James, Esq , Kersley Vale House, Stoneclough, Bolton.
Frevillier, Wm., Esq., Addison Villa, Timperley.
Frost, Herbert, Esq., 155, Upper Brook Street, Manchester.
Fryer, Alfred, Esq., Elmhurst, Wilmslow.
FuUalove, John, Esq., The Hollies, Sale, near Manchester.
Galloway, Charles J., Esq., Thorneyholme, Knutsfird.
Gartside, Roger A., Esq., Holly Ville, Greenfield, near Oldham.

144

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Gaskell, Miss Anne Theodora, Ingersley Hall, near Macclesfield.
Gastrell, Mrs. Harriss, Durham Villas, Heaton Chapel, near Stockport.
Gibb, James, Esq., Heyscroft, Bowdon.
Gibson, William, Esq., Richmond Hill, Bowdon.
Gill, Miss, Rusholme, Manchester.
Gill, Robert P. , Esq., Woodheys Hall, Ashton-on-Mersey, near Manchester.
GiU, Thomas, Esq., Piatt House, Norman Road, Rushulme, Manchester.
Gillibrand, T. W., Esq., Holly Bank, Bowdon.
Glover, R. V., Esq., Birkdale, Southport.
Goetz, Edward, Esq., Broome House, Seymour Grove, Old Trafford,
Manchester.
Goldthorpe, Mrs., Brook House, Burnage, near Manchester.
Graham, Mrs., Endrick Lodge, Kersal, Manchester.
Grantham, John, Esq., 2, Rolhsay Place, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Gregory, Albert James, Esq., Farnworth, Bolton-le-Moors.
Gregory, Theodore, Esq., Whalley Range, Manchester.
Grimshaw, Mrs., Kearsley Mount, Stoneclough, Bolton.
Grindrod, John Albert, Esq., M.R.C.S., Oulder Hill, near Rochdale.
Grundy, Mrs., Westleigh, Lymm, near Warrington.
Guest, Wm. Hodgkinson, Esq., Arlington Place, Oxford Road, Manchester.
Hadfield, George, Esq., Hollywood, Pendleton, Manchester.
Hadfield, Thomas Raleigh, Esq., 9, Woodbine Street,- Moss Side,
Manchester.
Hall, Joseph, Esq., M.A., Thorncliffe Grove, Oxford Road, Manchester.
Hall, Miss Margaret, Hud Hey, Haslingden.
Halliday, John, Esq., 43, Higher Ardwick, Manchester.
Hamer, Wm. , Esq., Mayfield, St. John's Koad, Knutsford.
Hammersley, W. H., Esq., Bridge House, Leek.
Hampson, John Robert, Esq., Old Trafford, Manchester.
Hargreaves, John, Esq., Maiden Erlegh, Reading.
Harland, Rev. T. Dugdale, Davyhulme, Manchester.
Harland, Wm. Dugdale, Esq., 25, Acomb Street, Manchester,
Harrison, Wordsworth, Esq., The Lund, Ulverston.»
Harvey, Edvfaid, Esq., 4, Adelphi Terrace, Salford.
Ilaworth, Lt. Col., Woodford, by Stockport.
Haydon, C. Milburn, Esq., Park House, Dukinfield.
Hayes, Thomas, Esq., Hazel House, Hazelbottoms Road, Cheetham,
Manchester.
Heaton, Thomas Smith, Esq.. Crumpsall, Manchester.
Henry, J. Snowden, Esq., D.L., 9, Onslow Square, South Kensington,
London.
Heslop, W. J., Esq., F.R.C.S.E., 366, Stretford Road, Manchester.
Heywood, Arthur H., Esq., Elleray, Windermere.
Heywood, Charles Jaines, ESq., Chaseley, Manchester (two copies).
Heywood, Oliver, Esq., Claremont, Manchester.
Hill, Mrs., Crown Point, Talbot Road, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Hilton, Wm. Hughes, Esq., Dane Road, Sale, near Manchester.
Hodgkinson, A., Esq., M.B., St. John Street, Manchester.
Holden, Thomas, Esq., Spring Field, Bolton.
Holland, John, Esq. , Westbourne House, Levenshulme, near Manchester.
Holland, S., Esq., Lyndhurst, Broughton Park, Manchester.
Holt, J., Esq. 31, Park Crescent, Monkgate, York.
Hornby, Rev. Canon, Bury, Lancashire.
Horrox, Joseph, Esq., Hope Cottage, Earle Street, Lower Broughton,
Manchester.
Horsfield, John, Esq., 177, York Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Houldsworth, SirWm. Henry, Bart.,M.P., Norbury Booths Hall, Knutsford.
Hurst, Mrs. L. S., 62, Breakspeare Road, Brockley.
Hutchinson, Colonel, Silver Street, Bury, Lancashire.
Hutton, J. Arthur, Esq., Vidloria Park, Manchester.
Irving, J. M., Esq., Marple, Cheshire.
Jackson, Thomas, Esq., Beech Mount, Droylsden, near Manchester.
Johnson, John, Esq., Woodstock, Higher Crumpsall, Manchester.
Johnson, John Thewlis, Esq., Broughton House, Manchester.
Johnson, William Henry, Esq., B.Sc. , Woodleigh, Altrincham.
Jones, James, Esq., Stoneleigh, Rosset, near Wrexham.
Jones, John, Esq., Elm Grove, Alderley Edge.
Jones, John, Esq., 104, Broad Street, Pendleton, near Manchester.
Jones, John Joseph, Esq., Abberley Hall, Stourport, Worcestershire.
Jones, William, Esq., Pensax Court, near Tenbury, Worcestershire.
Jordan, Frederick William, Esq., M.R.C. S., Astley House, Heaton
Chapel, near Stockport.
Kay, Jacob, Esq., 64, Bolton Road, Pendleton, near Manchester.
Kemp, Francis, Esq., Whalley Range, Manchester (two copies).
Kenworthy, John AV., Esq., Hurst Hall, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Kershaw, Henry, Esq., Beechwood, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
Kershaw, J., Esq., Delamere Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Kershaw, James, Esq., Holly House, Bury Old Road, Manchester.
Kershaw, Mrs., Lancaster Villa, Broughton Park, Manchester.
Kessler, P. William, Esq., 2, Stanley Grove, Oxford Road, Manchester.
Knott, Thomas B., Esq., Ellerslie, Cheadle Hulme, near Stockport.
Knowles, James, Esq., 20, New River Street, Weaste, near Manchester.
Knowles, John, Esq., Westwood, Pendlebury, near Manchester.
Koch, Christian, Esq., Thorn Bank, Bury Old Road, Manchester.
Krause, L. W., Esq., Boundary House, Whalley Range', Manchester.
Lee, Sir Joseph C. , Park Gate, Altrincham.
Lees, J. H., Esq., Park House, Shaw, Oldham.

Lees, John, Esq., Monton Terrace, Moss Side, Manchester.
Lees, Joseph Whitehead, Esq., Egerton Croydon, New South Wales.
Lees, Wilham, Esq., Egerton Villa, Heywood, Lancashire.
Leigh, Arthur George, Esq., F.A.S., Chorcliff House, Chorley, Lancashire
(two copies).
Leigh, Henry R., Esq., 171, York Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Lewis, John Tetlow, Esq., Westfield House, Patricroft, near Manchester.
Library, Advocates', Edinburgh.
Library, Ashton-under-Lyne Free.
Library, Birmingham Reference.
Library, Bodleian, Oxford.
Library, Bolton Subscription.
Library, British Museum, London.
Library, Chetham, Manchester.
Library, Manchester Free Reference.
Library, Owens College, Manchester.
Library, Trinity College, Dublin.
Library, University, Cambridge.
Lingard-Monk, R. B. M., Esq., Fulshaw Hall, Wilmslow.
Lings, Charles, Esq., Heaton Lodge, Heaton Mersey, near Stockport.
Linnell, Wm., Esq., Stretford, Manchester.
Littlewood, Mr., Bookseller, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Lockwood, John, Esq., 56, Johnson Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Lomax, Mrs., 7, Trafford Terrace, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Lord, Henry, Esq., Red House, Higher Bentcliffe, Eccles, near Manchester.
Lord, Mrs. John, Audenshaw, near Manchester.
Lowe, James, Esq., Church Field House, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near
Manchester.
Liicke, Professor, Konigliche Akademie, Dusseldorf, Germany.
Lund, Edward, Esq., F.R.C.S., 22, St. John Street, Manchester.
Macalister, John, Esq., 68, Cecil Street, Greenheys, > Manchester.
Mac.Gowan, J. Whitworth, Esq., Stoneholm, Beaver Park, Didsbury,
near Manchester.
McLean, W. J., Esq., Richmond House, High Street, Oxford Road,
Manchester.
McClure, Mrs. David, West Bank House, Heaton Mersey, near Stockport.
Macpherson, Donald D., Esq., Reddish Hall, Lymm, Cheshire.
Madan, Charles Spencer, Esq., Mansfield Chambers, St. Anne's Square,
Manchester.
Madan, Frederick Martin, Esq., Mansfield Chambers, St. Anne's Square,
Manchester.
Mann, Mrs. Dixon, 16, St. John Street, Manchester.
Mappes, K. E., Esq., 141, Cecil Street, Greenheys, Manchester.
Marlor, Wm., Junior, Esq., 97, Ashton Road, Denton, near Manchester.
Marshall, Henry, Esq., Holly Bank, Sale, near Manchester.
Marshall, John, Esq., Stockport.
Mehl, Frederick, Esq., Queen's Hotel, Manchester.
Mellor, Allen, Esq., Green Lane, Chadderton, Oldham.
Messenger, William, Esq. , Stanley Villa, Derby Road, Heaton Moor,
Stockport.
Mills, Mrs. John, Northwold, Bowdon.
Milne,. Mrs., Belmont, Cheadle, Cheshire.
Milne, John Dewhurst, Esq., Burnside, Cheadle, Cheshire.
Moon, Francis J., Esq., Corporation Street, Manchester.
Moorhouse, Miss, Manchester.
Mort, J. H., Esq., High Street, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.
Moscrop, George Augustus, Esq., Waterloo, Bury, Lancashire.
Muirhead, Charles, Esq., Southfield, Crumpsall, Manchester.
Needham, James, Esq., i. Beach Street, West Beach, Lytham.
Neill, Robert, Junior, Esq., Beech Mount, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Newby, Thos., Esq., Lingerwood, Heaton Mersey, near Stockport.
Nicholson, A., Esq., Town Hall, Oldham.
Nickson, William, Esq., Sale, near Manchester.
Niven, James, Esq., 92, Deansgate, Manchester.
Ogden, Daniel, Esq., Grove House, Failsworth, near Manchester.
Ogden, James N., Esq., Oldham Road, Manchester.
Ogden, Samuel, Esq., Werneth House, Oldham.
Ogden, Wm., Esq., Wells House, Fairfield, near Manchester.
Ollivant, Mrs., Beech Holme, EUesmere Park, Eccles, near Manchester.
Orrell, James Andrew, Esq., Smedley Lane, Cheetham, Manchester.
Palmer and Howe, Messrs., Booksellers, Princess Street, Manchester
Palmer, W. F., Esq., Park Mount, Higher Broughton, Manchester
Parker, H. W., Esq., i, Seymour Road, Cheetham HUl, Manchester
Parker, John, Esq., Highfield Bank, Urmston, Manchester
Parker, John, Esq., 53, Hyde Grove, Plymouth Grove, Manchester.
Parker, T., Esq., Baguley House, Timperley.
Parry, D. W. W., Esq., Barlow Moor Road, Didsbury, near Manchester
Parsons, Mr. E., Bookseller, 45, Brompton Road, London S W
Pascall, Henry F., Esq., Woodville, Cheadle Hulme, near Manchester
^ayne, George, Esq., Alexandra Road, Moss Side, Manchester
Peacock, Richard, Esq., M.P., Gorton Hall, Manchester (two copies).
m •, ¦' X^r^'^'-J-'l' '^' B-^o^ghton Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
P nhps, WiUiam Morton, Esq., Weaste Road, Pendleton, near Manchester.
Phipps, Henry, Esq., Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, America
PlaH ' S^T F n"' W^-^-.'^^P^f o?,l"™ ""<^ ^¦'^^"y- P^^' P^^l^' Salford.
1 latt, b. K., Esq., Werneth Park, Oldham.
Pollitt, WUliam, Esq., Norihenden Road, Sale, near Manchester.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

145

Pooley, C. J., Esq., Knutsford, Cheshire.
Potter, Bernard William, Esq., 30, Murray Street, Higher Broughton,
Manchester.
Prescott, Cyril Jackson Clarke, Esq., Buena Vista, Wirksworth, Derbyshire.
Preston, Marshall, Esq., Beechfield, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.
Pycroft, S., Esq., 4, Vine Street, Stretford Road, Manchester.
Radcliffe, W., Esq., Holly Lea, Rochdale.
Rawson, Harry, Esq. , EUesmere Park, Eccles, near Manchester.
Redfern, Charles Ed., Esq., Rose Mount, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Reiss, Fritz, Esq. , Weaste Lodge, Weaste Lane, near Manchester.
Reiss, James E., Esq., Jodrell HaU, Holmes Chapel, Stockport.
Renshaw, W. Alfred, Esq., M.D., Lindenholme, Sale, near Manchester.
Richards, Mrs., Carlton Lodge, Dudley Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Rippon, Christr. W., Esq., Stretford Road, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Roberts, James H., Esq., Stone Holme, Walshaw, near Bury, Lancashire..
Roberts, Robt., Esq., 122, Hulton Street, Ordsal Park, Salford.
Roberts, Vernon, Esq., Kersal, Manchester.
Robinson, JohnD., Esq., Hatherlow House, Withington, Manchester.
Roebuck, Miss Mary, 30, Grafton Street, Oxford Street, Manchester.
Rosethorn, Thomas, Esq., Waterloo Road, Cheetham, Manchester.
Ross, Edward, Esq., Marple, Cheshire.
Ross, F. B., Esq., Red House, Alderley Edge.
Ross, James, Esq., M.D., 3, Stanley Grove, Oxford Road, Manchester.
Rowland, Hugh, Esq., Buena Vista, Alexandra Road, Moss Side,
Manchester.
Rowley, A. B., Esq., The Grange, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Rowley, John Wm., Esq., Dukinfield.
Royle, John J., Esq., Greenbank, Flixton, Manchester.
Rushworth, Wm. Alfred, Esq., 45, Heywood Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Rylance, William, Esq., Holmfield, Sale, near Manchester.
Rylands, John, Esq., Longford Hall, Stretford, near Manchester.
Sale, Edward, Esq., Higham House, Eccleston, near Chorley, Lancashire.
Schiller Anstalt, The, Nelson Street, Manchester.
Schloss, David Philip, Esq., Crumpsall Lodge, Crumpsall, near Manchester.
Schloss, Elkin, Esq., St. Mary's Road, Bowdon.
Schofield, George H., Esq., Oaklands, Greenfield, near Oldham.
Schunck, Edward, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Vine Street, Kersal, Manchester,
Sellers, Wm., Esq., M.R.C.S., Clevelands, Whitefield, near Manchester.
Sharp, The Misses, Summerlands, Whalley Range, Manchester (two copies).
Shaw, James Begg, Esq., Holly Bank, Cornbrook, Manchester.
Shaw, Reginald Willians, Esq., King's Road, Rochdale.
Shearman, Wm. MUlar, Esq., SomervUle, Irlams-o'th'-Height, Manchester.
Sidebotham, J. W., Esq., M.P.^ East Downs Road, Bowdon.
Simpson, Edwin, Esq., Brookside, Brooklands, Cheshire.
Smith, Miss, West Legh, Derbyshire Road, Sale, near Manchester.
Smith, Bryce, Esq., Edge Lane, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.
Smith, Miss Elizabeth, The Rowans, Silver Hill, Hyde.
Smith, Mrs. G. A., Helmshore, near Manchester.
Smith, James Onston, Esq., L.R.C.P., Dogpole Court, Shrewsbury.
Southern, James B., Esq., The Rookery, Broughton Park, Manchester.
Spencer, Reuben, Esq., Darley Hall, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Standring, John, Esq., The Oaks, Urmston, near Manchester.
Stanley, WUliam, Esq., 21, Howard Street, Eccles New Road, Salford.
Stanning, Rev. Joseph Heaton, Leigh Vicarage, Leigh, Lancashire.
Statter, Thomas, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester.
Stevens, Edward, Esq., Alderley Edge.
Stevenson, George W., Esq., 50, Prestbury Road, Macclesfield.

Stone, James Henry, Esq., Grosvenor Road, Handsworth, Staffordshire.
Stott, Charles Ernest, Esq., The Polygon, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Stubbs, Joseph, Esq., Mill Street, Ancoats, Manchester.
Swindells, George H., Esq., Cranbourne Road, Heaton Moor, Stockport.
Sykes, Thomas Hardcastle, Esq., Cheadle, Cheshire (two copies).
Tatton, Thos. Egerton, Esq., Wythenshaw HaU, Northenden, Cheshire.
Taylor, Garnett, and Co., Messrs., Manchester Guardian, Cross Street,
Manchester.
Taylor, Joseph, Esq., Oker House, Moss Lane East, Manchester.
Taylor, William, Esq., Mumps, Oldham.
Thomas, George, Esq., Grosvenor Terrace, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Thompson, Fred., Esq., Arundel Place, Lower Broughton, Manchester.
Thompson, John Henry, Esq., L.K.Q.C.P., Mytholmroyd, near Manchester.
Thompson, Joseph^ Esq., Riversdale, WUmslow.
Thomson, Samuel Irvin, Esq., Stirling House, Heaton Moor, Stockport
(two copies).
Thwaites, Thos. H., Esq., Watermillock, Sharpies, near Bolton.
Tonge, Henry Dacre, Esq., Croston Towers, Alderley Edge.
Townsend, Miss Jane, 117, Alton Terrace, Eccles, near Manchester.
Townsend, Rev. W. J., Richmond HiU, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Underwood, G. H., Esq., Mawson Hall, Audenshaw, near Manchester.
Vickers, William, Esq., Rose Hill, Smedley Lane, Manchester.
Wainwright, John, Esq.. Carlton Lawn, Stretford, near Manchester.
Wainwright, John H., Esq., 87, Market Street, Manchester.
Wainwright, Samuel R., Esq., Carlton Lawn, Stretford, Manchester.
Walker, Miss, Springfield, Bury, Lancashire.
Walker, F. W., Esq., Springfield, Bury, Lancashire.
Walker, Joseph, Esq., Bowdon Lodge, Bowdon.
Walton, WiUiam, Esq., Harrytown HaU, Bredbury, near Stockport.
Warburton, Samuel, Esq., Wilton Polygon, Cheetham HiU, Manchester.
Waterhouse, Thomas, Esq., Whin Knowle, Kersal, Manchester.
Waters, T. F. , Esq. , Mauldeth Road, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Watts, Miss, Burnage, near Manchester.
Watts, Samuel, Esq., Brook House, Burnage, near Manchester.
Welch, Thomas, Esq., Green Vale, Westhoughton.
Whiteley, Mrs., Plymouth Villa, Plymouth Grove, Manchester.
Whitworth, A. H., Esq., Grove Lodge, Eccles, near Manchester.
Wilkinson, James F., Esq., EUesmere Park, Eccles, near Manchester.
Wilkinson, John Turner, Esq., Darlington Street, Cheetham, Manchester.
Wilkinson, Joseph, Esq., Withington Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Wilkinson, Thos. Read, Esq., The Polygon, Ardwick, Manchester.
Williams, S. Norbury, Esq., Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.
Wilson, Richard, Esq., Leeds.
Wilson, R. H., Esq., Rozel, Cheadle Hulme, near Manchester.
Winser, Edwin, Esq., BeecWvood, Knutsford.
Winstanley, Hurbert, Esq., The Ferns, Bowdon.
Winterbottom, Mrs., Torkington, Stockport.
Withington, Edmund, Esq., Disley, Stockport.
Wood, John, Esq., Arden, near Stockport.
Woodrow, Jeremiah, and Sons, Messrs., Stockport.
Worrall, Henry, Esq., WhaUey Range, Manchester.
Wrigley, Fredk., Esq., Broadoaks, Bury, Lancashire.
Yates, Mrs., The Headlands, Didsbury, near Manchester.
Yates', Harry, Esq., The Headlands, Didsbury, near Manchester.
Yatesj J. Walker, Esq., Ashton-on-Mersey, near Manchester.

INDEX.

Adamson, Daniel
Agnew, William
Agnew, Charles S
Aine, Vessiere
Albani, Madame
Albert, Prince
Alizarine
Amber Jewellery
Annan and Swan
Andrew and Co
Appendix
Approach, Gallery of
Architefls
Area
Armitage, V. K
Armitage, G. F
Armstrong and Brother, T. ..
Art Treasures, 1857
Art, under the Queen's Reign
Attendance, The
Autographs, Musical
Autotype Company
Avery and Sons, W

PAGE
3, 109, "3
7
7
95
II
119
79. 80
62
91
Ill
142
5
S
5
7
68
63
2,23
20
142
77
90
93
113
93
7
129
40
138
142
3
36
7, 141
90
69
71
76
78
.. 83, 114

Babcock and Co
Bacon and Co., John
Bailey, Alderman
Bailey and Co., W. H
Bailey (Sculptor)
Bakeries
Bands and Amusements
Batty, Alderman
Bartleet
Bapty, S. Lee
Baum, F
Bed, Curious
Bennett, Reuben
Beethoven's Pianos
Beethoven, Anecdote of
Bessemer
BeU, Sir Lowthian 83
Bedford, WUliam 91
Belfast, Growth of 121
Bessbrook Granite Company 125
Bells in Church Tower 129
Bellhouse's Stairs 140
Bennett and Sons, J. M 140
Birchenough, John 7
Binns Brothers 75
Bishop and Son 77
Bilsland and Co loi
Biscuits, Co-operative 137
Blake 21
Botanical Gardens 3, 142
Bowden, J 7
Boudoir of Prince and Princess of Wales 69
Boosey and Co 76
Boilers 113
Bonnet and Co 119
Bog-Oak, Irish 125
Booth and Fox 126
Botanical Society 133
Brett, John 36

Brown, Ford Madox
Brock, T
Bretby Ware
Brown, Westhead, Moore and Co,
Brewster, Sir David
Brothers, Alfred
Brookes, Warwick
Briggs and Co
Brown and Sons, John S.
Brookfield Linen Company ..
Broxburn Oil Company
Buildings, The
Buxton, J. H
Bucknall, S. G
Bullfinch, Piping
Butler, Mr
Burtles, Tate and Co
Burns, Robert
Byrne, W. J
Callcott, Sir A. W
Calderon
Cassidy, J
Campbell and Son, H
Caxton
Calico Prints, Patterns of
Carriages
Chorlton
Chairmen (Secftional)
Chairmen Vice (Seflional)
Chalon, E. A
Chanot, G. A
CHEMISTRY
ChanceUor, Portraits by
Chadwick, W. T
Clegg, Neville
Clock, Empire
Clock, Louis 1 6th
Clock, Charles 2nd
Clocks, Curious
Clock, Irish Turret
Committees, List of.
Contradt, The
Contents, Table of
Cope
Cox, David
Cole, Vicat
Corliss
Cooke, Conrad W
Cocoons, Silk
Cowlishaw, Nicol and Co.
County Down Flax Spinning
Weaving Company
Coggin, Jeremiah
Cottons, Sewing
Coates, J. and P.
Comparative Table ...
Constable, John
Crossley, W. J
Creswick
Crown Derby ...
Crane, Walter ...
Crompton, Edward...

and

PAGE
26, 2742 51 51
909090
118
123 123
136 S7
466292
130130 91
24, 25
32
46
125
30. '31137140 377
21 7779
9191 7
18
62
626263 X.
.5
ix. 24
25 35
108"5118119 123125137137
142
21, 25 7
24517177

Craske, George
Crystals, Grinding
Craven Brothers
Crossley Brothers
Crocidolite
Creamery
Crosfield and Sons
Cuyp
Currie and Co., W
Curios
Dais under Dome
Dawson
Davis, W. H. B
Davenport and Co., J
Dalton
Davy, Sir Humphrey
Daguerre
Davis, A
Darbyshire, Alfred
Deputation, A
Decorations and Illuminations
De Wint
Decorations, Wall
Decorators' Supply Co
Dempster and Sons
Dee Oil Company
Deodorizers and Disinfeftants
Diamond, Blue
Diamond, Necklace
Diamonds, Cutting
Dickens, Charles
Dickenson's House
Diving Dress
Dome, The
Dovestons, Messrs
Doulton and Co
Dolls
Dowson, J. E
Drum, Waterloo
Dutch School of Painters
Dulcephone
Dwellings, Artizans'
Dyce
Dynamos
Fades, R. E
Edison
Egerton, Lord
Egg (Painter)
Elmore
Ellis [ ','_[
Eleftro Motor
Ele&ic Illumination, First ...
Eledlric Lighting
EUas of Amsterdam
EUiott, Edminson, and Olney
Elkington and Co. ...
Embroideries, Old
Embroiderers, Cologne Guild of
Entrance, Royal
Etty
Eureka Company (Salt)

PAGE
. ••• 77
. ... 96
. ... 104
. ... Ill
. ... 130
... 134
• ¦¦¦ 13s
. ... 24
. ... lOI
. ... 140
. ... i5
. •.- 31
• - 35
. ... 71
• ¦ ... 85
. ... 8s
. ... 89
¦ ¦¦¦ 95
. ... 127
. ... 2
. ... 9
¦ ... 25
70, 71
. .. 71
. ... Ill
. ... 136
¦ - 137
... 60
, ... 61
... 96
. ... 89
... 128
. ... loi
. ... s
. ... 69
. ... 92
, ... 95
. ... Ill
¦ - 77
... 23
, ... 75
. ... 67
. ... 26
. ... 109
... 94
... 115 9
, ... 24
. ... 24
. ... 36
. ... Ill
. ... 115
• ... 139
. ... Ill
. ... 132
. ... 19
. ... 99
... 100
. ... 5
• 21, 23, 90
• ... 137

INDEX.

147

Exhibitions, London, Liverpool, Edin-\
burgh f
Exhibition, London
Exhibition, Objedt of
Exhibition (First Ideas)
EXHIBITION, TPIE (A RAPID J
GLANCE ROUND) J
Exhibition,. Entrances to
Executive, The
Faraday
Falkner and Sons, George
Faulkner and Co., R
Fans, Lace
Faulder and Co., H
Fielding, Copley
Fildes, Luke
Fisichella, Antonino
Finlay, A
Financial Result
Flowers, Artificial
Floorcloth Printing
Floorcloths
Foley
Ford, S. Onslow
Foster, J
Forsyth, Messrs
Forrest and Sons
Fountain, Central
Fountains in Nave
Fountain, Crystal
Fountain, Fairy
Frith
Frilli, Antonio
Frankenburg, I
Fry and Sons, J. S
FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE
WORK
Furs
Fuel Economizer
Gainsborough
Galloway, Charles J
Galloway, John
Galloway, W. and J
Gas Engine
GUlies, Andrew A
Gibson (Sculptor)
Gilles, Frederic
Gleichen, Count
GLASS AND MOSAICS ...
Glass, Making
,, Cheap
,, British
,, Finely Engraved
„ Ruby
,, Retorts
,, Cut Cameo
,, Venetian
,, Bohemian
„ Hungarian
,, Decorative Company ...
,, Engraving
Godfrey, Dan
Goodall and Co
Grant, Sir Francis
Graham, Peter
Gregory, E. J
Graf, Conrad
Grain-grinding
Gramme and Jablochkoff
Granite, Irish
Granite Company, Mayo
Green and Son, E
Groom, Miss
Grubb's Telescopes
Grunwaldt
Guarantee Fund
Guard's Band
Haanen, Van
Hague, Anderson
Hammer, Steam
Hailwood, Mr
Harris, H. G
Harwood, Alderman
Hall^, Charles
Haydon, B. R
Haviland and Co

PAGE

5
7 I
IS16 7
84, go
130 91
>2S138 253595
136142 9396
140
40, 4246 93 76
124 4848 S3
133 24
46
lOI138 65
lOI
114 21 37
109, 113
109141 40
III 46 525252535454545454
55 5656
95 II
693035
32, 3476
112IIS125125114 92
125loi 3
II
3536
106
13413S 2
II
21 50

Hayward and Co., T
Hayward, James
HANDICRAFTS
Harrach, Count
Hall and Co., John
Haimey, George Kerr
Hautefeuille, Abbot
Harrison, Mr
Hatasu's Chair, Queen
Hats
Heywood, Oliver
Heywood, Jun., Abel
Heywood, John
Herkomer
Hemy, Napier
Heighway and Son
Henshaw and Co
Heath, Vernon
Hembry and Co., B
HUton, William
Higham, Joseph
Higham, J
Hicks, Hargraves, and Co. ...
Hindle and Co
Hind and Lund
Hill, Walter
Houldsworth, M.P., SirW. H.
Hogarth
Hobbema
Holl, Frank
Hook
Hope, Mr
Hood, Viscountess
Hornblower, Jonathan
Houldsworth, Henry
HOUSEPIOLD MATTERS
MISCELLANIES
Hunt, Holman
Hunter, Colin
Hulse and Co
Humphr). and Tennant
Illuminations
Illustrations, List of
Introduftion
Industries, Manchester
Indigo
Indigo, Artificial
Indian Work (Canadian)
Indian (East) Art Work
Industrial Fund, Donegal
Ii-ving, Henry
Iron Ores
IRISH COURT, THE
Island Spinning Co.
Ivory Working
Jar, Extraordinary
Jazowski, J. L
JEWELLERY, CLOCKS,
WATCHES ...
Jewels, Learoyd coUeftion of...
Jeffrey and Co
Jong, De
Jones, E. Burne
Johnson, C. E
Joseph and Co
Joule
Joy, A. Bruce
Jubilee, Queen's
Kay Brothers
Key of G"ld, Exhibition
Kendal, Milne, and Co
Kendall and Gent
Koh-i-noor
Knaggs Brothers
Knight, Joseph
Knutsford
Lawrence, Sir T
Landseer, Sir E
Lafayette, Portraits by
Lawrence, W
Lace-making, PiUow
Lace, Antique
Lace, Irish
Laird, E
Lee, Sir Joseph C

VNOj

... 51
... 62
... 92
... 55
... 60
... 106
... 109
... 132
... 141
... 138 3
... 7, 90
... 131
30. 32
... 36
... 71
... 76
... 91
... 96 21
76,96
¦¦ 93
... 109
... Ill
... 112
... 141 3
21
... 24
... 30
... 36
... 60
... 91
... 10811913s 2636
104109 9
xi. I
2
8080
9495
132 4584
121122 94 48
62 59
62
... 71
... 17
... 28
... 35
.. 130
... 85
44, 46 3
- 137 12
... 68
104, 106
••¦ 59
... 126
... 36

. ... 21
. ... 21
... 91
. ... 91
• ... 93
¦ ••• 93
. ... 124
. ... 125
.7, II, 141

AND!

Lees, C. E 7
Levinstein, J 7
Leighton, Sir F 11, 30, 41
Lee, F. R 21, 24
Leshe, C. R 21, 24
Leslie, G. D 32
Lee, T. Stirling 46
Learoyd, Samuel 62
Lewis, Abel 91
Levi, Mr 96
Leech Brothers and Hoyle 140
Linnell, John 21, 25
Linens, Irish 122
Lifeboat 134
Liebig's Extradls 137
Lilley and Co., H. L 137
Lloyd, Edward 11
Lloyd, Payne, and Amiel 1 29
Longsight 3
Long , 31
Logsdail 35
Lofiego, Gino 51
Locke and Son 75
Loebell, Henshaw and 77
Louis Philippe 90
Lowcock, Messrs 114
Lucas, Seymour 32
Luke and Spencer 106
Mayor, The 2, 3
Mayor, Deputy 2
Maxwell and Tuke 5
Manager, General 7
Marrin, John 21
Maclise 26
Mason, George 31, 36
Macbeth (Etcher) 32
MacWhirter 35
Maccallum 35
Marshall, Calder 44
Maclean, T. Nelson 46
Majolica 51
Madder Plant 79
Maden, Mr 95
Macintosh and Co 100
Mandleberg and Co., J loi
MACHINERY 103
Mather and Piatt HI
Marble, Irish 125
Margerison and Co 135
Marwick, W. and M 138
Marsden, John 140
Mark, John 140
Mc.Naught, W 108
Metal-Work 140
Merediih, W 36
Milner, George 3
Milne, J. D 7
Millais 24,30,36
Minton Ware 51
Milling Machine 106
Moseley, Joseph 7
Moseley, Charles 7
Moroni 30
Moore, Henry 36
Mosaic 54
Mosaic, Byzantine 62
Moser, Ludwig 55
Moonstones 60
Mountani, E 62
Morris, William 71
Moseley and Sons, David 101
Moths, Silk-producing 117
Miiller 21, 25
Mulready 21, 23
Murray, David 35
Murray, David 69
Mullins, E. Roscoe 44
Miickley, W. J 71
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND ) _
AUTOGRAPHS \ '^
Mudd, James 90
Musgrave and Son 109
Murphy and Orr 123
Mule, Self-afting 107
Nave, The 5
Nave, Decorations of 18

148

INDEX.

Nasmyth, Mr
National GaUery
NeiU i.nd .Sons, Robert
Newton, George
OLD MANCHESTER AND SAL-\
FORD, AND THE GROUNDS/
OUivimt and Botsford
OPENING DAY
Opening Ceremony
Opal, Queensland
O'Reilly, Dunne and Co
Orchestra, The Great
Organist
Organ and Piano, Combined
Organ, Grand
Orchardson
Osier, F. and C
Otto and Langen
Ouless
Owens College, Students of

PAGE lo6 22 5
. 132 127 61 8
II
60
123 17
17
7-5
77 3253
109 30 II
21
35 3636
4648
128 12
3254
60
118 24

Painters, Anti-Vi6lorian era
Parsons, Alfred
Painters, Manchester School of ...
Partington, J. H. E.
Papworth, E. G
Pavilion, Indian
Parker and Sons
Peel Park, Address at
Pettie
Percival, Vickers and Co
Pearls, Black
Pearsall and Co
PhUlip, John
PHOTOGRAPHS, THE
Photographs, Historical CoUedlion of ... 89
Photographs, Royal (at Art Treasures"!
Exhibition) ... / ^
Photographic Society 9°
Photographic Club, Amateurs' 90
Photographic Co., London and County 141
PICTURES, THE 20
Pianos .. 7Si 7^
Piano-case, Improvement in 75
Pin-sticking Machine 93
Pintner, W. J 93
Pickles and Son, John 107
Pim Brothers and Co 123
Potter's Park 3
Poynter 31
Pollitt, J. S
POTTERY
Pottery, Doulton's
Potter's Wheel
Porcelain, Royal Worcester
Potter, George
Poplins, Irish
Poor Clares, Convent of
Pott, R. and W
Preface
Pre-Raphaelitism
President
President, Vice
Preston, John
Pretender, The Young
Prince and Princess of Wales 8,9,
Procession
Proposition, Novel
Prinsep, Val
Price's Candle Co.
Pugin, Design by
Pyne. Kendrick
Queen, Portraits of the

. 90
9147
4892
49 77
123124137vii. 26 7
7
95
128
, 12 9 5
32
136119 17
91

Queen, The (Marriage Dress)
Rabbeth and Attwood
Requisition, A
Reynolds, Sir J
Refuge, Strangeways Boys' ...
Reeling, Silk
Riviere, Briton
Ribbons, Coventry
Richardson, Sons, and Owden
Robinson, Miss C
Robinson and Son, Thomas ...
Roscoe, Sir Henry
" Rocket," Stephenson's
Rossetti, Dante
Rny and Co
Rubber Goods
Rubinstein, Letter from
Ruskin
Ryder, William
Salford, Visit of Prince and Princess "I
of Wales to J
Salviati
Saccharine
Sauvy, .\
Samuel, H
SCULPTURE, THE
Screen, Terra-Cotta
Schunck, Dr. Edward
Schwabe, Louis
Sefton, Earl of
Secretary
Semple, J. C
Ship Canal
Shee, Sir Martin A
Shields, F.J
Shepherd, Alfred
SheU Cutting
Site, The
Simon, Henry
Siemen Brothers
SILK
Silks, Ancient
Sibthorpe and Son, H
Singer and Sons, J. W
Smith, Wai!son
Smith and Coventrj'
Smith, Frederick Bennett
Sneade, W. S
Solomon, Simeon
Somerset, W
Soda, Ammonia
Soda-ash
Soap
Spindle Machines
Space, Covered
Stanfield, Clarkson
Stone, Marcus
Stephenson, H. C
Stevens and Williams
Steel, Bessemer
Star-stones
Standards, Whitworth
Stern and Co., L
Steam Engine
Stephenson
Starch
Stiff and Co
Stairs in Church Tower
Sutherland, W. G
Sun-stones
Sun-pii5lures, Earliest known...
Subscribers, List of
Swynnerton, J. W

PAGE
. 119108 2
2196
118 37
119123 65
107 86
109
26, 28
136 100 78
90
104

54
8190
132 3948 86
119 77
91 17
21, 30
29, 90
... 77
... 95 3
... 112
... IIS
... 116
... 120
... 125
... 140
•¦¦ 7, 77
... 104
... 127
... 138
... 29
... 36
... 82
... 81
- 13s
... 104 5
... 25
... 32
... 51
¦¦• 54
... 8360
... 104
... 106
... 108
109, 113
137 137
140 7
60 89
143 44

Swan
Sweets
Talbot Road, Covered Way
Tar, Colours from
Tatton Park
Telegraph, Eleftric ...
Telephone
Telescope
Tea
Thornycroft, Hamo
Thomas and Gilchrist
Titian
Tinworth, George
Tilley, Arthur
Town's Meeting called
Town Hall, Meeting in
Town Hall, Resolutions at
Town Hall, Luncheon at
Toys
Tools, Labour-saving
Torrance, W. H
Transept, The
Trebelli, Madame
Trevethick, Richard
Turner
Turner, W. A
Turner and Co
Tynecastle Co
Vandervelde
Varley, John
Velasquez
Vidal, Leon
Violins
Volunteers, The
Wardle, Thomas 7,
Ward
Watts, G. F
Walker, Frederick
Wahliss, Ernest
Watches, Old ...
Watch, Jubilee
Watches, Tiny
Waugh, Edwin
Waterlow and Sons
WATERPROOFS, OLD EMBROI
DERIES, AND FURS
Wallwork and Co
Watts, Sir James
Waterford, Marquis of
Waters, J, E
Webster
Westminster, Palace of ...
Westminster, Duke of
Wedgwood
Werner and Son
Webb, F. W
Whitworth, Sir Joseph
Wilson, Richard
WUkie
Wilde, Mr
Winser and Co
Wilson and Co., W
Witheconib, Mr
Wood, Malcolm
Woods Wood, J. and E
Woolner, T
Woollens, Irish ...
WooUey and Sons
Woodrow and Sons
Wolf hiU Spinning Co
Wolstenholme, J

PAGE
.. 115
.. 138
.. 19
.. 84
.. 8,9
.. 115
.. 138
.. 125
¦. 137
.. 41
.. 83
.. 30
.. 44 77 2

12
... 95
104
... 138 5
... 17
... 109
21, 22
... 32
... 6671
... 25
... 38
24, 30
... 89
... 77 II
117, 120
... 24 29
31, 36
... SI
... 63
... 63
... 63
... 90
... 91
I 99
... HI
.. 119
... 125
- 137 23
... 25 7
51,89
... 91
... 109
... 103 21
21, 23
... 132
.- 137
.. 140
... 132 II
- 35
... 109
44, 46
... 125
•• 137
... 138 122
... Ill

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